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Michèle Mercier (born 1 January 1939 as Jocelyne Yvonne Renée Mercier) is a French actress. In the course of her career she has worked with leading directors like François Truffaut, Jean-Pierre Melville, Jacques Deray, Dino Risi, Mario Monicelli, Mario Bava, Peter Collinson and Ken Annakin. Her leading men have included Marcello Mastroianni, Vittorio Gassman, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Jean Gabin, Charles Aznavour, Robert Hossein, Charles Bronson, Tony Curtis and Charlton Heston. She has appeared in over fifty films, and is best known for her starring role in Angelique, Marquise des Anges.
Biography
Mercier was born into a wealthy family; her father was a French pharmacist and her mother Italian.
Mercier initially wanted to be a dancer. The circumstances of war made this difficult and her parents saw it as only a whim; however, her determination won through and she joined the "ballet-rats", as the dancers of the chorus are termed. She soon advanced to soloist in the Nice Opéra. At the age of 15 she met Maurice Chevalier, who predicted that she would be a success.
She moved to Paris aged 17, and first joined the troupe of Roland Petit, then the company of the "Ballets of the Eiffel Tower". Parallel to her career as dancer, Mercier studied acting under Solange Sicard. For her film début her birth name seemed too long and old-fashioned. It was suggested she take the name Michèle: this happened to be name of her younger sister, who had died at the age of five from typhoid fever. However, she adopted the name as a tribute to the actress Michèle Morgan.
After some romantic comedies and a small role in François Truffaut's Tirez sur le pianiste ("Shoot The Pianist", 1960), she worked in England and made some films in Italy, mainly with a small budget and usually playing women of easy virtue.
Mercier needed a role which could make her a star. In 1963, when it was decided to make a movie of the sensational novel Angélique, the Marquise of the Angels, she got her chance. Many actresses were approached to play the role of Angélique. Producer Francis Cosne wanted Brigitte Bardot for the part, but she refused. Annette Stroyberg was considered next, but judged not sufficiently well-known. Catherine Deneuve was too pale, Jane Fonda spoke French with an American accent, and Virna Lisi was busy in Hollywood. The most serious actress considered was Marina Vlady. She almost signed a contract, but Mercier won the role after trying out for it: she did not appreciate this very much because she was being treated like a beginner at a time when she was already well known in Italy. At the time she was contacted to play Angélique, she had already acted in over twenty films. During the next four years she made five sequels which enjoyed great success. However the role of Angelique was both a blessing and a curse. It catapulted her to almost instant stardom, rivalling Brigitte Bardot in celebrity and popularity, but the character overshadowed all other aspects of her career. By the end of the 1960s, the names "Angélique" and Michèle Mercier were synonymous.
In 1991 she was a member of the jury at the 17th Moscow International Film Festival.
Attempting to break free from the character of Angélique, Mercier played against Jean Gabin in The Thunder of God, directed by Denys de la Patellière. She then appeared with Robert Hossein in La Seconde Vérité, directed by Christian-Jaque. After this she left France and tried to restart her career in the United States, unfortunately without much success.
After a 14-year layoff, she returned in the 1998 film La Rumbera, directed by Piero Vivarelli. In 1999, having lost several million francs in a business venture, Mercier had serious financial problems. She even planned to sell the famous wedding gown of Angélique. The actress confessed in Nice-Matin: "I am ruined, I'll be obliged to sell part of my paintings, my furniture, my properties, my jewels and the costumes of Angélique". In 2002, at the Cannes Film Festival, she presented her second book of memoirs. Mercier was made a chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres on 6 March 2006.
Personal life
Mercier married the assistant director André Smagghe in 1961. He was an alcoholic, and later in their marriage had to be hospitalized; they divorced in 1965. After a long relationship she married racing driver Claude Bourillot in 1970, but he disappeared one day with all her jewels and money, leaving her penniless. They divorced in 1976. She explained that her co-star Vittorio Gassman once tried to rape her and that she was pursued by Bettino Craxi and Silvio Berlusconi.
Selected filmography
Quotes
"When people talk with me they always refer to Angélique, but I have also played fifty other women. I have tried for a long time to forget about her. But now I see her as a little sister who is always by my side and I have learned to live with her."
References
Bibliography
External links
Fansite
The Private Life and Times of Michèle Mercier
Michèle Mercier - Cinémathèque française
1939 births
Living people
Actors from Nice, France
French film actresses
20th-century French actresses
21st-century French actresses
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
French people of Italian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le%20Mercier |
Song Seung-tae (born January 3, 1972) is a retired field hockey striker from South Korea, who was a member of the Men's National Team that won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. In the final the South Koreans were beaten by the Dutch title holders after penalty strokes.
Song played club hockey in Malaysia with Sapura HC after playing in Germany. His Olympic debut was at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and he also competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
References
Profile on Athens 2004 Web Site
External links
1972 births
Living people
South Korean male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for South Korea
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1998 Asian Games
Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games
Olympic medalists in field hockey
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Germany
University of Cologne alumni
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Expatriate field hockey players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%20Seung-tae |
Actes et Paroles (words and deeds) is a collection of Victor Hugo's political utterances from 1841 to 1876. It contains his speeches, largely unchanged, and a record of his political career.
History
This collection of texts was published after the return to France of Hugo, who had gone into exile after Napoleon III coup d'état of December 2, 1851. It is divided into three volumes:
Avant l'exil, 1841-1851 (before the exile)
Pendant l'exil, 1852-1870 (during the exile)
Depuis l'exil, 1870-1876 (since the exile)
References
External links
Link to ebook
Works by Victor Hugo
1875 non-fiction books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes%20et%20Paroles |
The Texas Rangers Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise was established in 1961 as the Washington Senators, an expansion team awarded to Washington, D.C., after the old Washington Senators team of the American League moved to Minnesota and became the Twins. The new Senators remained in Washington through 1971. In 1972, the team moved to Arlington, Texas, where it became the Texas Rangers. In the franchise's history, 11 general managers (GMs) have been employed to oversee day-to-day operations.
Majority owners
Presidents of Baseball Operations and General managers
Notes
References
Owners
Lists of Major League Baseball owners and executives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Texas%20Rangers%20owners%20and%20executives |
Zvezdan Jovanović (; born 19 July 1965), also known as "Zmija" (; ) is a Serbian former paramilitary and Commander in the Serbian police's Special Operations Unit, sentenced to 40 years in prison for the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić in 2003.
Early life
Jovanović was born in the village of Breznica in Kosovo and Metohija, in 1965. He had been a locksmith until joining the Serbian Volunteer Guard led by Željko Ražnatović in 1991. Jovanović had been a member of the feared anti-terrorist unit Red Berets and held the police rank of lieutenant colonel. He also participated in the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s, particularly in operations in Kosovo. He was awarded the Medal of Bravery after the Yugoslav Wars ended for being a participant in all engagements for the Serbian Forces.
Assassination of Zoran Đinđić
Jovanović was arrested on the charges of being responsible for the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić in March 2003. He was convicted of the murder and sentenced to 40 years in prison. The evidence connected him to the infamous Zemun Clan of Serbia's organized crime network, and to its alleged leader, Milorad Ulemek.
He was silent during most of his trial but, allegedly, once confessed to the murder of Đinđić and said in a police report that he feels no remorse for killing him. Due to alleged interrogations, beatings and threats against his family, he claims to have been forced to falsely confess.
See also
Assassination of Ivan Stambolić
Vlado Chernozemski
References
1965 births
Living people
Kosovo Serbs
Serbian assassins
Serbian gangsters
Zemun Clan
Assassins of heads of government
Serbian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Serbia
Military personnel from Peja
2003 murders in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdan%20Jovanovi%C4%87 |
Pfaueninsel (, "Peacock Island") is an island in the River Havel situated in Berlin-Wannsee, in the district of Steglitz-Zehlendorf in southwestern Berlin, near the border with Potsdam in Brandenburg. The island is part of the Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its outstanding Prussian architecture, and is a popular destination for day-trippers. Pfaueninsel is also a nature reserve in accordance with the EU Habitats Directive and a Special Protection Area for wild birds.
Geography
Pfaueninsel is an island of in the river Havel, situated between Kladow to the west and Wannsee to the east and downriver from the Großer Wannsee, in Berlin, Germany. Further downstream is the Jungfernsee. The island is mostly woodland with some open areas, including lawns and fields. The total size of the protected area, including some water-covered areas, is .
History
In the late 17th century the island was called Kaninchenwerder ("Rabbit Island") after a rabbit breeding station set up by Elector Frederick William I of Brandenburg of the Hohenzollern dynasty. From 1685, he gave the chemist Johann Kunckel financial aid to build a glass foundry in the east of the island, the whole of which became Kunckel's property. Here Kunckel discovered a process to produce artificial ruby (red) glass. After the elector's death in 1688, however, Kunckel gained no further support from Frederick William's heir. In 1689, the foundry was destroyed by a fire (possibly caused by arson), and Kunckel left in 1692 for Stockholm to work for the King of Sweden.
The island remained unused for about 100 years until, in 1793, the Prussian king Frederick William II, a descendant of Frederick William I, acquired the island and had the Pfaueninsel castle built for himself and his mistress Wilhelmine Enke in 1794–97. The small Lustschloss was placed on the western tip of the island, visible from the king's residence at the Marmorpalais in Potsdam. It was designed as a summer residence for the King by Johann Gottlieb Brendel. Around it an English garden was created, including a dairy shaped like a gothic revival church on the other end of the island. One of the garden designers was Johann August Eyserbeck who died in 1801. In 1804, Ferdinand Fintelmann took over as royal gardener.
Frederick William's successor, Frederick William III, turned the island into a model farm and in 1821–34 had the park redesigned by Peter Joseph Lenné and Karl Friedrich Schinkel, who planned several auxiliary buildings. The king also laid out a menagerie modelled on the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes in Paris, in which exotic animals including alligators, buffalos, kangaroos, monkeys, chameleons, wolves, eagles, lions, lamas, bears, beavers and peacocks were housed. This initially stretched between the castle and the Kavaliershaus, but was altered by Lenné in 1824. Buildings were designed in the Italian villa style and included grottos and an aviary (which still remains today). The number of animals peaked at over 900, from over a 100 species. Frederick William III was very fond of his animals, often feeding many of them personally. He also made his collection accessible to the people of Berlin. However, this created such an onslaught on the small island, that from 1821 the public was allowed on the island only three days a week. Nevertheless, public interest remained so high that the special trains running from Berlin were often overcrowded. In 1830 Harry Maitey, the first native Hawaiian who came to Prussia, was assigned as assistant to the engine master on the island. In 1842, Frederick William IV transferred all the animals to the Berlin Zoo, which opened its gates in 1844 as the first of its kind in Germany.
The Palmenhaus ("House of Palms") was erected in 1831, based on a design by Schinkel. It housed exotic plants like tobacco, canna lilies, mangold, bananas, artichokes and rhubarb and was praised by explorer Alexander von Humboldt. It caught fire for unknown reasons in the night of 19/20 May 1880 and burnt to the ground. It was suggested that the fire was due to a stray spark from the chimney, as the Palmenhaus had been built out of wood. It was not rebuilt, but stone columns still trace the outline of the building.
On 15 August 1936, the German government celebrated the closing of the 1936 Olympic Summer Games on the island, with fireworks and an Italian Night party involving a thousand invited guests.
In the post-World War II period, the Pfaueninsel was part of West Berlin. It was situated right next to the border to East Germany. On the shore of Sacrow to the north and west were the Grenzsicherungsanlagen (fortifications of the inner German border) of the German Democratic Republic.
In the 1960s, the Pfaueninsel served as an outdoor location for a number of films of the German Edgar Wallace series.
Today
The island has largely retained its intended character as an idyll of nature: in addition to several free-ranging peacocks, other native and exotic birds can be found in captivity, complemented by a rich variety of flora. The entire island is designated as a nature reserve and since 1990 has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with the several other castles and parks in the Potsdam/Berlin area. It can only be reached by a small ferry but is a popular tourist destination. It is administered by the Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten (SPSG).
Gallery
References
External links
Official website, English-German
Extensive description with numerous pictures of the Palmenhaus and the island's dairy farm
Panorama shots of the Pfaueninsel
Parks in Berlin
Tourist attractions in Berlin
Steglitz-Zehlendorf
Islands of Berlin
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Nature reserves in Germany
Protected areas of Berlin
Frederick William II of Prussia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfaueninsel |
Conversations with Eternity is a book by John Chambers, published from a series of notes by Victor Hugo. It "set out to present the Hugo family's table-turning seances in Marine-Terrace on the island of Jersey between 1853 and 1855". Chambers translated the original notes, which dealt with themes of spirituality.
References
External links
John Chambers' Conversations with Eternity - Debunking inaccuracies in the text
Excerpt from Conversations with Eternity
Description of Hugo's "channeling" of alchemist Nicholas Flamel
Victor Hugo
Novels set in Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversations%20with%20Eternity |
Yeo Woon-kon (born 4 September 1974) is a field hockey player from South Korea, who was a member of the Men's National Team that won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. In the final the South Koreans were beaten by the Dutch title holders after penalty strokes. Yeo also competed at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics.
External links
Profile on Athens 2004 Web Site
dataOlympics profile
1974 births
Living people
South Korean male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for South Korea
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
Olympic medalists in field hockey
1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1998 Asian Games
Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games
Field hockey players at the 2006 Asian Games
Field hockey players at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
Hamyang Yeo clan
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
South Korean Buddhists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeo%20Woon-kon |
In mathematics, Higman's lemma states that the set of finite sequences over a finite alphabet, as partially ordered by the subsequence relation, is well-quasi-ordered. That is, if is an infinite sequence of words over some fixed finite alphabet, then there exist indices such that can be obtained from by deleting some (possibly none) symbols. More generally this remains true when the alphabet is not necessarily finite, but is itself well-quasi-ordered, and the subsequence relation allows the replacement of symbols by earlier symbols in the well-quasi-ordering of labels. This is a special case of the later Kruskal's tree theorem. It is named after Graham Higman, who published it in 1952.
Reverse-mathematical calibration
Higman's lemma has been reverse mathematically calibrated (in terms of subsystems of second-order arithmetic) as equivalent to over the base theory .
References
Wellfoundedness
Order theory
Lemmas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higman%27s%20lemma |
James Wilson (March 15, 1763 – March 26, 1855) was the first maker of globes in the United States.
Born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, Wilson farmed with his father and trained as a blacksmith, though he had little other formal education. He moved to Bradford, Vermont in 1796, became interested in cartography, and taught himself map making. He invested in an encyclopedia and taught himself engraving and map making with the intention of producing maps for schoolchildren.
When he visited Dartmouth College's European globe collection, he was inspired by a pair of terrestrial and celestial globes. He left determined to create his own, and produced a heavy wooden sphere covered with ink drawings on paper. Though this first attempt was too heavy and took too long to produce for it to be commercially feasible, Wilson continued look for ways to improve his product. He sought out an expert in copper engraving and studied with Amos Doolittle in order to master the art of engraving.
In 1813, he opened the first geographic globe factory in the US and sold his initial 13 inch globe for $50. The Wilson globes were widely successful, and Wilson expanded to production of sets of celestial and terrestrial globes in various sizes, materials and prices, including printed Papier-mâché, enabling them to be purchased inexpensively for use in schools and homes. Wilson increased his production to meet demand, and in partnership with his sons he opened a second factory in Albany, New York.
Wilson remained active until he was over eighty, when he created a planetarium for the Thetford Academy. The planetarium was well received, and he began offering them for sale.
Wilson died in Bradford on March 26, 1855, and was buried at Upper Plain Cemetery in Bradford.
His surviving globes are highly prized and can be found in libraries, museums and private collections. The Bradford rest area on Interstate 91 contains a historical marker indicating where his home and workshop stood and commemorating his accomplishments.
References
The Bradford Historical Society Museum at 172 North Main, Bradford, VT has an 1810 Wilson Globe in a custom-made case made for it by Bradford's Copeland Furniture Company.
External links
First American Globes
Famous Vermonters
Mapping the Republic
1763 births
1855 deaths
People from Londonderry, New Hampshire
People from Bradford, Vermont
American cartographers
American inventors
Burials in Vermont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Wilson%20%28globe%20maker%29 |
Leucate (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. It lies between the Mediterranean Sea and the lagoon Étang de Leucate.
Geography
Leucate is on the Mediterranean coast of France. It is part of the eastern Corbières Massif, which are called the Corbières maritimes. It is around south of Narbonne, and around north of Perpignan.
On a clear day, the Phare du Cap Leucate offers a view over the French Mediterranean Sea from the Spanish border to the south to the Camargue to the east.
Population
Urban Morphology
The town stretches over five tourist attractions, from north to south:
La Franqui,
Leucate village,
Leucate beach (Leucate plage)
The naturist village (Village naturiste) on the island of Correggio
Port-Leucate.
Personalities
Henry de Monfreid, adventurer and author
Françoise de Cezelli (1558–1615) knight and French female war hero
André Héléna (1919–1972) author
Christophe Neff geographer
See also
Fitou AOC
Corbières AOC
Communes of the Aude department
Sources
Nöel Hautemanière and Jacques Hiron: Leucate : plein cadre; livre de photographies. Toreilles, 2004, .
Christophe Neff: Kulturlandschaftswandel, Fremdenverkehr und Biodiversität auf der Halbinsel Leucate (Dept. Aude / Frankreich). In: Fremdenverkehrsgebiete des Mittelmeerraumes im Umbruch. Beiträge der Tagung des Arbeitskreises "Geographische Mittelmeerländer-Forschung“ vom 11.-13. Oktober 1996 in Regensburg. Regensburger Geographische Schriften, Heft 27, S. 99-135, Regensburg, 1998,
Christophe Neff : Observation géographiques et floristiques sur la presqu'île de Leucate. In: Bul. Soc. Et. Sc. Nat. Nîmes et Gard, T. 62, 1999, 23-34.
Christophe Neff and Peter Frankenberg : Reflexions géobotaniques sur les plantes échappees de jardins: L´example de Euphorbia dendroides et d´autres espèces ornementales dans la région de Leucate et dans les Corbières maritimes (Aude, France). In : Bul. Soc. Et. Sc. Nat. Nîmes et Gard, T. 63, 2001, 7- 10.
Christophe Neff : Les Corbières maritimes – forment-elles un étage de végétation méditerranéenne thermophile masqué par la pression humaine ? In: Eric Fouache (Edit.): The Mediterranean World Environment and History. IAG Working Group on Geo-archeology, Symposium Proceedings. Environmental Dynamics and History in Mediterranean Areas, Paris, Université de Paris – Sorbonne 24 – 26 avril 2002. Paris, 2003, 191 – 202, (Elsevier France, ).
References
External links
Leucate.net
Communes of Aude | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucate |
This is the alphabetical categorised list of statewide, regional and local political families involved in the politics and various elections of Rajasthan state of India at state (Rajasthan Legislative Assembly) and National level (Lok sabha).
Families
The Beniwal Family (Jats)
On 29 October 2018, Hanuman Beniwal founded the Rashtriya Loktantrik Party, becoming its national convenor in the process. This made Beniwal family as one of the most influential political families of Rajasthan since Rashtriya Loktantrik Party (RLP) is the only successful party in the state besides Indian National Congress and Bhartiya Janta Party.
Ramdeo Beniwal, former two term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 1977 and 1985 from Mundwa constituency.
Hanuman Beniwal, Member of Lok Sabha from Nagaur, former two term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Khinvsar, founder and National Convenor of the Rashtriya Loktantrik Party. He is son of Ramdev Beniwal.
Narayan Beniwal, Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Khinvsar, Nagaur, Rajasthan. He is son of Ramdev Beniwal.
Kamla Beniwal, former Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan in 2003, first women to became minister in Rajasthan at the age of 27 in 1954, former Governor of Tripura, Gujarat and Mizoram between 2009 and 2014.
Alok Beniwal, Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Shahpura. He is son of Kamla Beniwal.
Manikya Lal Verma Family
Manikya Lal Verma, Freedom fighter and first Prime Minister of Undivided Rajasthan, Member of Loksabha from Tonk and Chittorgarh, former president, RPCC.
Narayani Devi Verma (Wife), Former Member of Parliament, Founder of Mahila Ashram School in Bhilwara for upliftment of Tribal Children's.
Shri Deen Bandhu Verma (Son), Former Member of Parliament from Udaipur, Former Member of Legislative Assembly from Kapasan. Former Minister of State,Govt of Rajasthan. General Secretary, RPCC.
The Jagan Family ( Sharma's )
Banwari Lal Sharma, Former Cabinet Minister and 5 term MLA from Dholpur Constituency
Ashok Sharma, MLA and former Dholpur President of Indian National Congress.
Shilpi Sharma, Indian actress, model and DJ.
Dev Sharma, British food activist, Chair of BiteBack 2030, and a Youth MP in the UK Youth Parliament.
The Pilot Family
Rajesh Pilot, Indian politician, former minister in the Government of India and a former Indian Air Force officer.
Rama Pilot, Wife of Rajesh Pilot, former Member of Parliament.
Sachin Pilot, currently Member of the Legislative Assembly from Tonk. Former Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan, former Union Minister in Government of India. He is son of Rajesh Pilot.
The Mirdha Family
Baldev Ram Mirdha, founder of ‘Marwar Kisan Sabha’ and ‘Rajasthan Kisan Sabha’. He is popularly known as Kisan-Kesari.
Ram Niwas Mirdha, son of Baldev Ram Mirdha, former member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly and Lok Sabha, former cabinet minister in Government of India.
Harendra Mirdha, former member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly and cabinet minister in Government of Rajasthan.
Raghuvendra Mirdha, Member of Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee.
Nathuram Mirdha, popular freedom fighter, social reformer and farmer leader in Marwar region in Rajasthan.
Bhanu Prakash Mirdha, former member of Lok Sabha, son of Nathuram Mirdha.
Richpal Singh Mirdha,former member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.
Dr. Jyoti Mirdha, former member of Lok Sabha from Nagaur.
Vishnoi family
Poonam Chand Vishnoi, former speaker Rajasthan Legislative Assembly and cabinet minister in Government of Rajasthan.
Vijay laxmi Bishnoi, Member of PCC, daughter of Poonam Chand Vishnoi.
Ram Singh Bishnoi Family
Ram Singh Bishnoi, former Cabinet Minister and 7 times member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.
Malkhan Singh Bishnoi, former member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, Son of Ram singh Bishnoi.
Mahendra Bishnoi, Son of Malkhan Singh Bishnoi, Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Luni constituency in Jodhpur district.
Singh family
Jaswant Singh, former Finance Minister of India and one of the founding member of Bhartiya Janta Party.
Manvendra Singh, Member of Lok Sabha, son of Jaswant Singh
Gehlot family
Ashok Gehlot, Chief Minister of Rajasthan, elected 5 times as Member of Parliament and 5 times as Member of Legislative Assembly.
Vaibhav Gehlot, Chairman, Rajasthan Cricket Association & son of Mr. Ashok Gehlot.
Raje family
Vasundhara Raje, former Chief minister of Rajasthan (two term as CM), former minister in the Union Cabinet of Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
Dushyant Singh, member of Lok Sabha, son of Vasundhara Raje.
Maderna Family
Parasram Maderna, former nine term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, former president of Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee.
Mahipal Maderna, former Minister of water resources in Government of Rajasthan.
Divya Maderna, former member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 2018.
The Meena Family
Bharat lal meena, former cabinet minister in Rajasthan Government. former four term Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.
Namo Narain Meena, former Minister of State in the Minister of Environment and Forests, former member of Lok Sabha.
Harish Meena, former DGP of Rajasthan, former member of Lok Sabha from Dausa
Om Prakash Meena, former chief secretary of Rajasthan.
References
Rajasthan
Rajasthan politics-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20families%20of%20Rajasthan |
Jan Siegel is a pseudonym of Amanda Hemingway (born 1955 in London, UK). She is a British author of fantasy novels, best known for the Fern Capel series.
The daughter of architect George Askew and Mavis Gold, Amanda grew up in Lewes (East Sussex, UK) where her father was for a time mayor. She became Amanda Hemingway on marriage to Martin Hemingway in 1977 (marriage dissolved 1981).
Bibliography
Novels
Fernanda "Fern" Capel
Prospero's Children (1999)
The Dragon-Charmer (2000)
The Witch's Honour, published in US as The Witch Queen (2002)
Sangreal Trilogy
The Greenstone Grail
Modern-day Nathan, 11, stumbles upon the ruins of a dark chapel in the deep woods, and becomes haunted by dreams of a grail cup filled with blood. His mother, Annie, runs a second-hand bookshop in the small, quiet town of Thornyhill, and they are unknowingly protected by the benevolent Bartlemy Goodman, an excellent cook and dabbling wizard. Nathan's dreams become more vivid and bizarre as he begins dreaming of another world, Eos, in another parallel dimension, which has poisoned itself and is dying, despite their technological advancement and near-immortality. Soon Nathan realizes that he is actually being transported to real places, and is able to interact and change things in this world. It all seems to be tied to the grail of his dreams, the Greenstone Grail, which was protected by a Thornyhill family for centuries until it was lost to them.
This book was published in 2005 by Del Rey Books.
The Traitor's Sword
This book was also published under the name The Sword of Straw.
Nathan, now 13, has gained a bit more control over his dreaming skill, and now his dreams are showing him yet another world in a medieval-type vein, where a princess named Nell and her ailing father watch over an enchanted sword in a tiny kingdom. The sword had inflicted a wound on the king that will not heal, and Nathan hopes that this sword is indeed the sword of stroar, the second item needed to save the dying world Eos. As Nathan struggles to understand, dark forces in his own world work to trap him and destroy him, since he is the only one able to move so freely between universes in his dreams.
This book was published in 2006 by Voyager Books in the UK as The Traitor's Sword, and by Del Rey Books in the United States in 2006 as The Sword of Straw.
The Poisoned Crown
Nathan must find the last item needed to save the dying Eos, the crown, which is in a parallel universe on a planet that is completely water. There, merfolk prepare a battle with the selkies, which Nathan diffuses. However, the leader of the dying universe, the Grandir, is crossing over into Nathan's world, and Nathan must help save Eos while keeping his own world and escaping all of the evil around him that wants him destroyed.
This book was published in 2007 by Voyager Books in the UK, and by Del Rey Books in the United States.
Other works
Pzyche (1982)
Tantalus (1984)
Bacchanal (1987)
The Viper's Heart, also published as The Poison Heart (1990)
Soulfire (1994)
References
External links
Official Site And Author's Blog
1955 births
Living people
British fantasy writers
English women novelists
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Siegel |
Noe may refer to:
Places
Noe Valley, neighborhood in San Francisco
River Noe, tributary of the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England
Noé, Haute-Garonne, France
Noé, Ivory Coast
Noé, Yonne, France
Noe Station, in Osaka, Japan, on the Keihan Main Line
Noe Middle School, in Louisville, Kentucky
Noe Woods, University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum, Madison, Wisconsin
People
Noe (given name), a given name in various cultures (including a list of people with the surname)
Noe (surname), a surname in various cultures (including a list of people with the surname)
Noah, a biblical figure, spelled Noé, Noè, Noë, or Noe in several languages, as well as formerly in English
NOE (rapper), American rapper
Acronyms
Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)
Nap-of-the-earth flight
Network of Excellence
Nintendo of Europe
Neoproterozoic oxygenation event (occurred from Mid Ediacaran to Mid Cambrian)
Other uses
Noé (opera), by Fromental Halévy, completed by Georges Bizet
Noé, play by André Obey
NOE, IATA airport code for Norden-Norddeich Airfield in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noe |
Lim Jung-woo (born January 20, 1978) is a field hockey player from South Korea, who was a member of the Men's National Team that won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. In the final the Asians lost to title holders the Netherlands after penalty strokes. Lim, a student physical education on the Korea National University, also competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
External links
Profile on Athens 2004 Web Site
1978 births
Living people
South Korean male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for South Korea
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for South Korea
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Korea National Sport University alumni
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1998 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Academic staff of Korea National Sport University
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%20Jung-woo%20%28field%20hockey%29 |
Aimee Nezhukumatathil (; Malayalam: നേഴുകുമറ്റത്തിൽ; ; born in 1974 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American poet and essayist. Nezhukumatathil draws upon her Filipina and Malayali Indian background to give her perspective on love, loss, and land.
Biography
Nezhukumatathil received her BA and MFA from the Ohio State University. In 2016–17 she was the John and Renee Grisham Writer-in-Residence at the University of Mississippi's MFA program. She has also taught at the Kundiman Retreat for Asian American writers. She is professor of English in the University of Mississippi's MFA program. She is married to the writer Dustin Parsons. They live in Oxford, Mississippi, with their two sons.
Work
She is author of four poetry collections. Her first collection, Miracle Fruit, won the 2003 Tupelo Press Prize and the Global Filipino Literary Award in Poetry, was named the ForeWord Magazine Book of the Year in Poetry, and was a finalist for the Asian American Literary Award and the Glasgow Prize. Her second, At the Drive-In Volcano, won the 2007 Balcones Poetry Prize. With Ross Gay, in 2014 she co-authored the epistolary nature chapbook, Lace & Pyrite. Oceanic was published in 2018 and won the 2019 Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters award for poetry. She is also the author of the New York Times bestselling book of essays World of Wonders: In Praise of Fireflies, Whale Sharks, and Other Astonishments, which was published in 2020 by Milkweed Editions and was a Barnes & Noble Book of the Year, as well as an NPR 2020 Best Book of the Year.
Of her process, Nezhukumatathil has stated: "I never set out to write a book—even after 4 books, I still find that prospect daunting. Instead, I focus on the individual poems, getting those done week after week. And sometimes some quiet times in between too."
Among Nezhukumatathil's awards are a 2020 Guggenheim Fellowship in poetry, a Mississippi Arts Commission Fellowship grant, inclusion in the Best American Poetry series, a 2009 National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowship in poetry, and a Pushcart Prize for the poem "Love in the Orangery". Her poems and essays have appeared in New Voices: Contemporary Poetry from the United States, The American Poetry Review, FIELD, Prairie Schooner, Poetry, New England Review, Converse: Contemporary English Poetry by Indians (edited by Sudeep Sen, and published by Pippa Rann Books, London), and Tin House. Nezhukumatathil serves as poetry editor for Orion magazine.
Books
Fishbone, Snail's Pace Press, 2000 (chapbook)
One Bite, Ohio State University, 2000 (MFA thesis)
Miracle Fruit: poems, Tupelo Press, 2003,
At the Drive-in Volcano: Poems, Tupelo Press, 2007,
Lucky Fish, Tupelo Press, 2011,
Lace & Pyrite, (with Ross Gay) Ow Arts Press, 2014
Oceanic, Copper Canyon Press, 2018
World of Wonders: In Praise of Fireflies, Whale Sharks, and Other Astonishments, Milkweed Editions, 2020,
Anthologies
References
External links
Audio: Aimee Nezhukumatathil reads "Letter to the Northern Lights" for Academy of American Poets
Audio: Aimee Nezhukumatathil Reading for 'From the Fishouse''
Audio: Slate > Aimee Nezhukumatathil Reading Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia > Jan. 20, 2004
Review: Third Coast > Review by Review by J. Gabriel Scala of Miracle Fruit
Review: New Pages Book Reviews
Review: South Asian Women's Network
Review: Our Own Voice > October 2004 > Review by Carlene Sobrino Bonnivier of Miracle Fruit
Review: Luna: A Journal of Poetry and Translation > May 19, 2007 > Review by Rigoberto González of At the Drive-in Volcano
American women writers of Indian descent
1974 births
Living people
American people of Malayali descent
Ohio State University alumni
American women poets
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
Poets from Ohio
Poets from Chicago
American poets of Asian descent
American writers of Filipino descent
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women writers
University of Mississippi faculty
American writers of Indian descent
American women academics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee%20Nezhukumatathil |
Omatsone Folarin "Sone" Aluko (born 19 February 1989) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward or winger for Ipswich Town.
Aluko began his career at Birmingham City, graduating from the club's academy to make his senior debut in 2007. He joined Aberdeen on loan in the 2007–08 season and was loaned to Blackpool at the beginning of the 2008–09 season. After just two appearances for Blackpool, he signed for Aberdeen permanently in August 2008. He left Aberdeen in July 2011 at the end of his contract. Aluko signed for Rangers in November 2011 and scored 12 goals in 21 appearances during the 2011–12 season. After one season at Rangers, he returned to England to join Hull City. He made over 100 appearances for Hull during a four-year spell at the club, helping Hull win promotion to the Premier League in 2013 and reach the 2014 FA Cup Final. He left Hull to join Fulham in 2016, before joining Reading in 2017. He spent four seasons at Reading, making over 100 appearances for the club, while also spending time out on loan at Beijing Renhe in 2019. In August 2021, he signed for Ipswich Town.
Born in England, Aluko was capped by England at all youth levels up to under-19 before accepting an offer to play for Nigeria. He won caps at under-20 and under-23 levels, before making his senior debut in 2009.
His sister Eniola Aluko was born in Nigeria and is a former professional footballer. She formerly played for Juventus and England.
Club career
Birmingham City
Aluko was born in Hounslow, London, and brought up from a young age in Birmingham. He progressed through Birmingham City's youth system, which he joined at the age of eight. He was given a first-team squad number in the 2005–06 season, and was an unused substitute in a Premier League match against Arsenal at Highbury in October 2005. He made his first-team debut for Birmingham on 28 August 2007 as a late substitute in a League Cup tie against Hereford United.
Aberdeen (loan)
In August 2007, Aluko joined Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen on loan until January 2008. He made his debut for Aberdeen as a late substitute in the UEFA Cup group match against Panathinaikos on 25 October 2007. He scored his first goal for the club the following week, opening the scoring in a 2–0 victory over Dundee United. In January, the loan deal was extended to keep Aluko at Aberdeen for the rest of the season. On 14 February 2008, as part of a performance which earned him the man-of-the-match award, he scored Aberdeen's second goal in a 2–2 draw against Bayern Munich in the UEFA Cup Round of 32. He scored 4 goals in 31 appearances during his loan at Aberdeen.
Blackpool (loan)
Aluko signed for Blackpool on a month's emergency loan on 8 August 2008, and made his debut the following day as a late substitute in the Seasiders' 0–1 home defeat to Bristol City. He made 2 appearances for Blackpool before returning from loan at the end of August.
Aberdeen
On transfer deadline day, 1 September 2008, Aluko returned to Aberdeen on a permanent basis, signing a three-year contract for a fee of £50,000. He made his return in a 1–2 home defeat to Hamilton Academical on 13 September, and scored his first goal since rejoining the club to clinch Aberdeen's first home win of the season, a single-goal victory over Kilmarnock on 1 November. Aluko went on to win the SPL Young Player of the Month award for November 2008. Aluko featured regularly following his return to Aberdeen, playing 37 matches during the 2008–09 season, scoring 4 goals.
He continued to be a key part of the Aberdeen first-team during the 2009–10 season. He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–3 loss against Celtic on 15 August. In total, Aluko scored 3 times in 26 appearances over the course of the season.
Aluko made his first appearance of the 2010–11 season in Aberdeen's opening match of the campaign, starting the match in a 4–0 home win against Hamilton Academical at the Pittodrie Stadium. On 15 February, he scored his first goal of the season in a 1–2 home loss against Motherwell. He also scored in Aberdeen's following match, a 5–0 home win against Kilmarnock on 19 February. He did not score again for the rest of the season, scoring twice in 33 appearances in total during the season. He left the club at the end of his contract in July 2011.
Rangers
Following his release from Aberdeen, Aluko had a trial with Juventus prior to the 2011–12 season. He then went on trial at Rangers. Rangers were impressed with Aluko and offered him a contract, but the move was held up while Aberdeen and Rangers negotiated compensation. Aluko signed for Rangers until the end of the season on 24 November 2011 after a deal was agreed. He made his Rangers debut in a 0–1 away loss to Kilmarnock on 27 November. Aluko was banned for two games for diving to win a penalty in a match between Rangers and Dunfermline on 3 December 2011. Rangers' manager, Ally McCoist, stated "The three gentlemen on the panel have effectively called my player a cheat and a liar, neither of which he is". Aluko scored his first goal for Rangers in a 3–0 home win against Motherwell at Ibrox on 2 January. On 25 March 2012, Aluko scored the opening goal in Rangers' 3–2 victory over Celtic. He scored his first senior hat-trick in Rangers 4–0 victory at St Johnstone on the final day of the 2011–12 Scottish Premier League season. He scored 12 goals in 23 appearances during his first season at Rangers, his best goal return to date.
In June 2012, with his contract set to expire but the club holding an option to extend it, Aluko lodged an objection against the contract being transferred from Rangers to a new company set up by Charles Green. PFA Scotland had previously commented that players were entitled to become free agents if they objected to the transfer. Aluko raised a constructive dismissal claim against Rangers.
Hull City
2012–13 season
On 25 July 2012, it was confirmed that Aluko had signed a two-year deal with Hull City. He made his debut in a home match against Brighton & Hove Albion on 18 August. On 1 September 2012 he scored his first goal for the club against Bolton Wanderers at the KC Stadium. After the international break, Aluko scored his second goal for Hull City in the following game against Millwall to make it 4–0 before half-time, with Hull going onto win the match 4–1. On 2 October, Aluko made scored his third goal in a Hull City shirt by scoring a wonderful strike from 20 yards out into the top corner against Blackpool.
His next goal came at the end of October against Bristol City, himself and Jay Simpson linked up to put Hull 1–0 ahead inside 8 minutes, to which the commentator compared the goal to Barcelona. He bagged another goal in the next game, at home to Barnsley, with teammate Ahmed Elmohamady's cross was half-cleared and Aluko, unlike Barnsley's defenders, was alert to the ball and fired home from a tight angle. He then made it 3 in 3 and 6 goals for the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 6 November, putting in a free-kick from 25 yards into the bottom-left corner past Wolves goalkeeper Carl Ikeme. On 17 November, Aluko scored twice against former club Birmingham City to put Hull 0–2 up, they went on to win the game 2–3. This made it five goals in five games for Aluko and eight goals for the season. In November 2012, Aluko picked up an Achilles injury, initially ruling him out for a month, which Hull City incidentally won all four games he was missing, but later in January the injury flared up again. This meant he would require surgery, with fears he would be out for 6 months, but after successful surgery, he was expected to be back in 2 months time. Aluko scored 8 goals in 24 appearances during the 2012–13 season, helping Hull win promotion to the Premier League following a second placed league finish in the Championship.
2013–14 season
Aluko made his Premier League debut in a 0–2 away defeat against Chelsea on 18 August. His first goal of the season, a 76th-minute "stunning volley", was Hull's winner in a 3–2 victory away to Newcastle United on 21 September. In November Steve Bruce announced that Aluko denied a contract extension, this blow to Hull came shortly after Aluko tore his Achilles again which would see him out of action until February. He signed a new two-and-a-half-year contract with the club on 3 January 2014, telling the club website "I'm happy to be extending my stay here and I was always hopeful it would get sorted". On 17 May 2014 he played as a substitute in the 2014 FA Cup Final against Arsenal.
2014–15 season
Aluko's first appearance of the 2014–15 season came in Hull's UEFA Europa League tie against AS Trenčín on 31 July. He scored his first goal of the season in the second leg of the tie against Trenčín, netting an 80th-minute winner in a 2–1 victory. His first Premier League goal of the season came on 3 December when he scored the equaliser in a 1–1 draw against Everton. Aluko scored twice in 31 appearances during the season, as Hull suffered relegation from the Premier League after finishing 18th.
2015–16 season
He continued to feature regularly for Hull during the 2015–16 season, scoring a late winner in a 2–1 win against Fulham on 19 August. His next goal did not come until March, when he scored an equalising goal in a 1–1 draw with Nottingham Forest. He helped Hull to a 4th placed league finish, qualifying for the Championship play-offs as a result, with Hull going onto win promotion back to the Premier League after winning the play-off final against Sheffield Wednesday.
On 2 June 2016, it was announced that Aluko and teammate Ryan Taylor would leave the club prior to their contract expiry.
Fulham
On 8 July 2016, Aluko joined Fulham on a free transfer. Aluko signed a two-year deal with an option for a further year. He made his debut for Fulham in a 1–0 win over Newcastle United on the opening day of the 2016–17 season. On 13 August 2016, Aluko scored his first goal for Fulham, the opener in a 2–1 victory over Preston North End. He quickly became a key part of the Fulham first-team during his first season at the club, starting 44 league games and making 50 appearances in all competitions, scoring 9 goals. He helped Fulham reach the EFL Championship play-offs following a 6th placed league finish, with Fulham eventually losing out to Reading following a 1–2 aggregate loss over two legs in the semi-finals.
He made his first appearance of the 2017–18 season in the opening match against Norwich City on 5 August, with the match ending in a 1–1 draw. He started Fulham's opening four league matches of the season, before leaving to join Reading at the end of August.
Reading
On 29 August 2017, Aluko joined Reading for an undisclosed fee, signing a four-year deal, with the fee later being reported to be £7.5 million. He made his Reading debut in a 0–1 away loss against Bristol City on 9 September. He scored his first goal for the club on 31 October, netting the final goal in a 3–1 win against Nottingham Forest. He scored again in the following match in a 4–2 win against Derby County on 4 November. On 30 March, he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 win against Rotherham United. Aluko scored 3 goals in 40 appearances during his first season at Reading.
Aluko started in the opening match of the 2018–19 season against Derby County, a match which ended in a 1–2 loss. He scored his first goal of the season in the reverse fixture against Derby, a match which also ended in a 1–2 win for Derby. He featured less frequently for Reading during his second season at the club, making 20 appearances in all competitions, scoring once.
Beijing Renhe (loan)
On 26 February 2019, Aluko joined Beijing Renhe on loan until the end of the 2019 season. He made 16 appearances in the Chinese Super League during his loan spell, scoring 3 goals.
Return to Reading
After returning from his loan spell at Beijing Renhe in January, he made his first appearance for Reading in an FA Cup third-round tie against former loan club Blackpool. He made his first league appearance of the season in a 0–1 loss against Bristol City. Aluko struggled for regular game time during the second half of the 2019–20 season, making 6 appearances, with only 2 appearances coming in the league.
He managed to work his way back into the Reading first-team during the 2020–21 season. He made his first appearance of the season in a 3–1 EFL Cup first round win against Colchester United on 5 September. On 21 November, Aluko scored his first goal of the season in a 2–4 defeat against Bournemouth. He scored twice in 36 appearances over the course of the 2020–21 season. Aluko was released by Reading when his contract expired at the end of the 2020–21 season.
Ipswich Town
Aluko joined Ipswich Town on a free transfer on 6 August 2021, signing a one-year contract with the option to extend the deal by an additional year. He made his debut in a 0–1 loss against Newport County in an EFL Cup first-round tie on 10 August. On 16 October 2021, Aluko scored his first goals for Ipswich with a brace in a 2–2 draw against Cambridge United. Three days later, he scored again in a 4–0 win against Portsmouth. Aluko quickly became an important part of the Ipswich squad, as the most senior player in the team during his first season at the club. He captained the team in FA Cup and EFL Trophy matches during the first half of the season. Ipswich manager Kieran McKenna praised him for his contributions both on and off the pitch; “I can't speak highly enough of him as a person really, around the place he's great with the younger players, he mentors, he speaks, he gives advice but he never sticks it in your face, he doesn't go around telling everyone that he's played in the Premier League, but he's there for advice whenever people need it. He has a quiet word in his own way whenever it's needed.” On 26 April 2022, Aluko activated the one-year extension in his contract having made 36 appearances in all competitions during the season, keeping him at the club until 2023.
International career
England Youth
Aluko represented England at under-16, under-17 and under-18 level before making his debut for the England under-19 team on 11 September 2007 in a friendly against Belarus under-19. He was involved in two of the goals in a 4–0 win. He was selected in the 23-man provisional squad for the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship but did not make the final 18.
Nigeria
Aluko was named in the squad for the Nigeria under-20 national football team for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. He played in games against Venezuela, Spain and Tahiti.
Aluko was called up to the Nigerian national team for a friendly against the Republic of Ireland on 29 May 2009, an offer which with the support of his family he chose to accept. He made his full international debut in the starting eleven, forcing the Irish goalkeeper to save his 40-yard lobbed free kick and playing the first 61 minutes of the game.
In April 2010, he was named in the provisional Nigeria squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but failed to make the final cut. He was finally called up by former Nigerian coach Stephen Keshi and therefore has a chance to add to his one cap against Republic of Ireland in May 2009 after he represented England at various age-group levels. He was brought into the squad to face Namibia and Malawi in the World Cup Qualifiers in the month of June 2012, but was an unused sub for both games.
Aluko was included in a pre-selection for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations but had to renounce because of an injury. Nigeria later won the tournament.
He scored his first goals for Nigeria against South Africa in a 2–2 draw on 19 November 2014 in the qualifying round for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.
Personal life
Aluko's older sister, Eniola, is a former footballer who played for England 102 times at full international level; she played in two World Cup quarter finals and reached the quarter finals of the London 2012 Olympics football tournament with Great Britain. His father Gbenga is a former MP in Nigeria, while Bolaji Aluko, a chemical engineering professor, is his uncle. In 2023, Aluko had to deny rumours that he and his sister were in a sexual relationship.
Career statistics
Club
International
International goals
As of match played 19 November 2014. Nigeria score listed first, score column indicates score after each Aluko goal.
Honours
Hull City
Football League Championship runner-up: 2012–13
FA Cup runner-up: 2013–14
Ipswich Town
EFL League One runner-up: 2022–23
Individual
Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month: November 2008
EFL Championship Player of the Month: November 2012, October 2016
References
External links
Sone Aluko profile at the Ipswich Town F.C. website
Profile and Aberdeen stats at AFC Heritage Trust website
1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Hounslow
English sportspeople of Nigerian descent
Citizens of Nigeria through descent
Black British sportsmen
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria men's youth international footballers
Nigeria men's under-20 international footballers
Nigeria men's international footballers
Men's association football wingers
Birmingham City F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Beijing Chengfeng F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Chinese Super League players
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sone%20Aluko |
Terence Thomas Evans (March 25, 1940August 10, 2011) was a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and a United States district judge for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. Earlier in his career, he was a Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge in Milwaukee County.
