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Bruce Hart may refer to:
Bruce Hart (songwriter) (1938–2006), American songwriter and screenwriter
Bruce Hart (wrestler) (born 1950), Canadian wrestler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Hart |
Interlocus contest evolution (ICE) is a process of intergenomic conflict by which different loci within a single genome antagonistically coevolve. ICE supposes that the Red Queen process, which is characterized by a never-ending antagonistic evolutionary arms race, does not only apply to species but also to genes within the genome of a species.
Because sexual recombination allows different gene loci to evolve semi-autonomously, genes have the potential to coevolve antagonistically. ICE occurs when "an allelic substitution at one locus selects for a new allele at the interacting locus, and vice versa." As a result, ICE can lead to a chain reaction of perpetual gene substitution at antagonistically interacting loci, and no stable equilibrium can be achieved. The rate of evolution thus increases at that locus.
ICE is thought to be the dominant mode of evolution for genes controlling social behavior. The ICE process can explain many biological phenomena, including intersexual conflict, parent offspring conflict, and interference competition.
Intersexual conflict
A fundamental conflict between the sexes lies in differences in investment: males generally invest predominantly in fertilization while females invest predominantly in offspring. This conflict manifests itself in many traits associated with sexual reproduction. Genes expressed in only one sex are selectively neutral in the other sex; male- and female-linked genes can therefore be acted upon separated by selection and will evolve semi-autonomously. Thus, one sex of a species may evolve to better itself rather than better the species as a whole, sometimes with negative results for the opposite sex: loci will antagonistically coevolve to enhance male reproductive success at females’ expense on the one hand, and to enhance female resistance to male coercion on the other. This is an example of intralocus sexual conflict, and is unlikely to be resolved fully throughout the genome. However, in some cases this conflict may be resolved by the restriction of the gene’s expression to only the sex that it benefits, resulting in sexual dimorphism.
The ICE theory can explain the differentiation of the human X- and Y-chromosomes. Semi-autonomous evolution may have promoted genes beneficial to females in the X-chromosome even when detrimental to males, and genes beneficial to males in the Y-chromosome, even when detrimental to females. As the distribution of the X-chromosome is three times as large as the Y-chromosome (the X-chromosome occurs in 3/4 of offspring genes, while the Y-chromosome occurs in only 1/4), the Y-chromosome has a reduced opportunity for rapid evolution. Thus, the Y-chromosome has "shed" its genes to leave only the essential ones (such as the SRY gene), which gives rise to the differences in the X- and Y-chromosomes.
Parent–offspring conflict
A father, mother and offspring may differ in the optimal resource allocation to the offspring. This co-evolutionary conflict can be considered in the context of ICE. Selection will favor genes in the male to maximize female investment in the current offspring, no matter the consequences to the female's reproduction later in life, while selection will favor genes in the female that increase her overall lifetime fitness. Genes expressed in the offspring will be selected to produce an intermediary level of resource allocation between the male-benefit and female-benefit loci. This three-way conflict again occurs when parents feed their offspring, as the optimum feeding rate and optimum point in time to discontinue feeding differ between father, mother and offspring.
Interference competition
ICE can also explain the theory of interference competition, which is most likely to be associated with opposing sets of genes that determine the outcome of competition between individuals. Different sets of genes may code for signal or receiver phenotypes, such as in the context of threat displays: when a competing male can win more contests by intimidation, rather than by fighting, selection will favor the accumulation of deceitful genes that may not be honest indicators of the male’s fighting capability.
For example, primitive male elephant seals may have used the lowest frequencies in the threat call of a rival as an indication of body size. The elephant seal's enormous nose may have evolved as a resonating device to amplify low frequencies, illustrating selection that favors the production of low-frequency threat vocalizations. However, this counter-selects for receptor systems that provide an increased threshold required for intimidation, which in turn selects for deeper threat vocalizations. The rapid divergence of threat displays among closely related species provides further evidence in support of the co-evolutionary arms race within the genome of a single species, driven by the ICE process.
References
Genetics
Evolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocus%20contest%20evolution |
James Chamberlain Baker (June 2, 1879 – 1969) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, The Methodist Church, and the United Methodist Church, elected in 1928.
Early life
James Chamberlain Baker was born on June 2, 1879, in Sheldon, Illinois. Of New England ancestry on both sides, he was a son of the Rev. Benjamin Webb Baker, a Civil War Chaplain.
Career
Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Bishop Baker united with the Illinois Annual Conference of the M.E. Church in 1900. He served as an educator, a pastor, and the organizer and head of the first Wesley Foundation in the United States, at the University of Illinois.
Bishop Baker served the California Episcopal Area, which at the time included the following Annual Conferences: California, Southern California-Arizona, California Oriental Provisional, Hawaii Mission, Pacific Japanese Provisional, and Latin American Provisional.
Personal life
He died in 1969.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
20th-century Methodist bishops
1879 births
1969 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Chamberlain%20Baker |
Cindy Cook is a Canadian children's entertainer. A graduate of York University's theatre program (1979), she was hired as a host on the long-running children's series Polka Dot Door in 1981. Cindy became the longest-serving female host in the program's history.
Polka Dot Door was syndicated world-wide until 1993.
When the series ended, she continued to tour across Canada and U.S. with Polka Dot Door Live until 2010.
Cook also toured Canada for five years as host of Bananas in Pajamas Live.
In 1990, Cook formed her own production company Time To Read Productions, creating the series Time To Read for MCTV and YTV.
The series ran for five years and 130 episodes. She also released a CD ... Sing and Spell with Cindy Cook.
It was produced and written by Canadian musician Willie P. Bennett and Kevin Knelman.
Based on the popularity of both series, Cook created her own stage shows for theatres, festivals, fairs, schools, libraries and corporate events.
She continues to perform her musical shows, covering the themes of literacy, environment, and safety, along with her popular Christmas concerts, across Canada, U.S.A. and Singapore.
In 2020, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, shows were broadcast virtually.
References
External links
Cindy Cook
Canadian children's television personalities
Living people
Canadian women television personalities
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy%20Cook |
Martin (Maarten) van den Hove (Latinized as Martinus Hortensius (Ortensius)) (1605 – 7 August 1639) was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician. His adopted Latin name is a translation of the Dutch hof ("garden"), in Latin horta.
Early life
Born in Delft, he studied at Leiden University under Snellius and Isaac Beeckman from 1625 to 1627. He received further instruction from Snellius from 1628 to 1630 at Leiden and at Ghent.
Van den Hove and Philippe van Lansberge
In 1628, he began studying under Philippe van Lansberge, who was introduced to him by Beeckman. Van den Hove became an enthusiastic supporter of Landsberge, who was by now quite aged, and helped Landsberge complete his project to "restore astronomy" (i.e. create new systematic observations to replace old, insufficient data). Landsberge thanked Van den Hove publicly, considered himself lucky that "by divine providence, in my old age, pressed by sickness, such a strong helper came to my aid, as formerly the learned Rheticus to the great Copernicus."
In 1632, at Copenhagen (Hafnia in Latin) and later reprinted at London in 1696, Petrus Bartholin published Apologia pro observationibus, et hypothesibus...Tycho Brahe...Contra...Martini Hortensii Delfensis criminationes et calumnies, quas in praefationem commentationum praeceptoris sui Philippi Lansbergii Middelburgensis, de motu terrae diurno et annuo etc. cosarcinnavit ("Defense of the Astronomical Observations and Theses of Tycho Brahe against the accusations and false claims of Martinus Hortensius of Delft, which appear in his preface of the commentary by his teacher Philip van Landsberge, who wrote on the daily and annual motion of the earth"). Van den Hove had attacked many of Tycho Brahe's claims in his preface to his Latin translation of a work by Landsbergen. This was the Commentationes in motum terrae diurnum, & annuum (Middelburg, 1630). The first Latin edition of Landsberge's illustrated treatise, the Commentationes taught the probability of earth’s motion according to the Copernican theory. Van den Hove regarded Landsberge, not Tycho Brahe, as the one who was restoring astronomy. "Only Landsberge held all ancient observations in esteem," Van den Hove wrote, "whereas Tycho, Longomontanus, and Kepler tended to neglect them."
Career as lecturer
At the encouragement of Gerard Vossius and Caspar Barlaeus, Van den Hove began lecturing on the mathematical sciences at the Amsterdam Atheneum (Athenaeum Illustre) in 1634. The Athenaeum Illustre, which had its seat in the fourteenth century Agnietenkapel, is commonly regarded as the predecessor of the University of Amsterdam. Upon assuming his new duties, Van den Hove delivered an inaugural speech, later published as De dignitate et utilitate Matheseos ("On the dignity and utility of the mathematical sciences").
Van den Hove also lectured on optics at Amsterdam (1635), and on navigation (1637). In 1638, Van den Hove was made a member of the commission negotiating with Galileo on the determination of longitude by the method of Jupiter's moons.
Work and legacy
Van den Hove developed a method for measuring the diameters of planets based on the measured visual angle that his telescope revealed. His was probably the first independent set of measurements of the apparent sizes of the planets and fixed stars since the work of Hipparchus in his On Sizes and Distances some seventeen centuries earlier. Van den Hove corresponded with René Descartes, Marin Mersenne, Pierre Gassendi, Christiaan Huygens, and Galileo Galilei. He was made full professor "in the Copernican theory" in 1635 and then nominated professor at Leiden University in 1639, but he died there shortly afterwards.
The crater Hortensius on the Moon is named after him.
Works
The Galileo Project: Martinus Hortensius
Rienk Vermij, The Calvinist Copernicans
Abstract Volker Remmert
Volker R. Remmert, What Do You Need a Mathematician For? Martinus Hortensius’s “Speech on the Dignity and Utility of the Mathematical Sciences” (Amsterdam 1634), in: The Mathematical Intelligencer 26:4 (2004), 40-47
Annette Imhausen/Volker R. Remmert: The Oration on the Dignity and the Usefulness of the Mathematical Sciences of Martinus Hortensius (Amsterdam, 1634): Text, Translation and Commentary, in: History of Universities 21 (2006), 71-150
References
1605 births
1639 deaths
17th-century Dutch astronomers
17th-century Dutch mathematicians
Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
People from Delft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20van%20den%20Hove |
The Watcher in the Woods is a 1980 American supernatural horror film directed by John Hough and Vincent McEveety and starring Bette Davis, Carroll Baker, Lynn-Holly Johnson, Kyle Richards, and David McCallum. Based on the 1976 novel by Florence Engel Randall, the film tells the story of a teenage girl and her little sister who become encompassed in a supernatural mystery regarding a missing girl in the woods surrounding their new home in the English countryside.
Filmed at Pinewood Studios and the surrounding areas in Buckinghamshire, England, The Watcher in the Woods was one of several live-action films produced by Walt Disney Productions in the 1980s, when the studio was targeting young adult audiences. The film had its premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on April 17, 1980, but was pulled from release after ten days, and future screenings were canceled by the studio because of an overwhelming negative response from critics and audiences. Several changes were made thereafter, including the excision of a pre-credits sequence, as well the filming of an entirely new ending, which was directed by Vincent McEveety without Hough's involvement. Disney re-released the revised cut of the film on October 9, 1981, and it grossed $5 million.
Though critical response to the film was varied and included numerous unfavorable reviews, the film went on to gain a cult following in the years following its release. Another adaptation of the novel was released for television in 2017 starring Anjelica Huston.
Plot
Americans Helen and Paul Curtis and their daughters, Jan and Ellie, move into a manor in rural England. Mrs. Aylwood, the owner of the residence who now lives in the guest house next door, notices that Jan bears a striking resemblance to her daughter, Karen, who disappeared inside an abandoned chapel in the woods thirty years earlier.
Jan senses something unusual about the property almost immediately, and begins to see strange blue lights in the woods, triangles, and glowing objects. On one occasion, she sees the apparition of a blindfolded girl in a mirror in front of her. Shortly after the family settles in, Ellie goes to buy a puppy she inexplicably names "Nerak". After seeing the reflection of the name "Nerak" (Karen spelled backwards), Jan is told about the mystery of Mrs. Aylwood's missing daughter by Mike Fleming, the teenage son of a local woman, Mary.
One afternoon, Nerak runs into woods, and Ellie chases after him. Jan, realising that her sister has disappeared from the yard, goes into the woods to find her, eventually locating her at a pond. In the water, she sees a blue circle of light, and is blinded by a flash, causing her to fall in; she nearly drowns, but Mrs. Aylwood saves her. Mrs. Aylwood brings Jan and Ellie to her home, and recounts the night her daughter disappeared.
Later, Mike discovers that his mother, Mary, was with Karen when she disappeared, but she evades his questions. Meanwhile, Jan attempts to get information from John Keller, a reclusive aristocrat who was also there that night, but he refuses to speak to her. On her way home, Jan cuts through the woods, where she encounters a local hermit, Tom Colley, who tells Jan he was also present at Karen's disappearance. He claims that during a seance-like initiation ceremony on the night of a lunar eclipse, Karen vanished when lightning struck the church bell tower.
Jan decides to recreate the ceremony during the upcoming solar eclipse, hoping it will bring Karen back. She gathers Mary, Tom, and John at the abandoned chapel, and they attempt to repeat the ceremony. Meanwhile, Ellie, while watching the eclipse from the front yard, suddenly goes into a trance-like state, apparently possessed, and enters the woods. At the chapel, the ceremony is interrupted by a powerful wind that shatters the windows, and Ellie appears. In a voice that is not her own, she explains that an accidental switch took place thirty years ago, in which Karen traded places with an alien presence from an alternate dimension; thus, the Watcher has been haunting the woods since, while Karen has remained suspended in time.
The Watcher leaves Ellie's body, manifesting as a pillar of light, fueled by the "circle of friendship". It engulfs Jan and lifts her into the air, but Mike intercedes and pulls her away before the Watcher disappears. Simultaneously, the eclipse ends, and Karen, still the same age as when she disappeared, reappears – still blindfolded. She removes the blindfold just as Mrs. Aylwood enters the chapel.
Cast
Production
Development
The Watcher in the Woods is based on Florence Engel Randall's 1976 novel A Watcher in the Woods. Producer Tom Leetch pitched the project to Disney executive Ron Miller, stating that "This could be our Exorcist." Brian Clemens adapted the novel into a screenplay. However, Disney decided that Clemens' version—which had a different conclusion than that of the novel—was "too dark and threatening and black," and had Rosemary Anne Sisson revise it. This script was later revised again by Gerry Day in July 1979. Miller recruited John Hough to direct the film after seeing his previous movie, The Legend of Hell House with Roddy McDowall.
When the film was pulled from theatres, several new endings were penned by various writers at Disney to substitute for the original. In addition to the work of studio writers, a number of science fiction writers, including Robert Silverberg, Joe Haldeman, and the Niven/Pournelle team, all working separately, were brought in and paid for alternate endings, but apparently none of those were used. Harrison Ellenshaw, the visual effects designer, later stated that there were "roughly 152" possible endings. Ellenshaw wrote the version of the ending that eventually accompanied the final 1981 re-released version of the film.
Casting
According to director John Hough during his audio commentary on the 2002 Anchor Bay DVD release, casting the role of the young Mrs. Aylwood was complicated, since the character is featured in two separate time periods; Bette Davis, who was already cast as Mrs. Aylwood, was considered for playing both the young and old versions of the character.
According to Hough, Davis "desperately" wanted to play both parts; so much so, that the production crew had make-up and hair specialists flown in from Los Angeles in order to work on Davis in preparation for screen tests; the goal was to reverse her age appearance by thirty years. After the screen tests were completed and viewed by the crew, Hough was concerned about Davis playing the younger character, and felt that the make-up and hair work had "maybe knocked about twenty years off of her age, but not forty"; Davis was 72 years old at the time. Upon viewing the tests, Hough cued for the crew to leave the screening room, and said, "Bette, I don't think you've made it". After taking one long drag from her cigarette, Davis replied: "You're goddamn right". British actress Georgina Hale ended up taking the role of the younger Mrs. Aylwood; according to Hough, she took the part largely because of her admiration for Davis.
In casting the leading part of Jan, Diane Lane had been the initial choice, but she declined. The part eventually went to Lynn-Holly Johnson, who had gained attention in the United States as a professional figure skater, as well as for her acting role as a blind ice skater in the 1978 film, Ice Castles, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination.
Carroll Baker, who was living in London at the time, was asked to play the part for Hough (who had long admired her work). She accepted the role. Eleven-year-old Kyle Richards - who played Ellie, the youngest sister in the film - had previously worked with Hough on Escape to Witch Mountain in an uncredited role as a younger version of her sister, Kim Richards.
Filming
Principal photography for The Watcher of the Woods began in August 1979, on a budget of approximately $7 million. The film was shot primarily at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England, and the surrounding areas. St. Hubert's Manor, the house used in the film was located near Iver Heath; it has since been deconstructed and turned into apartments. Hough used several locations that are also seen in Robert Wise's The Haunting, most notably the grand mansion in which John Keller's character lives; this was the same house used for filming The Haunting (Ettington Park, Warwickshire). The shoot lasted a total of twelve weeks. During filming, producer Ron Miller would often intervene to tone down intense scenes, leading to "unhappy compromises" between him and the filmmakers.
Special effects
The special effects sequences (much of which appear in the film's excised alternate endings) were completed at Disney studios in Burbank, California by Harrison Ellenshaw after filming in England was completed. Ellenshaw's previous credits included Star Wars (1977) and The Black Hole (1979). Art Cruickshank and Bob Broughton oversaw the photographic effects, while Cruickshank completed miniature photography. Hough was disappointed with the way the alien appeared on film, and recalled: "The animation was out of my control. I had no say. The last four minutes undid all the good work of the previous 87 minutes when the monster came out,” he continues. “It moved in a very stiff way, and it really wasn’t up to what we were later going to see in later films."
Post-production
Ending reshoots
The film's original intended ending featured an appearance by the growling Watcher, a skeletal, insectoid alien, which picks Jan up in the chapel and disappears. At this point, the two were supposed to fly across an alien landscape to the Watcher's crippled spacecraft. Inside, Karen was trapped in a pyramidal prism. According to Sam Nicholson, the visual effects supervisor, "For some reason, the girl who disappeared imbalanced this alien's craft when she went through this portal. Which in turn caused this alien to crash." Jan reached out to Karen, and when the two embraced they were teleported back to the chapel. The girls then returned to the manor, where Mrs. Aylwood and her daughter were reunited. As they walk arm in arm, Jan explains everything to Ellie: the Watcher – who was switched with Karen by accident during the eclipse – needed Jan to free the girl. The visual effects for the "other world" scenes were not finished in time for the release because the film was rushed out to coincide with Bette Davis's 50th anniversary as a film actor in 1980 (Davis was first hired by Universal Studios in 1930). Rather than finish the existing effects shots, Disney opted to rewrite and reshoot the ending, toning down the references to the occult.
The first official theatrical ending, which was shown in the film's brief 1980 screening in New York City (see Release history) featured only part of the original ending, eliminating the "other world" sequence and replacing it with Helen's interrogation of Tom, Mary, and John at the chapel, after Jan disappears during their re-enactment of the séance. It did, however, include the appearance of the alien creature as it picks up Jan and disappears into thin air. While Helen is questioning everyone in the chapel, Jan re-appears, and emerges from a beam of light, hand-in-hand with Karen. The girls return to the house, where Mrs. Aylwood and Karen are re-united in the front yard, and Jan discusses the watcher with Ellie. This ending forced the film to rely on Jan's brief, cryptic explanation to provide closure. This conclusion to The Watcher in the Woods was nearly unintelligible as a result, thus giving the film the reputation of not having an ending. It also omitted Mrs. Aylwood's condemnation of recreating the séance on the basis that it was witchcraft.
After critical backlash during the film's limited theatrical run in New York on April 17, 1980, the film was pulled from theaters and reshoots of its ending began without director Hough in the late spring of 1980. Due to the 1980 actors strike, Davis was unable to return to England to film reshoots, so her additional footage was shot in California. The 1981 theatrical release is the "official" version of the film and can be found on any VHS, laserdisc, or DVD release of The Watcher in the Woods (except for Blu-ray). It is summarized above in the film's synopsis. In this third, official ending, the re-imagined Watcher (an ectoplasmic pillar of light) was less threatening and more supernatural. The nature of Karen and the Watcher's switch was clearly explained by Ellie in the chapel (whilst possessed by the Watcher). The new footage (including the forest scenes that replaced the original opening credits) was directed by Vincent McEveety, although he was not credited due to union rules which forbade a screen credit unless the director worked on the film for a certain number of hours.
Excised opening scene
In addition to the replaced ending, the film's opening sequence was also changed: In Hough's original cut, the opening credits sequence was played after a sequence in which a young girl playing in the woods encounters the Watcher, who strikes her doll with a blue beam of light, incinerating it.
Release
The Watcher in the Woods had a limited release showing at New York City's Ziegfeld Theatre beginning April 17, 1980. Initially, the studio had planned to expand the film's release to between 600 and 700 theaters by June 1980. However, following an overwhelmingly negative reaction from audiences and critics, the film was pulled from the Ziegfeld Theater after only 10 days, and other scheduled screenings were canceled. The negative response prompted Disney to undertake reshoots of the film's ending, which cost the production an additional $1 million. In its place, Disney re-released Mary Poppins (1964).
The film was re-released eighteen months later on October 9, 1981, after extensive reshoots and the addition of an entirely new ending. Promotional material for the film presented it as a straightforward suspense film aimed for more mature audiences, a new endeavor for Disney; the film's theatrical trailer began with a title card reading:
The re-release was regionally staggered, with the film opening on the East Coast first, and expanding to the West Coast in late November 1981.
Box office
During its original April 17, 1980 run in New York City, the film grossed only $40,000 before being pulled from theaters due to poor audience response. It was re-released on October 9, 1981, on 240 screens, and grossed $1.2 million during its opening week. It went on to gross a total of $5 million domestically,
Home media
The film was released on VHS in the 1980s. In 1999, Anchor Bay Entertainment announced a special edition DVD release of the film, but it was removed from their schedule shortly after and delayed indefinitely. Anchor Bay released the film three years after their initial announcement, on April 2, 2002. Their edition of the film features an audio commentary with director Hough, three theatrical trailers, a television spot, as well as two alternate endings viewable separate from the film: the "other world" footage as an abbreviated (14 minute long) and unfinished alternate ending. The second alternate ending (6 minutes long) is an approximation of the first theatrical ending.
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment re-released a Region 2 DVD of the film in early 2004, and in the United States on August 3, 2004. Hough's audio commentary commissioned for the Anchor Bay release is not present on this disc.
On September 7, 2021, the film was released on Blu-ray exclusively through Disney Movie Club.
The film is not available on Disney+ at this time. However, it is available to watch for free on YouTube.
Reception
Critical response
Initial run
Vincent Canby of The New York Times panned the film during its original 1980 theatrical run, writing: "I challenge even the most indulgent fan to give a coherent translation of what passes for an explanation at the end." He also criticized the special effects, noting that the creature in the film's finale "looks as if it had been stolen from a Chinese New Year's parade." Kathleen Carroll of the New York Daily News similarly deemed it a "somewhat tantalizing but ultimately ridiculous suspense movie." Gene Shalit of Ladies Home Journal also criticized the film, writing: "The Watcher in the Woods wastes the talents of Bette Davis and wastes our time with the non-talents of two children who speak in monotones... This dreary Disney movie may scare some ten-year-old girls who enjoy teenage mysteries, but parents and other adults will be exasperated. In a review published in Essence, Bonnie Allen noted: "I could not figure out what audience the film was made for. The plot has no new twist on the haunted English mansion scenario. Bette Davis, as the mother of the hauntee, is not enough to legitimize this horrid horror. As a matter of fact, The Watcher in the Woods is best left unwatched." Jim Wright of the Hackensack Record similarly felt the film was unoriginal, and that "when the payoff arrives... it is filled with absurdities rather than answers."
A review published in Variety gave the film a middling review, noting: "The acting and writing are barely professional but the art direction, especially Alan Hume’s stunning camerawork, gives the pic a gloss." At the time, producer Miller stated he felt the film had fared poorly with critics and audiences because "most of the film is a mysterious suspenseful movie but ends with a sci-fi twist. We're now looking for a more clever ending." Al Frank of the Morristown Daily Record felt that, though the film had a flawed conclusion, "John Hough's direction mixes the light with the spooky so well you're always surprised at what comes next." The Central New Jersey Home Newss Ted Serrill noted that the film was "entertaining without let-up" and praised its cinematography, concluding that it "will do as a tasty forerunner of The Shining, which is to come next month."
Christopher John reviewed The Watcher in the Woods in Ares Magazine #3 and commented that "It must be put on record that for a studio unused to being totally serious, this is a big step forward. The Watcher In The Woods takes its creators quite a distance from the syrup of Disney's past. It is just unfortunate that a baby's first steps are usually awkward, stumbling ones."
Re-release
The film's second theatrical run with a brand new ending garnered it some critical praise, with The Hollywood Reporter calling it a "A rattlingly good suspense yarn. The ending is seamless, satisfying, resolving the mystery. The film is genuinely eerie and scary." An article published in The New York Times commented on the revised version of the film, writing: "The early good reviews for the revised Watcher in the Woods do not, by any means, solve all of Disney's problems. The PG-rated (Parental Guidance Suggested) movie is tense and scary enough to appeal to the teen-age audience that the studio has been trying to woo for the last four or five years. But can any film with a Disney label attract teen-agers?"
A review published in TV Guide criticized the film even with the revised ending and gave it one out of four stars, noting: "From the start it's apparent that [the setting] is no ordinary glen teeming with cute little Disney squirrels. Johnson, however, isn't intimidated by the woods, but strange incidents begin occurring when she becomes possessed by the spirit of Davis's long-dead daughter. Though the filmmakers make some effort to create a creepy atmosphere, they fail at one of horror's most basic formats—the haunted house story." Michael Blowen of The Boston Globe was also critical, deeming Davis "sour-faced," adding: "Everything in the filmdirection, acting, writing, music arrangements, and editingis as transparent as Casper the Friendly Ghost."
, The Watcher in the Woods holds a rating of 50% based on 25 reviews with the consensus: "The Watcher in the Woods boasts plenty of spooky atmosphere and a typically strong performance from Bette Davis, but it builds to a conclusion so dissatisfying that it undermines all that came before."
Accolades, awards and nominations
See also
List of films featuring eclipses
The Watcher in the Woods (2017 film), a second adaptation of the book
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Digital Cinema, detailed articles on the controversies surrounding The Watcher in the Woods by journalist Scott Michael Bosco.
, as featured in the 1980 theatrical release
, featuring the "other world" sequence
Internet Archives, free download of The Watcher in the Woods.
1980 films
1980 horror films
1980s mystery horror films
1980 thriller films
American supernatural horror films
American mystery horror films
American thriller films
British supernatural horror films
British mystery horror films
British thriller films
Demons in film
Films based on American novels
Films based on mystery novels
Films directed by John Hough
Films produced by Ron W. Miller
Films scored by Stanley Myers
Films set in country houses
Films set in forests
American ghost films
American haunted house films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
American supernatural thriller films
Walt Disney Pictures films
1980s ghost films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
1980s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Watcher%20in%20the%20Woods%20%281980%20film%29 |
Paul Stewart (born March 21, 1953) is an American former professional ice hockey player and referee. Inducted in the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2018, he is the grandson of Bill Stewart. He played 65 games in the World Hockey Association (WHA) between 1976 and 1979, and 21 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) during the 1979–80 season. He later worked as a referee in the NHL from 1986 until 2003
Career
Stewart played in both the World Hockey Association and the National Hockey League. He played with Mark Messier for the Cincinnati Stingers. His last season of top level professional hockey was 1979–80 with the Quebec Nordiques.
After his playing days ended, he had a lengthy career as an NHL referee, beginning in 1986. He officiated 1,010 regular season games (including Guy Lafleur's final NHL game), 49 playoff games, the 1987 Canada Cup, the 1991 Canada Cup and two All-Star games. He never wore a helmet during his officiating career. From the 1994–95 NHL season until his retirement in 2003, he wore uniform number 22.
Stewart is men's and women's league director of officiating for ECAC Hockey, and in 2012, also took on duties as a judicial and discipline consultant to the Kontinental Hockey League.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey left wingers
American ice hockey officials
Binghamton Dusters players
Binghamton Whalers players
Broome Dusters players
Boston Bruins announcers
Cape Cod Buccaneers players
Cincinnati Stingers (CHL) players
Cincinnati Stingers players
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Ice hockey people from Boston
Mohawk Valley Stars players
National Hockey League officials
New Haven Nighthawks players
Penn Quakers men's ice hockey players
People from Dorchester, Massachusetts
Philadelphia Firebirds (AHL) players
Quebec Nordiques players
Undrafted National Hockey League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Stewart%20%28ice%20hockey%29 |
Ernst Heinrich Hoffmann (June 18, 1899–January 3, 1956) was an American conductor who served as the music director of the Houston Symphony for eleven years.
Hoffmann was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a violinist in the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Although Ernst was an accomplished musician in his youth, during which he studied piano with the noted Harold Bauer, he enrolled in the anthropology program at Harvard University. Hoffmann was graduated cum laude in that discipline, whereupon he was offered a position on the Harvard anthropology faculty. He chose instead to go to Germany in 1920 to study music at the conservatory in Berlin. During this time he met Annemarie Clara ("Mini") Hoffmann (her maiden name), a native German teacher of mathematics and languages, whom he married in 1922, and with whom he had one child, a son, Clifford (born in 1927).
Following his Berlin studies, Hoffmann performed as a violinist in Berlin theatre orchestras, often under the baton of the eminent Richard Strauss. In 1924 he was appointed conductor-in-chief of the Breslau Opera and Philharmonic, a position he held for ten years until, under the advent of Hitler's regime, he was declared unacceptable for the position because of his American citizenship.
Hoffmann returned to the United States in 1934. In Boston, he founded the Commonwealth Symphony Orchestra and became its music director. There he came to the attention of leaders of the Houston Symphony, and he was engaged as that orchestra's music director in 1936. Hoffmann was a popular figure in Houston, and his tenure on the podium there was the longest of any music director to that point.
In 1947 Hoffmann left Houston and soon afterward accepted a position as director of orchestral music at Indiana University, a position he held until his death.
En route to Indiana following a Christmas 1955 visit to their son in Houston, Ernst and Annemarie Hoffmann died in an automobile accident near Clarksdale, Mississippi, on January 3, 1956.
References
Roussel, Hubert. The Houston Symphony Orchestra 1913-1971. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972. .
1899 births
1956 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Jacobs School of Music faculty
American male conductors (music)
Texas classical music
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
Road incident deaths in Mississippi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Hoffmann%20%28conductor%29 |
M. Krishnan Nair may refer to:
M. Krishnan Nair (author) (1923–2006), Indian Malayalam literary critic and orator
M. Krishnan Nair (doctor) (1939–2021), Indian oncologist, director of the Regional Cancer Centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
M. Krishnan Nair (director) (1926–2001), Indian film director of Malayalam films
M. Krishnan Nair (politician) (1870–1938), Indian politician, member of Madras Legislative Council
See also
Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1914–1990), Kathakali artist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Krishnan%20Nair |
A Political Romance is a 1759 novel by Laurence Sterne, author of Tristram Shandy.
The novel was the first work written by Sterne, and it can be labelled a roman à clef or a cronique scandaleuse, which were popular at the beginning of the 18th century. It can be considered a mock-epic allegory that describes a provincial squabble between a church-lawyer, an archbishop and a Dean, i.e. a "Lilliputian" satire on ecclesiastical politics in Sterne's York.
The publishing history of Sterne's work
As Sterne's biographer W. L. Cross reports, until the beginning of the last century the only version of A Political Romance available to readers and critics, once it was suppressed soon after its publication in 1759, was the mutilated version reprinted in 1769 (after Sterne's death). The title of that version was The History of a Good Warm Watch-Coat. But in September 1905 an original and unexpected copy was found in the library of the dean and chapter of York. Since then, another five original copies have been found. And what the finders found was that the 1769 publisher, further to making the humorist's language suitable, also cut off the last three parts of the text, i.e., half the work. In 1914 then, when A Political Romance was published by the Club of Odd Volumes, only those few fortunate readers could read, further to The History of a Good Warm Watch-Coat, the "Key" and the two final letters, the first addressed to the publisher, the second to the target of the satire.
The History of a Good Warm Watch-Coat is available in The Works of Laurence Sterne, published in 1769.
References
External links
18th-century British novels
1759 novels
Novels by Laurence Sterne
Novels set in York
British political novels
1759 debut novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Political%20Romance |
Andrew John Ashworth, CBE, KC (Hon), FBA (born 11 October 1947) was the Vinerian Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford from 1997 to 2013, a Fellow of All Souls College, and was formerly Chairman of the Sentencing Advisory Panel before it was abolished in 2010. He gained his LLB in 1968 from the London School of Economics, a BCL from Oxford in 1970, and a PhD in 1973 from the University of Manchester. He attended Rishworth School in West Yorkshire.
Ashworth was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours.
Publishing
He has written extensively on English criminal law, and was for some several years the Editor of the Criminal Law Review.
Teaching
Ashworth teaches courses on the Bachelor of Civil Law course. He has also supervised research students on Oxford's various legal research courses.
Views
Ashworth through his works has shown much resentment towards the approach of the British Parliament to basic principles of criminal justice. He advocates respect for the presumption of innocence and has written a considerable number of articles on different areas of law of evidence.
References
External links
Andrew Ashworth at Oxford Law
1947 births
Living people
English legal scholars
English non-fiction writers
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
People from Rochdale
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Vinerian Professors of English Law
English male non-fiction writers
Honorary King's Counsel
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Ashworth |
Boon is a British television drama starring Michael Elphick, David Daker, and later Neil Morrissey. It was created by Jim Hill and Bill Stair and filmed by Central Television for ITV, and was originally broadcast between 1986 and 1995. It revolved around the life of an ex-fireman called Ken Boon. - a motorcycle-obsessed small time businessman who at the same time acts as a private investigator, bodyguard and general troubleshooter. Since 16 January 2017 it has been rerun on UKTV channel Drama. The first two series are currently streaming on BritBox.