Early life, education, and career
Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Evans received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University in 1962 and his Juris Doctor from Marquette University Law School in 1967. He was a law clerk to Wisconsin Supreme Court judge Horace W. Wilkie, from 1967 to 1968. He then served as an assistant district attorney for Milwaukee County, Wisconsin from 1968 to 1970, was in private practice from 1970 to 1974, and was a circuit court judge in Milwaukee from 1978 to 1980.
Federal judicial service
On July 21, 1979, Evans was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to a new seat United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 31, 1979, and received his commission on November 2, 1979. He served as Chief Judge from 1991 to 1995. His service terminated on August 11, 1995, due to his elevation to the Seventh Circuit.
On April 25, 1995, Evans was nominated by President Bill Clinton for elevation to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated by Richard Dickson Cudahy. Evans was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 11, 1995, and received his commission the same day. On July 28, 2009, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported that Evans has notified the President of his intention to assume senior status on January 7, 2010, on the "30-year anniversary of when he first took the federal bench." He assumed senior status in 2010, serving in that capacity until his death. Evans died suddenly on August 11, 2011, as a result of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Pragmatism and humor
Evans' judicial philosophy was marked by pragmatism, an approach well-served at the appellate level by his previous experience as a trial judge. He is particularly known for his sense of humor, and his willingness and ability to weave lighthearted remarks into his judicial opinions. Perhaps the best known example of this was the judge's opinion in United States v. Murphy, in which the following footnote was included:
Judge Richard Posner was also once the subject of Evans's wit, when he stated:
In another memorable quote, Evans described a case as "gummed up from the get-go", describing a case where petitioner Johnson lost his chance to be heard in federal Habeas Corpus (and thus dooming him to serve the remainder of his two consecutive life sentences) because of a delay caused by the state court which made petitioner Johnson's otherwise "properly filed" application for state review technically out of time.
An often-cited district court decision in an admiralty case from 1984 showed Evans' use of humor to veil his impatience with arguments he thought invalid:
In Crawford v. Marion County Election Board (2007), Evans dissented when Posner, joined by Diane S. Sykes, upheld Indiana's voter ID law. The Seventh Circuit's judgment was then upheld by a fractured majority of the Supreme Court of the United States.
According to the technology website CNET.com, Evans became the first federal judge to cite a YouTube video, in a published opinion he authored July 9, 2007. Evans rejected an insurer's malpractice lawsuit against its attorney, warning that if there were liability "litigation would become more of a blood sport than it already is. Lawyers would be even more obsessive about irrelevant and tedious details. No good could come of it."
References
Sources
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1940 births
2011 deaths
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin
Marquette University alumni
Marquette University Law School alumni
Lawyers from Milwaukee
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Bill Clinton
United States district court judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
20th-century American judges
Wisconsin state court judges
District attorneys in Wisconsin
21st-century American judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence%20T.%20Evans |
Figure skating was first contested in the Olympic Games at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Since 1924, the sport has been a part of the Winter Olympic Games.
Men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating have been held most often. Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976 and a team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics. Special figures were contested at only one Olympics, in 1908. Synchronized skating has never appeared at the Olympics but aims to be included.
History
Figure skating was first contested as an Olympic sport at the 1908 Summer Olympics, in London, United Kingdom. As this traditional winter sport could be conducted indoors, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved its inclusion in the Summer Olympics program. It was featured a second time at the Antwerp Games, after which it was permanently transferred to the program of the Winter Olympic Games, first held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.
In London, figure skating was presented in four events: men's singles, women's singles, men's special figures, and mixed pairs. The special figures contest was won by Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal. He remains the event's sole winner, as it was subsequently dropped from the program.
Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976, after appearing as a demonstration event at Grenoble 1968.
A team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics. It consists of two segments: qualification and finals. During qualification each team has one men's single skater, one ladies' single skater, one pair, and one ice dance couple skate their short program/dance. Before the finals, each team is allowed to replace up to two skaters/couples. The final consists of each skater/couple skating their free program/dance. Results are determined by placement points.
Summary
Qualifying
The number of entries for the figure skating events at the Olympic Games is limited by a quota set by the International Olympic Committee. There are 30 participants in each singles events (ladies and men), 20 pairs, and 24 ice dance duos.
In the past, skaters must represent a member nation of the International Skating Union and reach the age of fifteen before July 1 of the previous year. After the previous 2022 Olympic Games, this rule has changed and the new age requirement by the next Olympics will be 17-years-old. They are also required to be citizens of the country they are representing. Competitors have until just before the Olympics to receive citizenship. Since nationality rules are less strict for the ISU Championships, sometimes skaters who have competed at World or European championships are not eligible for the Olympics.
80% of the Olympic spots (24 men/ladies, 19 dance couples, 16 pairs) are allotted to countries according to the results of the previous year's World Figure Skating Championships. A country may have a maximum of three entries per discipline. Countries earn two or three entries by earning points through their skaters' placements. The points are equal to the sum of the placements of the country's skaters (top two if they have three). If a country only has one skater/couple, that skater/couple must place in the top ten to earn two entries and in the top two to earn three entries. If a country has two skaters/teams, the combined placement of those teams must be 13 or less to qualify 3 entries, and 28 or less to qualify two entries. The remaining places are awarded to one skater/couple each from countries that failed to get multiple places, in order of their skaters' placement in the world championships.
Following the World Championships, countries that have not qualified an entry in a particular discipline receive another opportunity in an international competition held in the autumn (usually the Nebelhorn Trophy) prior to the Olympic Games. Six spots are available in men's singles, six in ladies' singles, four in pairs, and five in ice dance. At some Olympics, the host country is automatically entitled to one entry in each discipline, e.g. in 1994, 2010, and 2018 if minimum scores are achieved. If a country receives a spot by being the host, one fewer spot is available in the autumn qualifying competition.
The selection of representatives is at the national governing body's discretion. Some countries rely on the results of their national championships while others have more varied criteria. This may include reaching a certain placement at the European Figure Skating Championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.
Scoring and Judging System
Within the sport of figure skating, there is a very specific scoring system that must be followed and is used for every discipline. This is referred to as IJS, or International Judging System. The two kinds of scoring you will receive during a figure skating competition is the technical score and the program components. Each technical element that is attempted in a program has a specific base value of points, which varies based on the element. Additionally, elements such as spins and step sequences can achieve different levels, which can add or subtract points from that elements final score. At the end of the program, all of your technical element points will be added up to form your technical score. The second aspect to the scoring system in figure skating is the program components. These are determined by the overall presentation of your performance and be separated into five categories. The categories consist of skating skills, transitions, performance, composition, and interpretation of the music. Like the technical elements score, these categories will be added together at the end of the program to determine the program components score. Then, you take your final technical elements score and program components score and add them together to create your final segment score.
The judging system consists of two parts, the technical panel and the judges. The technical panel involves five people that play different roles in judging the technical elements of a skaters program. First, there is the technical specialist. This judge using the rules developed by the International Skating Union to identify each element and its level of difficulty. The two judges whom support the main technical specialist are referred to as the technical controllers and assistant technical specialist. They make sure the primary specialist has correctly identified the elements and make any final decisions on the technical elements presented in the program. They final two roles presented by the technical panel include the data operator and video replay operator. Separately from the technical panel is the judging panel, which is made up of nine judges. Their job is to judge the quality of each element done by the skater regarding the technical elements, as well as evaluate the program components shown in the program. They do this by a great of execution score, GOE, that ranges from –5 to +5 and determines how many points can be added or subtracted from the base value of an element.
New Age Rules in the Olympics
Within figure skating, there is a set minimum age limit for all elite competitors through the sport. This age was 15 years old, until the most recent Olympic Games in Beijing. During this event in 2022, 15-year-old Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva was the favorite to win the Ladie's single event, until she was found to have a positive drug test for a banned substance previously to the competition. The International Olympic Committee had to conduct an investigation into Valieva during the Olympics, which brought a great amount of chaos and controversy as to whether she should have been allowed to compete or not. More importantly, it brought attention to the conditions young athletes are faced with physically, mentally, and emotionally as they are preparing for this event, having this not been the first time a situation such as this has occurred. After the Games this year, the International Skating Union came together to review what had happened and how to proceed in the future. A proposal was then created to increase the minimum age limit for elite competitors throughout the sport to 17. The vote was determined 100 to 16 in favor of this and will be implemented slowly over the course of the next three years, before the 2026 Games in Milan. This decision was based on preserving the physical, mental, and emotional health and wellbeing of figure skaters, and can be summarize by Eric Radford, three time Canadian Olympic medalist, who stated, “Is a medal worth risking the health of a child or young athlete?”
Synchronized Skating in the Olympics
There is a fifth additional discipline of figure skating besides the four previously mentioned, and that is synchronized skating. Synchronize skating adds a team element to figure skating, having eight to twenty skaters on the ice at once. They skate together in unison performing difficult step sequences and formations together. This version of skating has been a part of the competition scene for many years, being involved in competitions through the United States, as well as internationally around the world. But it has yet to be an aspect of the Olympic Games. The governing body for competitive skating is the ISU, International Skating Union, who determine all the decisions about figure skating internationally. The International Olympic Committee, IOC, is an executive board that makes decisions on sports in the Olympics in general. They have yet to make the decision to add synchronized skating as an Olympic event. This has been a very controversial debate over the years and many feel it is wrong that this discipline of the sport is left out in contrast to the others. The IOC determines adding a sport to the Olympics is based on how many athletes and officials would be included, how popular the sport is, and how much money it would bring to them. The ISU has been making efforts the past several years to "investigate, strategize and gather the information required for Synchronized Skating to be accepted as an Olympic discipline." They were attempting to get it approved for the most recent games in Beijing, but it didn't make the cut. For now synchronized skating in the Olympics is a still a dream for most, but maybe it can become a reality in the near future.
Events
Medal table
Accurate as of 2022 Winter Olympics.
Participating nations
The number in each box represents the number of figure skaters the nation sent.
Medals per year
See also
List of Olympic medalists in figure skating
List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age
List of Olympic venues in figure skating
Major achievements in figure skating by nation
References
General
ISU – Olympic Games Figure Skating results:
1908–2002 Men Ladies Pairs Ice dance
2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022
Specific
External links
International Skating Union
Figure skating at the Olympic Games
Olympics
Olympics
Sports at the Winter Olympics
Discontinued sports at the Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure%20skating%20at%20the%20Olympic%20Games |
Curug may refer to:
Curug, Serang, a village in Serang, Banten, Indonesia
Curug, Tangerang, a subdistrict of Tangerang Regency, Banten, Indonesia
Čurug, a village near Žabalj, South Bačka District, Serbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curug |
ATN Jaya TV (still unofficially known as ATN Tamil) is a Canadian exempt Category B Tamil language specialty channel owned by Asian Television Network (ATN). It broadcasts programming from Jaya TV, a popular television channel from India, and Canadian content.
Programming includes dramas, sitcoms, talk shows, movies and more. ATN Jaya TV was previously known on air as ATN Tamil Channel before a deal with Jaya TV was made and the name change occurred.
History
On November 24, 2000, ATN was granted approval from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called Tamil Channel, described as "The licensee shall provide a national ethnic Category 2 specialty television service targeting the Tamil-speaking community."
On August 30, 2013, the CRTC approved Asian Television Network's request to convert ATN Jaya TV from a licensed Category B specialty service to an exempted Cat. B third language service.
References
External links
Digital cable television networks in Canada
Tamil-language television in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATN%20Jaya%20TV |
A baker's dozen is 13 items, rather than the 12 items in a standard dozen.
Baker's Dozen may also refer to:
Film and television
Baker's Dozen (TV series), a 1982 American sitcom
"Baker's Dozen" (Orange Is the New Black), a 2019 TV episode
Baker's Dozen, a 2021 Hulu original program
Baker's Dozen, a film by Margy Kinmonth
Music
Baker's Dozen, a 1950s jazz group led by Kenny Baker
Baker's Dozen, a 1995 album by Enda Kenny
"The Baker's Dozen" (concert series), a 2017 concert series by Phish
Other uses
Baker's Dozen (solitaire), a card game
The Baker's Dozen, a poetry collection by George Edward Tait | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s%20dozen%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The first season of Homicide: Life on the Street, an American police procedural drama television series, originally aired in the United States on NBC between January 31 and March 31, 1993. The show was created by Paul Attanasio, with film director Barry Levinson and television writer and producer Tom Fontana serving as executive producers. Adapted from David Simon's 1991 non-fiction book Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, the season followed the fictional detectives of Baltimore Police Department homicide unit and the murder cases they investigate. The show was broadcast on Wednesdays at 9 p.m. EST, with the exception of the series premiere, which aired immediately after Super Bowl XXVII.
The season introduced regular cast members Daniel Baldwin, Ned Beatty, Richard Belzer, Andre Braugher, Clark Johnson, Yaphet Kotto, Melissa Leo, Jon Polito and Kyle Secor. Most of the primary characters were based on real-life Baltimore detectives from Simon's book, including Gary D'Addario, Terrence McLarney, Harry Edgerton, Donald Worden and Jay Landsman. Many of the first season story arcs were also adapted from the book, most notably the 1988 Baltimore slaying of 11-year-old Latonya Kim Wallace, which was the basis for the murder case of Adena Watson in Homicide. Another multi-episode arc included Lee Tergesen as an officer who is friends with the homicide squad and later gets shot. "Night of the Dead Living," originally written as the third episode, was moved to become the season finale at the insistence of NBC executives, which led to several notable continuity errors.
The first season received consistently positive reviews, with several commentators declaring it one of the best shows on television at the time. The episode "Three Men and Adena", which consists almost entirely of one police interrogation with three actors, received particularly positive reviews and was declared one of the 100 greatest television moments by Entertainment Weekly. The series premiere, "Gone for Goode", opened to a season-high viewership of 18.2 million households due to a lead-in from the Super Bowl. The Nielsen ratings declined throughout the season, which Homicide producers attributed to a poor time-slot and heavy competition from the ABC comedies Home Improvement and Coach. The ratings led NBC executives to demand changes to the show before renewing Homicide for a second season.
Homicide: Life on the Street received four Emmy Award nominations during its first season and won two, and also received a Writers Guild of America award and a Directors Guild of America Award. The first and second seasons of Homicide were released together in a four-DVD box-set on May 27, 2003.
Episodes
When first shown on network television, Night of the Dead Living aired out of order as the season finale. The DVD present the episodes in the correct chronological order, restoring all storylines and character developments.
Development
Conception
Film director Barry Levinson sought to create a police drama television series based on Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, a 1991 non-fiction book by David Simon based on one year he spent with Baltimore Police Department homicide detectives. In addition to the book's being set in Levinson's home city of Baltimore, the director was attracted to the realistic way Simon portrayed police work and the detectives. The book contradicted many popular myths that had been built into past police dramas: it portrayed the detectives as not always getting along with each other and told stories of criminals who were not always caught or punished. It also portrayed detectives as solving cases primarily through physical evidence, witnesses and confessions, not by investigating motives like on many other police shows. Simon also sought to dispel the popular television perception that all detectives take their cases very personally and identify with their victims: in Simon's experience, homicide cases were primarily a job to the detectives, not personal. Levinson and Tom Fontana, who had past television experience as executive producer on the drama series St. Elsewhere, hired screenwriter Paul Attanasio to adapt elements of the book into the teleplay for the first episode. It was the first television script Attanasio ever wrote.
Attanasio based the characters in Homicide on the detectives featured in Simon's book. Frank Pembleton was based on Detective Harry Edgerton, although the two were so different that both the producers and detectives agreed their only true similarity was that they were black. Meldrick Lewis was only loosely based on Detective Donald Waltemeyer, and Levinson admitted Lewis did not start to become strongly developed until season three because, "I thought it'd be great to have a character who was totally unwilling to share with the people he worked with." Tim Bayliss was based on the real-life Baltimore detective Tom Pellegrini, the primary detective who investigated the 1988 Baltimore slaying of 11-year-old Latonya Kim Wallace. The extremely personal approach Bayliss took in attempting to solve Adena Watson's murder, and his strong disappointment over failing to solve it, was based on the emotions Pellegrini went through in the Wallace case. Pellegrini provided advice to actor Kyle Secor about how to play the Bayliss role.
The part of John Munch was based on Jay Landsman, a practical joker who was known in his homicide unit for his morbid wit. Both Belzer and the character Munch he portrays are cynical, caustic former hippies who are so similar that Belzer declared the character "exactly as I would be if I were a cop". Stanley Bolander was inspired by Detective Donald Worden who, like his on-screen counterpart, was nicknamed "The Big Man". Ned Beatty only met Worden once before taking on the role, and he said the detective had "an uncluttered mind and a near-photographic memory". Beau Felton was based on Detective Donald Kincaid, and Felton's clashes with Pembleton were based on Kincaid's real-life strong dislike for Harry Edgerton. Kay Howard was based in part on the female Detective Bert Silver, and in part on the male Detective Rich Garvey, who experienced a real-life string of good luck in solving consecutive cases, just as Howard did in the first season.
NBC ordered a full season of Homicide: Life on the Street before a pilot episode was even produced. Planned as a mid-season replacement, the network ordered six episodes for their 1993 winter season, and then ordered another three after watching the completed pilot episode. The network had been consistently placing third behind their competitor networks ABC and CBS, and was suffering due to the loss of several successful shows in 1992, including The Cosby Show, The Golden Girls and Matlock, as well as the upcoming end of Cheers in 1993. NBC had tried appealing to audiences in their 20s through several comedies, but those efforts proved unsuccessful and the network decided to focus on high-quality dramas like Homicide. NBC Entertainment president Warren Littlefield considered it the most promising new series of the season.
Crew
Paul Attanasio was billed as the creator of Homicide: Life on the Street, with Barry Levinson and Tom Fontana serving as executive producers. The show was produced by Levinson's company Baltimore Pictures, which partnered with Reeves Entertainment. Wayne Ewing, who was cinematographer for Levinson's film Toys (1992), was director of photography during the first season and also directed the episode "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes".
Stan Warnow started out working as editor on the season premiere "Gone for Goode", but he departed before the process was done due to creative differences with Levinson. Tony Black finished the editing for that episode, but did not return for the rest of the season. Jay Rabinowitz worked as editor for the remaining episodes, along with editors Cindy Mollo and Richard Harkness. Van Smith designed the costumes for "Gone for Goode", but he did not return to work on subsequent episodes, where the costumes were handled by Rolande Berman.
The real-life detectives portrayed in Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets signed waivers allowing themselves to be portrayed in the show, and some became consultants for the series. Gary D'Addario, the homicide lieutenant with the Baltimore Police Department and inspiration for the Al "Gee" Giardello character, worked as a consultant and approved the teleplays for accuracy. Fontana said of the real-life detectives' contributions: "They have great stories, and the rhythms of their different personalities are so special that it's great to have them around."
Cast
Barry Levinson and Tom Fontana took the unusual step of basing the ethnicity and gender of the characters on the actors they cast, even though the roles were based on real-life detectives. For example, the role of Frank Pembleton, although based on the African-American Detective Harry Edgerton, was not race-specific until Andre Braugher auditioned and was cast. This impressed Braugher, who believed fully developed roles were often written for white characters and black roles were generally two-dimensional and stereotypical. This belief developed in part from Braugher's poor experience playing Detective Winston Blake on the television series Kojak, where he objected to the show's treatment of race. Ned Beatty, the best-known member of cast when the series debuted, was personally approached by Levinson and Fontana to play Stanley Bolander. Although Beatty respected the two men and liked the show, he was reluctant to take the role because he believed NBC would corrupt the series and change it to a typical police show. Beatty claimed his agents and managers "pushed, dragged and hauled" him into meeting with Levinson, but Beatty ultimately accepted the role. Kyle Secor was cast as Tim Bayliss by Fontana, who remembered the actor from his role as gay AIDS patient Bret Johnson in Fontana's previous show, St. Elsewhere.
In casting Al "Gee" Giardello, Levinson decided not to make the character Italian-American like the real-life counterpart Gary D'Addario, but rather cast Yaphet Kotto and made the character a Sicilian-African American. Kotto, who turned down two feature film offers to accept the Homicide role, was extremely impressed with Levinson's choices for the character, saying, "They had the daring to make the artistic choice without prejudice of any kind. I don't think there's another network show on the air with this sort of cast composition." Kotto struggled at first with the show's production style and constantly moving camera style, which flustered him and made him forget his lines. Levinson had to personally reassure him that he could handle the part. Clark Johnson was cast as Meldrick Lewis, and Jon Polito as his partner, Steve Crosetti. When Polito first auditioned, he read the role of a Polish cop, then did a second reading for an Irish role based on Detective Sergeant Terrence McLarney. He was cast in the McLarney role, but it was rewritten to an Italian character for Polito. The actor found working on Homicide intense and demanding, claiming, "Everybody's working so hard. This is much more of a theater atmosphere."
The first Homicide season featured the first performances of Richard Belzer as Detective John Munch, a character the actor has been credited for in 459 television episodes (as of a May 2016 appearance) in nine different television series, including Homicide and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Levinson asked Belzer to audition for the part after hearing the comedian ranting on The Howard Stern Show, where Belzer was a frequent guest. Levinson said Belzer was a "lousy actor" during his first audition with the "Gone for Goode" script. Levinson asked Belzer to take some time to reread and practice the material, then come back and read it again. During his second reading, Levinson said Belzer was "still terrible", but that the actor eventually found confidence in his performance. Daniel Baldwin was cast as Beau Felton, and dyed his naturally blond hair black for the role. Baldwin became one of the most vocal supporters of the show, giving many press interviews about it and defending it amid declining ratings. Baldwin declared, "Homicide is the best material I've had the chance to do." Melissa Leo was cast as Kay Howard, which was considered a particularly strong part compared to other female characters in police dramas at the time, which were usually limited to love interests or minor parts. While most cast members shadowed real-life Baltimore detectives to prepare for the roles, Leo did not because, she said, "I don't like to look at the horror that's in the world." Wendy Hughes was cast as medical examiner Carol Blythe.
The first season also introduced several minor characters that would make recurring appearances throughout the rest of the series. Colonel Burt Granger and Captain George Barnfather, the Baltimore Police Department bosses, were introduced in the second episode, "Ghost of a Chance". They were played, respectively, by Gerald F. Gough and Clayton LeBouef, the latter of whom later portrayed drug front worker-turned-informer Wendell "Orlando" Blocker in David Simon's other police drama, The Wire. Also introduced in "Ghost of a Chance" was prosecutor Ed Danvers, who was played by Željko Ivanek, a long-time friend of Tom Fontana. The executive producer felt Danvers was written in a dull and simple way, but felt confident Ivanek could "make it a real character". Ami Brabson, the real-life wife of actor Andre Braugher, played Mary Pembleton, the spouse of Braugher's detective counterpart character. Brabson auditioned for the role shortly after Braugher was cast in the series, and Braugher said of their on-screen pairing, "We have an instant rapport that we don't have to create." Michael Willis made his first of several appearances as defense attorney Darin Russom in the first season. Willis also later appeared in The Wire as the corrupt property developer Andy Krawczyk.
Lee Tergesen played Officer Chris Thormann, a patrolman who is shot in the head and blinded. His wife, Eva Thormann, was portrayed by Edie Falco, whom Fontana cast after watching her performance in Laws of Gravity (1992). Fontana was so impressed with Falco's work in Homicide that he later cast her in his HBO series Oz. Film and theater actor Moses Gunn's final performance before his death was as Risley Tucker, a murder suspect questioned for 12 hours by Pembleton and Bayliss in "Three Men and Adena". Several other notable actors made guest appearances throughout the first season of Homicide, including Gwen Verdon, Luis Guzmán, Paul Schulze, Walt MacPherson, Bai Ling, Lisa Gay Hamilton, Steve Harris, Alexander Chaplin, N'Bushe Wright, and Baltimore filmmaker John Waters. Larry Gilliard, Jr., who later starred as drug dealer D'Angelo Barksdale in The Wire, made a brief appearance in the Homicide episode "A Dog and Pony Show". Mel Proctor, then the home team sports announcer for the Washington Bullets, made his first of five guest performances in "Son of a Gun" as recurring reporter character Grant Besser. Detective Tom Pellegrini, the basis for the Tim Bayliss character, made an on-screen cameo in "Ghost of a Chance" as the police officer who discovered Adena Watson's body.
Production
Writing
Homicide: Life on the Street was unique among police dramas for weaving multiple intricate story-lines into single episodes; the season premiere "Gone for Goode", for example, included four separate subplots. As the first season of Homicide progressed, NBC officials complained to the show's producers about the large number of subplots, but the producers resisted the pressure to scale them back until the second season. Despite intense advance promotion of the Homicide premiere due to a planned Super Bowl lead-in, Attanasio deliberately sought to introduce the show with little fanfare, avoiding sensational gimmicks in favor of character-driven plot, quirky dialogue and morbid dark humor. Homicide was noted for its deliberate lack of gun-play and car chases in favor of dialogue and story. The writers also wanted the dialogue to reflect the kinds of things detectives would talk about when not discussing murders or cases, which led to the inclusion of several scenes in which detectives talk casually among themselves during lunch or around the office. One of the "running gags" was Crosetti's obsession of the Lincoln assassination and his quest to discover the "truth" and his arguments with Lewis or anyone else willing to listen. Fontana, who compared the scenes to Levinson's 1982 film Diner, said, "That really made the show different from other shows, because we had the room to have conversations that seemingly didn't [storywise] connect anything, but they did reveal a lot about the characters."
"Gone for Goode" included several storylines, and even exact bits of dialogue, adapted straight from Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets. One of the biggest story arcs from the first season was the murder of 11-year-old Adena Watson, which is introduced in "Gone for Goode" and lasts for five episodes until "Three Men and Adena". The case was based on the murder of 11-year-old Latonya Kim Wallace, which made up a major part of Simon's book. The Watson case, like the Wallace case, ultimately goes unsolved. A subplot from "Gone for Goode" and "Son of a Gun" involved the investigation into Calpurnia Church, an elderly woman suspected of murdering five husbands in order to collect their life insurance policies. This was based on the real-life case of Geraldine Parrish, who was also accused of killing five husbands for insurance money, and was eventually convicted for three of their murders. Another multi-episode arc involved the near-fatal shooting of Patrolman Chris Thormann, which leaves the officer blind. This was also adapted from true-life events in Simon's book, although Homicide writers added the twist of Steve Crosetti taking the case personally based on his close friendship with the victim.
Attanasio, Levinson and Fontana strove to make Homicide more realistic than other police dramas, even in minor details. For example, Levinson specifically asked that a dead body found by detectives in "Gone for Goode" be badly decomposing and attracting flies because he felt other shows did not portray corpses in a realistic way. Some episodes, like "Ghost of a Chance", focus on murders that take place in wealthy rural settings, rather than an urban or predominantly poorer location as most police dramas did. Homicide was noted for demonstrating better than most American television police shows that murders can take place in various socioeconomic circumstances. In striving for realism, some cases in Homicide remain unsolved and murderers go free, most notably in the Adena Watson case. This theme often put the show's producers at odds with NBC executives, who wanted happier endings with more closure. Fontana said of the Watson investigation, "We never solved it because we felt that it would be a disservice to the real girl, to have this fake TV solution. Because it's not O.K. that she died, that no one took responsibility."
The writers also used details from real-life criminal investigations in their script. During one scene in "Ghost of a Chance", a busload of rookie police officers straight out of the academy are brought in to investigate a crime scene. The New York Police Department employed exactly the same tactic while searching for the remains of a missing girl in upstate New York in 1987. One episode written by Tom Fontana, "Three Men and Adena", took place entirely within the confines of the police interrogation room known colloquially by the detectives as "The Box". Fontana was partially inspired to write it by comments made by Barry Levinson during filming of an interrogation scene in "Gone for Goode", when Levinson said the acting by Braugher and Secor was so good, an entire episode could be filmed around it. Fontana acknowledged a certain amount of risk in producing such an unusual episode in only the fifth week of the show, but he said, "It was important for [exec producer] Barry Levinson and I to establish that we weren't going to do the same old show every week." Multiple police departments have requested copies of "Three Men and Adena" for use in training sessions due to its accurate portrayal of the intricacies of the police interrogation process.
"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" was originally supposed to be the first-season finale, while "Night of the Dead Living" was meant to be the third episode. However, NBC programmers felt it was too slow-paced to run so early in the season: the episode takes place entirely within the squad room and lacked traditional police drama action, which NBC executives felt was not appropriate for an early stage when the series was still trying to woo viewers. As a result, "Night of the Dead Living" was shown out of sequence and made the season finale. This created several notable continuity errors. For example, Officer Chris Thormann has not yet been shot and blinded in "Night of the Dead Living", and Tim Bayliss is still working on the Adena Watson case, which was already ended earlier in the season. These errors were addressed by Homicide producers by adding the words "One hot night, last September ..." to the beginning of the episode, thus establishing the events of the episode took place within the correct timeline of the series, even though the episodes are shown out of order.
Filming
The inaugural season of Homicide established a realistic visual style that would remain largely intact throughout the duration of the series. Among the stylistic elements were the near-constant movement with hand-held Super 16 cameras to give the show a naturalistic documentary look and an editing style involving jump cuts that was unusual for television at the time. Wayne Ewing had used Super 16 cameras while filming promotional material for Toys, and that format allowed Homicide producers to film cheaply and with a smaller crew, giving them more time to focus on the actor's performances. While filming, Levinson said he would simply allow the actors to perform while he switched back and forth between them with the hand-held camera instead of filming carefully planned shots and individual scenes from multiple angles. Levinson said the camera and editing style was partially inspired by the Jean-Luc Godard film Breathless (1960), which he would often ask his directors to watch before filming Homicide episodes.
Some individual scenes involved several jump cuts repeated several times in fast succession. Another unusual stylistic element used throughout the season involved sudden changes in jump-screen direction; a shot with an actor looking from left to right might immediately jump to another shot of the same actor looking from right to left. This process came from Levinson's insistence that the footage be edited together to include the actor's best performances. While editing "Gone for Goode", Tony Black cut together two shots that did not match and began looking for a cutaway shot he could use to disguise the edit. Levinson liked the technique that came from cutting the two conflicting shots together and insisted it stay in. This technique became commonly used throughout the series, although it was toned down in future seasons at the insistence of NBC executives who found it too unconventional.
Like the rest of the series, the scenes for the first-season episodes were shot on-location in Baltimore. The use of hand-held cameras allowed the film to be shot more easily in the city, rather than on a sound-stage in Los Angeles or New York City, where most shows are typically shot. Levinson said being on location at all times allowed Baltimore "to be a character in the show". The Recreation Pier Building, a Fells Point structure built in 1914 which once housed Baltimore's marine police, was used as the set of the police department station, which was the principal set for the show. The building looked so realistic that Baltimore residents would occasionally wander into it to report actual crimes. Production director Vincent Peranino created the squad room set inside the Recreation Pier Building. While most sets include a few fake walls opposite an open space for the cameras and crew, Peranino designed the entire room as if it were a real setting, including separate areas for the detectives' coffee room and the interrogation room known as "The Box". The actors began storing their actual belongings at their desks on the set, left real personal messages to each other on the bulletin boards, and got business cards with their characters' actual names for their desks.
Many other scenes in Homicide were filmed primarily in the Fells Point neighborhood, including actual streets, bars and houses to create authenticity. Scenes at the Homicide morgue were filmed inside Baltimore's actual Office of the Medical Examiner, which the actors hated performing in due to the unsettling atmosphere; Ned Beatty said of filming there, "The one thing you can't get on camera is, oh boy, it smells." Homicide footage was transferred from film to videotape for editing at the Maryland studio Colorlab Motion Picture Services. There, Levinson and Ewing worked with colorist Drexel Williams to drain the footage of color value, leaving a gritty visual style almost reminiscent of black-and-white. This technique was downplayed starting in the second season, giving the show a more colorful look.
The opening credits for season one were developed by Mark Pellington, a director and Baltimore native. Pellington filmed the images used in the credits with an 8 mm camera to give it a gritty look. Levinson and Fontana wanted images of all the regular cast members in the credits, but wanted a different approach than the typical image of an actor looking at the camera, which they felt was a television cliche. Instead, Pellington included each of their images, but in quick close-up shots using a variety of lighting methods and camera angles; the names were only shown after the last close-up, and not in the same order. This approach was used until the beginning of the show's fifth season.
Music
The theme song for Homicide: Life on the Street was composed by Lynn F. Kowal, who submitted one of several tapes sent to the producers for consideration. Homicide producers initially had trouble finding the right song, and Levinson ultimately chose Kowal's themes because, while most of the candidates too closely resembled typical television theme songs, Levinson felt Kowal's song "had that odd quality to it, drums or whatever, and it was very unusual". Music is presented in various ways throughout the first season of Homicide. Some songs are played on radios that play in the homicide squad room, like "Lay Down My Life" by Carole King, "Texas Slide" by Jean-Jacques Milteau, "N.Y.C (Can You Believe This City?)" by Charles & Eddie, "Little Boy Blues" and "Break Up" by Gary Fitzgerald, and "Tropic Call" by Mitchell Coodley and Andrew Snitzer, all of which are featured in "Night of the Dead Living". Other songs are more integrated into the show itself, like "Hazy Shade of Blue", a Tor Hyams song that plays while the police raid several neighborhood homes in search of clues during "Ghost of a Chance", and the hymn "The Sweet By and By", which is sung at a church during Adena Watson's funeral in that same episode. Several other songs are featured in episodes throughout the first season, including "Elephant Walk" by The Kings, "The Beat Goes On" by Sonny Bono, "Going' Around in Circles" by Jules Taub, "Telephone Blues" by Sam Ling and George Smith, and "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday" by Freddie Perren and Christine Yarian.
Reception
Reviews
Reviews were consistently positive from the beginning of the series. The Washington Post television critic Tom Shales called Homicide "the least compromised and the most intense" drama show on television, adding, "In every department, the level of excellence has been awesome." Shales complimented it for portraying the tension of a homicide squad without resorting to gratuitous violence. Harold Schindler of The Salt Lake Tribune said the series "ranks among the best programs of their kind to appear on television anywhere". He praised the acting and called the filming style "camera vérité at its best without actually becoming a documentary". Lon Grahnke of the Chicago Sun-Times called it "the season's best new series of any genre", praising it for not depending on action sequences and claiming it "has the spice, dry wit and ethnic diversity of the Hill Street Blues crew, with even more eccentricities and a heightened sense of realism". Paul Lomartire of The Palm Beach Post called it "the best new drama to come along on any network since NBC canceled Shannon's Deal". Newsday critic Marvin Kitman called Homicide "an old-fashioned NBC signature show" remnisicent of the network during the time of Grant Tinker and Brandon Tartikoff.
Associated Press writer Scott Williams praised the series as unique: "It had superb writing, a gifted cast that created complex, fully realized characters, a unique visual style, and stories of compelling power and intensity." Knight Ridder Newspapers television writer Mike Duffy praised what he called the show's witty writing, stylish visuals and superb acting, and declared it the best police drama since Hill Street Blues. The Scripps Howard News Service called Homicide "the best new drama of the season", and The Buffalo News writer Alan Pergament ranked it among the ten best television shows of 1993. Eric Kohanik of The Hamilton Spectator called it "the best new series of the midseason", and praised it for not resorting to "silly car chases [and] blazing guns". Not all reviews were positive. James Endrst, television columnist for The Hartford Courant, felt the series was over-hyped and said "seen it, done it, been there before" of the filming techniques otherwise being praised as cutting edge. In writing about "Gone for Goode", Time reviewer Richard Zoglin praised the "strong cast" and said he appreciated the lack of violence, but said, "the characters are too pat, their conflicts too predictable", particularly the rookie character Bayliss.
The New York Times writer John O'Connor praised the acting and originality of the series, which he called "simultaneously funny and harrowing". He also said Homicide occasionally gratuitously emphasized style over substance in an attempt to be original, "[as if] trying to signal, 'See how much better we are than ordinary television.'" Many commentators were impressed with the high number of strong, complex, well-developed and non-stereotypical African American characters like Pembleton, Lewis and Giardello. When the show risked facing cancellation due to poor Nielsen ratings, Benjamin Hooks, executive director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, took what was considered an unusual move and wrote a letter to NBC Entertainment president Warren Littlefield urging the network not to cancel Homicide. Hooks said the show presented many positive portrayals of African Americans, as well as "a compelling and realistic rendering of today's multiracial and multicultural urban society".
"Three Men and Adena" received especially positive reviews and has been described as one of the "classic episodes" of Homicide: Life on the Street. It ranked number 74 in an Entertainment Weekly list of the 100 greatest television moments, and number 15 among the top television moments from the 1990s. David Bianculli of the New York Daily News said the episode "remains one of TV's best drama hours ever", Entertainment Weekly writer Bruce Fretts said the episode was "one of the most powerful prime-time hours ever" and literary critic John Leonard called it "the most extraordinary thing I've ever seen in a television hour". Emily Nussbaum of The New York Times called "Three Men and Adena" the standout episode of the series, and described it as "a potent showcase for the series' smartly mordant dialogue, and its willingness to explore the cliches of TV detectives instead of merely repeating them".
Ratings
The series premiered on January 31, 1993, in the time slot immediately following Super Bowl XXVII. Having consistently placed third in the Nielsen ratings during prime time since September 1992, NBC hoped a large football audience coupled with an extensive advertising campaign would allow Homicide: Life on the Street to give the network a large ratings boost. NBC ran numerous television commercials advertising the premiere episode, some of which focused on the involvement of Barry Levinson with the hope of capitalizing on the feature film director's household name. "Gone for Goode" was seen by 18.24 million household viewers, which was largest viewership of the first season, and marked the best ratings performance of a preview or premiere following a Super Bowl since The Wonder Years in 1988. Nevertheless, NBC considered it a disappointing performance based on the amount of advertising and press coverage the episode received. "Gone for Goode" received less than half the audience that the Super Bowl itself did.
Ratings for Homicide: Life on the Street gradually declined throughout the first season, and it ultimately finished 99th in the Nielsen ratings among network shows for the season. It aired Wednesdays at 9 p.m. EST and was consistently defeated in the ratings by a high-rating comedy block featuring Home Improvement and Coach on ABC. Barry Levinson said the scheduling was a serious detriment to Homicide which, like many other drama series at the time, was designed for a 10 p.m. time-slot. Tom Fontana also believed Homicide suffered in the ratings because it aired between Unsolved Mysteries and Law & Order, which he believed was too many police dramas for one night: "I never understood the concept of three hours of people in handcuffs as a way to entice an audience."
Viewership also suffered in part due to heavy competition in its time-slot from several major television events, such as a live Oprah Winfrey 90-minute interview with pop singer Michael Jackson on February 10, the 35th Grammy Awards ceremony on February 24, and the Sixth Annual American Comedy Awards on March 3. As the ratings declined, NBC announced to fans that a decision about whether Homicide would be renewed or canceled would depend on how the last four episodes of the season fared in the ratings. During the first week of March, the network started airing a television commercial with Barry Levinson making a direct appeal to viewers to watch the show, in which he said:
Homicide was considered at high risk of cancellation by the end of the first season. When questioned, NBC spokesman Curt Block only said the network was "on the fence" about the series. By the time the season ended, four additional scripts had already been written, but NBC executives asked for several refinements – including fewer episode subplots and less camera movements and jump cuts – before approving a second season. Fontana said he was willing "to do anything to keep NBC from forgetting us", although Levinson said the show would maintain its realistic visual style, claiming, "We want a camera that's almost a participant in the show." Homicide was ultimately renewed, but the producers slightly toned down the show's bleak visual style and hand-held photography motif, and focused more strongly on single stories rather than multiple subplots. Tom Fontana said of the changes to the series, "We were experimenting with our first nine episodes. Whenever you try something new, you tend to err on the side of breaking ground. But we'd rather have more people watching, so the colors and lighting are slightly brighter, and the camera movements are not as jarring."
Awards
Homicide: Life on the Street won two Emmy Awards during its first season and received two additional nominations. Barry Levinson won an Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for his work on "Gone for Goode" and Tom Fontana won for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for the "Three Men and Adena" script. After winning his Emmy, Fontana made an emotional acceptance speech about the need to save the hour-long television drama, in which he said: "It's not the fault of the American public that the drama is in trouble. It's us: the writers, producers, the network executives, the studio money-crunchers. We have to figure out a way to reignite the imagination of the American people." Fontana said of the response to his speech:
I didn't think I was going to win, but I decided if they were going to give it to me, I was going to yell ... Writers told me, 'Boy, you really gave it to the producers.' Producers told me, 'Boy, you really stuck it to the networks.' The networks told me, 'Boy, you really hammered the studios.' Nobody got to the point. I was indicting all of us. What is frustrating about this is nothing has changed. Everybody wants to do everything the way it has been done 100 times before.
Mark Pellington received a Creative Arts Emmy nomination for the main title sequence of the show, and Gwen Verdon was nominated for the Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series her guest performance in "Ghost of a Chance" as Jessie Doohan, an unhappily married woman accused of killing her husband of 60 years. That same year, Verdon was also nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance in the series Dream On.
The first season also received other awards and nominations. Frank Pugliese and Tom Fontana won a Writers Guild of America award for Outstanding Achievement in Television Writing for Episodic Drama for the "Night of the Dead Living" teleplay. Paul Attanasio was nominated for the same award his "Gone for Goode" script. Levinson was nominated for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Direction in a Drama Series for "Gone for Goode", but lost to Gregory Hoblit for his direction of the pilot episode of the police drama NYPD Blue. Homicide was nominated for best drama series at the American Television Awards, a new awards show established in 1993 by the producers of the American Music Awards. The American Television Awards differed from the Emmys in that nominees were determined by reporters and critics rather than members of the television industry. Homicide was defeated by I'll Fly Away, an NBC drama series that was canceled in 1993.
DVD release
The first and second seasons of Homicide were released together in a four-DVD box-set "Homicide: Life on the Street: The Complete Seasons 1&2", which was released by A&E Home Entertainment/NBC Entertainment on May 27, 2003. The set included an audio commentary by Barry Levinson and Tom Fontana for the "Gone for Goode" episode, as well as a collection of the commercials that advertised the episode during the Super Bowl.
References
1993 American television seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide%3A%20Life%20on%20the%20Street%20%28season%201%29 |
Lawrence Foster (born October 23, 1941) is an American conductor of Romanian ancestry. He is currently the artistic director and chief conductor of the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra and the music director of the Marseille Opera and the .
Early life
Foster was born in Los Angeles, California, to Romanian parents. His father died when Foster was three years old. He was later adopted by his father-in-law which is why the last name is not traditionally Romanian.
Foster studied conducting with German conductor Fritz Zweig and piano with Joanna Grauden, both in Los Angeles. His other teachers and mentors have included: Karl Böhm, Bruno Walter, Henry Lewis, and Franz Waxman.
Career
Foster became the conductor of the San Francisco Ballet at the age of 18, and served as assistant conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta. He was awarded the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at Tanglewood in 1966. In 1969 he was named chief guest conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London. He has held music directorships with the Houston Symphony, the Ojai Music Festival, the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra, the Duisburg Philharmonic, the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, and the Barcelona Symphony Orchestra and National Orchestra of Catalonia, among others.
In 1990, Foster was appointed music director of the Aspen Music Festival and School.
From 2002 to 2013, Foster was the music director of the Gulbenkian Orchestra of Lisbon, Portugal. He also served as music director of the Orchestre National de Montpellier and the Opéra National de Montpellier from 2009 to 2012. In February 2012, Foster was announced as the next music director of Opéra de Marseille and the . As of 2019 Foster is the artistic director and chief conductor of the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra (NOSPR).
Foster is particularly noted as an interpreter of the works of George Enescu, and has made a comprehensive survey of commercial recordings of Enescu's music. He served as artistic director of the George Enescu Festival from 1998 to 2001. In 2003, Foster was decorated by the Romanian President for services to Romanian music.
Foster has recorded a number of discs for Pentatone, including Gordon Getty's opera Usher House, Schumann's symphonies, orchestral works by Kodály, Bartók and Ligeti, and piano and violin concertos by Bruch, Korngold, Rachmaninoff, Grieg and Chopin, with various soloists. His recording of Enescu's Oedipe was awarded the Grand Prix du Disque from the Académie Charles Cros in France.
Selected discography
Richard Strauss – Violin Concerto / Miniatures. Arabella Steinbacher, Lawrence Foster, WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne. Pentatone PTC 5186653 (2018).
Johann Strauss Jr – Die Fledermaus. Lawrence Foster, Nikolai Schukoff, Laura Aikin, NDR Radiophilharmonie, WDR Rundfunkchor Köln. Pentatone PTC 5186635 (2018).
Mephistopheles and Other Bad Guys. Lawrence Foster, Kevin Short, Orchestre philharmonique de Marseille, male chorus of the Opéra de Marseille. Pentatone PTC 5186585 (2018).
A Certain Slant of Light. Lisa Delan, Orchestre philharmonique de Marseille. Pentatone PTC 5186634 (2018).
Martinu – Double Concertos. Mari Kodama, Momo Kodama, Sarah Nemtanu, Deborah Nemtanu, Magali Demesse, Orchestre philharmonique de Marseille. Pentatone PTC 5186658 (2018).
Giuseppe Verdi – Otello. Nikolai Schukoff, Melody Moore, Lester Lynch, Kevin Short, Lawrence Foster, Gulbenkian Orchestra. Pentatone PTC 5186562 (2017)
Fantasies, Rhapsodies and Daydreams. Works by Camille Saint-Saëns, Maurice Ravel, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Pablo de Sarasate, Jules Massenet. Arabella Steinbacher, Lawrence Foster, Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo Pentatone PTC 5186536 (2016).
Max Bruch & Erich Korngold Violin Concertos & Ernest Chausson Poème. Arabella Steinbacher, Lawrence Foster, Gulbenkian Orchestra Pentatone PTC 5186503 (2013)
Gordon Getty – Usher House. Etienne Dupuis, Phillip Ens, Lisa Delan, Christian Elsner, Lawrence Foster, Benedict Cumberbatch, Gulbenkian Orchestra. Pentatone PTC 518645 (2013).
Johann Strauss Jr. – Der Zigeunerbaron (Operetta in 3 acts; version 1886). Nikolai Schukoff, Jochen Schmeckenbecher, Markus Brück, Jasmina Sakr, Claudia Barainsky, Heinz Zednik, Paul Kaufmann, Khatuna Mikaberidze, Renate Pitscheider, Lawrence Foster, NDR Philharmonie, NDR Chor. Pentatone PTC 5186482 (2016).
Rachmaninov & Grieg – Piano Concertos Sa Chen, Lawrence Foster, Gulbenkian Orchestra. Pentatone PTC 5186444 (2011).
Antonio Salieri Requiem in C minor, Beethoven Meeresstille und Glückliche Fahrt, Schubert Intende voci. Lawrence Foster, Coro Gulbenkian, Gulbenkian Orchestra Pentatone PTC 5186359 (2010).
Zoltán Kodály, Béla Bartók, György Ligeti – Orchestral Works. Lawrence Foster, Mihaela Costea, Esther Georgie, Cyril Dupuy, Jonathan Luxton, Kenneth Best, Gulbenkian Orchestra. Pentatone PTC 5186360 (2010).
Robert Schumann – Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4. Lawrence Foster, Czech Philharmonic. Pentatone PTC 5186327 (2009).
Robert Schumann – Symphonies Nos. 1 & 2. Lawrence Foster, Czech Philharmonic. Pentatone PTC 5186326 (2008).
Frédéric Chopin – The 2 Piano Concertos. Sa Chen, Lawrence Foster, Gulbenkian Orchestra. Pentatone PTC 5186341 (2008).
Concertos from My Childhood – Itzhak Perlman, Lawrence Foster, Juilliard Orchestra. EMI Classics: 7243 5 56750 2 6 (1999).
Paul McCartney – Standing Stone, Lawrence Foster, London Symphony Orchestra. EMI Classics: 7243 5 56484 2 6 (1997)
George Enescu – Œdipe. José van Dam, Barbara Hendricks, Brigitte Fassbaender, Marjana Lipovšek, Lawrence Foster, Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra. EMI/Warner (1990)
William Walton – Troilus and Cressida. Janet Baker, Richard Cassilly, Gerald English, Benjamin Luxon, Richard Van Allan, Elizabeth Bainbridge; Lawrence Foster, Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House Covent Garden (version for mezzo-soprano). HMV SLS 997 (1977)
References
External links
Harrison Parrott agency biography
Opus 3 Artists agency biography
Lawrence Foster on IMDb
"Lawrence Foster appointed Music Director of Orchestre Philharmonique de Marseille". Harrison Parrott agency release, 7 February 2012
"Lawrence Foster officially begins his first season as Music Director of the National Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra". Harrison Parrott agency release, 11 October 2019
1941 births
Living people
American male conductors (music)
American people of Romanian descent
Aspen Music Festival and School faculty
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Foster |
The Majestic Star Casino, LLC was a gaming holding company founded in Gary, Indiana by Don H. Barden and was based in Las Vegas, Nevada.
History
The company was formed on December 8, 1993.
It opened the Majestic Star Casino in Gary, Indiana on June 7, 1996.
In December 2001, Majestic Star made its first expansion beyond Gary, acquiring three Fitzgeralds casinos from bankrupt Fitzgeralds Gaming for $149 million, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Black Hawk, Colorado, and Tunica, Mississippi. Chief operating officer Michael Kelly, a former Fitzgeralds executive, engineered the deal.
In April 2005, Majestic Star was selected to operate the casino at the French Lick Resort in French Lick, Indiana, being developed by a partnership of Lauth Property Group and the Cook Group. However, the Cook-Lauth partnership eventually decided to form its own casino management team, and Majestic's involvement ended amiably in September of that year.
In December 2005, Majestic Star acquired the neighboring Trump Casino in Gary from Trump Entertainment Resorts for $253 million, and renamed it as the Majestic Star II.
After Barden led an effort to legalize gambling in Pennsylvania, Majestic Star was awarded the only gaming license for Pittsburgh, beating out competing bids from Harrah's and Isle of Capri. Construction began in December 2007 on the $450 million riverfront Majestic Star Casino, which was projected to double the company's yearly revenues to over $1 billion. However, after defaulting on a $200 million bridge loan and failing to pay contractors, Majestic had to hand control in August 2008 to a group led by JMB Realty chairman Neil Bluhm, lead investor in the SugarHouse Casino in Philadelphia, who bought 75% of the project, and renamed it the Rivers Casino. Barden kept his remaining stake in the project outside of the Majestic Star umbrella.
In November 2009, Majestic Star filed for bankruptcy, listing $406 million in assets against $750 million in liabilities. The company cited the recession, increased competition from nearby properties, and a new smoking ban as reasons. In December 2010, Majestic sued Barden, claiming that he changed the company's tax status without notice, costing over $2 million in additional tax liabilities. The company's reorganization plan, filed the following month, would end Barden's ownership interest, while leaving other executives in place. The company left bankruptcy in 2011 under the majority ownership of Wayzata Investment Partners.
In October 2011, several months after Barden's death, his estate sold Fitzgeralds Las Vegas to brothers Derek and Greg Stevens, majority owners of the Golden Gate casino.
In May 2012, Majestic Star agreed to sell Fitzgeralds Black Hawk for $28 million to Saratoga Harness Racing, owner of Saratoga Casino and Raceway in New York. The sale closed in January 2013.
Majestic Star sold Fitzgeralds Tunica to Foundation Gaming in August 2018.
In November 2018, the company agreed to be acquired by Spectacle Entertainment, a new firm owned primarily by two Indiana-based investors. The buyers said they would lobby for permission to move the Majestic Star Casino inland within Gary, and to move the Majestic Star II's casino license to another city in Indiana.
Properties
Majestic Star Casino − Gary, Indiana
Majestic Star II − Gary, Indiana
Former
Fitzgeralds Black Hawk — Black Hawk, Colorado
Fitzgeralds Las Vegas — Las Vegas, Nevada
Fitzgeralds Tunica − Tunica Resorts, Mississippi
References
Sources
Corporate profile
Las Vegas Review-Journal
External links
The Majestic Star Casino, LLC web site
Companies based in Las Vegas
Gambling companies of the United States
Economy of Gary, Indiana
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Majestic%20Star%20Casino%2C%20LLC |
Mayo East was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1969 to 1997. The constituency was served by 3 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs). The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
History and boundaries
The constituency was created under the terms of the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1969, taking in parts of the former Mayo North and Mayo South constituencies. It was abolished for the 1997 general election when it was combined with Mayo West to form the new 5 seat Mayo constituency.
TDs
Elections
1992 general election
1989 general election
1987 general election
November 1982 general election
February 1982 general election
1981 general election
1977 general election
1973 general election
1969 general election
See also
Dáil constituencies
Politics of the Republic of Ireland
Historic Dáil constituencies
Elections in the Republic of Ireland
References
External links
Oireachtas Members Database
Historic constituencies in County Mayo
Dáil constituencies in the Republic of Ireland (historic)
1969 establishments in Ireland
1977 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies established in 1969
Constituencies disestablished in 1977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo%20East%20%28D%C3%A1il%20constituency%29 |
Route 213 is a state highway in Massachusetts. It connects Interstate 93 (I-93) with I-495 in Methuen, Massachusetts, just south of the New Hampshire border. It is a four-lane, controlled access highway along its entire length. The highway is a northern bypass of Route 113, which serves the downtown area, and derives its own number from it.
There is a nearby shopping center known as The Loop, so called because of the designation of Route 213 as the 'Loop Connector'.
According to MassDOT, Route 213 carries approximately 45,000 vehicles per day.
Route description
Route 213 begins in the west as an offshoot of I-93 at its northernmost exit in Massachusetts, Exit 46 (old exit 48), just south of the New Hampshire state line. It begins by traveling to the east for less than before meeting Route 28 (Broadway) at Exit 2.
Route 28 southbound provides access to the downtown area which Route 213 bypasses (it is a northern bypass of Route 113, which cuts west-to-east through the city). Route 28 northbound parallels I-93, crossing into Salem, New Hampshire and becoming New Hampshire Route 28 after approximately one-half mile.
Route 213 continues eastward for about another mile before interchanging with Route 113 (Pleasant Street), with access between Route 113 and westbound Route 213 facilitated by nearby Howe Street. Another half mile or so to the east, Route 213 interchanges with Route 113 again, via a short connecting road to Exit 4. This exit provides nearby access to The Loop. Route 213 continues a short distance to the east, crossing underneath Route 113 before ending at an interchange with I-495.
History
The road was initially planned to start in Lowell at US-3 at a point between exits 81C and 84 (old exits 31 and 32). From there, it was to have run north, crossing the Merrimack River roughly at the site of the current Rourke Bridge. It would then continue north through a portion of the Lowell-Dracut State Forest before turning east, crossing I-93 in Methuen and ending at I-495. However, environmental regulations, a growing opposition in both Lowell and Dracut, and a projected insufficient demand for the road caused the state to permanently kill the portion of the highway between US-3 and I-93.
The expressway (which at this time was known as "Relocated Route 113") between I-93 and the current Exit 3 interchange was completed on September 11, 1962, when it was ceremonially named the Albert Slack Memorial Highway. The eastward extension to I-495 was completed in 1964, and Massachusetts Department of Public Works officially designated the road as Route 213. State officials unsuccessfully submitted for inclusion of Route 213 in the Interstate Highway System in 1970, in an attempt to gain federal funding for the project. The submission was rejected by the Federal Highway Administration.
Route 213 was officially designated as the Loop Connector in October 2000 by the Massachusetts legislature.
Exit list
Interchanges along Route 213 were to be renumbered to mileage-based numbers under a project scheduled to start in 2016. However, this project was indefinitely postponed by MassDOT. On November 18, 2019, MassDOT announced that Route 213's exit numbers would not be changed because its exits were so tightly spaced.
References
External links
MA 213 Current and Speculative Future Exit Numbers List
213
Methuen, Massachusetts
Freeways in the United States
1964 establishments in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%20Route%20213 |
National University of Ireland (NUI) is a university constituency in Ireland, which currently elects three senators to Seanad Éireann. Its electorate is the graduates of the university, which has a number of constituent universities. It previously elected members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (1918–1921), to the House of Commons of Southern Ireland (1921) and to Dáil Éireann (1918–1936).
Representation
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Under the Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918, NUI was enfranchised as a new university constituency and continued to be entitled to be represented by one Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons until the dissolution of Parliament on 26 October 1922, shortly before the Irish Free State became a dominion outside the United Kingdom on 6 December 1922. In 1918 the electorate included all registered male graduates over 21 (or over 19 if in the armed services) and all female graduates over 30. There were 3,819 voters registered for the 1918 general election. Most, if not all, of those electors would have been plural voters also entitled to vote in a territorial constituency. The 1918 general election took place on 14 December and the results were declared on 28 December, except for the university constituencies. NUI voted between 18 and 22 December and the result was declared on 23 December. Eoin MacNeill was elected (and also for Londonderry City) standing for Sinn Féin and therefore did not take his seat in Westminster, instead serving as a member of the first Dáil Éireann.
House of Commons of Southern Ireland
The Government of Ireland Act 1920 established a devolved home rule legislature, within the United Kingdom, for twenty-six Irish counties which were designated Southern Ireland. NUI was given four seats in the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. At the 1921 Southern Ireland House of Commons election, all 128 seats were elected unopposed. Of these, 124 were Sinn Féin members, who formed the TDs of the Second Dáil. This included the four representatives of the NUI.
The Parliament was dissolved as part of the arrangements under the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922.
Dáil Éireann
In the 1918 general election, Sinn Féin contested the election on the basis that they would not take seats in the United Kingdom Parliament but would establish a revolutionary assembly in Dublin.
The university was, in Irish republican theory, entitled to return one Teachta Dála (known in English as a Deputy) in 1918 to serve in the Irish Republic's First Dáil. This revolutionary body assembled on 21 January 1919. In republican theory every MP elected in Ireland was a member of the First Dáil. In practice only Sinn Féin members participated, including the Deputy for the university.
In May 1921, elections were held to the parliaments established under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Sinn Féin had decided to use the polls for the House of Commons of Northern Ireland and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland together as an election for the Irish Republic's Second Dáil. At the last meeting of the First Dáil on 10 May 1921, it passed a motion, the first three parts of which expressed this constitutional position.
That the parliamentary elections which are to take place during the present month be regarded as elections to Dáil Éireann.
That all deputies duly returned at these elections be regarded as members of Dáil Éireann and allowed to take their seats on subscribing to the proposed Oath of Allegiance.
That the present Dáil dissolve automatically as soon as the new body has been summoned by the President and called to order.
No voting occurred in Southern Ireland as all the seats were filled by unopposed returns. Except for Dublin University all constituencies outside Northern Ireland elected Sinn Féin TDs. The Second Dáil first met on 16 August 1921, thereby dissolving the First Dáil. The Third Dáil was also elected under the constituencies established by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. On 6 December 1922, this became the house of representatives of the new Irish Free State.
From the Electoral Act 1923 the Irish Free State defined its own Dáil constituencies. National University of Ireland was reduced to three seats. This Act abolished plural voting for University constituencies and enfranchised women on the same terms as men. Qualified voters could register for a university or a territorial constituency but not for both. The qualifications for an elector to be registered as a university voter were set out in Section 1(2)(c) of the 1923 Act. They were to be registered at "the University constituency comprising a university in which he or she has received a degree other than an honorary degree".
The Constitution (Amendment No. 23) Act 1936 repealed provisions of the Constitution of the Irish Free State providing for University representation in Dáil Éireann, with effect from the next dissolution of the Oireachtas which took place on 14 June 1937. The seat left vacant by Conor Maguire in 1936 on his appointment to the High Court was not filled.
TDs
Seanad Éireann
Article 18.4 of the Constitution of Ireland adopted in 1937, provided that the National University of Ireland would have three seats in the new Seanad Éireann. The Seanad Electoral (University Members) Act 1937 gave effect to this constitutional provision, with graduates of the National University of Ireland entitled to elect Senators by single transferable vote. The first Seanad election took place in 1938, and thereafter elections to the Seanad take place within 90 days of the dissolution of the Dáil. The Seventh Amendment, adopted in 1979, allows for a redistribution of the six university seats among the Dublin University, the National University of Ireland, and any other institutions of higher education in the State which do not have representation. The establishment of separate universities from the NUI Colleges was under consideration in the late 1970s, and the Seventh Amendment was introduced so that the reference to the NUI in the Constitution would not inhibit any reforms and graduates of NUI and ex-NUI institutions could elect senators. Ultimately the NUI was not abolished (but reformed to be a federal institution), so no legislation followed.
Graduates who are Irish citizens are required to register to vote and the election is conducted by postal vote. There is no residency requirement for voters, so those living abroad can participate. Political party labels do not appear on Seanad election ballot papers.
Elections
2020 election
2016 election
2011 election
2007 election
2002 election
1997 election
1992 election
1989 election
1933 election
Seat vacant in November 1936 on appointment of Maguire as a Justice of the High Court
1932 election
September 1927 election
June 1927 election
1923 by-election
Caused by the resignation of Eoin MacNeill.
1923 election
1922 election
1921 election
|}
Sinn Féin refused to recognise the Southern Ireland House of Commons and took their seats as TDs in the Second Dáil.
1918 election
The 1918 general election took place on 14 December and the results were declared on 28 December, except for the university constituencies. NUI voted between 18 and 22 December and the result was declared on 23 December.
In common with other Sinn Féin MPs, Eoin MacNeill abstained from Westminster and took his seat as a TD in the First Dáil. He was also elected for Londonderry City.
See also
List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies in Ireland and Northern Ireland
List of MPs elected in the 1918 United Kingdom general election
Historic Dáil constituencies
Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)
Dublin University (constituency)
Queen's University of Belfast (UK Parliament constituency)
References
Sources
National University of Ireland
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1922
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
University constituencies in the Republic of Ireland
University constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Seanad constituencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20University%20of%20Ireland%20%28constituency%29 |
Ballard Cliff is part of the Jurassic Coast near Swanage in the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, England.
The steeply dipping Cretaceous chalk that marks the northern end of Swanage Bay takes over from the Wealden beds at this location. A series of landslides during the late 1990s and early 2000s created a prominent white 'zig-zag' in the scarp. A rotational slip in the Chalk, Upper Greensand and Gault has developed, exposing a section of the soft, blue-grey Gault clay at the base of the cliff.
See also
Geology of Dorset
Jurassic Coast'''
External links
Ian West's Geology of the Wessex Coast Field Guide, including photographs
Cliffs of England
Jurassic Coast
Geology of Dorset
Isle of Purbeck | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard%20Cliff |
The Criollo Cubano originates from Spanish horses brought to Cuba by Diego Velázquez in 1511. There are four different breeds known as criollo: the Cubano de Paso, the Pinto Cubano, the Criollo de Trote and the Patibarcino. It is a small stout breed used by the Guajiro people.
Patibarcino
The Patibarcino was first bred by the families Reyes and Iznaga on their finca. The breed originated from a stallion called Lobo, which had a dark line on the back and zebra stripes on the legs and transmitted those characteristics to his descendants. This animals are dun or brown colored with a black dorsal stripe and stripes on their legs. They are between 1.48 and 1.52 m high. The Patibarcino’s head has a straight or slightly convex profile and big ears. Its thorax is wide and its croup oblique. It is a quite nervous and resistant horse used to corral cattle. Known specimens are Lobo, Lobito, Olivito and Fogoso.
Cubano de Paso
The Cubano de Paso horse originated from Spanish horses. Its most known characteristic is the elegant and comfortable pace. It is a strong but elegant horse used for transportation in Cuba. The head is proporcional to its body with a straight profile which at times can be slightly convex or concave. The forehead is wide, the ears medium-sized and mobile. This breed has a strong neck and high, oblique muscular croup and a straight and strong back. The tendons and joints are well defined. The legs are strong and structured. Its average height lies between 1.45 and 1.50 m. The most frequent color is brown although every color is allowed. The Cubano de Paso’s temperament is docile and active. This breed is mostly used for transportation since they can cover large distances in a short time with its really easygoing pace.
Most Cubano de Paso are bred in the ranch La Loma in the Cuban province, Granma. This breed is in need of new blood and is therefore refined with Spanish horses or Continental Criollos and other Pasos, brought from America, since they present similar characteristics. The American author Samuel Hazard was fascinated by this breed; as he wrote in 1870, during a visit in Cuba in his book .
The Cuban horse is a magnificent animal, with a short, solid and well-formed body, strong legs and beautiful and intelligent eyes. For long days there is no better horse. These horses have corpulent necks, strong mains and thick tails and seeing them in the savannas where they are bred, before they get trained, shows a beautiful picture of wild horses. Their pace is a bit peculiar, exclusive to them and on a well-trained Cuban horse even someone who never has ridden can do it without worries.
Pinto Cubano
The Pinto Cubano originated from Spanish horses. After the triumph of the revolution in 1959 a herd of pinto mares was gathered in the area of Manicaragua, in the Cuban province of Santa Clara, for their genetic improvement. Afterwards on the ranch La Guabina, located in the province Pinar del Rio, their muscular development was improved interbreeding them with quarter horses and a British pinto called Bony. This breed is found in two colors: tobiano and overo. Their average height lies between 1.44 and 1.52 m, the head is proportional to the body with a straight or slightly convex profile and medium-sized or small ears. The neck is quite long and well attached with an abundant mane. The croup is oblique and should be as high as the withers. Overall it is a compact, medium-sized, squared horse with well-defined musculature and a healthy and strong constitution. Its skeleton is strong with well-developed tendons and joints.
Cubano de Trote
The Cubano de Trote originated from Spanish horses like the Andalusian horse and the Cartujano horse. It is a really strong and resistant breed used for work. Its average height lies between 1.48 and 1.50 m. The Cubano de Trotes’s head has a straight or slightly convex profile. The neck is thick and strong and the thorax wide, the withers are quite high and the croup tends to be oblique. Its color varies but the predominant one is gold. The most known stallions are 16 Doradito, 5 Tuerto, 49, 51, Proyectil and Erizo.
References
Horse breeds
Horse breeds originating in Cuba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban%20Criollo%20horse |
The Latvian language is an extensively inflected language, with complex nominal and verbal morphology. Word order is relatively free, but the unmarked order is subject–verb–object. Latvian has pre-nominal adjectives and both prepositions and postpositions. There are no articles in Latvian, but definiteness can be indicated by the endings of adjectives.
Nouns and adjectives
Latvian has two grammatical genders (masculine and feminine) and seven cases; there are no articles. Adjectives generally precede the nouns they modify, and agree in case, number, and gender. In addition, adjectives take distinct endings to indicate definite and indefinite interpretation:
Viņa nopirka [vecu māju]. "She bought [an old house]."
Viņa nopirka [veco māju]. "She bought [the old house]."
For details about the nominal morphology of Latvian (inflection of nouns, pronouns, numerals, and adjectives), see Latvian declension.
Verbs
Latvian has three simple tenses (present, past and future), and three compound perfect constructions: present perfect, past perfect, future perfect.
Latvian verbs are used in five moods:
indicative;
imperative;
conditional;
conjunctive (Latvian literature, however, does not make a distinction between conditional and conjunctive. Even if such a distinction is made both of them are morphologically identical – ending in -u.);
quotative also known as relative or inferential mood (some authors distinguish analytically derived jussive as a subset of quotative, others, however, insist that a simple addition of a conjunction (lai) is not sufficient basis for distinguishing this grammatical construction as a grammatical mood); and
debitive (for expressing obligation).
The relations between tenses and moods are shown in the following table. (The table does not include quotative.)
Latvian verbs have two voices, active and passive. The passive voice is analytic, combining an auxiliary verb (tikt "become", būt "be", or more rarely, tapt "become") and the past passive participle form of the verb. Reflexive verbs are marked morphologically by the suffix -s.
Conjugation classes
Unlike, for example, Romance languages where conjugation classes are assigned based on thematic vowels (e.g., -are, -ere, -ire forming, respectively, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugation in Italian) Latvian verbs are classified in conjugations regardless of whether they end in -āt, -ēt, -īt, -ot or -t. The classification depends on whether the verb stem has a thematic vowel, and if so, whether it is retained in present tense.
The first conjugation class is characterized by an absence of the thematic vowel in infinitive, present as well as past. Furthermore 1st conjugation verbs are always monosyllabic and their stems undergo sound shifts. Based on these sound shifts they are further divided in 5 subcategories. Sound shifts bolded below
The second conjugation class is characterized by retaining the thematic vowel in infinitive, past as well as present. 1st person singular present and past tenses match.
Verbs of the third conjugation class retain the thematic vowel in infinitive and past, however, it is absent in present and the stem takes on the full set of endings unlike 1st and 2nd conjugation where 2nd person singular and 3rd person present endings -i and -a are either absent or have given way to the thematic vowel.
The 3rd conjugation is divided into 2 subgroups, the 1st one containing the thematic vowel ī, and the 2nd subgroup – all other vowels. The only difference between the two subgroups is that verbs belonging to the 2nd subgroup do not take on the 3rd person present tense ending -a. dziedāt, es dziedu, tu dziedi but viņš dzied unlike viņš lasa.
Beside the three conjugations, there are three verbs characterized by different stems in present, past as well as infinitive. These verbs are referred to as "irregular" (nekārtni or neregulāri.) Irregular verbs and their stem changes are:
būt (esmu, biju) – to be (I am, I was)
iet (eju, gāju) – to go (I go, I went)
dot (dodu, devu) – to give (I give, I gave)
A verb's conjugation pattern can be deduced from three base forms: the infinitive form, the present stem and the past stem. The following table shows the correspondence between the base stem and the tense/mood.
References
Literature
Languages of Latvia
Latvian language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian%20grammar |
The Salvadoran Civil War () was a twelve-year period of civil war in El Salvador that was fought between the government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition or "umbrella organization" of left-wing groups backed by the Cuban regime of Fidel Castro as well as the Soviet Union. A coup on 15 October 1979 followed by government killings of anti-coup protesters is widely seen as the start of civil war. The war did not formally end until 16 January 1992 with the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City.
The United Nations (UN) reports that the war killed more than 75,000 people between 1979 and 1992, along with approximately 8,000 disappeared persons. Human rights violations, particularly the kidnapping, torture, and murder of suspected FMLN sympathizers by state security forces and paramilitary death squads – were pervasive.
The Salvadoran government was considered an ally of the U.S. in the context of the Cold War. During the Carter and Reagan administrations, the US provided 1 to 2 million dollars per day in economic aid to the Salvadoran government. The US also provided significant training and equipment to the military. By May 1983, it was reported that US military officers were working within the Salvadoran High Command and making important strategic and tactical decisions. The United States government believed its extensive assistance to El Salvador's government was justified on the grounds that the insurgents were backed by the Soviet Union.
Counterinsurgency tactics implemented by the Salvadoran government often targeted civilian noncombatants. Overall, the United Nations estimated that FMLN guerrillas were responsible for 5 percent of atrocities committed during the civil war, while 85 percent were committed by the Salvadoran security forces. Accountability for these civil war-era atrocities has been hindered by a 1993 amnesty law. In 2016, however, the Supreme Court of Justice of El Salvador ruled in case Incostitucionalidad 44-2013/145-2013 that the law was unconstitutional and that the Salvadoran government could prosecute suspected war criminals.
Background
El Salvador has historically been characterised by extreme socioeconomic inequality. In the late 19th century, coffee became a major cash crop for El Salvador, bringing in about 95 percent of the country's income. This income was restricted to only 2 percent of the population, however, exacerbating a divide between a small but powerful land-owning elite and an impoverished majority. This divide grew through the 1920s and was compounded by a drop in coffee prices following the stock-market crash of 1929. In 1932, the Central American Socialist Party was formed and led an uprising of peasants and indigenous people against the government. The FMLN was named after Farabundo Martí, one of the leaders of the uprising. The rebellion was brutally suppressed in La Matanza, during which approximately 30,000 civilians were murdered by the armed forces. La Matanza – 'the slaughter' in Spanish, as it came to be known – allowed military dictatorships to monopolize political power in El Salvador while protecting the economic dominance of the landed elite. Opposition to this arrangement among middle-class, working-class, and poor Salvadorans grew throughout the 20th century.
On 14 July 1969, an armed conflict erupted between El Salvador and Honduras over immigration disputes caused by Honduran land reform laws. The conflict (known as the Football War) lasted only four days but had major long-term effects for Salvadoran society. Trade was disrupted between El Salvador and Honduras, causing tremendous economic damage to both nations. An estimated 300,000 Salvadorans were displaced due to battle, many of whom were exiled from Honduras; in many cases, the Salvadoran government could not meet their needs. The Football War also strengthened the power of the military in El Salvador, leading to heightened corruption. In the years following the war, the government expanded its purchases of arms from sources such as Israel, Brazil, West Germany and the United States.
The 1972 Salvadoran presidential election was marred by massive electoral fraud, which favored the military-backed National Conciliation Party (PCN), whose candidate Arturo Armando Molina was a colonel in the Salvadoran Army. Opposition to the Molina government was strong on both the right and the left. Also in 1972, the Marxist–Leninist Fuerzas Populares de Liberación Farabundo Martí (FPL) – established in 1970 as an offshoot of the Communist Party of El Salvador – began conducting small-scale guerrilla operations in El Salvador. Other organizations such as the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) also began to develop.
The growth of left-wing insurgency in El Salvador occurred against a backdrop of rising food prices and decreased agricultural output exacerbated by the 1973 oil crisis. This worsened the existing socioeconomic inequality in the country, leading to increased unrest. In response, President Molina enacted a series of land reform measures, calling for large landholdings to be redistributed among the peasant population. The reforms failed, thanks to opposition from the landed elite, reinforcing the widespread discontent with the government.
On 20 February 1977, the PCN defeated the National Opposing Union (UNO) in the presidential elections. As was the case in 1972, the results of the 1977 election were fraudulent and favored a military candidate, General Carlos Humberto Romero. State-sponsored paramilitary forces – such as the infamous Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN) – reportedly strong-armed peasants into voting for the military candidate by threatening them with machetes. The period between the election and the formal inauguration of President Romero on 1 July 1977 was characterized by massive protests from the popular movement, which were met by state repression. On 28 February 1977, a crowd of political demonstrators gathered in downtown San Salvador to protest the electoral fraud. Security forces arrived on the scene and opened fire, resulting in a massacre as they indiscriminately killed demonstrators and bystanders alike. Estimates of the number of civilians killed range between 200 and 1,500. President Molina blamed the protests on "foreign Communists" and immediately exiled a number of top UNO party members from the country.
Repression continued after the inauguration of President Romero, with his new government declaring a state-of-siege and suspending civil liberties. In the countryside, the agrarian elite organized and funded paramilitary death squads, such as the infamous Regalado's Armed Forces (FAR) led by Hector Regalado. While the death squads were initially autonomous from the Salvadoran military and composed of civilians (the FAR, for example, had developed out of a Boy Scout troop), they were soon taken over by El Salvador's military intelligence service, National Security Agency of El Salvador (ANSESAL), led by Major Roberto D'Aubuisson, and became a crucial part of the state's repressive apparatus, murdering thousands of union leaders, activists, students and teachers suspected of sympathizing with the left. The Socorro Jurídico Cristiano (Christian Legal Assistance) – a legal aid office within the archbishop's office and El Salvador's leading human rights group at the time – documented the killings of 687 civilians by government forces in 1978. In 1979 the number of documented killings increased to 1,796. The repression prompted many in the Catholic Church to denounce the government, which responded by repressing the clergy.
Historian M. A. Serpas posits displacement and dispossession rates with respect to land as a major structural factor leading ultimately to civil war. El Salvador is an agrarian society, with coffee fueling its economy, where "77 percent of the arable land belonged to .01 percent of the population. Nearly 35 percent of the civilians in El Salvador were disfranchised from land ownership either through historical injustices, war or economic downturns in the commodities market. During this time frame, the country also experienced a growing population amidst major disruption in agrarian commerce and trade."
Coup d'état, repression and insurrection: 1979–1981
Military coup October 1979
With tensions mounting and the country on the verge of an insurrection, the civil-military Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG) deposed Romero in a coup on 15 October 1979. The United States feared that El Salvador, like Nicaragua and Cuba before it, could fall to communist revolution. Thus, Jimmy Carter's administration supported the new military government with vigor, hoping to promote stability in the country. While Carter provided some support to the government, the subsequent Reagan administration significantly increased U.S. spending in El Salvador. By 1984 Ronald Reagan's government would spend nearly $1 billion on economic aid for the Salvadoran government.
The JRG enacted a land reform program that restricted landholdings to a 100-hectare maximum, nationalised the banking, coffee and sugar industries, scheduled elections for February 1982, and disbanded the paramilitary private death squad Organización Democrática Nacionalista (ORDEN) on 6 November 1979.
The land reform program was received with hostility from El Salvador's military and economic elites, however, which sought to sabotage the process as soon as it began. Upon learning of the government's intent to distribute land to the peasants and organize cooperatives, wealthy Salvadoran landowners began killing their own livestock and moving valuable farming equipment across the border into Guatemala, where many Salvadoran elites owned additional land. In addition, most co-op leaders in the countryside were assassinated or "disappeared" soon after being elected and becoming visible to the authorities. The Socorro Jurídico documented a jump in documented government killings from 234 in February 1980 to 487 the following month.
Under pressure from the military, all three civilian members of the junta resigned on 3 January 1980, along with 10 of the 11 cabinet ministers. On 22 January 1980, the Salvadoran National Guard attacked a massive peaceful demonstration, killing up to 50 people and wounding hundreds more. On 6 February, US ambassador Frank Devine informed the State Department that the extreme right was arming itself and preparing for a confrontation in which it clearly expected to ally itself with the military.
Aims of the junta's violent repression
"The immediate goal of the Salvadoran army and security forces—and of the United States in 1980, was to prevent a takeover by the leftist-led guerrillas and their allied political organizations. At this point in the Salvadoran conflict the latter were much more important than the former. The military resources of the rebels were extremely limited and their greatest strength, by far, lay not in force of arms but in their 'mass organizations' made up of labor unions, student and peasant organizations that could be mobilized by the thousands in El Salvador's major cities and could shut down the country through strikes."
Critics of US military aid charged that "it would legitimate what has become dictatorial violence and that political power in El Salvador lay with old-line military leaders in government positions who practice a policy of 'reform with repression.'" A prominent Catholic spokesman insisted that "any military aid you send to El Salvador ends up in the hands of the military and paramilitary rightist groups who are themselves at the root of the problems of the country."
"In one case that has received little attention", Human Rights Watch noted, "US Embassy officials apparently collaborated with the death squad abduction of two law students in January 1980. National Guard troops arrested two youths, Francisco Ventura and José Humberto Mejía, following an anti-government demonstration. The National Guard received permission to bring the youths onto Embassy grounds. Shortly thereafter, a private car drove into the Embassy parking lot. Men in civilian dress put the students in the trunk of their car and drove away. Ventura and Mejía were never seen again."
Motivation for the resistance
As the government began to expand its violence towards its citizens, not only through death squads but also through the military, any group of citizens that attempted to provide any form of support whether physically or verbally ran the risk of death. Even so, many still chose to participate. But the violence was not limited to activists but also anyone who promoted ideas that "questioned official policy" were tacitly assumed to be subversive against the government. A marginalized group that metamorphosed into a guerilla force that would end up confronting these government forces manifested itself in campesinos or peasants. Many of these insurgents joined collective action campaigns for material gain; in the Salvadoran Civil War, however, many peasants cited reasons other than material benefits in their decision to join the fight.
Piety was a popular reason for joining the insurrection because they saw their participation as a way of not only advancing a personal cause but a communal sentiment of divine justice. Even prior to the civil war, numerous insurgents took part in other campaigns that tackled social changes much more directly, not only the lack of political representation but also the lack of economic and social opportunities not afforded to their communities.
While the FMLN can be characterized as an insurrectionist group, other scholars have classified it as an "armed group institution." Understanding the differentiation is crucial. Armed group institutions use tactics to reinforce their mission or ideology. Ultimately influencing the behavior and group norms of their combatants. In this regard, the FMLN had a more effective approach than El Salvador's army in politically educating their members about their mission. Individuals who aligned themselves with the FMLN were driven by a profound sense of passion and purpose. They demonstrated a willingness to risk their lives for the greater good of their nation. The FMLN strategy focused on community organization, establishing connections within the church and labor unions. In contrast, El Salvador's army had inadequate training, and many of its combatants reported joining out of job insecurity or under intimidation from the government.These disparities were notably reflected in their respective combat methods. Further, the Salvadorean military caused more civilian casualties than the FMLN.
In addition, the insurgents in the civil war viewed their support of the insurrection as a demonstration of their opposition to the powerful elite's unfair treatment of peasant communities that they experienced on an everyday basis, so there was a class element associated with these insurgencies. They reveled in their fight against injustice and in their belief that they were writing their own story, an emotion that Elisabeth Wood titled "pleasure of agency". The peasants' organization thus centered on using their struggle to unite against their oppressors, not only towards the government but the elites as well, a struggle that soon evolved into a political machine that came to be associated with the FMLN.
In the early months of 1980, Salvadoran guerilla groups, workers, communists, and socialists, unified to form the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN). The FMLN immediately announced plans for an insurrection against the government, which began on 10 January 1981, with the FMLN's first major attack. The attack established FMLN control of most of Morazán and Chalatenango departments for the war's duration. Attacks were also launched on military targets throughout the country, leaving hundreds of people dead. FMLN insurgents ranged from children to the elderly, both male and female, and most were trained in FMLN camps in the mountains and jungles of El Salvador to learn military techniques.
Much later, in November 1989, the FMLN launched a large offensive that caught Salvadoran military off guard and succeeded in taking control of large sections of the country and entering the capital, San Salvador. In San Salvador, the FMLN quickly took control of many of the poor neighborhoods as the military bombed their positions—including residential neighborhoods to drive out the FMLN. This large FMLN offensive was unsuccessful in overthrowing the government but did convince the government that the FMLN could not be defeated using force of arms and that a negotiated settlement would be necessary.
Assassination of Archbishop Romero
In February 1980, Archbishop Óscar Romero published an open letter to US President Jimmy Carter in which he pleaded with him to suspend the United States' ongoing program of military aid to the Salvadoran regime. He advised Carter that "Political power is in the hands of the armed forces. They know only how to repress the people and defend the interests of the Salvadoran oligarchy." Romero warned that US support would only "sharpen the injustice and repression against the organizations of the people which repeatedly have been struggling to gain respect for their fundamental human rights". On 24 March 1980, the Archbishop was assassinated while celebrating Mass, the day after he called upon Salvadoran soldiers and security force members to not follow their orders to kill Salvadoran civilians. President Carter stated this was a "shocking and unconscionable act". At his funeral a week later, government-sponsored snipers in the National Palace and on the periphery of the Gerardo Barrios Plaza were responsible for the shooting of 42 mourners.
On 7 May 1980, former army major, Roberto D'Aubuisson, was arrested with a group of civilians and soldiers at a farm. The raiders found documents connecting him and the civilians as organizers and financiers of the death squad who killed Archbishop Romero, and of plotting a coup d'état against the JRG. Their arrest provoked right-wing terrorist threats and institutional pressures forcing the JRG to release D'Aubuisson. In 1993, a U.N. investigation confirmed that D'Aubuisson ordered the assassination.
A week after the arrest of D'Aubuisson, the National Guard and the newly reorganized paramilitary ORDEN, with the cooperation of the Military of Honduras, carried out a large massacre at the Sumpul River on 14 May 1980, in which an estimated 600 civilians were killed, mostly women and children. Escaping villagers were prevented from crossing the river by the Honduran armed forces, "and then killed by Salvadoran troops who fired on them in cold blood". Over the course of 1980, the Salvadoran Army and three main security forces (National Guard, National Police and Treasury Police) were estimated to have killed 11,895 people, mostly peasants, trade unionists, teachers, students, journalists, human rights advocates, priests, and other prominent demographics among the popular movement. Human rights organizations judged the Salvadoran government to have among the worst human rights records in the hemisphere.
Murder and rape of US nuns
On 2 December 1980, members of the Salvadoran National Guard were suspected to have raped and murdered four American, Catholic church women (three religious women, or nuns, and a laywoman). Maryknoll missionary sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford, Ursuline sister Dorothy Kazel, and laywoman Jean Donovan were on a Catholic relief mission providing food, shelter, transport, medical care, and burial to death squad victims. In 1980 alone, at least 20 religious workers and priests were murdered in El Salvador. Throughout the war, the murders of church figures increased. For example, the Jesuit University of Central America stated that two bishops, sixteen priests, three nuns, one seminarian, and at least twenty-seven lay workers were murdered. By killing Church figures, "the military leadership showed just how far its position had hardened in daring to eliminate those it viewed as opponents. They saw the Church as an enemy that went against the military and their rule." U.S. military aid was briefly cut off in response to the murders but was renewed within six weeks. The outgoing Carter administration increased military aid to the Salvadoran armed forces to $10 million, which included $5 million in rifles, ammunition, grenades and helicopters.
In justifying these arms shipments, the administration claimed that the regime had taken "positive steps" to investigate the murder of four American nuns, but this was disputed by US Ambassador, Robert E. White, who said that he could find no evidence the junta was "conducting a serious investigation". White was dismissed from the foreign service by the Reagan administration after he had refused to participate in a coverup of the Salvadoran military's responsibility for the murders at the behest of Secretary of State Alexander Haig.
Repression stepped up
Other countries allied with the United States also intervened in El Salvador. The military government in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces, such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government's avid support. The Argentine military dictatorship also supported the Salvadoran armed forces as part of Operation Charly.
During the same month, the JRG strengthened the state of siege, imposed by President Romero in May 1979, by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations. Between 12 January and 19 February 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew.
"Draining the Sea"
In its effort to defeat the insurgency, the Salvadoran Armed Forces carried out a "scorched earth" strategy, and adopted tactics similar to those being employed in neighboring Guatemala by its security forces. These tactics were inspired and adapted from U.S. counterinsurgency strategies used during the Vietnam War. An integral part of the Salvadoran Army's counterinsurgency strategy entailed "draining the sea" or "drying up the ocean", that is, eliminating the insurgency by eradicating its support base in the countryside. The primary target was the civilian population – displacing or killing them in order to remove any possible base of support for the rebels. The concept of "draining the sea" had its basis in a doctrine by Mao Zedong that emphasized that "The guerrilla must move amongst the people as a fish swims in the sea."
Aryeh Neier, the executive director of Americas Watch, wrote in a 1984 review about the scorched earth approach: "This may be an effective strategy for winning the war. It is, however, a strategy that involves the use of terror tactics—bombings, strafings, shellings and, occasionally, massacres of civilians."
Beginning in 1984, the Salvadoran Air Force was able to locate guerrilla strongholds reportedly using intelligence from U.S. Air Force planes flying over the country.
Scorched earth offensives of 1981
On 15 March 1981, the Salvadoran Army began a "sweep" operation in Cabañas Department in northern El Salvador near the Honduran border. The sweep was accompanied by the use of scorched earth tactics by the Salvadoran Army and indiscriminate killings of anyone captured by the army. Those displaced by the "sweep" who were not killed outright fled the advance of the Salvadoran Army; hiding in caves and under trees to evade capture and probable summary execution. On 18 March, three days after the sweep in Cabañas began, 4–8,000 survivors of the sweep (mostly women and children) attempted to cross the Rio Lempa into Honduras to flee violence. There, they were caught between Salvadoran and Honduran troops. The Salvadoran Air Force, subsequently bombed and strafed the fleeing civilians with machine gun fire, killing hundreds. Among the dead were at least 189 persons who were unaccounted for and registered as "disappeared" during the operation.
A second offensive was launched, also in Cabañas Department, on 11 November 1981 in which 1,200 troops were mobilized, including members of the Atlácatl Battalion. Atlácatl was a rapid response counter-insurgency battalion organized at the U.S. Army School of the Americas in Panama in 1980. Atlácatl soldiers were trained and equipped by the U.S. military, and were described as "the pride of the United States military team in San Salvador. Trained in antiguerrilla operations, the battalion was intended to turn a losing war around."
The November 1981 operation was commanded by Lt. Col. Sigifredo Ochoa, a former Treasury Police chief with a reputation for brutality. Ochoa was close associate of Major Roberto D'Aubuisson and was alleged to have been involved in the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero. D'Aubuisson and Ochoa were both members of La Tandona, the class of 1966 at the Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School. From the start, the invasion of Cabanas was described as a "cleansing" operation by official sources. Hundreds of civilians were massacred by the army as Col. Ochoa's troops moved through the villages. Col. Ochoa claimed that hundreds of guerrillas had been killed but was able to show journalists only fifteen captured weapons, half of them virtual antiques, suggesting that most of those killed in the sweep were unarmed.
El Mozote massacre
This operation was followed by additional "sweeps" through Morazán Department, spearheaded by the Atlácatl Battalion. On 11 December 1981, one month after the "sweep" through Cabañas, the Battalion occupied the village of El Mozote and massacred at least 733 and possibly up to 1,000 unarmed civilians, including women and 146 children, in what became known as the El Mozote Massacre. The Atlácatl soldiers accused the adults of collaborating with the guerrillas. The field commander said they were under orders to kill everyone, including the children, who he asserted would just grow up to become guerrillas if they let them live. "We were going to make an example of these people," he said.
The US steadfastly denied the existence of the El Mozote massacre, dismissing reports of it as leftist "propaganda", until secret US cables were declassified in the 1990s. The US government and its allies in US media smeared reporters of American newspapers who reported on the atrocity and, more generally, undertook a campaign of whitewashing the human rights record of the Salvadoran military and the US role in arming, training and guiding it. The smears, according to journalists like Michael Massing writing in the Columbia Journalism Review and Anthony Lewis, made other American journalists tone down their reporting on the crimes of the Salvadoran regime and the US role in supporting the regime. As details became more widely known, the event became recognized as one of the worst atrocities of the conflict.
In its report covering 1981, Amnesty International identified "regular security and military units as responsible for widespread torture, mutilation and killings of noncombatant civilians from all sectors of Salvadoran society." The report also stated that the killing of civilians by state security forces became increasingly systematic with the implementation of more methodical killing strategies, which allegedly included use of a meat packing plant to dispose of human remains. Between 20 and 25 August 1981, eighty-three decapitations were reported. The murders were later revealed to have been carried out by a death squad using a guillotine.
The repression in rural areas resulted in the displacement of large portions of the rural populace, and many peasants fled. Of those who fled or were displaced, some 20,000 resided in makeshift refugee centers on the Honduran border in conditions of poverty, starvation and disease. The army and death squads forced many of them to flee to the United States, but most were denied asylum. A US congressional delegation that, on 17–18 January 1981, visited the refugee camps in El Salvador on a fact finding mission, submitted a report to Congress that found: "[T]he Salvadoran method of 'drying up the ocean' is to eliminate entire villages from the map, to isolate the guerrillas, and deny them any rural base off which they can feed."
In total, Socorro Jurídico registered 13,353 individual cases of summary execution by government forces over the course of 1981. Nonetheless, the true figure for the number of persons killed by the Army and security services could be substantially higher, due to the fact that extrajudicial killings generally went unreported in the countryside and many of the victims' families remained silent in fear of reprisal. An Americas Watch report described that the Socorro Jurídico figures "tended to be conservative because its standards of confirmation are strict"; killings of persons were registered individually and required proof of being "not combat related". Socorro Jurídico later revised its count of government killings for 1981 up to 16,000 with the induction of new cases.
Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa was chosen to replace Colonial Jaime Flores and became military commander of the whole eastern zone of El Salvador. He was a rare thing: "pure, one-hundred-percent soldier, a natural leader, a born military man." Monterrosa did not want wholesale bloodshed, but he wanted to win the war at any costs. He tried to be more relatable and less arrogant to the local population in the way he presented his military. When he first executed massacres he didn't think much of it because it was part of his military training and because it was tactically approved by the High Command, but he didn't consider whether it would become a political problem. He was accused of responsibility for what happened at El Mozote, though he denied it. Monterrosa later began to date a Salvadoran woman who worked in the press corps, for an American television network. Monterrosa's girlfriend let her co-worker know that something had gone wrong at El Mozote, though she did not go into detail. But people knew that he had lost radio contact with his men and that it was unfortunate and something that later brought regrettable consequences. Although he says he lost contact with his men, the guerrillas did not believe it and said it was well known to everyone that he had ordered the massacre. In an interview with James LeMoyne, however, he stated that he did in fact order his men to "clean out" El Mozote.
Interim government and continued violence: 1982–1984
Peace offer and rejection
In 1982, the FMLN began calling for a peace settlement that would establish a "government of broad participation". The Reagan administration said the FMLN wanted to create a Communist dictatorship. Elections were interrupted with right-wing paramilitary attacks and FMLN-suggested boycotts. El Salvador's National Federation of Lawyers, which represented all of the country's bar associations, refused to participate in drafting the 1982 electoral law. The lawyers said that the elections couldn't possibly be free and fair during a state of siege that suspended all basic rights and freedoms.