The show was memorable for its theme tune - Hi Ho Silver by Scottish singer Jim Diamond, which became a major UK top ten hit single in 1986.
Premise
Ken Boon (Elphick) and Harry Crawford (Daker) are both old-fashioned 'smokeys' (firemen) in the West Midlands Fire Service. In episode 1 Crawford takes early retirement and moves to Spain to open a bar, leaving Ken behind. Ken attends a house fire in which a child is trapped upstairs. Realising that he must act quickly, he goes into the house without breathing apparatus and rescues the child, but he is severely injured by inhaling toxic smoke. He attempts to prove that he can still make it, but he is declared unfit for duty after collapsing during a practice simulation because his lungs have been permanently damaged, and he is forced to leave the fire service.
The basic premise of the show revolves around Ken and Harry's various business ventures, which become intertwined with various shady characters or criminal underworld figures, often requiring Ken to outwit or fight their way out of trouble. Along the way, the pair often encounter others in need or have been hard done by, and many of the episode sub-plots see various wrongs being put right. In later series, this became the main focus of the show as Boon becomes a private investigator and bodyguard, with Harry's business activities becoming more of a backdrop. The comedic element usually comes from Harry's frequent minor misfortunes or his best laid plans going awry in unexpected and sometimes farcical ways - with Ken usually having to come to his rescue and sort out the mess.
In the first series, Ken starts a market garden, the Ponderosa, in a village about ten miles outside Birmingham, but finds that it isn't working out. Harry returns from Spain after his wife leaves him for a young hairdresser. Harry has acquired a hotel in Birmingham and offers Ken a job and a home there. On Ken's behalf, and without his knowledge, Harry places a box-number advertisement in a newspaper stating: "Ex-fireman seeks interesting work. Anything legal considered. In the second series, both Ken and Harry have expanded their business interests, with Harry investing in a larger hotel and Ken starting a motorcycle courier firm called "Texas Rangers", where he recruits fellow biker Richard "Rocky" Cassidy (Morrissey), whose general dim-wittedness provides an extra layer of comic relief.
Over the course of the third and following series, Boon establishes two private investigation firms, BDI (Boon-Daly Investigations) and Boon Investigations; and a security firm, CBS (Crawford Boon Security), a partnership with Harry in which Boon is responsible for private investigations and Harry for security. In series 1–3 Harry runs two hotels, the Grand Hotel and the Coaching Inn, and a ballroom, the Plaza Suite. In series 4 he operates a country club, Woodcote Park, before going into business with Boon in series 5.
The series moved away from Birmingham to Nottingham at the beginning of series 4, when production moved to Central Television's studios in Nottingham. The Birmingham episodes (series 2–3, and exteriors for series 1) were shot on film, but the Nottingham episodes (series 4–7) were shot on videotape, as were interior scenes for series 1. Apart from the studio interiors of Series 1 all filming was done on location.
Cast
The cast included Michael Elphick (Ken Boon) and David Daker (Harry Crawford). Neil Morrissey joined in the second series as Rocky, his first major television role. Other regular characters were played by Rachel Davies (Doreen Evans), Lesley-Anne Sharpe (Debbie Yates), Amanda Burton (Margaret Daly), Elizabeth Carling (Laura Marsh), Brigit Forsyth (Helen Yeldham), Saskia Wickham (Alex Wilton), Joan Scott (Ethel Ellard) and Gordon Warnecke (Hanif Kurtha). Christopher Eccleston had a small role, one of his first.
Vehicles
The signature vehicle of the show is Ken Boon's red and silver 1965 BSA Lightning motorcycle - nicknamed "White Lightning" - registration number EVK 284C. Rocky Cassidy rides a black and gold 1972 Norton Commando 850 Interstate.
Writers
The show's writers included Geoff McQueen, Kevin McNally, Bernard Strother, Anthony Minghella, Tony McHale, Kieran Prendiville and Veronica Henry. Ted Childs was the first executive producer.
Episodes
Home releases
Title sequences
Unusually for a TV series, there was a different title sequence with every subsequent series. Rather than promote the show's overall premise, the titles were used as a thematic device to help establish the settings and plotlines for each series, chronicling a narrative progression through Ken's life as he moves onto new locations and business ventures. However, the titles do follow one central interlinking theme of Ken imagining himself as a Lone Ranger type hero riding to the rescue on his trusty motorbike 'White Lighting', which helps undescrore the meanings behind the lyrics of the series theme tune 'Hi Ho Silver' by Jim Diamond, which in turn evokes aspects of Ken's character where his core drive is to help others in need and assist in solving their problems. In earlier series, the association between Ken riding on his motorbike whilst he envisages himself riding on horseback in a Western setting is more apparent. From Series 4 onwards, the idea of Ken's soul riding around town on his motorbike provides the core theme, although this somewhat diminishes in the final series.
Series 1
The first title sequence of the series, sees Ken reading a Western comic strip titled White Lightning, the camera pans to reveal a collection of Western novels, and soon he imagines himself to be the heroic cowboy from the comic strip, which is intercut with shots of him riding down a motorway towards Birmingham on his beloved motorbike which he names 'White Lightning' after the comic strip, that would soon become a focal fixture throughout the course of this show.
Series 2
Maintaining the Western theme, the title sequence for this series is largely identical to the one in the previous series; it begins with a shot of Ken's flat above the former stables at The Coaching Inn, and sees Ken flipping through TV channels before finding a Western movie to watch. He soon imagines himself to be the hero of the film riding on a horse through the town, which gradually transforms into his motorbike 'White Lightning'.
Series 3
The titles for this series opens with a shot of Birmingham city centre, where Ken is seen entering a building on a Birmingham street. Inside he finds a vintage large format camera, he soon imagines himself as a Lone Ranger type character in a Wild West setting wandering into a saloon, where he meets Margaret and Harry. Ken tries to pull out his pistol but is soon restrained by Margaret. Like the previous two series, the title sequence concludes with shots of Ken's horse transforming into his motorbike.
Series 4
Reflecting on the change of location for this series, the title sequence opens with a shot of Nottingham at night. Ken is in his office where he falls asleep and "dreams" that his soul has left is body, where it exits the building to ride around town on his motorbike. Harry is standing by a TV shop watching clips from a Western and previous Boon title sequences, and is stunned when he sees the apparition rush by him. Ken soon awakes and rushes outside to suddenly witness his soul riding past him into the night.
Series 5
Much like the previous series, the opening titles maintain the theme of Ken's soul and motorbike riding off within the realm of Ken's dreams. It opens with a shot of Ken leaving his current home, a canal boat besides the CBS office building situated beside the canal basin of the River Trent. He goes into a warehouse filled with trucks and throws his keys up in the air, which his soul supposedly catches. He then sees his motorbike 'White Lightning' race through the warehouse, which gradually transforms into the legs of a horse. Normality resumes when Ken finds his motorbike parked in a building.
Series 6
The title sequence for this series is similar in theme to the one in series four, it opens with Ken asleep in his bed at his cottage in Upper Ridley. Outside, his soul is riding through the streets of Nottingham on his motorbike.. As it reaches towards his home, Ken is suddenly awoken by the noise and rushes over to find his motorbike outside his bedroom window. Instantaneously, we now find Ken on his motorbike entering the offices at CBS, where he is greeted by Harry and Rocky.
Series 7
For the final title sequence of the series, it presents a largely retrospective theme that reflects on the earlier series. It features Ken wandering into a cinema where he is greeted by Harry who takes his ticket. Soon Rocky appears as an Usher and guides him to his seat. In the theatre, he finds a number of doppelgangers of himself in the audience staring at him; the film starts and it contains clips from opening titles and significant moments from the previous six series, before his soul rides past him on 'White Lighting' and hurtles through the pews. The sequence ends with Ken waking up at home in front of his television, which reveals it has all been a dream.
History of the show
Although never explicitly mentioned by the show's creators, Boon shared many conceptual similarities with contemporary ITV drama series Minder - both being set in a gritty working class city (Birmingham/London), both centering around the relationship between a 'heavy' (Ken Boon/Terry McCann) and a businessman (Harry Crawford/Arthur Daley) - although one key difference being that neither Ken or Harry's activities are illegal - unlike those depicted in Minder. Both shows delved into the criminal underworld whilst exploring moral issues in the sub-plots, at the same time blending it with a certain amount of comedic relief.
According to Jim Hill (co-creator), the name 'Boon' was derived as follows: "Originally called 'Anything Legal Considered', we fell foul of the vogue of the main character's name being all or part of the title. Boon had been derived from an American TV series from the 1950s that Bill Stair and I both watched and liked. It was called 'Have Gun – Will Travel' (1957) – a troubleshooting cowboy answered distress calls. He was called Paladin and was played by the actor Richard Boone. We dropped the E and we had BOON – a modern-day trouble shooter on a motorbike instead of a steed."
Elphick and Morrissey would reunite for the Central-TV sourced horror comedy continuing the motorbike theme, I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle.
References and notes
External links
Boon at Nostalgia Central
ITV television dramas
1986 British television series debuts
1995 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
1990s British drama television series
Television shows set in Birmingham, West Midlands
Television shows set in Nottinghamshire
Television series by ITV Studios
English-language television shows
Television shows produced by Central Independent Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boon%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., marketed simply as "Hill's", is an American pet food company that produces dog and cat foods. The company is a subsidiary of Colgate-Palmolive.
History
Hill's Pet Nutrition was founded in the spring of 1907 by Burton Hill and started operation as Hill Rendering Works. Hill Rendering Works provided rendering services to Shawnee County, Kansas, and had a contract with Topeka, Kansas, to dispose of dead and lame animals. Hill Rendering Works produced tallow, hides, tankage, meat scraps and farm animal feed including hogs and chicken feed.
By the 1930s, the name had changed to Hill Packing Company, which included a milling division, Hill Milling company. At this time the company produced farm animal feed, dog food and horse meat for human consumption, processing 500 head of horse per week. The meat was shipped to markets in Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands. Much of the horse meat was sold to the east coast as a product called Chopped and Cured and shipped to Europe as barreled horse loins.
In 1948, Mark L. Morris contacted Hill Packing Company to produce Canine k/d. Hill Packing Company became the license producer of Canine k/d. In 1968, the food line was made available through veterinarians and pet professionals as Hill's Science Diet. The line continued to expand and includes more than 60 Prescription Diet brand pet foods (prescription foods for cats and dogs with specific diseases, only available through a vet or pet pharmacy) and Science Diet brand pet foods (sold through veterinarians and pet specialty stores). In 1968, Hill Packing Company was sold to Riviana Foods, then in 1976 the Colgate-Palmolive Company merged with Riviana Foods.
Product brands
Science Diet
Science Diet was developed in the 1960s by Mark L. Morris Jr. (1934 – 2007). Morris was the son of veterinarian Dr. Mark Morris Sr., who pioneered the field of veterinary clinical nutrition when asked to create a specialized diet for the original seeing-eye dog, Buddy, a female German Shepherd with kidney disease. That success led Morris and his son to create additional condition-specific and life-stage pet food formulas under the Prescription Diet and Science Diet brand names.
Prescription Diet
Prescription Diet is a line of pet food formulated to help cats and dogs with health issues.
Recalls
One Prescription Diet line and five products of the Science Diet line were involved in the 2007 pet food recalls for their inclusion of melamine tainted wheat gluten received from China.
On January 31, 2019, Hill's recalled 25 varieties of its canned dog food, because of elevated levels of vitamin D, due to a supplier error. Vitamin D overdose in animals can cause irreversible kidney damage and eventually death. On February 12, 2019, San Francisco law firm Schubert Jonckheer & Kolbe LLP filed a class action lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against Hill's on behalf of affected owners for distributing dog food which contained potentially toxic levels of vitamin D.
References
External links
Cat food brands
Dog food brands
Colgate-Palmolive brands
Companies based in Topeka, Kansas
1968 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%27s%20Pet%20Nutrition |
Douglas Francis "Frank" St. Leger (May 30, 1890 – December 26, 1969) was a British-American conductor of Indian birth. During the 1930s he served three seasons as music director of the Houston Symphony Orchestra.
Biography
St. Leger was born in Madras, now Chennai, India, to British parents. At 16, he entered the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he studied piano and conducting. He was graduated with several honors.
Career
Between 1912 and 1914, St. Leger toured as the pianist for the Cherniavsky Trio. He served in the Australian army for two years, following which he was appointed the pianist and conductor for the opera singer Dame Nellie Melba. His position with Melba brought St. Leger to the United States in 1917. As an accompanist, St. Leger recorded dozens of Russian songs on Vocalion with the Russian tenor Vladimir Rosing in the early 1920s.
Subsequently, he held positions with the American Opera Company, the Royal Opera at Covent Garden in London, and, beginning in 1929, a staff position with the Civic Opera of Chicago. In 1932 St. Leger was engaged as the music director of the Houston Symphony. He resigned following the season of 1934-1935. Following a position directing the Central City Opera in Colorado, St. Leger accepted, in 1939, a position as an assistant conductor for the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. He remained at the Metropolitan for the following eleven years, holding subsequent positions as regular conductor, musical secretary, and company assistant manager in charge of repertory.
St. Leger departed New York in 1950, and in 1953 joined the music faculty of Indiana University as professor of music. Upon his retirement in 1963, he was designated emeritus professor of music; after his retirement from full-time status at Indiana, he continued there part-time, coaching voice and opera.
Personal
On February 10, 1930, St. Leger married Katharine Elizabeth Millsbaugh in New York. They were the parents of a son, Frances William Hugh. St. Leger died in Bloomington, Indiana, at the age of 79.
References
"D. Francis St. Leger, 79, Dead; Ex-Aide of Metropolitan Opera." The New York Times, 28 December 1969.
"Frank St. Leger at Indiana U." The Dallas Morning News, 10 November 1953.
Roussel, Hubert. The Houston Symphony Orchestra 1913-1971. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972. .
Social Security Death Index at Rootsweb.com.
1890 births
1969 deaths
British people in colonial India
British emigrants to the United States
American male conductors (music)
British conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Texas classical music
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century British musicians
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20St.%20Leger |
"Garden Party (The Great Cucumber Massacre)" is a song by the British neo-progressive rock band Marillion. It was the second single released from their debut album Script for a Jester's Tear. It reached number 16 in the UK Singles Chart in 1983, the band's biggest singles chart success prior to 1985. The song is a parody of social elitism and snobbery. The B-side is a live version of "Margaret" (recorded at Edinburgh Playhouse, 7 April 1983). The 12" single includes a live version of "Charting The Single" (recorded at Hammersmith Odeon, 18 April 1983).
A CD replica of the single was also part of a collectors box-set released in July 2000 which contained Marillion's first twelve singles and was re-issued as a 3-CD set in 2009 (see The Singles '82-'88).
Track listing
7" Versions
Side A
"Garden Party" [Edited version] – 04:29
Side B
"Margaret" [Edited live version, Edinburgh Playhouse, 7 April 1983] – 04:09
12" Versions
Side A
"Garden Party" [Full version] – 07:11
"Charting the Single" [Live version, London Hammersmith Odeon, 18 April 1983] – 06:30
Side B
"Margaret" [Full live version, Edinburgh Playhouse, 7 April 1983] – 12:17
Controversy
After the synth/guitar break in the middle of the song, a verse starts:
I'm puntingI'm beaglingI'm winingRecliningI'm ruckingI'm miming(So welcome) It's a party!
The original lyrics read "I'm fucking", replaced by "I'm miming" in the shorter radio-friendly 7" single release. "Rucking" in the previous line is a rugby term; the sport is referred to earlier in the song. Fish appeared on shows such as Top of the Pops, the UK's long running chart show and, at the point where he ought to be singing the broadcastable "miming", he shut his mouth and merely pointed at his lips as the words came over the PA. The album version (which was also included on the 12" release) contained the original lyric.
Personnel
Fish – vocals
Steve Rothery - guitars
Mark Kelly - keyboards
Pete Trewavas - bass
Mick Pointer - drums
References
External links
Garden Party lyrics explained
Music video on YouTube
1983 singles
Marillion songs
Songs written by Steve Rothery
Songs written by Fish (singer)
Songs written by Mark Kelly (keyboardist)
Songs written by Ian Mosley
Songs written by Pete Trewavas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20Party%20%28Marillion%20song%29 |
The 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship was the 12th staging of UEFA's European Under-21 Championship. The final tournament was hosted by Slovakia from 27 May to 4 June 2000. The tournament had 47 entrants. Northern Ireland competed for the first time. For the first time a finals tournament with two groups of four teams was held, with one of those teams, Slovakia, having been chosen as the hosts. The top four teams in this competition qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Italy won the competition for the fourth time, thus qualified for the Olympic Games finals, alongside Czech Republic, Slovakia and Spain.
Qualification
The 47 national teams were divided into nine groups (seven groups of 5 + two groups of 6). The records of the nine group runners-up were then compared. The top seven joined the nine winners in a play-off for the eight finals spots. One of the eight qualifiers was then chosen to host the remaining fixtures.
Qualified teams
1 Bold indicates champion for that year
2 Italic indicates host for that year
3 England were originally scheduled to play two legs against Yugoslavia. However, the first leg which was supposed to have taken place in Belgrade was cancelled due to political tensions. An alternative leg in Luxembourg was also cancelled due to security reasons. A second leg at Mini Estadi in Barcelona was held on 29 March 2000, which England won 3–0.
Squads
Venues
Four venues were selected for the competition.
Match officials
Seven match officials and nine assistants were selected for the competition, including two officials representing the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), Selearajen Subramaniam from Malaysia and Hamdi Al Kadri from Syria.
Matches
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Third place play-off
Final
Goalscorers
Andrea Pirlo was the top goalscorer of three goals. He was also announced as the UEFA Golden Player award recipient.
3 goals
Andrea Pirlo
2 goals
Igor Tudor
Lukáš Došek
David Jarolím
Roberto Baronio
Peter Babnič
1 goal
Darko Miladin
Anthony Šerić
Milan Baroš
Tomáš Došek
Marek Jankulovski
Adam Petrouš
Libor Sionko
Andy Campbell
Carl Cort
Francis Jeffers
Ledley King
Frank Lampard
Danny Mills
Gianni Comandini
Gionatha Spinesi
Nicola Ventola
Anthony Lurling
Mark van Bommel
Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink
Miguel Ángel Angulo
Jordi Ferrón
Albert Luque
Marián Čišovský
Vratislav Greško
Szilárd Németh
Serhat Akın
Ahmet Dursun
Medal table and Olympic qualifiers
Italy, Czechia, Spain and Slovakia qualified for Olympic Games finals.
References
External links
2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship at UEFA.com
2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
UEFA European Under-21 Championship
E
UEFA
UEFA
UEFA
May 2000 sports events in Europe
June 2000 sports events in Europe
Sports competitions in Bratislava
2000s in Bratislava
2000 in youth association football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20UEFA%20European%20Under-21%20Championship |
Under the Radar is an American music magazine that features interviews with accompanying photo-shoots. Each issue includes opinion and commentary of the indie music scene as well as reviews of books, DVDs, and albums. The magazine posts web-exclusive interviews and reviews on its website.
Items are reviewed based on a rating system in which each album, book, and DVD receives a rating from 1 to 10. The magazine has been in publication since late 2001 and is issued three times per year.
The magazine was founded by co-publishers (and husband and wife) Mark Redfern and Wendy Lynch Redfern, who currently run the magazine. Mark is the magazine's Senior Editor and writes many of the magazine's articles. Wendy is the Creative Director and lays out each issue. She is also a music photographer and conducts photo-shoots for the magazine, including many of its covers.
Contents
It was the first American magazine to interview the following non-American bands: The Aliens, The Besnard Lakes, The Dears, The Duke Spirit, The Earlies, Editors, The Go! Team, Hope of the States, iLiKETRAiNS, I'm from Barcelona, The Long Blondes, Los Campesinos!, Love Is All, Lucky Soul, Mew, Mugison, Mystery Jets, The Pipettes, The Research, Serena Maneesh, The Sleepy Jackson, Taken By Trees, The Thrills, and Young Galaxy. It was also the first print magazine to interview Vampire Weekend and Fleet Foxes.
Photographers who have shot for the magazine include: Crackerfarm, Wendy Lynch Redfern, Ray Lego, Koury Angelo, Ian Maddox, James Loveday, Autumn de Wilde, and David Redfern.
Issues
Under the Radar has had 67 print magazine issues since its debut in December 2001.
Issue 1: Grandaddy (Dec. 2001)
Issue 2: The Divine Comedy (Jul. 2002)
Issue 3: The Flaming Lips (Oct. 2002)
Issue 4: Elliott Smith (Mar. 2003)
Issue 5: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club (Oct. 2003)
Issue 6: Rilo Kiley (Jul. 2004)
Issue 7: Interpol (Protest Issue) [Oct. 2004]
Issue 8: Bright Eyes (Jan. 2005)
Issue 9: Super Furry Animals (Mar. 2005)
Issue 10: Death Cab for Cutie (Jul. 2005)
Issue 11: O Canada! (Oct. 2005)
Issue 12: Belle and Sebastian (Jan. 2006)
Issue 13: The Raconteurs (Mar. 2006)
Issue 14: The Dears (Jul. 2006)
Issue 15: The Decemberists (Oct. 2006)
Issue 16: Modest Mouse (Jan. 2007)
Issue 17: Feist (Mar. 2007)
Issue 18: Tegan and Sara (Jul. 2007)
Issue 19: Beirut (Oct. 2007)
Issue 20: She & Him (Jan. 2008)
Issue 21: Flight of the Conchords (Mar. 2008)
Issue 22: Colin Meloy, Chris Walla, and Britt Daniel (Protest Issue) [Jul. 2008]
Issue 23: Jenny Lewis (Oct. 2008)
Issue 24: Meric Long, Robin Pecknold, and Ezra Koenig (Dec. 2008)
Issue 25: Grizzly Bear (Feb. 2009)
Issue 26: Bat for Lashes (Apr. 2009)
Issue 27: Jarvis Cocker (Jul. 2009)
Issue 28: Monsters of Folk (Sep. 2009)
Issue 29: Ben Gibbard, Kevin Barnes, Devendra Banhart, Jenny Lewis, and Bradford Cox (Dec. 2009)
Issue 30: Vampire Weekend (Mar. 2010)
Issue 31: Joanna Newsom (May 2010)
Issue 32: Matt Berninger (Jul. 2010)
Issue 33: Interpol (Oct. 2010)
Issue 34: Sufjan Stevens (Dec. 2010)
Issue 35: Death Cab for Cutie (Feb. 2011)
Issue 36: Aziz Ansari (May 2011)
Issue 37: St. Vincent (Jul. 2011)
Issue 38: Robin Pecknold and Joanna Newsom (Oct. 2011)
Issue 39: Faris Badwan, M83, and Bon Iver (Jan. 2012)
Issue 40: Ed Droste, David Longstreth, and Twin Shadow (Mar. 2012)
Issue 41: Yeasayer (May 2012)
Issue 42: Tegan and Sara and Dan Deacon (Protest Issue) [Aug. 2012]
Issue 43: Animal Collective (Nov. 2012)
Issue 44: Grimes (Jan. 2013)
Issue 45: Phoenix (Mar. 2013)
Issue 46: Charli XCX (Jun. 2013)
Issue 47: MGMT (Sep. 2013)
Issue 48: HAIM (Nov. 2013)
Issue 49: Fred Armisen and Carrie Brownstein (Feb. 2014)
Issue 50: Future Islands (May 2014)
Issue 51: alt-J (Sep. 2014)
Issue 52: St. Vincent (Dec. 2014)
Issue 53: Tame Impala (Apr. 2015)
Issue 54: CHVRCHES (Aug. 2015)
Issue 55: EL VY (Nov. 2015)
Issue 56: Father John Misty and Wolf Alice (Jan. 2016)
Issue 57: M83 (May 2016)
Issue 58: Amanda Palmer (Protest Issue) [Sep. 2016]
Issue 59: The Flaming Lips (Dec. 2016)
Issue 60: Father John Misty (Apr. 2017)
Issue 61: Grizzly Bear (Jul. 2017)
Issue 62: Julien Baker (Oct. 2017)
Issue 63: Courtney Barnett (Mar. 2018)
Issue 64: Kamasi Washington (Aug. 2018)
Issue 65: Mitski and boygenius (Mar. 2019)
Issue 66: Angel Olsen and Sleater-Kinney (Sep. 2019)
Issue 67: Phoebe Bridgers and Moses Sumney (Sep. 2020)
Issue 68: Japanese Breakfast and HAIM (Protest Issue) [Apr. 2021]
Special issues and features
Issue 10, the Summer 2005 issue, featured the Britpop: A Decade On special section. The section featured new interviews with key members of mid-1990s Britpop bands.
For Issue 11, the Fall 2005 issue, Under the Radar ran a big 36-page special section on Canadian indie rock. The section included interviews with Canadian bands.
In Issue 17, the Spring 2007 issue, Under the Radar ran a 15-page special section entitled Music vs. Film. For the section, British band Kaiser Chiefs interviewed comedian/actor/writer Simon Pegg and Kevin Drew of the Canadian collective Broken Social Scene interviewed Irish actor Cillian Murphy. The section also included an interview with singer/actress Charlotte Gainsbourg. In addition, various bands wrote about their favorite movies.
For Issue 29, the Winter 2009 issue, included a Best of the Decade section, where a Top 200 Albums of the Decade list was featured.
Issue 36, the Spring 2011 issue, featured a special section entitled Music vs. Comedy, which featured interviews between music artists and comedians.
Issue 38, the Fall 2011 issue, celebrated the 10th anniversary of the magazine's debut. It featured an extensive interview between Robin Pecknold of Fleet Foxes and Joanna Newsom, along with new interviews with the artists that graced the cover of the first six editions. The magazine then celebrated its 15th anniversary with Issue 59, the Winter 2016 edition.
Issue 66, the Fall 2019 issue, featured a section entitled My Favorite Album, where many artists (including The Flaming Lips, Slowdive, Wilco, and many more) talk about their all-time favorite album.
Elliott Smith's last interview
In 2003, Mark Redfern and writer Marcus Kagler interviewed acclaimed singer/songwriter Elliott Smith for an Under the Radar cover story and Wendy Lynch photographed him for the cover. It was the first interview that Smith had done in a couple of years and at the time he was hard at work on his album From a Basement on the Hill. Elliott Smith killed himself later that year and the Under the Radar feature ended up being Smith's last interview and photo-shoot.
The Protest Issue
In 2004 and 2008, coinciding with the U.S. presidential elections, Under the Radar put together special "Protest Issue." In addition to politically themed articles, bands were photographed with self-made protest signs and the photos ran in the issue. The autographed protest signs were later auctioned off on eBay, with all the profits donated to the political action group Music for America. This trend continued for both the 2012 and 2016 U.S. presidential elections. The latest Protest Issue was released in 2021 and features Japanese Breakfast and HAIM on the covers.
U.S. political magazine The Nation named Under the Radar the Most Valuable Music Magazine in their 2016 Progressive Honor Roll.
Chris Walla Explains It All
From issue 7, 2004 through issue 22, 2008's editions of "The Protest issue", Death Cab for Cutie guitarist and indie rock producer Chris Walla has written a regular column for Under the Radar entitled "Chris Walla Explains It All".
Versus
From time to time, Under the Radar has a special feature where a current musician interviews for the magazine a musician whom they admire and who has influenced them. Versus features have included: Clinic vs. Can, Devendra Banhart vs. Donovan, The Dresden Dolls vs. Bauhaus, Love Is All vs. The Vaselines, Primal Scream vs. The Cramps, and The Thrills vs. Brian Wilson.
Website
Under the Radar has a website which features daily news items along with album reviews and artist interviews. A "Songs of the Week" list is posted to the website every week.
In popular culture
A fictitious cover of Under the Radar magazine makes an appearance in the 2019 Oscar-winning film Sound of Metal.
Awards
The magazine has been nominated as the Plug Awards "Magazine of the Year" three times.
References
Music magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2001
Magazines published in Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20the%20Radar%20%28magazine%29 |
Ar-Ramtha (), colloquially transliterated as Ar-Romtha (), is a city situated in the far northwest of Jordan near the border with Syria. It covers 40 km2 on a plain 30 km northeast of the Jordan River and Irbid. In the 2017, Ar-Ramtha had a population of approximately 164,211, making it the eleventh largest city in Jordan, and the second in Irbid Governorate, and the city has grown since then. It is part of the Ar-Ramthā district of the Irbid Governorate.
Etymology
The origin of the name Ar-Ramtha is debated. Some claim it is named after a local desert plant, al-ramath (). Many biblical archaeologists identify Ar-Ramtha with the ancient Israelite city of Ramoth-Gilead, Hebrew for "Heights of Gilead"; in that case, the present-day Arabic name might preserve the Biblical Hebrew one.
During the Roman and Byzantine periods, Ar-Ramtha was known as Ramatha.
History
Prehistory
The stable climate in ar-Ramtha and its surrounding areas attracted many animals to live in neighborhood of ar-Ramtha, as well the simple conditions for managing a stable long life there attracted humans to make those regions their earliest choices to gather in groups of hunters and to live in rocky caves.
Ancient history
Artifacts and graves in the area show that ar-Ramtha has been inhabited at least since the Bronze Age, but the lack of study of the region gives us no exact information about when humans had selected the land for living.
Ar-Ramtha might be the location of the Israelite city of Ramoth-Gilead, a Levitical city and city of refuge east of the Jordan River, mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible.
According to the Book of Kings, Ramoth-Gilead was the location of a battle between Kingdom of Israel and Aram Damascus. During the battle, King Ahab of Israel joined King Jehoshaphat of Judah to fights the Aramaeans but was hit by an arrow and died from his wounds. Later on, it was also the location of a battle where Ahaziah of Israel and Jehoram of Judah fought against Hazael, king of Aram Damascus, and Jehoram was wounded. In this city, Jehu, the son of Jehoshaphat, was anointed by Elisha.
Classical Era
The Roman Empire utilized ar-Ramtha as a remote hub to cross-link their colonies. The ruins of buildings and ancient Roman antiquities have been discovered at different parts of ar-Ramtha. During the Islamic expansion, ar-Ramtha, which was in the Hauran territory, was a port for Muslim scholars crossing between Syria and the Hejaz. Historically and sociologically, the city is the twin to Daraa city in Syria, which is located on just the other side of the border.
Ottoman era
In 1596 it appeared in the Ottoman tax registers under the name of Ramta, being part of the nahiya of Butayna in the Qadaa Hauran. It had an entirely Muslim population consisting of 16 households and 3 bachelors. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 40% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and bee-hives; a total of 2,740 akçe. Half of this was waqf income.
Modern era
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 10,791 inhabitants in Ramtha.
The city has grown to a population of 263,680 in 2021. Due to its location, Ramtha played a significant role in helping refugees fleeing the Syrian Civil War to Jordan.
Geography
North west of ar-Ramtha is the second largest source of shale oil in Jordan, which if it is used in producing oil, can enhance economics in Jordan significantly.
Climate
Ar-Ramtha experiences a Mediterranean climate (Csa~Dsa). The summer is hot and long (four months in average), but it has cool nights. Temperatures range in summer from – . Spring and fall temperatures are ideal for a human's body, they range from – . The winter sees nighttime temperatures sometimes below, with snowfall once or twice a year. The yearly average number of days with rain is 77. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Romtha was −18 °C in the blizzard of 1992.
Economy
Ar-Ramtha's economy relies on commerce and import and export trading. The Al Hassan industrial estate houses several outsourcing companies supported by foreign shareholders with most of the products sold to American and European markets.
Before the outbreak of war in Syria in 2011, Ramtha's economy depended in large part on imports, both licit and illicit, with Syria. These goods were imported by so-called "bahhara" (sailors), Jordanian drivers permitted to enter Syria. Since 2011, this trade has dried up, causing increases in unemployment and poverty in Ramtha.
Culture
The city is famous for the inherited ritual-poetries recited in wedding ceremonies and public affairs. Dabke is an Arab folk dance native to Ar-Ramtha. Prominent artists from Ar-Ramtha include Hussein Al-Salman, Lil ZeeJo - (Husam El-Zubi), Malik Allaham, Najem Al-Salman and Mitaab Al-Saggar.
Sport
This city has two sports clubs, Al-Ramtha SC, a football club which is also a member of the premium Jordan League, and Ittihad Al-Ramtha, another football club which is a member in the first division in Jordanian Football League.
Education
The city is home to the Jordan University of Science and Technology, which includes a large University hospital, KAUH that provides medical treatment in the region, and offers chances to medical students in the university to intern and learn during their study years.
References
Bibliography
External links
google-map
Deraa-map; 22L
Around Romtha Guide
360 degrees panorama from the Citadel Hill in central Amman
Amman interactive map
Amman photo Gallery
Amman photo Slideshow
Photos of Tall Rumeith at the American Center of Research
Populated places in Irbid Governorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Ramtha |
Cyril Alexander Mango (14 April 1928 – 8 February 2021) was a British scholar of the history, art, and architecture of the Byzantine Empire. He is celebrated as one of the leading Byzantinists of the 20th century.
Mango was Koraes Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature at King's College London, the University of Oxford Bywater and Sotheby Professor Emeritus of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature and emeritus professorial fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
Early life and education
Mango was born on 14 April 1928 in Istanbul, Turkey, the youngest of three sons of Alexander A. Mango, a descendant of a Genoese family who came to Istanbul via Chios, and Adelaide, known as Ada, (née Damonov) Mango, a refugee from Baku. One of his brothers, Andrew Mango, who lived and worked in London becoming head of the South East European Service of the BBC World Service, was also a respected scholar and author on Turkey. His other brother, Anthony, moved to America and became a senior figure in the United Nations. They were raised in a multi-lingual household where the common language was French but the children also spoke Russian, Greek, English and Turkish. Cyril Mango was also fluent in Spanish and Italian.