FMLN steps up campaign
Attacks against military and economic targets by the FMLN began to escalate. The FMLN attacked the Ilopango Air Force Base in San Salvador, destroying six of the Air Force's 14 Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopters, five of its 18 Dassault Ouragan aircraft and three C-47s. Between February and April, a total of 439 acts of sabotage were reported. The number of acts of sabotage involving explosives or arson rose to 782 between January and September. The United States Embassy estimated the damage to the economic infrastructure at US$98 million. FMLN also carried out large-scale operations in the capital city and temporarily occupied urban centres in the country's interior. According to some reports, the number of rebels ranged between 4,000 and 5,000; other sources put the number at between 6,000 and 9,000.
Interim government
Pursuant to measures implemented by the JRG junta on 18 October 1979, elections for an interim government were held on 29 April 1982. The Legislative Assembly voted on three candidates nominated by the armed forces; Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja was elected by 36 votes to 17, ahead of the Party of National Conciliation and the hard right Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) candidates. Roberto D'Aubuisson accused Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño of imposing on the Assembly "his personal decision to put Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja in the presidency" in spite of a "categorical no" from the ARENA deputies. Magana was sworn into office on 2 May.
Decree No. 6 of the National Assembly suspended phase III of the implementation of the agrarian reform, and was itself later amended. The Apaneca Pact was signed on 3 August 1982, establishing a Government of National Unity, whose objectives were peace, democratization, human rights, economic recovery, security and a strengthened international position. An attempt was made to form a transitional government that would establish a democratic system. Lack of agreement among the forces that made up the government and the pressures of the armed conflict prevented any substantive changes from being made during Magaña's presidency.
More atrocities by the government
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights reported that, on 24 May 1982, a clandestine cemetery containing the corpses of 150 disappeared persons was discovered near Puerta del Diablo, Panchimalco, approximately twelve kilometers from San Salvador. On 10 June 1982, almost 4,000 Salvadoran troops carried out a "cleanup" operation in the rebel-controlled Chalatenango province. Over 600 civilians were reportedly massacred during the Army sweep. The Salvadoran field commander acknowledged that an unknown number of civilian rebel sympathizers or "masas" were killed, while declaring the operation a success. Nineteen days later, the Army massacred 27 unarmed civilians during house raids in a San Salvador neighborhood. The women were raped and murdered. Everyone was dragged from their homes into the street and then executed. "The operation was a success," said the Salvadoran Defense Ministry communique. "This action was a result of training and professionalization of our officers and soldiers."
During 1982 and 1983, government forces killed approximately 8,000 civilians a year. Although the figure is substantially less than the figures reported by human rights groups in 1980 and 1981, targeted executions as well as indiscriminate killings nonetheless remained an integral policy of the army and internal security forces, part of what Professor William Stanley described as a "strategy of mass murder" designed to terrorize the civilian population as well as opponents of the government. General Adolfo Blandón, the Salvadoran armed forces chief of staff during much of the 1980s, has stated, "Before 1983, we never took prisoners of war."
Government murder of human rights and labor union leaders
In March 1983, Marianella García Villas, president of the non-governmental Human Rights Commission of El Salvador, was captured by army troops on the Guazapa volcano, and later tortured to death. Garcia Villas had been on Guazapa collecting evidence about the possible army use of white phosphorus munitions.
In April 1983, Melida Anaya Montes, a leader of the Popular Forces for Liberation (FPL) "Farabundo Martí", a communist party-affiliated militia, was murdered in Managua, Nicaragua. Salvador Cayetano Carpio, her superior in the FPL, was allegedly implicated in her murder. He committed suicide in Managua shortly after Anaya Montes' murder. Their deaths influenced the course within the FMLN of the FPL's Prolonged Popular War strategy.
On 7 February 1984, nine labor union leaders, including all seven top officials of one major labor federation, were arrested by the Salvadoran National Police and sent to be tried by a military court. The arrests were part of Duarte's moves to crack down on labor unions after more than 80 trade unionists were detained in a raid by the National Police. The police confiscated the union's files and took videotape mugshots of each union member.
During a 15-day interrogation, the nine labor leaders were beaten during late-night questioning and were told to confess to being guerrillas. They were then forced to sign a written confession while blindfolded. They were never charged with being guerrillas but the official police statement said they were accused of planning to "present demands to management for higher wages and benefits and promoting strikes, which destabilize the economy." A U.S. official said the embassy had "followed the arrests closely and was satisfied that the correct procedures were followed."
Duarte presidency: 1984–1989
Fixed elections and lack of accountability
In 1984 elections, Christian Democrat José Napoleón Duarte won the presidency (with 54 percent of the votes) against Army Major Roberto d'Aubuisson of the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA). The elections were held under military rule amidst high levels of repression and violence, however, and candidates to the left of Duarte's brand of Christian Democrats were excluded from participating. Fearful of a d'Aubuisson presidency for public relations purposes, the CIA financed Duarte's campaign with some two million dollars. $10 million were put into the election as a whole, by the CIA, for electoral technology, administration and international observers.
After Duarte's victory, human rights abuses at the hands of the army and security forces continued, but declined due to modifications made to the security structures. The policies of the Duarte government attempted to make the country's three security forces more accountable to the government by placing them under the direct supervision of a Vice Minister of Defense, but all three forces continued to be commanded individually by regular army officers, which, given the command structure within the government, served to effectively nullify any of the accountability provisions. The Duarte government also failed to decommission personnel within the security structures that had been involved in gross human rights abuses, instead simply dispersing them to posts in other regions of the country.
Days of Tranquillity
Following a proposal from Nils Thedin to UNICEF, "Days of tranquillity" were brokered between Government and rebel forces, under the direction of UNICEF Executive Director James Grant. For three days in 1985, all hostilities ceased to allow for mass-immunisation of any child against polio, measles, diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough. The program was successful. More than half of El Salvador's 400,000 children were immunised from 2,000 immunisation centres by 20,000 health workers, and the program was repeated in subsequent years until the conclusion of the war. Similar programs have since been instituted in Uganda, Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Sudan.
Army massacres continue
While reforms were being made to the security forces, the army continued to massacre unarmed civilians in the country side. An Americas Watch report noted that the Atlácatl Battalion killed 80 unarmed civilians in Cabanas in July 1984, and carried out another massacre one month later, killing 50 displaced people in the Chalatenango province. The women were raped and then everyone was systematically executed.
Through 1984 and 1985, the Salvadoran Armed Forces enacted a series of "civic-action" programs in Chalatenango province, consisting of the establishment of "citizen defense committees" to guard plantations and businesses against attacks by insurgents and the establishment of a number of free-fire zones. These measures were implemented under former Cabanas commander, Lieutenant Colonel Sigifredo Ochoa Perez, who had previously been exiled to the US Army War College for mutiny. By January 1985 Ochoa's forces had established 12 free-fire zones in Chalatenango in which any inhabitants unidentified by the army were deemed to be insurgents. Ochoa stated in an interview that areas within the free fire zone were susceptible to indiscriminate bombings by the Salvadoran Air Force. Ochoa's forces were implicated in a massacre of about 40 civilians in an Army sweep through one of the free fire zones in August 1985. Ochoa refused to permit the Red Cross to enter these areas to deliver humanitarian aid to the victims. Ochoa's forces reportedly uprooted some 1,400 civilian rebel supporters with mortar fire between September and November 1984.
In its annual review of 1987, Amnesty International reported that "some of the most serious violations of human rights are found in Central America", particularly Guatemala and El Salvador, where "kidnappings and assassinations serve as systematic mechanisms of the government against opposition from the left". On 26 October 1987, unknown gunmen shot and killed Herbert Ernesto Anaya, Director of El Salvador's nongovernmental Human Rights Commission. Anaya was in his car in his driveway with his wife and children at the time. Some human rights groups linked the increase of death squad-style killings and disappearances to the reactivation of the popular organizations, which had been decimated by mass state terror in the early 1980s. Col. Renee Emilio Ponce, the Army operations chief, asserted that the guerrillas were "returning to their first phase of clandestine organization" in the city, "and mobilization of the masses".
Peace talks
During the Central American Peace Accords negotiations in 1987, the FMLN demanded that all death squads be disbanded and the members be held accountable. In October 1987, the Salvadoran Assembly approved an amnesty for civil-war-related crimes. The Amnesty law required the release of all prisoners suspected of being guerrillas and guerrilla sympathizers. Pursuant to these laws, 400 political prisoners were released. Insurgents were given a period of fifteen days to turn themselves over to the security forces in exchange for amnesty. Despite amnesty being granted to guerillas and political prisoners, amnesty was also granted to members of the army, security forces and paramilitary who were involved in human rights abuses.
Army death squads continue
In October 1988, Amnesty International reported that death squads had abducted, tortured, and killed, hundreds of suspected dissidents in the preceding eighteen months. Most of the victims were trade unionists and members of cooperatives, human rights workers, members of the judiciary involved in efforts to establish criminal responsibility for human rights violations, returned refugees and displaced persons, and released political prisoners.
The squads comprised intelligence sections of the Armed Forces and the security services. They customarily wore plain clothes and made use of trucks or vans with tinted windows and without license plates. They were "chillingly efficient", said the report. Victims were sometimes shot from passing cars, in the daytime and in front of eyewitnesses. At other times, victims were kidnapped from their homes or on the streets and their bodies found dumped far from the scene. Others were forcefully "disappeared." Victims were "customarily found mutilated, decapitated, dismembered, strangled or showing marks of torture or rape." The death squad style was "to operate in secret but to leave mutilated bodies of victims as a means of terrifying the population."
FMLN offensive of 1989 and retaliation
Outraged by the results of the 1988 fixed elections and the military's use of terror tactics and voter intimidation, the FMLN launched a major offensive known as the "final offensive of 1989" with the aim of unseating the government of President Alfredo Cristiani on 11 November 1989. This offensive brought the epicenter of fighting into the wealthy suburbs of San Salvador for essentially the first time in the history of the conflict, as the FMLN began a campaign of selective assassinations against political and military officials, civil officials, and upper-class private citizens.
The government retaliated with a renewed campaign of repression, primarily against activists in the democratic sector. The non-governmental Salvadoran Human Rights Commission (CDHES) counted 2,868 killings by the armed forces between May 1989 and May 1990. In addition, the CDHES stated that government paramilitary organizations illegally detained 1,916 persons and disappeared 250 during the same period.
On 13 February, the Atlácatl Battalion attacked a guerrilla field hospital and killed at least 10 people, including five patients, a physician and a nurse. Two of the female victims showed signs that they had been raped before they were executed.
US message
Nearly two weeks earlier, US Vice President Dan Quayle on a visit to San Salvador told army leaders that human rights abuses committed by the military had to stop. Sources associated with the military said afterword that Quayle's warning was dismissed as propaganda for American consumption aimed at the US Congress and public. At the same time, critics argued US military advisors were possibly sending a different message to the Salvadoran military: "Do what you need to do to stop the commies, just don't get caught". A former US intelligence officer suggested the death squads needed to leave less visual evidence, that they should stop dumping bodies on the side of the road because "they have an ocean and they ought to use it". The School of the Americas, founded by the United States, trained many members of the Salvadoran military, including Roberto D'Aubuisson, organizer of death squads, and military officers linked to the murder of Jesuit priests.
In a 29 November 1989 press conference, Secretary of State James A. Baker III said he believed President Cristiani was in control of the army and defended the government's crackdown on opponents as "absolutely appropriate". The US Trade Representative told Human Rights Watch that the government's repression of trade unionists was justified on the grounds that they were guerrilla supporters.
Government terrorism in San Salvador
In San Salvador on 1 October 1989, eight people were killed and 35 others were injured when a death squad bombed the headquarters of the leftist labor confederation, the National Trade Union Federation of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS).
Earlier the same day, another bomb exploded outside the headquarters of a victims' advocacy group, the Committee of Mothers and Family Members of Political Prisoners, Disappeared and Assassinated of El Salvador, injuring four others.
Death squads take on the church
As early as the 1980s, the University of Central America fell under attack from the army and death squads. On 16 November 1989, five days after the beginning of the FMLN offensive, uniformed soldiers of the Atlácatl Battalion entered the campus of the University of Central America in the middle of the night and executed six Jesuit priests—Ignacio Ellacuría, Segundo Montes, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Joaquín López y López, Juan Ramón Moreno, and Amando López—and their housekeepers (a mother and daughter, Elba Ramos and Celia Marisela Ramos). The priests were dragged from their beds on the campus, machine gunned to death and their corpses mutilated. The mother and daughter were found shot to death in the bed they shared. The Atlácatl Battalion was reportedly under the tutelage of U.S. special forces just 48 hours before the killings. One day later, six men and one youth were slaughtered by government soldiers in the capital, San Salvador. According to relatives and neighbors who witnessed the killings, the six men were lined up against a masonry wall and shot to death. The seventh youth who happened to be walking by at the time was also executed.
The Salvadoran government then began a campaign to dismantle a liberal Catholic church network that the army said were "front organizations" supporting the guerrillas. Church offices were raided and workers were arrested and expelled. Targets included priests, lay workers and foreign employees of humanitarian agencies, providing social services to the poor: food programs, healthcare, relief for the displaced. One church volunteer, who was a U.S. citizen, said she was blindfolded, tortured and interrogated in Treasury Police headquarters in San Salvador while a U.S. vice consul "having coffee with the colonel in charge" did nothing to intervene.
Pressures to end stalemate
The murder of the six Jesuit priests and the November 1989 "final offensive" by the FMLN in San Salvador, however, were key turning points that increased international pressure and domestic pressure from war-weary constituents that alternatives to the military stalemate needed to be found. International support for the FMLN was declining with the end of the Cold War just as international support for the Salvadoran armed forces was weakening as the Reagan administration gave way to the less ideological Bush administration, and the end of the Cold War lessened the anti-Communist concerns about a potential domino effect in Central America.
By the late 1980s, 75 percent of the population lived in poverty. The living standards of most Salvadorans declined by 30 percent since 1983. Unemployment or underemployment increased to 50 percent. Most people, moreover, still didn't have access to clean water or healthcare. The armed forces were feared, inflation rose almost 40 percent, capital flight reached an estimated $1 billion, and the economic elite avoided paying taxes. Despite nearly $3 billion in American economic assistance, per capita income declined by one third.
American aid was distributed to urban businesses although the impoverished majority received almost none of it. The concentration of wealth was even higher than before the U.S.-administered land reform program. The agrarian law generated windfall profits for the economic elite and buried the cooperatives in debts that left them incapable of competing in the capital markets. The oligarchs often took back the land from bankrupt peasants who couldn't obtain the credit necessary to pay for seeds and fertilizer. Although, "few of the poor would dream of seeking legal redress against a landlord because virtually no judge would favor a poor man." By 1989, 1 percent of the landowners owned 41 percent of the tillable land, while 60 percent of the rural population owned 0 percent.
Death squads and peace accords: 1990–1992
After 10 years of war, more than one million people had been displaced out of a population of 5,389,000. 40 percent of the homes of newly displaced people were completely destroyed and another 25 percent were in need of major repairs. Death squad activities further escalated in 1990, despite a UN Agreement on Human Rights signed 26 July by the Cristiani government and the FMLN. In June 1990, U.S. President George Bush announced an "Enterprise for the Americas Initiative" to improve the investment climate by creating "a hemisphere-wide free trade zone."
President Bush authorized the release of $42.5 million in military aid to the Salvadoran armed forces on 16 January 1991. In late January, the Usulután offices of the Democratic Convergence, a coalition of left-of-center parties, were attacked with grenades. On 21 February, a candidate for the Democratic National Unity (UDN) party and his pregnant wife were assassinated after ignoring death squad threats to leave the country or die. On the last day of the campaign, another UDN candidate was shot in her eye when Arena party gunmen opened fire on campaign activists putting up posters. Despite fraudulent elections orchestrated by Arena through voter intimidation, sabotage of polling stations by the Arena-dominated Central Elections Council and the disappearing of tens of thousands of names from the voting lists, the official U.S. observation team declared them "free and fair."
Death squad killings and disappearances remained steady throughout 1991 as well as torture, false imprisonment, and attacks on civilians by the Army and security forces. Opposition politicians, members of church and grassroots organizations representing peasants, women and repatriated refugees suffered constant death threats, arrests, surveillance and break-ins all year. The FMLN killed two wounded U.S. military advisers and carried out indiscriminate attacks, kidnappings and assassinations of civilians. The war intensified in mid-1991, as both the army and the FMLN attempted to gain the advantage in the United Nations-brokered peace talks prior to a cease-fire. Indiscriminate attacks and executions by the armed forces increased as a result.
Eventually, by April 1991, negotiations resumed, resulting in a truce that successfully concluded in January 1992, bringing about the war's end. On 16 January 1992, the Chapultepec Peace Accords were signed in Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City, to bring peace to El Salvador. The Armed Forces were regulated, a civilian police force was established, the FMLN metamorphosed from a guerrilla army to a political party, and an amnesty law was legislated in 1993.
Aftermath
The peace process set up under the Chapultepec Accords was monitored by the United Nations from 1991 until June 1997 when it closed its special monitoring mission in El Salvador.
In 1996, U.S. authorities acknowledged for the first time that U.S. military personnel had died in combat during the civil war. Officially, American advisers were prohibited from participating in combat operations, but they carried weapons, and accompanied Salvadoran army soldiers in the field and were subsequently targeted by rebels. 21 Americans were killed in action during the civil war and more than 5,000 served.
During the 2004 elections, White House Special Assistant Otto Reich gave a phone-in press conference at ARENA party headquarters. He reportedly said he was worried about the impact an FMLN win could have on the country's "economic, commercial, and migratory relations with the United States." In February 2004, Assistant Secretary of State Roger Noriega told voters to "consider what kind of a relationship they want a new administration to have with us." He met with all the candidates except Schafik Handal, the FMLN candidate. This prompted 28 US Congress members to send a letter to Secretary of State Colin Powell saying Mr. Noriega "crossed a boundary" and that his remarks were perceived as "interference in Salvadoran electoral affairs." A week later, two US congressmen blasted Reich's comments as inflammatory.
Truth Commission
At war's end, the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador registered more than 22,000 complaints of political violence in El Salvador, dating between January 1980 and July 1991, 60 percent about summary killing, 25 percent about kidnapping, and 20 percent about torture. These complaints attributed almost 85 percent of the violence to the Salvadoran Army and security forces alone. The Salvadoran Armed Forces, which were massively supported by the United States (4.6 billion dollars in 2009), were accused in 60 percent of the complaints, the security forces (i.e. the National Guard, Treasury Police and the National Police) in 25 percent, military escorts and civil defense units in 20 percent of complaints, the death squads in approximately 10 percent, and the FMLN in 5 percent. The Truth Commission could collect only a significant sample of the full number of potential complaints, having had only three months to collect it. The report concluded that more than 70,000 people were killed, many in the course of gross violation of their human rights. More than 25 per cent of the populace was displaced as refugees before the U.N. peace treaty in 1992.
The statistics presented in the Truth Commission's report are consistent with both previous and retrospective assessments by the international community and human rights monitors, which documented that the majority of the violence and repression in El Salvador was attributable to government agencies, primarily the National Guard and the Salvadoran Army. A 1984 Amnesty International report stated that many of the 40,000 people killed in the preceding five years had been murdered by government forces, who openly dumped their mutilated corpses in an apparent effort to terrorize the population.
The government mostly killed peasants, but many other opponents suspected of sympathy with the guerrillas—clergy (men and women), church lay workers, political activists, journalists, labor unionists (leaders, rank-and-file), medical workers, liberal students and teachers, and human-rights monitors were also killed. The killings were carried out by the security forces, the Army, the National Guard, and the Treasury Police; but it was the paramilitary death squads that gave the Government plausible deniability of, and accountability for the killings. Typically, a death squad dressed in civilian clothes and traveled in anonymous vehicles (dark windows, blank license plates). The deaths squads tactics included publishing future-victim death lists, delivering coffins to said future victims, and sending the target-person an invitation to his/her own funeral. Cynthia Arnson, a Latin American-affairs writer for Human Rights Watch, says: the objective of death-squad-terror seemed not only to eliminate opponents, but also, through torture and the gruesome disfigurement of bodies, to terrorize the population. In the mid-1980s, state terror against civilians became open with indiscriminate bombing from military airplanes, planted mines, and the harassment of national and international medical personnel. Author George Lopez writes that "although death rates attributable to the death squads have declined in El Salvador since 1983, non-combatant victims of the civil war have increased dramatically".
Though the violations of the FMLN accounted for five percent or less of those documented by the Truth Commission, the FMLN continuously violated the human rights of many Salvadorans and other individuals identified as right-wing supporters, military targets, pro-government politicians, intellectuals, public officials, and judges. These violations included kidnapping, bombings, rape, and killing.
Military reform
In accordance with the peace agreements, the constitution was amended to prohibit the military from playing an internal security role except under extraordinary circumstances. During the period of fulfilling of the peace agreements, the Minister of Defense was General Humberto Corado Figueroa. Demobilization of Salvadoran military forces generally proceeded on schedule throughout the process. The Treasury Police and National Guard were abolished, and military intelligence functions were transferred to civilian control. By 1993—nine months ahead of schedule—the military had cut personnel from a wartime high of 63,000 to the level of 32,000 required by the peace accords. By 1999, ESAF's strength stood at less than 15,000, including uniformed and non-uniformed personnel, consisting of personnel in the army, navy, and air force. A purge of military officers accused of human rights abuses and corruption was completed in 1993 in compliance with the Ad Hoc Committee's recommendations.
National Civilian Police
The new civilian police force, created to replace the discredited public security forces, deployed its first officers in March 1993, and was present throughout the country by the end of 1994. In 1999, the PNC had over 18,000 officers. The PNC faced many challenges in building a completely new police force. With common crime rising dramatically since the end of the war, over 500 PNC officers had been killed in the line of duty by late 1998. PNC officers also have arrested a number of their own in connection with various high-profile crimes, and a "purification" process to weed out unfit personnel from throughout the force was undertaken in late 2000.
Human Rights Commission of El Salvador
On 26 October 1987, Herbert Ernesto Anaya, head of the Human Rights Commission of El Salvador (CDHES), was assassinated. His killing provoked four days' of political protest—during which his remains were displayed before the U.S. embassy and then before the Salvadoran armed forces headquarters. The National Union of Salvadoran Workers said: "Those who bear sole responsibility for this crime are José Napoleón Duarte, the U.S. embassy...and the high command of the armed forces". In its report the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador, established as part of the El Salvador peace agreement, stated that it could not establish for sure whether the death squads, the Salvadoran Army or the FMLN was responsible for Anaya's death.
Moreover, the FMLN and the Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR) also protested Mr. Anaya's assassination by suspending negotiations with the Duarte government on 29 October 1987. The same day, Reni Roldán resigned from the Commission of National Reconciliation, saying: "The murder of Anaya, the disappearance of university labor leader Salvador Ubau, and other events do not seem to be isolated incidents. They are all part of an institutionalized pattern of conduct". Mr. Anaya's assassination evoked international indignation: the West German government, the West German Social Democratic Party, and the French government asked President Duarte to clarify the circumstances of the crime. United Nations Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Americas Watch, Amnesty International, and other organizations protested against the assassination of the leader of the Human Rights Commission of El Salvador.
Post-war international litigation
Groups seeking investigation or retribution for actions during the war have sought the involvement of other foreign courts. In 2008 the Spanish Association for Human Rights and a California organization called the Center for Justice and Accountability jointly filed a lawsuit in Spain against former President Cristiani and former defense minister Larios in the matter of the 1989 slaying of several Jesuit priests, their housekeeper, and her daughter. The lawsuit accused Cristiani of a cover-up of the killings and Larios of participating in the meeting where the order to kill them was given; the groups asked the Spanish court to intervene on the principle of universal jurisdiction for crimes against humanity.
Long after the war, in a U.S. federal court, in the case of Ford vs. García the families of the murdered Maryknoll nuns sued the two Salvadoran generals believed responsible for the killings, but lost; the jury found Gen. Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova, ex-National Guard Leader and Duarte's defense minister, and Gen. José Guillermo Garcia—defense minister from 1979 to 1984, not responsible for the killings; the families appealed and lost, and, in 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear their final appeal. A second case, against the same generals, succeeded in the same Federal Court; the three plaintiffs in Romagoza vs. García won a judgment exceeding US$54 million compensation for having been tortured by the military during El Salvador's Civil War.
The day after losing a court appeal in October 2009, the two generals were put into deportation proceedings by the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), at the urging of U.S. Senators Richard Durbin (Democrat) and Tom Coburn (Republican), according to the Center for Justice and Accountability (CJA). Those deportation proceedings had been stalled by May 2010.
The Spanish judge who issued indictments and arrest warrants for 20 former members of the Salvadoran military, charged with murder, Crimes Against Humanity and Terrorism requested that U.S. agencies declassify documents related to the killings of the Jesuits, their housekeeper and her daughter but were denied access. In his report, Judge Velasco writes:
"The agencies in charge of making the information public have identified 3,000 other documents that remain secret and are not available; the reasoning given is that privacy is needed to protect sources and methods. Many of the documents, from the CIA and the Defense Department, are not available..."
The Cold War with the Soviet Union and other communist nations at least partially explains the backdrop against which the U.S. government aided various pro-government Salvadoran groups and opposed the FMLN. The U.S. State Department reported on intelligence that the FMLN was receiving clandestine guidance and arms from the Cuban, Nicaraguan, and Soviet governments. While this White Paper on El Salvador later received criticism from some academics and journalists, it has also been largely substantiated based on the evidence available at the time. The closure of the Cold War between 1989 and 1991 reduced the incentive for ongoing U.S. involvement and invited broad international support for the negotiation process that would lead to the 1992 peace accords.
The political and economic divisions at play in El Salvador during the civil war were complex, which is often overlooked by scholars and analysts eager to vindicate one side or the other. More research is needed, for example, to shed light on Salvadorans that resisted as political independents or as part of pro-democracy coalitions. After a 2012 historians seminar at the University of El Salvador commemorating the 20th anniversary of the peace accords, Michael Allison concluded:
"Most postwar discourse has been driven by elites who participated in the conflict either on the part of the guerrillas or the government. It's not that these individuals' perspectives are wrong; it is just healthier if they are challenged or supplemented by outside views."
See also
Central American crisis
Children of Memory, a documentary film
Command responsibility
El Mozote massacre
History of El Salvador
Human rights in El Salvador
International law
Latin America–United States relations
Pro-Búsqueda
Romero (film)
Salvador (film)
Voces inocentes, a film
Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War
Bullet the Blue Sky
References
Further reading
Books
Journals/academic studies
UNHCR Refworld search for FMLN
Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador (1993)
CIA World Factbook on El Salvador
UN General Assembly Resolution on the "Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in El Salvador"
CIA Threat Assessment of El Salvador in 1979
External links
Unrest in El Salvador from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
El Salvador at the Uppsala Conflict Data Program
Conflicts in 1986
1979 in El Salvador
1970s in El Salvador
1980s in El Salvador
1990s in El Salvador
20th century in El Salvador
Communism in El Salvador
Guerrilla wars
Coup-based civil wars
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
Civil wars of the 20th century
Communism-based civil wars
Revolution-based civil wars
Cold War
Proxy wars
MS-13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran%20Civil%20War |
Armour High School is the only high school in Armour, South Dakota. It is the only high school in Armour School District 21–1, which also includes an elementary and a middle school. Armour High School's athletic teams were formerly nicknamed the "Packers" and played in Class B of the South Dakota High School Activities Association.
Armour plays all sports (as of the 2007–08 school year) in conjunction with Tripp-Delmont High School; these teams are known as the Tripp-Delmont/Armour Nighthawks and play in Class 9AA (American Football) and Class B in all other sports (boys' and girls' basketball, volleyball, and boys' and girls' track & field). Tripp-Delmont High School plays golf independently.
References
External links
Armour School District website
Public high schools in South Dakota
Schools in Douglas County, South Dakota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour%20High%20School |
The National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO) was founded in 1973. The group worked to address the unique issues affecting black women in America. Founding members included Florynce Kennedy, Michele Wallace, Faith Ringgold, Doris Wright and Margaret Sloan-Hunter. They borrowed the office of the New York City chapter of the National Organization for Women. According to Wallace, a contributing author to the anthology All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some Of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies, Wright "called (the first) meeting to discuss Black women and their relationship to the Feminist Movement."
History
One of two earliest organizations formed in the Black feminist movement, the National Black Feminist Organization clearly reflected the goals put forth in the Combahee River Collective Statement, which was being developed at around the same time by some of the same women. The 1973 Statement of Purpose for the NBFO declared the organization was formed, "to address ourselves to the particular and specific needs of the larger, but almost cast-aside half of the black race in America, the black woman."
Members of the NBFO such as Florynce Kennedy and many others were culled from the civil rights/Black Power movement and the feminist movement. Many of the members did not feel completely accepted in either camp. They felt that the white women who dominated the feminist movement had internalized racist, white supremacist beliefs and that many were guilty of overt racial discrimination. The women active in the civil rights movement fared no better; their leadership was frequently ignored, downplayed, or challenged. They were also expected to subordinate themselves to the men in the movement and were frequently relegated to menial tasks. Lesbians had to deal with the homophobia or Lesbophobia prevalent in both movements. Brenda Eichelberger, one of the founding members of the Chicago chapter said this in an undated interview, "...I didn't know any other black woman felt the way that I did about feminism. I knew white women who were my friends, but they didn't have the added oppression of race. A lot of black groups were macho. I couldn't completely identify with any group. Anyway, all I need to know was that one woman anywhere who felt like I did..."
The NBFO focused its energies on the interconnectedness of many prejudices that faced African-American women: racism, sexism, classism, homophobia, and Lesbophobia. The women elected Margaret Sloan-Hunter, one of the early editors of Ms. Magazine and an associate of Gloria Steinem, as their chair. In 1974, the group was interviewed on the Ms. Magazine television program, Woman Alive! about their historic first convention. They then established chapters in several U.S. cities including Chicago and New York.
Important events
November 30th-December 2nd
400 women attended the first regional conference of NBFO in NYC at the cathedral of St. John the divine. This date is important because it was at this conference where ten chapters were established. The ten chapters went on to spread over across other areas in the United States making the NBFO a more successful organization.
1974-Boston Chapter: Combahee River Collective
The Boston chapter of the NBFO breaks away from the main organization to form the Combahee River Collective to work in a smaller group to more successfully approach issues, such as sexuality and economic development. The C.R.C. wrote in their 1977 statement that they "had serious disagreements with NBFO's bourgeois-feminist stance and their lack of a clear political focus."
Predecessor movements
The group, now defunct, stopped operating on a national level in 1975 with the last local chapter ending in 1980. In her Feminist history, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975, cultural critic Alice Echols quotes E. Frances White's essay Listening to the Voices of Black Feminism, "Some attribute the National Black Feminist Organization's demise to its inability to reach any workable consensus around what constituted a Black feminist politic." After the NBFO was dissolved in 1975, Brenda Eichelberger continued her activism with the Chicago chapter of the NBFO by starting the National Alliance of Black Feminists in 1976. The new organization worked to further the goal of achieving full equality for black women whilst accepting diversity in its membership. It quickly expanded with a strong membership base and operated through 1997
See also
Black feminism
Womanism
second-wave feminism
References
External links
The NBFO's 1973 statement of purpose
African-American feminism
Feminist organizations in the United States
African-American women's organizations
Women's organizations based in the United States
1973 establishments in the United States
Organizations established in 1973
Organizations based in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Black%20Feminist%20Organization |
Maud Alice Earl (1863–1943) was a British-American artist, known for her canine paintings. Her works are much enjoyed by dog enthusiasts and also accurately record many breeds.
Biography
Alice Maud Earl was born in Marylebone, London, to George Earl and Alice Beaumont Rawlins. Maud's profession was the continuation of a family tradition. Her father George, her uncle Thomas Earl and her half brother Percy Earl were also animal painters of note. George Earl, an avid sportsman and noted sporting painter, was his daughter’s first teacher and ensured she studied the anatomy of her subjects, drawing dog, horse and human skeletons to improve her skill. She later said that her father’s instruction had given her ability that set her apart from other dog painters. After her father's tutelage Maud went on to study at Royal Female School of Art, which was later incorporated into the Central School of Art.
Starting in 1884, Earl exhibited around twelve works at the Royal Academy starting with a stag painting Early Morning in 1884. She also exhibited at the Royal Society of British Artists and at the Paris Salon. In 1897 Earl had an exhibition in which she showed paintings of 48 different breeds of dog.
Earl became famous during the Victorian Era, a time when women were not expected to make their living at painting. Nevertheless, she developed a select clientele, that included members of the British royal family, such as Queen Victoria and Queen Alexandra. Although evidently extremely successful in England, Earl felt that the world she knew had been destroyed by World War I and she emigrated to New York City in 1916. By this time her work had received wide international recognition and her popular images were published in a number of books and in print form. The Sportsman's Year featured twelve of Earl's works as engravings. Earl died in New York in 1943 and is buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Artistic style
Maud Earl's career can be said to have developed through four styles. Her earlier dog portraits, painted between 1880 and 1900, display a rich, naturalistic style. Between 1900 and 1915 these portraits took on a sketchier, looser style, although still highly finished. Earl entered what she called her oriental style during her first few years in the United States. During this time she painted delicate pictures of birds and she believed these to be some of her best works. Finally, she painted stylized dog portraits during the 1930s.
Notable works
Caesar - Earl painted Edward VII's fox terrier “Caesar” on two occasions. The second depicted the dog mourning his master's death.
The Power of the Dog
Gallery
References
External links
Maud Earl's illustrations digitized by the Biodiversity Heritage Library
1863 births
1943 deaths
19th-century British painters
19th-century English women artists
20th-century British painters
20th-century English women artists
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
Dog artists
Artists from Marylebone
British emigrants to the United States
Alumni of Royal Female School of Art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud%20Earl |
Horatio Potter (February 9, 1802 – January 2, 1887), was an educator and the sixth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York.
Dearth of biographical information
Potter "shrank from public notice, left no literary monument and has, regrettably, no biography. He is scarcely mentioned in the biographies of his older brother Alonzo, Bishop of Pennsylvania, and of his nephew, Henry Codman Potter, his successor in the See of New York." His life is described in a book about the Potter family of colonial New England.
Early life and education
Horatio Potter, D.D., LL.D., S.T.D. was born on February 9, 1802, the youngest of the nine children to Joseph and Anne Potter. Through his grandparents Thomas Potter and Esther Sheldon, respectively, Horatio was descended from the co-founders of Rhode Island, William Arnold and Roger Williams. The Potters were Quaker farmers who lived near Beekman (now LaGrange) in Dutchess County, New York. "Their Quaker devotion appears in the names they bestowed on their oldest son, Paraclete, and only daughter, Philadelphia." Potter spent his earliest years at the family homestead.
Paraclete Potter, Horatio's elder brother, was established in Poughkeepsie, New York, where the Poughkeepsie Academy was located. Therefore, in 1812, he had his ten-year-old brother Horatio move in with him and enroll in the Academy, which offered a better education than did the district schools in Beekman. While living with his brother, Horatio went with him to Christ Episcopal Church in Poughkeepsie, and he was impressed by the worship service. During his ten years in Poughkeepsie, Horatio "clerked at various times in his brother’s book store." Horatio remained with his brother through 1822. He wanted a college education, and, with his brother Alonzo's help. Horatio went to Union College, Schenectady, New York. He graduated in 1826 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.
After graduation, Horatio Potter followed his older brother Alonzo into the Episcopal Church. He was confirmed by Bishop John Henry Hobart at St. Thomas' Church in New York and began studying for holy orders. Thus, Potter had no seminary training.
Professor at Washington College: 1828-1833
Potter was ordained deacon on July 15, 1827, and priest on December 14, 1828. He served his several months diaconate at Trinity Church, Saco, Maine.” In 1828, Potter was elected professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Washington College (now Trinity College), Hartford, Connecticut). While there, Potter "took an active part in plans for the enlargement of the college and the erection of its new buildings."
Marriages and Children
Potter was twice married. His first marriage was to Mary Jane Tomlinson on September 22, 1827, with whom he had six children. On June 8, 1847, Mrs. Potter, “who had been the loved helpmeet of her husband in every good work,” died.
She left six children, five of them under twelve. In his loss, Potter perceived “the loving purposes of God.” He believed that his loss would add “earnestness and tenderness” to his “efforts to edify and console” his parishioners.
Their children were as follows:
Charles Henry [born July 6, 1828; died January 30, 1830]
Mary Jane [born February 23, 1830; died September 30, 1834]
Anna [born September 10, 1831]
David T. [1836],
Phoebe [1838],
Horatio [1840],
Robert Minturn [1843],
William Bleecker [born March 25, 1845; died July 14, 1914](Professor of Geology), and
Mary Jane Potter Chauncey [born May 1, 1847; died September 9, 1936] (Mrs. Elihu Chauncey).
In 1852, Potter took a holiday in Scotland, during which he met Mary Atchison Pollock, a forty-two-year-old Scottish lady. They corresponded after his return to Albany, during which Potter proposed marriage. Pollock accepted his proposal in 1853. When she arrived in New York, Potter met her at the dock and escorted her to Trinity Church for their wedding. There were no children by this marriage.
St. Peter's Church, Albany: 1833-1854
On February 27, 1833, Potter accepted the rectorship of St. Peter's Church, Albany, New York. He was instituted as rector on Saturday, May 11, 1833. In his first sermon, preached the next day, Potter said, “My brethren, I present myself before you today as your spiritual pastor–as your servant for Jesus' sake! . . . Give me, then, my brethren, I entreat you, your sympathy, your hearty support, and above all your fervent prayers.”
Potter soon “gained the respect and regard of all his parishioners,” and “a high position” among the men of Albany. In all the “charitable and philanthropic” enterprises, he served not only as a “judicious adviser,” but also as a financial contributor. His ability was also recognized by other clergy. Potter remained as rector of St. Peter's for twenty-one years until his election as provisional bishop of New York in 1854. During his tenure there, “he modernized the church both spiritually and physically.”
The first act of modernizing the church physically was in 1834 by the purchase of a new organ. This was followed in 1835 by renovating the church building: repairing the floors and pews, painting the interior, a new pulpit, addition of a vestry room, and new lamps. In 1847, a new Rectory was built.
On June 1, 1835, the parish, having noticed Potter's impaired heath, the Vestry requested Potter to do whatever he thought best to restore his health. Following the Vestry's request, Potter spent the summer of 1835 abroad, principally in England. "He returned much refreshed."
On November 7, 1837, in Alton, Illinois, a pro-slavery mob killed the abolitionist and newspaper publisher Elijah Parish Lovejoy. In response, on November 26, 1837, Potter preached a sermon in which he defended a free press and opposed slavery. Regarding the latter, he said, “Let us not refuse to think sometimes of the poor slave, whose rights to the products of his own labour, to the care of his own happiness, to the direction of his own physical, intellectual and moral energies are all invaded. . . . Let us not sit down contentedly with the thought, that this train of misery and guilt, this national blot, is to be perpetuated forever.”
In 1837, Potter declined his election as president of Washington College (now Trinity College), Hartford, Connecticut.
On April 25, 1841, Potter was invited to deliver a Discourse on the Death of William Henry Harrison to the New York State Legislature in St. Peter's Church, after the death of President William Henry Harrison. His theme was "Uprightness and Religious Character in Rulers." Rather than a conventional eulogy, Potter's address included “a probing analysis of the evils of political life” and an “eloquent characterization” of Harrison.
On July 23, 1843, Potter preached a sermon on The Stability of the Church, as Seen in Her History and in Her Principles. In the sermon, he said that “our Church occupies, let it ever be remembered, a middle ground, in regard to its doctrines, discipline and worship, between Romanism on the one side and ultra Protestantism on the other.” In this statement, Potter articulated the via media position.
On January 3, 1845, Potter's bishop, Benjamin T. Onderdonk was sentenced to suspension from “the exercise of his ministry and of his office as bishop.” This gave Potter the additional task of overseeing the missions in upstate New York. Later in 1845, a voyage to England was offered made to Potter. On May 26, 1845, the Vestry of St. Peter's "resolved unanimously” that their Rector should take the voyage and expressed “their high estimate of his services and character." Potter was accompanied by his wife. In England, being of the high church persuasion, he met with “several of the leaders of the Oxford Movement,” such as John Keble, Isaac Williams, Edward Bouverie Pusey, George Moberly, and William Skinner, Bishop of Aberdeen. Potter returned to Albany in the autumn of 1845 “in greatly improved health and spirits.”
In January 1849, St. Peter's faced a debt crisis, which, if not solved, would result in the loss of all of St. Peter's property including the church building and rectory. Previous vestries had paid annual deficits by selling of portions of the income producing real estate owned until all of it had been sold, leaving only the lot on which the church building and rectory were located. The 1849 Vestry took immediate action to relieve the parish's “great burden of debt.” With the debt crisis resolved, St. Peter's was freed to devote “greater energy and devotion” for work by Potter and his parishioners “for the advancement of the Church in the city, and the engaging in new works of piety and mercy.”
Potter was characterized by Joseph Hooper, who wrote A History of Saint Peter's Church in the City of Albany, as one of "the most honored and distinguished of the rectors of St. Peter's." While at St. Peter's, Potter was often asked whether he would accept election as a bishop, but he "discouraged every movement toward his election" until his election as bishop of the Diocese of New York of which St. Peter's was a part.
Ministry as Bishop: New York 1854-1887
In 1854, Bishop Wainwright, the provisional bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York died after two years of strenuous work repairing “the neglect caused by the seven years' vacancy in the episcopate.” At the September 1854 Diocesan Convention, Potter was elected provisional bishop. He accepted the election. In his acceptance speech, Potter pleaded with his fellow Churchmen to "try to love each other, try to banish hard words, and satirical speeches, and uncharitable judgments from the Church of God."
On Wednesday, November 22, 1854, in Trinity Church, New York City, Potter was consecrated bishop. The church was filled to overflowing and "the service was probably the most impressive and elaborate that had ever been held in the American Church. He became bishop of a diocese in "a state of great depression and disquiet, owing to the controversies that resulted from the trial and suspension of the Bishop Onderdonk."
Potter's episcopate spanned “years of national division, ecclesiastical tensions between high and low church factions, and momentous economic and social changes in New York.”
Bard College
In 1860, St. Stephen's College at Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, was established under Potter's leadership. It was subsequently renamed Bard College. In Chapter Two (“The Professor, the Bishop, and the Country Squire: Bard College”) of the History of Bard College, Potter is “the Bishop” and he is described as one of the three men “whose efforts brought the College into being.” He “gave the College his unfaltering support,” and he was a member of the College's original Board of Trustees.
Bard College's "Stone Row" (now used as a dormitory) was built as part of the original St. Stephen's College campus. It consists of four adjacent buildings: North Hoffman, South Hoffman, Potter, and McVickar. The Potter building was named after Bishop Horatio Potter.
Bishop Onderdonk died on April 30, 1861. With this, Potter's position changed from "provisional bishop" to Bishop of the Diocese of New York. He "discharged the duties" of this office until three years and eight months before he died.
On December 12, 1860, Potter issued a pastoral letter addressed To the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese of New York. The date was a month after the election of Abraham Lincoln as president of the United States and a month before the beginning of the American Civil War. He said that the occasion for the letter was the "impending calamity" of the "political fabric" of the United States being torn apart "by the conflict of sectional passions." In the face of this "crisis," Potter called on "every man that loves his country" to the "duty of carrying out those principles of conciliation and compromise, on which this government was founded, and by adhering to which alone it can be maintained." At the same time, he recognized that "such a work calls for kindness, and patience and conciliation in rulers and in people. It demands a magnanimous and patriotic spirit."
Cathedral of St. John the Divine
The Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City was founded by Potter. About 1828, the general idea of the cathedral had been formulated. However, nothing was done about it until 1872, when Potter's Diocesan Convention gave the idea unanimous support. The next year, Potter obtained from the New York state legislature a charter for the cathedral. Potter was the first president of the board of trustees. However, nothing more was done until the episcopate of his nephew Henry C. Potter.
Community of Saint Mary
Potter instituted the Community of St. Mary on February 2, 1865.
The Institution was held in St. Michael's Church, Bloomingdale. The five candidates stood in front of Potter. He addressed and questioned the candidates about “their willingness to live in obedience and persevere in the work of the Lord.” After the questions had been answered satisfactorily, the candidates knelt. Potter and the priests encircled and prayed for them. Then, Potter took each candidate by the right hand, received her into the Community of Saint Mary, gave her his episcopal blessing. This was the first time since the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England in the sixteenth century that an Anglican Bishop constituted a religious community.
Strict Interpretation of Canons
Potter, unlike his older brother Alonzo Potter was a “High Church” proponent” This position led to an 1865 pastoral letter to his clergy in which Potter said that he expected a strict interpretation of the Episcopal Church's “exclusionary canon.” This meant that no person not episcopally ordained in the Episcopal Church would be allowed to officiate or teach in an Episcopal Church and that no Episcopal Church clergyman should officiate or preach in the church of another denomination. Potter's “Evangelical clergy” were “dumbfounded” by his interpretation of the canon, and a number of them protested it. These included Eli Hawley Canfield and Stephen H. Tyng whose son Stephen H. Tyng, Jr. soon thereafter preached in a Methodist church. For this action, the younger Tyng was subjected to a Board of Inquiry and "condemned for breach of the canons." When Potter sentenced the younger Tyng to an "admonition," the elder Tyng stepped forward and handed Potter a written protest against "this whole proceeding."
In 1873, after Bishop George David Cummins had left the Protestant Episcopal Church to establish the Reformed Episcopal Church, a New York Herald reporter “cajoled” a “flustered and reluctant” Potter out of his sickroom. The reporter asked how much the “Reformed Episcopal” movement would affect the Protestant Episcopal Church. Potter answered, “No more, Sir, than a mosquito bite would affect the stonewall of the reservoir on Fifth Avenue.”
On November 29, 1879, the twenty-fifth anniversary of Potter's consecration was celebrated at New York's Academy of Music. He was given a testimonial in the form of a casket of gold, silver, and steel, modeled after the ancient Ark of the Covenant."
Failing health
In September 1883, his "failing health" forced Potter to ask for an assistant so that he could "be relieved of the administration of the diocese." The Diocesan Convention elected his brother Bishop Alonzo Potter's son Henry C. Potter, who was at the time rector of Grace Church, New York. Horatio Potter remained “bishop in name” until he died. Bourgeois (2003), 14, 34.</ref>
Evaluation of Potter’s Ministry
Potter's ministry both "as rector and as bishop was marked by energy and success." During Potter's episcopate, the Diocese of New York grew so much that in 1868 the new dioceses of Albany, Central New York, and Long Island were removed from his diocese.
Potter worked "to reach the laboring classes and the poor, to popularize the church, draw the plainer sort of people into its fold, and push Episcopal home missions in New York city and in the rural districts." The former controversies in his diocese became "practically unknown." Potter was "known and respected at home and abroad."
Honorary degrees
In 1938, Potter "received the degree of Doctor in Divinity (D.D.) from Washington College (now Trinity College), Hartford, Connecticut." In 1856, he received the degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from Hobart College In 1860, the University of Oxford conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Sacred Theology (S.T.D.).
Illness, Death, and Funeral
On May 3, 1883, in the Church of the Incarnation in New York City, Potter held his last service. After that, he became ill, an "illness from which he never recovered." His last days were spent at his home in New York. He died at home on January 2, 1887.
Potter was buried in the Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery at Poughkeepsie, New York. On January 8, 1887 The New York Times ran article entitled "Bishop Potter’s Funeral" with the subtitle "Trinity Thronged with Sorrowing Friends." The article said,From the time of the brief services at the Bishop’s home early in the morning, until the interment at Poughkeepsie, when the shadows of the day were lengthening, the ceremonies were marked by a quiet taste akin to the prelate’s habits of life, and through all coursed manifest sorrow for the dead and sympathy for the mourners. The special train bringing the Bishop’s remains to Poughkeepsie arrived at 2:30. When the cortege started from the railway station for Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery it was composed of twenty carriages and two large carryall sleighs. As the cortege made its way through Poughkeepsie city streets the tolling of the bells of the Episcopal churches added to the solemnity of the occasion. Following services at the gravesite, the casket was lowered into the grave with the lid covered with violets and evergreens for what was thought to be at the time Bishop Potter’s final rest. The funeral party departed for the railway station for their return to New York City.
Re-interred in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine
In 1921, the remains of Potter were moved to a tomb directly behind the high altar in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Above the tomb was placed a white marble Sarcophagus. This is the place which is traditionally reserved for founders of cathedrals. The tomb was consecrated on December 27, 1921.
Legacy
During the American Civil War, Potter's "patriotism was marked, and at all times his labors for the ignorant, poor, and sick were continuous and efficient."
An 1884 book described Potter in this way:Bishop Horatio Potter is regarded as one of the ablest scholars in the denomination. . . . In person he is tall and thin, erect in carriage, and of active step. His utterances are calm and dignified, full of earnestness, and ever displaying a gentle Christian spirit. Universally popular in his denomination among both clergy and laity, he has labored in the ministry with very great success.
The National Cyclopedia of American Biography published in 1898 was composed of "the biographical sketches of all persons prominently connected with the history of the nation." A sketch of Potter was included in the book.
Works by or relating to Potter
MC: Potter was marked by developed scholarship and literary skill. His addresses, sermons, and contributions to Church periodicals "exerted a strong and wholesome influence."
Discourses and Writings by Potter
Truth to Be Maintained by Reason, Not by Physical Power: A Discourse Preached in St. Peter's Church, Albany on the 26th of November, 1827.
An Introductory Sermon, preached in St. Peter's Church, Albany, on Sunday Morning, May 12, 1833 Being the Day After His Institution As rector of Said Church. (Packard and Van Benthuysen, 1833).
Importance of Liberal Tastes and Good Intellectual Habits as a Provision for Pure and Permanent Enjoyment: Being an Introductory Lecture, delivered on the 5th December, 1837, before the Young Men's Association of Troy. (Tuttle, Belcher & Burton, 1837.)
Intellectual Liberty; Or, Truth to be Maintained by Reason, Not by Physical Power: A Discourse Preached in St. Peter's Church, Albany, on the 26th of November, 1837 (Packard and Benthuysen, 1837).
Discourse on the Death of William Henry Harrison, Late President of the United States: Delivered before the Two Houses of the Legislature of the State of New-York, in St. Peter's Church, Albany, on the 25th day of April, 1841 (Hoffman, White and Visscher, 1841).
The Stability of the Church, as Seen in Her History and in Her Principles: A Sermon, preached in St. Peter's Church, Albany, on Sunday, the Twenty-third Day of July (Erastus H. Pease, 1843).
http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/hpotter/rightly_dividing1844.html Rightly Dividing the Word of Truth: A Sermon, on the Religious Tendencies of the Age, and the Consequent Duty of the Christian Minister. Preached in St. Peter's Church, Albany, on Sunday, Nov. 23, 1844 (Erastus H. Pease, 1844).]
Remarks in Favor of Free Churches: Being Part of an Address delivered on the Occasion of Laying the Corner Stone of a Free Church at Fort Edward, Washington County, N.Y. (Erastus H. Pease, 1845).
Submission to Government: The Christian's Duty: A Sermon for the Third Sunday after Easter (Stanford and Swords, 1848).
Christian Suffering, Its Dignity and Its Efficacy: A Sermon Occasioned by the Death of the Hon. Ambrose Spencer and Preached in St. Peter's Church, Albany, on Sunday, March 19, 1848 (Joel Munsell, 1849).
A Tribute to the Memory of a Faithful Public Servant: A Sermon on Occasion of the Death of President Taylor (Aaron Hill, 1850).
The Duties of Justice as They Affect the Individual and the State: A Sermon (Weed, Parsons and Co., 1850).
Free Will Offerings with An Holy Worship: A Sermon Preached at the Consecration of St. James' Church, Syracuse, November 15, 1853. (No place: no publisher, 1853).
The Minister of Christ Not of the World. A Discourse Delivered in the Chapel of the General Theological Seminary, N.Y., Dec. 16, 1855, Being the Third Sunday in Advent, on Occasion of the Annual Matriculation (Pudney and Russell, 1856.
A Pastoral Letter to the Laity of the Diocese of New-York, on the Duty of Making a More Just and Adequate Provision for the Support of the Parochial Clergy (Pudney and Russell, 1857).
Remarks on Confirmation, or Duties of Pastors and People in Reference to the Use of the Means of Grace (Thomas C. Butler, 1857).
To the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese of New York (New York, no publisher, 1860).
Bishop Potter of New-York to Strangers Arriving from Foreign Parts, and to the Dispersed Members of the Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New-York (New York, no publisher, c. 1860).
To the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese of New York: Prayers Appointed to Be Used in the Diocese of New York (New York, no publisher, 1861).
A Sermon Commemorative of the Life and Services of the Rev. Samuel H. Turner, D.D., Late Professor of Biblical Literature in the General Theological Seminary. Preached in St. Peter's Church, New York, October 8, 1862, by the Rev. Samuel R. Johnson, D.D., to which is Prefixed the Address Delivered at the Funeral, December 24, 1861, by the Rt. Rev. Horatio Potter (Edward O. Jenkins, 1863).
A Form of Prayer to Be Used in the Diocese of New-York, on Thursday, the Thirtieth of April, A.D. 1863, set apart by the President of the United States, as a day of National Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer. (New York: no publisher, 1863).
A Pastoral Letter to the Clergy of the Diocese of New York from the Bishop (New York: no publisher, 1865).
The Light of the World: A Sermon Preached at the Consecration of the Right Rev. Henry A. Neely, D.D., as Bishop of Maine (F. J. Huntington and Company, 1867).
Annual Address of the Bishop of New York Delivered in S. Paul's Chapel, New York, on Thursday, Oct 1st 1868 (No place: no publisher, 1868).
Sermon Delivered at the Opening of the Primary Convention in the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, N.Y. November 18th 1868 (American Church Press Company, 1869).
Sermon Preached at St. Peter's Church, Albany, at the Opening of the Primary Convention of the Diocese of Albany, Wednesday, December 2, 1868 (Charles van Benthuysen and Sons, 1869).
A Pastoral Letter to the Clergy and Laity of the Diocese of New York (Pott & Amery, 1869).
Considerations for a Candid Mind Inquiring after Divine Truth (Pott, Young & Co., 1871).
Faith in the Seen and in the Unseen. A Sermon Preached at the Consecration of St. Thomas' Chapel, New York, on the Feast of St. Thomas the Apostle, Saturday, December 21, 1872 (St Thomas Association for Parish Work, 1873).
Some Observations on Science and Revelation: From the Episcopal Address to the Convention of the Diocese of New York, 1873 (Pott, Young & Co., 1873).
A Letter from the Bishop of New-York, on the Proposed "Church Congress," Appointed to be Held in the Week of the Opening of the General Convention (J. W. Amerman, 1874).
Address Delivered at the Annual Commencement of Union College, June 23, 1875, by Horatio Potter, D.D., LL.D., D.C. L. (Oxon.), Bishop of new York, An Alumnus and Honourary Chancellor of Union University (William H. Young, 1875).
A Few Plain Truths and Serious Counsels for Young Men Preparing for the Sacred Ministry of the Church: An Address by the Bishop of New York to the Students of the General Theological Seminary, Delivered in the Chapel, on occasion of the Annual Matriculation, All Saints Day, Nov. 1st A.D., 1879 (Styles and Cash, 1879).
Works relating to Potter
The Sermon at the Consecration of Horatio Potter, D.D., to the Episcopate, Preached by Appointment, in Trinity Church, New-York, on Wednesday, November 22, 1854 by Francis Fulford, Lord Bishop of Montreal (Church Depository, 1854.]
The Pastoral Letter of the Rt. Rev. Horatio Potter, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L. and Its Assailants. Reprinted from the American Quarterly Church Review for October, 1865. (New York: no publisher, 1865).
Review of "A Pastoral Letter to the Clergy of the Diocese of New York from the Bishop" by a Presbyter (New York: no publisher, 1865).
The Pastoral Letter of the Rt. Rev. H. Potter with the Replies of the Rev. S. H. Tyng, the Rev. E. H. Canfield, the Rev. John Cotton Smith, the Rev. W. A. Muhlenberg (John A. Gray & Green, 1865).
A Letter to the Right Rev'd Horatio Potter, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York, Relating to the Proceedings Pending against the Rev. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr. by Effingham H. Nichols (Gibson Brothers, 1868).]
Publications of the American Church Union, No. 1. The Tyng Case. A Narrative together with the Judgment of the Court and the Admonition by the Bishop of New York (Pott & Amery, 1868).
Publications of the American Church Union, No. 2. Speech of Stephen P. Nash, Esq., For the Prosecution, in the Trial of the Rev. S. H. Tyng, Jr. (Pott & Amery, 1868).]
Report of the Committee of Investigation in the Case of Rev. Edward Cowley. June 6, 1881 made to Potter (A. Livingston, 1881).
References
Bourgeois, Michael. All Things Human: Henry Codman Potter and the Social Gospel in the Episcopal Church (University of Illinois Press, 2003).
External links
Documents by Horatio Potter from Project Canterbury
Horatio Potter papers at Trinity Wall Street Archives
1802 births
1887 deaths
Episcopal bishops of New York
Union College (New York) alumni
People from Beekman, New York
19th-century American educators
19th-century Anglican bishops in the United States
Educators from New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio%20Potter |
Truxton Circle, sometimes known as East Shaw, is a neighborhood of Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C.
History
Truxton Circle is named for the former Thomas Truxtun traffic circle, which was constructed at the intersection of Florida Avenue and North Capitol Street around 1900. The circle was named after US Navy Commodore Thomas Truxtun. It was part of the Shaw School Urban Renewal Area, later known as the Shaw neighborhood.
A fountain was moved from the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and M Street NW to Truxton Circle in 1901.
A police officer conducted traffic at the traffic circle until a traffic light was installed in 1925.
Because the traffic circle was a site of traffic jams and accidents, it was demolished in 1947 at a cost of $500,000. The adjacent fountain was removed at the same time.
The neighborhood of Truxton Circle contains late 19th-century houses and historical schools, including Armstrong Manual Training School (where Duke Ellington graduated) and the original Dunbar High School, the first public high school for black students in the United States. Along with Armstrong, the former John Mercer Langston School, John Fox Slater Elementary School, and the Margaret Murray Washington School buildings are all listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geography
Truxton Circle is bordered by New Jersey Avenue to the west; Florida Avenue to the north; New York Avenue to the south; and North Capitol Street to the east.
It is bordered by the following neighborhoods: to the north by Bloomingdale and LeDroit Park; to the east by Eckington; to the west by Shaw and Mt. Vernon Square Historic District; and to the south by NoMa.
A majority of Truxton Circle is defined as within Ward 5 of the city, with the southeast corner bounded by Kirby St and N St part of Ward 6. After the 2012 redistricting, the Ward 5 portions moved from ANC-5C to ANC-5E. The neighborhood is now served by two Single-Member Districts, 5E05 (south of Q St) and 5E06 (north of Q St and shared with Bloomingdale).
The neighborhood has several parks and playgrounds, such as Truxton Park, which lies at the corner of First Street and Florida Avenue, New York Avenue Playground at the corner of First Street and N Street, and Bundy Playground between O Street and P Street.
Civic association
Truxton Circle is home to two civic associations, the Bates Area Civic Association and the Hanover Civic Association.
Notes
External links
Truxton Circle Genealogy Website
Bates Area Civic Association
Hanover Area Civic Association
Why Is It Named Truxton Circle? And, Where's the Circle?, Ghosts of DC website, 2013
Washington Post 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/realestate/2011/05/13/AGjO6mCH_story.html'
Squares, plazas, and circles in Washington, D.C.
Neighborhoods in Northwest (Washington, D.C.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truxton%20Circle |
Arthur Wardle (1864–1949) was a British painter.
Born in London, aged just sixteen Wardle had a piece displayed at the Royal Academy. His first exhibit was a study of cattle by the River Thames, leading to a lifelong interest in painting animals. In 1880 Wardle lived in Oakley Square, Camden, but artistic success enabled him to move to the more upmarket 34 Alma Square in St John's Wood by 1892. Wardle was prolific; until 1936 he exhibited more than 100 works at the Royal Academy, as well as the Society of British Artists at Suffolk Street. He painted a variety of animal subjects with equal skill but his work may be divided into two categories, domestic and exotic; animals from overseas including leopards, polar bears and tigers such as The Deer-Stealer (1915) were painted from sketches that he made at London Zoo. He is considered equally proficient in oils, watercolours and pastels and was elected to the Pastel Society in 1911 and became a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours in 1922. In 1931 he held his first one-man exhibition at the Fine Art Society and in 1935 the Vicar's Gallery put on an exhibition of his work. He also exhibited in Paris. By 1936 Wardle had moved to West London.
His career was highly successful and his works continue to be sought after and widely reproduced on postcards, calendars and boxes of chocolates. He remains one of the widely known dog painters of the 19th and 20th centuries, and he is particularly known for his paintings of terriers. Wardle painted what is probably the best known painting of the fox terrier in its modern form, The Totteridge XI (1897). The painting was commissioned by famed smooth fox terrier breeder Francis Redmond; Wardle painted a number of Redmond's dogs. The original is in the gallery of The Kennel Club in London.
Arthur Wardle died on 16 July 1949.
References
External links
Biography at Burlington Paintings
Biography at the Victorian Web
Arthur Wardle at Artnet
Arthur Wardle at the Art Renewal Center (sample works)
1864 births
1949 deaths
Dog artists
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
Painters from London
19th-century English male artists
Members of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
20th-century English male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Wardle |
Resting stage may refer to:
The diapause stage of a butterfly egg
Telogen phase, a phase of hair follicle growth
A phase of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic DNA replication
The pupal phase of insect metamorphosis
See also
Resting spore
G0 phase or resting phase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting%20stage |
Section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code () allows a corporation to make a tax-free distribution to its shareholders of stock and securities in one or more controlled subsidiaries. If a set of statutory and judicial requirements are met, neither the distributing corporation nor its shareholders recognize gain or loss on the distribution. The three types of corporate divisions are commonly known as spin-offs, split-offs and split-ups.
The spin-off involves a distribution of property to shareholders without the surrender of any stock, which thus resembles a dividend. The split-off resembles a redemption because the shareholders have relinquished stock of the distributing corporation.
Section 355 allows a corporation with one or more businesses that have been actively conducted for five years or more to make a tax-free distribution of the stock of a controlled subsidiary provided that the transaction is being carried out for a legitimate business purpose and is not being used principally as a device to bail out earnings and profits.
Requirements
A corporate division will qualify as tax free to the shareholders and the distributing corporation if it satisfies the requirements listed:
Control
Distribution of All Stock or Securities
Active Trade or Business Requirement
Not A "Device"
Business Purpose
Continuity of Interest
1) The control requirement is best defined by Section 368(c), which requires ownership of 80 percent of the total combined voting power and 80 percent of the total number of shares of all other classes of stock, including nonvoting preferred stock.
2) The distributing corporation must distribute all the stock or securities of the controlled corporation that the distributing corporation holds or an amount of stock sufficient to constitute control under the meaning of Section 368(c).
3) According to §355(a)(1)(c), both the distributing corporation and the controlled corporation must be engaged immediately after the distribution in an actively conducted trade or business which has been so conducted throughout the five-year period ending on the date of the distribution. That business must also not have been acquired within the five-year predistribution period in a taxable transaction. The landmark case that has been used to determine active trade or business requirement is Estate of Lockwood v. Commissioner, 350 F.2d 712. Other relevant sources are Revenue Ruling 2003-38, which entails whether an expansion of a corporation's business constitutes a new or continuing business under Reg. 1.355-3(b)(3)(ii).
4) The mission of the device limitation has been to prevent the conversion of ordinary dividend income into preferentially taxed capital gain through a bailout seeming as a corporate division. The role of the device limitation is diminished but not eliminated now that dividends and long-term capital gains of non-corporate taxpayers are taxed at the same rate. Here are some factors that help constitute a device: 1) a pro rate distribution of the shares of the corporation; 2) a subsequent sale or exchange of stock of either corporation's stock; and 3) the nature and use of the assets of the distributing and controlled corporations immediately after the transaction.
5) A corporate division lacking a business purpose can not be accomplished tax free even if it is not used principally as a device to bail out earnings and profits. The regulations define a corporate business purpose as "a real and substantial non Federal tax purpose germane to the business of the distributing corporation, the controlled corporation or the affiliated group to which the distributing corporation belongs." Reg. 1.355-2(b)(2) This is the biggest subjective area of the 355 requirements in which case by case facts can alter the final decision on passing the requirement. Many courts have ruled favorably for the corporations while others have ruled against. This requirement is correlated with the non-device requirement by stating the stronger the business purpose of the corporation is, the less evidence of device in the purpose of the transaction. Revenue Procedure 96-30 provides some examples of advance rulings on business purpose.
6) The regulations require that those persons who owned an interest in the corporation prior to a corporate division must own an amount of stock establishing a continuity of interest. In other words, one or more shareholders of the distributing corporation must emerge from the transaction with at least fifty percent equity interest in each of the corporations that conduct the enterprise after the division. The IRS set up a fifty percent safe harbor benchmark in the meeting the continuity of interest requirement.
0355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20Revenue%20Code%20section%20355 |
The Cana Island lighthouse is a lighthouse located just north of Baileys Harbor in Door County, Wisconsin, United States.
Along with the Baileys Harbor Range Lights, the lighthouse was built to replace the Baileys Harbor Lighthouse in 1869 and was first lit in 1870. It is still used as an active navigational aid under the jurisdiction of the United States Coast Guard, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
Since the 1970s, both the lighthouse and its keeper's quarters are open for visitors to tour by means of the Door County Maritime Museum.
History
The keeper's quarters, privy, and tower were the first buildings and were made of cream city brick, but the brick of the tower deteriorated quickly because of storms and icy winters. In 1902, a steel cladding was added to the tower to protect it from further deterioration. The cost of the quarters, tower and cladding was $12,793.
The light itself is a third order Fresnel lens. It used to be fueled by lard, later it was fueled by kerosene, then by acetylene, and now by electricity. The round ball at the top is the vent that removed the smoke and soot from the oil lamp. Each night oil had to be carried to the top of the tower by the keeper or his assistant to keep the light fueled. When the light first became electric in 1945, it was by an engine driven, 2 kW generator, and batteries that powered the 100 watt, 32 volt bulb. A powerline was finally installed in the 1960s, and the bulb was switched to a 110 volt, 200 watt bulb. Four bulbs are mounted in a rack that allows for the next bulb to light if the one before it burns out.
An hexagon-shaped oil house, storage building and privy are also located at the site. An oil tank had been in the woods to the south of the building and a pipe underground moved the oil to the building.
The lighthouse is located on the Cana Island connected to the mainland via a rocky channel. Depending on the lake level the channel can be covered with 1–3 feet of cold Lake Michigan water. Originally, only wood walkways on top of rocks and a little dirt covered the area around the buildings. But starting in 1900, top soil was hauled in by a crew of men with eight teams of horses and wagons. Six weeks later they were ready to begin covering the area with grass. There is a stone sea wall on the east end of the island.
Before 1889, the first assistants were spouses or family members. Patrick Chambers was the first non-family member assistant. When electricity came to the island an assistant was no longer needed.
The tower is tall in all. from ground level to focal plane of the light. The light is approximately above water level, and has a visual range of . The stone foundation goes below ground and is set on bedrock. The tower is thick at the base with the outer layer thick with a air space between it and the inner layer of brick at the base. Ten feet from the top it narrows to a thickness with a airspace and inner layer. There are 102 cast iron steps in the circular staircase leading to the watch room.
On October 15, 1880 a terrible storm called the Big Blow of 1880 destroyed seven ships near this lighthouse, and on October 12, 1928, the freighter M.J. Bartelme went aground in the fog at this location after attempts to free the ship failed.
Keepers
William Jackson 1869-1872 (first keeper)
Julius Warren 1872-1875
William Sanderson 1875-1891
Jesse T. Brown 1891-1913
Conrad A. Stram 1913-1918
Oscar R. Knudsen 1918-1924
Michael Drezdon 1941-1945
Rosie and Louie Janda 1977-1995
Gallery
References
Further reading
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Sapulski, Wayne S., (2001) Lighthouses of Lake Michigan: Past and Present (Paperback) (Fowlerville: Wilderness Adventure Books) ; .
Magill Weber, Cana Island Lighthouse description in Door County Outdoors: A Guide to the Best Hiking, Biking, Paddling, Beaches, and Natural Places Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011, page 169
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
Cana Island Lighthouse, Door County Facilities and Parks Department
External links
Cana Island Lighthouse - Door County Maritime Museum
Cana Island Light entry in Seeing the Light (Archived June 22, 2020)
Lighthouse friends article
NPS Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin (Archived June 12, 2012)
Video tour of Cana Island Light
Lighthouses completed in 1869
Lighthouses in Door County, Wisconsin
Lighthouse museums in Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Museums in Door County, Wisconsin
1869 establishments in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Door County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana%20Island%20Light |
Camellia sinensis, the source of tea leaves and buds, can be grown in much of the United States. Commercial cultivation has been tried at various times and locations since the 1700s, but tea has remained a niche crop and has never been cultivated widely in the US. As of 2020, the US mainland has one relatively large plantation with full mechanization in Charleston, South Carolina, and many small commercial tea gardens that pick tea by hand. Some growers feel that tea production is not economically viable without some mechanization, but there is evidence that unmechanized tea production is viable, albeit with lower net profit margins. Most domestically grown teas are available through mail order and online purchases.
As of 2016, the Charleston Tea Garden, on Wadmalaw Island, outside of Charleston, South Carolina, is the only large-scale tea plantation in the US, at 127 acres. Smaller scale commercial farms are in the states of Alabama, Hawaii, Oregon, South Carolina, and Washington. There are also a handful of commercial farms being developed in the states of South Carolina, Mississippi, New York and Texas, but they have yet to reach the point of selling product to the general public regularly.
History
Commercial tea cultivation in the Americas was first attempted in 1744 in Colonial Georgia, when tea seeds were sent to the Trust Garden in Savannah. The first recorded successful cultivation of the tea plant in the colonies is recorded as growing on Skidaway Island near Savannah in 1772
In 1863, The New York Times reported the discovery of tea plants growing natively in Western Maryland and Pennsylvania. The New York Times report of natively growing tea plants sparked an interest in cultivating the plants commercially. In 1880, the US Government hired John Jackson, an experienced tea planter in India, to cultivate tea plants planted 30 years earlier in Liberty County, Georgia. This proved unsuccessful.
The Wakamatsu Tea and Silk Farm Colony, believed to be the first permanent Japanese settlement in North America, briefly produced tea in California in the 1870s.
Hawaii
Tea was introduced in Hawaii in 1887 and was commercially grown until 1892. While it is not clear why the tea was eventually discontinued, historians believe higher wages compared to other prime tea growing areas in Asia and Africa were among the deciding factors. Lower production costs of tea's main rival, coffee, also helped prevent it from establishing a foothold.
In the 1960s, Lipton and A&B formed a joint venture to investigate the possibility of growing tea commercially in Hawaii. Both companies decided not to open gardens on the Island but rather to open gardens in Latin America.
South Carolina
Junius Smith succeeded in growing tea commercially in Greenville, South Carolina, from 1848 until his death in 1853. Dr. Alexis Forster oversaw the next short-lived attempt in Georgetown, South Carolina, from 1874 until his death in 1879.
In the 1870s, some 200 acres of land near Summerville, South Carolina, were leased for an experimental station, using seeds from China, India, and Japan. A change of commissioners in 1884 resulted in a report faulting the climate as unsuitable, and the Newington Plantation near Summerville was abandoned. Congress later appropriated $10,000 for a second experimental tea farm in the Summerville area, called the Pinehurst Plantation, located just one mile from the previously terminated effort, and received Patent Office permission to experiment with plants left at the older government station. Under the leadership of Dr. Charles Shepard, Newington Plantation became quite productive; an 1887 'New York Times' report credited annual production at 12,000 pounds. By 1893, the Pinehurst plants were sufficiently established for the first leaf plucking. Dr. Shepard secured laborers for the fields by opening a school and making tea-picking part of its curriculum, essentially ensuring a force of child labor while providing them with an education they might not otherwise obtain. Dr. Shepard's final report indicated the chief expense in the production of tea was the gathering of the leaf, which amounted to approximately 50% of labour costs, but this did not preclude the profitable production of the crop even when sold at prices as low as half the cost of imported leaf. However, domestic shipping rates made selling his tea to major markets in the US difficult. These "made it cheaper for Chicagoans, for example, to buy tea from China than from Carolina" Nevertheless, the Pinehurst produced award-winning teas until Dr. Shepard's death in 1915. The garden closed after Shepard's death and Pinehurst lay unattended until 1963.
In 1963, The Lipton Tea Company was worried about the instability of the third world countries that produce tea and paid to have the surviving tea plants at Pinehurst moved to a former potato farm on Wadmalaw Island. Lipton operated an experimental tea farm until it was sold in 1987 to Mack Fleming and Bill Hall, who converted the experimental farm into a working tea garden. The Charleston Tea Plantation utilized a converted tobacco harvester to mechanically harvest the tea. The Charleston Tea Plantation sold tea mail order known as American Classic Tea and also produced Sam's Choice Instant Tea, sold through Sam's Clubs. American Classic Tea has been the official tea of the White House since 1987. Losing money and nearly bankrupt, in 2003 the plantation was sold to Bigelow Tea Company at a court auction for $1.28 million and was temporarily closed for renovation in order to attract tourists and boost its revenues. The garden reopened in January 2006 and gives free tours to the public.
Alabama
As part of the Lipton study in South Carolina, an out-station was established in Fairhope, Alabama as well as other select locations in the Southern US. The material in Fairhope was destroyed by a hurricane not long after its inception and was abandoned. However, the out-station supervisor rescued a few seeds and cuttings which were used to start a private plantation nearby now known as the Fairhope Tea Plantation, owned by Donnie Barratt, the son of the out-station supervisor. Tea is still produced at the plantation in small quantities, sold through a nearby gift shop.
Recent production
In 2000 horticulturist Francis Zee found a strain of Camellia sinensis, the tea plant, that can flourish in the tropical climate and volcanic soil of Hawaii. A joint study of commercially growing tea in Hawaii was started by University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources and University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. With the decline of Hawaii's sugar industry, tea cultivation is seen as a possible replacement crop. Around 2003, Hawaii had an estimated of land producing tea but by 2005 that number jumped to roughly .
Burlington, Washington has a farm with approximately 5 acres of tea in production as of 2010.
As of 2013, Minto Island Growers near Salem, Oregon has begun to market small quantities of their own tea.
Tea Farms in development
The Great Mississippi Tea Company, founded in 2012 in Brookhaven, Mississippi, is currently producing teas and offering tours to the public.
Finger Lakes Tea Company in upstate New York has also started planting tea plants and plans to have product available in 2016.
East Texas Tea Company in Mount Vernon, Texas has started tea cultivation in 2009 and sell by private placement.
Table Rock Tea Company, Ltd. in Upstate South Carolina began cultivation in 2008 and is currently producing tea and offering tours to the public.
Atealier (formerly East Texas Tea Company) in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho commenced tea growing in 2015 and expanded in 2016 with Nepalese and Sochi seed-stock. The micro climate being moderated by local glacial lakes with soil and water conditions being conducive to tea growing. It will be approx. 2–4 years for commercial quantities are expected to be available for private sale.
See also
Tea production in Bangladesh
Tea production in Kenya
Tea production in Sri Lanka
References
External links
Hawaii Tea Society
American tea
Agricultural production in the United States
United States
History of agriculture in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea%20production%20in%20the%20United%20States |
"The Way" is a song by American alternative rock band Fastball. It was released on January 7, 1998, as the lead single from their second studio album, All the Pain Money Can Buy (1998). The song was written by the band's lead vocalist, Tony Scalzo, and was produced by the band and Julian Raymond. Scalzo was inspired to write the song after reading about the disappearance of an elderly couple who were found dead in their car many miles away from their intended destination.
"The Way" peaked at number one on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in April 1998 and remained there for seven weeks. It also reached number one in Canada on the week of June 15, 1998, and topped the RPM Alternative 30 chart for four weeks. Worldwide, the song peaked at number seven in Sweden and entered the top 20 in Australia, Iceland, and Norway. The song was voted by VH1 as one of its "100 Greatest Songs of the '90s", ranking it at number 94.
Background and writing
Fastball frontman Tony Scalzo came up with the idea for the song after reading articles that described the June 1997 disappearance of an elderly married couple, Lela and Raymond Howard from Salado, Texas, who left home to attend the Pioneer Day festival at nearby Temple, Texas, despite Lela's Alzheimer's and Raymond recently recovering from brain surgery. They were discovered two weeks later, dead, at the bottom of a ravine near Hot Springs, Arkansas, hundreds of miles off their intended route. The authorities who investigated the accident believed that Lela, who was driving the car, was trying to locate a place where she had once vacationed.
Content
The song's lyrics revolve around a couple who decide to leave their lives behind by going out driving, without telling their children about their plans. Their car breaks down during the trip, and they continue on foot. The chorus expresses the idea that the couple are achieving happiness by losing touch with the world, even though they may never see their home again.
The beginning of the song features a radio scanning through FM stations. Most of the content heard is advertisements, and at one point, the radio tunes in while "Foolish Games" by Jewel is playing.
Track listings
UK 7-inch and cassette single; European CD single
"The Way" (radio edit) – 4:08
"Are You Ready for the Fallout?" – 3:15
UK, Australian, and Japanese CD single
"The Way" (radio edit) – 4:08
"Are You Ready for the Fallout?" – 3:15
"Freeloader Freddy" – 3:09
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Covers
In 2019, alt-country band Mike and the Moonpies recorded a cover of the song while playing a show to mark the 45th anniversary of the "Hole in the Wall" bar that gave both Mike and the Moonpies and Fastball their start.
References
1998 singles
1998 songs
Fastball (band) songs
Hollywood Records singles
Music videos directed by McG
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs based on actual events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Way%20%28Fastball%20song%29 |
The Last Protest Singer is a posthumously produced album by the American singer-songwriter Harry Chapin, released in 1988. Chapin had been working on the album when he died in 1981. Up to 18 songs were on the master tape to a greater or lesser extent. Eleven of these were far enough advanced to create this album.
The track listing on the Dunhill issue differs from that on the more recent Chapin Productions CD version, with Dunhill uniquely having 'Anthem'/'A Quiet Little Love Affair' and the Chapin Productions CD having 'Oh Man'.
According to Chapin, album's name and lead track is in memory of Chilean activist Víctor Jara, who sang during his torture before being murdered for protesting the 1973 Chilean coup d'état.
Track listing
"Last of the Protest Singers"
"November Rains"
"Basic Protest Song"
"Last Stand"
"Sounds Like America to Me"
"Word Wizard"
"Anthem"
"A Quiet Little Love Affair"
"I Don't Want to Be President"
"Silly Little Girl"
"You Own the Only Light"
Personnel
Harry Chapin – guitar, vocals
Clair Marlo – Producer, arranger, synthesizer
Tom Chapin – guitar
Grant Geissman – guitar
Jon Cobert – piano
Steve Chapin – piano
Pat Coil – piano
Bill Lanphier – bass guitar
John Wallace – bass guitar
Howie Fields – drums and percussion
M. B. Gordy – drums and percussion
Doug Walker – electric guitar
Jon Cobert – synthesizer
References
Harry Chapin albums
1988 albums
Albums published posthumously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Protest%20Singer |
In 2007, there were over 5,000 Muslims residing in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.1% of the population. The early Muslim community largely consisted mainly of Palestinian and Jordanian immigrants who arrived between 1958 and 1962. At the time, the vast majority of Puerto Rico's Muslims lived in Caguas – a city in the island's central region located south of San Juan – where they operated restaurants, jewelry stores and clothing outlets. A storefront mosque on Calle Padre Colón in the Río Piedras district of San Juan served the entire religious community on the island during earlier years, however, today there are mosques and Islamic centers in Aguadilla, Arecibo, Hatillo, Ponce, Vega Alta, and San Juan. The American Muslim Association of North America (AMANA) also has an office in Cayey.
History
Muslims first appeared in Puerto Rico in the 16th century when so-called Moriscos served as adventurers, traders, or enslaved laborers during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Enslaved Muslims form West Africa were also transported to the island during the same period. Although the number of Muslims living in Puerto Rico was probably significant, these early communities didn't survive and were soon converted to Catholicism or other more syncretic African diasporic faiths.
Recently, there has been an increasing number of converts to Islam.
Notable mosques
This is a list of notable mosques (Arabic: Masjid, Spanish: Mezquita) in Puerto Rico, including Islamic places of worship that do not qualify as traditional mosques.
Notable Puerto Rican Muslims
Hector Camacho Jr., professional boxer
See also
Islam by country
References
External links
Muslim Students Association @ Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico
A Database of Islamic Centers and Mosques in Puerto Rico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Puerto%20Rico |
The history of Islam in Japan is relatively brief in relation to the religion's longstanding presence in other nearby countries. Islam is one of the smallest minority faiths in Japan, representing around 0.15% of the total population as of 2022. However, due to this small initial population base, immigration from Muslim majority countries has made Islam one of the fastest growing religions in the country in terms of percentage increase, with its followers growing by 110%, from 110,000 in 2010 to 230,000 at the end of 2019, out of the total population of Japan of around 126 million.
There were isolated occasions of Muslim presence in Japan before the 19th century. Today, Muslims are made up of largely immigrant communities, as well as, though smaller, the ethnic Japanese community.
History
Early history
There are isolated records of contact between Islam and Japan before the opening of the country in 1853, possibly as early as the 1700s; some Muslims did arrive in earlier centuries, although these were isolated incidents. Some elements of Islamic philosophy were also distilled as far as back as the Heian period through Chinese and Southeast Asian sources.
Medieval and early modern records
The earliest Muslim records of Japan can be found in the works of the Persian cartographer Ibn Khordadbeh, who has been understood by Michael Jan de Goeje to mention Japan as the "lands of Waqwaq" twice: "East of China are the lands of Waqwaq, which are so rich in gold that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood is found there." And: "Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq." Mahmud Kashgari's 11th century atlas indicates the land routes of the Silk Road and Japan in the map's easternmost extent.
The first recorded Muslim in history to go to Japan was Sadr ud-Din (撒都魯丁 pronounced as Sādōulǔdīng in Chinese and Sadorotei in Japanese, also wrongly transcribed as 都魯丁 Dūlǔdīng and 撤都魯丁 Chèdōulǔdīng by the Japanese), sent by Yuan China in 1275 as a diplomatic delegation ordering the Japanese to submit to the Yuan emperor between the two Mongol invasions of Japan. He was beheaded by the Japanese. A Buddhist monk criticised the executions of the envoys.
During that period there was contact between the Hui, general Lan Yu of the Ming dynasty and the swordsmiths of Japan. According to Chinese sources, Lan Yu owned 10,000 Katana, Hongwu Emperor was displeased with the general's links with Kyoto and more than 15,000 people were implicated for alleged treason and executed. Lan Yu's ethnicity is disputed with some Hui claiming he was Hui but his biography in official Ming records do not mention him being Hui.
In the 13th century, a manuscript written by Persians from Quanzhou in China for the Japanese monk Keisei was brought back to Japan.
Early European accounts of Muslims and their contacts with Japan were maintained by Portuguese sailors who mention a passenger aboard their ship, an Arab who had preached Islam to the people of Japan. He had sailed to the islands in Malacca in 1555.
In the 17th century, Iranian merchants from Thailand arrived to Nagasaki during the Edo period. The Iranian Shaykh Ahmad fought and defeated Japanese merchants who attempted a coup against the Thai king in 1611. In the 17th century text Safine-ye Solaymani, Shia writer Mohammad Ibrahim described Japan and its culture, economy, recent political upheavals and their relationship with foreign merchants.
Modern records
The first modern Muslim contacts were with Indonesians who served aboard British and Dutch ships in the late 19th century.
In the late 1870s, the biography of Muhammad was translated into Japanese. This helped Islam spread and reach the Japanese people, but only as a part of the history of cultures.
Another important contact was made in 1890 when Sultan and Caliph Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire dispatched a naval vessel to Japan for the purpose of saluting the visit of Japanese Prince Komatsu Akihito to the capital of Constantinople several years earlier. This frigate was called the Ertugrul, and was destroyed in a storm on the way back along the coast of Wakayama Prefecture on September 16, 1890. The Kushimoto Turkish Memorial and Museum are dedicated in honor of the drowned diplomats and sailors.
In 1891, an Ottoman crew who were shipwrecked on the Japanese coast the previous year were assisted in their return to Constantinople by the Imperial Japanese navy. Shotaro Noda, a journalist who accompanied them, became the earliest known Japanese convert during his stay in the Ottoman capital.
Early 20th century
In the wake of the October Revolution, several hundred Tatar Muslim refugees from Central Asia and Russia were given asylum in Japan, settling in several main cities and formed small communities. Some Japanese converted to Islam through contact with these Muslims. Historian Caeser E. Farah documented that in 1909 the Russian-born Ayaz İshaki and writer Abdurreshid Ibrahim (1857–1944), were the first Muslims who successfully converted the first ethnic Japanese, when Kotaro Yamaoka converted in 1909 in Bombay after contacting Ibrahim and took the name Omar Yamaoka. Yamaoka became the first Japanese to go on the Hajj. Yamaoka and Ibrahim were traveling with the support of nationalistic Japanese groups like Black Dragon Society (Kokuryūkai). Yamaoka in fact had been with the intelligence service in Manchuria since the Russo-Japanese war. His official reason for traveling was to seek the Ottoman Sultan and Caliph's approval for building a mosque in Tokyo. This approval was granted in 1910. The Tokyo Mosque, was finally completed on 12 May 1938, with generous financial support from the zaibatsu. Its first imams were Abdul-Rashid Ibrahim and Abdülhay Kurban Ali (Muhammed-Gabdulkhay Kurbangaliev) (1889–1972). However, Japan's first mosque, the Kobe Mosque was built in 1935, with the support of the Turko-Tatar community of traders there. On 12 May 1938, a Mosque was dedicated in Tokyo. Another early Japanese convert was Bunpachiro Ariga, who about the same time as Yamaoka went to India for trading purposes and converted to Islam under the influence of local Muslims there, and subsequently took the name Ahmed Ariga. Yamada Toajiro was for almost 20 years from 1892 the only resident Japanese trader in Constantinople. During this time he served unofficially as consul. He converted to Islam, and took the name Abdul Khalil, and made a pilgrimage to Mecca on his way home.
Japanese nationalists and Islam
In the late Meiji period, close relations were forged between Japanese military elites with an Asianist agenda and Muslims to find a common cause with those suffering under the yoke of Western hegemony. In 1906, widespread propaganda campaigns were aimed at Muslim nations with journals reporting that a Congress of religions was to be held in Japan where the Japanese would seriously consider adopting Islam as the national religion and that the Emperor was at the point of becoming a Muslim.
Nationalistic organizations like the Ajia Gikai were instrumental in petitioning the Japanese government on matters such as officially recognizing Islam, along with Shintoism, Christianity and Buddhism as a religion in Japan, and in providing funding and training to Muslim resistance movements in Southeast Asia, such as the Hizbullah, a resistance group funded by Japan in the Dutch Indies. The founded in 1930, was the first official Islamic organisation in Japan. It had the support of imperialistic circles during World War II, and caused an "Islamic Studies Book". During this period, over 100 books and journals on Islam were published in Japan. While these organizations had their primary aim in intellectually equipping Japan's forces and intellectuals with better knowledge and understanding of the Islamic world, dismissing them as mere attempts to further Japan's aims for a "Greater Asia" does not reflect the nature of depth of these studies. Japanese and Muslim academia in their common aims of defeating Western colonialism had been forging ties since the early twentieth century, and with the destruction of the last remaining Muslim power, the Ottoman Empire, the advent of hostilities in World War II and the possibility of the same fate awaiting Japan, these academic and political exchanges and the alliances created reached a head. Therefore, they were extremely active in forging links with academia and Muslim leaders and revolutionaries, many of whom were invited to Japan.
Shūmei Ōkawa, by far the highest-placed and most prominent figure in both Japanese government and academia in the matter of Japanese-Islamic exchange and studies, managed to complete his translation of the Qur'an in prison, while being prosecuted as an alleged class-A war criminal by the victorious Allied forces for being an 'organ of propaganda'. Charges were dropped due to the results of psychiatric tests.
Post–World War II
The Turks have been the biggest Muslim community in Japan until recently. The Japanese invasion of China and South East Asian regions during the Second World War brought the Japanese in contact with Muslims. Those who converted to Islam through them returned to Japan and established in 1953 the first Japanese Muslim organisation, the "Japan Muslim Association", which was officially granted recognition as a religious organization by the Japanese government in June 1968. The second president of the association was the Umar Mita, who was typical of the old generation, learning Islam in the territories occupied by the Japanese Empire. He was working for the Manshu Railway Company, which virtually controlled the Japanese territory in the northeastern province of China at that time. Through his contacts with Chinese Muslims, he became a Muslim in Peking. When he returned to Japan after the war, he made the Hajj, the first Japanese in the post-war period to do so. He also made a Japanese translation of the Qur'an from a Muslim perspective for the first time. Aljazeera also made a documentary regarding Islam and Japan called "Road to Hajj – Japan".
The economic boom in the country in the 1980s saw an influx of immigrants to Japan, including from majority Muslim nations. These immigrants and their descendants form the majority of Muslims in the country. Today, there are Muslim student associations at some Japanese universities. In 2016, Japan accepted 0.3% of refugee applicants, many of whom are Muslims.
Muslim demographics
In 1941, one of the chief sponsors of the Tokyo Mosque asserted that the number of Muslims in Japan numbered 600, with just three or four being native Japanese. Some sources state that in 1982 the Muslims numbered 30,000 (half were natives). Of the ethnically Japanese Muslims, the majority are thought to be ethnic Japanese women who married immigrant Muslims who arrived during the economic boom of the 1980s, but there are also a small number of intellectuals, including university professors, who have converted. Most estimates of the Muslim population give a range around 100,000 total. Islam remains a minority religion in Japan. Conversion is more prominent among young ethnic Japanese married women, as claimed by The Modern Religion as early as the 1990s.
The true size of the current Muslim population in Japan remains a matter of speculation. Japanese scholars such as Hiroshi Kojima of the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research and Keiko Sakurai of Waseda University suggest a Muslim population of around 70,000, of which perhaps 90% are resident foreigners and about 10% native Japanese. Of the immigrant communities, in order of population size, are Indonesians, Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 185,000 Muslims in Japan in 2010. For 2019 it was estimated that the numbers rose to 230,000, due to the more friendly policies towards immigration, the Japanese converts being estimated at 50,000, and Japan now has more than 110 mosques compared to 24 in 2001. As of 2020; Nearly half of the Muslims in Japan were Indonesians, Filipinos, and Malaysians. Another 2019 estimate places the total number at 200,000, with a ratio of 90:10 for those of foreign origin to native Japanese converts.
The Muslim population is also young suggesting the permanent Muslim population will establish a second and third generation.
Muslims by prefecture
The percentages of Muslim populations of each prefecture from 2020.
Table
Mosques
Japan's first mosque was the Kobe Muslim Mosque, established in 1935. According to japanfocus.org, there were 30 to 40 single-story mosques in Japan, The largest of which is the Tokyo Mosque, plus another 100 or more apartment rooms set aside for prayers in the absence of more suitable facilities. 90% of these mosques use the 2nd floor for religious activities and the first floor as a halal shop (imported food; mainly from Indonesia and Malaysia), due to financial problems, as membership is too low to cover the expenses. Most of these Mosques have only a capacity of 30 to 50 people. In 2016, the first ever mosque tailored for native Japanese worshipers (as opposed to services in foreign languages) was opened. As of 2023, there is one Ahmadi mosque in Japan which is The Japan Mosque. It was established in 2015 by Mirza Masroor Ahmad, the mosque has a capacity of 500 worshippers which is the largest of any mosque in Japan.