After being schooled at the English High School for boys in Istanbul, where his father, who became a British citizen after studying law in England, was a barrister and legal counsel to the British ambassador, he graduated from the University of St Andrews with an M.A. in classical philology in 1949. He went on to study at the University of Paris, leaving the Sorbonne with a doctorate in history in 1953.
Career
Harvard University, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., Junior Fellow (1951–1953), Fellow (1953–1954), and Research Associate (1954–1955) of Byzantine Studies, Instructor in Byzantine Archaeology (1955–1958), Lecturer in Byzantine Archaeology (1958–1962), Associate Professor of Byzantine Archaeology (1962–1963), Executive Editor of Dumbarton Oaks Publications (1958–1963), member of the Board of Scholars for Byzantine Studies (1967–1972), and member of the research staff (1972–1973)
University of London, King's College, London, England, Koraes Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature, 1963–68
Oxford University, Oxford, England, Bywater and Sotheby Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature, 1973–95
Visiting associate professor of Byzantine history, University of California, Berkeley, 1960–61
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Fellow of the British Academy, elected 1976
Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, elected 1992
Cyril Mango’s archaeological and academic work (excavation, publications, edited volumes, translations, lectures) on Byzantine culture was extensive. His first major book, The Brazen House. A Study of the Vestibule of the Imperial Palace of Constantinople was published in 1959 and remains a classic. One of his other major works, The Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul (1962), details the history of the mosaics of the Hagia Sophia and is still considered an important work. He also edited The Oxford History of Byzantium (2002) often recommended as the best introduction to the subject. At the time of his death, he was overseeing the final details of a major book on Constantinople ahead of its publication.
As a sign of respect, the flag at Exeter College was flown at half-mast in the week of Professor Mango’s death.
Other
Cyril Mango donated his extensive private library to the Gennadius Library who held a symposium in honour of his 80th birthday in 2008 entitled “Byzantine Athens: Monuments, Excavations, Inscriptions” and, photographs, attributed to him, are held in the Conway Library whose archive of primarily architectural images is being digitised as part of the wider Courtauld Connects project.
Personal life
He married Mabel Grover in 1953, but the marriage ended. He later married Susan A. Gerstel in 1964, but this marriage also ended. Ultimately, he married Marlia Mundell in 1976. He had two daughters, one from his marriage to Mabel and one from his marriage to Susan.
Bibliography
The Brazen House: A Study of the Vestibule of the Imperial Palace of Constantinople (1959)
Materials for the study of the mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul (1962)
The Treasures of Turkey: The Earliest Civilizations of Anatolia, Byzantium, the Islamic Period. Cyril Mango, Ekrem Akurgal, and Richard Ettinghausen (1966), Editions d'Art Albert Skira, Geneva, 253 pp.
The Art of Byzantine Empire (1972)
Byzantine Architecture (1976)
Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (1980)
Byzantium and its Image: History and Culture of the Byzantine Empire and its Heritage (1984)
Le développement urbain de Constantinople (IVe - VIIe siècles) (1985)
Studies on Constantinople (1993)
Hagia Sophia: A Vision for Empires (1997); text by Cyril Mango, photographs by Ahmet Ertuğ
Chora: The Scroll of Heaven (2000); text by Cyril Mango, photographs by Ahmet Ertuğ
The Oxford History of Byzantium (2002); edited by Cyril Mango
Notes
References
1928 births
2021 deaths
Writers from Istanbul
British Byzantinists
Scholars of Medieval Greek
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Academics of King's College London
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Turkish people of Russian descent
Turkish people of Italian descent
Turkish people of Greek descent
Turkish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Historians of Byzantine art
Scholars of Byzantine literature
Scholars of Byzantine history
Travelers in Asia Minor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Mango |
Arthur Robinson Gould (March 16, 1857July 24, 1946) was an American industrialist involved in lumber, railroads, hydroelectricity, and other large scale industry in Aroostook County, Maine and the neighboring Canadian province of New Brunswick from the 1880s until his death in 1946. From 1926 to 1931, he served as a Republican United States senator from Maine. Prior to being elected to the Senate, he had stated that he was in favor of maintaining the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol. However, once in office, he became nationally known for writing in favor of the legalization of wine and beer.
Born in Corinth, Maine, he attended the common schools and East Corinth Academy. He moved first to Bangor, Maine, where he opened a candy factory and met Mary Frances Donovan, who became his wife. They moved to Presque Isle, Maine, in 1887, where he engaged in the lumber business and built power plants and an electric railroad. He was president of the Aroostook Valley Railroad from 1902 to 1946.
Gould served in the Maine Senate from 1921 to 1922, and was elected on September 13, 1926, as a Republican to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Bert M. Fernald and served from November 30, 1926, to March 3, 1931. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1930. During his time in office he served as chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Immigration for the 71st Congress.
He was blind for approximately six years prior to his death at his home in Presque Isle in 1946. He is interred at Bangor's Mount Pleasant Cemetery alongside his wife.
Anti-Klan Republican
The special election to replace Senator Fernald occurred near the height of the Ku Klux Klan's influence in Maine politics. Klan infiltration of the Democratic Party split Maine Republicans, with Klansmen finding their champion in Maine Governor Owen Brewster, and their chief opponents in former Governor Percival P. Baxter and Senator Frederick Hale. Gould, whose wife was Catholic, ran on an anti-Klan platform after receiving the Republican nomination for Senator, which caused Gov. Brewster to take the unprecedented step of denouncing his own party's candidate in the general election.
The Maine special election was of national importance because the U.S. Senate was evenly split along party lines (47 to 47). Maine Democrats, however, deserted their party in droves to vote for Gould, in order to break the power of the Republican Klan faction. In an unprecedented outcome, Gould carried every city and county in the state. The Chairman of the Republican State Committee hailed Gould's victory as demonstrating that "the sinister influence of an oath-bound organization no longer threatens the welfare of Maine". The issue would be played out one more time, however, when Gov. Brewster challenged Sen. Hale for the Republican Senate nomination in 1928, and lost, signaling the eclipse of Grand Dragon DeForest H. Perkins and the Klan as a force in Maine politics.
Gould was no friend of the Klan, but he shared with them antipathy toward immigrants, especially French-Canadians. While in the Senate, he joined the Senate Committee on Immigration and proposed a bill that would have set a quota on immigration from Canada, thus reducing Maine's French Canadian population. However, the measure was defeated.
Anti-Prohibition Republican
Although the US was experiencing Prohibition in the 1920s, and Maine had the nation's oldest prohibition law, and the Republican Party was the main proponent of prohibition, Gould did not believe in it and both made and consumed alcohol at home. He created a minor scandal in 1929 when a testimonial he had written in 1927, revealing that he fermented fruit juice for personal consumption, was made public. Gould had written that "I come from a prohibition state and am supposed to be a prohibitionist, but I am about as loyal to the prohibition element as some Southern Democrats are to the Democratic Party".
Maine's temperance proponents declared they'd work to unseat Gould, but he stated soon after that he wouldn't run for a second term, while denying the prohibitionist threat entered into his decision. In making that announcement Gould referred to prohibition as "this rotten farce".
New Brunswick Bribery Scandal
During the 1926 election, Gould's opponent accused him of having bribed the Premier of the Canadian province of New Brunswick in 1918 in order to secure concessions for the Saint John Valley and Quebec Railway, of which Gould was the major investor. Gould did not deny that a bribe of $100,000 was paid, but he claimed this was done by his associates without his knowledge, and that an additional $50,000 asked for by the Premier was refused, leading to the collapse of the railway. Gould claimed that bribery was standard practice in New Brunswick for American companies, and he was more a victim than perpetrator in this instance. The bribery charges led to a resolution by Democratic Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Montana that would have prevented Gould from being seated in the Senate, but this was defeated and Gould was sworn in. A Senate sub-committee was formed to investigate the charge, however, and Gould was exonerated.
Speaking Style
Gould was noted for speaking his mind plainly and frankly. In a 1929 newspaper interview, he described Sen. George W. Norris of Nebraska as a "bitter, sour old man with not a good word for anybody" and said Sen. Thomas J. Walsh of Montana "hasn't got a kindly thought in his system". Both men were well-known progressives, and such statements perhaps reveal Gould's instinctive conservatism as much as their clashing temperaments. Gould was particularly suspicious of the Midwest and West for wanting to wrest too much power from the Eastern states, and from New England in particular. However, he also derided his own political skills, saying "the fact of the matter is that I'm not cut out for politics, I want to get back to my railroad and the pine forests of Maine." His favorite politician was Calvin Coolidge and one of his best friends in the Senate was a Democrat, Senator Joseph E. Ransdell of Louisiana.
The Arthur R. Gould Memorial Hospital
Arthur R. Gould was a resident of Presque Isle for nearly 60 years. In 1955 the city hospital had outgrown its facilities and new construction was planned on a farm on the "outskirts" of town. Fundraising began the following year, and was accelerated with the Ford Foundation grant of $27,500. Gould's only surviving child, Marie Gould Wildes and her husband W. H. Wildes, surprised the committee with a donation of $100,000. The hospital was promptly named the Arthur R. Gould Memorial Hospital.
References
1857 births
1946 deaths
Republican Party Maine state senators
People from Bangor, Maine
People from Corinth, Maine
People from Presque Isle, Maine
Republican Party United States senators from Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20R.%20Gould |
Raúl Enrique Allegre Rodríguez (born June 15, 1959) is a Mexican former professional football kicker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts, New York Giants, and New York Jets. He played college football at Montana and Texas and was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent after the 1983 NFL Draft.
Early years
Allegre began playing football in 1977, while attending Shelton High School as an exchange student. Originally a soccer player, he had never played American football before his senior season at Shelton. Head coach Jack Stark asked him to try kicking footballs one day before the season began. He had great distance, but each ball went below the crossbar. Coach Stark asked him if he could kick it above the crossbar and Allegre remarked that he could, but thought it was like a soccer goal and was aiming below.
He was named the starter at kicker to handle field goals, extra points and kickoffs. The team only won 3 games during the season and Allegre only had a chance to kick 3 field goal attempts and 9 extra point attempts, although he regularly kicked off with great distance.
College career
Because he did not get much exposure, Stark filmed him kicking from long distance and sent the tape to different colleges. He received interest from the University of Montana, who initially offered a partial football scholarship, that did not include expenses for lodging, books and meals. Allegre declined the offer and the school countered with a full scholarship, although it didn't have an engineering program as he wanted.
After two years, he opted to transfer to the University of Texas at Austin because of its reputation in engineering.
In 1980, Allegre walked-on to the football team and was redshirted because of the NCAA transfer rules. During that time, he handled the scout team kicking duties. In the fall semester he was given a full football scholarship.
In 1981, he was named the starting kicker. He finished his last 2 seasons with 27 out of 45 field goals (.600), 66 out of 68 extra points (.970) and 147 total points. He earned an undergraduate degree with honors in civil engineering.
Professional career
Allegre was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 1983 NFL Draft, where he had to go through a try out session. On August 23, he was traded to the Baltimore Colts, in exchange for a ninth round draft choice (#232-John Hunt).
As a rookie, he made 30 field goals (franchise record) out of 35 attempts and 22 out of 24 extra points, for an 85.7% average (franchise record) and a total of 112 points (franchise record). He tied a franchise record by making 5 field goals against the Philadelphia Eagles.
In 1984, he missed 3 preseason games with a bruised heel. He injured a hamstring in the season opener and missed the next 4 contests, only appearing in 12 games. Dean Biasucci replaced him from the second to the sixth game and would remain as a kickoff specialist for the rest of the season. Allegre did not make a field goal until the eighth game against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He connected on 11-for-18 field goal attempts (61.1%) and had a perfect 14-for-14 on extra point attempts.
In 1985, he made 16-of 26 field goal attempts, for a low 61.5% average and was 36-of-39 on extra points. On September 4, 1986, he was waived by the then Indianapolis Colts, after Biasucci passed him on the depth chart.
In 1986, after New York Giants' kicker Ali Haji-Sheikh was injured, the team began auditions to find a replacement. Allegre's two-week tryout was successful, kicking a 57-yard field goal that convinced Coach Bill Parcells to sign him. Because Allegre decided to call his agent before signing the contract, Parcells decided to cancel the deal, signing instead Joe Cooper. After three ineffective performances by Cooper, Parcells called Allegre back and signed him on September 25, becoming the team's sixth kicker in 19 games. During the team's Super Bowl run in 1986, he kicked game-winning field goals in consecutive weeks in a crucial mid-season stretch. Allegre kicked the opening kickoff of Super Bowl XXI, with the announcer stating that "Raúl Allegre, will kick off, number 2" just before the contest began.
In 1990, he began the season as the starting kicker, before suffering an injury and clearing the way for Matt Bahr. He also did not kick in Super Bowl XXV after being replaced by Bahr in late September.
On May 22, 1991, he was released in favor of Bahr. On August 8, he signed as a free agent with the Houston Oilers. He missed a field goal against the Atlanta Falcons in preseason, before losing the position battle to Ian Howfield and being released on August 19. On October 24, he was re-signed by the Giants after Bahr suffered a thigh injury. He was cut on November 30. At the time he ranked ninth on the franchise's All-time scoring list, having made 77 out of 103 (74.8%) field goals.
On December 16, 1991, he was signed by the New York Jets to replace an injured Pat Leahy who suffered from sciatica, causing him pain in the back, hip and upper leg which would lead to Leahy's retirement. In the season finale at Miami, Allegre tied the score in the waning moments and later won the game 23-20 and a playoff berth for the Jets in an overtime thriller. He also kicked in the playoff loss against the Houston Oilers.
Allegre lost the competition for the kicker's spot on the Jets roster in training camp to Plan B free agency addition Jason Staurovsky and was released on August 28, 1992. He later decided to retire due to a back injury.
During his nine professional seasons, Allegre made 137 field goals in 186 attempts, scored 183 extra points for 594 points and didn't have any attempt blocked.
Personal life
After retiring, Allegre planned to go back to the University of Texas to obtain a MBA degree. He was contacted by NFL Films to participate in a Spanish-language show, oriented to test the Latin American market.
Allegre was later offered a position for a Dallas Cowboys pre-game show, and later eventually leading to his current work as color commentator for Monday Night Football with Álvaro Martín for ESPN in Latin America. He also appears on NFL32 and contributes to other ESPN programs.
See also
History of the New York Giants (1979–93)
References
1959 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Torreón
People from Shelton, Washington
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Mexican players of American football
American football placekickers
Montana Grizzlies football players
Texas Longhorns football players
Baltimore Colts players
Houston Oilers players
Indianapolis Colts players
New York Giants players
New York Jets players
National Football League announcers
Footballers who switched code
Mexican people of Italian descent
Players of American football from Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl%20Allegre |
Edward Wendall Kelly (December 27, 1880 – 1964) was an American bishop of the Methodist Church, elected in 1944.
Kelly was born in Mexia, Texas on December 27, 1880. He was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South in 1917. Prior to his election to the episcopacy, he served as a pastor in places such as Texas, Detroit, Michigan, and St. Louis, Missouri. He also taught evangelism in Schools of Methods. Kelly died in 1964.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
1880 births
1964 deaths
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
People from Mexia, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Wendall%20Kelly |
The N-10 or National Highway 10 (Urdu: ) is a 653 km national highway in Pakistan which extends along Pakistan's Arabian Sea coast from Karachi in Sindh province to Gwadar in Balochistan province. It passes the towns of Ormara and Pasni.
Background
The idea of exploiting the potential of the large coastal belt was under discussion for a long time. The decision to build a port in Gwadar was initially taken in the early 1990s when the hydrocarbon-laden and mineral-rich Central Asian Republics gained independence after the breakup of the Soviet Union. The construction of the Makran Coastal Highway was essential to the development of the port of Gwadar. Without the Highway, Gwadar would have been an island sitting without the bridges that connect it with Karachi in the south and the rest of Pakistan and the larger world around in the north and the west. Another key connection of an established infrastructure in this part of the country: it offers China a potential alternative to the vulnerable choke points in the Malacca straits.
Prior to the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway in 2004, Karachi was linked to Gwadar via an uncarpeted "jeep" or "dirt" track. The journey between Karachi and Gwadar used to take at least two days and took a heavy toll on the "wear and tear" of vehicles. It was considered preferable to take the safer but longer route via Quetta.
After completion of the Makran Coastal Highway, the average journey time between Karachi and Gwadar has been reduced to only 6 to 7 hours and transportation costs have also been reduced.
The Makran Coastal Highway was planned and built by the Government of Pakistan with the following objectives:
To develop infrastructure and boost economic activity in the areas along Pakistan's coastline
To improve the transportation and communications infrastructure in Balochistan province
To develop the coastal towns of Ormara, Pasni and Gwadar into major port cities
To link Ormara, Pasni and Gwadar with the rest of Pakistan's national highways network
To develop the seafood industry along Pakistan's coastline by reducing the time and costs involved in transporting fresh seafood from seafood catchment areas to major cities in Pakistan as well as export processing zones in Karachi and Gwadar
Construction
The construction contract for the Makran Coastal Highway was awarded to Pakistan's Frontier Works Organisation (FWO), which built the Karakorum Highway.
Construction work on the Makran Coastal Highway Project commenced in 2002 and was completed by 14 December 2004, in a period of three years.
Management and maintenance
The Makran Coastal Highway is managed and maintained by Pakistan's National Highway Authority.
Gallery
See also
Sindh Coastal Highway
National Highways of Pakistan
Motorways of Pakistan
Transport in Pakistan
References
External links
National Highway Authority
Frontier Works Organization
N-10
N-10
Transport in Balochistan, Pakistan
Transport in Sindh
Gwadar District
Roads in Balochistan, Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran%20Coastal%20Highway |
Punch and Judy is a traditional puppet show featuring Mr. Punch and his wife Judy.
Punch and Judy may refer to:
Punch and Judy (film), a 1906 French silent comedy
Punch and Judy (opera), a chamber opera by Harrison Birtwistle
"Punch and Judy" (song), by Marillion, 1984
"Punch and Judy", a song by The Stranglers from the 1984 album Aural Sculpture
"Punch and Judy", a song by Elliott Smith from the 1997 album Either/Or
Punch and Judy, Cowboy Bebop characters
Punch and Judy, The Batman characters
Punch and Judy Comics, a golden age comic book series
Punch and Judy (dogs), dogs awarded the Dickin Medal in 1946
See also
Punch or May Day, an 1829 painting by Benjamin Robert Haydon
The Punch and Judy Man, a 1963 British comedy film
The Punch and Judy Murders, a 1936 novel by John Dickson Carr
Judy and Punch, a 2019 Australian black comedy film
Punch and Jewelee, fictional characters from DC Comics
The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch, a 1994 graphic novel by Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch%20and%20Judy%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Uriel Nespoli (January 15, 1884 – June 1973) was an Italian conductor born in Naples.
A pupil of Leopoldo Mugnone, Nespoli specialized in Italian opera. He was considered a National Treasure to Italy, and in 1931 he was secretly brought to the United States for safety. He first served as music director of the Houston Symphony, which was reforming after a 13-year break, having dissolved in 1918 owing to World War I, and from general lack of funding. After conducting concerts in the spring of 1931 and for the entirety of the 1931–1932 season, Nespoli was dismissed from his post in Houston. He continued his conducting career in New York City. He was the third conductor to conduct Giacomo Puccini's famed opera La boheme, and reputedly never forgave Puccini for not having given him the premiere, as they had known each other well as colleagues in younger days. However, it is said that he was in Brazil at the time of its first performance.
Among his musical colleagues was the operatic soprano Rosa Ponselle. He directed several future opera singers to her for lessons at her Villa Pace in Baltimore.
References
Roussel, Hubert. The Houston Symphony Orchestra 1913-1971. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972. .
Social Security Death Index (United States). Accessed via RootsWeb.com.
1884 births
1973 deaths
American male conductors (music)
Italian conductors (music)
Italian male conductors (music)
Texas classical music
Musicians from Naples
Italian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriel%20Nespoli |
"Stop Calling Me" is a song written by Reno Nicastro, Simone Stacey and Naomi Wenitong, produced by Nicastro for Australian music duo Shakaya's first album, Shakaya (2002). The song is about relationships, about "boyfriends who keep calling after the relationship is over". It was released as the album's first single on 21 January 2002 as a CD single. It became Shakaya's most successful single in Australia, peaking at number five on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. Its music video was well received.
Lyrical content
The song is about real-life experiences Stacey and Wenitong have had, and states that it is basically talking about boyfriends who keep calling after the relationship is over. They wrote the song when they were discussing with friends about stories of how to get unwanted attention away from ex-lovers, so they thought it would be fun to write a song about it. Stacey states "The message in this song is also about being straight up with people and just simply saying 'Look mate, just stop calling me' instead of leading a person on. This goes out to guys and girls."
Promotion and chart performance
Promotion for the song included being a support act with Human Nature and Destiny's Child on their World Tour in Australia and New Zealand. The duo claim that supporting Destiny's Child was "a spin out" because the band shook their hands and welcomed the duo to the tour and thanked the girls for joining them. They also performed the song on the Australian chat show The Panel on 17 April, participated in online web chats and performed at the Australian Fashion Week on 11 May. They also did an instore appearance in Sydney, at the Miranda Westfield shopping centre.
The song debuted on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart on 28 January 2002 at number 45; it went on to peak at number five and spend 17 weeks in the top 50. "Stop Calling Me" was accredited platinum by ARIA and was the 43rd-highest-selling single for 2002. In 2002 the song was nominated for an ARIA Award for "Highest Selling Single" but lost to "Can't Get You Out of My Head" by Kylie Minogue.
Music video
The music video for the song was filmed at Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman's ex-penthouse in Sydney, Australia. Stacey states "We were looking around to see if they left anything behind. It was a beautiful apartment and we pretended it was ours for the day." It was released in January 2002 and shows a man stalking Stacey and Wenitong. The video opens up to an answering machine saying "you have fifty-seven messages" then the number of messages on the phone keeps going up. It shows Stacey and Wenitong dancing in a house, on a couch and laying on a bed while a man keeps ringing the doorbell holding flowers and chocolates. By the end of the music video the messages on the answering machine stops at ninety-nine messages and the man stalking the girls gives up and drops the flowers on a cleaner lady's trolly, the cleaner lady thinks it's for her so she calls him ending the video.
Track listing
Australian CD single
"Stop Calling Me" (radio edit)
"Stop Calling Me" (house mix, Mobin Master & Dj Hess)
"Stop Calling Me" (Nurban mix, New Breed)
"Stop Calling Me" (Gomez mix)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2001 songs
2002 debut singles
Columbia Records singles
Shakaya songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop%20Calling%20Me |
Purgatory is Chicago Celtic punk band The Tossers fourth studio album. It was released in 2003 on Thick Records and was their last album with the label.
Track listing
"With the North Wind/Here We Go Again" – 3:46
"The Ballad of the Thoughtful Rover" – 3:52
"Nantucket Girls Song" – 3:29
"Come Dancing" – 2:13
"Caoin (Lament)" – 3:34
"The Squall" – 4:25
"Chicago" – 6:51
"Monday Morning" – 3:37
"First League Out from Land" – 3:23
"Minutes on a Screen" – 5:38
"Purgatory" – 5:14
"Time to Go" – 4:08
"Memory" – 4:11
"Faraway" – 5:24
"Ni Thabharfaidh Siad Pingin Duit" – 0:57
"Going Away" – 8:07
The song "Going Away" ends at 3:52. After 1 minute of silence, at 4:52 begins the hidden song "The Parting Glass".
The Tossers albums
2003 albums
Thick Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory%20%28The%20Tossers%20album%29 |
ObjecTime Limited of Kanata, Ontario was a software company with the known software product ObjecTime Developer.
Founding of ObjecTime and early years
ObjectTime was founded in 1992 by former employees of Bell-Northern Research who worked on the Telos project. The company developed the product of the same name.
In 1994, the ObjecTime language was renamed to "ROOM" (Real-Time Object-Oriented Modelling) and the Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling (ROOM) book was published.
In 1998, a UML version of the ROOM language, created as the "UML-RT" profile, was made available.
Acquisition of ObjecTime
Rational Software (developer of the product known as Rational Rose), had been collaborating with ObjecTime Limited since 1997. At the beginning of the year 2000, Rational Software acquired ObjecTime Limited. Their respective products — Rational Rose and ObjecTime Developer — were then merged into a product that was rechristened Rational Rose RealTime.
In 2002, Rational Software was acquired by IBM, which elected to adopt the products.
Resources
As of 2006, IBM continues to make legacy documentation available on the following products:
ObjecTime — legacy documentation
Rational Rose — current and legacy documentation
Rational Rose RealTime — current and legacy documentation
References
External links
Press release on the Rational-ObjecTime merger
Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling book on Amazon
Software companies of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ObjecTime |
Bruce Hart (January 15, 1938 – February 21, 2006) was an American songwriter and screenwriter perhaps best known for composing the lyrics to the theme song to the children's TV series Sesame Street.
Biography
Hart was born in New York City, grew up in Watertown, New York, and completed an arts degree at Syracuse University. After graduation, he wrote material for Carl Ballantine, Larry Hankin, and the Charles Playhouse in Boston.
Hart starting writing sketches for Sesame Street with his wife Carole after the program made its debut in 1969. He won an Emmy in 1970 for the pilot of Sesame Street titled "Sally Sees Sesame Street". He cowrote the theme song with Joe Raposo and Jon Stone. He also wrote the lyrics for Marlo Thomas's Free to Be... You and Me from an album and television special of the same name in the early 1970s. Michael Jackson and Harry Belafonte also featured on both the album and special.
Hart also wrote "One Way Ticket" which became a hit for Cass Elliot. With his wife Carole, he produced an Emmy Award–winning show for adolescents, Hot Hero Sandwich, which appeared on NBC in 1979. The Harts also wrote, directed, and produced the television movie Sooner or Later, which appeared on NBC in 1979. The couple also co-wrote several books, including Sooner or Later, published in 1978, and Waiting Games in 1981.
See also
References
External links
1938 births
2006 deaths
Songwriters from New York (state)
Deaths from lung cancer in New York (state)
Musicians from New York City
Sesame Street crew
Syracuse University alumni
20th-century American musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Hart%20%28songwriter%29 |
Wind River Arboretum, part of the Wind River Experimental Forest, is a research arboretum in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Carson, Washington, United States. It is the oldest arboretum in the Pacific Northwest.
Description
The arboretum was established in 1912 by Thornton T. Munger of the United States Forest Service to determine the best trees for commercial purposes. Foresters planted tree species from various temperate and subtropical zones to compare their performance with local Pacific Northwest native tree species. After more than 90 years and 165 species tested, the general conclusion has been that native species are best adapted to the local environment. Most of the non-native species have died.
The Wind River is best known for its old-growth forests of Coast Douglas-fir and Western Hemlock. Other species include Western Redcedar and Pacific Silver Fir, Grand Fir, and Noble Fir. Understory trees include Pacific Yew, Vine Maple, Pacific Dogwood, and Red Alder. Much of the forest is more than 400 years old.
See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
References
External links
Arboreta in Washington (state)
Botanical gardens in Washington (state)
Protected areas of Skamania County, Washington
Gifford Pinchot National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind%20River%20Arboretum |
William Denis Hertel Johnson, CM (23 April 1931 – 2 March 2020) was a Canadian academic, journalist, and author.
Early life and education
Johnson's mother was francophone and his father anglophone and Johnson himself spoke both English and French. His mother was outspoken in the Ontario rights movement regarding French school access under Regulation 17.
For seven years Johnson attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in Montreal, and held an MA in French literature from the Université de Montréal. At home, he spoke only French with his wife, who has a doctorate in French literature.
Career
Johnson taught sociology at the University of Toronto before becoming a journalist, working as a parliamentary correspondent in Quebec City and Washington, D.C. for The Globe and Mail and as a journalist and parliamentary reporter for the Montreal Gazette in Ottawa, Ontario.
In 1982, Johnson was made a Member of the Order of Canada with the citation that his "daily reports from Quebec on social, cultural, and political affairs have given Anglophone readers new insights into the problems and aspirations of Francophones and have contributed notably to Canadian unity." He wrote about the role that attitudes and misconceptions have played in the history of the Quebec sovereignty movement.
Johnson was elected president of the lobby group Alliance Quebec in 1998, serving a controversial term until 2000. During that term, he refused to meet with government officials, held two small demonstrations against the Charter of the French Language, added clauses to the group's constitution denouncing hypothetical declarations of independence by the Quebec government, and supported the election of members of the tiny Equality Party to the group's board of directors. In protest, 20 members of the board of directors and most staff members resigned, while six affiliated groups severed their ties, calling his leadership style overly confrontational. Donations and government funding decreased, but membership increased during his tenure. As president of the association recognized by the federal government to defend Quebec's official language minority, Johnson insisted on marching in Montreal's Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in 1998, over the objections of the organizers and the police; during the parade, the Entartistes threw a cream pie in his face.
In 2005, Johnson's Stephen Harper and the Future of Canada, about the then Leader of the Official Opposition and later Prime Minister of Canada, was published. He also translated Young Trudeau, a 2006 biography of former Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, originally written in French by Max and Monique Nemni, into English.
Johnson was a life member of the Parliamentary Press Gallery.
Bibliography
Anglophobie Made in Québec (1991)
A Canadian Myth, Quebec, between Canada and the Illusion of Utopia (1994)
Stephen Harper and the Future of Canada (2005). Douglas Gibson Books.
References
1931 births
2020 deaths
Canadian non-fiction writers
Canadian activists
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Members of the Order of Canada
Anglophone Quebec people
Montreal Gazette people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Johnson%20%28Canadian%20author%29 |
The primitive streak is a structure that forms in the early embryo in amniotes. In amphibians the equivalent structure is the blastopore. During early embryonic development, the embryonic disc becomes oval shaped, and then pear-shaped with the broad end towards the anterior, and the narrower region projected to the posterior. The primitive streak forms a longitudinal midline structure in the narrower posterior (caudal) region of the developing embryo on its dorsal side. At first formation the primitive streak extends for half the length of the embryo. In the human embryo this appears by stage 6, about 17 days.
The primitive streak establishes bilateral symmetry, determines the site of gastrulation, and initiates germ layer formation. To form the primitive streak mesenchymal stem cells are arranged along the prospective midline, establishing the second embryonic axis, and the site where cells will ingress and migrate during the process of gastrulation and germ layer formation.
The primitive streak extends through this midline and creates the left–right and cranial–caudal body axes. Gastrulation involves the ingression of mesoderm progenitors and their migration to their ultimate position, where they will differentiate into the mesoderm germ layer that, together with endoderm and ectoderm germ layers, will give rise to all the tissues of the adult organism.
Structure
The epiblast, a single epithelial layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc, is the source of all embryonic material in amniotes, and some of its cells will give rise to the primitive streak. In amphibians the equivalent structure is the blastopore. The primitive streak forms a longitudinal midline structure in the narrower caudal (posterior) region of the developing embryo on its dorsal side. At first formation the primitive streak extends for half the length of the embryo. In the human embryo this appears by Carnegie stage 6, about 17 days.
Towards the cranial (anterior) end of the disc the primitive streak expands into an area known as the primitive node which is the organizer for gastrulation. In birds including the chick this organizing node is called Hensen's node. In amphibians where it was first identified, it is known as the Spemann-Mangold organizer.
In the middle of the node is a circular depression termed the primitive pit. The primitive pit extends towards the caudal end in a narrow depression in the primitive streak called the primitive groove. The groove is created by infolding of epiblastic cells.
Following its appearance and formation of the node, pit, and groove, the streak starts to regress caudally. Around day 20 in the human embryo, the remaining parts of the streak enlarge to produce a midline caudal cell mass termed the tail bud or caudal eminence. Also at that time the notochord develops cranially from the primitive node. By day 22 the primitive streak has regressed to between 10 and 20% of the embryo's length, and by day 26 has seemingly disappeared.
Formation
The chick embryo as a model organism has provided much information about the formation of the primitive streak. In the chick blastula its formation involves the coordinated movement and re-arrangement of cells in the epiblast. Two counter-rotating flows of cells meet at the posterior end, where the streak forms. There is little movement in the center of these flows, while the greatest movement is observed at the periphery of the vortices. The vortex movements likened to polonaise movement is key for the formation of the primitive streak. Cells overlaying Koller's sickle in the posterior end of the chick embryo move towards the midline, meet and change direction towards the center of the epiblast. Cells from the lateral posterior marginal zone replace those cells that left Koller's Sickle by meeting at the center of this region, changing direction and extending anteriorly. As these cells move and concentrate at the posterior end of the embryo, the streak undergoes a single- to multi-layered epithelial sheet transition that makes it a macroscopically visible structure. Several mechanisms, including active proliferation, oriented cell division, cell-cell intercalation and chemotactic cell movement, have been proposed to explain the nature of the cellular movements required to form the primitive streak.
The marginal zone of a chick embryo contains cells that will contribute to the streak. This region has a defined anterior-to-posterior gradient in its ability to induce the primitive streak, with the posterior end having the highest potential. All cells in the epiblast can respond to signals from the marginal zone, but once a given region is induced by these signals and undergoes streak formation, the remaining cells in the epiblast are no longer responsive to these inductive signals and prevent the formation of another streak.
Underlying the epiblast is the hypoblast, where the extraembryonic tissue originates. In the chick, the absence of the hypoblast results in multiple streaks, suggesting that its presence is important for regulating the formation of a single primitive streak. In mice and other mammals this structure is known as the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). The AVE migrates from the visceral endoderm (hypoblast). The hypoblast also plays an important role in the regulation of streak formation. Removal of the hypoblast in the chick results in correctly patterned ectopic streaks, suggesting that the hypoblast serves to inhibit formation of the primitive streak.
Signaling pathways
The formation of the primitive streak in the chick, is highly regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways. Activation of various secreted factors (Vg1, Nodal, Wnt8C, FGF8 and Chordin) and transcription factors (Brachyury and Goosecoid) adjacent to the site of streak formation is required for this process.
Vg1 and Wnt signaling
Similarly, Vg1 (a transforming growth factor beta family member (TGF-β)) misexpression and grafts of the posterior marginal zone in chicks can also induce ectopic streaks, but only within the marginal zone of the embryo, indicating a specific characteristic of this region in its ability to induce streak formation. Several lines of evidence point to Wnt expression as the determinant of this ability. Deletion of Wnt3 in mouse embryos results in the absence of a streak formation, similarly to the phenotype of B-catenin mutant embryos. In addition, mutating the intracellular negative regulator of Wnt signaling, Axin, and misexpression of the chick cWnt8C produces multiple streaks in mouse embryos. Localization of Wnt and components of its pathway, Lef1 and B-catenin, further supports streak-inducing role in the marginal zone. Furthermore, it is expressed as a gradient decreasing from posterior to anterior, corresponding to the streak-inducing ability of the marginal zone. Misexpression of Vg1 or Wnt1 alone failed to induce an ectopic streak in the chick, but together their misexpression resulted in ectopic streak formation, confirming that the streak-inducing ability of the posterior marginal zone could be attributed to Wnt signaling and that Vg1 and Wnt must cooperate to induce this process. Misexpression of Vg1 along with Wnt antagonists, Crescent or Dkk-1, prevents the formation of ectopic streaks, demonstrating the importance of Wnt activity in the formation of Vg1-induced ectopic streaks and hence its implication in normal primitive streak formation.
Nodal signaling
Nodal, a known mesodermal inducer of the transforming growth factor beta family (TGFB family),
has been implicated in streak formation. Mouse embryos mutant for Nodal fail to gastrulate and lack most mesoderm, but more than playing a role in mesoderm induction, Nodal regulates the induction and/or maintenance of the primitive streak. In the presence of hypoblast, Nodal is unable to induce ectopic streaks in the chick embryo, while its removal, induces expression of Nodal, Chordin and Brachyury, suggesting that the hypoblast must have a certain inhibitory effect on Nodal signaling. Indeed, the multifunctional antagonist of Nodal, Wnt and BMP signaling, Cerberus (produced in the hypoblast) and Cerberus-Short (which inhibits only Nodal), through its effect on Nodal signaling, inhibits streak formation. Eventually, the hypoblast gets displaced anteriorly by the moving endoblast, allowing streak formation at the posterior end. At the anterior end, the presence of the hypoblast and the antagonists it secretes, such as Cerberus, inhibit the expression of Nodal and hence restrict streak formation to the posterior end only. Similarly to the hypoblast in chick, the AVE in the mouse secretes two antagonists of Nodal signaling, Cerberus-like, Cerl, and Lefty1. In mouse, Cer-/-; Lefty1-/- double mutants develop multiple streaks as indicated by ectopic expression of Brachyury and can be partially rescued by the removal of one copy of the Nodal gene. In the mouse, the AVE restricts streak formation through the redundant functions of Cer1 and Lefty1, which negatively regulate Nodal signaling. The role of the mouse's AVE in ensuring the formation of a single primitive streak is evolutionarily conserved in the hypoblast of the chick.
FGF signaling
Another important pathway in modulating formation of the primitive streak is FGF, which is thought to work together with Nodal to regulate this process. Inhibition of FGF signaling through expression of a dominant negative receptor, using a FGF receptor inhibitor (SU5402) or depletion of FGF ligands, inhibit mesoderm formation and this in turn, inhibits streak formation. Furthermore, ectopic streak formation induced by Vg1 required FGF signaling.
BMP signaling
Finally, BMP signaling is also important for regulating the process of streak formation in the chick embryo. The site of streak formation is characterized by low BMP signals, while the rest of the epiblast displays high levels of BMP activation. In addition, misexpression of either BMP4 or BMP7 prevents streak formation, while the BMP inhibitor Chordin induces ectopic streak formation in the chick, suggesting that streak formation is likely to require BMP inhibition.
Ethical implications
The primitive streak is an important concept in bioethics, where some experts have argued that experimentation with human embryos is permissible, but only before the primitive streak develops, generally around the fourteenth day of existence. The development of the primitive streak is taken, by such bioethicists, to signify the creation of a unique, human being.
In some countries, it is illegal to develop a human embryo for more than 14 days outside a woman's body.
See also
Gastruloid
Additional images
References
Animal developmental biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20streak |
Anglo-Saxon charters are documents from the early medieval period in England which typically made a grant of land or recorded a privilege. The earliest surviving charters were drawn up in the 670s: the oldest surviving charters granted land to the Church, but from the eighth century, surviving charters were increasingly used to grant land to lay people.
The term charter covers a range of written legal documentation, including diplomas, writs and wills. A diploma was a royal charter that granted rights over land or other privileges by the king, whereas a writ was an instruction (or prohibition) by the king which may have contained evidence of rights or privileges. Diplomas were usually written on parchment in Latin, but often contained sections in the vernacular, describing the bounds of estates, which often correspond closely to modern parish boundaries. The writ was authenticated by a seal and gradually replaced the diploma as evidence of land tenure during the late Anglo-Saxon and early Norman periods. Land held by virtue of a charter was known as bookland.
Charters have provided historians with fundamental source material for understanding Anglo-Saxon England, complementing the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and other literary sources. They are catalogued in Peter Sawyer's Annotated List and are usually referred to in the specialist literature by their Sawyer number (e.g. S 407).
Survival and authenticity
The Anglo-Saxon charter can take many forms: it can be a lease (often presented as a chirograph), a will, an agreement, a writ or, most commonly, a grant of land. Our picture is skewed towards those that regard land, particularly in the earlier period. Land charters can further be subdivided into royal charters, or diplomas, and private charters (donations by figures other than the king).
Over a thousand Anglo-Saxon charters are extant today, as a result of being maintained in the archives of religious houses. These preserved their charters so as to record their right to land. The oldest extant original charter, now in Canterbury Cathedral archive, was issued in 679 by King Hlothhere of Kent granting land to the Reculver Abbey. Some surviving charters are later copies, which sometimes include interpolations.
Anglo-Saxon charters were sometimes used in legal disputes, and the recording of the contents of a charter within a legal document has ensured the survival of text when the original charter has been lost. Overall, some two hundred charters exist in the original form, whilst others are post-Conquest copies, that were often made by the compilers of cartularies (collections of title-deeds) or by early modern antiquaries. The earliest cartularies containing copies of Anglo-Saxon charters come from Worcester, early-11th-century Liber Wigorniensis and Hemming's Cartulary of a century later; a much later example, Wilton Cartulary, compiled in the mid-13th century at Wilton Abbey, still includes a significant amount of Anglo-Saxon material.
The importance of charters in legal disputes over land as evidence of land tenure, gave rise to numerous charter forgeries, sometimes by those same monastic houses in whose archives they were preserved. The primary motivation for forging charters was to provide evidence of rights to land. Often forging was focussed on providing written evidence for the holdings recorded as belonging to a religious house in the Domesday Book. It is important when studying charters to establish their authenticity. The study of charters to determine authenticity gave rise to diplomatics – the science of ancient documents.
Relatively few charters survive in their form as single sheets, and copies may have been altered for various purposes. Historians attempt to extract useful information from all types of charters, even outright fabrications, which may be of interest because they are apparently based on genuine documentation or for some other reason. Timothy Reuter, a specialist in German history, complained that "Anglo-Saxon diplomatists persist in the belief that it is possible to be slightly dead or slightly pregnant", but Simon Keynes argues that it is unhelpful to adopt the perspective of students of Continental charters, more of which survive as originals.
Anglo-Saxon charters are catalogued in Peter Sawyer's Annotated List (1968), revised and extended online. They are usually referred to in the specialist literature by their Sawyer number (e.g. S 407).
Charter forms
The three most common forms of Anglo-Saxon charter are diplomas, writs and wills. They are certified by the attestations of witnesses, who are listed at the end of the charter.
Diplomas
The largest number of surviving charters are diplomas, or royal charters, that granted privileges and rights, usually over land. The typical diploma had three sections: protocol, corpus, and eschatocol. The protocol opened the charter by invoking God and enumerating the pious considerations for the King's act (proem). The corpus was usually in Latin and named the beneficiary, recorded the grant or transfer (dispositive clause), reserved common burdens (reservation clause) and invoked the wrath of God on anyone who failed to observe it (anathema or sanction). The corpus' final section, which was often in Old English, described the boundaries of the land (boundary clause). The eschatocol was composed of a dating clause and witness-list, which usually included powerful lay and ecclesiastical members of the king's court.
Much of the language of the diploma was explicitly religious – that a grant was made for the benefit of the grantor's soul or that anyone breaking the charter would be excommunicated. Charters typically opened by situating themselves firmly within the Christian order, with a pictorial (cross, chrismon or alpha-omega) and a verbal invocation to God. Many early charters were granted in anticipation of the founding of a monastery. The document served a largely secular purpose – to document the legal possession of land and to free that land from certain duties that would otherwise be attached to it.
Writs
The second most common form of Anglo-Saxon charter, although far fewer in number than the diploma, is the royal writ. These differed from the diploma in both form and function. A writ was an instruction from the king to a named official or group of recipients. It started with a greeting and was authenticated by a royal seal. The writ did not require witnesses and was often written in Old English. Under the Normans, the use of writs was extended to cover many other aspects of royal business and was written in Latin. Florence Harmer provided the text (and translation when written in Old English) of 120 pre-Conquest royal writs.
Wills
Anglo-Saxon wills were intended to make gifts of property (including land) after the writer's death, but they were not wills in the modern sense.
Wills are rarer than writs. The first dedicated study, Anglo-Saxon Wills by Dorothy Whitelock was able to identify 39 documents. The number grew to 55 with publication of another 16 among the Anglo-Saxon Charters by Agnes Jane Robertson in 1939. Since 1939, contributions to the list were few and far between; in her 2011 Wills and Will-making in Anglo-Saxon England Linda Tollerton published the most up-to-date corpus, with 68 examples in total. The surviving documents are very unevenly distributed both in time and space: from the 9th century, for example, only 9 wills are known, and 6 of them are in Canterbury. Not a single will from any period is known from further North than Burton upon Trent in Staffordshire. Furthermore, only 22 wills can be found in manuscripts written before 1066; originals are even rarer, as some, like those of Alfred the Great or Wulfric Spot, are known to be pre-Conquest copies, while still other may in fact be mere extracts or ancient forgeries.
Only two wills of kings have been preserved, those of Alfred and Eadred, both in later copies. Anglo-Saxon women whose wills survive include Wynflæd (mother of Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury and grandmother of Kings Eadwig and Edgar), King Edmund I's second wife Æthelflæd and her sister Ælfflæd.
Boundary descriptions
A typical royal diploma had a clause describing the boundaries of the territory that is the subject of the charter. There are also boundary descriptions in a number of leases and two wills. In the earliest examples, these boundary descriptions are short, in Latin and with few boundary points. In time, the descriptions became longer, more detailed and written in Old English. By the end of the 9th century, all boundary clauses were written in Old English. Many charters, particularly those that have survived in later copies, do not have boundary clauses. In some instances, space has been left for a boundary clause that was never copied. A few boundary descriptions survive that do not appear to be related to any surviving charter.
The content of these boundary descriptions varied, but in many instances these descriptions revealed the Anglo-Saxons' ideas about their landscape.
Historical significance
Charters have provided fundamental source material for understanding Anglo-Saxon England that complements the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and other literary sources. They are often used by historians as sources for the history of Anglo-Saxon England. It was frequently kings who gave land in charters. By seeing what land was awarded, it is possible to see the extent of a king's control and how he exercised his power. In 846, Æthelwulf of Wessex granted land in Devon by charter, perhaps dividing the spoils from this recently conquered territory among his men.
Charters give lists of persons that attested the document and so it is possible to see who was present at the king's court. The very detailed diplomas drafted by the scribe known as "Æthelstan A" show that several Welsh kings, including Hywel Dda, attended the court of Æthelstan in the late 920s and the 930s. A person's absence from court can be equally revealing: Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York from 931 to 956, failed to attest any royal charters between 936 and 941, during which time the Battle of Brunanburh was fought between Æthelstan and an alliance of the Hiberno-Norse king of Dublin, Olaf Guthfrithson and the Scottish king, Constantine. Wulfstan was rather independently-minded and his absence from the West Saxon court can be linked with possible participation at Brunanburh and his later activity as a kind of kingmaker in York. It is also possible to trace a man's career at court through his position in the witness list, as in the case of Eadric Streona at the court of Æthelred 'the Unready' in the early 11th century.
Burdens that were due by landowners to the king, such as providing soldiers, resources and man-power, were sometimes relieved in charters. This gives historians the opportunity to examine aspects of Anglo-Saxon society.
Published charters
A joint committee of the British Academy and the Royal Historical Society was set up in 1966 to oversee a definitive edition of the entire corpus of Anglo-Saxon charters. The edition is to be published in approximately thirty volumes. The late Professor Nicholas Brooks was chairman of the committee in charge; he has been replaced by Professor Simon Keynes. The following volumes have been published.:
Supplementary volume
Notes
References
Secondary sources
Maitland, F. W. (1897). Domesday Book and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. Reprinted: 1996.
Stenton, Frank (1943, 2001). Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Further reading
Brooks, Nicholas (1974). "Anglo-Saxon Charters: the Work of the Last Twenty Years." Anglo-Saxon England 3.
Kelly, Susan E. (1990). "Anglo-Saxon Lay Society and the Written Word." In The Uses of Literacy in Early Mediaeval Europe, ed. R. McKitterick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keynes, Simon (forthcoming). Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archives and Single Sheets. Anglo-Saxon Charters Supplementary Series 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Keynes, Simon (1999). "Charters and Writs." In The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell.
Thompson, S. D. (2006). Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas. A Palaeography. Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies 6. Woodbridge.
Keynes, Simon (secretary). Anglo-Saxon Charters series (British Academy)
British Academy Review, 1998
Joint Committee on Anglo-Saxon Charters website
See also
The Stowe manuscripts, which contain a series of Anglo-Saxon charters
External links
Electronic Sawyer The revised catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters, based on and extending Sawyer's 1968 printed catalogue
Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
Anglo-Saxon literature
Charters
Medieval charters and cartularies of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon%20charters |
Joseph Ensign Granville (August 20, 1923 – September 7, 2013), often called Joe Granville, was a financial writer
and investment seminar speaker. He is most famous for inventing and developing the concept of "On-balance volume (OBV)". Granville argued that when volume increases sharply without a significant change in a stock's price, the price will eventually increase rapidly, and vice versa. On balance volume is thus one tool of technical analysis that attempts to predict future prices of stocks, commodities, and other financial assets traded on financial markets for which historical price and volume information is available.
Granville published a popular financial newsletter called The Granville Market Letter from 1963 until shortly before his death in 2013, appeared frequently on television programs such as CNBC, and gave seminars nationwide. Granville is probably best known for his bearish market calls during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, when he claimed that the stock market was headed for imminent collapse. Granville was known as a great showman
who would emerge from a coffin at an investment conference, or appear to walk across water (at a swimming pool) when meeting clients. According to Robert Shiller, Granville's market calls were said by major media sources to have caused large moves in the Dow Jones Industrial Average on April 22, 1980 (+4.05%) and on January 6, 1981 (a reported $25 billion loss).
He died at the age of 90 in 2013 at a Kansas City, Missouri hospice, of pneumonia.
References
External links
Archived version of The Granville Letter's website (now offline)
On Balance Volume
Harvard International Review - Exuberant Reporting Media and Misinformation in the Markets
CNBC Video the day Joe Granville crashed the market with a "Sell everything" recommendation (believed 1981)
Journal of Portfolio Management Spring 1982
1923 births
2013 deaths
American financial writers
Financial advisors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Granville |
The Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) (Inuktitut: ᓯᒃᓯᒃ, siksik) is a species of ground squirrel native to the Arctic and Subarctic of North America and Asia. People in Alaska, particularly around the Aleutians, refer to them as "parka" squirrels, most likely because their pelt is good for the ruff on parkas and for clothing.
Taxonomy
Subspecies listed alphabetically.
U. p. ablusus Osgood, 1903
U. p. kennicottii Ross, 1861 – Barrow ground squirrel (northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and northern Northwest Territories)
U. p. kodiacensis Ross, 1861
U. p. leucostictus Brandt, 1844
U. p. lyratus Hall and Gilmore, 1932
U. p. nebulicola Osgood, 1903
U. p. osgoodi Merriam, 1900
U. p. parryii Richardson, 1825
U. p. plesius Osgood, 1900
U. p. stejnegeri J. A. Allen, 1903
Description
The Arctic ground squirrel has a beige and tan coat with a white-spotted back. This squirrel has a short face, small ears, a dark tail and white markings around its eyes. Arctic ground squirrels undergo a coat change from summer to winter. Summer coats include red/yellow colorations along the cheeks and sides of the animal. In fall, these red patches are replaced with silvery fur. The average length of an Arctic ground squirrel is approximately . Since Arctic ground squirrels undergo drastic seasonal changes in body mass, it is difficult to give an average mass, but for adult females it is close to , however, males generally are around heavier than females.
Distribution and habitat
The Arctic ground squirrel can be found in regions of Northern Canada ranging from the Arctic Circle to northern British Columbia, and down to the southern border of the Northwest Territories, as well as Alaska and Siberia.
The Arctic ground squirrel is native to the North American Arctic tundra, where its main habitats are on mountain slopes, river flats, banks, lakeshores and tundra ridges of the arctic tundra. Ground squirrels live in sandy soil due to easy digging and good drainage. Arctic ground squirrels make shallow burrows in areas where the permafrost does not prevent them from digging.
The Arctic ground squirrel inhabits dry Arctic tundra and open meadows in the most southern habitats of this species.
Behaviour
The diurnal Arctic ground squirrel lives on the tundra and is prey to the Arctic fox, the red fox, the wolverine, Canada lynx, Eurasian lynx, the brown bear, and eagles. It is one of the few Arctic animals, along with their close relatives the marmots and the un-related little brown bat, that hibernate. In the summer it forages for tundra plants, seeds, and fruit to increase body fat for its winter hibernation. By late summer the male Arctic ground squirrel begins to store food in its burrow so that in the spring it will have edible food until the new vegetation has grown. The burrows are lined with lichens, leaves, and muskox hair.
Communication between squirrels is done through both vocal and physical means. When they meet, nose to nose contact is made or other body parts are pressed together. The "tsik-tsik" calls are made in response to threats and vary as between different predators. Deep guttural sounds are used to indicate land-based predators while short "band whistle" chatter indicates danger from the air.
Hibernation
The Arctic ground squirrel hibernates over winter from early August to late April in adult females and from late September to early April for adult males, at which time it can reduce its body temperatures from to as little as . During hibernation, its core body temperature reaches temperatures down to and its heart rate drops to about one beat per minute. Peripheral, colonic, and blood temperatures become subzero. The best theory as to why the squirrel's blood doesn't freeze is that the animal is able to cleanse their bodies of ice nucleators which are necessary for the development of ice crystals. In the absence of ice nucleators, body fluids can remain liquid while in supercooled state. This process is being studied with the hope that mechanism present in arctic ground squirrels may provide a path for better preservation of human organs for transplant. The connections between brain cells also wither away in this state. The damage should have resulted in death, but research on related species show that these connections regrow after waking up. In the warmer months, the squirrel is active during the day.
Diet
This squirrel feeds on grasses, sedges, mushrooms, bog rushes, bilberries, willows, roots, stalks, leaves, leaf buds, flowers, catkins, and seeds. They will also eat insects, and occasionally they will even feed on carrion (such as mice, snowshoe hares and caribou) as well as juvenile Arctic ground squirrels. Sometimes these squirrels carry food back to their den in their cheeks.
Reproduction
During the mating season, males engage in male-male aggressive encounters for mating rights.
Arctic ground squirrels live individually in burrow systems. Mating occurs between mid-April and mid-May (depending on latitude) after winter hibernation. Mating includes male-male competition for access to females, and litters are typically sired by multiple males. Gestation is approximately 25 days, and results in a litter of 5 to 10, hairless pups. After 6 weeks the pups are weaned and this is followed by rapid growth to prepare for the upcoming winter.
Conservation
Although Environment Yukon has not estimated their population size, their conservation status is currently said to be "secure" (Environment Yukon 2013).
The Arctic ground squirrel is classified as least concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (Arkive 2013).
References
Further reading
Hall, E. Raymond (1981). The Mammals of North America. 2 volumes. Ronald Press.
Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman (2005). Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
External links
Urocitellus
Mammals of the Arctic
Arctic land animals
Mammals described in 1825
Mammals of Russia
Mammals of Siberia
Mammals of the United States
Mammals of Canada
Holarctic fauna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20ground%20squirrel |
In Hispanic America, criollo () is a term used originally to describe people of full Spanish descent born in the viceroyalties. In different Latin American countries the word has come to have different meanings, mostly referring to the local-born majority.
Historically, they have been misportrayed as a social class in the hierarchy of the overseas colonies established by Spain beginning in the 16th century, especially in Hispanic America. They were locally-born people–almost always of Spanish ancestry, but also sometimes of other European ethnic backgrounds.
Criollos supposedly sought their own identity through the indigenous past, of their own symbols, and the exaltation of everything related to the American one. Their identity was strengthened as a result of the Bourbon reforms of 1700, which changed the Spanish Empire's policies toward its colonies and led to tensions between criollos and peninsulares. The growth of local criollo political and economic strength in the separate colonies, coupled with their global geographic distribution, led them to each evolve separate (both from each other and Spain) organic national identities and viewpoints. During the Spanish American Wars of Independence, criollos like Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín became the main supporters of independence from Spanish rule in their respective countries. The word is used today in some countries as an adjective defining something local or very typical of a particular Latin American country.
Origin
The word criollo and its Portuguese cognate crioulo are believed by some scholars, including the eminent Mexican anthropologist Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, to derive from the Spanish/Portuguese verb criar, meaning "to breed" or "to raise"; however, no evidence supports this derivation in early Spanish literature discussing the origin of the word. Originally, the term was meant to distinguish the members of any foreign ethnic group who were born and "raised" locally, from those born in the group's homeland, as well as from persons of mixed ethnic ancestry. In Spanish colonies, an español criollo was an ethnic Spaniard who had been born in the colonies, as opposed to an español peninsular born in Spain.
Spaniards born in the Spanish East Indies were called insulares. Whites born in colonial Brazil, with both parents born in the Iberian Peninsula, were known as mazombos.
The English word "creole" was a loan from French créole, which in turn is believed to come from Spanish criollo or Portuguese crioulo.
Colonial society
Europeans began arriving in Latin America during the Spanish conquest; and while during the colonial period most European immigration was Spanish. In the 19th and 20th centuries millions of European and European-derived populations from North and South America did immigrate to the region. According to church and censal registers for Acatzingo in 1792, during colonial times, 73% of Spanish men married with Spanish women. Ideological narratives have often portrayed criollos as a "pure Spanish" people, mostly men, who were all part of a small powerful elite. However, Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities, and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of Spanish origin throughout all of Latin America.
Criollo culture
The criollos allowed a syncretism in their culture and gastronomy, and they, in general, felt more identified with the territory where they were born than with the Iberian peninsula. Evidence is their authorship of works demonstrating an attachment to and pride in the natives and their history. They sometimes criticized the crimes of the conquistadores, often denouncing and defending natives from abuse. In the colony's last two centuries criollos rebelled in response to the harsh suppression of Indigenous uprisings. They allowed the natives and the mestizos (indigenous/European mixed) to be schooled in the universities and art schools, and many natives and mestizos were actually notable painters and architects, mostly in the Andes, but also in Mexico.
The mixed religious or secular music appears since the 16th century in Spanish and indigenous languages. Baroque music is imported from Spain but with European and African instruments (such as drums and congas) appears. The Spanish also introduce a wider musical scale than the indigenous pentatonic, and a melodic and poetic repertoire, transmitted by writings such as songbooks, common of it is the sung voice, common in the European baroque music, the mixed aesthetics are the fruit of diverse contributions indigenous, African and especially, Spanish and European. Instruments introduced by the Spanish are the chirimías, sackbuts, dulcians, orlos, bugles, violas, guitars, violins, harps, organs, etc., along with percussions (that can be indigenous or African), everything converges on music heard by everyone. The Dominican Diego Durán in 1570 writes, "All the peoples have parties, and therefore it is unthinkable to remove them (because it is impossible and because it is not convenient either)", himself parade like the natives with a bouquet of flowers at a Christian party that coincides with the celebration of Tezcatlipoca in Mexico. The Jesuits develop with great success a "pedagogy of theatricality", with this the Society of Jesus attracts the natives and blacks to the church, where children learn to play European instruments. In Quito (1609): "there were many dances of tall and small Indigenous, and there was no lack of Moscas Indigenous who danced in the manner of the New Kingdom [European] (...) and dances of Spaniards and blacks and other dances of the Indigenous must dance before the Blessed Sacrament and in front of the Virgin Mary and the saints at parties and Easter, if they don't do it then they are punished". The well-known Zambra mora was commonly danced by blacks, to the sound of castanets and drums. The Spanish Sarabande was danced by whites and blacks. Blacks also have their chiefs. In these local events, the brotherhoods of the Congos give rise to the Congadas (Brazil, Caribbean).
Actually, there were no relevant black artists during the colony; also, one must consider the fact that many of the pure blacks were slaves, but the Law of Coartación or "slave law" was created since the 16th century, reaching its maximum peak in the 18th century, which made the black slaves to buy their freedom, through periodic payments to their owner, which eventually led to freedom. Others were freed and purchased by family members or allied whites. It was a consuetudinary act in Spanish America; it allowed the appearance of a large population of free blacks in all of the territory. Freedom could also be obtained through baptism, with the white recognizing his illegitimate children; his word was sufficient for the newborn child to be declared free. Legal freedom was more common in the cities and towns than in the countryside. Also, from the late 1600s to the 19th century, the Spanish encouraged slaves from the British colonies and the United States to come to Spanish Florida as refuge; King Charles II of Spain and his court issued a royal decree freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted Catholic conversion and baptism (since 1690), most went to the area around St. Augustine, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola and Cuba. Also, a substantial number of blacks from Haiti (a French colony) arrived as refugees to Spanish Louisiana because of these greater freedoms. The Spanish Santa Teresa de Mose (Florida) became the first legally sanctioned free black town in the present-day United States. The popularity of the Law of coartación resulted in a large population of free black people in Spanish America.
Also, Mexican historian Federico Navarrete comments: that "if they received the surname of the white father and incorporated them into their family, those children counted as American whites having the same rights, regardless of the race", Also, a fact is in every marriage, including the most mixed, they are characterized, portrayed and named the caste product that was according to their ancestry, and if this can not, according to their appearance and color.
In several documents mention that indigenous people called Criollos with the same name as one of their gods. For example, Juan Pablo Viscardo relates (1797) that the Indigenous (from Peru) call to the Criollos 'Viracocha'; also, he says that Criollos are born in the middle of the Indigenous, are respected, and also loved by many, that they speak the language of the natives (in addition to Spanish) and used to Indigenous customs.
After suppressing the Túpac Amaru II Uprising of 1780 in the viceroyalty of Peru, evidence began against the criollos ill will from the Spanish Crown, especially for the Oruro Rebellion prosecuted in Buenos Aires, and also for the lawsuit filed against Dr. Juan José Segovia, born in Tacna, and Colonel Ignacio Flores, born in Quito, who had served as President of the Real Audiencia of Charcas and had been Governor Mayor of La Plata (Chuquisaca or Charcas, current Sucre).
Criollos and the wars of independence
Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs, which granted the American provinces broad autonomy. That situation changed by the Bourbon Reforms of 1700 during the reign of Charles III. Spain needed to extract increasing wealth from its colonies to support the European and global wars it needed to maintain the Spanish Empire. The Crown expanded the privileges of the Peninsulares, who took over many administrative offices that had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos. By the 19th century, this discriminatory policy of the Spanish Crown and the examples of the American and French revolutions, led Criollo factions to rebel against the Peninsulares. With increasing support of the other castes, they engaged Spain in a fight for independence (1809–1826). The former Spanish Empire in the Americas separated into a number of independent republics.
Modern colloquial uses
The word criollo retains its original meaning in most Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas. In some countries, however, the word criollo has over time come to have additional meanings, such as "local" or "home-grown". For instance, comida criolla in Spanish-speaking countries refers to "local cuisine", not "cuisine of the criollos". In Portuguese, crioulo is also a racist slang term referring to blacks.
In some countries, the term was extended or changed over the years:
In Argentina, criollo is used for people whose ancestors were already present in the territory in the colonial period, regardless their race. The exception are dark-skinned blacks and current indigenous (while non-indigenous amerindians usually also are referred as criollos).
In Peru, criollo is associated with the syncretic culture of the Pacific Coast, a mixture of Spanish, African, Indigenous, and Gitano elements. Its meaning is, therefore, more similar to that of "Louisiana Creole people" than to the criollo of colonial times.
In the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, natives of the town of Caguas are usually referred to as criollos; professional sports teams from that town are also usually nicknamed Criollos de Caguas ("Caguas Creoles"). Caguas is located near Puerto Rico's Cordillera Central mountain area.
In Venezuela, criollo is associated with the national culture of Venezuela. Pabellón criollo is Venezuela's national dish, and the baseball Corporación Criollitos de Venezuela is a seeder to the well-renowned Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, among other examples. Música Criolla is a way to refer to Venezuelan traditional music i.e., joropo. In Venezuela, novelists like Rómulo Gallegos with his novel Doña Bárbara, Pedro Emilio Coll, and Luis Manuel Urbaneja Achelpohl with the novel Peonía were major exponents of the Criollismo movement. Criollo also often refers to a mongrel dog, or something traditional to the country or its citizens.
In Cuba, Puerto Rico and Colombia, the word Criollo has similar meanings to those of Venezuela.
In Mexico
Colonial period
As early as the sixteenth century in the colonial period in New Spain, , or the "descendants of Spanish colonists," began to "distinguish themselves from the richer and more powerful ," whom they referred to as , as an insult. At the same time, Mexican-born Spaniards were referred to as , initially as a term that was meant to insult. However, over time, "those insulted who were referred to as began to reclaim the term as an identity for themselves. In 1563, the sons of Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés, attempted to remove Mexico from Spanish-born rule and place Martín, their half-brother, in power. However, their plot failed. They, along with many others involved, were beheaded by the Spanish monarchy, which suppressed expressions of open resentment from the towards for a short period. By 1623, were involved in open demonstrations and riots in Mexico in defiance of their second-class status. In response, a visiting Spaniard by the name of Martín Carrillo noted, "the hatred of the mother country's domination is deeply rooted, especially among the ."
Despite being descendants of Spanish colonizers, many in the period peculiarly "regarded the Aztecs as their ancestors and increasingly identified with the Indians out of a sense of shared suffering at the hands of the Spanish." Many felt that the story of the Virgin of Guadalupe, published by priest Miguel Sánchez in (Appearance of the Virgin Mary) in 1648, "meant that God had blessed both Mexico and particularly , as "God's new chosen people." By the eighteenth century, although restricted from holding elite posts in the colonial government, the notably formed the "wealthy and influential" class of major agriculturalists, "miners, businessmen, physicians, lawyers, university professors, clerics, and military officers." Because were not perceived as equals by the Spanish , "they felt they were unjustly treated and their relationship with their mother country was unstable and ambiguous: Spain was, and was not, their homeland," as noted by Mexican writer Octavio Paz.They [] felt the same ambiguity in regard to their native land. It was difficult to consider themselves compatriots of the Indians and impossible to share their pre-Hispanic past. Even so, the best among them, if rather hazily, admired the past, even idealized it. It seemed to them that the ghost of the Roman empire had at times been embodied in the Aztec empire. The criollo dream was the creation of a Mexican empire, and its archetypes were Rome and Tenochtitlán. The criollos were aware of the bizarre nature of their situation, but, as happens in such cases, they were unable to transcend it — they were enmeshed in nets of their own weaving. Their situation was cause for pride and for scorn, for celebration and humiliation. The criollos adored and abhorred themselves. [...] They saw themselves as extraordinary, unique beings and were unsure whether to rejoice or weep before that self-image. They were bewitched by their own uniqueness.
Independence movement
As early as 1799, open riots against Spanish colonial rule were unfolding in Mexico City, foreshadowing the emergence of a fully-fledged independence movement. At the conspiración de los machetes, soldiers and criollo traders attacked colonial properties "in the name of Mexico and the Virgen de Guadalupe." As news of Napoleon I's armies occupying Spain reached Mexico, Spanish-born peninsulares such as Gabriel de Yermo strongly opposed criollo proposals of governance, deposed the viceroy, and assumed power. However, even though Spaniards maintained power in Mexico City, revolts in the countryside were quickly spreading.
Ongoing resentment between criollos and peninsulares erupted after Napoleon I deposed Charles IV of Spain of power, which, "led a group of peninsulares to take charge in Mexico City and arrest several officials, including criollos." This, in turn, motivated criollo priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla to begin a campaign for Mexican independence from Spanish colonial rule. Launched in Hidalgo's home city of Dolores, Guanajuato, in 1810, Hidalgo's campaign gained support among many "Amerindians and Mestizos, but despite seizing a number of cities," his forces failed to capture Mexico City. In the summer of 1811, Hidalgo was captured by the Spanish and executed. Despite being led by a criollo, many criollos did not initially join the Mexican independence movement, and it was reported that "fewer than one hundred criollos fought with Hidalgo," despite their shared caste status. While many criollos in the period resented their "second-class status" compared to peninsulares, they were "afraid that the overthrow of the Spanish might mean sharing power with Amerindians and Mestizos, whom they considered to be their inferiors." Additionally, due to their privileged social class position, "many criollos had prospered under Spanish rule and did not want to threaten their livelihoods."