Notable Muslims
Antonio Inoki
Dewi Sukarno
Kōhan Kawauchi
Masatoşi Gündüz İkeda
Mitsutarō Yamaoka
Ryoichi Mita
Shotaro Noda
Sultan Nour
Tani Yutaka
See also
Religion in Japan
Arabs in Japan
Iranians in Japan
Persian manuscript in Japan
Japan Muslim Association
List of Major Mosques in Japan
Ahmadiyya in Japan
Notes
References
Abu Bakr Morimoto, Islam in Japan: Its Past, Present and Future, Islamic Centre Japan, 1980
Arabia, Vol. 5, No. 54. February 1986/Jamad al-Awal 1406
Hiroshi Kojima, "Demographic Analysis of Muslims in Japan," The 13th KAMES and 5th AFMA International Symposium, Pusan, 2004
Michael Penn, "Islam in Japan: Adversity and Diversity," Harvard Asia Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, Winter 2006
Keiko Sakurai, Nihon no Musurimu Shakai (Japan's Muslim Society), Chikuma Shobo, 2003
Esenbel, Selcuk; Japanese Interest in the Ottoman Empire; in: Edstrom, Bert; The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions; Surrey 2000
Esenbel, Selcuk; Inaba Chiharū; The Rising Sun and the Turkish Crescent; İstanbul 2003,
A fin-de-siecle Japanese Romantic in Istanbul: The life of Yamada Torajirō and his Turoko gakan; Bull SOAS, Vol. LIX-2 (1996), S 237-52 ...
External links
Mosques in Japan
Islamic Center Japan
Aljazeera English video – Japanese Muslims preparing for Hajj | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Japan |
The Leeds City Varieties is a Grade II* listed music hall in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.
History
Leeds City Varieties was built in 1865 as an adjunct to the White Swan Inn in Swan Street by architect George Smith for Charles Thornton. Along with Hoxton Hall and Wilton's Music Hall (both in London), it is a rare surviving example of a Victorian era music hall. The interior is a long rectangle, with cast-iron columns with foliage capitals supporting two bow-fronted balconies, the upper tier of which received minor modifications in the 1880s. Plaster female busts, swags and medallions adorn the balconies, while a three-centred proscenium arch, surmounted by the royal coat of arms, covers the shallow stage.
The theatre was founded by local pub landlord and benefactor Charles Thornton and was originally called 'Thornton's New Music Hall and Fashionable Lounge'. This followed from a 'Singing Room' above the inn. The name subsequently changed to the White Swan Varieties and then Stansfield's Varieties before becoming the City Palace of Varieties. Charlie Chaplin, Marie Lloyd and Houdini are among the artists who performed there.
Between 1953 and 1983, the theatre achieved national fame as the venue for the BBC television programme The Good Old Days, a recreation of old-time music hall featuring Leonard Sachs as the alliterative Chairman and many well-known and less-well-known performers. The venue still presents live "Good Old Days" music hall events over runs of 3 weekends in the spring and 4 in the autumn, as well as pantomime and a regular programme of stand-up comedy and music concerts.
The City Varieties was granted Heritage Lottery funds to help with major refurbishment and restoration. The theatre closed for refurbishment in January 2009, and re-opened in September 2011. The theatre now seats 467, and the sides of the balcony are closed to the public, now giving space to additional lighting.
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Leeds
Listed buildings in Leeds (City and Hunslet Ward - northern area)
References
Bibliography
External links
City Varieties website
The Good Old Days at Leeds City Varieties theatre, from suchsmallportions.com
Theatres in Leeds
Grade II* listed buildings in West Yorkshire
Music venues in Leeds
Listed buildings in Leeds
Leeds Blue Plaques
Music hall venues in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds%20City%20Varieties |
Lozanić's triangle (sometimes called Losanitsch's triangle) is a triangular array of binomial coefficients in a manner very similar to that of Pascal's triangle. It is named after the Serbian chemist Sima Lozanić, who researched it in his investigation into the symmetries exhibited by rows of paraffins (archaic term for alkanes).
The first few lines of Lozanić's triangle are
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 4 2 1
1 3 6 6 3 1
1 3 9 10 9 3 1
1 4 12 19 19 12 4 1
1 4 16 28 38 28 16 4 1
1 5 20 44 66 66 44 20 5 1
1 5 25 60 110 126 110 60 25 5 1
1 6 30 85 170 236 236 170 85 30 6 1
1 6 36 110 255 396 472 396 255 110 36 6 1
1 7 42 146 365 651 868 868 651 365 146 42 7 1
1 7 49 182 511 1001 1519 1716 1519 1001 511 182 49 7 1
1 8 56 231 693 1512 2520 3235 3235 2520 1512 693 231 56 8 1
listed in .
Like Pascal's triangle, outer edge diagonals of Lozanić's triangle are all 1s, and most of the enclosed numbers are the sum of the two numbers above. But for numbers at odd positions k in even-numbered rows n (starting the numbering for both with 0), after adding the two numbers above, subtract the number at position (k − 1)/2 in row n/2 − 1 of Pascal's triangle.
The diagonals next to the edge diagonals contain the positive integers in order, but with each integer stated twice .
Moving inwards, the next pair of diagonals contain the "quarter-squares" (), or the square numbers and pronic numbers interleaved.
The next pair of diagonals contain the alkane numbers l(6, n) (). And the next pair of diagonals contain the alkane numbers l(7, n) (), while the next pair has the alkane numbers l(8, n) (), then alkane numbers l(9, n) (), then l(10, n) (), l(11, n) (), l(12, n) (), etc.
The sum of the nth row of Lozanić's triangle is ( lists the first thirty values or so).
The sums of the diagonals of Lozanić's triangle intermix with (where Fx is the xth Fibonacci number).
As expected, laying Pascal's triangle over Lozanić's triangle and subtracting yields a triangle with the outer diagonals consisting of zeroes (, or for a version without the zeroes). This particular difference triangle has applications in the chemical study of catacondensed polygonal systems.
References
S. M. Losanitsch, Die Isomerie-Arten bei den Homologen der Paraffin-Reihe, Chem. Ber. 30 (1897), 1917 - 1926.
N. J. A. Sloane, Classic Sequences
Factorial and binomial topics
Triangles of numbers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozani%C4%87%27s%20triangle |
Chester Adgate Congdon (June 12, 1853 – November 21, 1916) was a lawyer and capitalist. He was a prominent figure in the development of the mining industry in northern Minnesota, and served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1909 until 1913. The Congdon name is indelibly linked with the Glensheen Historic Estate in Duluth, Minnesota.
Early life
Chester Congdon was born in Rochester, New York, on June 12, 1853, as the son of Sylvester Laurentius and Laura Jane () Congdon. On his paternal side, Chester was the sixth in descent from James Congdon, a Quaker from England who settled in Rhode Island in the first half of the 17th century. All his paternal ancestors were English, while his maternal ancestors were English and Dutch. All his ancestry had been in North America since the early colonial period.
In the public schools of Elmira and Corning, New York, Congdon acquired his preliminary education, which was supplemented by study in the East Genesee Conference Seminary at Ovid, New York. His collegiate work was done at Syracuse University, from which he graduated in 1875 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He studied law under the preceptorship of Hiscock, Gifford & Doheny in Syracuse, and in 1877 was admitted to the New York bar. After admission to the bar, Congdon taught school for about a year in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. In 1879, he went to Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he was admitted to the Minnesota bar and there established himself in the practice of law.
On September 29, 1881, in Syracuse, New York, Chester Congdon was married to Clara Hesperia, a daughter of the Rev. Edward Bannister, a clergyman of San Francisco, California. Together they had seven children: Walter Bannister Congdon, Edward Chester Congdon, Marjorie, Helen, John, Robert, and Elisabeth Congdon. Chester and Clara would later bring Clara's nephew Alfred Bannister to live with them after he was orphaned at the age of six.
Business
In 1892, Congdon moved from St. Paul to Duluth and partnered with William W. Billson to form the law firm Billson & Congdon. In 1893, they were joined by judge Daniel A. Dickinson and the firm style of Billson, Congdon & Dickinson was adopted. On the death of the judge in 1902, the surviving partners resumed their original title and continued thus until 1904, when both retired from active practice.
In the meantime, Congdon had extended his efforts to various lines of commercial, industrial, and financial enterprise in Duluth. He became a prominent figure in connection with the development of the iron and copper mining resources of the Lake Superior country, and at the same time, his advice and assistance were sought by many business and financial institutions on the directorate of which his name never appeared. He was the general counsel of the Oliver Mining Company before its consolidation with other companies (now forming the United States Steel Corporation), the president of the Chemung Iron Company and the Canisteo Mining Company, and the vice-president of the American Exchange National Bank of Duluth. Additionally, he was a director in the Calumet & Arizona Mining Company of Bisbee, Arizona, the Hedley Gold Mining Company, William Cornell Greene's Greene Cananea Copper Company, the Marshall-Wells Hardware Company, the Gowan-Lenning-Brown Company, and various other banking, mining and jobbing enterprises which claimed his attention and profited by his cooperation and direction. He also became interested in agricultural pursuits, making extensive investments in farmlands in the northwest.
Estate
In May 1905, construction of the family estate began on a tract of land along the shore of Lake Superior. Named "Glensheen", its construction came with a hefty price tag of $854,000 ($ in dollars) and was finished in February 1908—the family had moved in a few months prior. The estate featured a turn-of-the-century mansion, hot water, electricity, and grounds irrigated from nearby Tischer Creek.
Glensheen Historic Estate is now owned by the University of Minnesota-Duluth and is open to the public year-round for tours.
Politics
Congdon held several offices throughout his life, serving as assistant United States attorney for the district of Minnesota from 1881 until 1886, as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1909 until 1913, and as a member of the Duluth charter commission from 1903 until his death.
The 1909 Legislature was dominated by the tonnage tax, which would place a tax on all iron ore shipped out of state by companies that did not manufacture steel in Minnesota. Opponents, led by Congdon, argued that such a tax would inhibit the development of lower-grade iron ore properties, something Congdon was heavily invested in. The opposition succeeded in stopping the legislation, but Minnesota would eventually pass a tonnage tax in 1921.
Congdon was re-elected for the 1911 Legislature. As a returning legislator, Congdon had more influence and served on eleven committees. He was chair of the Reapportionment (Redistricting) Committee. As the leader in charge of redrawing the state's legislative districts, he attempted to give northeast Minnesota and the Twin Cities more senators. The boundaries were drawn in such a way to ensure more political power to the steel industry and those against the tonnage tax. His measure would eventually fail.
Congdon also voted against recall elections, against temperance measures, for limitations on workers going on strike, and for free public transport to policemen and firefighters. Along with his pro-brewery group of politicians, he was aligned with stopping a vote on ending child labor. In a record of the 1911 Legislature, Congdon was described as an intelligent and strong legislator who nevertheless “sacrificed all his fine qualities” to work with "brewery representatives and professional politicians", missing an opportunity to make the "legislature truly representative of the people".
In 1916, he was made a member of the Republican National Central Committee, and his opinions carried weight in the councils of the party. He was a member of various professional, historical, scientific, social, and fraternal societies and associations. He had membership with the Kitchi Gammi Club, Northland Country Club, Commercial Boat Club, and Duluth Boat Club, all in Duluth; the Minnesota Club of St. Paul; the Minneapolis Club of Minneapolis; the University Club of Chicago; the Duquesne Club of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Bankers Club of New York; the Commercial Club of North Yakima; and with various college fraternities, including the Upsilon Kappa, Psi Upsilon, Theta Nu Epsilon, and Phi Beta Kappa.
A contemporary biographer has said of him: "Those who really knew Mr. Congdon found in him a man of tender heart and warm, human sympathies. His philanthropy was general and quite well known, although he sought to keep it under cover and shrank from publicity in this regard. He was a close student of government and state policies, a foe of waste and inefficiency, a friend of political progress as he saw it, a champion of clean public life and sound government. He was always the good citizen, eager to have his part in every forward movement in directions that he judged to be wise."
Family
Wife: Clara Hesperia Bannister (April 29, 1854 – July 12, 1950)
Children:
Walter Bannister Congdon (November 5, 1882 – October 20, 1949)
Edward Chester Congdon (May 20, 1885 – November 27, 1940)
Marjorie Congdon (Dudley) (January 12, 1887 – October 11, 1971)
Helen Clara Congdon (d'Autremont) (February 16, 1889 – May 19, 1966)
John Congdon (May 21, 1891 – May 19, 1893)
Elisabeth Mannering Congdon (April 22, 1894 – June 27, 1977)
Robert Congdon (September 4, 1898 – June 12, 1975)
Notes
References
Glensheen Historic Estate, University of Minnesota, Duluth
History of the Yakima Valley, Washington : comprising Yakima, Kittitas and Benton counties / by W.D. Lyman: S.J. Clarke, 1919
"Will to Murder: The True Story Behind the Crimes & Trials Surrounding the Glensheen Killings" by Gail Feichtinger; 2005. (1st edition), (2nd edition)
Lake Superior Lawyer, by Roy O. Hoover
External links
Chester A. Congdon in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
1853 births
1916 deaths
Lawyers from Rochester, New York
Businesspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
People from Duluth, Minnesota
American people of English descent
Minnesota lawyers
Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
American manufacturing businesspeople
19th-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Rochester, New York
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Adgate%20Congdon |
The University Marine Biological Station Millport (UMBSM) was a higher education institution located on the island of Great Cumbrae in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, and run by the university of London (of which it was a central academic body). It closed in 2013 and is now Millport Field Centre, run by the Field Studies Council.
Located just outside the town, it had an extensive curriculum and research programme, with an influx of students throughout the academic year. A Museum and Aquarium (named after the founder, David Robertson) were open to visitors. In May 2003, the station took delivery of the Macduff-built, 22-metre marine research vessel RV Aora. The station also functioned as a Meteorological Office Weather Station and Admiralty Tide Monitor.
History
The Ark, an lighter, was fitted out as a floating laboratory by the father of modern oceanography, Sir John Murray. She formed the Scottish Marine Station for 12 years from 1884. In 1885 she was moved from Granton and drawn up on the shore at Port Loy, Cumbrae. She attracted a stream of distinguished scientists, drawn by the richness of the fauna and flora of the Firth of Clyde, but closed in 1903.
In Millport, an amateur naturalist, David Robertson, was encouraged by meeting Anton Dohrn and by the wealth of findings from the Challenger expedition. In 1894 he formed a committee to build a marine station in Millport and took over The Ark. Millport Marine Biological Station was opened in 1897 by Sir John Murray. The Ark was totally destroyed by a great storm on the night of 20 January 1900.
On 21 July 1904 Scotia, the ship of Dr William Speirs Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, returned to her first Scottish landing site, on the Isle of Cumbrae.
From this beginning the station was gradually built up to its present size. The original building proved too small for the purpose and an architectural copy was built alongside. From 1966 to 1987 the station ran under the Directorship of Ronald Ian Currie FRSE who was responsible for the creation of RV Challenger and RV Calanus.
In December 2012 it was announced that the University Marine Biological Station Millport would be forced to close after the Higher Education Funding Council for England withdrew the grant of 400,000 pounds that it gave to the University of London to run the station. UMBSM closed on 31 October 2013.
Ownership was transferred to the Field Studies Council on 1 January 2014. In May 2014 a four-million-pound package of funding was announced that is intended to allow a comprehensive programme of development and refurbishment to be completed over five years. In 2020 the centre was shortlisted for a Nature of Scotland Business Award for their work connecting visitors with the island's coasts and waters.
See also
Sheina Marshall
David Robertson (naturalist)
Field Studies Council
Ronald Ian Currie
References
External links
Official website
Universities and colleges established in 1885
Buildings and structures in North Ayrshire
Education in North Ayrshire
Science and technology in Scotland
Former colleges of the University of London
Marine biological stations
Field studies centres in the United Kingdom
The Cumbraes
Firth of Clyde
1885 establishments in Scotland
Oceanographic organizations
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Marine%20Biological%20Station%20Millport |
A tournament director (TD) is an official at a competitive sporting or gaming event, who typically perform a number of key functions. The extent of the tournament director's duties varies depending on the size of the tournament, the nature of the competition, and the number of other officials to whom roles can be delegated.
Examples often include:
Declaring that competition may begin
Refereeing game play
Organizing elimination tournament brackets, or pairings of a Swiss system tournament
Tracking scores and statistics
Enforcing rules and regulations
Arbitrating disputes
Officiating awards ceremonies
Tournament directors often refer to individual sports like tennis and golf, where each competition is organized separately.
In motorsport, the position is called race director. In fencing, the tournament director is known by the French name, directoire technique (commonly abbreviated to DT).
See also
Tournament director (bridge)
Tournament director (chess)
Tournament director (poker) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament%20director |
The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) is an intergovernmental organization that works to support and strengthen democratic institutions and processes around the world, to develop sustainable, effective and legitimate democracies. It has regional offices in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific and Africa and West Asia. The organization is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden.
Kevin Casas Zamora is the secretary-general as of August 2019. Previously, Casas Zamora was Costa Rica's second Vice President and Minister of National Planning. Yves Leterme, former deputy secretary-general at the OECD and former Prime Minister of Belgium, was the previous secretary-general from 2014 to 2019. Leterme replaced Vidar Helgesen.
International IDEA is an official United Nations Observer.
History
The early 1990s were marked by challenges to democracy worldwide. The violent crackdown in Tiananmen Square in China happened in 1989, and Chile, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina were all on a slow, difficult road toward democracy after having suffered similarly cruel military coups and dictatorships. Despite a long tradition of autocracy in South Korea, democratic dissident Kim Dae-jung became president. Nelson Mandela's release in 1990 after serving 28 years in prison marked South Africa's first step toward democracy. There were also wide-ranging discussions in other parts of Africa and Asia about how to incorporate democratic norms into their traditions and cultures.
More and more people around the world needed good advice about a number of choices that had to be made in order to make democracy work. In response to this need Sweden, along with 13 other countries took the initiative to found The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, International IDEA.
The Founding Conference of International IDEA took place on 27–28 February 1995 and involved 14 founding states: Australia, Barbados, Belgium, Chile, Costa Rica, Denmark, Finland, India, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain and Sweden. The institute's four initial fields of activity were defined as: (1) the creation of a databank and provision of information services; (2) research; (3) establishing and promotion of guidelines and (4) offering advisory and capacity-building services.
The institute's original structure consisted of a board of 9–15 persons, appointed in their personal capacities rather than as representatives of member states, which developed the work programme. The council (composed of one representative of each member and associate member) was responsible for approving the work programme and budget—despite not being consulted about their development—and for making sure the contributions supported the work program. A founding ‘nucleus' board was established that comprised Shridath Ramphal, Adama Dieng and David Steel. Bengt Säve-Söderbergh, who was instrumental in the process of creating International IDEA from the start, was appointed its first secretary-general. Due to practical difficulties and overlapping responsibilities between the board and council, this model later changed.
International IDEA was able to immediately start work designing ethical codes and professional rules and guidelines for electoral processes, and developed three extremely useful handbooks in the very beginning on electoral system design, democracy and deep-rooted conflict, and women in parliament.
As part of the institute's 20th anniversary celebration in 2015, Bengt Säve-Söderbergh wrote an essay, The Birth of an IDEA, that captures how the organization was born and its relevancy. Säve-Söderbergh is the first secretary-general of International IDEA.
Mission
International IDEA's mission is to “advance democracy worldwide, as a universal human aspiration and an enabler of sustainable development, through support to the building, strengthening and safeguarding of democratic political institutions and processes at all levels”. Additionally, International IDEA is dedicated to the following tasks:
Assist countries build capacity to develop democratic institutions.
Provide a forum between policy-makers, academics and practitioners.
Synthesize research and field experience, and develop practical tools to improve democratic processes.
Promote accountability, transparency and efficiency in election management.
Facilitate local democracy assessment, monitoring and promotion by local citizens.
Key activities
Electoral Processes - Support for electoral processes has been at the heart of International IDEA's work since its foundation in 1995. International IDEA's Statutes provide a mandate for the institute's efforts to improve and consolidate democratic electoral processes worldwide. By generating global comparative knowledge, non-prescriptive analysis and policy recommendations aimed at the design, establishment and consolidation of sustainable and credible locally owned electoral processes, the Institute responds to the needs of target audiences. Those include electoral management bodies (EMBs) and electoral practitioners, legislative and judicial bodies, academics, civil society, election observers, as well as development agencies and democracy assistance organizations.
Constitution-building - Together with local, regional and global partners, the Constitution-building programme raises awareness of the role constitution-building processes play in managing conflict and consolidating democracy. The work involves: Providing technical assistance to national actors engaged in processes of constitution building. Providing knowledge and capacity-building resources that individuals and groups can use to strengthen their participation, and its quality, in processes of constitution building. Facilitating access to lesson learning in comparative contexts so that national, regional and international actors have more options to consider in dealing with different constitutional issues. Servicing a global community of constitution building practitioners through physical and virtual spaces for dialogue.
Political Participation and Representation - This programme supports political parties focusing on four areas. Party Law and Finance: to improve regulation on party and candidate finance. The Political Party Organization: to allow political parties to develop policy platforms. Political Party Dialogue: to seek consensus within the prevailing political culture of competition, through more effective interparty dialogue. And effective Party Assistance: to strengthen the alignment of approaches in party assistance.
Democracy Assessment - The Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Initiative was launch in 2016 to analyze current trends and challenges impacting on democracy worldwide. The GSoD Initiative provides evidence-based analysis and data on the global and regional state of democracy. It also seeks to contribute to the public debate on democracy, inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy. The first report was released in 2017 and the second will be available in November 2019. The Global State of Democracy Indices also offers data for anyone to use.
International IDEA offers several online tools and databases including the Voter Turnout Database, Electoral Risk Management tool and the IntegriTAS Threat Assessment System. Anyone can access data on topics such as voter turnout, electoral system design, quotas for women and political finance laws and regulations. Issues of gender, diversity, conflict and security are also addressed. Data from the International IDEA Political Finance Database relating to political disclosure is used as an indicator of public transparency and accountability in the Basel AML Index, a money laundering and terrorist financing risk assessment tool developed by the Basel Institute on Governance.
International IDEA has been granted UN observer status.
Members
International IDEA's founding member states were Australia, Barbados, Belgium, Chile, Costa Rica, Denmark, Finland, India, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Sweden.
the 34 member states include: Australia, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Namibia, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia and Uruguay. Japan has official observer status.
Member States host a Democracy Forum and invite dialogue across member states and with civil society actors, academia and youth. Past Democracy Forum topics have included anti-corruption, accountability, natural resource management and youth participation.
Internal structure
International IDEA's nearly 200 staff members are located in various offices worldwide. The headquarters is in Stockholm, Sweden, with additional offices in New York, United States; Brussels, Belgium; The Hague, Netherlands; Kathmandu, Nepal; Suva, Fiji; Thimphu, Bhutan; Santiago, Chile; Mexico City, Mexico; La Paz, Bolivia; Lima, Peru; Asunción, Paraguay; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tunis, Tunisia; Canberra, Australia; and Yangon, Myanmar.
The organization is also a permanent representative to the United Nations, based in New York City.
See also
Community of Democracies
Community of Democratic Choice
References
Further reading
External links
International political organizations
Election and voting-related organizations
United Nations General Assembly observers
Political organizations based in Sweden
1995 establishments in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Institute%20for%20Democracy%20and%20Electoral%20Assistance |
A Snow White Christmas is a Christmas animated television special produced by Filmation and telecast December 19, 1980, on CBS. The special is a sequel to the fairy tale "Snow White", unrelated to Filmation's other sequel to "Snow White" titled Happily Ever After (1989), which ignores everything from this film.
The film's plot revolves around the return of the Wicked Queen, who is unexpectedly brought back to life during Christmas and casts an evil spell that freezes the entire land. Only the young Snow White, the daughter of the original Snow White, manages to escape and take refuge with seven friendly giants with her dwarf friend, but the Queen keeps trying to get rid of Snow White and her protectors. It is up to the giants to defeat her forever and save the kingdom.
Plot
After vanquishing the Wicked Queen, Queen Snow White and her husband King Charming are now the rulers of the land of Noel. They have a teenage daughter, also named Snow White for her snow-white hair. The royal family decides to host a Christmas Eve winter sports festival. One of the participants is Grunyon, a bumbling dwarf and a friend of the young Snow White. Princess Snow White says her Christmas wish is to build a playhouse for all the children and suggests remodeling the deserted castle on a mountaintop nearby that used to belong to the original Snow White's evil witch stepmother, the Wicked Queen, who has mysteriously disappeared when she was defeated.
Unknown to all, the Wicked Queen had been standing frozen near her abandoned castle all that time, and right then she is freed when it happens that the large block of ice in which she was trapped melts. Returning to her castle, the revived Queen finds her Magic Mirror still in place and learns that now are two Snow Whites more beautiful than her. Furious, she conjures a magical ice storm that freezes the entire kingdom but barely misses the second Snow White. The princess is told by her mother to find the Seven Dwarfs immediately before her parents are transformed into ice statues. Grunyon, who was also spared being frozen, leads Snow White into the forest to escape the storm. After finding their way into the Warm Valley, they accidentally wander upon a giant garden and two giants appear (Finicky and Corny) who mistake them for bugs and try to squash them. Snow White starts crying, and Grunyon scolds the giants who apologize and introduce themselves through song, along with five other giants (Thinker, Hicker, Tiny, Weeper, and Brawny). Turns out they are cousins of the Seven Dwarfs. After hearing their story, they take pity on Snow White and Grunyon, and allow them to stay in their cottage.
After the Wicked Queen discovers the young Snow White is still alive, she first turns herself into a giant rat to eat her, but is foiled when one of the giants shoos her away upon his return home. She then melts all the ice on the mountains to form a flood, but Brawny saves Snow White from drowning. The giants decide to leave Snow White at home and post Hicker as a guard. The Queen turns two vultures into monstrous creatures to distract Hicker, then disguises herself as a giant old woman, supposed sister of the giants, and manages to trick the princess into smelling the scent of a poisoned flower that puts her to sleep, just as she had tricked the first Snow White with the poisoned apple. However, Hicker's hiccups are loud and the other giants hear them and get back to the cottage.
Seeing Snow White apparently dead, they run off to attack the Wicked Queen's castle, seeking revenge. There, she tries to stop them by casting lightning bolts, but Brawny proved to be too tough for that. Next she summons seven demons to fight the giants, but then Hicker begins hiccuping so strongly that he causes an earthquake and the castle collapses. The Magic Mirror, revealed as the source of the Queen's power, is shattered and she evaporates into nothingness. With the Queen's final demise, the curse she has placed over the kingdom is broken, causing the land to thaw and the ice statues to revert to people, just in time for Christmas Eve.
Grunyon and the Giants bring Snow White home to her parents in a rose-filled coffin. They kiss Snow White's cheeks and she awakens, and everyone rejoices. The Wicked Queen's castle has been destroyed, but Brawny also tells that he and the other giants built a new castle for the children while Snow White was asleep.
Cast
Erika Scheimer as Snow White II
Melendy Britt as the Wicked Queen
Charlie Dell as Grunyon
Larry D. Mann as the Magic Mirror
Diane Pershing as the original Snow White
Clinton Sundberg as Thinker
Arte Johnson as Finicky, Corny, Tiny, Hicker, Weeper, Brawny
Production
It was the first film produced by Lou Scheimer that featured his daughter Erika in the lead role. Filmation wanted to start making sequel to classic stories, and they chose "Snow White" since no one had made a film exploring what happened after the ending, and the format since it was easy to sell a Christmas special at the time.
While this is a sequel to the original fairy tale and not the 1937 Disney film, there are some similarities. One is the portrayal of the Magic Mirror's character, her also portrayed as a drama mask in darkness. In both films, the seven friends include a grim and taciturn individual who, despite seemingly not liking Snow White, ultimately leads the charge against the Queen who has disguised herself as an old woman and whom they chase up a cliff. As in the Disney film, a pair of vultures watch the Queen intently. This is not replicated in the other sequel due to legal issues Filmation suffered from Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night as the seven Dwarfs are replaced by their female counterparts, the Dwarfelles, and the Queen is killed off and replaced by her evil brother, Lord Maliss, as the main villain.
Reception
Mick Martin and Marsha Porter's Video Movie Guide condemned the TV movie as they criticized the chaotic plot points and the result of The Queen's hatred for Christmas. Terry Rowan's Having a Wonderful Christmas Time Film Guide gave it three stars out of five.
See also
A Snow White Christmas (musical)
Happily Ever After (1989 film)
List of Christmas films
The Snow Queen's Revenge
References
External links
1980 animated films
1980s adventure films
1980s American animated films
1980s children's animated films
1980s English-language films
American fantasy comedy films
Animated films about shapeshifting
Animated films about royalty
Animated films about witchcraft
Animated films based on Snow White
Animated Christmas films
Christmas television specials
Fiction about resurrection
Filmation animated films
Films produced by Lou Scheimer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Snow%20White%20Christmas |
Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe (also Anthony, DeWolf, De Wolf, and DeWolfe; April 5, 1808 – July 31, 1895) was an Episcopal priest and later first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central Pennsylvania, the present day Episcopal Diocese of Bethlehem.
Early life and education
Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe was born Mark Antony De Wolf Howe on April 5, 1808, in Bristol, Rhode Island. (As an adult, he changed the spelling of his second middle name to De Wolfe.) He was the son of John and Louisa (Smith) Howe, and a descendant of James Howe, an English immigrant to Roxbury and Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1637. Maternally, he was connected to Richard Smith, the first town clerk of Bristol, Rhode Island from the 1680s. He was also a great-grandson to Senator James De Wolf.
He attended Phillips Academy, Andover, and Middlebury College in Vermont. He left Middlebury to pursue education at Brown University, his father's alma mater. He graduated from Brown in 1828, having becoming friends with Francis Wayland, a president of Brown.
He taught Latin at Brown, as well as in the public schools of Boston. At the same time he studied law at his father's law office. Howe studied religion under John Bristed (son-in-law of John Jacob Astor and father of Charles Astor Bristed).
He was the recipient of several honorary degrees, including a LL.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1876.
Ordination and pastoral career
In 1832, Howe was ordained deacon by Alexander V. Griswold, bishop of the Eastern Diocese, at Saint Matthew's Episcopal Church, South Boston.
Before the end of 1832, Howe became rector of Saint James' Episcopal Church, Roxbury, Massachusetts, serving until 1846, when he was called to Saint Luke's Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he remained rector for 25 years.
He attended General Conventions in 1850, 1859, and 1865, helping lay the foundation for the church hymnal. He wrote Memoirs of the Life and Services of the Right Reverend Alonzo Potter, D. D., LL. D. in 1871.
That same year, Howe was elected bishop of the newly formed Diocese of Central Pennsylvania. The original Diocese of Central Pennsylvania was the predecessor diocese of the current Diocese of Bethlehem, and as a result, he is counted as first bishop of Bethlehem as well. He was the father of writer Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe. In 1891, Howe retired to his home in Bristol, Rhode Island, where he died on July 31, 1895.
Consecrators
Benjamin Bosworth Smith, ninth presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church
Charles Pettit McIlvaine
Alfred Lee
Howe was the 99th bishop consecrated in the Episcopal Church.
Family
Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe married, first, Julia Bowen Amory (1804-1841) and had 5 children:
Louisa Smith Howe, October 3, 1834 – March 18, 1845
Thomas Amory Howe, March 24, 1836 – February 7, 1840
Mary Amory Howe, May 4, 1837 – January 4, 1867, married William Hobart Hare, D.D., Missionary Bishop of Niobrara.
Helen Maria Howe, July 19, 1838 – April 4, 1839
Julia Amory Howe, April 30, 1840 – May 9, 1841
Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe married, second, Elizabeth Smith Marshall (1822-1855) and had 8 children:
Herbert Marshall Howe, July 16, 1844 – September 30, 1916
Reginald Heber Howe, April 9, 1846 – June 6, 1924
Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe, 1848 – June 2, 1860
Julia Amory Howe, January 31, 1850 – June 22, 1850
Elizabeth Marshall Howe, May 12, 1851 – 1904, married George Pomeroy Allen
Frank Perley Howe, September 19, 1853 – August 24, 1922
Alfred Leighton Howe, April 4, 1854 – 1911
John Ernest Howe, September 22, 1855 – May 1, 1857
Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe married, third, Eliza Whitney (1826-1909), daughter of Asa Whitney, and had 5 children:
Anna Barnard Howe, May 8, 1858 – May 28, 1858
Arthur Whitney Howe, May 15, 1859 – 1953
Antoinette DeWolf Howe, January 13, 1861 – April 3, 1862
Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe, August 28, 1864 – December 6, 1960
Wallis Eastburn Howe, September 12, 1868 – September 15, 1960
See also
DeWolf family
Succession of Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States
Notes
References
The Episcopal Church Annual. Morehouse Publishing: New York, NY (2005).
Howe, M. A. DeW. Jr. The Right Rev. Mark Antony De Wolf Howe, D. D.: First Bishop of Central Pennsylvania. 1901.
Brown University alumni
1808 births
1895 deaths
People from Bristol, Rhode Island
19th-century Anglican bishops in the United States
Episcopal Church in Pennsylvania
Religious leaders from Rhode Island
DeWolf family
Episcopal bishops of Central Pennsylvania
Episcopal bishops of Bethlehem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Antony%20De%20Wolfe%20Howe%20%28bishop%29 |
USS Barr (DE-576/APD-39), originally a , and later a Charles Lawrence-class fast transport of the United States Navy named for Pvt. Woodrow Wilson Barr of Keyser, West Virginia.
Barr was laid down on 5 November 1943 at Hingham, Massachusetts, by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Co.; launched on 28 December 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Cora Dell Barr, Pfc. Barr's mother; and commissioned on 16 February 1944.
Namesake
Woodrow Wilson Barr was born on 8 June 1918 in Keyser, West Virginia. He graduated from Parsons High School and following graduation worked for four years before enlisting in the United States Marine Corps on 13 January 1942. He completed his recruit training at Parris Island, South Carolina, followed by training at Quantico.
He was deployed to the Pacific Theatre as a part of the 1st Marine Raider Battalion. Barr was one of 45 Marines who were killed in action during the U.S. recapture of Tulagi from the Japanese on 7 August 1942. Barr was posthumously awarded the Silver Star and the Purple Heart.
Service history
Atlantic, 1944
Following shakedown off Bermuda and escort training at Casco Bay, Maine, the destroyer escort reported to Norfolk for anti-submarine duty in the Atlantic off the Cape Verde Islands. She operated as part of a hunter-killer group built around the escort carrier and also composed of , , and . Throughout May, this task group followed up submarine reports, chasing down sonar contacts that usually proved to be fish or debris. On 6 May, Buckley rammed and sank an enemy submarine, verifying that the waters of the South Atlantic did hide enemy submarines.
On 29 May, while closing a reported submarine, Block Island suffered a torpedo hit. Barr pursued the U-boat, later identified as , until around 2030 when a torpedo struck Barr as well. The explosion wrecked the ship aft of the No. 2 engine room, killing four of her crew, injuring 14, and leaving 12 missing. Throughout the night, Barr stayed dead in the water while patrolled around her. Eugene E. Elmore took Barr{'}}s injured and about half of her crew on board, hooked up a towline to the damaged escort and began the journey to Casablanca, French Morocco. relieved Eugene E. Elmore; and the Dutch tug, Antic took over and finally towed Barr into port six days later.
Barr stayed in drydock at Casablanca until 2 July while the wreckage of her damaged stern was burned off, spaces cleared of oil and debris, and stern plates welded on for the trip home. On 3 July, Cherokee ATF-66|3 began the long voyage to Boston with Barr in tow. After a brief stop in Bermuda to avoid a major tropical storm, the ships arrived at the Boston Navy Yard on 25 July.
The destroyer escort spent the next three months in drydock being refurbished and converted to a high speed transport. Redesignated APD-39 on 23 October, Barr sailed for Norfolk on 3 November for boat training, and departed that port on the 15th as escort for . After transiting the Panama Canal and stopping in San Francisco to load more cargo, she and sailed westward and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 9 December.
Pacific fleet, 1945
In Hawaii, Barr shuttled between Pearl Harbor and Maui, where she trained with Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs) for night and day demolitions and shore bombardment. On 10 January 1945, Barr set sail for Ulithi, the main staging area for the invasion of Iwo Jima. From late January to early February, the fast transport loaded supplies, made repairs, and took part in demolition and reconnaissance training on reefs east of Ulithi. On 10 February, Barr and the other APDs stood out of the lagoon at Ulithi with the Iwo Jima invasion force. The transports rehearsed D-Day movements at Tinian on the 12th and 13th. Then, the advance group headed for Iwo Jima on the 14th. Barr arrived off the southern end of the island on 16 February; and, that afternoon, her embarked UDT 13 successfully completed its first mission. The team placed a navigational light on the hazardous Higashi Rocks despite coming under enemy fire. Barr, however, solved the problem, silencing that gunfire with some of her own.
The next morning, following intense shelling by fire support ships and aircraft, the fast transports approached the eastern beaches for reconnaissance by the UDTs. During the afternoon, they made a reconnaissance of the western beaches in the same manner. On 18 February, Barr received orders to land her UDT on the Higashi Rocks again to reposition the light before retiring for the night. As she and pulled away from the island, a Japanese bomber flew over Barr, crashed Blessman, and caused many casualties.
Barr spent D-Day, 19 February, in transport areas about off the eastern beaches. Her boats, manned by UDT frogmen, assisted in guiding marines to the landing beaches. Then, until 3 March, the high speed transport took screening station at night and anchored during the day while UDTs worked with the beachmasters to remove underwater obstacles. On 4 March, Barr departed Iwo Jima and steamed via Saipan and Guam to Ulithi where she anchored on 12 March.
For the next week, the fast transport prepared for the invasion of Okinawa. On the 21st, she stood out of Ulithi as part of the Gun Fire and Covering Force under Rear Admiral Morton L. Deyo. The warships arrived off Okinawa on 25 March and approached Kerama Retto to reconnoiter the southwestern tip of Tokashiki. During the next four days, Barr put UDT 13 ashore on Keise Shima, a group of small sand and coral islands between Kerama Retto and Okinawa, to gather information and blast passages through the reef for the LSTs.
The Japanese maintained an almost constant aerial onslaught in the early days of the invasion. Barr did not close Okinawa on D-Day, 1 April, but remained in the transport area as a part of the anti-submarine screen. She transferred UDT 13 to on 6 and 7 April and continued screening until 9 April, when she sailed to Saipan for a week of repairs.
Barr got underway again on 23 April to escort a convoy of LSTs and LSMs back to Okinawa. The fast transport remained off the Hagushi anchorage providing anti-air and anti-submarine defense until 27 May, when she headed for Saipan as a convoy escort. Leaving the convoy at Saipan, Barr continued on to the Philippines, visiting Leyte and Manila before joining the screen of an Okinawa-bound convoy at Lingayen Gulf. The fast transport resumed screening duties at Okinawa after her return late in June.
Post-war activities
After Japan capitulated on 15 August, Barr rendezvoused with and east of Tokyo, embarked Royal Marines from the two British warships and landed them at Yokosuka. After this mission, she proceeded to the north end of the bay to evacuate Allied prisoners of war from central Honshū. During several trips, the fast transport received on board 1,135 former POWs. After the evacuation was completed, Barr made one mail run to Iwo Jima between 24 and 28 September and then remained in port at Tokyo until 12 October, when she was ordered to Nagasaki for duty with the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. She served there as a base of operations and as a barracks ship until 1 December when she began the voyage to the United States.
Decommissioned and in reserve
The transport arrived at San Diego on 19 December and, after voyage repairs, continued on to the east coast where she was placed out of commission, in reserve, at Green Cove Springs, Florida, on 12 July 1946. Barr remained in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet until the early 1960s. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 1 June 1960, and she was sunk as a target off Vieques Island on 26 March 1963.
Awards
Barr received three battle stars for her World War II service.
References
External links
Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Hingham, Massachusetts
1943 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Barr |
Gregorio "Gringo" Ballesteros Honasan II (, born March 14, 1948), is a Filipino politician and a cashiered Philippine Army officer who led unsuccessful coups d'état against President Corazon Aquino. He played a key role in the 1986 EDSA Revolution that toppled President Ferdinand Marcos.
After 1986, he led a series of unsuccessful but violent coup attempts against the administration of Corazon Aquino. President Fidel Ramos granted him amnesty in 1992. He entered politics and became a senator from 1995 to 2004, and again from 2007 to 2019. He ran for vice president of the Philippines, being Jejomar Binay's running-mate in 2016, but both were respectively defeated by Leni Robredo and Rodrigo Duterte.
On November 22, 2018, President Duterte appointed then-Senator Honasan as Secretary of Department of Information and Communications Technology, which took effect after the latter's senatorial term, with Eliseo Rio serving as acting secretary.
Early life
Gregorio Honasan was born in Baguio to Colonel Romeo Gillego Honasan and Alicia "Alice" Masip Ballesteros, both from Sorsogon province. He has six siblings. Honasan spent his elementary days at San Beda College from Kindergarten to Grade 6. After which, he went to Taiwan and studied at the Dominican School, Taipei, Taiwan. He then returned to the Philippines and finished his high school at Don Bosco Technical College. He attained his Bachelor of Science degree at the Philippine Military Academy, where he received the title of "Class Baron", the academy's highest leadership award.
Military career
After graduating in 1971, he joined the Philippine Army's special forces, 1st Scout Ranger Regiment and went into combat against separatist and communist insurgents in Luzon and Mindanao. He was wounded in action at battles in Lebak and Jolo. Making his way up through the armed forces, he became aide-de-camp to Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile in 1974, and later became the Defense Ministry's Chief of Security.
Concurrent with his position as security chief, he was a board member of the Northern Mindanao Development Bank and president of the Beatriz Marketing Company.
Political career
People Power
In 1986, Honasan and a cabal of colonels, backed by Enrile, tried to use popular unrest to overthrow the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos. When the plot was uncovered, the conspirators sought refuge in the military headquarters and called on civilians, the media, and the Catholic Church for protection. Hundreds of thousands of people served as human shields to protect Honasan and his men from Marcos' forces, sparking the 1986 People Power Revolution that led to Marcos' fall from power and the installation of Corazon Aquino as president.
Coups d'état
Aquino awarded Honasan a Distinguished Conduct Star for the EDSA Revolution and the Presidential Government Medal in 1986. Under the new government, he was head of a special group in the defense ministry. Using his position, he was covertly involved in various coup attempts against Aquino.
On August 28, 1987, fighting broke out in the streets and Honasan ordered his men to attack government installations, resulting in the deaths of dozens, including many civilians. The attack was put down by government forces, but Honasan was able to escape. He was later captured and imprisoned on a Navy ship in Manila Bay. He later escaped once again by convincing his guards to join his cause.
Senate
Philippine President Fidel Ramos, who was elected in 1992, granted amnesty to Honasan, who utilized his rebel infamy to enter politics in 1995, becoming the second independent candidate in Philippine history to win a seat in the Senate after Magnolia Antonino. He was re-elected in 2001, filling the vacant seat left by Senator Teofisto Guingona Jr., who was appointed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as Vice President. From April 30 to May 1, 2001, together with Juan Ponce Enrile, Miriam Defensor Santiago, Panfilo Lacson and Vicente Sotto III, he led the EDSA III protests in support of deposed President Joseph Estrada. On May 1, 2001, the protesters stormed Malacañang Palace.
He left the Senate when his term expired in 2004. In the general election held in May 2007, he was again elected to the Senate. Running as an independent candidate, he polled some 11.6 million votes, finishing 10th out of 37 candidates for 12 Senate vacancies. He took up his post on June 30. He was reelected during the 2013 elections, placing 12th with 13,211,424 votes, his fourth term.
In June 2015, Justice Undersecretary Jose Justiniano amended the complaint against Senator Honasan for his alleged part in the Pork Barrel Scam involving allegations of corrupt malversation of public funds.
During the 2016 Philippine general elections, Honasan was Jejomar Binay's running mate under the United Nationalist Alliance party. Honasan placed 6th in the vice presidential race, garnering only 788,881 or 1.92% of votes.
Information and Communications Technology Secretary
On November 22, 2018, President Duterte appointed Honasan as secretary of Department of Information and Communications Technology. Acting Secretary Eliseo Rio Jr. held the position until the end of Honasan's Senate term. Honasan was sworn into the office on July 1, 2019 and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments on September 11, 2019.
In January 2020, the Department was flagged by the Commission on Audit of the Philippines for worth of cash advances of confidential funds under Honasan. Undersecretary of Operations Eliseo Rio Jr. also questioned the cash advances as he resigned from his position. Secretary Honasan and Undersecretary Rio later issued a joint statement to state that the confidential expenses were "lawful and legitimate" and that "Undersecretary Rio’s resignation was due to personal reasons, and not due to any rift with the Secretary, nor to any anomaly in the Confidential Expense."
2022 Senate bid
On October 8, 2021, Honasan filed his certificate of candidacy to run once again for senator in 2022, effectively ending his time as Secretary of Information and Communications Technology. His candidacy was endorsed by President Rodrigo Duterte, making him part of the PDP–Laban senatorial slate, although he was an independent. He was also named to the senatorial slate of tickets led by presidential aspirants Panfilo Lacson and Bongbong Marcos (under UniTeam Alliance), respectively. However, he lost his bid with 10,668,886 votes, ranking 18th out of the 12 seats up for election. He conceded from the race on May 11, 2022.
In popular culture
Parodied by veteran comedian Chiquito in the 1988 comedy film Gorio Punasan, Rebel Driver, the title being a pun on his name which literally translates as “Wipe Gorio”.
Parodied in the 1987 movie Kumander Gringa starring Roderick Paulate.
Portrayed by character actor Rez Cortez in the 1988 true to life drama TV film A Dangerous Life.
Portrayed by action star Robin Padilla in the 1994 true to life action drama film Col. Billy Bibit, RAM.
Portrayed by Moises Miclat in the 2007 comedy film Ang Cute ng Ina Mo!.
References
External links
Official campaign site of Gregorio Honasan
Gringo Honasan, Election 2016 Data
1948 births
Living people
Bicolano politicians
Candidates in the 2016 Philippine vice-presidential election
Duterte administration cabinet members
Independent politicians in the Philippines
People from Baguio
People from Marikina
People of the People Power Revolution
Philippine Army personnel
Philippine Military Academy alumni
Philippine Military Academy Class of 1971
Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Star
Reform the Armed Forces Movement
Secretaries of Information and Communications Technology of the Philippines
Senators of the 10th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 11th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 12th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 14th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 15th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 16th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 17th Congress of the Philippines
United Nationalist Alliance politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio%20Honasan |
Zemu Gap Peak or Zemu Peak () is a peak on a high ridge running east of the south summit of Kangchenjunga in the Himalayas. It is located in Sikkim, India. It is one of the highest unclimbed named peaks of the world. There have been no known attempts to climb this peak.
Because of its extremely low topographic prominence, Zemu Gap Peak does not appear on lists of highest unclimbed mountains nor on lists of highest mountains of the world. The website Peakware.com describes the peak as "...one of the highest unclimbed peaks that is not a sub-peak of another massif".
See also
List of highest mountains
References
External links
Anindya Mukherjee Zemu Gap From the South: The First Documented Ascent
French description
Mountains of Sikkim | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemu%20Gap%20Peak |
Erol's can refer to any of three companies, all founded by Erol Onaran, a Turkish immigrant to Virginia.
Erol's Inc.
Erol's Inc. was a video rental and electronic sales and repair company founded in 1963, which included video rental in 1980. By 1985, Erol's was the country's largest privately owned videocassette rental company. It was sold to Blockbuster Video for $40 million (~$ in ) in 1990. At the time of the sale, Erol's was the nation's third largest video rental chain with 208 stores in five states and the District of Columbia. Its success was widespread enough to spawn imitations. In Chile, Juan Pablo Correa created in the late 1980s a copycat of Erol's, named locally "Errol's" (with two R's), using the same typeface and color schemes of the American one. The same Chilean company opened several video rental stores called Errol's in Argentina and Bolivia during the 1990s.
Erol's Internet
Using the money from the sale of the video company, Erol would then expand his TV repair company and began selling and repairing computers. Soon afterward, he created an ISP bearing his name in the mid-1990s, called Erol's Internet. The ISP was based in Northern Virginia, at the longtime Erol's headquarters at 7921 Woodruff Court in Springfield, Va., and was the Washington D.C area's main competitor to AOL and smaller ISPs such as ClarkNet and CAIS. While owned by Erol Onaran, the business was run by his son, Orhan Onaran. Services provided by Erol's Internet were basic dial-up access with e-mail accounts and web space. Initially, Unix shell accounts were also provided. Unlike AOL, Erol's did not provide subscriber content, though limited attempts at this were made in later years. Erol's popularity was due to its locally based customer support, as well as cheaper prices. At one point a 5-year contract for dial-up access could be purchased for just over $300, bringing the monthly cost well below $19.95, which was the average price for all other competitors.
While focused mostly on residential customers, a unit called the Business Services Group (BSG) was set up to provide business services, such as custom domain names with web sites and email, RealAudio, dedicated servers, and static IPs or network blocks. BSG was phased out after less than two years, although business services were available for several years longer.
In the late 1990s, Erol's sought to become a publicly traded corporation and began the process toward an IPO. Instead, the Internet portion of the company was sold to RCN. It was rebranded Erols Internet (note the lack of the apostrophe). Slowly, over time, the Erols brand was reduced in favor of the Starpower and later RCN brand, although the domain name still resolves to RCN servers.
Erol's Computer
The Onaran family retained a small store in the nearby Ravensworth shopping center under the name Erol's Computer; it sold computer parts and repaired computers and video equipment. It expanded later to include a modest selection of DVD rentals. It was located where one of their old video rental stores used to be, which was taken over by Blockbuster Video, which was then converted back into an Erol's store. Later, the store moved down the street, near its old ISP headquarters, to a converted storage unit at 5232 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va., where it operated as Erol's TV-VCR & Computer Service. Around 2007, the store had reportedly gone out of business (unconfirmed), with no more Erol's presence, other than a few remaining erols email accounts currently supported by RCN, known in the area after 20 years.
References
External links
RCN Corporation
Internet service providers of the United States
Defunct Internet service providers
Defunct companies based in Virginia
Blockbuster LLC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erol%27s |
Tissa Ranasinghe (May 9, 1925 – November 2019) was a Sri Lankan artist known for his work in bronze. Born in 1925 the village of Yogiyana, he studied art at the College of Fine Arts, Colombo, in 1949, the year it was opened in the enthusiastic flowering of Ceylonese culture that followed the country's independence. After earning a diploma in 1952 he continued his studies at Britain's Chelsea School of Art and then the Royal College of Art, receiving a certificate in bronze casting.
He exhibited in a number of important shows, including "2,500 Years of Buddhist Art" at the French Institute, London, marking the worldwide anniversary of Buddhism in 1956. He also received a number of awards, including the first Unesco Fellowship allocated to Sri Lanka under the Creative Artists Scheme. Returning to his homeland, he served as a visiting lecturerat the College of Fine Arts, taught at the Institute of Practical Technology, Katubedda, and in 1970-71 was principal of what was by then the Government College of Art and Art Crafts, Colombo. Returning to Britain, he taught at the Royal College of Art and established a studio in southwest London, where he remained for the rest of his life.
One critic maintains that Ranasinghe "initiated a style of sculpture equivalent to Alberto Giacometti", with works that draw on ancient religion and mythology as well as down-to-earth modern realism. His works have been exhibited around the world, perhaps most strikingly in a solo exhibition, "Vision of the Buddha, Vision of the Gods", at the National Gallery of Thailand, Bangkok. His work is in public collections in Britain, Sweden, and of course Sri Lanka, where he has done statues of three prime ministers and at least one Governor-General.
He died in November 2019.
References
1925 births
2019 deaths
Sri Lankan sculptors
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Kala Keerthi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissa%20Ranasinghe |
The Chinese magic mirror () traces back to at least the 5th century, although their existence during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 24 AD) has been claimed. The mirrors were made out of solid bronze. The front was polished and could be used as a mirror, while the back has a design cast in the bronze, or other decoration. When sunlight or other bright light shines onto the mirror, the mirror appears to become transparent. If that light is reflected from the mirror onto a wall, the pattern on the back of the mirror is then projected onto the wall.
Bronze mirrors were the standard in many Eurasian cultures, but most lacked this characteristic, as did most Chinese bronze mirrors.
Construction
Robert Temple describes their construction:
The basic mirror shape, with the design on the back, was cast flat, and the convexity of the surface produced afterwards by elaborate scraping and scratching. The surface was then polished to become shiny. The stresses set up by these processes caused the thinner parts of the surface to bulge outwards and become more convex than the thicker portions. Finally, a mercury amalgam was laid over the surface; this created further stresses and preferential buckling. The result was that imperfections of the mirror surface matched the patterns on the back, although they were too minute to be seen by the eye. But when the mirror reflected bright sunlight against a wall, with the resultant magnification of the whole image, the effect was to reproduce the patterns as if they were passing through the solid bronze by way of light beams.
History
China
In about 800 AD, during the Tang dynasty (618–907), a book entitled Record of Ancient Mirrors described the method of crafting solid bronze mirrors with decorations, written characters, or patterns on the reverse side that could cast these in a reflection on a nearby surface as light struck the front, polished side of the mirror; due to this seemingly transparent effect, they were called "light-penetration mirrors" by the Chinese.
This Tang-era book was lost over the centuries, but magic mirrors were described in the Dream Pool Essays by Shen Kuo (1031–1095), who owned three of them as family heirlooms. Perplexed as to how solid metal could be transparent, Shen guessed that some sort of quenching technique was used to produce tiny wrinkles on the face of the mirror too small to be observed by the eye. Although his explanation of different cooling rates was incorrect, he was right to suggest the surface contained minute variations which the naked eye could not detect; these mirrors also had no transparent quality at all, as discovered by the British scientist William Bragg in 1932. Bragg noted that "Only the magnifying effect of reflection makes them [the designs] plain".
Japan
As the manufacture of mirrors in China increased, it expanded to Korea and Japan. In fact, Emperor Cao Rui and the Wei Kingdom of China gave numerous bronze mirrors (known as Shinju-kyo in Japan) to Queen Himiko of Wa (Japan), where they were received as rare and mysterious objects. They were described as "sources of honesty" as they were said to reflect all good and evil without error. That is why Japan considers a sacred mirror called Yata-no-Kagami to be one of the three great imperial treasures.
Today, Yamamoto Akihisa is said to be the last manufacturer of magic mirrors in Japan. The Kyoto Journal interviewed the craftsman and he explained a small portion of the technique, that he learned from his father.
Western Europe
The first magic mirror to appear in Western Europe was owned by the director of the Paris Observatory, who, on his return from China, brought several mirrors and one of them was magical. The latter was presented as an unknown object to the French Academy of Sciences in 1844. In total, just four magic mirrors brought from China to Europe, but in 1878 two engineering professors presented to the Royal Society of London several models they had brought from Japan. The English called the artefacts "open mirrors" and for the first time made technical observations regarding their construction.
In 2022, the Cincinnati Art Museum discovered that they had a Chinese magic mirror in their collection. The curator, Hou-mei Sung, discovered that a mirror in their collection reflected an image of Amitabha, an important figure in Chinese Buddhism, his name being inscribed on the back of the mirror.
See also
TLV mirror
References
Chinese art
Optical illusions
Chinese inventions
Bronze mirrors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20magic%20mirror |
Purari may refer to:
Purari River, Papua New Guinea
Purari language, a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purari |
Dan Milisavljevic (born January 31, 1980) is a Canadian astronomer and assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Purdue University.
Milisavljevic received his undergraduate education at McMaster University, where he was enrolled in the prestigious McMaster Arts and Science Programme. Upon graduation in 2004, he was awarded the Commonwealth Scholarship to study at the London School of Economics. There he pursued an MSc in the Philosophy and History of Science, and completed a dissertation on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. In June 2011, Milisavljevic obtained a PhD in physics and astronomy from Dartmouth College. Afterwards, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian before joining the faculty at Purdue.
Milisavljevic specializes in observational work in supernovae and supernova remnants. He is also known for aiding in the discovery of Uranus's moons Ferdinand, Trinculo, and Francisco; and Neptune's moons Halimede, Sao, Laomedeia and Neso.
References
External links
Personal Homepage of Dan Milisavljevic at Dartmouth College
Alumni of the London School of Economics
21st-century Canadian astronomers
Canadian expatriate academics in the United States
Dartmouth College alumni
McMaster University alumni
Living people
1980 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Milisavljevic |
August "Ago" Neo (12 February 1908 – 19 August 1982) was an Estonian wrestler who won two medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics: a silver medal in the freestyle wrestling and a bronze in Greco-Roman wrestling. His achievements were underscored by teammate Kristjan Palusalu, who won two gold medals in wrestling at the same games. Neo also won five medals in both wrestling styles at the European championships in 1934–1939.
Neo took up wrestling in 1928 and in 1931 placed fourth at European championships. He missed the 1932 Olympics because Estonia did not send an ample team to Los Angeles due to the Great Depression. During World War II he retired from wrestling and emigrated to Sweden. There he founded a small transport company and worked as a truck driver. He died in 1982 in Denmark, on the way from Germany to Sweden. Neo was first buried at Stockholm, but in 1998 reburied at the Metsakalmistu cemetery in Tallinn, Estonia.
References
External links
1908 births
1982 deaths
People from Lääne-Harju Parish
People from Kreis Harrien
Olympic wrestlers for Estonia
Wrestlers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Estonian male sport wrestlers
Olympic silver medalists for Estonia
Olympic bronze medalists for Estonia
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
European Wrestling Championships medalists
Estonian World War II refugees
Estonian emigrants to Sweden
Burials at Metsakalmistu
20th-century Estonian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Neo |
NASP may refer to:
In animation
Nickelodeon Animated Shorts Program
In science and academia
Nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein, a gene in the human genome
National Association of School Psychologists
In military
National Aerospace Plane, another name for the Rockwell X-30 experimental aircraft
Naval Air Station Pensacola, a United States Navy base in Florida
In politics and government
National Application Services Provider
In sports
National Archery in the Schools Program, an archery program for schools in the United States (and also several other countries)
In automotive
Naturally aspirated engine, an internal combustion engine that relies on atmospheric pressure for aspiration
In information technologies
Nokia Asha Software Platform, a Nokia OS for low-end smartphones based on Smarterphone OS | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASP |
Chopaka Lake is a lake in Okanogan County, Washington. It covers an area of approximately , is over 70 ft (21 m) deep at its deepest point, and is 2,910 ft (886 m) in elevation. The lake's name is that of a legendary Okanogan hunter who was transformed to stone by Coyote. It serves as an irrigation reservoir for local ranchers. Chopaka Lake is a favorite among fly fishers who cast for rainbow trout.
See also
Chopaka, British Columbia
Mount Chopaka
References
External links
Chopaka Lake pictographs
Chopaka Lake fly-fishing report
Chopaka Lake page, Bureau of Land Management
Lakes of Washington (state)
Lakes of Okanogan County, Washington
Protected areas of Okanogan County, Washington
Bureau of Land Management areas in Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopaka%20Lake |
Prof Alexander van Millingen DD (1840–1915) was a scholar in the field of Byzantine architecture, and a professor of history at Robert College, Istanbul between 1879 and 1915. His works are now public domain in many jurisdictions.
Life
He was born in Constantinople the third son of Dr Julius Michael Millingen, court physician to the Sultan, and his wife Zafira Ralli. He was educated at the Protestant College on the island of Malta and then at Blair Lodge Academy at Polmont in central Scotland. He then took a general degree at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BA in 1861 and an MA in 1862. He then studied divinity at New College, Edinburgh qualifying in 1866. He was then licensed by the Presbytery of the Free Church of Scotland at Dunkeld.
Having a clear wanderlust he was ordained at the Scottish Church in Genoa in north Italy in 1868. He stayed one year before being translated to Pera on the outskirts of Constantinople. He was appointed Professor of English Literature at Robert's College in the city in 1878.
He died at Jervis Wood in Tunbridge Wells in Kent on 7 September 1915.
Family
He married twice in later life. In July 1879 he married Antoinette Cora Welch, widow of Truman Thomson, of Newhaven, Connecticut. She died at sea in November 1892. In September 1895 he married Frances Elizabeth Hope Mackenzie at St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh. She was the daughter of Henry Somerset Mackenzie (b.1870), a judge in the East India Company. Thirty years his junior she lived at 16 Moray Place on the Moray Estate at the time of the marriage. She died in 1929 in Barnet, London. They had three sons.
His sister was Evelina van Millingen, later the Countess Pisani.
Selected publications
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20081006223348/http://www.boun.edu.tr/about/museum.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233858/http://isbndb.com/d/person/van_millingen_alexander.html
American Byzantinists
1840 births
1915 deaths
English people of Dutch-Jewish descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20van%20Millingen |
The Echo of Thunder is an Australian family drama film, released for television in 1998. It is based on the novel Thunderwith by Australian children's author Libby Hathorn. It was aired on CBS in the United States as a Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation.
Plot
The film is a story of a man Larry Ritchie, who lives with his second wife and three kids on an Australian farm in the Wallingat Forest NSW. He learns about the fatal illness of his first wife which leaves his eldest daughter, Lara, alone in the world. Larry decides to take the girl into his home, but his new family doesn't like the idea. The mother Gladwyn is possessive of Larry and their three children, Pearl, Opal and Jasper. Lara seeks solace with a mysterious dog she names Thunderwith that appears from time to time on the property. The dog seems to the girl to be a link to her beloved mother and an important companion. The story concentrates on the relationship between mother Gladwyn and stepdaughter, as Lara is slowly accepted into the family.
Production
The film was shot in Mount Beauty, Victoria and directed by Simon Wincer. Hallmark Channel produced the movie and the story undertook several changes for example the four Ritchie children became only three on the set. Judy Davis, who played the mother Gladwyn was nominated for an Emmy for her performance in the movie. At the 20th Youth in Film Awards, the film was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Movie / Pilot / Made-for-Video: Young Ensemble and Best Family TV Movie / Pilot / Mini-Series.
Cast
Jamey Sheridan as Larry Ritchie
Judy Davis as Gladwyn Ritchie
Lauren Hewett as Lara Ritchie
Chelsea Yates as Pearl Ritchie
Emily Browning as Opal Ritchie
Ben and James Hanson as Jasper Ritchie
Michael Caton as Bill Gadrey
Ernie Dingo as Neil
References
External links
1998 television films
1998 films
1998 drama films
Hallmark Hall of Fame episodes
Australian drama television films
Films directed by Simon Wincer
Films scored by Laurence Rosenthal
1990s English-language films
1990s Australian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Echo%20of%20Thunder |
Frederic Andrews Gibbs (1903–1992) was an American neurologist who was a pioneer in the use of electroencephalography (EEG) for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.
Gibbs graduated from Yale and Johns Hopkins in 1929. He was offered a fellowship in neuropathology by Stanley Cobb, of Harvard Medical School. He studied epilepsy in the same laboratory as William G. Lennox and Erna Leonhardt.
Erna Leonhardt was Lennox's technical co-worker and had come to Boston as an immigrant from Germany. She married Gibbs in 1930 and they formed a research team that would last a lifetime, publishing papers together over the next fifty-odd years.
The electroencephalograph was primitive in the early 1930s, having only one channel. In 1935, Gibbs asked Albert Grass (an MIT graduate) to build a three-channel EEG. Grass built the machine in his father's basement with the help of his brother. In the same year, Erna and Frederic Gibbs traveled to Europe to attend a conference and visit Hans Berger, the inventor of the EEG.
In 1944, they moved to University of Illinois School of Medicine, and Frederic Gibbs was promoted to professor in the epilepsy clinic.
The Gibbs published the book Atlas of Electroencephalography in 1941, with a second edition in 1951. Their book valued the subjective and experienced eye of an electroencephalographer over objective mechanical or mathematical analysis.
Frederic Gibbs was jointly (with William Lennox) awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 1951.
Erna Gibbs died in 1987.
Further reading
References
Footnotes
American neurologists
Yale University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Harvard Medical School people
1903 births
1992 deaths
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic%20A.%20Gibbs |
The Association of Professionals on Land and Realty (former Association for Protection of Landowners' Rights (APLR) (Georgian: მიწისა და უძრავი ქონების პროფესიონალთა ასოციაცია) is Georgian non-governmental, not-for-profit organization. The mandate of the organization is to facilitate the development, regulation and transparency of Georgian land (real estate) markets. With its active participation in the land reform program, legislative initiatives, and close monitoring of existing legislation, APLR represents one of the main participants in the real estate market regulation field in Georgia (country); it is also an organization with an established reputation and prominence in the South Caucasus region.
History
APLR was founded in 1996 by a group of landowners' rights activists. Soon after establishment, the organization became a primary advocacy group for Georgian land users, and already in 1997, started to play an active role in land reform, formulating policies for land privatization in Georgia.
Activities
Today, APLR offers a wide variety of services to its clients and partners, both national and international. Services include advocacy / legal consulting, legal drafting, real estate registration, resettlement assistance. In partnership with USAID, APLR has registered and titled around 2.4 million land parcels in Georgia. In cooperation with BP, APLR has played an important role in land acquisition which was essential for realization of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline in Georgia.
One of the achievements of APLR was a successful lobbying effort that led to the adoption of the legislation enabling privatization of state-owned agricultural lands, which was considered to be a key legislative act for the development of Georgian agriculture.
External links
Official webpage of APLR
Political organisations based in Georgia (country)
Landowners' organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20Protection%20of%20Landowners%27%20Rights |
Tim Moore may refer to:
Politicians
Tim Moore (North Carolina politician) (born 1970), American politician from North Carolina
Tim Moore (Michigan politician) (born 1967), State House Representative for the 97th District of Michigan
Tim Moore (Australian politician) (born 1948), New South Wales politician
Tim Moore (Kentucky politician) (born 1966), House of Representative member from Kentucky
Others
Tim Moore (comedian) (1887–1958), American actor, vaudeville and television comedian
Tim Moore (writer) (born 1964), British travel writer and humorist
Tim Moore (singer-songwriter), American songwriter who released five solo albums on Elektra Records
Tim Moore (diver) (born 1953), American diver
Timothy Moore (1922-2003), English composer
See also
Tim (disambiguation)
Moore (surname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Moore |
The River Alyn () is a tributary of the River Dee in north-east Wales. It rises at the southern end of the Clwydian hills and the Alyn Valley forms part of the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The main town on the river is Mold, the county town of Flintshire. It lends its name to the constitutencies of Alyn and Deeside in the UK Parliament and the Senedd.
The River Alyn crosses the carboniferous limestone from Halkyn Mountain and north through the Loggerheads area before heading southeast, passing through Mold before reaching its confluence with the River Dee northeast of Wrexham.
Between Loggerheads and Rhydymwyn it runs through the Alyn Gorge, which is the site of the caves Ogof Hesp Alyn, Ogof Hen Ffynhonnau and Ogof Nadolig. It mainly runs across a limestone surface, creating potholes and underwater caves, into which the river flows through some of the summer, when water levels have decreased significantly. For parts of this stretch the river bed is dry for most of the year.
Flows in the River Alyn are significantly affected by mining, particularly the Milwr mine drainage tunnel which diverts a sizeable amount (23 million gallons of water per day.) of the River Alyn out of its catchment and into the Dee estuary at Bagillt.
References
External links
The River Alyn
Google maps confluence with River Dee
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of the River Alyn and surrounding areas
Alyn
Alyn
1Alyn
Rivers of Wrexham County Borough | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Alyn |
"In Too Deep" is a song by Canadian rock band Sum 41. It is the seventh track on their debut studio album All Killer No Filler (2001), and was released as the second single in September 2001.
History
According to Ben Cook of Fucked Up, No Warning and Young Guv, "In Too Deep" was originally a reggae song, to be released by writer Greig Nori's band Treble Charger and feature rapper Snow in the verses.
Singer Deryck Whibley told Kerrang that one night when he was 18, he and his friend, guitarist Dave Baksh, were going to drive to downtown Toronto to hang out. Baksh was very late in picking Whibley up, and Whibley started playing around with his guitar while sitting by the window and waiting. The riff came first, and he started improvising verses and the chorus, and within three or four minutes, had come up with everything but the guitar solo and bridge. He recorded it on his small recorder before Baksh finally arrived, and didn't think much of it. He finally got around to finishing the whole song a few months later.
He said "the words were based on very basic-level relationship stuff that I’d gone through in high school, because that was my reference point." Specifically, the inspiration was a bad relationship he'd had in 10th grade, which at the time had made him never want to have another girlfriend again. "I guess I was able to sort of tap into those early relationships and it’s universal, so I was milling the simplicity in that. There’s something magical about that era in your life," he said.
Music video
The music video was directed by Marc Klasfeld and premiered in September 2001. It is a parody of the diving competition scene from the Rodney Dangerfield film Back to School. Sum 41 face another dive team, represented as stereotypical high school "jocks" with muscular bodies and red Speedos. Each band member takes their turn diving off the board in comical fashion as they dive against their opposition, who dive with mocking perfection. After guitarist Dave Baksh completes his dive, he then rises out of the water to play his guitar solo (Baksh and bassist Jason "Cone" McCaslin have both confirmed this scene was inspired by the video for Guns N' Roses' "Estranged"). After each dive, the video cuts to a scene of the band playing in an empty pool surrounded by fans. For the last dive, drummer Steve Jocz does a comically dramatic dive similar to the dive done by Dangerfield's character in Back to School (known as the 'Triple Lindy' in the film) in which he bounces off of every diving board and lands perfectly in the water. Jocz is rewarded with near-perfect marks from the judges, the band wins the competition and the judges and some of the audience jump into the pool in celebration.
The diving scenes were filmed at the since-demolished Industry Hills Aquatic Club in the City of Industry, California, the very same site as where the Back to School movie was shot. The pool scenes were shot at the Cadillac Jack's and Pink Motel in Sun Valley, California.
Track listings
Single
In Too Deep (3:27)
Fat Lip (Live) (2:55)
All She's Got (Live) (3:02)
It's What We're All About (Live, With Tommy Lee on drums) (2:47)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
2001 singles
2001 songs
Island Records singles
Mercury Records singles
Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld
Songs written by Deryck Whibley
Songs written by Greig Nori
Sum 41 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Too%20Deep%20%28Sum%2041%20song%29 |
Joel Raymond Johnston (born March 8, 1967, in West Chester, Pennsylvania) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher. He played five seasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Kansas City Royals and Boston Red Sox. He was , 220 pounds, and he also threw and batted right-handed. Johnston attended Marple Newtown High School and Penn State University.
Career
Johnston was drafted in the 3rd round of the 1988 amateur entry draft by the Royals. Less than 5 seasons later, on September 5, 1991, he made his major league debut at the age of 24. Perhaps his rookie season was his best season—in just over 22 innings, he gave up only one earned run for an ERA of 0.40. He also struck out 21 batters that year.
According to Baseball America, in 1992 Johnston was the Royals top prospect, and was also number 59 on Baseball America's 1992 Top 100 Prospects list.
After his promising rookie season, Johnston pitched in just 5 games in , posting an ERA of 13.50. After the season Johnston was traded to the Pirates with pitcher Dennis Moeller for second baseman José Lind, and he rebounded to an ERA of 3.38 in 33 games. However, after brief trials producing poor ERAs of 29.70 (1994) and 11.25 (1995), Johnston pitched his final major league game on May 12, 1995.
In 1996, Johnston played in 18 games for the Tennessee Tomahawks of the Big South League, and in 1997 he played for the Wei Chuan Dragons of the Chinese Professional Baseball League, winning the Taiwan Series.
Personal
Johnston currently resides in Downingtown, Pennsylvania.
References
Sources
1967 births
Living people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Kansas City Royals players
Boston Red Sox players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Penn State Nittany Lions baseball players
Eugene Emeralds players
Baseball City Royals players
Memphis Chicks players
Omaha Royals players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Tennessee Tomahawks players
Sportspeople from West Chester, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Johnston |
Adama Dieng (born 22 May 1950, Senegal) is a former UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide and former board member of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and a former registrar of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. He was designated an expert on human rights in Sudan on November 12, 2021 by the UN.
Life and career
Adama Dieng holds degrees in law from Dakar University (CFPA) and in international law from the Research Centre of The Hague Academy of International Law. His legal career started in Senegal where he held several positions before becoming registrar of Supreme Court of Senegal and, from 1976 to 1982, personal assistant to its president. He then served as Legal Officer of Africa for the International Commission of Jurists from 1982 to 1989, Executive Secretary (1989-1990) and Secretary-General from October 1990 to May 2000.
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed him in January 2001 as the Registrar of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. He has worked as a consultant for many international organizations including UNITAR, the Organisation of African Unity, the Ford Foundation, UNESCO, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross. He is a council member of the Observatoire Panafricain de la Démocratie, a member of the executive committee of Africa Leadership Forum and a board member of the International Institute of Human Rights. Dieng, a Muslim, strongly criticized the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, saying, among other things, that it introduced "intolerable discrimination against both non-Muslims and women".
On 17 July 2012, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed him the Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide.
Some publications
L'Organisation internationale du travail et la justice sociale
The Quest Forward - which way forward for Africa
Democracy and the Rule of Law
The Role of Lawyers and Judges on the International Stage
Nature of Conflicts
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
New trends in Human Rights and Corruption in Africa
References
External links
Entry on the IDEA Homepage
Entry in the Contemporary Africa Database
1950 births
Living people
20th-century Senegalese lawyers
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda officials
Place of birth missing (living people)
Cheikh Anta Diop University alumni
Senegalese officials of the United Nations
Senegalese Muslims
21st-century Senegalese lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama%20Dieng |
TVU Networks Corporation is a privately held technology company based in Mountain View, California.
History (Early Years)
TVUPlayer was the company’s first product. It was a live streaming TV viewer client that provided free live television programming worldwide. It was viewable from a PC or laptop with a broadband connection until its services stopped on February 25, 2013.
The company introduced its first IP-based hardware device on September 11, 2010. The TVUPack TM8000 was a mobile news gathering backpack transmitter that allowed broadcasters to deliver a live broadcast-quality HD signal with latency of two seconds over IP, even with limited bandwidth. The aggregated cellular transmission technology used in TVUPack and other similar devices at the time provided an alternative to traditional satellite trucks, helping to change on-location live reporting for television stations.
The technology used in these backpack style cellular transmitters were often referred to as bonded cellular or aggregated cellular within the broadcast industry. The expression refers to “multiple circuits or connections synchronized to provide a more reliable signal than standard consumer wireless connections.” The advantage of backpack transmitters was the ability for news crews in the field to air first or exclusively.
Rapid releases of upgraded and more technologically advanced versions of the TVUPack transmitter were introduced following the TM8000 including the TM8100 and the TM8200 models within two years. With each new version of the early generation backpack transmitters, the form factor and weight were reduced and more product features were added to the software.
The company also began expanding its IP based product line, including the rollout of TVU Anywhere, a newsgathering live video mobile app for iOS and Android devices, and TVU Grid for cloud based point-to-multipoint live video distribution. Gray Television was the first national station group to deploy TVU Grid at launch.
History (Present Day)
In 2015, the company achieved a breakthrough in size and functionality with the rollout of its TVU One portable transmitter as the eventual successor to the original TVUPacks. The new transmitter was 90% smaller than the first generation cellular packs but without any reduction in performance or features. TVU also entered into a partnership with leading drone manufacturer DJI in the same year in which the two companies collaborated on integrating their products for drone applications.
TVU has shifted its focus in recent years to the development of cloud native applications that address each phase of the broadcast workflow acquisition, transmission, production, distribution and management. The broadcast industry had been transitioning to IP from transitional SDI with the COVID pandemic accelerating the migration. The need for cloud native and IP products and services in the broadcast industry are a direct result of studios moving away from traditional fixed studio hardware infrastructure to flexible anywhere remote production.
Products
TVU Alert is a cloud-based service that allows users to instantly notify their entire organization or part of their organization about important information.
TVU Anywhere is an app that turns mobile devices or laptops into transmitters that use aggregated cellular and Wi-Fi connections to stream HQ video.
TVU AP ENPS Integration is a collaboration between TVU Networks and the Associated Press to create a newsroom workflow geared toward streamlining the newsgathering process from shooting to editing.
The TVU Aerial Newsgathering Pack integrates its TVU One mobile transmitter with drone technology to enable live high-definition transmission from in the air.
TVU Booking Service lets stations plan and manage streams. Booking Service automatically takes streams live according to a set schedule, and switches between streams without the need for an operator.
TVU Command Center is a cloud-based management system that grants full control over all TVU products and services. Through Command Center, users can adjust latency and bit-rate on TVU transmitters, track receiver locations through a map, add and remove supported devices and manage all TVU Grid content.
TVU Era is a cost-friendly version of the TVU One mobile transmitter and other professional video encoders similar to it. It has most of the features of the TVU One but is designed to be used with a single IP Ethernet connection.
TVU G-Link is a point-to-point transmission solution that allows video to be sent from one location to another using a public Internet connection. TVU G-Link 4K is a rack-mount contribution encoder that supports true 4K60P UHD HDR.
TVU Grid is a live video switching, routing and distribution solution. It allows stations to distribute live streams to a scalable number of other Grid-enabled stations or locations via a web interface.
TVU Me is a virtual marketplace where freelancers and independent production crews can make their live or recorded content available for exchange or purchase. They can also offer services for booking.
TVU MediaMind is a story-centric workflow solution for acquiring, indexing, producing and distributing live video via the cloud. It uses Artificial Intelligence and automation to streamline the production process and archive media assets for reuse.
TVU MLink is a transmitter designed for fixed use in vehicles or studios. It has the same functions as the TVU One but comes in a rack-mountable form, and is capable of integrating with satellite and microwave in addition to or in place of cellular or Wi-Fi connections.
TVU One is a compact mobile IP video transmitter that aggregates multiple connections to decode high quality video with 0.5-second latency. It can hold up to six embedded modems, with optional support for CAT12 3G/4G/LTE global modems. TVU One uses H.265/HEVC compression and runs on TVU Networks’ patented transmission technology, Inverse StatMux Plus, or IS+. TVU One 4K is a version of the TVU One that supports 4K60P output. It is the first portable cellular backpack solution to transmit at this resolution.
TVU Producer is a cloud-based production solution that allows multi-channel IP video switching with titling and graphics capabilities. Users can edit video on a web interface and simultaneously output it to social media or a CDN platform.
TVU Router is a portable Internet access point that uses the patented Inverse StatMux Plus to aggregate communication links to provide up to 200Mbit/s of secure, stable, high-bandwidth IP connection.
TVU Remote Production System (also known as TVU RPS) uses existing studio infrastructure and a standard Internet connection for remote live multi-camera production with up to six synchronized transmissions. It is part of TVU's Remote Production solutions.
TVU Talkshow is a cost-effective turnkey solution for live show and event production with optional bi-directional viewer participation.
TVU Timelock is another part of TVU's Remote Production solutions. It sets up to six TVU transmitters at the same latency to transmit to a video switcher for remote multi-camera production.
TVU Transcriber converts speech to text in real time for both live and recorded videos. It supports multiple languages, can identify and mute profanity, and can output audio as text in a file format to be used for auditing.
References
Television technology
Companies based in Mountain View, California
Companies established in 2005
2005 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVU%20Networks |
Roncalli High School is a private, Catholic high school located in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA. It is owned by the Diocese of Green Bay. Founded in 1965 by the De La Salle Christian Brothers, Roncalli High School is named for Pope John XXIII (né Angelo Roncalli). Roncalli offers a college-prep curriculum. In 2022, the school merged with the Catholic elementary and middle schools, becoming known as Roncalli Catholic Schools.
The school's mascot is the Jets. The gymnasium is called “Kersten Court”, also known as "the Hangar". A Fine Arts Center for the visual and performing arts is the newest addition. The Zimmer Auditorium hosts four dramatic productions and six instrumental and choral concerts each year.
Roncalli's educational values are inspired by St. John Baptist de La Salle, St. Francis Of Assisi, St. Edith Stein, and Pope John XXIII.
The school offers AP classes, including AP chemistry, AP physics, AP human biology, AP U.S. history and AP calculus.
Notable alumni
Jim Schmitt, Former Mayor of Green Bay
Bob Ziegelbauer, Wisconsin politician
Michael Zimmer, privacy and social media scholar
Notes and references
External links
Roncalli High School website
Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay
Educational institutions established in 1965
Catholic secondary schools in Wisconsin
Schools in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin
1965 establishments in Wisconsin
Manitowoc, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roncalli%20High%20School%20%28Wisconsin%29 |
Tony Young (born 1961), professionally known as Master T, is a Canadian television and radio personality and urban music promoter. He was born in Leeds, England, and moved to Canada with his Jamaican family in 1974.
Early life and education
He was raised in Kitchener, Ontario, where he attended Kitchener-Waterloo Collegiate and Vocational School and met his future wife. He later studied television broadcasting at Mohawk College in Hamilton.
Career at MuchMusic
He found work as a camera operator at MuchMusic before he and his wife created the Black Music program, X-Tendamix (later "Da Mix"). As a VJ for MuchMusic, Young (as "Master T") continued to host various programs, including Rap City, from 1990 to 2001. When he left MuchMusic, his on-air farewell party featured an exclusive live performance by Lauryn Hill.
During his time with Much, Master T was the primary promoter of the channel's Much DanceMix series of compilation CDs, and received a Diamond plaque for over one million in sales.
Post-MuchMusic career
Since leaving MuchMusic, he has produced and promoted his own Master T's series of hip hop and reggae compilations.
In 2014, he publicly called for the "Much" television channel to return to the hands of Moses Znaimer.
Young has also hosted the syndicated radio program Wall of Sound, produced by CIDC-FM.
As of 2017, Young has been hosting the online interview and performance series RX Music LIVE, featuring past guests such as Wyclef Jean, Kardinal Offishall, Vance Joy and more.
Awards
Young has been awarded a Toronto Bob Marley award, a Ghanaian Community Award, and a Mohawk College Alumni of Distinction award.
Bibliography
Foreword by Shaggy.
References
External links
Living people
1961 births
Canadian people of Jamaican descent
Canadian radio hosts
English emigrants to Canada
Black Canadian broadcasters
Much (TV channel) personalities
People from Kitchener, Ontario
Canadian VJs (media personalities) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20T |
Sutton-in-Craven is a village, electoral ward and (as just Sutton) a civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England that is situated in the Aire Valley between Skipton and Keighley. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, in 2001 the population was 3,480, increasing to 3,714 at the Census 2011.
The village is adjacent to Glusburn and Cross Hills, but although these three effectively form a small town, Sutton village maintains its distinct identity.
History
The village existed before 1086 as "Sutun": listed in the Domesday Book. The landowner then was Ravenkeld who was taxed on 240 acres (100 hectares) of ploughland. But lands were then given by the Norman crown to its compatriots: Robert de Romille followed by Edmund de Boyvill and then Adam de Copley.
In the 14th century, the village was known as Sutton-in-Ayrdale but became Sutton-in-Craven in 1620.
In the late 17th century Sutton-in-Craven became part of the ancient parish of Kildwick so all Sutton residents were baptised, married and buried at Kildwick Parish Church. But in 1869 Sutton was constituted as a separate ecclesiastical district. Building a church for the new parish started in 1868 and its consecration day was the feast of St. Thomas, 21 December 1869.
Sutton-in-Craven Church of England Primary School opened in 1858.
Industry
The main industry was farming of livestock until the Industrial Revolution when that was largely replaced by the textile industry. One of the oldest mills, Greenroyd Mill at Sutton Clough, was in 1815 Peter Hartley's cotton mill but only the remains of its two dams are still visible. The 1831 Census lists numerous cotton weavers. The Bairstow family were woollen manufacturers from 1838 until 1970 but a nursing home and houses now stand on the site of their mill. Only one of the original mill buildings remains today.
Transport
In 1773 the first Bingley to Skipton section of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal passed to the north of Sutton. By 1781 the canal joined Leeds to Gargrave, and in 1816 completed the link to Liverpool.
In 1786 the Keighley and Kendal Turnpike road opened, followed in 1823 by the Blackburn to Addingham road, resulting in six stagecoaches a day passing through the area.
In 1847 the Leeds and Bradford Extension Railway opened its Shipley to Skipton section that passes to the north of Sutton at the Kildwick and Crosshills railway station.
Landmarks
A park is opposite the Baptist Church behind the County Primary School. Sutton Clough, formerly part of the Sutton Hall Estate, is at the south of the village, and Lund's Tower and Wainman's Pinnacle are on a hill to the south-west. Craven House, the oldest village building, faces High Street and dates from the late 16th to early 17th centuries.
People
The artist and scientific illustrator Brian Hargreaves (1935-2011) was born in Sutton.
Gallery
References
External links
Sutton-in-Craven Parish Council
Sutton-in-Craven Village Website
SUTTONsource Community Pages
Google Maps Sutton-in-Craven
Facebook on Sutton-in-Craven
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Craven District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton-in-Craven |
Carolyn Stewart-Olsen (born July 27, 1946) is a retired Conservative senator from New Brunswick. She was formerly Senior Advisor and Director of Strategic Communication in the Prime Minister's Office of Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper.
Early life
Stewart-Olsen was born and raised in Sackville, New Brunswick, and worked as a nurse for 20 years before becoming a political staffer.
Professional career
Stewart-Olsen, a registered nurse by profession, had a twenty-year nursing career including ten years as an emergency room nurse New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec before being appointed Head Nurse for the Ambulatory Care Department at Ottawa's Grace Hospital in 1986. She later became Nursing Manager for the Emergency, Recovery Room, Ambulatory Care, and CSR departments at Carleton Place Hospital.
Reform, Alliance and DRC work
In 1993, Stewart-Olsen became a volunteer in the communications office of the Reform Party of Canada under Preston Manning, newly settling in as a major party in the House of Commons. She later came on staff as a media officer or press aide until 2000, serving through the creation of its first successor party, the Canadian Alliance and the leadership of Stockwell Day, who defeated Manning for the Alliance leadership. In January 2000 she was fired.
Stewart-Olsen then went to work for Deborah Grey, the first Reform MP and a Manning loyalist, and in 2001, she was identified as a press aide to the Democratic Representative Caucus, a group of dissidents including Grey who broke with the party under Day's leadership.
Harper's trusted aide
In the 2002 Canadian Alliance leadership election, she became press secretary to Harper in his successful challenge to Day, planting a strong reciprocal loyalty between the two that would strengthen through the 2004 leadership race of its successor the Conservative Party of Canada, and Stewart-Olsen's frequent contact with Harper in their work; a 2005 Globe and Mail report said that Stewart-Olsen and executive assistant Ray Novak, "mid-level staffers," were "seen as having his ear, much more so than many higher-ranking staff in the [Opposition leader's] office of about 100."
As Harper's press secretary, Stewart-Olsen survived several periods of significant turnover in Harper's communication staff; in opposition in 2005, amid one such transition, media reports stated that Stewart-Olsen was widely tipped to succeed Geoff Norquay as communications director, but she remained in her position as press secretary.
When Harper became prime minister after the 2006 federal election, Stewart-Olsen moved with him into government.
Accounts of Stewart-Olsen vary widely. On the 2005-06 campaign trail, a reporter for The Record who had been physically restrained from asking a question by a member of Harper's RCMP security detail found Stewart-Olsen "diminutive and soft-spoken;" she defused the situation and arranged a short interview. Calgary Sun writer Licia Corbella calls her "competent and charming".
However, a fellow Conservative strategist, speaking anonymously to the Canadian Press in 2005, said that "Carolyn Stewart Olsen is an issue for a lot of people — her relationship with the leader and her inability to work well with people." Editorialist Adam Radwanski suggested in his blog that she may "reinforce all the leader's worst, most paranoid instincts." In February 2006, after the departure of Harper's communications director William Stairs, the Toronto Star described Stewart-Olsen going to the "unusual lengths of holding down reporters' hands when they've tried to ask questions or shouting at journalists who don't abide by her rules for press dealings. The fact that Harper chose to keep Stewart-Olsen and eject Stairs was seen last night as largely a cosmetic answer to the deeper issue of his public-relations problems and Harper's distrust of anything related to the media." Reinforcing this perception of media relations, in April 2008 it was reported that Conservative Members of Parliament were required to carry at all times a wallet-sized, laminated card entitled "When a Reporter Calls". The card provided instructions as to questions a Member of Parliament was expected to ask of a reporter, prior to seeking permission from the Prime Minister's Office to speak to the journalist.
Senate of Canada
On August 27, 2009, it was announced that Stewart-Olsen would be among nine new appointments to the Senate of Canada. Stewart Olsen became most-visible to the public during the Senate expenses scandal. She was part of a three-member steering committee in charge of the Senate committee on the internal economy. The group came under scrutiny for its handling of a report on Senator Mike Duffy's housing expenses. She retired from the Senate on July 27, 2021, upon reaching the mandatory retirement age.
References
External links
Canadian senators from New Brunswick
Conservative Party of Canada senators
Women members of the Senate of Canada
Living people
Members of the United Church of Canada
Communications directors of the Canadian Prime Minister's Office
Canadian political consultants
Stewart-Olsen, Stewart
1946 births
People from Sackville, New Brunswick
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn%20Stewart-Olsen |
Peter Cox is the debut solo album from Go West frontman Peter Cox. It features 11 tracks mostly written by Cox and album producer Peter-John Vettese. The album reached No. 64 on the UK Albums Chart.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Peter Cox and Peter-John Vettese; except where indicated.
"Ain't Gonna Cry Again"
"If You Walk Away" (Peter Cox, Peter Lord, V. Jeffrey Smith)
"Change"
"One More Kiss"
"I'll Be Good to You" (Peter Cox, David West, Gary Stevenson)
"Tender Heart" (Peter Cox, Peter Lord, V. Jeffrey Smith)
"Believe"
"Wanting You"
"The Enemy"
"They Whisper to Me"
"If You Walk Away" (Cutfather & Joe Remix)
Re-issues
After the June 1998 release of the top 40 hit "What a Fool Believes", the album was re-issued by Chrysalis Records with this cover version added to the track listing.
The album was later re-issued again in 2003 (minus the track "If You Walk Away (Cutfather & Joe Remix)") with the following tracks added, including two covers:
"In a Better World"
"Move On Up"
"Closer"
"Parade"
"No Ordinary Day"
"Just My Imagination"
References
1997 debut albums
Chrysalis Records albums
Pop albums by English artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Cox%20%28album%29 |
Tony Young may refer to:
Tony Young (director) (1917–1966), British film director and television producer
Tony Young (politician) (born 1966), San Diego city councillor
Tony Young (actor) (1937–2002), American film and TV actor
Tony Young (footballer) (born 1952), English former footballer
Tony Young (martial artist) (born 1962), African American martial artist
Anthony M. Young, Australian mycologist
Tony Young, Canadian television and radio personality, known as Master T
See also
Anthony Young (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Young |
Lake George is a small lake in Anoka County, Minnesota, located within the city of Oak Grove, north of the city of Anoka. Minnesota's Department of Natural Resources tracks the lake by the name George and the identifier 02-0091-00. The USGS tracks the lake by the ID 644081 and the coordinates of
Roughly circular in shape with two marshes encircling Greenwald Island on the Southern shore, Lake George Regional Park covers much of the North shore. The park has picnic areas, a boat launch, and a large roped-off swimming beach. The lake is used during the summer and winter for water skiing, fishing, ice fishing, canoeing, and snowmobiling. With the exception of a few vacant lots, a wetland area in the southeast corner at the lake outlet, a new development on the west end, and the County property, there are homes located along the entire lake.
The regions around the lake are known as: Paradise Alley, Beaver Shores, Lake George Regional Park, Cattail Oak, Shady Oak, South Bay, Greenwald Island, Indian Ridge Road.
History
Lake George was formed about 12,000 years ago following retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and drainage of glacial Lake Anoka. The first recorded mention of the lake comes from an Indian battle which occurred in 1845. The battle followed a peace conference between the Lakota and the Ojibway at Fort Snelling. Following the conference, the Ojibway began returning home up the Mississippi River and then up the Rum River, and the Lakota set on their way up the Minnesota River. It is reported that the Ojibway took a Lakota woman with them and when the Lakota discovered this they pursued the Ojibway to their camp on the south shore of Lake George. The battle that ensued lasted for three days and resulted in over 200 dead.
In 1847, Federal surveyors established the section and township boundaries as well as locations of Indian burial mounds. The lake is named after George Arbuckle, who was the chief surveyor of the party. The original survey plats of lake George and Greenwald Island were published in 1848.
After the settlement of the area, Lake George began to become popular for urban dwellers looking to find summer recreation. By the turn of the century, many cabins and, just prior to World War I, a few resorts were built. Vacationers first came by rail via the depot in Cedar and later by car. The main resorts on the lake were Hopper's (northwest shore), Yost's (North shore), Tillbergs (now the Shoreside), Day's (later the By George Inn) and Fleet's Inn (northshore). Fleet's Inn was located not too far from the present day county beach. It was said that gangsters from nearby St. Paul would check in when the heat was on in town. The Chicago mob would occasionally visit them to make business deals.