Criollos only undertook direct action in the Mexican independence movement when new Spanish colonial rulers threatened their property rights and church power, an act which was "deplored by most criollos" and therefore brought many of them into the Mexican independence movement. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821 under the coalitionary leadership of conservatives, former royalists, and criollos, who detested Emperor Ferdinand VII's adoption of a liberal constitution that threatened their power. This coalition created the Plan de Iguala, which concentrated power in the hands of the criollo elite as well as the church under the authority of criollo Agustín de Iturbide who became Emperor Agustín I of the Mexican Empire. Iturbide was the son of a "wealthy Spanish landowner and a Mexican mother" who ascended through the ranks of the Spanish colonial army to become a colonel. Iturbide reportedly fought against "all the major Mexican independence leaders since 1810, including Hidalgo, José María Morelos y Pavón, and Vicente Guerrero," and according to some historians, his "reasons for supporting independence had more to do with personal ambition than radical notions of equality and freedom."
Post-independence
Mexican independence from Spain in 1821 resulted in the beginning of criollo rule in Mexico as they became "firmly in control of the newly independent state." Although direct Spanish rule was now gone, "by and large, Mexicans of primarily European descent governed the nation." The period was also marked by the expulsion of the peninsulares from Mexico, of which a substantial source of "criollo pro-expulsionist sentiment was mercantile rivalry between Mexicans and Spaniards during a period of severe economic decline," internal political turmoil, and substantial loss of territory. Leadership "changed hands 48 times between 1825 and 1855" alone, "and the period witnessed both the Mexican-American War and the loss of Mexico's northern territories to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase." Some credit the "criollos' inexperience in government" and leadership as a cause for this turmoil. It was only "under the rule of noncriollos such as the Indian Benito Juárez and the Mestizo Porfiro Díaz" that Mexico "experienced relative [periods of] calm."
By the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the criollo identity "began to disappear," with the institution of mestizaje and Indigenismo policies by the national government, which stressed a uniform homogenization of the Mexican population under the Mestizo identity. As a result, "although some Mexicans are closer to the ethnicity of criollos than others" in contemporary Mexico, "the distinction is rarely made." During the Chicano movement, when leaders promoted the ideology of the "ancient homeland of Aztlán as a symbol of unity for Mexican Americans, leaders of the 1960s Chicano movement argued that virtually all modern Mexicans are Mestizos."
In the United States
As the United States expanded westward, it annexed lands with a long-established population of Spanish-speaking settlers. This group became known as Hispanos. Prior to incorporation into the United States (and briefly, into Independent Texas), Hispanos had enjoyed a privileged status in the society of New Spain, and later in post-colonial Mexico.
Regional subgroups of Hispanos were named for their geographic location in the so-called "internal provinces" of New Spain:
Californios in Las Californias ("The Californias"), and later Alta California ("Upper California")
Nuevomexicanos in Spanish New Mexico, and later Mexican New Mexico (Nuevo México)
Tejanos in Spanish Texas, and later Mexican Texas (Tejas)
Another group of Hispanos, the Isleños ("Islanders"), are named after their geographic origin in the Old World, namely the Canary Islands. In the US today, this group is primarily associated with the state of Louisiana.
Floridanos in Spanish Florida
See also
Academia Antártica
Caguas, Puerto Rico - the "Criollo City"
Conquistadores
Creole peoples
Criollismo
Currency lads and lasses
Encomienda (1492–1542)
European diaspora
Hispanics
Latin Americans of Spanish descent
List of Criollos
Vecino (historical use)
White Hispanic Americans
White Hispanics
White Angolans
White Brazilians
Notes
References
Bibliography
Will Fowler. Latin America, 1800–2000: Modern History for Modern Languages. Oxford University Press, 2000.
https://web.archive.org/web/20111003084354/http://www.rena.edu.ve/cuartaEtapa/literatura/ModerCriollismo.html
Further reading
Creole peoples
Ethnic groups in Mexico
Ethnic groups in South America
European diaspora
Latin American caste system
Ethnic groups in Latin America
History of South America
White Latin American
es:Criollo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo%20people |
"Punch and Judy" is a song by the British neo-progressive rock band Marillion. It was the first single from their second studio album Fugazi. The lyrics of the song are about a marriage gone bad.
The single reached no. 29 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1984. This was the only single during the band's EMI years that no music video was shot for.
A CD replica of the single was also part of a collectors box-set released in July 2000, which contained Marillion's first twelve singles and was re-issued as a 3-CD set in 2009 (see The Singles '82-'88).
B-sides
The B-side on all formats contained new versions of "Market Square Heroes" (originally the A-side of the band's debut single) and "Three Boats Down from the Candy" (the B-side of "Market Square Heroes"). Both versions were re-recorded with drummer John Marter (erroneously credited as 'John Martyr'), the only tracks Marillion ever recorded with him.
The only difference between the 7" and 12" versions is found in "Market Square Heroes", which is 49 seconds longer on the 12" version.
These re-recorded versions would also appear on the B'Sides Themselves compilation in 1988; "Market Square Heroes" is also on the 1997 compilation The Best of Both Worlds.
The originally planned B-side, "Emerald Lies", ended up instead on the Fugazi album.
Track listing
7" versions
Side 1
"Punch & Judy" – 3:19
Side 2
"Market Square Heroes" [Edited re-recorded version] – 3:56
"Three Boats Down From The Candy" [Re-recorded version] – 3:59
12" versions
Side 1
"Punch & Judy" – 3:19
Side 2
"Market Square Heroes" [Full re-recorded version] – 4:45
"Three Boats Down From The Candy" [Re-recorded version] – 3:59
Personnel
Fish – vocals
Steve Rothery - guitars
Mark Kelly - keyboards
Pete Trewavas - bass
Ian Mosley - drums on "Punch and Judy"
John Marter (credited as 'John Martyr') - drums on "Market Square Heroes", "Three Boats Down From the Candy"
References
1984 singles
Marillion songs
EMI Records singles
1984 songs
Songs written by Fish (singer)
Songs written by Mark Kelly (keyboardist)
Songs written by Steve Rothery
Songs written by Pete Trewavas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch%20and%20Judy%20%28song%29 |
The Sea Cliff Bridge, together with the adjoining Lawrence Hargrave Drive Bridge, are two road bridges that carry the scenic Lawrence Hargrave Drive across the rockface on the Illawarra escarpment, located in the northern Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The balanced cantilever and incremental launching girder bridges link the coastal villages of Coalcliff and Clifton and carry two lanes of traffic, and a pedestrian walkway.
The Sea Cliff Bridge was named by Makenzie Russell, who at the time was an eleven-year-old student, following a naming competition opened to local primary school students. The Lawrence Hargrave Drive Bridge and the Lawrence Hargrave Drive are named in honour of Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian engineer, explorer, astronomer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer.
History
The Sea Cliff Bridge replaced a section of Lawrence Hargrave Drive that was permanently closed in August 2003 due to regular rock falls. A public outcry emerged over the road closure as Lawrence Hargrave Drive is the only road directly linking Coalcliff, Stanwell Park, Otford and Helensburgh to the northern suburbs of Wollongong.
Description
The 52 million bridges brace against the Tasman Sea, up to east of the original alignment of Lawrence Hargrave Drive. Completed in 2005, the Sea Cliff Bridge structure comprises a haunched box girder composed of prestressed concrete that was constructed using the balanced cantilever method, with five spans. Adjoining the Sea Cliff Bridge is the Lawrence Hargrave Drive Bridge often not considered as two separate bridges. This latter girder bridge that was constructed using the incremental launching method, with seven spans, ranging from , shares a common pier with the Sea Cliff Bridge.
The bridges incorporate two traffic lanes of and a pedestrian pathway. Cyclists are allowed to use the traffic lanes and there are shoulders on either side of the road of approximately 1.2 metres (4 ft) width.
The bridges were officially opened by the NSW Premier Morris Iemma on 11 December 2005, and were met with public approval and increased business for the area's tourism industry.
The bridges sit in a harsh marine environment as it directly faces the open ocean and is affected by high sea swell splashing. It is well attested that concrete structures in such environments are especially susceptible to chloride induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement, which can eventually lead to expensive repair works and significantly decrease the life of the structure.
Tourism
An hour south of Sydney, the bridges have been a major tourist spot since they opened in 2005. The area adjacent to the bridges feature a scenic walkway surrounded by rocky cliffs that is a popular location for love padlocks.
Pioneer Walks published the route to the lookout and encouraged spectators to participate in an "unofficial walk with no safety precautions in place". On 30 September 2018, a 24-year-old man hiked to the “lookout" atop the cliff overlooking the bridges, where he sat down to take a rest. The ground he sat on was loose, and he slid to the cliff’s edge, where he then plummeted to his death.
In popular media
The Sea Cliff Bridge and adjoining Lawrence Hargrave Drive Bridge were featured in a range of media including:
a joint 2007 Ferrari/Shell television advertisement that was shown in Australia and many other countries.
a VE Holden Commodore commercial
the video game, Forza Horizon 3, where players can race over the bridge
in Guy Sebastian's music video for the song 'Choir', where he is seen walking under the Sea Cliff Bridge
Gallery
See also
List of bridges in Australia
Bald Hill, a nearby lookout spot
References
External links
Sea Cliff Bridge Webcam
Sea Cliff Bridge website
Grand Pacific Drive
Lawrence Hargrave Drive reopens Roads & Traffic Authority
Northern Illawarra Online - Community Web Portal
HangglideOz - tandems and lic courses
2005 establishments in Australia
Wollongong
Bridges completed in 2005
Tourist attractions in Wollongong
Cantilever bridges
Road bridges in New South Wales
Concrete bridges in Australia
Box girder bridges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20Cliff%20Bridge |
Anthony John Burger (June 5, 1961 – February 22, 2006) was an American pianist and singer, most closely associated with Southern gospel music.
Early life
Anthony Burger was born in Cleveland, Tennessee to Richard and Jean Burger. At age eight months, he was using a baby walker and fell into a heating duct on the floor of his house. He suffered third degree burns on his hands, face and legs. After suffering the burns, Burger's doctor told his parents he was very likely to not be able to move his hands in the future. Despite the odds, Burger recovered. At the age of five, he was accepted at the Cadek Conservatory, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. A child prodigy, Burger was playing classical piano repertoire within a few years. Burger attended Bradley Central High School in Cleveland but did not graduate.
Career
Burger's first recording, Anthony Burger at the Lowrey Organ, was released in 1975 when he was 14 years old. He recorded with The Celestials on their album Ole Fashion Gospel in 1976. He joined the Kingsmen Quartet at age sixteen in August of 1978 and remained with them until March 1993. During that time, Burger recorded nineteen projects with the group and was voted the Favorite Pianist in the Singing News Fan Awards for an unprecedented ten years. The award was renamed the "Anthony Burger Award" for several years after that. During this period, Burger presented the award to the winner each year, but was ineligible to receive it.
In 1993, Burger left the Kingsmen Quartet to pursue a career as a solo pianist. He joined the Gaither Homecoming Tour the following year and was featured on more than 65 Homecoming videos. Burger continued to release piano solo recordings and headline concerts, but his solo schedule was balanced by about 80 Gaither Homecoming dates per year. Adding more variety to his schedule, Burger formed an impromptu sideline group with Ivan Parker and Kirk Talley around 1998 called "The Trio." The group performed at several events each year. (Shane Dunlap later replaced Parker.)
Burger was known throughout his career to tell of how God healed his hands and playing the piano was his way of praising God. During the course of his career, Burger teamed up with gospel saxophonist Dan Traxler. Their album, "Classic Gospel", was released to streaming services including Spotify, in 2020.
Over the course of his career, Burger released a number of piano folios, permitting fellow keyboard players to perform his arrangements.
The Hazelton Brothers piano company honored Burger just after the turn of the century when they began offering an "Anthony Burger Signature" model. Then in late 2005, Steinway & Sons announced that Burger was being added to their exclusive roster of endorsing artists, making him the first Southern Gospel pianist to ever hold that honor.
The Trio members
Line-ups
Death
On February 22, 2006, at the age of 44, Burger died of a massive heart attack after performing aboard the MS Zuiderdam, a cruise ship chartered for a Gaither Gospel Cruise. According to eyewitnesses, Burger was accompanying Bill and Gloria Gaither and Guy Penrod when fans in the audience noticed Burger had ceased moving, his hands clenched into fists over the keyboard. Several fellow artists carried him backstage, where the cruise ship's emergency response team performed CPR for about 45 minutes, to no avail.
Awards
Singing News Fan Awards
Favorite Musician (1980 to 1989)
Southern Gospel Museum and Hall of Fame
2007 Inductee
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120310081316/http://www.sgma.org/inductee_bios/anthony_burger.htm
http://www.sghistory.com/index.php?n=A.Anthony_Burger
1961 births
2006 deaths
American gospel singers
Articles containing video clips
Gospel music pianists
Singers from Tennessee
Musicians who died on stage
People from Cleveland, Tennessee
Southern gospel performers
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga alumni
20th-century American singers
20th-century American pianists
American male pianists
20th-century American male musicians
People who died at sea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Burger |
ZuPreem, a brand of Compana, manufactures and sells animal feeds, particularly for zoo animals and exotic pets. It is based in Kansas.
History
The idea for ZuPreem started when Mark Morris, Sr. DVM, founder of Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., and his son Mark L. Morris Jr. DVM, PhD developed a range of specialized diets for cats and dogs with particular health concerns, marketed as Prescription Diets and Science Diets. A phone call to Mark Morris Jr. from a local zoo director Gary Clarke in 1964 lead him to begin researching the nutritional needs, and developing foods, for many different species of animals, including primates, bears, reptiles, birds, and exotic felines. David R. Morris, the son of Mark Morris Jr., ran the company from 1993 to 2021 expanding the line of foods with an emphasis on companion exotic animals. By 2007 the company determined that it had the largest market share of extruded/pelleted nutritional complete foods for companion birds in the United States and was sold in numerous countries around the world.
In April 2021 the company was sold to St. Louis-based Compana, which is managed by the investment firm The Carlyle Group.
External links
References
Animal food manufacturers
Food and drink companies established in 1964
Pet food brands
2021 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZuPreem |
The Fontys Academy of Journalism (Dutch: Fontys Hogeschool voor Journalistiek, short FHJ) is one of the four journalism schools in the Netherlands. It is based in Tilburg, North Brabant. Founded in 1980 as the Academy of Journalism and Public Relations, the school had a Catholic background in its early years, although students and teachers have always doubted the existence of Catholic journalism. Several years ago the school joined Fontys Hogescholen, a community of higher vocational schools in the south of the Netherlands, and was given its current name. The FHJ-building is located in the west of Tilburg, at the Gimbrerelaan.
The FHJ houses studios for radio and television, as well as a printing press for internal publications. Students can choose various majors, including audiovisual journalism, newspaper and magazine journalism and corporate journalism.
In 2005, the academy celebrated its 25th anniversary, organizing several conferences on the future of journalism in the Netherlands.
Journalism schools in Europe
Organisations based in North Brabant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontys%20Academy%20of%20Journalism |
I'm Alright may refer to:
I'm Alright (Loudon Wainwright III album), 1985
I'm Alright (Jo Dee Messina album), 1998
"I'm Alright" (Jo Dee Messina song), this album's title track
"I'm Alright" (Kenny Loggins song)", from the Caddyshack soundtrack, 1980
I'm Alright (Lynn Anderson album), 1970
""I'm Alright" (Lynn Anderson song), a song by Lynn Anderson from the album of the same name
"I'm Alright", a song by Jars of Clay from their album If I Left the Zoo
"I'm Alright", a song by Luna Halo from their self-titled album
"I'm Alright", a song by the band Stereophonics from the album You Gotta Go There to Come Back
"I'm Alright", a song by Simon Townshend from the album Animal Soup
"I'm Alright", a song by Shania Twain from the album Now
"I'm Alright", a song by Sugababes from The Lost Tapes
"I'm All Right", a 2006 song by Madeleine Peyroux from the album Half the Perfect World
"I'm All Right" (Bo Diddley song), on his 1963 album Bo Diddley's Beach Party, covered by The Rolling Stones as "I'm Alright" on their EP Got Live If You Want It!
Others
I'm Alright Jack & the Beanstalk, the alternate title for Not of This Earth, an album by The Damned
I'm All Right Jack, a 1959 British comedy film
"I'm All Right Jack", a song by the Tom Robinson Band on the 1978 album Power in the Darkness
See also
It's Alright (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m%20Alright |
This is a complete list of the 166 shorts in the Tom and Jerry series produced and released between 1940 and 2021. Of these, 162 are theatrical shorts, one is a made-for-TV short, one is a two-minute sketch shown as part of a telethon, and two are special shorts released on HBO Max.
1940–58: Hanna–Barbera/MGM cartoons
The following 114 cartoons were directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in Hollywood, California. All cartoons were released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Rudolf Ising was the producer of Puss Gets the Boot; subsequent cartoons were produced by Fred Quimby through 1955. Quimby retired in 1955 and from 1955 to 1957, Hanna and Barbera produced the shorts until MGM closed the cartoon studio in 1957, and the last cartoon was released in 1958. Most of these cartoons were produced in the standard Academy ratio (1.37:1). Four cartoons were produced for both Academy Ratio and CinemaScope formats (2.55:1, later 2.35:1). Finally, 19 cartoons were produced in widescreen CinemaScope format only (though reissues have the standard Academy ratio 1.37:1 instead).
Like the other studios, MGM reissued and edited its cartoons when rereleased to theaters. Many pre-1952 cartoons were reissued with Perspecta Sound, which was introduced in 1954. MGM also reissued its cartoons before the introduction of Perspecta Sound. Because of the 1965 MGM vault fire, all original film of pre-September-1951 MGM cartoons are lost, leaving only the backup prints (usually the altered reissue prints), although some production artwork relating to the missing material has survived, like pencil sketches.
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| #
!style="width:2em"| Prod.Num.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:7em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 27
| 155
| Cat Fishin'''
| February 22, 1947
| Tom goes fishing using Jerry as bait and deals with watchdog Spike.
|
|-
| 28
| 153
| Part Time Pal| March 15, 1947
| Mammy warns Tom to keep Jerry out of the refrigerator or she'll throw him out, but Tom accidentally becomes repeatedly drunk and befriends Jerry.
|
|-
| 29
| 165
| The Cat Concerto| April 26, 1947
| Pianist Tom performs Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 by Franz Liszt until Jerry breaks up his act.
| Won an Oscar for Best Short Subject, Cartoon. In 1994, it was voted #42 of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time by members of the animation field, the only Tom & Jerry cartoon to make the list.
|-
| 30
| 157
| Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse| June 14, 1947
| Tom tries to prevent Jerry from drinking his milk by poisoning it, but his plan completely backfires when the poison transforms Jerry into a monster.
| Nominated for an Oscar for Best Short Subject, Cartoon. Original titles is rarely found on a 16mm Afga-Gevaert print with only one tiny splice at the Tom and Jerry card.
|-
| 31
| 158
| Salt Water Tabby| July 12, 1947
| Tom woos Toodles on the beach.
|
|-
| 32
| 162
| A Mouse in the House| August 30, 1947
| Tom and Butch compete against each other to catch Jerry on Mammy Two Shoes' orders, but she ends up kicking out all three animals.
| Rarely seen on Cartoon Network and Boomerang due to perceived racial abuse occurring in the end.
|-
| 33
| 163
| The Invisible Mouse| September 27, 1947
| Jerry uses "invisible ink" to turn invisible and outsmart Tom.
|
|-
|}
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:2em"| #
!style="width:2em"| Prod.Num.
!style="width:12em"| Title
!style="width:7em"| Date
!Summary
! Notes
|-
| 73
| 254
| The Missing Mouse| January 10, 1953
| After Jerry is covered in white shoe polish, he scares Tom into thinking that he is an explosive white mouse that escaped from a lab.
| Only Tom and Jerry cartoon scored by Edward Plumb because Scott Bradley was on vacation.
|-
| 74
| 256
| Jerry and Jumbo| February 21, 1953
| Jerry befriends a baby elephant named Jumbo and disguises him as a large mouse to mess with Tom.
| First appearance of Jumbo and his mother.
|-
| 75
| 266
| Johann Mouse| March 21, 1953
| As the pet owned by Johann Strauss in Vienna, Tom becomes an accomplished pianist himself after his master goes away in order to lure dancing Jerry out with piano music.
| Last cartoon in the series to win an Oscar for Best Short Subject, Cartoon.
|-
| 76
| 260
| That's My Pup!| April 25, 1953
| Spike strikes an agreement with Tom for the feline to act scared whenever Tyke barks at him.
|
|-
| 77
| 258
| Just Ducky| September 5, 1953
| After Quacker hatches, Jerry befriends him and teaches him how to swim so he can find his family, but Jerry must also protect him from Tom.
|
|-
| 78
| 262
| | October 17, 1953
| Jerry is a scoutmaster who is taking two young mice (both resembling Nibbles) on a hiking trip.
| Rarely airs on Cartoon Network and Boomerang because of Native American stereotyping.
|-
| 79
| 264
| Life with Tom| November 21, 1953
| Jerry writes an autobiography titled Life with Tom, which Tom has mixed emotions reading.
| Compilation short; contains footage from Cat Fishin', The Little Orphan, and Kitty Foiled.
|-
|}
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1961–62: Gene Deitch/Rembrandt Films cartoons
The following thirteen cartoons were directed by Gene Deitch, produced by William L. Snyder, and animated at Snyder's Rembrandt Films in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now in the Czech Republic). All cartoons were released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
1961
1962
1963–67: Chuck Jones/Sib Tower cartoons
The following 34 cartoons were produced by Chuck Jones in Hollywood, California. Earlier cartoons were produced in conjunction with Walter Bien's "Sib Tower 12 Productions" (one or the other credited on the 1963 and 1964 productions), until it was integrated into a new animation department called MGM Animation/Visual Arts. Directors (if other than Jones) or co-directors for each short are listed. All cartoons were released to theaters by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Note: All the Chuck Jones MGM Tom and Jerry shorts were in Metrocolor.
All were released on DVD in 2009 as part of Tom and Jerry: The Chuck Jones Collection.
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
2001–present: Warner Bros. cartoons
2001: Hanna-Barbera Productions/Turner Entertainment cartoon
2005, 2014, 2021: Warner Bros. Animation cartoons
Spin-offs and other appearances
The Alley Cat (1941 film, MGM one-shot cartoon) with Butch and Toodles
War Dogs (1943 film, MGM one-shot cartoon) with Spike cameo
Anchors Aweigh (1945 film) with Tom and Jerry cameo
Dangerous When Wet (1953 film) with Tom and Jerry cameo
The Three Little Pups (1953 film, Droopy cartoon) with Spike cameo
Spike and Tyke (1957 MGM cartoon series) with Spike and Tyke
Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992 feature film)
Tom & Jerry (2021 feature film)
The Tom and Jerry Show (1975 TV series, 16 episodes)
The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (1980 TV series, 15 episodes)
Tom & Jerry Kids (1990 TV series, 65 episodes)
Tom and Jerry Tales (2006 TV series, 26 episodes)
The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series, 71 episodes)
Tom and Jerry in New York (2021 TV series)
Tom and Jerry (2022 TV series)
Tom and Jerry (2023 TV series)
Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002 film)
Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005 film)
Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005 film)
Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006 film)
Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007 film)
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010 film)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011 film)
Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (2012 film)
Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure (2013 film)
Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon (2014 film)
Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest (2015 film)
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016 film)
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017 film)
Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up! (2022 film)
Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land'' (2022 film)
Notes
External links
Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Hanna–Barbera era (1940–1958)
Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Gene Deitch era (1960–1962)
Tom and Jerry episode guide: The Chuck Jones era (1963–1967)
Tom and Jerry episode guide: Warner Bros. Animation (2000–present)
Film series introduced in 1940
Lists of animated films by character
Children's film series
Lists of American animated films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20and%20Jerry%20filmography |
David Spencer (10 April 193612 June 2020), known professionally as Ricky Valance, was a Welsh pop singer. He was best known for the UK number one single "Tell Laura I Love Her", which sold over a million copies in 1960. He was the first male Welsh singer to have a UK number one single hit.
Early life
Born as David Spencer in Ynysddu, Monmouthshire, Wales, the eldest of seven children, he sang in his church choir and worked in a coal mine and a factory before joining the RAF at the age of 17.
Music career
He started his musical career after leaving the armed forces. He performed in local clubs in the north of England as a cabaret singer for a couple of years, before he was discovered by an A&R representative from EMI, signed to EMI's Columbia label, and placed with the record producer Norrie Paramor.
He claimed he selected the stage name Ricky Valance because he liked the name Ricky, and took the name Valance from that of a trainer at a horse racing meeting; it was not a tribute to Ritchie Valens as sometimes reported.
At his first recording session, Paramor suggested that Valance cover Ray Peterson's American hit, "Tell Laura I Love Her", co-written by Jeff Barry. The recording was arranged by Frank Barber. Peterson's original version of the song had never been released in the United Kingdom, as Decca Records considered a rock song about death and tragedy to be in bad taste. The BBC refused to play teenage tragedy songs like "Tell Laura I Love Her", but, thanks to airplay on Radio Luxembourg, Valance was rewarded with a number 1 hit in September 1960. Valance thus became the first Welsh man to reach the top spot – Shirley Bassey being the first Welsh female with "As I Love You" in February 1959. The record was his only chart hit in the UK.
After topping the UK Singles Chart, Valance appeared in the 1961 A Song For Europe competition, hoping to represent the UK in the upcoming Eurovision Song Contest. His song, "Why Can't We?", placed third out of the nine entries; the winner was "Are You Sure?" performed by the Allisons.
Further singles included "Movin' Away" and "Jimmy's Girl". Over 100,000 copies were sold of "Jimmy's Girl", and "Movin' Away" made it to number one in Australia and Scandinavia.
While Valance continued to have some international success, changes in musical taste in the mid 1960s resulted in the ending of his Columbia contract. He sang in Ireland with a showband, the Chessmen, in 1967, and also undertook work as an actor, and performed country music. In later years, he featured in 1960s revival festivals in Britain, and on cruise ships. In 1989, he visited Nashville where he appeared on the show Nashville Now, and he returned there in 2001 to record an album, One of the Best. Later, he continued to perform, when living in Spain, and hosted a local golf-based chat show on television, Play a Round with Ricky.
In 2015, he was given an award at the Wales Millennium Centre, as the first Welsh man to have a UK number one hit. He released a single, "Welcome Home", in 2017, to raise funds for the Royal Air Force Museum.
Personal life and death
Valance lived in Cabo Roig on the outskirts of Torrevieja on the Costa Blanca in Spain, where he performed regularly. In 2015 he and his wife moved to Skegness, Lincolnshire.
He died in Skegness on 12 June 2020. He was 84, and had been hospitalised for dementia in the months leading up to his death. His funeral was held at St. Mary's Church in Goldington, Bedfordshire on 13 July 2020.
UK singles
Columbia
DB4493 – "Tell Laura I Love Her" / "Once Upon a Time" (1960)
DB4543 – "Movin' Away" / "Lipstick on Your Lips" (1960)
DB4586 – "Jimmy's Girl" / "Only the Young" (1961)
DB4592 – "Why Can't We" / "Fisherboy" (1961)
DB4680 – "Bobby" / "I Want to Fall in Love" (1961)
DB4725 – "I Never Had a Chance" / "It's Not True" (1961)
DB4787 – "Try to Forget Her" / "At Times Like These" (1962)
DB4864 – "Don't Play No.9" / "Till the Final Curtain Falls" (1962)
Decca
F12129 – "Six Boys" / "A Face in the Crowd" (1965)
Crystal
CR7004 – "Abigail" / "My Summer Love" (1969) (as Jason Merryweather)
Tank
BSS313 – "Hello Mary Lou" / "Walking in the Sunshine" (1978)
Umbrella
UMO111 – "Daddy's Little Girl" / "Ticket to Dream" (1988)
One Media iP
"Welcome Home" / "Tell Laura I Love Her" (55th Anniversary Edition) (2016)
See also
List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
List of Eurovision: Your Decision contestants
References
External links
Banned Rock and Roll Records website
Entry at 45cat.com
Ricky Valance on BBC Radio 4's Saturday Live in April 2018 (48:32 minutes in)
1936 births
2020 deaths
Welsh expatriates in Spain
People from Ynysddu
Welsh male singers
Royal Air Force airmen
Columbia Records artists
Decca Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Valance |
"Stay" is a song by English musician David Bowie, released on his 1976 album Station to Station. The song was recorded in late 1975 at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles. Co-produced by Bowie and Harry Maslin, the recording featured guitarists Carlos Alomar and Earl Slick, bassist George Murray, drummer Dennis Davis, pianist Roy Bittan and Warren Peace on percussion. The track features prominent dual guitar work from Slick and Alomar, who mostly composed it in the studio. Based on the chord structure of "John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)", a funk reworking of "John, I'm Only Dancing" (1972), "Stay" emulates funk rock, soul and hard rock. The song's lyrics are abstract and relate to love.
Bowie debuted the song on the variety show Dinah! on 3 January 1976. In July the same year, RCA Records released "Stay" as the B-side of "Suffragette City" and again as an A-side in edited form in the United States; both failed to chart. The track has received positive reviews from music critics and biographers, with many praising the performance of the band. "Stay" was a live staple throughout Bowie's concert tours, performances of which have appeared on numerous live albums. The song was remixed by Maslin in 2010 for reissues of Station to Station and remastered in 2016 for the Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) box set. Bowie recorded a new version of "Stay" in 1997 during the rehearsals for the Earthling Tour, which appeared on the 2020 EP Is It Any Wonder? as "Stay '97".
Recording
After completing his work on The Man Who Fell to Earth in September 1975, David Bowie returned to Los Angeles to begin recording his next album. Personnel-wise, Bowie brought back the same team used for "Fame": co-producer Harry Maslin, guitarists Carlos Alomar and Earl Slick, drummer Dennis Davis and Bowie's old friend Geoff MacCormick (credited as Warren Peace), while bassist George Murray was recruited to play bass; pianist Roy Bittan, a member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, joined the sessions in mid-October. For the studio, Bowie and Maslin chose Los Angeles's Cherokee Studios, which featured five different studio rooms, 24-track mixing consoles, 24-hour session times, and a lounge bar.
Recording for the new album began in late September 1975 and ended in late November. According to biographer Chris O'Leary, recording for "Stay" began sometime in October. Like the majority of the album, the song's elements were primarily built in the studio rather than written before. Due to Bowie's heavy cocaine use during the sessions, he later recalled remembering almost nothing of the album's production. Alomar recalled the song was recorded "very much in a cocaine frenzy":
'Stay' was basically done with the rhythm section. It was pretty funky and pretty much straight ahead. I wrote out a chart and said this was pretty much what we wanted to do. That song I think David did on the guitar. He strummed a few chords for me, and then we gave it back to him. The rhythm section really liked that one, and then Earl Slick covered some of the lines I had laid down with a thicker sound.
Bowie later acknowledged that the song initially began as an attempt at "John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)", a funk reworking of Bowie's 1972 track "John, I'm Only Dancing" that was recorded during the sessions for Young Americans (1975) and later released as a single in 1979. Alomar and Slick experimented with a slightly varied "(Again)" chord progression, sped up the tempo and, after days or weeks of studio jamming, the band, in Alomar's words, "gave [the song] back to [Bowie]." According to O'Leary, Bowie pitted Alomar and Slick against each other, repeating what he did on the latter half of the Diamond Dogs Tour (known as the Soul tour). Slick recalled in 2014: "He had polar opposites, and he allowed those differences to shape the guitar sound on the album." On "Stay", Slick recorded a solo, which Alomar then overdubbed, repeating the process. O'Leary calls the final mix "the record of their war, underpinned by a George Murray bassline that could support a Buick".
Composition
The musical style of both "Stay" and "Golden Years" are built upon the funk and soul of Young Americans but with a harsher, grinding edge. Biographer Nicholas Pegg describes it as a simultaneous hybrid of funk, soul and hard rock, while James E. Perone argues that "Stay" represents a merge of hard rock and blue-eyed funk. Author Marc Spitz analyses "Stay" as "urban funk sped up for against-the-wall fucking, as opposed to the horizontal quiet storms of Young Americans". Writing for AllMusic, Ned Raggett found a combination of the "dramatic rock" of Diamond Dogs (1974) and the "funk and soul" of Young Americans. He writes that compared to tracks like "Young Americans", "Stay" contains a "chiller" arrangement, which he believes "manages to sound like something that could easily fit into a 1976-era nightclub though still somehow standing apart from it". In 2010, Frank Mojica of Consequence of Sound classified the song as funk rock.
The song begins with the band assembling itself. Slick starts on guitar on his D string—mixed right and echoed left—before oppressing two G9 chords. Author Peter Doggett describes an "effortless self-confidence" in Slick's introduction. From there, bass and drums join, followed by percussion and keyboards. The instruments play off one another until settling into a restless groove. O'Leary writes that in the intro, Slick is playing lead and Alomar supports but, by the verses and refrains, the roles are swapped: Alomar's rhythm guitar paces the track while Slick echoes it. In the closing solo, the two duel ferociously, with Slick playing variations of his opening riff and Alomar working around that. Bowie, whose vocals are absent past the four-minute mark, matched the guitars in the refrains with what O'Leary calls a "low-sung 'voice of reason.
Spitz interprets Station to Station as "an album of love songs", specifically "the kind you write when you have no love in your own life". The abstract lyrics of "Stay" have been interpreted as reflecting on "the uncertainty of sexual conquest", which NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray believe is an example of [Bowie's character] the Thin White Duke's "spurious romanticism". Pegg describes the lyrics as "an anxious confessional about the inscrutability of ships that pass in the night", evident by the line "You can never really tell when somebody wants something you want too", which he believes epitomises "the combination of racking self-doubt and confidently stylish production found throughout the album". According to Perone, Bowie's character begs his lover to stay, as he knows that if she leaves this time it could be the last. Biographer David Buckley calls Bowie's emotions "pure shellac, brittle, yet simultaneously claustrophobically contrived and alienated". Perone writes that Bowie would revisit similar themes on his 1977 album "Heroes" (particularly "Joe the Lion") and later on various tracks of the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Release and reception
On 3 January 1976, Bowie and his band appeared on the Dinah Shore-hosted variety show Dinah! where they performed "Stay", marking the song's public debut. Writer Rob Sheffield calls the performance the debut of Bowie's character the Thin White Duke and further noted Bowie's dancing while on stage. Compared to other appearances on television during this period, particularly when he performed "Golden Years" on Soul Train, Bowie was more relaxed and coherent during his Dinah! interview. RCA issued Station to Station later that month on 23 January, with "Stay" sequenced as the second track on side two of the original LP, between "TVC 15" and Bowie's cover of "Wild Is the Wind". In July, the full-length six minute album version of "Stay" appeared as the B-side of the "Suffragette City" single, which was issued to promote the Changesonebowie compilation. It failed to chart. "Stay" was then issued as an A-side in the US the same month in heavily edited form—running 3:21—with the catalogue number PB 10736 and fellow album track "Word on a Wing" as the B-side. It failed to chart.
"Stay" has received positive reviews from music critics and biographers, with many highlighting the performance of the band. In a review of the album on release, John Ingham of Sounds magazine gave immense praise to Station to Station, naming "Golden Years", "TVC 15" and "Stay" some of Bowie's best songs up to that point. Pegg calls the song "one of Bowie's classic [musical] hybrids" and finds the rhythm guitar riff one of the finest in Bowie's entire catalogue. Mojica and Raggett similarly praise the guitar work as one of Bowie's best, with the latter calling it one of the album's standouts. Doggett commends the band's performance on the track, writing that despite recording it in a "cocaine frenzy", they performed "with utter conviction and a staggering command of dynamics". Buckley calls Bowie's vocal performance one of his "most insecure and helpless". Mojo magazine later listed it as Bowie's 32nd greatest song in 2015. In a 2016 list ranking every Bowie single from worst to best, Ultimate Classic Rock placed "Stay" at number 51, calling the single edit inferior to the album version.
Live versions and subsequent releases
"Stay" remained a concert staple throughout Bowie's career, being performed on the 1976 Isolar I, 1978 Isolar II, 1983 Serious Mooonlight, 1990 Sound+Vision, 1997 Earthling, 1999 Hours, 2000 Mini, and 2002 Heathen tours. Due to the song's extended outro, Bowie added bursts of "stay" tags throughout during live performances, including "stay—why don't you" tags with Gail Ann Dorsey in the 1990s. O'Leary notes that Bowie sometimes simply stared at the players in bemusement. A recording from the Isolar tour at the Nassau Coliseum on 23 March 1976 was first released as a bonus track on the 1991 Rykodisc reissue of Station to Station, and again in remixed form on Live Nassau Coliseum '76 (2010). A performance from the Isolar II tour was included on the expanded reissues of the 1978 live album Stage in 2005 and 2017. Another performance from the same tour was later included on Welcome to the Blackout (2018). Bowie's performance of the song at the Glastonbury Festival on 25 June 2000 was released in 2018 on Glastonbury 2000. A couple days after Glastonbury on 27 June, Bowie performed "Stay" at the BBC Radio Theatre in London. This performance was released on the bonus disc accompanying the first releases of Bowie at the Beeb (2000).
The single edit of "Stay" appeared on the Christiane F. soundtrack in 1981. According to Pegg, this is one of the few CD sources for the single edit. The song, and its parent album, was remastered in 2016 for the Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) box set, with a standalone album release the following year. Both the original mix and 2010 Maslin mix were included, while the single edit was included on Re:Call 2, part of that set.
Bowie rerecorded "Stay" in 1997 during the rehearsals for the Earthling Tour. Bowie wanted to update some of his live staples to better fit the material of his then-recent albums Outside (1995) and Earthling (1997). The new version was rehearsed at The Factory in Dublin with Mark Plati and Reeves Gabrels before it was properly recorded at New York's Right Track Recordings between May and June 1997. Initially intended for release as a B-side, it remained unreleased until 2020, when it was included on the EP Is It Any Wonder?, titled "Stay '97". Jon Blistein of Rolling Stone described it as "an extremely nineties update" of the original, describing elements of alternative rock, gothic rock, industrial rock and techno.
Personnel
According to biographer Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie lead and backing vocals, Minimoog, Mellotron
Warren Peace percussion
Earl Slick lead guitar
Carlos Alomar lead and rhythm guitar
George Murray bass
Dennis Davis drums, cowbell
Production
David Bowie producer
Harry Maslin producer
References
Sources
1976 singles
David Bowie songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
1976 songs
Funk rock songs
British hard rock songs
British soul songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay%20%28David%20Bowie%20song%29 |
Sparisoma is a genus of parrotfishes native to warmer parts of the Atlantic. FishBase recognizes 15 species in this genus, including S. rocha described from Trindade Island in 2010 and S. choati described from the East Atlantic in 2012. They are the most important grazers of algae in the Caribbean Sea, especially since sea urchins, especially Diadema, the other prominent consumers of algae, have been reduced in many places by a recent epidemic.
The name was proposed by William John Swainson as a subgenus of Scarus. Sparus in Latin is a golden-headed fish, and soma means "body". The common spelling Sparisomus is incorrect.
The size of parrotfishes of this genus range from the rather small-sized S. radians with a known maximum length of to the large S. viride, which reaches lengths of up to .
Members of this genus are sequential hermaphrodites, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). However, some males are direct-developing, and these usually resemble the initial phase. These direct-developing and terminal phase males often display different mating strategies. In most species, the terminal phase is more colourful than the initial, but a notable exception to this rule is S. cretense. They use their pectoral fins to move; the caudal fin is reserved for rapid bursts of speed.
The genus Sparisoma is fairly successful, but populations have been falling somewhat because of overfishing and other human activities. However, as mentioned above, it is the main grazer of algae, but since populations have been falling, the coral reefs may be at risk, because too much algae is deleterious to coral.
Species
Sparisoma amplum (Ranzani, 1842) (Reef parrotfish)
Sparisoma atomarium (Poey, 1861) (Greenblotch parrotfish)
Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes, 1840) (Redband parrotfish)
Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner, 1878) (Gray parrotfish)
Sparisoma choati Rocha, Brito & D. R. Robertson, 2012 (West-African parrotfish)
Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Redtail parrotfish)
Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mediterranean parrotfish)
Sparisoma frondosum (Agassiz, 1831) (Agassiz's parrotfish)
Sparisoma griseorubrum Cervigón, 1982 (Caribbean reef parrotfish)
Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840) (Bucktooth parrotfish)
Sparisoma rocha Pinheiro, Gasparini & Sazima, 2010 (Rocha's parrotfish)
Sparisoma rubripinne (Valenciennes, 1840) (Redfin parrotfish)
Sparisoma strigatum (Günther, 1862) (Strigate parrotfish)
Sparisoma tuiupiranga Gasparini, Joyeux & Floeter, 2003 (Brazilian red parrotfish)
Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Stoplight parrotfish)
Type species
William John Swainson described the genus Sparisoma in 1839 and he designated Sparus abildgaardi as its type species, Although the specific name abildgaardi would appear to have precedence over chrysopterum, the latter is the more widely used name and the former was long mistakenly thought to be synonymous with Sparisoma viride. The name Sparus abildgaardi was suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and Scarus chrysopterus was recognised as the type species.
References
Scaridae
Extant Eocene first appearances
Marine fish genera
Taxa named by William John Swainson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparisoma |
Theodor Dannecker (27 March 1913 – 10 December 1945) was a German SS-captain (), a key aide to Adolf Eichmann in the deportation of Jews during World War II.
A trained lawyer Dannecker first served at the Reich Security Main Office in Berlin before being sent to France as specialist on Nazi anti-Jewish policies (). Throughout the war Dannecker oversaw the implementation of the Final Solution sending Jewish men, women and children from France (1942), Bulgaria (1943), Italy (1944) and Hungary to Auschwitz concentration camp. Captured in 1945 by American soldiers he committed suicide in prison.
Early life
After completing trade school, the Tübingen-born Dannecker first worked as a textile dealer until 1932 when he joined the Nazi Party and the SS. In 1934 he became a member of the (SS-VT), an independent unit of political combat troops at the disposal of the Nazi Party. In the same year he was a guard at the Columbia-Haus in Berlin, one of the first German concentration camps, and enlisted into the , a precursor of the (SS-TV) operating in Oranienburg and Columbia-Haus concentration camps. A year later he was assigned to the SS Security Service (; SD). In March 1937 Dannecker became a collaborator of Adolf Eichmann in the Department of Jewish Affairs within the SD.
Second World War
From September 1940 until July 1942, Dannecker was leader of the Judenreferat at the SD office in Paris, where he ordered and oversaw round ups by French Police. More than 13,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz concentration camp where most were murdered in the Final Solution. Owing to misuse of his position, partially due to his theft of German confiscated property, he was ordered back to Berlin in August 1942.
On 21 January 1943 he was sent to Sofia to assist the Bulgarian government, an ally of Nazi Germany, with the deportation of Jews. Dannecker was the highest German official in charge of the Holocaust, in the Bulgarian territories. During March 1943, Bulgarian military and police authorities deported 11,343 Jews from the Bulgarian-occupied regions of Macedonia, Pomoravlje in occupied Yugoslavia and Thrace to Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka. Most were murdered in the gas chambers or shot, only 12 survived. However, his attempt to deport Jews with Bulgarian citizenship from Bulgaria proper failed due to widespread opposition by Bulgarian intellectuals, the heads of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Bishops Stephan from Sofia and Kiril from Plovdiv as well as from the deputy speaker of the parliament Dimiter Peshev all demanding a halt to the deportations; these actions eventually forced Boris III of Bulgaria to change his mind and cancel the deportations in May 1943.
Dannecker continued to deport Italian Jews between September 1943 and January 1944, when Italy surrendered to the Allies and Germans occupied Italy.
Before the German occupation, Benito Mussolini refused to turn over Jews to the Nazis except those in areas annexed or occupied by the Italians in the Balkans. Not seen as efficient enough, he was replaced in this role by Friedrich Boßhammer, who was, like Dannecker, closely associated with Adolf Eichmann.
After Germany occupied Hungary, Dannecker and the Hungarian establishment (not the Arrow Cross, which came to power only in October 1944) deported more than a half a million Hungarian Jews between early 1944 and summer of the same year. Dannecker developed under Eichmann into one of the SS's most ruthless and experienced experts on the "Jewish Question", and his involvement in the genocide of European Jewry was one of primary responsibility.
A passage from a 1942 report by Dannecker illustrates how the "Jewish Question" was handled in France:
Suicide
At the end of the war in Europe, Dannecker eluded capture, possibly using false identification and was being hidden by his wife in Bad Tölz. In December 1945, Dannecker was arrested by the United States Army. On 10 December 1945 he committed suicide in a prison camp before he was tried.
See also
Union générale des israélites de France
References
Sources
Further reading
1913 births
1945 suicides
1945 deaths
People from Tübingen
Nazi Party officials
SS-Hauptsturmführer
Suicides in Germany
Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
Holocaust perpetrators in Yugoslavia
Holocaust perpetrators in France
Holocaust perpetrators in Bulgaria
Holocaust perpetrators in Greece
Yugoslav Macedonia in World War II
Holocaust perpetrators in Hungary
Holocaust perpetrators in Italy
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Reich Security Main Office personnel
Drancy internment camp
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor%20Dannecker |
Geum macrophyllum, commonly known as largeleaf avens or large-leaved avens is a flowering plant found from the Arctic south to the northern U.S. states, and in the Rocky Mountains and west to the Sierra Nevada in California and as far south as Northwestern Mexico.
It is even more distinctive in fruit than in flower, with spiky spheres of reddish styles. The fruits are a ball of tiny velcro like hooks that catch on clothing and animal hair.
Uses
The Squamish made a diuretic tea out of the leaves.
The Haida made a steam bath with boiled roots to treat rheumatic pain. Some tribes used the plant in eyewashes, to treat stomach ailments, and to aid childbirth.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment — Geum macrophyllum
Geum macrophyllum — Photo gallery
macrophyllum
Alpine flora
Flora of Eastern Asia
Flora of Eastern Canada
Flora of Subarctic America
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of the Russian Far East
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of Western Canada
Flora without expected TNC conservation status
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Willdenow
Plants described in 1809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geum%20macrophyllum |
Rio Douro may refer to:
Places
Rio Douro, the Portuguese name for the River Douro
Rio Douro (Cabeceiras de Basto), a civil parish in the municipality of Cabeceiras de Basto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20Douro |
Jeret "Speedy" Peterson (December 12, 1981 – July 25, 2011) was an American World Cup aerial skier from Boise, Idaho, skiing out of Bogus Basin. A three-time Olympian, he won the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Peterson was found dead by suicide in Lambs Canyon, a remote canyon between Salt Lake City and Park City, Utah on July 25, 2011. The cause of death was determined to be a self-inflicted gunshot wound.
Athletic career
Through the 2006 season, Peterson had won four World Cup events in aerials, and a total of nine World Cup podiums. His best season was 2005, with three World Cup wins and three seconds. With the help of these six strong placings, he took the 2005 World Cup season title in aerials. He finished in sixth place for the 2006 season.
A member of three Olympic teams, he participated in the 2002 Games in Salt Lake (placing 9th) and the 2006 Games in Turin, Italy. In the finals of the 2006 aerial competitions, Peterson was in third place after the first round, but fell to seventh place after the second jump, when he failed to solidly land the difficult "Hurricane" maneuver, which involves five spins and three somersaults.
The following day, February 24, 2006, he was dispatched from the Games after a drunken altercation during a post-competition celebration. U.S. Olympic official Jim McCarthy said, "This type of conduct is irresponsible and will not be tolerated. Like every athlete, Jeret had an opportunity to represent himself, his sport, and his country in a positive manner. He chose to do otherwise, and because of his unacceptable actions, his Olympic experience is ending early."
A month after the Olympics in Italy, Peterson won the 2006 U.S. National Championships at Killington, Vermont.
He was an alumnus of Timberline High School in Boise, and was one of the six athletes featured on the Week 6 episode of The Biggest Loser: Couples 3.
After a tumultuous four years on and off the snow following the 2006 Olympics, Peterson made a career comeback and in January 2010 was named to the U.S. Olympic freestyle team for the 2010 Winter Olympics. Entering the Olympic finals in fifth place, he successfully landed his signature "Hurricane" maneuver (5 twists, 3 flips) to win the silver medal.
Death
On July 25, 2011, Peterson was found dead in Lambs Canyon, Utah. The cause of death was determined to be a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Three days previously, Peterson had been arrested for driving while intoxicated. He was still reeling from the suicide of a friend named Trevor Fernald, who had killed himself in front of Peterson in 2005, also from a self-inflicted gunshot. Peterson also had problems with alcohol and depression and admitted he had his own thoughts of suicide, stemming from child sexual abuse and the death of his sister, Kim, who was killed by a drunk driver in 1987.
A few days after Peterson's death, Utah law enforcement released a recording of the 911 call that Peterson made just before he committed suicide. In it Peterson told the dispatcher that he was going to kill himself and that he wanted the police to come and get his body.
Peterson's death was discussed in The Weight of Gold (2020), an HBO Sports Documentary which "explor(es) the mental health challenges that Olympic athletes often face."
Results
1999 U.S. Junior National Championships – Gold – Aerials
2000 World Junior Championships – Bronze – Aerials
2001 World Junior Championships – Bronze – Aerials
2001 Junior Freestyle Skier of the Year – by Ski Racing magazine
2002 Olympic Winter Games – 9th place – Aerials
2002 World Cup season – 22nd place – Aerials
2003 World Championships – 6th place – Aerials
2003 World Cup season – 8th place – Aerials
2004 World Cup season – 16th place – Aerials
2005 World Championships – 12th place – Aerials
2005 World Cup season – 1st place – Aerials
2006 Olympic Winter Games – 7th place – Aerials
2006 World Cup season – 6th place – Aerials
2006 U.S. National Championships – GOLD – Aerials
2010 Olympic Winter Games – SILVER – Aerials
References
External links
Men's Journal.com - The Rebirth of Jeret Peterson, Aimee Berg - Feb 2010
1981 births
2011 suicides
2011 deaths
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in freestyle skiing
Olympic freestyle skiers for the United States
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
American male freestyle skiers
Sportspeople from Boise, Idaho
Suicides by firearm in Utah
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Child sexual abuse in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeret%20Peterson |
Jennifer Mary Welsh (born 1965) is a Canadian professor of international relations, currently working as the Canada 150 Research Chair in Global Governance and Security at McGill University. Welsh is the Director of the Centre for International Peace and Security Studies at McGill's Max Bell School of Public Policy, and a co-director of the Canadian Research Network on Women, Peace and Security. Welsh is a frequent commentator in Canadian media on foreign affairs.
Prior to her appointment at McGill, Welsh was a professor in International Relations at the University of Oxford from 1999 to 2014, where she also co-founded the Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict. From 2014 to 2019, Welsh was the chair in International Relations at the European University Institute (Florence), where she directed a five-year European Research Council project on the ethics and law of contemporary armed conflict.
Education
Welsh has a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and Economics from the University of Saskatchewan (1987), where she received the Governor General's Academic Medal (Gold). Welsh was named a Rhodes Scholar (1987) and completed a Master's and Doctorate in International Relations from the University of Oxford (1987–1992).
Career
From 1997 to 1998, Welsh was a Professor and Associate Director of the Peace & Conflict Studies Programme at the University of Toronto. Welsh was a lecturer in International Relations at the University of Oxford (1999–2006) and was appointed a full professor in 2006.
Welsh has engaged in a number of policy processes related to international peace and security and Canadian foreign policy. In 2005, she was the lead writer for the International Policy Statement for the Government of Canada. From 2013 to 2016 Welsh was served as Assistant Secretary General and Special Advisor to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on the Responsibility to Protect – a position in which she helped to further develop and implement the principle within and beyond the UN system. She delivered the 2016 Massey Lectures.
Welsh currently works as the Canada 150 Research Chair in Global Governance and Security and serves as the Director of the Centre for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS) at McGill University. She is also a professor at the Max Bell School of Public Policy, and the Co-Director of the Research Network on Women, Peace and Security.
Welsh has also served as consultant to several organizations including McKinsey and Co, Aspen Institute’s Business and Society Program, and the Government of Canada.
Welsh has also served on the boards or in an advisory role for numerous organizations, including the Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation, the Peace Research Institute of Frankfurt, the Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation, the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, and the Trudeau Foundation.
Welsh was elected as an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021, and as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2022.
Publications
1995 Author, Edmund Burke and International Relations (Macmillan/St. Martin's Press)
1998 Co author, Chips & Pop: Decoding the Nexus Generation (Malcolm Lester Books)
1999 Co-editor, Empire and Community: Edmund Burke's Writings and Speeches on International Relations (Westview Press)
2003 Editor, Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations (Oxford University Press)
2004 Author, At Home in the World: Canada’s Global Vision for the 21st Century (HarperCollins)
2007 Co-editor, Exporting Good Governance: Temptations and Challenges in Canada’s Aid Program (Wilfrid Laurier University Press)
2008 Co-editor, The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (Oxford University Press)
2013 Co-editor, Just and Unjust Military Intervention: European Political Thought from Vitoria to Mill (Cambridge University Press)
2015 Co-editor, The Responsibility to Prevent: Overcoming the Challenges of Atrocity Prevention (Oxford University Press
2016 Author, The Return of History: Conflict, Migration, and Geopolitics in the Twenty-First Century (House of Anansi Press Inc.)
References
External links
Living people
Canadian Rhodes Scholars
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Canadian women non-fiction writers
Canadian non-fiction writers
Writers from Regina, Saskatchewan
Responsibility to protect
Canadian officials of the United Nations
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Academics of the University of Oxford
Academic staff of McGill University
Academic staff of the European University Institute
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1965 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Welsh |
Hingol River or Hungol River () is located in the Makran region, in the Gwadar District of southeastern Balochistan Province, in southwestern Pakistan. The river and valley are protected within Hingol National Park.
Geography
The Hingol River is long, the longest in Balochistan. It winds through the Makran Coastal Range and Hungol Valley between high cliffs.
The river flows all year long, unlike most other streams in Balochistan which only flow during rare rains.
See also
List of rivers of Pakistan
Makran
Geography of Balochistan, Pakistan
References
Rivers of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Protected areas of Pakistan
Wetlands of Pakistan
Gwadar District
Natural history of Balochistan, Pakistan
Rivers of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingol%20River |
KATZ-FM (100.3 MHz, "The Beat") is a radio station serving the area of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, with a mainstream urban format. The iHeartMedia (previously Clear Channel Communications) outlet broadcasts with an ERP of 17 kW and is licensed to Bridgeton, Missouri. Its transmitter is located in Overland, and operates from studios in St. Louis south of Forest Park.
History
Early years/The "Original" 100.3 The Beat
100.3 FM, which signed on in September 1961 as WOKZ-FM in Alton, Illinois, originally inherited the R&B format under the call letters WZEN, "Disco 100" (which began on April 18, 1979), which would later change call letters to KATZ-FM in 1988. But under its original owners, it was never successful and was always behind KMJM in terms of ratings and audience, which dates back to their days as rival disco outlets in the late 1970s. In 1980, the station flipped to CHR, and then flipped to urban AC the following year.
After KMJM's owners bought KATZ and became its sister station in the 1990s, they would go through a flux of formats, including jazz as "Jazz 100", urban oldies, Smooth jazz as KNJZ (which started on April 18, 1994, after a weekend stunt of all-Kenny G music), and then back to Urban AC (as "Kiss 100.3", which started on September 11, 1995). But that all came to an end on April 1, 1999, when it swapped formats with KMJM. KMJM picked up the Urban AC format of KATZ; in return, KATZ picked up the urban contemporary format from KMJM, and rebranded as "100.3 The Beat." For a while, it had performed successfully under Clear Channel ownership and had proven to be a good complement to Rhythmic-leaning Top 40 sister KSLZ. Its competitors were Urban station WHHL and Urban AC station WFUN-FM. (KATZ-AM is now an Urban Gospel station.)
KATZ-FM had picked up the Steve Harvey Morning Show, a show syndicated through Premiere Radio Networks, owned by KATZ-FM parent Clear Channel Communications, on November 27, 2006. At first, it seemed that KMJM should have gotten the show because it plays music on an Urban AC format due to Steve's history of not playing songs with "questionable" content – primarily rap. But KATZ was chosen because Clear Channel did not see it fit to replace Tony Scott, who was doing AM drive at KMJM. At first, it was odd, but KATZ was now among many urban/hip hop stations with a free pass to air the Black-adult aimed Steve Harvey Morning Show along with others such as KPRS in Kansas City, WKKV in Milwaukee, KDAY in Los Angeles, and WJHM in Orlando for example.
However, after changes in programming at the Clear Channel St. Louis cluster, the Steve Harvey Morning Show began running on KMJM, with former morning host Tony Scott being displaced to PM Drive.
"Beat" Ends; "Sound" Debuts
In September 2009, the station's ratings began to slide. Clear Channel announced that they would end "The Beat" and go with a new format, with "The Beat" being relocated to the station's secondary HD Radio subchannel. At 12 p.m. on October 30, 2009, after playing Boyz II Men's End of the Road, KATZ-FM began stunting with Halloween music as "Halloween 100.3". On November 1, the station began stunting with Christmas music under the name "Christmas 100.3". Finally, at 12:01 a.m. on December 26, 2009, "100.3 The Sound" debuted with a Modern Adult Contemporary/Modern Rock hybrid format and new call letters WSDD. The first song played on "The Sound" was Owl City's "Fireflies". On October 2, 2010, WSDD moved its transmitter to Overland, Missouri and its city of license to Bridgeton, Missouri. Despite an overall decrease in power, the new signal now covers a greater portion of the population core of the St. Louis area.
Gen X Radio
On December 26, 2010, exactly one year after its debut, WSDD flipped to an all-90s hits format and adopted the "GenX Radio" moniker. The first song on "GenX Radio" was "Get Ready For This" by 2 Unlimited. Although the format emphasized songs from the 1990s, they also played hits from the 1980s, 2000s, and some remaining currents from the previous format. On January 3, 2011, WSDD changed their call letters to WSGX to go with the "Gen X" branding.
The Brew
On May 23, 2012, at Noon, WSGX changed their format to classic rock, branded as "100.3 The Brew". The final song on "GenX" was "No Rain" by Blind Melon, while the first song on "The Brew" was "I Wanna Rock" by Twisted Sister. On July 10, 2012, WSGX changed its call letters to KBWX. During its run as "The Brew", the station aired the Indianapolis-based Bob & Tom Show in morning drive.
Majic 100.3
On November 7, 2012, at 9 a.m., just five months after The Brew's debut, KBWX ended the classic rock format, and became the new home of KMJM's urban adult contemporary format, and rebranded as "Majic 100.3" (their former frequency, 104.9 FM, flipped to Rhythmic CHR and took the KBWX calls, while 100.3 received the KMJM-FM call letters a few days later on November 15). In March 2013, the station shifted its playlist to include more current and recurrent hip hop music, similar to KMJM's former wide-ranging urban contemporary format before altering to Urban AC in 1999. Due to low ratings, the station dropped most hip hop music in early 2014.
"Beat" returns
On November 18, 2014, at Noon, the station returned to the "100.3 The Beat" moniker, and flipped to a Classic hip hop format. On September 30, 2016, at Noon, the format was shifted back to urban contemporary, returning the format to the frequency after 7 years and 5 other formats. The move comes along with the addition of the syndicated Breakfast Club for mornings.
On December 12, 2017, the station changed call letters back to KATZ-FM.
References
External links
Radio stations established in 1961
1961 establishments in Missouri
Mainstream urban radio stations in the United States
IHeartMedia radio stations
ATZ-FM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATZ-FM |
Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club is a jazz club that has operated in Soho, London, since 1959.
History
The club opened on 30 October 1959 in a basement at 39 Gerrard Street in London's Soho district. It was set up and managed by musicians Ronnie Scott and Pete King. In 1965 it moved to a larger venue nearby at 47 Frith Street. The original venue continued in operation as the "Old Place" until the lease ran out in 1967, and was used for performances by the up-and-coming generation of musicians.
Zoot Sims was the club's first transatlantic visitor in 1962, and was succeeded by many others (often saxophonists whom Scott and King, tenor saxophonists themselves, admired, such as Johnny Griffin, Lee Konitz, Sonny Rollins and Sonny Stitt) in the years that followed. Many UK jazz musicians were also regularly featured, including Tubby Hayes and Dick Morrissey who would both drop in for jam sessions with the visiting stars. In the mid-1960s, Ernest Ranglin was the house guitarist. The club's house pianist until 1967 was Stan Tracey. For nearly 30 years it was home of a Christmas residency to George Melly and John Chilton's Feetwarmers. In 1978, the club established the label Ronnie Scott's Jazz House, which issued both live performances from the club and new recordings.
Scott regularly acted as the club's Master of Ceremonies, and was known for his repertoire of jokes, asides and one-liners. After Scott's death in 1996, King continued to run the club for a further nine years, before selling the club to theatre impresario Sally Greene and philanthropist Michael Watt in June 2005.
In 2009, Ronnie Scott's was named by the Brecon Jazz Festival as one of 12 venues that had made the most important contributions to jazz in the United Kingdom, and finished third in the voting for the initial award.
Jimi Hendrix's last public performance was at Ronnie Scott's, in 1970.
House musicians
Many of the visiting musicians appearing at Ronnie Scott's were soloists touring without their own rhythm section, or were touring as members of larger bands and they often used the house band to accompany them. On occasions, the house musicians coincided with the members of the various bands that Ronnie Scott led at one time or another.
Drums
Phil Seamen – house drummer from 1964 to 1968
Allan Ganley – house drummer from 1964 to 1967,
backing visiting Americans such as Stan Getz, Art Farmer and Roland Kirk
Tony Oxley – house drummer from 1966 until the early 1970s.
Accompanied Joe Henderson, Lee Konitz, Charlie Mariano, Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins and Bill Evans.
Martin Drew – house drummer from 1975 to 1995
Mark Fletcher - house drummer from 1994 to 2006
Chris Dagley – house drummer from 2006 to 2010
Pedro Segundo – house drummer since 2010
Chris Higginbottom – house drummer since 2012
Keyboards
Eddie Thompson – house pianist 1959–60
Stan Tracey – house pianist from March 1960 to 1967/1968
John Critchinson – house pianist from 1978 to 1995.
Accompanied Chet Baker, George Coleman, James Moody, Joe Henderson and Johnny Griffin
James Pearson – house pianist since 2006
Bass
Sam Burgess – house bassist since 2006
Other instruments
Ernest Ranglin – house guitarist 1964–65.
Other musicians
Other regular performers since 2006 include:
Al Cherry (guitar)
Alan Barnes (sax)
Alec Dankworth
Alex Garnett (sax)
Alistair White (trombone)
Arnie Somogyi (bass)
Dave O'Higgins
Gary Baldwin (Hammond organ)
Gerard Presencer (trumpet)
James Nisbet (guitar)
Mark Smith (bass)
Matt Home (drums)
Mornington Lockett
Natalie Williams (vocals)
Nina Ferro
Pete Long (sax)
Ralph Salmins (drums)
Steve Fishwick
Steve Rushton (drums)
Record label
In 1978, the club established its own record label, Ronnie Scott's Jazz House. The first release was an album by Scott's quintet. Over the next 20 years, the label gained in prominence, issuing both historic live club performances and new recordings.
Live albums recorded at Ronnie's
1963–65: Live in London vols 1 & 2 – Tubby Hayes (taped by Les Tomkins at the Old Place)
1964: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Ben Webster
1964: The Punch – Ben Webster
1964/65: There and Back – The Dick Morrissey Quartet (released 1997). Recorded 27 January 1964/20 August 1965
1965: Sonny Stitt / Live at Ronnie Scott's – Sonny Stitt and the Dick Morrissey Quartet. Recorded May 1965
1965: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Wes Montgomery
1966: Blossom Time at Ronnie Scott's – Blossom Dearie
1967: Sweet Blossom Dearie – Blossom Dearie
1969: Volcano...Live at Ronnie's – Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band
1969: Rue Chaptal...Live at Ronnie's – Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band
1970: Somewhere in Soho (also released as Live at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club) – Soft Machine
1971: Dynasty (Live at Ronnie Scott's) – Stan Getz
1972: Rich in London, aka Very Alive at Ronnie Scott's – Buddy Rich Big Band
1974: Ella in London – Ella Fitzgerald
1975: Lee Konitz Meets Warne Marsh Again - Lee Konitz and Warne Marsh
1976: Livestock - Brand X
1976: Symphony of Scorpions - Graham Collier
1977: Ronnie Scott's Presents Sarah Vaughan Live – Sarah Vaughan
1980: Complete Live at Ronnie Scott's 1980 – Bill Evans
1980: Live at Ronnie Scott's, aka The Man from Planet Jazz – Buddy Rich Big Band
1980: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Mike Carr and His Trio Featuring Jim Mullen and Harold Smith – Mike Carr
1980: Blues for the Fisherman – The Milcho Leviev Quartet, featuring Art Pepper
1980: True Blues – The Milcho Leviev Quartet, featuring Art Pepper
1983: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Weekend
1984: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Nina Simone. Recorded 17 November 1984.
1986: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Chet Baker
1986: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Chico Freeman
1986: Live at Ronnie Scott's, London – Anita O'Day
1988: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Curtis Mayfield
1988: I Gotta Right to Sing (live at Ronnie Scott's) – Marion Montgomery
1988: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Roy Ayers
1989: The London Concert – George Russell's Living Time Orchestra
1990: Live at Ronnie's – John Dankworth Big Band
1990: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Taj Mahal
1991: Felicidad – Irakere
1992: 'S Wonderful – Elaine Delmar
1992: Fourth World: Recorded live at Ronnie Scott's Club
1992: Ghostsongs – Ian Shaw
1994: Speed Trap – Peter King Quintet featuring Gerard Presencer
1995: How Long Has This Been Going On – Van Morrison, Georgie Fame and Pee Wee Ellis. Recorded 3 May 1995.
1995: A Change of Seasons – Dream Theater
1997: Dolly Bird – Liane Carroll
1998: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Shakatak
1998: Soho Session – Peter Green Splinter Group
2000: Ronnie Scott's Jazz House – Arturo Sandoval
2002: Son of Dolly Bird – Liane Carroll
2003: Live at Ronnie Scott's - Lisa Stansfield
2004: Watts at Scott's – Charlie Watts Performing This Week...Live at Ronnie Scott's
2005: MF Horn VI – Live at Ronnie's – Maynard Ferguson
2006: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Jamie Cullum
2007: Live at Ronnie Scott's – Jeff Beck
2017: Live at Ronnie Scott's - John McLaughlin with The 4th Dimension
2019: Weekend in London – George Benson
See also
Ronnie Scott
Thomas Gould (violinist)
List of jazz clubs
Further reading
Ronnie Scott's Jazz Farrago – compilation of best features from Jazz At Ronnie Scott's magazine, Hampstead Press, 2008, ,
Ronnie Scott, Some of My Best Friends are Blues'' (with Mike Hennessey). London: Northway Publications 2004. .
Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club interview at Allaboutjazz.com
BBC Omnibus – "Omnibus - Ronnie Scott and All That Jazz (1989)"
Industry interview with Nick Lewis, Head of Music & Promotions at Ronnie Scott's, March 2019.
References
External links
1959 establishments in England
Jazz clubs in London
Music venues in London
Soho, London
Chinatown, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie%20Scott%27s%20Jazz%20Club |
"The Pink Panther Theme" is a jazz composition by Henry Mancini written as the theme for the 1963 film The Pink Panther and subsequently nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 37th Academy Awards but lost to the Sherman Brothers for Mary Poppins. The eponymous cartoon character created for the film's opening credits by David DePatie and Friz Freleng was animated in time to the tune. The tenor saxophone solo was played by Plas Johnson.
Overview
The tune was included on the film's soundtrack album (originally issued as RCA Victor LPM/LSP-2795) and available as a single (in the United States) in 1964; the single reached the Top 10 on the U.S. Billboard adult contemporary chart and won three Grammy Awards.