Greenwald Island is named after Aaron Greenwald, who was born December 2, 1832, and eventually settled in Anoka where he found work as a miller in one of the local flour mills. Aaron and wife, Ann, had two sons: William born August 8, 1859, and Louis on Oct 10, 1860. It is possible that Aaron was the first man to enlist for the Union cause.
In the late 1930s the Lake George Conservation Club was formed. At the time most of the lakeshore residents were seasonal. In the 1970s the face of the lake's neighborhoods began to change with permanent homes replacing the summer cabins. The clubs activities began to dwindle until 1981 when an issue regarding horsepower regulation on the lake united the lake's residents and the club was reconstituted. In the summer of 1998 there was a dead body found in the lake.
In January 2004, the two marshes were dredged to open a channel.
Ecology
Lake George exhibits very good water clarity with a summer average of in 2004. About or 80% of the lake is classified as littoral (<15’ deep). However, since Lake George exhibits very clear water, plants grow to a deeper depth in the lake. The maximum and mean depths are and respectively. Lake George in an oval shaped lake with two dredged channels on the south side. Most of the lake has a sandy bottom, but there are areas of soft muddy sediments. The shoreline length is 4.5 miles. Lake George Regional Park, an Anoka County park, is located on the north side of the lake. The public access is within the park. Twenty-eight (28) different species of aquatic plant life were found in the lake.
Sport fish
Lake George is known to have:
Walleye of unknown abundance and average size. Walleye were first stocked in 2001 and these fish generally become acceptable to Metro-area anglers after their third summer (2004).
Northern Pike of above average abundance, average size and some larger pike.
Largemouth Bass of average abundance, all sizes present including some real trophies.
Bluegill of above average abundance, average size.
Crappie of above average abundance, average size.
Milfoil
Eurasian watermilfoil, which is scientifically known as Myriophyllum spicatum, was first confirmed in Lake George in 1998 by a DNR biologist and as of the summer of 2006 is forming nuisance mats in large areas of the lake; the native plant community and recreational use of the lake is threatened by the spread of this invasive exotic species. In addition to Eurasian watermilfoil, curly-leaf pondweed (8 locations), another non-native species is also in Lake George. However, August is not the best time to conduct a survey for curly-leaf pondweed. It should be surveyed earlier in the season.
Because Lake George exhibits very clear conditions, it may be more prone to the spread of milfoil to deeper water. The average Secchi disk transparency from 2000 -2005 ranged from 9.0 – 11.5 feet (CLMP data). With the clear water, light can penetrate into deeper waters and promote plant growth beyond the 15’ depth. Milfoil was recorded on the data sheets only if it was found at the survey point.
Lake improvement district
After a majority of the property owners within the proposed Lake George Improvement District filed a petition with Anoka County requesting the establishment of the improvement district, the Oak Grove's City Council unanimously approved the creation of a "Lake Improvement District" (LID) on January 26, 2009. The LID will further extend the efforts of the Lake George Conservation Club to keep the lake clear of invasive weeds. An initial Board was appointed in March 2009.
Nearby communities
Lake George is located within the city of Oak Grove. Other nearby communities include Anoka, Cedar, East Bethel, and St. Francis.
See also
List of Minnesota aquatic plants
References
Uncited references
Oak Grove residents oppose Lake George senior housing, townhomes, Anoka County Union, February 26, 2004
Letter to the Editor about Eminent Domain issues, Renee Beckum, February 27, 2004, Anoka County Union
1996 Lake George History Update by Will Ridge
External links
Minnesota DNR entry on Lake George
Lake George Regional Park Web Site
St. Francis Government Web Site
DNR's web page on milfoil
George
George
Tourist attractions in Anoka County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20George%20%28Anoka%20County%2C%20Minnesota%29 |
Tyondai Adaien Braxton (born October 26, 1978) is an American composer and musician. He has been composing and performing music under his own name and collaboratively under various group titles and collectives since the mid-1990s, including in the experimental rock group Battles from its formation in 2002 until his departure from the group in 2010.
Early life
The son of avant-garde jazz composer Anthony Braxton, as a child Tyondai Braxton was exposed to the music of Warne Marsh, Paul Desmond, and John Coltrane through his father. As a teen, he took musical inspiration from alternative rock bands Nirvana and Sonic Youth, as well as punk rock. Braxton studied composition at the Hartt School of the University of Hartford in West Hartford, Connecticut where his teachers included Robert Carl, Ingram Marshall, and Ken Steen.
Career overview
In late 2002, Braxton co-founded Battles, in which, until 2010, he performed as guitarist, keyboardist and singer. The group received worldwide acclaim for their debut album Mirrored (2007), which, among other honors and awards, was hailed by Time and Pitchfork Media as one of the ten best records of the year. The 16-month tour for the record brought the band to such venues as The Cartier Foundation Museum in Paris, The Fuji Rock Festival in Northern Japan, and the Sydney Opera House in Australia for Brian Enoʼs Luminous Festival.
Braxton's Central Market was released worldwide by Warp Records in September 2009. The album, Braxton's second full length as a solo artist, features a large-scale orchestral score with performances by The Wordless Music Orchestra. The album's name is both a nod at Stravinsky's Petrushka (the fairytale-like bazaar that opens that ballet), as well as the worldwide market crash of 2008.
Central Market was premiered by Braxton and The Wordless Music Orchestra in the U.S at Lincoln Center, followed by performances at the Library of Congress and The Walker Arts Museum. It premiered in the U.K at Steve Reich's Reverberation Festival, Barbican Centre, in 2011 with the BBC Symphony Orchestra performing and was adapted for ballet by Baryshnikov Art Center resident choreographer John Heginbotham.
In 2011, Braxton expanded his focus on an array of other commissions and performances, including a return to Alice Tully Hall to premiere of TREMS, a new 2 movement work for Bang on a Can All Stars, the Barbican premiere of Uffe’s Woodshop for string quartet performed by the Kronos Quartet, and a duo with seminal composer Philip Glass for the New York edition of the All Tomorrow’s Parties festival in 2012. Central Market was then performed by the London Sinfonietta and Wordless Music Group at Queen Elizabeth Hall at the Southbank Centre in London.
In 2013, Alarm Will Sound premiered Braxton’s piece for chamber orchestra and electronics, Fly by Wire, commissioned by and performed at Carnegie Hall. Central Market was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic at Disney Hall and the world premiere of HIVE the multimedia composition for 2 modular synthesizers players and 3 percussionists on 5 large wooden pods, premiered at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in NYC and commissioned by Works & Process at The Guggenheim. HIVE was then premiered in Europe in Kraków, Poland at the Sacrum Profanum festival.
In early 2014, Braxton collaborated with the electronic music pioneers Mouse on Mars, performing a new version of In C by the American composer Terry Riley as a part of the Stargaze festival in Berlin, Germany at the Volksbühne. HIVE premiered in Australia at MONA FOMA in Hobart, Tasmania and at The Sydney Opera House in Sydney Australia, as a part of Sydney Festival.
In the summer of 2014, Drum Corps International's Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps included Braxton's compositions Uffe's Woodshop and Platinum Rows in their second place musical program, TILT.
In 2015, Braxton released HIVE1, his first solo album in six years and his first on Nonesuch Records. Written and recorded throughout 2013 and 2014, the recording comprises eight pieces that were originally conceived for a performance work called HIVE that debuted at New York’s Guggenheim Museum in 2013. Oranged Out E.P, comprising music from the HIVE1 recordings, followed in 2016.
In 2018 Braxton premiered Telekinesis a piece for electric guitars, orchestra, choir and electronics at Queen Elizabeth Hall at South Bank in London with the BBC Concert Orchestra and BBC Singers. It was performed in 2019 in Helsinki, Finland at the Helsinki Music Center with the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra.
In 2022, Braxton would release Multiplay, a three-song EP, followed by Telekinesis the studio recording of his piece for electric guitars, orchestra, choir and electronics on Nonesuch. As of fall 2022, Braxton joined the faculty of the music department at Princeton University.
Recorded work
Death Slug 2000 (2000) – with Jonathan Matis
History That Has No Effect (2002), JMZ
Rise, Rise, Rise (2003), Narnack – split LP with Parts & Labor
Central Market (2009), Warp
Casino Trem (2015) featured on Bang on a Can Field Recordings Cantaloupe Music
HIVE1 (2015), Nonesuch
Oranged Out E.P (2016), Beatink Records
Music for Ensemble & Pitchshifter Delay (2017) featured on Yarn/Wire Currents 0
ArpRec1(2017) featured on Brooklyn Rider Spontaneous Symbols In A Circle Records
Multiplay (2022), Nonesuch
Telekinesis (2022) Nonesuch
Vacancy (2022) featured on Stargaze One Transgressive Records
Sunny X (2023) Cedille Records
With Battles
EP C (Monitor Records; June 8, 2004)
B EP (Dim Mak Records; September 14, 2004)
EPC (Japan only special mix edition; Dotlinecircle; October 2004)
EP C/B EP (Warp Records; February 6, 2006)
Mirrored (Warp Records; May 14, 2007)
Lives (Limited edition CD; Beat Records; September 27, 2007)
Tonto+ (Warp Records; October 22, 2007)
Warp20 (Chosen) (Warp Records; September 29, 2009)
Twilight Saga: Eclipse OST (On "The Line"; Chop Shop Records; June 8, 2010)
Collaborations
Dirty Projectors (Domino Records; February 21, 2017)
Rubric Remix (appears on Rework Philip Glass Remixed; Orange Mountain Music; October 23, 2012)
References
External links
New Composers Davidson Review March 2011 New York Magazine on the "New New York School" of Composers
Temp Hides Fun, Fulfilling Life From Rest Of Office Satirical Onion piece, featuring Ty as an intern
2014 Bomb Magazine interview of Tyondai Braxton by Ben Vida
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Experimental composers
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
American experimental guitarists
American male guitarists
Living people
1978 births
Warp (record label) artists
20th-century American guitarists
Battles (band) members
Dirty Projectors members
20th-century American composers
21st-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyondai%20Braxton |
Blue Is the Colour is a terrace chant associated with Chelsea Football Club. It was performed by players from the Chelsea squad and released in 1972 to coincide with the club's ultimately unsuccessful appearance in that year's League Cup Final against Stoke City. The record was issued by Penny Farthing Records and reached number 5 in the UK Charts and number 8 in Ireland in March 1972. It has become one of the most well-known English football songs.
The song continues to be popular among Chelsea's supporters decades after its release, and it remains the club's signature anthem, played at every home game and any cup finals Chelsea compete in. The song has also been adapted by many other teams in various sports around the world.
Background
The song was produced by Larry Page, who commissioned Daniel Boone and lyricist David Balfe (under the pseudonym Rod McQueen) to write the song for Chelsea F.C.
The song was sung by members of the squad, who included:
Tommy Baldwin
Stewart Houston
Charlie Cooke
John Dempsey
Ron Harris
Marvin Hinton
John Hollins
Peter Houseman
Alan Hudson
Steve Kember
Eddie McCreadie
Paddy Mulligan
Peter Osgood
David Webb
Chris Garland
The song was released on Page's Penny Farthing label. The original version sold a quarter of a million copies, and sales of various versions of the song reached a million copies worldwide.
Charts
Other versions
The song became popular in many countries in 1972 with many local versions of the song released. Dutch team Ajax released a version titled "Ajax, Leve Ajax!" by Vader Abraham with Zijn Goede Zonen, the French singer Antoine released a version with the Marseille team, and a Swedish version was also recorded. The Ajax version reached No. 25 on the Dutch Top 40 in the Netherlands.
In 1972, the song was also performed by the Australian cricket team visiting England as part of the Ashes tour. It was sung by players and recorded as "Here Come The Aussies". It was also released on record and became a hit in Australia.
The song has been modified into Danish by Flemming Antony into the title Rød-hvide farver (Red and white colours). The song was the official supporter's song for the Denmark national team, when they participated at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Another version was released in 1984.
The song was covered by Czech singer František Ringo Čech under the title Zelená je tráva (Green Is The Grass), and has become a popular football anthem in former Czechoslovakia.
The song is translated to Finnish by Vexi Salmi and used prior to kick-off in all the home fixtures of Helsinki-based Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi. It was recorded 1973 by the first squad of the team. The title in Finnish is HOO-JII-KOO, but is better known as 'Taas kansa täyttää', as the first verse begins with these words. Direct translation to English would be 'Again Terraces Are Filled'.
In 1975, Erik Beck adapted the song as "Green is the Color" to honor the opening season of the Portland Timbers in the North American Soccer League. Beck and his friends Ron Brady and Peter Yeates later recorded the song, which was released as a single in 1976 and went on to sell 8,000 copies and receive airplay on Portland radio stations throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The song served as the Timbers fight song until 1982, and returned when the team was re-formed as part of the United Soccer League in 2001. In the early 2010s, the song was played at halftime during Timbers home matches and in 2015 the team, now playing in Major League Soccer, released a "Green is the Color" scarf to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the club.
In 1978, the song was re-recorded as "White Is The Colour" for the Vancouver Whitecaps and became a local hit. The Scottish rock duo the Proclaimers re-recorded "White Is The Colour" for the Whitecaps' 2002 season, and performed it live during half-time of a game. Since the club's move to Major League Soccer in 2011, it has been the entrance song for every home game at BC Place.
An adapted version called "Green is the Colour" with lyrics by Steve Mazurak is the official fight song of the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League since 1981.
Supporters of the J. League Division 1 side Montedio Yamagata are known to use a variant of the song.
Supporters of the Norwegian team Molde FK also use a variant of a song, where the title ("Blått er vår farge") directly translates to "Blue is our colour". The rest of the refrain is altered, however.
The song was used as the basis for a campaign record used by the successful Conservative campaign in the 1979 general election. The song used was a parody of the Chelsea version, with the words changed to:
"Blue is the Colour;"
"Maggie is her name;"
"we're all together" (...verse....)
chorus....
"Margaret Thatcher is her name!"
Peel Thunder, an Australian rules football club in the WAFL since 1997, bases its club song on this tune.
References
1972 singles
Chelsea F.C. songs
Novelty songs
Association football songs and chants
1972 songs
Songs written by Daniel Boone (singer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Is%20the%20Colour%20%28song%29 |
The Katholischer Studentenverein Arminia (Catholic Students Society Arminia) is one of Germany's oldest Catholic male student societies.
History
Arminia is a student association founded on 6 November 1863 at the University of Bonn. The name was chosen in reference to Arminius, the chief of the Cherusci who drove the Romans out of Germany and thus became a symbol of the – not yet unified – fatherland in the 19th century. In 1865 Arminia, among four other Catholic corporations, became the founder of the Kartellverband katholischer deutscher Studentenvereine (KV), Germany's second oldest umbrella organisation of Catholic male student societies.
In accordance with the Roman Catholic faith and teachings, Arminia strictly refuses academic fencing. Its members do not wear couleur. Arminia's motto is Treu, frei! (English: Loyal, straightforward!). Arminia's principles are (Latin) religio, scientia and amicitia.
Because of its history and its large number of prominent members, Arminia is one of the most distinguished student corporations. Like all German student corporations Arminia is much smaller than American fraternities usually are; it has approx. 350 members, including "Aktive" (students) and "Alte Herren" (alumni).
Famous members
German Chancellors
Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967), first postwar German chancellor, German Minister of Foreign Affaires, Father of the House (Bundestag), President of the Parliamentary Council, President of the Prussian Council of State
Georg Count Hertling (1843–1919), Chancellor of the German Empire, Minister President of Prussia, Foreign Minister of Prussia, Minister-President of Bavaria
Wilhelm Marx (1863–1946), Chancellor of the German Empire, Minister President of Prussia, Minister of Justice of the German Empire
Others
Michael F. Feldkamp (born 1962) German historian and journalist on the staff of the German Bundestag
Adolf Fritzen (1838–1919), Archbishop of Strasbourg
Karl Trimborn (1854–1921), Secretary of State of the Ministry of the Interior of the German Empire
Hans Müller (1884–1961), President of the Federal Fiscal Court
Joseph Schneider (1900–1986), first President of the Federal Social Court
Ludwig Pastor Baron Camperfelden (1854–1928), one of the most important Catholic historians, ambassador of the Republic of Austria to the Holy See
Rainer Ludwig Claisen (1851–1930), famous German chemist
August Everding (1928–1999), outstanding German opera director and administrator of the 20th century whose productions were performed in all major international houses
Karl Albrecht, director of Aldi, son of Karl Albrecht (born 1920), the wealthiest man in Germany
Heinrich Weitz (1890–1962), President of the German Red Cross
A number of members participated in the Widerstand (English: resistance) against Nazi Germany; two of them, Leo Trouet and Benedikt Schmittmann, were arrested and killed.
Quotation
"Last week Adenauer's college days became a topic of national discussion. Addressing a nostalgic reunion of Alte Herren (old grads) (note: at Arminia's hundredth anniversary celebration), the Chancellor defended Germany's tradition of fraternities, which are widely accused of fostering authoritarianism. Though at 87 Adenauer has seen most if not all of his old fraternity classmates die, he is still a loyal member of Arminia. […] Adenauer is supposed to confine himself to being […] the oldest surviving member of Arminia." (Germany. The Oldest Grad, in: Time Magazine (Atlantic Edition) 82 (1963) No. 4, July 26, 1963, 26–27.)
External links
K.St.V. Arminia – Official website
Arminia's postcards since 1896
Kartellverband
Catholic Church in Germany
Student religious organisations in Germany
Organisations based in Bonn
University of Bonn
1863 establishments in Prussia
Student organizations established in 1863
Youth organisations based in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholischer%20Studentenverein%20Arminia%20Bonn |
The sphenomandibular ligament (internal lateral ligament) is one of the three ligaments of the temporomandibular joint. It is situated medially to - and generally separate from - the articular capsule of the joint. Superiorly, it is attached to the spine of the sphenoid bone; inferiorly, it is attached to the lingula of mandible. The SML acts to limit inferior-ward movement of the mandible.
The SML is derived from Meckel's cartilage.
Anatomy
The SML is a tough,'flat, thin band. It broadens inferiorly, measuring about 12 mm in width on average at the point of its inferior attachment.
It is derived from the perichondrium of Meckel's cartilage.
Attachments
Superiorly, the SML is attached to the spine of the sphenoid bone (spina angularis by a narrow attachment.
Inferiorly, it is attached at to lingula of mandible and the inferior margin of the mandibular foramen.
Anatomical relations
The lateral pterygoid muscle, auriculotemporal nerve, and the maxillary artery and maxillary vein are situated laterally to the SML (the vessels and nerve coursing betwixt the SML, and the neck of the mandibular condyle).
The chorda tympani nerve is situated medially to the SML near its upper end.
The medial pterygoid muscle is situated inferolaterally to the SML.
The inferior alveolar nerve, artery and vein, and a parotid lobule are situated anteroinferiorly to the SML (all being interposed between the SML and the ramus of mandible).
The SML is pierced by the mylohyoid nerve (a branch of the inferior alveolvar nerve) and the accompanying mylohyoid artery and vein.
Any remaining space between the SML and mandible is taken up by the parotid gland. Between the SML and the pharynx are situated adipose tissue, and a pharyngeal vein.
Function
The function of the sphenomandibular ligament is to limit distension of the mandible in an inferior direction. It is slack when the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is in closed position; it is taut when the condyle of the mandible is situated anterior to the temporomandibular ligament. The SML has about 5 mm of slack when the jaw is closed; it becomes taut when the jaw is open roughly half-way.
References
External links
http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l27/070105.htm
Ligaments of the head and neck | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenomandibular%20ligament |
William Owen Gregory (born 17 September 1959) is an English musician and record producer. He is best known as the lead keyboardist, producer, and composer of the electronic music duo Goldfrapp.
Early life
Gregory was born in Bristol, the son of an actress and an opera chorus-line singer.
"I got into music kind of by default as it was the only thing I was good at – I was the weird one at school who practiced the piano during lunch break. In my teens I met other musicians and was so relieved to find some like-minds that I think I never wanted to leave the 'weird' muso club – perhaps it’s the same for many musicians. I ended up playing oboe and then moved on to sax, which got me into diverse musical disciplines."
He studied Western orchestral and chamber music at the University of York.
Career
In the 1980s, Gregory predominantly recorded and toured with Tears for Fears.
In the 1990s, Gregory performed with artists including Peter Gabriel, the Cure, and Portishead, as well as playing oboe for Tori Amos and recording with Paula Rae Gibson. In 1991, he played saxophone with the London Sinfonietta for the Paris début of John Adams's opera Nixon in China. In 1999, vocalist Alison Goldfrapp and Gregory formed the duo Goldfrapp. The pairing has led to international critical, popular, and commercial success.
In the 2000s, as well as Goldfrapp activities, he played saxophone on Portishead's 2008 album Third (on the tracks "Magic Doors" and "Threads").
On 31 March 2011, Gregory's first opera, Piccard in Space, premiered at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London. The libretto by Hattie Naylor focused on Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer's first balloon ascent, and the theories of Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton, both of whom are characters in the drama. The reviews were generally negative.
On 11 March 2013, a newly commissioned baroquesque Gregory work (for orchestra and Moog, based on a sarabande of Johann Sebastian Bach) was performed at the Roundhouse in London. The performance was part of BBC Radio 3's Baroque Remixed series, which also included a piece by Matthew Herbert.
Gregory's other saxophone work includes writing for and playing with the Apollo Saxophone Quartet, and playing with Spiritualized, Moondog and Michael Nyman.
He composed the music for the 2017 series Spy in the Wild.
He composed the music for the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2019 production of King John at the Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon. It was announced in 2021 that Gregory would provide an original score featuring Alison Goldfrapp and Adrian Utley for the BBC and Amazon Prime Video psychological thriller series Chloe.
Discography
with Tears for Fears
Songs from the Big Chair (1985)
with Tori Amos
Little Earthquakes (1992)
with Peter Gabriel
OVO (2000)
Up (2002)
Long Walk Home: Music from the Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002)
with Portishead
Roseland NYC Live (1998)
Third (2008)
with other artists
Four Ways to Cook a Goose – Loggerheads (1987)
Gas Giants – Gas Giants (1994)
Film Soundtracks
I.D. (1995)
Serengeti (2020, BBC/Discovery Channel wildlife documentary)
Television soundtracks
Old Bear Stories (Carlton Television for ITV, 1993-1997)
See also
List of bands from Bristol
Culture of Bristol
References
External links
Will Gregory
Will Gregory Studio Interview PT1
Will Gregory Studio Interview PT2
Inside The Goldfrapp Studio
Goldfrapp: Will Gregory Interview PT2
Will Gregory » Synthtopia
Will Gregory's Moog Ensemble – Vimeo
Will Gregory Interview – The Moog Ensemble! – MusicTech
GWill Gregory Interview with Tanya Rae mp3 – FBi 94.5FM, Sydney
1959 births
English male songwriters
English rock saxophonists
English classical saxophonists
British male saxophonists
English rock keyboardists
English record producers
Goldfrapp members
Musicians from Bristol
Ivor Novello Award winners
English classical musicians
English classical composers
English new wave musicians
British synth-pop new wave musicians
Living people
Alumni of the University of York
21st-century saxophonists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Gregory |
The Very Best of Winger is a compilation album of material from the American rock band Winger, released by the label Atlantic Records and the company Rhino Entertainment in October 2001.
Most of the songs on the album were collected from the first three Winger studio albums: Winger (1988), In the Heart of the Young (1990) and Pull (1993). However, one new recording called "On the Inside" was featured, and a Japanese bonus track from the Pull album called "Hell to Pay" also was included. According to Kip Winger, "On the Inside" was a leftover riff from the Pull sessions that he and Reb Beach worked into a complete song for the release of this compilation.
Paradoxically, the album has a track listing essentially in reverse chronological order, with the more recently finished the song the earlier it appears.
Reviews
Music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine lauded the release for the publication Allmusic, stating that it proved that the group has had "some good hooks, a good guitarist in Reb Beach, nice chemistry within the band, and a knack for a power ballad". He additionally praised the album's detailed liner notes. The critic noted that among heavy-sounding "bands of the late '80s/early '90s... they were the brunt of more jokes than any of their peers", most notably on the subversive program Beavis and Butt-Head. However, in Erlewine's view, that didn't change Winger's ability to generate multiple "classics", which the album collects.
Track listing
"On the Inside" (Kip Winger, Reb Beach) – 4:24
"Blind Revolution Mad" (Winger, Beach) – 5:26
"Down Incognito" (Winger, Beach) – 3:48
"Spell I'm Under" (Winger) – 3:56
"Who's the One" (Winger, Beach) – 5:46
"Junkyard Dog (Tears on Stone)" (Winger, Beach) – 6:55
"Hell to Pay" (Winger, Beach) – 3:24
"Can't Get Enuff" (Winger, Beach) – 4:24
"Under One Condition" (Winger, Beach) – 4:30
"Easy Come Easy Go" (Winger) – 4:06
"Rainbow in the Rose" (Winger, Beach) – 5:34
"Miles Away" (Paul Taylor) – 4:15
"Seventeen" (Winger, Beach, Beau Hill) – 4:12
"Madalaine" (Winger, Beach) – 3:47
"Hungry" (Winger, Beach) – 4:01
"Headed for a Heartbreak" (Winger) – 5:15
Personnel
Kip Winger – vocals, bass guitar, keyboards
Reb Beach – guitars, vocals
Rod Morgenstein – drums and percussion
Paul Taylor – guitar, keyboards, vocals
John Roth – guitars, vocals
See also
Glam metal
Winger discography
References
2001 greatest hits albums
Winger (band) albums
Albums produced by Beau Hill
Albums produced by Kip Winger
Albums produced by Mike Shipley
Atlantic Records compilation albums
Rhino Entertainment compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Very%20Best%20of%20Winger |
WLJT-DT (channel 11), branded on-air as West TN PBS, is a PBS member television station licensed to Lexington, Tennessee, United States, serving western and northwestern Tennessee. The station is owned by the West Tennessee Public Television Council and maintains studios in Martin on rented space at the University of Tennessee at Martin; its transmitter is located on U.S. Route 412 midway between Jackson and Lexington.
WLJT began broadcasting in 1968. Built as one of four educational stations under the control of the Tennessee Department of Education, it almost exclusively rebroadcast WKNO in Memphis. In 1981, studios were established at UT–Martin, allowing for the station to begin local programming. That same year, the state began the process to spin WLJT out to community control. The station's local programming focuses on sports and community events in rural West Tennessee.
History
State ownership
In 1953, officials with the Tennessee Educational Television Commission requested the assignment of several channels across the state for noncommercial educational use, including channel 11 at Lexington, in addition to existing assignments for Memphis, Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted the assignments in March 1954. In 1965, the Tennessee Department of Education filed with the FCC for a construction permit and with the federal government to request a grant to cover construction costs. The station would serve 553,000 people, including 137,000 schoolchildren. The station would not have associated studios but initially serve to repeat Memphis educational station WKNO (channel 10).
The grant and construction permit were received in April 1966. Construction work had begun in earnest by June 1967, and WLJT began operations on February 13, 1968. It rebroadcast WKNO with extremely limited local programming; while it broadcast on weekdays in 1977, it did not do so in 1978, leaving the local cable system to carry WKNO itself.
Community ownership
In 1980, controversy over programming at WSJK-TV in Sneedville led to scrutiny of the state educational television system, which had grown to four state-owned stations plus WKNO and WDCN in Nashville, which were community-owned. One of the two reports suggested that WLJT be sold to WKNO; the other recommended spinning out all of the stations in the system to community licensees. After WKNO expressed no interest, the state chose the latter option when legislators passed and Governor Lamar Alexander signed the Tennessee Educational Television Network Act of 1981, This legislation provided for the transfer of the four Department of Education-owned stations to community entities by 1986.
In August 1981, the West Tennessee Public Television Council was formed, and WLJT began local programming from studios at UT–Martin. This also added hands-on experience opportunities to UT–Martin's broadcasting program. In 1982, the second year of local content, it produced 101 hours of its own programming. In April 1984, the spin-off was completed, and the station began on-air fundraising efforts. In addition to typical PBS programming, WLJT aired local sports and a regional country music show as part of its local output. In 1993, engineering operations were able to move to Martin when a new master and remote control facility opened at the studios.
WLJT began digital broadcasting on channel 47 on February 20, 2004, and discontinued analog broadcasting on February 17, 2009. The station continued to broadcast on channel 47, using virtual channel 11, until being repacked to channel 27 as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction on August 10, 2018; channel 14 had been originally assigned.
Funding
In fiscal year 2022, WLJT generated $1.72 million in revenue. Nearly half of that came in the form of grants from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, while $467,000 came from state agencies. The station's 892 members contributed $75,000 in funding.
Local programming
In 2022, WLJT broadcast hours (12 on broadcast, online) of local community events.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
References
External links
LJT-DT
PBS member stations
Television channels and stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Tennessee
Henderson County, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLJT-DT |
The 15th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held on July 3–8, 1962 in Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, this being the 3rd time that Prague hosted these championships.
These were the last championships China competed in until 1979. Following a 1964 vote to accept Taiwan as a member nation, China withdrew from the International Gymnastics Federation in protest. They would not rejoin until 1978.
Medallists
Men's results
Team competition
Individual all-around
Floor exercise
Pommel horse
Rings
Vault
Parallel Bars
Horizontal Bar
Women's results
Team competition
Individual all-around
Vault
Uneven bars
Balance beam
Floor exercise
Medal table
References
www.gymn-forum.net (Archived 2009-09-03)
World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
1962 in gymnastics
International gymnastics competitions hosted by Czechoslovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%20World%20Artistic%20Gymnastics%20Championships |
Rzhevsky (masculine), Rzhevskaya (feminine), or Rzhevskoye (neuter) may refer to:
Poruchik Rzhevsky, a popular character of the Russian jokes, made famous by the film Hussar Ballad
Vladimir Rzhevsky (b. 1987), Russian soccer player
Rzhevsky District, a district of Tver Oblast, Russia
Rzhevskoye Microdistrict, a residential area of the city of Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
Rzhevskoye (rural locality), a rural locality (a settlement) in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
Rzhevsky family is a Russian noble family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzhevsky |
Said Pasha may refer to:
Mehmed Said Pasha (1830–1914), Ottoman statesman and grand vizier
Sa'id of Egypt (1822–1863), Wāli of Egypt and Sudan
Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (d. 1761), Ottoman ambassador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said%20Pasha |
Hortensius can refer to:
The ancient Roman gens (clan) Hortensia.
Quintus Hortensius (dictator), Roman dictator in 287 BC.
Quintus Hortensius Hortalus (114-50 BC), Roman orator.
Hortensius (Cicero), a lost dialogue by Cicero from 45 BC, which Augustine of Hippo says (in Confessiones) turned him to the way of philosophy
The Dutch astronomer Martin van den Hove (1605–1639), also known as Martinus Hortensius.
Hortensius crater, on the Moon, which is named after this Dutch astronomer.
Hortensius is the name of the steward in the opera La fille du régiment, by Gaetano Donizetti. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortensius%20%28disambiguation%29 |
X, sometimes referred to as Mr. X, is a fictional character on the American science fiction television series The X-Files. He serves as an informant, leaking information to FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully to aid their investigation of paranormal cases, dubbed X-Files. The character serves as a replacement for Deep Throat, who had been killed off in the first season finale, "The Erlenmeyer Flask". X himself would be killed off after appearing in several seasons, eventually being replaced by Marita Covarrubias.
X is portrayed in the series by Steven Williams, and made his debut in the second season episode "The Host", although the character would not appear on-screen until "Sleepless", two episodes later. The role had originally been conceived as female, with Natalija Nogulich cast in the role; however, her initial scenes were deemed unsatisfactory by the producers, leading to her replacement. Williams' portrayal of X was intended to introduce a personality completely different from the character's predecessor, Deep Throat, and was positively received by critics and fans.
Conceptual history
The character of X was originally intended to be a woman, and Natalija Nogulich had been cast in the role. However, Nogulich was replaced by Steven Williams after shooting her first scene, as the writing staff felt Nogulich was not able to create the "right chemistry" with her co-stars. Williams had previous experience with writers Glen Morgan and James Wong, although it was series creator Chris Carter who suggested him for the part.
Williams' portrayal of the role was intended to act as a counterpoint to Jerry Hardin's portrayal of X's predecessor, Deep Throat. Whereas Deep Throat had been a selfless character, X was written and performed as a scared, selfish character. Prior to the episode "One Breath", Glen Morgan had felt that the character of X was not "going over too well" with fans of the series, as he seemed to simply be a copy of Deep Throat. Believing Williams to be an actor worth having as a series regular, he included in the episode a scene in which X murders witnesses who have seen him speaking to Fox Mulder. Morgan felt that such a scene reflected X's paranoia and the difference between him and his predecessor, noting that "Deep Throat was a guy willing to lose his life for letting out the secret, whereas X is a guy who's still scared". Williams has stated that he has never attempted to rationalize the character's motives or imagine a backstory for him, preferring to play the role with as little background as possible; he once stated "the less I know about him, the more interesting he becomes."
Williams' background in fight choreography, stemming from his role in Missing in Action 2: The Beginning (1985), allowed him to prepare for, and to help create, the character's action scenes, including choreographing the character's brawl with Mitch Pileggi's character Walter Skinner in the episode "End Game". Williams has also stated that his portrayal of the role is based in part on Avery Brooks' character Hawk on the series Spenser: For Hire.
Character arc
X was introduced on the series via a phone call made to Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) in the second season episode "The Host", telling Mulder that he had "a friend in the FBI". However, the character did not appear on-screen until "Sleepless", two episodes later, aiding Mulder in an investigation by leaking information on a secret military project from the Vietnam War. While X's loyalties and his own agenda were often unclear, he proved more than once that he at least does not want Mulder dead. In the episode "End Game", he is approached by Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), who pleads that she needs to know where Mulder is, believing his life to be in danger. Initially X refuses, and is subsequently confronted by Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), who seemed to recognize X. He relinquishes Mulder's location, though not until after a brief but intense scuffle with Skinner. In the episode "731", X's loyalty to Mulder is further confirmed. Trapped on a train car equipped with a time bomb, Mulder, about to escape, is attacked brutally by the Red Haired Man, a Men in Black assassin. X fatally shoots the Red Haired Man as he is about to step off the car, then boards the car with only enough time left to save either Mulder or the alien-human hybrid the car was transporting. He opts to save Mulder, and carries him off to safety just as the car explodes.
In the season 4 opener "Herrenvolk", X's position as an informant is discovered by the Syndicate. When suspicion arises after the finding of photographs that were taken of The Smoking Man (William B. Davis) by X, false information is planted at the First Elder's behest, in order to root out the leak. Attempting to relay the information to Mulder, X goes to his apartment and is surprised by fellow Men in Black operative, the Gray Haired Man, who fatally shoots him. With his last strength, X crawls to Mulder's doorstep and writes in his own blood "SRSG", meaning "Special Representative to the Secretary General" of the United Nations, and thus, this clue leads Mulder to Marita Covarrubias (Laurie Holden). After his death, X appears two more times—in The Lone Gunmen origin story "Unusual Suspects," set before his death, and as a ghost in the season 9 finale, "The Truth".
Reception
The character of X has been well-received by critics. Entertainment Weekly included the character in the list of the top 20 Black Sci-Fi Icons in 2009, at number 17. Emily VanDerWerff, writing for The A.V. Club, has praised the "gravitas" of Williams' acting, adding that she wished that the writers "had figured out a way to have him around more often than they did". VanDerWerff's fellow writer Zack Handlen felt that the character's assassination in "Herrenvolk" was "appropriately shocking", calling the scene "one of the most memorable death's in the series"; although he felt that the immediate introduction of the character's successor, Marita Covarrubias, "deflates the importance of X's loss" in the episode. Handlen has also called X "the best of Mulder's informants", explaining that this is "because he's always pissed off, he's always reluctant to provide information, and you can't ever be sure what play he's really running". Series writer Frank Spotnitz has called X "the meanest, nastiest, most lethal killer on the planet".
Steven Williams has noted that he feels the episodes "Nisei" and "731" were chiefly responsible for the character's popularity with fans. In 1997, Williams was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series for his work as X, alongside Gillian Anderson, William B. Davis, David Duchovny and Mitch Pileggi.
Footnotes
References
Fictional African-American people
Television characters introduced in 1994
Fictional murderers
Fictional murdered people
Fictional Federal Bureau of Investigation personnel
The X-Files characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%20%28The%20X-Files%29 |
Ratu Aisea Cavunailoa Katonivere (died 18 April 2013) was a Fijian chief and politician who hailed from the chiefly village of Naduri from the northern Province of Macuata, where he was the Paramount Chief and Chairman of the Provincial Council. He held the title of Caumatalevu na Turaga na Tui Macuata, which is usually abbreviated to Tui Macuata.
Political career
In the parliamentary election of 2001, he contested the Macuata Fijian Communal Constituency for the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL), but was defeated by Isireli Leweniqila of the Conservative Alliance (CAMV). On 23 February 2006, he announced his candidacy for the Presidency or Vice-Presidency. When the Great Council of Chiefs met on 8 March, however, it reelected Ratu Josefa Iloilo as President and Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi as Vice-President.
In June 2006, the Great Council of Chiefs chose Katonivere as one of its fourteen nominees to the Senate. He held this position until the 2006 Fijian coup d'état.
In 2006 he was awarded a Golden Ocean Conservation Award by the World Wildlife Fund for his work on protecting marine biodiversity.
In May 2008 he lost his position as chair of the Macuata provincial council and was replaced by Isireli Leweniqila.
Succession
Katonivere died on a fishing trip when his boat capsized. He was succeeded as Tui Macuata by his younger brother, Ratu Wiliame Katonivere in 2013.
References
Year of birth missing
2013 deaths
Fijian chiefs
I-Taukei Fijian members of the Senate (Fiji)
Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua politicians
Politicians from Macuata Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisea%20Katonivere |
Peter Brian Herrenden Birks (3 October 1941 – 6 July 2004) was the Regius Professor of Civil Law at the University of Oxford from 1989 until his death. He also became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1989, and an honorary Queen's counsel in 1995. He was a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. He is widely credited as having sparked academic enthusiasm for the English law of Restitution, and is often considered to have been one of the greatest English legal scholars of the 20th century.
In his obituary, he was described as "a key figure in the extraordinary development of the law of restitution in the last 45 years".
Career
Birks was educated at Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School, went up to Trinity College, Oxford and subsequently obtained a master of laws from University College London.
Birks was also the first general editor of English Private Law, a book which sought to summarise and rationalise the entire scope of English private law, in accordance with Birks' own passionate belief for order and characterisation within a discipline (law) which he regarded as too eclectic and inconsistent. He also wrote An Introduction to the Law of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, and wrote some 142 contributions to legal reviews.
In Woolwich Building Society v Inland Revenue Commissioners the House of Lords substantially adopted the reasoning set out in an academic essay by Birks, described in the judgment of Lord Goff as "powerful".
Birks was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2001.
Biography
Peter Birks arrived at his Kent grammar school (Chislehurst and Sidcup) in 1957 after a year at Repton and after spending his childhood in India.
His daughter is the model Laura Bailey.
Birks died of cancer, aged 62, on 6 July 2004.
Bibliography
Books
An Introduction to the Law of Restitution (Oxford University Press, 1988)
Unjust Enrichment (Clarendon, 2004)
English Private Law (OUP, 2000)
Restitution: The future (Federation Press, 1992)
Articles
'Before We Begin: Five Keys to Land Law', in S Bright & J Dewar, Land Law: Themes and Perspectives (OUP 1998) 457-86
'Compulsory Subjects: Will the Seven Foundations ever Crumble?' [1995] 1 Web JCLI
'The Implied Contract Theory of Quasi-Contract: Civilian Opinion Current in the Century before Blackstone' (1986) 6(1) OJLS 46–85
References
External links
Jack Beatson, 'Peter Birks' (Obituary), The Guardian (16 July 2004), accessed 18 August 2009
Obituary from the Oxford Comparative Law faculty
Peter Birks Memorial Fund
Gabor Hamza: The Classification (divisio) into ‘Branches’ of Modern Legal Systems (Orders) and Roman Law Traditions. In: European Journal of Law Reform 8 (2006) pp. 361–382.
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford
Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
1941 births
2004 deaths
English legal scholars
English King's Counsel
20th-century King's Counsel
Academics of University College London
Alumni of University College London
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Southampton
Deaths from cancer in the United Kingdom
Fellows of the British Academy
Regius Professors of Civil Law (University of Oxford)
People educated at Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Honorary King's Counsel
20th-century English lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Birks |
Route 32 is a primary north–south state highway in the U.S. state of Connecticut, beginning in New London and continuing via Willimantic to the Massachusetts state line, where it continues as Route 32 in that state.
Route description
Route 32 begins near Interstate 95 (about south of the road crossing as a continuation of Water Street). It is a freeway near the interchange with I-95 then becomes a limited access highway with at-grade intersections up to the Montville Connector (designated as State Road 693) — a freeway spur connecting Route 32 to I-395. It then becomes a mostly 2-lane surface road with the exception of the overlap with Route 2 in Norwich.
It goes through the following towns: New London, Waterford, Montville, Norwich, Franklin, Lebanon ( only), Windham, Mansfield, Willington, Tolland ( only), Ellington, and Stafford. From New London to Norwich, Route 32 follows along the west bank of the Thames River.
History
Route 32 between Norwich and New London was laid out in 1670 and remained little more than an Indian trail for more than a century . The number dates from when the route was part of New England Interstate Route 32 from 1922–1932. In 1932, Connecticut stopped using the New England route system, but Route 32 kept its number as a state highway. The north and south ends were also realigned in 1932. In the south, the original New England Route 32 ran along present day Route 12 from Groton to Norwich. The modern alignment from New London to Norwich used to be part of New England Route 12. (Route 12 and Route 32 have basically swapped places south of Norwich). In the north, the original New England Route 32 used present day Route 19 from Stafford to the Massachusetts state line. The modern alignment in Stafford was known as State Highway 334 in the 1920s before being reassigned to Route 32.
Junction list
See also
New England Interstate Route 32
References
External links
Connecticut Roads
032
Transportation in New London County, Connecticut
Transportation in Windham County, Connecticut
Transportation in Tolland County, Connecticut
Transportation in Windham, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2032 |
A primary instrument is a scientific instrument, which by its physical characteristics is accurate and is not calibrated against anything else. A primary instrument must be able to be exactly duplicated anywhere, anytime with identical results.
Example
Pressure. A U tube filled with water is a primary instrument as the water column differential is unchangeable as water is a basic physical substance. It is accurate due to its nature. Similarly a liquid in glass thermometer is a primary instrument as temperature change causes change in height of mercury column differential of which is unchangeable.
Secondary instruments
Secondary instruments must be calibrated against a primary standard. For example:
a dial bourdon tube type pressure gauge must be calibrated against a water or mercury U tube to assure good accuracy.
Time. The earth moving in its orbit is primary. Clocks must be calibrated against it.
Measurement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20instrument |
The Buffalo Stampede were a Roller Hockey International team based in Buffalo, New York that was founded in the second season of the RHI. The team played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from 1994 to 1995. The team won the 1994 RHI Murphy Cup.
On September 2, 1994, the Stampede won the Murphy Cup in their inaugural season with an 8-7 win against the Portland Rage in front of a record-setting 14,175 hometown fans at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium.
The team folded after the 1995 season. The Phoenix Cobras moved to the Albany area and assumed all of the Stampede's player contracts. They then changed their name to the Empire State Cobras and split their games between Albany and Glens Falls, NY. The team was purchased and relocated to Buffalo where it played three more seasons as the Buffalo Wings.
All-time roster
Norm Bazin
Paul Beraldo
Chris Bergeron
Larry Blair
John Blessman
Scott Burfoot
Fred Carroll
Jason Cirone
Rick Corriveau
Pat Curcio
Joe Daly
Derek DeCosty
Bob Delorimiere
Lou Franceschetti
John Hendry
Steve Herniman
Alex Hicks
Jamey Hicks
Scott Humphrey
Tom Jaeggi
Dave Lemay
Jim MacDougal
Mark Major
Craig Martin
Chris Monzidelus
Claude Morin
Jay Neal
Tom Nemeth
Dale Reinig
Len Soccio
Jeff Triano
John Vecchiarelli
Nick Vitucci
Coaches
Chris McSorley - 1994
John Vecchiarelli - 1995 (Player Coach)
Rob Ray - 1995 (Bench Coach)
Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes
References
Sports in Buffalo, New York
Roller Hockey International teams
Sports clubs and teams established in 1994
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1995
1994 establishments in New York (state)
1995 disestablishments in New York (state)
Phoenix Cobras | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%20Stampede%20%28RHI%29 |
In humans, the cartilaginous bar of the mandibular arch is formed by what are known as Meckel's cartilages (right and left) also known as Meckelian cartilages; above this the incus and malleus are developed. Meckel's cartilage arises from the first pharyngeal arch.
The dorsal end of each cartilage is connected with the ear-capsule and is ossified to form the malleus; the ventral ends meet each other in the region of the symphysis menti, and are usually regarded as undergoing ossification to form that portion of the mandible which contains the incisor teeth.
The intervening part of the cartilage disappears; the portion immediately adjacent to the malleus is replaced by fibrous membrane, which constitutes the sphenomandibular ligament, while from the connective tissue covering the remainder of the cartilage the greater part of the mandible is ossified.
Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger discovered this cartilage in 1820.
Evolution
Meckel's cartilage is a piece of cartilage from which the mandibles (lower jaws) of vertebrates evolved. Originally it was the lower of two cartilages which supported the first branchial arch in early fish. Then it grew longer and stronger, and acquired muscles capable of closing the developing jaw.
In early fish and in chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish such as sharks), the Meckelian Cartilage continued to be the main component of the lower jaw. But in the adult forms of osteichthyans (bony fish) and their descendants (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the cartilage is covered in bone – although in their embryos the jaw initially develops as the Meckelian Cartilage. In all tetrapods the cartilage partially ossifies (changes to bone) at the rear end of the jaw and becomes the articular bone, which forms part of the jaw joint in all tetrapods except mammals.
In some extinct mammal groups like eutriconodonts, the Meckel's cartilage still connected otherwise entirely modern ear bones to the jaw.
Additional images
References
External links
Skeletal system
Pharyngeal arches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meckel%27s%20cartilage |
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