Various recordings of the composition appeared in the opening credits of all The Pink Panther films except A Shot in the Dark and Inspector Clouseau. It has also been used in theatrical shorts, television cartoons, commercials and other works in which the animated Pink Panther appears.
"The Pink Panther Theme", composed in the key of E minor, is unusual for Mancini's extensive use of chromaticism.
In his autobiography Did They Mention the Music?, Mancini talked about how he composed the theme music:
Personnel
Plas Johnson – tenor saxophone
Gene Cipriano, Harry Klee, Ronny Lang, Ted Nash – flute, saxophones
Frank Beach, Conrad Gozzo, Jack Sheldon, Ray Triscari – trumpets
Karl DeKarske, Dick Nash, Jimmy Priddy – trombones
John Halliburton – bass trombone
Al Hendrickson – guitar
Larry Bunker, Frank Flynn – vibes and percussion
Jimmy Rowles – piano
Rolly Bundock – bass
Shelly Manne – drums
Pete Jolly – accordion
Ramon Rivera – congas, percussion
Other versions
From 1976 to 1991, the theme served as the think music for Safe Crackers, a pricing game featured on the American game show The Price Is Right.
In the 1978 film Revenge of the Pink Panther, the theme—and much of the soundtrack from this entry in the series—drew heavily from the disco sound of the late 1970s. The theme itself was reworked to include a dancier bassline, electric keyboard, and a guitar solo. A similar treatment was given to 1983's Curse of the Pink Panther, where the music featured considerably more synthesized elements.
The theme was used in John McLaughlin and Al Di Meola's live version of Chick Corea's "Short Tales of the Black Forest", from the 1981 album Friday Night in San Francisco.
In the 1993 film Son of the Pink Panther, the theme was rearranged and performed by Bobby McFerrin in the opening titles, the only version of the theme to be performed in a cappella style. The credits featured the theme in the traditional style, similar to its appearance in Return of the Pink Panther, with an electric keyboard bassline.
Actresses Drew Barrymore, Lucy Liu and Cameron Diaz, along with Los Angeles–based entertainers The Pussycat Dolls, danced to the theme in their film Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003).
Christophe Beck rearranged the music for various uses in the 2006 reboot and its sequel, The Pink Panther 2—DJ Paul Oakenfold remixed the theme song for the 2006 film. Mancini is given a posthumous credit in the opening titles for the theme.
The theme was featured in the film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (2004).
A rearranged guitar version of Henry Mancini's "Pink Panther Theme", composed by David Ricard, was used for the short-lived Pink Panther and Pals series in 2010.
Certifications
References
The Pink Panther
American jazz songs
Compositions by Henry Mancini
Songs written for films
Film theme songs
Animated series theme songs
1960s jazz standards
1963 songs
1964 singles
Jazz compositions in E minor
RCA Records singles
1960s instrumentals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pink%20Panther%20Theme |
The 1945 Balochistan earthquake () occurred in British India at 1:26 PKT on 28 November 1945 with a moment magnitude of 8.1 and a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.
Earthquake
The earthquake's epicenter was 97.6 kilometers south-southwest of Pasni in Balochistan and a tsunami caused damage along the Makran coastal region. Deaths from the event were reported to be at least 300 and as many as 4,000 people.
Another very large earthquake (7.3 ) occurred in nearly the same location on August 5, 1947, but not much is known about the event or its effects.
See also
List of earthquakes in 1945
List of earthquakes in Pakistan
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Earthquake and Tsunami of 28 November 1945 in Southern Pakistan – George Pararas-Carayannis
Search for Eyewitness Accounts and Historical Documents on 1945 Makran Tsunami – UNESCO
1945 Balochistan
1945 Balochistan
History of Balochistan
Balochistan 1945
Balochistan
November 1945 events in Asia
1945 in British India
1945 disasters in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%20Balochistan%20earthquake |
The Councils of Nîmes () is the name given to a series of four religious synods that took place in Nîmes, southern France, during the Middle Ages.
The four councils took place in 394, 886, 1096, and 1284.
The First Council of 394 (referred to by Sulpicius Severus) resulted in the adoption of seven canons on church discipline, including the forbidding of female deaconesses.
The Second Council of 886 is considered to be of little historical importance.
The Third Council of July 1096 was presided over by Pope Urban II, and resulted in the adoption of sixteen disciplinary canons.
The Fourth Council of 1284 is considered to be of little historical importance.
References
Catholic Church councils held in France
4th-century church councils
9th-century church councils
11th-century Catholic Church councils
13th-century Catholic Church councils
394
4th century in Roman Gaul
390s in the Roman Empire
886
9th century in France
1096 in Europe
1090s in France
1284 in Europe
1280s in France
Councils
Christianity and women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councils%20of%20N%C3%AEmes |
St. Louis Union Station is a National Historic Landmark and former train station in St. Louis, Missouri. At its 1894 opening, the station was the largest in the world that had tracks and passenger service areas all on one level. Traffic peaked at 100,000 people a day in the 1940s. The last Amtrak passenger train left the station in 1978.
In the 1980s, it was renovated as a hotel, shopping center, and entertainment complex. The 2010s and 2020s saw more renovation and expansion of entertainment and office capacity. The current hotel portion of the station is currently a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
An adjacent station serves the light-rail MetroLink Red and Blue Lines, which run under the station in the Union Station subway tunnel. The city's intercity train station sits a quarter-mile to the south, serving MetroLink, Amtrak, and Greyhound Bus.
History
19th century
The station was opened on September 1, 1894, by the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis. The station was designed by Theodore Link, and included three main areas: the Headhouse and the Midway, and the Train Shed designed by civil engineer George H. Pegram. The headhouse originally housed a hotel, a restaurant, passenger waiting rooms and railroad ticketing offices. It featured a gold-leafed Grand Hall, Romanesque arches, a barrel-vaulted ceiling and stained-glass windows. The clock tower is high.
Union Station's headhouse and midway are constructed of Indiana limestone and initially included 32 tracks under its vast trainshed terminating in the stub-end terminal. Its Grand Hall, which cost around $6.5 million and was about 75 by 125 feet large, was considered to be one of the most beautiful public lobbies.
At its opening, it was the world's largest and busiest railroad station and its trainshed was the largest roof span in the world.
20th century
In 1903, Union Station was expanded to accommodate visitors to the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. In the 1920s, it remained the largest American railroad terminal.
At its height, the station combined the St. Louis passenger services of 22 railroads, the most of any single terminal in the world. In the 1940s, it handled 100,000 passengers a day. The famous photograph of Harry S. Truman holding aloft the erroneous Chicago Tribune headline, "Dewey Defeats Truman", was shot at the station as Truman headed back to Washington, D.C., from Independence, Missouri, after the 1948 Presidential election.
The 1940s expansion added a new ticket counter designed as a half-circle and a mural by Louis Grell could be found atop the customer waiting area which depicted the history of St. Louis with an old fashion steam engine, two large steamboats and the Eads Bridge in the background.
As airliners became the primary mode of long-distance travel and railroad passenger services declined in the 1950s and 1960s, the massive station became obsolete and too expensive to maintain for its original purpose. By 1961, several tracks had been paved over for parking. Amtrak took over passenger service in 1971, but abandoned Union Station on October 31, 1978. By then, Amtrak had cut back service to four routes per day–the State House, the Ann Rutledge, the National Limited (formerly the Spirit of St. Louis) and the Inter-American. The eight total trains were nowhere near enough to justify the use of such a large facility. The last train to leave Union Station was a Chicago-bound Inter-American. Passenger service shifted to a temporary-style "Amshack" two blocks east. Amtrak has since moved its St. Louis service to the Gateway Transportation Center, one block east of Union Station.
The station was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, as an important surviving example of large-scale railroad architecture from the late 19th century. It was designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1981.
In August 1985, after a $150 million renovation designed by HOK, Union Station was reopened with a 539-room hotel, shopping mall, restaurants and food court. Federal historic rehabilitation tax credits were used to transform Union Station into one of the city's most visited attractions. The station rehabilitation by Conrad Schmitt Studios remains one of the largest adaptive re-use projects in the United States. The hotel is housed in the headhouse and part of the train shed, which also houses a lake and shopping, entertainment and dining establishments. Omni Hotels was the original hotel operator, followed by Hyatt Regency Hotel chain and Marriott Hotels.
21st century
In 2010–11, the station's Marriott Hotel in the main terminal building was expanded. It took over the station's Midway area; all stores were moved to the train shed shopping arcade. In 2012, Lodging Hospitality Management bought Union Station and rebranded the hotel as a DoubleTree. In August 2016, Lodging Hospitality Management announced plans to renovate Union Station once again, included plans for an aquarium. The Memories Museum features artifacts and displays about the history of St. Louis Union Station and rail travel in the United States. Located on the upper level of the train shed, the museum is a joint project of Union Station Associates and the National Museum of Transportation. The original architectural drawings and blueprints for Union Station and the original hotel are available to researchers at the Washington University Archives at Washington University in St. Louis. Some architectural elements from the building have been removed in renovations and taken to the Sauget, Illinois, storage site of the National Building Arts Center.
St. Louis Union Station was the venue for the FIRST Tech Challenge World Championship component of the FIRST Championship, hosted in St. Louis every April until 2017, after which it was moved to Detroit.
The station's train shed area features The St. Louis Wheel, a 200-foot-high, 42 gondola observation wheel.
Inside the station is The St. Louis Rope Course, a 90,000 cubic foot, 3-story indoor ropes and zip line course.
Union Station has two light show features: one in the train shed area, and another inside Union Station Hotel's lobby.
In January 2020, Build-A-Bear Workshop, Inc. moved their global headquarters to downtown St. Louis inside the 68,000-square-foot Grand Central Building inside the Union Station complex. The company also opened their new Build-A-Bear Workshop Union Station headquarters store and also operates a Build-A-Bear Radio studio and other experiential elements at their new headquarters. Additionally, a ferris wheel, aquarium, and an abundance of restaurants have been added to Union Station in 2020.
In 2020, the St. Louis Aquarium opened in the former shopping mall space in the building. At 120,000 square feet, the aquarium is home to more than 13,000 animals representing over 250 species.
Transportation
MetroLink
MetroLink, the St. Louis region's light rail system, serves Union Station via the Red and Blue lines. The station is located beneath the train shed in the historic Union Station Baggage Tunnel. This tunnel was originally constructed in the 1890s as a below grade transfer area for baggage between trains. It was converted and opened for MetroLink usage in 1993 and has seen several renovations over the years, most notably in 2010 and 2016. The tunnel is expected to see another major renovation in 2024.
It takes about 31 minutes to travel to either terminal at St. Louis Lambert International Airport via the Red Line.
Gateway Transportation Station
The city's major transportation hub, Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center, is located two blocks from Union Station. It also serves MetroLink in addition to local buses and national connections with Amtrak, Greyhound and MegaBus
Taxi and rideshare
St. Louis Union Station has 24-hour taxi service at its north entrance on Market Street.
Filming
In 1981, areas of the then disused station were used in the filming of John Carpenter's movie Escape from New York. A scene involving the captured President was shot in the station's train shed and the film's gladiatorial fight was staged in the Grand Hall.
Gallery
See also
List of railway stations
References
Further reading
The St. Louis Union Station: a monograph by the architect and officers of the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis.
External links
Transportation buildings and structures in St. Louis
St. Louis
Clock towers in Missouri
Saint Louis
Former railway stations in Missouri
Historic American Engineering Record in Missouri
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
History of St. Louis
Landmarks of St. Louis
Saint Louis
Museums in St. Louis
National Historic Landmarks in Missouri
Rail in St. Louis
Railway hotels in the United States
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Saint Louis
Romanesque Revival architecture in Missouri
Shopping districts and streets in the United States
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
St. Louis
Saint Louis
Former New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad stations
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
Towers in Missouri
Saint Louis
Tourist attractions in St. Louis
Railroad-related National Historic Landmarks
Railroad museums in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis
Art Nouveau architecture in Missouri
Art Nouveau railway stations
Downtown West, St. Louis
Saint Louis
Saint Louis
1894 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Louis%20Union%20Station |
The greater sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa) is a medium to large owl found in south-eastern Australia, Montane rainforests of New Guinea and have been seen on Flinders Island in the Bass Strait. The lesser sooty owl (T. multipunctata), is sometimes considered to be conspecific with this species, in which case they are then together referred to as sooty owls. It is substantially smaller and occurs in the wet tropics region of North Queensland, Australia.
Description
Greater sooty owls have a finely white spotted head with scattered white spots on the wings. The females are lighter colored than the males. They appear to be the heaviest of the living species in the barn owl family, however the Tasmanian subspecies of the Australian masked owl is larger still. The females' length is and weighs . The smaller male has a length of and weighs . The wing length is 30–40 cm. The large dark eyes are set in a round large facial disk. The facial disk is dark gray-silver or sooty black (changing with age) and has a heavy black edge. The upper part of the owl is black to dark gray and the under part is lighter. The tail is short and the legs are feathered. The feet and talons are large. Their call is a piercing shriek which can last up to two seconds.
Habitat
Greater sooty owls are nocturnal and roost in large tree hollows, caves and in dense foliage during daylight hours. Rarely seen or heard, they can be found in areas with deep gullies in moist forests, where smooth-barked gum trees, tree ferns and wet forest under-storey are present. They may hunt in drier areas but usually roost and breed in the moister areas.
Diet
Mammals, ranging from large arboreal marsupials such as the greater glider, through ringtail possums and sugar gliders, to bandicoots, rodents, and antechinus comprise the most common items in the greater sooty owl diet. They also occasionally take birds, bats, and insects.
Their dietary habits have changed since colonisation, possibly due to the reduction of terrestrial animal species, and they take more arboreal animals.
Behaviour
Greater sooty owls are territorial and are thought to remain in the same area throughout their adult lives. Sooty owls have a distinctive range of calls including typical barn owl like rasps and screams, a distinctive "falling bomb" call and an insect like twitter used during close contact with other sooty owls.
Reproduction
The nest is in a large hollow tree or a cave. The female roosts in the nest for several weeks before she lays one or two dull white eggs. Usually nesting commences from January through June but could occur at almost any time of the year depending on location and climatic conditions. The incubation time is 42 days. The male brings food to the female who rarely leaves the nest. The young are born with dull grey down and can fly in three months. The young remain dependent on the parents for an extended period after fledging. Their lifespan is unknown. They are territorial and sedentary throughout the year.
Conservation status
International
Their status is not globally threatened.
Australia
Greater sooty owls are not listed as threatened on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. However, their conservation status varies from state to state within Australia. For example:
The sooty owl is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988). Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared.
On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, the sooty owl is listed as vulnerable.
On the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995), the sooty owl is scheduled as vulnerable.
References
External links
The Owl Pages
Internet Bird Collection
Image Greater Sooty Owls in a hollow tree
HBW Species page
Birdlife species factsheet
greater sooty owl
Birds of New Guinea
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Queensland
Birds of Victoria (state)
greater sooty owl
greater sooty owl
greater sooty owl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20sooty%20owl |
Julien Paul Blitz (May 21, 1885 – July 17, 1951) was an American cellist, conductor, and teacher. He was the first music director of the Houston Symphony.
Biography
Blitz was born in Ghent, Belgium, the son of violinist and martinist Edouard E. Blitz (1860–1915) and pianist Mattie Louise Miller (1865–1904). He moved to the United States with his family at the age of two. He began violin studies with his father, who had been appointed the first music director of the Kansas City Philharmonic. He commenced musical studies in 1901 at the Ghent Conservatory, where he studied with Paul-Henri-Joseph Lebrun, Joseph Lampens, Joseph Jacobs, Leon Rinskoph, and Edouard Jacobs. Blitz made his debut in 1904 and graduated cum laude from the conservatory in 1905.
Career
Blitz was engaged as a cellist in the Kursaal Orchestra in Ostend, Belgium, then returned to the United States. He lived in New York City briefly, then accepted a position at Baylor College in Belton, Texas.
In 1913, Blitz founded and became the first music director of the Houston Symphony; he also directed activities of the Houston Treble Clef Club. Blitz's tenure in Houston lasted until 1916. From 1917 to 1922, he conducted the San Antonio Symphony. In San Antonio Blitz was also the director of the Chaminade Choral Society of the Tuesday Musical Club. Subsequent positions held by Blitz include faculty positions at the San Antonio College of Music; Austin College and Kidd-Key College (where he was head of the string department), both in Sherman, Texas; the Fort Worth Conservatory, and, from 1934 until 1950, head of the music department at Texas Technological College (later Texas Tech University) in Lubbock.
Blitz moved to Dallas in 1950, where he taught and coached music in the public schools and performed as a guest cellist with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra.
Personal life
Blitz was married to pianist Flora Briggs on January 24, 1921, and died in Dallas on July 17, 1951. The Blitzes had one child, Edouard Marquis Blitz, who became the assistant principal cellist of the Dallas Symphony.
Bibliography
References
1885 births
1951 deaths
American male conductors (music)
Belgian classical cellists
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Texas classical music
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century cellists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien%20Paul%20Blitz |
The southern saratoga (Scleropages leichardti), also known as the spotted bonytongue, spotted saratoga, or simply saratoga, is a freshwater bony fish native to Australia. It belongs to the subfamily Osteoglossinae, or arowanas, a primitive group of teleosts. Like all arowanas, it is a carnivorous mouthbrooder. Along with the gulf saratoga (Scleropages jardinii), the saratoga is also known as the Australian arowana (mainly by non-Australian aquarists) and barramundi, although the latter name is nowadays reserved in Australia for the unrelated Lates calcarifer.
This species is found in turbid waters and has a more restricted distribution than the other Scleropages native to Australia, Scleropages jardinii.
Description
Southern saratoga can grow up to . At sexual maturity, they are usually in length. They are primitive, surface-dwelling fish with strongly compressed bodies. They have an almost perfectly flat back, with a dorsal fin set back towards the tail of their long bodies. In colouration, they are dark brown to olive green along the back, with lighter sides and a white belly. The large, bony scales have small orange or red dots. The lower jaw slopes steeply upwards and carries two fleshy barbels on the chin.
Like all Scleropages, S. leichardti is a long-bodied fish with large scales, large pectoral fins, and small paired barbels on its lower jaw. Each scale on its dark coloured body has a red or pink spot; this feature distinguishes it from S. jardinii, which has several reddish spots on each scale in a crescent shape. S. leichardti is a slimmer fish than other Scleropages; a fish was weighed at only , compared to , for a S. jardinii of similar length. The depth of its body is 23-25% of its Standard Length, and it has fewer fin rays than S. jardinii. It is a popular aquarium fish, although it will eat other fish, shrimp, yabbies etc., that are in the tank.
Distribution and habitat
Southern saratoga are native to the Fitzroy River system. They are commonly found in freshwater impoundments on the Mary, Dawson and Burnett rivers. Stocks have also been introduced to dams on the Brisbane, North Pine and Noosa Rivers. Southern saratoga prefer still waters and slow flowing sections of rivers and can be found sheltering in lily-pads or below fallen timber. They are very aggressive and territorial fish.
Conservation status
This species is not currently listed on any CITES appendix. . Its IUCN Red List status is Lower Risk/near threatened (LT/nt) . Although it does not occur naturally in Indonesia, it is a protected species in that country.
It has been stocked in a number of dams in Queensland, Australia.
References
southern saratoga
Freshwater fish of Queensland
southern saratoga
southern saratoga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20saratoga |
Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 was a failed Swedish effort to reach the North Pole, resulting in the deaths of all three expedition members, S. A. Andrée, Knut Frænkel, and Nils Strindberg. Andrée, the first Swedish balloonist, proposed a voyage by hydrogen balloon from Svalbard to either Russia or Canada, which was to pass, with luck, straight over the North Pole on the way. The scheme was received with patriotic enthusiasm in Sweden, a northern nation that had fallen behind in the race for the North Pole.
Andrée ignored many early signs of the dangers associated with his balloon plan. Being able to steer the balloon to some extent was essential for a safe journey, but there was much evidence that the drag-rope steering technique he had invented was ineffective. Worse, the polar balloon (Eagle) was delivered directly to Svalbard from its manufacturer in Paris without being tested. When measurements showed it to be leaking more than expected, Andrée failed to acknowledge the risk.
After Andrée, Strindberg, and Frænkel lifted off from Svalbard in July 1897, the balloon lost hydrogen quickly and crashed on the pack ice after only two days. The explorers were unhurt but faced a grueling trek back south across the drifting icescape. Inadequately clothed, equipped, and prepared, and shocked by the difficulty of the terrain, they did not make it to safety. As the Arctic winter closed in on them in October, the group ended up exhausted on the deserted Kvitøya (White Island) in Svalbard and died there. For 33 years the fate of the expedition remained one of the unsolved riddles of the Arctic. The chance discovery in 1930 of the expedition's last camp created a media sensation in Sweden, where the dead men had been mourned and idolized.
Andrée's motives and mindset have been the subject of extensive fictional and historical discussion, particularly inspired by his apparent foolhardiness. An early example is Per Olof Sundman's fictionalized bestseller novel of 1967, The Flight of the Eagle, which portrays Andrée as weak and cynical, at the mercy of his sponsors and the media. Modern writers have been generally critical of Andrée.
Background
Andrée's scheme
The second half of the 19th century has often been called the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. The inhospitable and dangerous Arctic and Antarctic regions appealed powerfully to the imagination of the age, not as lands with their own ecologies and cultures, but as challenges to be conquered by technological ingenuity and manly daring. Salomon August Andrée, an engineer at the patent office in Stockholm, shared these enthusiasms. A keen balloonist, Andrée proposed a plan for letting the wind propel a hydrogen balloon across the Arctic Sea to the Bering Strait, to fetch up in Alaska, Canada, or Russia, and passing near or even right over the North Pole on the way.
In 1893, Andrée purchased his own balloon, the Svea, and subsequently made nine journeys with it, starting from either Stockholm or Gothenburg and traveling a combined distance of . In the prevailing westerly winds, the Svea flights had a strong tendency to carry him uncontrollably out to the Baltic Sea and drag his basket perilously along the surface of the water or slam it into one of the many rocky islets in the Stockholm archipelago. On one occasion, Andrée was blown clear across the Baltic to Finland. His longest trip was due east from Gothenburg, across the breadth of Sweden and out over the Baltic to Gotland. Even though Andrée saw a lighthouse and heard breakers off Öland, he remained convinced that he was traveling over land and seeing lakes.
During a couple of Svea flights, Andrée tested and tried out the drag-rope steering technique which he had developed and wanted to use on his projected North Pole expedition. Drag ropes, which hang from the balloon basket and drag part of their length on the ground, are designed to counteract the tendency of lighter-than-air craft to travel at the same speed as the wind, a situation that makes steering by sails impossible. The friction of the ropes was intended to slow the balloon to the point where the sails would have an effect (beyond that of making the balloon rotate on its axis). Andrée reported, and presumably believed, that with drag-rope steering he had succeeded in deviating about ten degrees either way from the wind direction.
This notion is rejected by modern balloonists; the Swedish Ballooning Association maintains that Andrée's belief that he had deviated from the wind was mistaken, being misled by inexpertise and a surfeit of enthusiasm in an environment of variable winds and poor visibility. Use of drag ropes—prone to snapping, falling off, or becoming entangled with each other or the ground, in addition to being ineffective—is not considered by any modern expert to be a useful steering technique.
Promotion and fundraising
The Arctic ambitions of Sweden were still unrealized in the late 19th century, while neighboring and politically subordinate Norway was a world power in Arctic exploration through such pioneers as Fridtjof Nansen. The Swedish political and scientific elite were eager to see Sweden take that lead among the Scandinavian countries which seemed her due, and Andrée, a persuasive speaker and fundraiser, found it easy to gain support for his ideas. At a lecture in 1895 for the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Andrée thrilled the audience of geographers and meteorologists; a polar exploration balloon, he explained, would need to fulfill four conditions:
It must have enough lifting power to carry three people and all their scientific equipment, advanced cameras for aerial photography, provisions for four months, and ballast, altogether about
It must retain the gas well enough to stay aloft for 30 days
The hydrogen gas must be manufactured, and the balloon filled, at the Arctic launch site
It must be at least somewhat steerable
Andrée gave a glowingly optimistic account of the ease with which these requirements could be met. Larger balloons had been constructed in France, he claimed, and more airtight, too. Some French balloons had remained hydrogen-filled for over a year without appreciable loss of buoyancy. As for the hydrogen, filling the balloon at the launch site could easily be done with the help of mobile hydrogen manufacturing units; for the steering he referred to his own drag-rope experiments with Svea, stating that a deviation of 27 degrees from the wind direction could be routinely achieved.
Andrée assured the audience that Arctic summer weather was uniquely suitable for ballooning. The midnight sun would enable observations round the clock, halving the voyage time required, and do away with all need for anchoring at night, which might otherwise be a dangerous business. Neither would the balloon's buoyancy be adversely affected by the cold of the night. The drag-rope steering technique was particularly well adapted for a region where the ground, consisting of ice, was "low in friction and free of vegetation". He said that the minimal precipitation in the area posed no threat of weighing down the balloon. If some rain or snow did fall on the balloon, Andrée argued, "precipitation at above-zero temperatures will melt, and precipitation at below-zero temperatures will blow off, for the balloon will be traveling more slowly than the wind."
The audience was convinced by Andrée's arguments, so disconnected were they from the realities of the Arctic summer storms, fogs, high humidity, and the ever-present threat of ice formation. The Royal Swedish Academy approved Andrée's expense calculation of 130,800 kronor in all, corresponding in today's money to just under US$1 million, of which the single largest sum, 36,000 kronor, was for the balloon. With this endorsement, there was a rush to support Andrée's project, headed by King Oscar II, who personally contributed 30,000 kronor, and Alfred Nobel, the dynamite magnate and founder of the Nobel Prize.
Andrée's proposed expedition also elicited considerable international interest, and the European and American newspaper-reading public was curious about a project that seemed as modern and scientific as the books of the contemporary author Jules Verne. The press fanned the interest with a wide range of predictions, from certain death for the explorers to a safe and comfortable "guidance" of the balloon (upgraded by the reporter to an "airship") to the North Pole in a manner planned by Parisian experts and Swedish scientists. "In these days, the construction and guidance of airships have been improved greatly", wrote the Providence, Rhode Island Journal, "and it is supposed, both by the Parisian experts and by the Swedish scientists who have been assisting M. Andree, that the question of a sustained flight, in this case, will be very satisfactorily answered by the character of the balloon, by its careful guidance and, providing it gets into a Polar current of air, by the elements themselves."
Faith in the experts and in science was common in the popular press, but with international attention came also for the first time informed criticism. Andrée being Sweden's first balloonist, no one had the requisite knowledge to second-guess him about buoyancy or drag-ropes; but both France and Germany had long ballooning traditions and several of their more experienced balloonists expressed skepticism about Andrée's methods and inventions.
However, just as with the Svea mishaps, all objections failed to dampen Andrée's optimism. Eagerly followed by national and international media, he began negotiations with the well-known aeronaut and balloon builder Henri Lachambre in Paris, the world capital of ballooning, and ordered a varnished three-layer silk balloon, in diameter, from his workshop. The balloon, originally called , was to be renamed (Eagle).
Special technical solutions had to be designed for the accommodations for three adults to be confined in a small balloon basket for up to 30 days. The sleeping berths for the crew were fitted at the floor of the basket, along with some of the stores and provisions. The highly flammable hydrogen meant that cooking could not be done in the basket itself. The solution was a modified primus stove—designed by a friend of Andrée's—that could be dangled below the crew and then lit from the basket, at a safe distance. An angled mirror attached to the specially designed stove allowed the crew to determine whether it was successfully lit or not.
First expedition
For his 1896 attempt to launch the balloon, Andrée had many eager volunteers to choose from. He picked Nils Gustaf Ekholm, an experienced Arctic meteorological researcher and formerly his boss during an 1882–1883 geophysical expedition to Spitsbergen, and Nils Strindberg, a brilliant student who was doing original research in physics and chemistry. The main scientific purpose of the expedition was to map the area by means of aerial photography, and Strindberg was both a devoted amateur photographer and a skilled constructor of advanced cameras.
This was a team with many useful scientific and technical skills, but lacking any particular physical prowess or training for survival under extreme conditions. All three men were indoor types, and only one, Strindberg, was young. Andrée expected a sedentary voyage in a balloon basket, and strength and survival skills were far down on his list.
Modern writers all agree that Andrée's North Pole scheme was unrealistic. He relied on the winds blowing more or less in the direction he wanted to go, on being able to fine-tune his direction with the drag ropes, on the balloon being sealed tight enough to stay airborne for 30 days, and on no ice or snow sticking to the balloon to weigh it down.
In the attempt of 1896, the wind battered Andrée's optimism by blowing steadily from the north, straight at the balloon hangar at Danes Island, Svalbard, until the expedition had to pack up, let the hydrogen out of the balloon, and go home. It is now known that northerly winds are to be expected at Danes Island; but in the late-19th century, information on Arctic airflow and precipitation existed only as contested academic hypotheses. Even Ekholm, an Arctic climate researcher, had no objection to Andrée's theory of where the wind was likely to take them. The observational data simply did not exist.
On the other hand, Ekholm was skeptical of the balloon's ability to retain hydrogen, from his own measurements. His buoyancy checks in the summer of 1896, during the process of producing the hydrogen and pumping it into the balloon, convinced him that the balloon leaked too much to ever reach the Pole, let alone go on to Russia or Canada. The worst leakage came from the approximately eight million tiny stitching holes along the seams, which no amount of glued-on strips of silk or applications of special secret-formula varnish seemed to seal.
The balloon was losing of lift force per day. Taking into account its heavy load, Ekholm estimated that it would be able to stay airborne for 17 days at most, not 30. When it was time to go home, he warned Andrée that he would not take part in the next attempt, scheduled for summer 1897, unless a stronger, better-sealed balloon was bought. Andrée resisted Ekholm's criticisms to the point of deception. On the boat back from Svalbard, Ekholm learned from the chief engineer of the hydrogen plant the explanation of some anomalies he had noticed in his measurements: Andrée had from time to time secretly ordered extra topping-up of the hydrogen in the balloon. Andrée's motives for such self-destructive behavior are not known.
Several modern writers, following Sundman's Andrée portrait in the semi-documentary novel, The Flight of the Eagle (1967), have speculated that he had by this time become the prisoner of his own successful fundraising campaign. The sponsors and the media followed every delay and reported on every setback, and were clamoring for results. Andrée, Strindberg, and Ekholm had been seen off by cheering crowds in Stockholm and Gothenburg, and now all the expectations were coming to nothing with the long wait for southerly winds at Danes Island. Especially pointed was the contrast between Nansen's simultaneous return, covered in polar glory from his daring yet well-planned expedition on the ship Fram, and Andrée's failure even to launch his own much-hyped conveyance. Sundman theorizes that Andrée could not face letting the press report that he did not know the prevailing wind direction, and had also miscalculated in ordering the balloon, and needed a new one to rectify his error.
After the 1896 launch was called off, enthusiasm declined for joining the expedition for the second attempt in 1897. From the candidates Andrée picked the 27-year-old engineer, Knut Frænkel, to replace Ekholm. Frænkel was a civil engineer from the north of Sweden, an athlete who was fond of long mountain hikes. He was enrolled specifically to take over Ekholm's meteorological observations. Despite lacking Ekholm's theoretical and scientific knowledge, he handled this task efficiently. His meteorological journal has enabled researchers to reconstruct the movements of the three men during their last few months with considerable precision.
Expedition of 1897
Launch, flight, and landing
Returning to Danes Island in the summer of 1897, the expedition found that the balloon hangar built the year before had weathered the winter storms well. The winds were more favorable, too. Andrée had strengthened his leadership position by replacing the older and critical Ekholm, an authority in his field, with the more enthusiastic Frænkel.
On 11 July, in a steady wind from the south-west, the top of the plank hangar was dismantled, the three explorers climbed into the already heavy basket, and Andrée dictated one last-minute telegram to King Oscar and another to the newspaper Aftonbladet, holder of press rights to the expedition. The large support team cut away the last ropes holding the balloon and it rose slowly. Moving out low over the water, it was pulled so far down by the friction of the several-hundred-meter-long drag ropes against the ground as to dip the basket into the water. The friction also twisted the ropes around, detaching them from their screw holds. These holds were a new safety feature that Andrée had reluctantly been persuaded to add, whereby ropes that got caught on the ground could be more easily dropped.
Most of the ropes unscrewed at once and of rope were lost, while the three explorers could simultaneously be seen to dump of sand overboard to get the basket clear of the water. of essential weight was thus lost in the first few minutes. Before it was well clear of the launch site, Eagle had turned from a supposedly steerable craft into an ordinary hydrogen balloon with a few ropes hanging from it, at the mercy of the wind; its crew had no means to direct it to any particular goal and had too little ballast for stability. Lightened, the balloon rose to , an unimagined height, where the lower air pressure made the hydrogen escape all the faster through the eight million stitching holes.
The balloon had two means of communication with the outside world: buoys and homing pigeons. The buoys, steel cylinders encased in cork, were intended to be dropped from the balloon into the water or onto the ice, to be carried to civilization by the currents. Only two buoy messages have ever been found. One was dispatched by Andrée on 11 July, a few hours after takeoff, and reads: "Our journey goes well so far. We sail at an altitude of about , at first N 10° east, but later N 45° east [...] Weather delightful. Spirits high." The second was dropped an hour later and gave the height as .
Aftonbladet had supplied the pigeons, bred in northern Norway with the optimistic hope that they would manage to return there, and their message cylinders contained pre-printed instructions in Norwegian asking the finder to pass the messages on to the paper's address in Stockholm. Andrée released at least four pigeons, but only one was ever retrieved, by a Norwegian steamer where the pigeon had alighted and been promptly shot. Its message is dated 13 July and gives the travel direction at that point as East by 10° South. The message reads: "The Andree Polar Expedition to the 'Aftonbladet', Stockholm. 13 July, 12.30 p.m., 82 deg. north latitude, 15 deg. 5 min. east longitude. Good journey eastwards, 10 deg. south. All goes well on board. This is the third message sent by pigeon. Andree."
Lundström and others note that all three messages fail to mention the accident at takeoff, or the increasingly desperate situation, which Andrée described fully in his main diary. The balloon was out of equilibrium, sailing much too high and thereby losing hydrogen faster than even Ekholm had feared, then repeatedly threatening to crash on the ice. It was weighed down by being rain-soaked ("dripping wet", writes Andrée in the diary), and the men were throwing all the sand and some of the payload overboard to keep it airborne.
Free flight lasted for 10 hours and 29 minutes and was followed by another 41 hours of bumpy riding with frequent ground contact before the inevitable final crash. Eagle traveled for two days and three-and-a-half hours altogether, during which time, according to Andrée, none of the three men got any sleep. The definitive landing appears to have been gentle. Neither the men nor the homing pigeons in their wicker cages were hurt, and none of the equipment was damaged, not even the delicate optical instruments and Strindberg's two cameras.
On foot on the ice
From the moment the three were grounded on 14 July, Strindberg's highly specialized cartographic camera, which had been brought to map the region from the air, became instead a means of recording daily life in the icescape and the constant danger and drudgery of the trek. Strindberg took about 200 photos with his camera over the course of the three months they spent on the pack ice, one of the most famous being his picture of Andrée and Frænkel contemplating the fallen Eagle.
Andrée and Frænkel also kept meticulous records of their experiences and geographical positions, Andrée in his "main diary", Frænkel in his meteorological journal. Strindberg's own stenographic diary was more personal in content, and included his general reflections on the expedition, as well as several messages to his fiancée Anna Charlier. All three manuscripts were eventually retrieved from the ice on Kvitøya in 1930.
Eagle had been stocked with safety equipment such as guns, snowshoes, sleds, skis, a tent, a small boat (in the form of a bundle of bent sticks, to be assembled and covered with balloon silk), most of it stored not in the basket but in the storage space arranged above the balloon ring. These items had not been put together with great care, and little attention was paid to existing designs used by societies living in polar regions. In this, Andrée contrasted not only with later but also with many earlier explorers.
Andrée's rigid sleds proved impractical for the difficult terrain, with channels separating the ice floes, high ridges, and partially iced-over melt ponds. The men's clothes included no furs but were woolen coats and trousers, plus oilskins. They wore the oilskins but the explorers reported always seeming to be damp or wet from the half-frozen pools of water on the ice and the typically foggy, humid Arctic summer air, and preoccupied with drying their clothes, mainly by wearing them. It would have meant certain death to lose the provisions lashed to one of the cumbersome sleds into one of the many channels that had to be laboriously crossed.
Before starting the march, the three men spent a week in a tent at the crash site, packing up and making decisions about what and how much to bring and where to go. The far-off North Pole was discounted as an option; the choice lay between two depots of food and ammunition laid down for their safety, one at Sjuøyane in Svalbard and one at Cape Flora in Franz Josef Land. Inferring from their faulty maps that the distances to each were about equal, they decided to try for the bigger depot at Cape Flora. Strindberg took more pictures during this week than he would at any later point, including 12 frames that make up a 360-degree panorama of the crash site.
The balloon had carried a lot of food, of a kind adapted more for a balloon voyage than for travels on foot. Andrée had reasoned that they might as well throw excess food overboard as sand if losing weight was necessary; and if it was not, the food would serve if wintering in the Arctic desert did, after all, become necessary. There was, therefore, less ballast and large amounts of heavy-type provisions, altogether, including of water and some crates of champagne, port, beer, etc., donated by sponsors and manufacturers. There was also lemon juice, though not as much of this precaution against scurvy as other polar explorers usually thought necessary. Much of the food was in the form of cans of pemmican, meat, sausages, cheese, and condensed milk.
By the time they crashed, they had thrown some of the provisions overboard. The three men took most of the rest with them on leaving the crash site, along with other necessities such as guns, tent, ammunition, and cooking utensils, making a load on each sled of more than . This was not practical, as it broke the sleds and wore out the men. After one week, they sorted out and left behind a big pile of food and non-essential equipment, bringing the loads down to per sled. It became more necessary than ever to hunt for food. They shot and ate seals, walruses, and especially polar bears throughout the march.
Starting out for Franz Josef Land to the south-east on 22 July, the three soon found that their struggle across the ice, which had ridges two stories high, was hardly bringing the goal any nearer: the drift of the ice was in the opposite direction, moving them backward. On 4 August they decided, after a long discussion, to aim for Sjuøyane in the southwest instead, hoping to reach the depot there after a six- to seven-week march, with the help of the current. The terrain in that direction was mostly extremely difficult, sometimes necessitating a crawl on all fours, but there was occasional relief in the form of open water—the little boat was apparently a functional and safe conveyance—and smooth, flat ice floes.
"Paradise!" wrote Andrée. "Large even ice floes with pools of sweet drinking water and here and there a tender-fleshed young polar bear!" They made fair headway at first, but the wind turned and they were again being pushed backward, away from Sjuøyane. The wind varied between southwest and northwest over the coming weeks; they tried in vain to overcome this by turning more and more westward, but it was becoming clear that Sjuøyane was out of their reach.
On 12 September, the explorers resigned themselves to wintering on the ice and camped on a large floe, letting the ice take them where it would, "which", writes Kjellström, "it had really been doing all along". Drifting rapidly due south towards Kvitøya, they hurriedly built a winter "home" on the floe against the increasing cold, with walls made of water-reinforced snow to Strindberg's design. Observing the rapidity of their drift, Andrée recorded his hopes that they might get far enough south to feed themselves entirely from the sea.
However, the floe began to break up directly under the hut on 2 October, from the stresses of pressing against Kvitøya, and they were forced to bring their stores on to the island itself, which took a couple of days. Despite these difficulties, Andrée recorded in his diary, "Morale remains good. With such comrades one should be able to manage under, I may say, any circumstances." Strindberg's briefer diary entries indicate that on October 5 the party landed on the island. Strindberg then wrote "Snowstorm reconnaissance" on October 6 and the single word "Moving" on October 7. Later scientific analysis revealed the contents of the final pages of Andrée's diary, with its last entry on October 8 reading: "It feels fine to be able to sleep here on fast land as a contrast with the drifting ice out upon the ocean where we constantly heard the cracking, grinding, and din. We shall have to gather driftwood and bones of whales and will have to do some moving around when the weather permits." It is inferred from the end of Strindberg's diary on October 7 and Andreé's on October 8 that the three men died shortly afterwards.
Speculation
For the next 33 years, the fate of the expedition was shrouded in mystery, and its disappearance became part of the cultural lore in Sweden and to a certain extent elsewhere. It was actively sought for a couple of years and remained the subject of myth and rumor, with frequent international newspaper reports of possible findings. An extensive archive of American newspaper reports from the first few years, 1896–1899, titled "The Mystery of Andree", shows a much richer media interest in the expedition after it disappeared than before. A great variety of fates are suggested for it, inspired by finds, or reported finds, of remnants of what might be a balloon basket or great amounts of balloon silk, or by stories of men falling from the sky, or visions by psychics, all of which would typically locate the stranded balloon far from Danes Island and Svalbard.
Lundström points out that some of the international and national reports took on the features of urban legends. They reflected a prevailing disrespect for the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, who were portrayed by newspapers as uncomprehending savages who had killed the three men or showed a deadly indifference to their plight. These speculations were refuted in 1930, upon the discovery of the expedition's final resting place on Kvitøya by the crews of two ships, the Bratvaag and the Isbjørn.
Recovery
The Norwegian Bratvaag expedition, studying the glaciers and seas of the Svalbard archipelago from the Norwegian sealing vessel Bratvaag of Ålesund, found the remains of the Andrée expedition on 5 August 1930. Kvitøya was usually inaccessible to the sealing or whaling ships of the time, as it is typically surrounded by a wide belt of thick polar ice and often hidden by thick ice fogs. However, summer in 1930 had been particularly warm, and the surrounding sea was practically free of ice. As Kvitøya was known to be a prime hunting ground for walrus and the fogs over the island on that day were comparatively thin, some of the crew of Bratvaag took this rare opportunity to land on what they called the "inaccessible island".
Two of the sealers in search of water, Olav Salen and Karl Tusvick, discovered Andrée's boat near a small stream, frozen under a mound of snow and full of equipment, including a boathook engraved with the words "Andrée's Polar Expedition, 1896". Presented with this hook, Bratvaags captain, Peder Eliassen, assigned the crew to search the site together with the expedition members. Among other finds, they uncovered a journal and two skeletons, identified as Andrée's and Strindberg's remains by monograms found on their clothing.
Bratvaag left the island to continue its scheduled hunting and observations, with the intent of coming back later to see if the ice had melted further and uncovered more artifacts. Further discoveries were made by M/K Isbjørn of Tromsø, a sealing sloop chartered by news reporters to waylay Bratvaag. Unsuccessful in this, the reporters and Isbjørns crew made instead for Kvitøya, landing on the island on 5 September in fine weather and finding even less ice than Bratvaag had. After photographing the area, they searched for and found Frænkel's body, and additional artifacts, including a tin box containing Strindberg's photographic film, his logbook, and maps. The crews of both ships turned over their finds to a scientific commission of the Swedish and Norwegian governments in Tromsø on 2 and 16 September, respectively. The bodies of the three explorers were transported to Stockholm, arriving on 5 October.
Causes of death
The bodies of the three men were cremated in 1930 without further examination upon being returned to Sweden. The question of what, exactly, caused their deaths has attracted both interest and controversy among scholars. Several medical practitioners and amateur historians have read the extensive diaries with a detective's eye, looking for clues in the diet, for telltale complaints of symptoms, and for suggestive details at the death site. They agree on many particulars. For instance, the explorers are known to have eaten mainly scanty amounts of canned and dry goods from the balloon stores, plus huge portions of half-cooked meat of polar bears and occasionally seals.
The explorers frequently suffered from foot pains and diarrhea, and were always tired, cold, and wet. After September 10, Andree's diary entries, formerly made daily, grew more sporadic, and his penmanship deteriorated. When the three men moved on to Kvitøya from the ice, they left much of their valuable equipment and stores outside the tent, and even down by the water's edge, as if they were too exhausted, indifferent, or ill to carry it further. Strindberg, the youngest, died first. He was "buried" (wedged into a cliff aperture) by the others. However, the interpretation of these observations is contested.
The best-known and most widely credited suggestion is that made by Ernst Tryde, a medical practitioner, in his book De döda på Vitön (The Dead on Kvitøya ) in 1952: that the men succumbed to trichinosis, which they had contracted from eating undercooked polar bear meat. Larvae of Trichinella spiralis were found in parts of a polar bear carcass at the site. Lundström and Sundman both favor this explanation. Critics note that diarrhea, which Tryde cites as the main symptomatic evidence, hardly needs an explanation beyond the general poor diet and physical misery, but some more specific symptoms of trichinosis are missing. Also, Fridtjof Nansen and his companion Hjalmar Johansen had lived largely on polar bear meat in exactly the same area for 15 months without any ill effects. Author and physician Bea Uusma notes that the rate of death of trichinosis is only 0.2 percent and that the main symptom – fever – is never noted in any of the men's diaries, also commenting that no medicines against fever appear to have been consumed by the trio.
Other suggestions have included vitamin A poisoning from eating polar bear liver; however, the diary shows Andrée to have been aware of this danger. Vitamin A poisoning from eating seal liver is another theory, mentioned by Bea Uusma, who however rejects it based on the fact that the men killed a large seal on September 19 and never noted any related illness; also the rate of death from vitamin A poisoning is low. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a theory that has found a few adherents, such as the explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson. The chief objection is that their primus stove had kerosene still in the tank when found, and that the primus stove was most likely not located inside the tent. Stefansson argues that they were using a malfunctioning stove, something he had experienced in his own expeditions. Lead poisoning from the cans in which their food was stored is an alternative suggestion, as is scurvy, botulism, suicide (they had plenty of morphine and opium), and polar bear attack. A combination favored by Kjellström is that of cold and hypothermia as the Arctic winter closed in, with dehydration and general exhaustion, apathy, and disappointment.
Kjellström argues that Tryde never takes the nature of the explorers' daily life into account, and especially the crowning blow of the ice breaking up under their promisingly mobile home, forcing them to move onto a glacier island. "Posterity has expressed surprise that they died on Kvitøya, surrounded by food," writes Kjellström. "The surprise is rather that they found the strength to live so long."
In 2010, writer and researcher Bea Uusma, of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, rejected the theory that larvae of Trichinella spiralis killed the expedition members. After examining the men's clothes, finding what was most likely rips from polar bears in Strindberg's preserved underpants (which he wore while being buried and which were subsequently salvaged in 1930), she concluded that at least Strindberg was killed by polar bears.
In Uusma's award-winning book about the expedition, partly based on her own new research (including analysis of a rarely seen autopsy report from 1930), she puts forth the theory that Strindberg was attacked and killed by a polar bear, which possibly also injured Frænkel, who appears to have died shortly thereafter in the tent, wearing no mittens and shoes. Andree, having buried Strindberg and finding himself trapped alone on the island, unable to leave by himself, then possibly decided to commit suicide via morphine. This theory on Andree's cause of death is supported by the fact that his remains were found in a semi-upright position against a rock, a situation unlikely to have been caused by polar bears, rifle by his side. In addition, nearly emptied morphine bottles were found on the site, as well as Andree's diary neatly wrapped with a sweater, hay and balloon cloth, indicating that he perhaps wanted it to be preserved as a last measure in case someone would later find it.
Legacy
In 1897, Andrée's daring or foolhardy undertaking nourished Swedish patriotic pride and Swedish dreams of taking the scientific lead in the Arctic. The title of Engineer——was generally and reverentially used in speaking of him, and expressed high esteem for the late 19th-century ideal of the engineer as a representative of social improvement through technological progress. The three explorers were fêted when they departed and mourned by the nation when they disappeared.
When they were found, the explorers were celebrated for the heroism of their doomed two-month struggle to reach populated areas and were seen as having selflessly perished for the ideals of science and progress. The procession carrying their mortal remains from the ships into Stockholm on 5 October 1930, writes Swedish historian Sverker Sörlin, "must be one of the most solemn and grandiose manifestations of national mourning that has ever occurred in Sweden. One of the rare comparable events is the national mourning that followed the Estonia disaster in the Baltic Sea in September 1994."
More recently, Andrée's heroic motives have been questioned, beginning with Per Olof Sundman's bestselling semi-documentary novel of 1967, The Flight of the Eagle. Sundman portrays Andrée as the victim of the demands of the Swedish media and establishment, and as ultimately motivated by fear rather than courage. Sundman's interpretation of the personalities involved, the blind spots of the Swedish national culture, and the role of the press are reflected in the film adaptation, Flight of the Eagle (1982), based on his novel and directed by Jan Troell. It was nominated for an Academy Award. Historian Edward Guimont has proposed that the 1930 discovery of the expedition's remains influenced H. P. Lovecraft in the writing of At the Mountains of Madness.
Appreciation of Strindberg's role seems to be growing, both for the fortitude with which the untrained and unprepared student kept photographing, in what must have been a more or less permanent state of near-collapse from exhaustion and exposure, and for the artistic quality of the result. Out of the 240 exposed frames that were found on Kvitøya in waterlogged containers, 93 were saved by John Hertzberg at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Strindberg's former workplace. In his article, "Recovering the visual history of the Andrée expedition" (2004), Tyrone Martinsson has lamented the traditional focus by previous researchers on the written records—the diaries—as primary sources of information; he renewed his claim for the historical significance of the photographs.
Footnotes
Sources
A digital version is available at Project Runeberg (accessed on 16April 2014). The London edition of the English translation, by Edward Adams-Ray, is The Andrée diaries being the diaries and records of S. A. Andrée, Nils Strindberg and Knut Fraenkel written during their balloon expedition to the North Pole in 1897 and discovered on White Island in 1930, together with a complete record of the expedition and discovery; with 103 illustr. and 6 maps, plans and diagrams (1931); while the New York edition of the same translation is Andrée's Story: The Complete Record of His Polar Flight, 1897, Blue Ribbon Books, 1932.
Lundström is the curator of the Andreexpedition Polarcenter in Gränna, Sweden.
This paper is based on Martinsson's doctoral dissertation from 2003.
"The Mystery of Andree" , an extensive archive of American daily newspaper articles 1896–1899, from reports of the preparation and the launch to guesswork and rumours about the explorers' fate. Accessed on 5 March 2006.
Translated in 1970 by Mary Sandbach as The Flight of the Eagle, London: Secker and Warburg. The 1982 film Flight of the Eagle by Jan Troell is based on this novel.
Further reading
Pavlopoulos, George (2007). A novel in Greek about the echo of that expedition today, in Western societies.
Sollinger, Guenther (2005), S.A. Andree: The Beginning of Polar Aviation 1895–1897. Moscow. Russian Academy of Sciences.
Sollinger, Guenther (2005). S.A. Andree and Aeronautics: An annotated bibliography. Moscow. Russian Academy of Sciences.
Wilkinson, Alec (2012). "The Ice Balloon. S. A. Andree and the Heroic Age of Arctic Exploration".
External links
Andrzej M. Kobos "Orłem" do bieguna, high-quality photos from the expedition.
The Balloonist by MacDonald Harris, New York, Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1976, is a fictional account of a polar expedition that bears a striking resemblance to and was presumably inspired by, S. A. Andrée's expedition. .
"Why Go To The Arctic", January 1931, Popular Mechanics drawing of ill-fated Andree balloon flight top page 26
"Ice Balloon: Doomed Arctic expedition to the North Pole", bbc.co.uk video
William Hillman Collection on S. A. Andrée's ill fated balloon expedition at Dartmouth College Library
19th century in the Arctic
Accidents and incidents involving balloons and airships
Arctic expeditions
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1897
Aviation accidents and incidents in Norway
Ballooning
Expeditions from Sweden
History of Svalbard
Kvitøya
North Pole
1897 disasters in Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s%20Arctic%20balloon%20expedition |
Big Sugar is the eponymous debut album by Canadian rock band Big Sugar, released 1992 on Hypnotic Records.
Critical reception
AllMusic wrote that "Gordie Johnson himself pens the discs two highlights: both 'Groundhog Day' and 'Goodbye Train' feature funky, lurching rhythms and muscular guitar work that offer just the right blend of originality and familiarity."
Track listing
"Sleep in Late" (Dave Wall, Andrew Whiteman)
"Come Back Baby" (B.B. Arnold)
"Motherless Children" (traditional)
"So Many Roads" (Marshall Paul)
"Bemsha Swing" (Denzil Best, Thelonious Monk)
"Stardust" (Hoagy Carmichael, Mitchell Parish)
"Groundhog Day" (Gordie Johnson)
"Just About Sunrise" (Johnson)
"Goodbye Train" (Johnson)
"Nowhere to Go" (Colin Linden)
"'Round Midnight" (Bernie Hanighen, Monk, Cootie Williams)
"Devil Got My Woman" (Skip James)
Personnel
Big Sugar
Gordie Johnson: Guitars, vocals
Terry Wilkins: Bass, vocals
Al Cross: Drums
Additional Personnel
Patrick Ballentyne, Andrew Whiteman: Acoustic guitars, vocals
Nick Gotham, Gene Hardy, Johnny Johnson: Saxophone
Jim Bish: Flute
Ken Whiteley: Mandolin
Greg Beresford: Percussion
Kate Fenner, David Wall: Additional vocals
Beresford, Fenner, Hardy, Wall and Whiteman all appear "Courtesy of the Bourbon Tabernacle Choir" (according to liner notes)
References
1992 debut albums
Big Sugar (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Sugar%20%28album%29 |
Dublin Clontarf was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1977 to 1981. The constituency elected 3 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
History and boundaries
A similarly named constituency existed from 1918 to 1922, for elections of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, but the Member of Parliament elected in 1918, Richard Mulcahy, chose not to take his seat at Westminster, and joined the revolutionary First Dáil.
The Dáil constituency was created by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1974, and used at the 1977 general election. It consisted of the Baldoyle, Clontarf, Coolock and Raheny areas of North Dublin. The constituency was abolished in 1981.
TDs
1977 general election
See also
Dáil constituencies
Politics of the Republic of Ireland
Historic Dáil constituencies
Elections in the Republic of Ireland
References
External links
Oireachtas Members Database
Dáil constituencies in County Dublin (historic)
Clontarf, Dublin
1977 establishments in Ireland
1981 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies established in 1977
Constituencies disestablished in 1981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin%20Clontarf%20%28D%C3%A1il%20constituency%29 |
"Barbarossa city" () is a nickname for German cities that the Staufer Emperor Frederick Barbarossa stayed in or near for some time. The cities usually mentioned include Sinzig, Kaiserslautern, Gelnhausen, Altenburg, Bad Frankenhausen, but Annweiler am Trifels, Bad Wimpfen, Eberbach and Waiblingen consider themselves as such as well.
Sinzig
Sinzig is a city on the Middle Rhine in Ahrweiler County. Celtic in its early history and settled by the Romans, the city was first mentioned in 762 as a Franconian king's court, sentiacum. The city was at its height from the 12th through the 14th century as a Kaiserpfalz often visited by the German kings and emperors. Barbarossa himself stayed at Sinzig four times.
Kaiserslautern
The settlement history of Kaiserslautern, an industrial city and university seat at the northern edge of the Palatinate forest, begins in the 5th millennium BC. Around 1100 CE, Salian rulers built themselves a castle on the grounds of the present-day city hall. Between 1152 and 1158 Barbarossa had the castle expanded that would bear his name and serve as his Kaiserpfalz "with no insignificant amount of pomp". He designated Lautern the center of his Staufen empire, which marked the beginning of a boom for the community. The Kaisers (imperial) palace was mentioned for the first time as "castrum domini imperatoris". In 1176 Barbarossa donated a hospital to the community and called Norbertines into Lautern to take on the hospital's management. The people of "Kaiser's Lautern" were proud to call their city a "Barbarossa city".
Gelnhausen (Hesse)
The "Barbarossa city" of Gelnhausen is a city in Main-Kinzig County in the eastern part of Hesse. It was founded in 1170 by Barbarossa in this convenient location because the merchant highway Via Regia from Frankfurt to Leipzig intersected here with several other roads. Frederick I founded the city by combining three existing villages into the imperial free city of Gelnhausen. Imperial trading privileges such as duty-free zones lead to a rapid aggregation of traders and merchants. The fact that Gelnhausen was simultaneously awarded the Stapelrecht (), requiring passing merchants to offer their goods in town for a certain amount of time, also helped in making it a successful trading town. Only ten years after it was born the city hosted an important Reichstag where Henry the Lion was tried in absentia and all his lands were redistributed. The Kaiserpfalz in Gelnhausen is the best maintained Staufer country palace still in existence.
Altenburg (Thuringia)
Altenburg in the east of Thuringia may also rightfully call itself a "Barbarossa city". It was first mentioned in 976 by Emperor Otto II and Barbarossa stayed in the imperial castle Altenburg (Castrum Plysn), first mentioned in 1132, a total of six times between 1165 and 1188. In 1172 he consecrated the Augustinian monastery of "Our dear Lady St. Mary" at the top of the mountain.
Bad Frankenhausen
Excavations evidence first settlements in Bad Frankenhausen at the southern edge of the Kyffhäuser area at approximately 8000 BC. The town itself was first mentioned in the 9th century in official documents of the abbey in Fulda where it was referred to as a Franconian settlement. Nearby is the "Barbarossa Cave" with its "emperor's throne" and the "Barbarossa Memorial" featuring a larger-than-life Frederick Barbarossa that was built on the ruins of the imperial castle of Kyffhausen (Reichsburg Kyffhausen) between 1890 and 1896. Because of these items, Frankenhausen is counted among the Barbarossa cities even though there is no evidence the Emperor ever stayed here.
See also
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
Cultural depictions of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
References
Tourism in Germany
12th century in the Holy Roman Empire
Populated places in Germany
Altenburg
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarossa%20city |
Firefly was a cellphone aimed at parents to give to their children.
Features
The address book button has up to 20 phone numbers in it. These are to be programmed in by the guardian/parent, who knows a PIN which is intended to keep the child from changing the numbers. In this way, parents control who their kids are calling. The phone also offers a call screening option which, when activated only allows the numbers that are in the phone's memory to call that phone.
The standard features of the phone are up to 8.5 days standby time and up to 6 hours talk time. Texting and download capability are unavailable, which allows parents to manage phone costs.
Firefly cellphones are blue or pink transparent plastic and can be opened by gently pressing up on the transparent knob on the top of the back side. The screen is a small monochrome LCD display, similar to the ones found in many calculators.
The various menus and sub-menus contain the signal strength and battery charge indicators. The menus are used in a similar fashion to setting a watch. Entering DTMF (Tones) can be done during the call by pressing the green key. Entering letters and numbers is accomplished by selecting each character and then confirming it, which moves the cursor to the next blank space – this can also be done easily via the website.
The handset also contains animations, different colours and internal ringtones to entertain the child.
Layout
There are five main keys on the phone, along with several more secondary button:
A "Begin Call" button (visualized by a green phone)
An "End Call" button (visualized by a red phone)
An "Address book" button (visualized by a blue open book)
A "Call Mom" button (visualized by a blue woman-in-dress icon)
A "Call Dad" button (visualized by a blue man icon)
An emergency 9-1-1 button (visualized by small button with cross) (right side button)
Two buttons to control the volume (visualized by two arrows) (left side button)
An animation button which will display the animation set in the menu (left side button between the volume buttons)
See also
Verizon Wireless Migo, successor phone to the Firefly
References
Firefly mobile phone designed for four year-olds – Telegraph
Firefly Mobile's Metamorphosis – Forbes.com
Firefly mobile aimed at toddlers | News | PC Pro
Firefly Review & Rating | PCMag.com
External links
Firefly Mobile
Firefly Ireland and UK
Mobile phone manufacturers
Mobile phones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly%20%28mobile%20phone%29 |
David Gerald Littman (4 July 1933 – 20 May 2012) was a British Jewish activist best known for organising the departure of Jewish children from Morocco when he was 28. He then worked as a lobbyist at the United Nations in Geneva and was also an historian. He was married to Bat Ye'or.
Biography
David Littman was born on 4 July 1933, in London, England. He was educated at Canford School, Dorset, England (1951), and Trinity College, Dublin, where he earned his BA with honours and MA degrees in Modern History and Political Science, followed by post-graduate studies at the Institute of Archaeology, University of London. He married his wife Gisèle (née Orebi; originally from Egypt and later known by her pen name Bat Ye'or), in September 1959. They moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, the following year.
The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization was founded by his brother, Louis Littman.
Operation Mural
In 1961, Littman volunteered for a clandestine humanitarian mission to evacuate Jewish children from Morocco to Israel, via Switzerland. Moroccan Jews had been forbidden from leaving the country since 1956. Littman thought he was working for the Jewish Agency – years later it was revealed it was arranged with the assistance of the Mossad. From March–July 1961, posing with his wife and baby daughter as Christians, Littman ran the Casablanca office of the Geneva-based international NGO for children Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants de l'Afrique du Nord (OSSEAN). His code name was "Mural", and the code name for the mission was "Operation Mural". After months of negotiation by Littman, the children left Morocco in five convoys under the guise of a supposed holiday in Switzerland (with Littman accompanying the last convoy), and from Switzerland went to Israel. In all, he assisted in evacuating 530 Jewish children to Israel. The children's families joined them several years later.
An article about Operation Mural by Shmuel Segev was published in the magazine Maariv in 1984. Littman's work was then recognized by President Chaim Herzog and later President Shimon Peres, who presented him with the Mimouna award in 1986. A documentary film on the operation, filmed by Yehuda Kaveh, screened in 2007.
On 1 June 2008, at a special private commemorative event at the presidential Jerusalem residence – with Littman, his wife, two children, three grandchildren and former key agents from the Mossad, who had worked with Littman – Israeli President Shimon Peres, said:
"Well, it is a belated ceremony, but it doesn't lose its value, because what you did stands on its own legs and is not affected by time. I think that the saving of 530 children is, I imagine, the most moving experience a man can have. You say in Hebrew: 'The one who saves one life, is like the one that saved the life of the whole world.' But when you save 530 children, it’s really unforgettable. I want to express, on behalf of our people, our nation, our recognition of your courage, your wisdom, of your determination under extremely difficult conditions".
A year later Littman was honoured by the Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center in a unique ceremony on 1 July 2009, with 200 persons, when the "Hero of Silence" Order was conferred on him, he being the 9th person to receive it since 1985. ("An order of highest esteem and appreciation, awarded to David Gerald Littman: A clandestine warrior, who risked his life and who served a sacred cause of the People and of the State of Israel").
A few months earlier a Casablanca French newspaper, Le Soir Echos, interviewed him through a Swiss colleague, with their own questions; and published the Operation Mural story integrally in four successive issues (23–26 March) with their own positive titles and sub-titles throughout, and no editing. It was the first time that Moroccans learned about the affair.
Activism
In 1970, the Littmans helped to found the Centre d'Information et de Documentation sur le Moyen Orient (CID) in Geneva, which published studies on Middle East subjects until the mid-1980s. He supervised its publications until 1974, and then served as an advisor.
Since 1986, he has appeared several times before the United Nations Human Rights Council (formerly the United Nations Commission on Human Rights) on behalf of various NGOs. From 1986 to 1991 he was main representative of the World Union for Progressive Judaism (WUPJ). In February 1992, he joined René Wadlow (main representative of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation; (IFOR)), then with the World Federalist Movement (WFM). He has been an accredited representative for the Association of World Citizens (AWC) and for the Association for World Education (AWE) since 1997, and an accredited representative and main spokesman for the WUPJ again since 2001. He has made oral and written statements (some jointly) at the UN Commission on Human Rights for the WUPJ, IFOR, WFM, International Committee for European Security and Cooperation (ICESC), Christian Solidarity International (CSI), Simon Wiesenthal Center, International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU), AWC, AWC, and other NGOs.
Release of Russian Jews
In March 1987, the Soviet delegation to the UN walked out when Littman arranged for Natan Sharansky to speak to the Commission about refuseniks. Also in 1987, he accused the Soviet delegate of antisemitism when he appeared before the UN Commission on Human Rights. In 1988 he requested that several Jews in the USSR who were refused permission to emigrate should be allowed to do so. He repeated the request to Boris Yeltsin in 1991. In August 1989, he appeared before the Commission representing WUPJ.
Hamas
From January 1989 Littman sought to make public at the commission the fact that Hamas in its ideology calls for the annihilation of Israel, and points to Islamic texts for support of its position.
Release of Syrian Jewish women
In October 1990, as the WUPJ's representative to the commission, he petitioned for the release of single Jewish women from Syria; in March 1991 he requested that they appoint a special representative to investigate; and in August 1991, he urged it to work for their release.
Lebanese Jewish hostages
In August 1991, he appeared before the commission on behalf of the WUPJ to urge the release of Lebanese Jews held as hostages in Lebanon. In December 1991, he wrote a letter on behalf of the WUPJ appealing to UN Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar, asking him to discover the fate of the 11 Lebanese Jews who had been kidnapped in the mid-1980s.
Claim of UN conference being hijacked
When Israel withdrew from the Durban World Conference Against Racism in 2001, joining the US in protesting perceived anti-Israel and anti-Semitic remarks, The Hindu reported that Littman and WUPJ Rabbi Francois Garai filed a statement saying that the conference had been "hijacked by dictatorial regimes" interested in pursuing jihad against Israel.
Christoph Blocher
In December 2003, when Christoph Blocher, who was known in the first instance for his inflammatory anti-immigrant rhetoric, won a seat in the Swiss Federal Council, Littman defended him from charges of anti-Semitism, saying "I personally do not accept the accusation that he is anti-Semitic and await with interest the new policies he will propose for Switzerland."
Shariah, violence against women, and anti-semitism
The New York Daily News referred to Littman as a "rare but tenacious [voice] who confront[s] Islamic human rights abuses at the UN at every turn," and cited his complaining to the Council that Iranian law "still allows the marriage of girls at only 9 years old, and justifies the stoning of women for alleged adultery." In 2007 he held a keynote speech at the international counter-jihad conference in Brussels.
When Littman sought to make a three-minute statement before the council's eighth session in June 2008 (on behalf of the AWE) with regard to various forms of violence against women (including female genital mutilation) and shariah, he was blocked after 22 seconds from finishing his statement. Representatives from Egypt, Pakistan, and Iran (speaking on behalf of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference) forced a halt to the proceedings, saying that any discussion of Islamic religious law was insulting to the faith. After deliberations, Council president Doru Romulus Costea of Romania said: "The Council is not prepared to discuss religious questions and we don’t have to do so. Declarations must avoid judgments or evaluation about religion." He told Littman to amend his remarks. Littman gave and amended statement and released copies of the original statement for review. A similar incident occurred at the council's ninth session, when Littman had prepared a text protesting the antisemitic writings of the Grand Sheikh of Al-Azhar University in Egypt. He was ordered by the new Council President Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi to desist. In March 2009 he was again denied the opportunity to speak, this time for being "off topic" when calling for a universal condemnation of defamations of Judaism during a discussion of freedom of expression and hate speech.
Writings
Early in his career, Littman's writings were published in the Wiener Library Bulletin, a periodical of the Wiener Library. Others were published by the CID, which disseminated its publications by mailing them to prominent people and institutions. He also published historical writings with Les Editions de l'Avenir, which distributed its publications in a similar manner. Since 1971, Littman has published articles on historical and human rights issues in academic journals, including in Jean-Paul Sartre's Les Temps Modernes, in the press, and in three books. He also published a chapter in The Century of Moses Montefiore (1985), published by the Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, under the auspices of the Oxford University Press.
Littman contributed multiple chapters to The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims (2005), edited by Robert Spencer, Prometheus Books 2005, .
He translated many articles by Bat Ye'or into English and co-translated three of her major books, the last published in 2005.
Published work
Jews and Arabs: myths and realities, David Littman, 1973
Arab theologians on Jews and Israel: extracts from the proceedings of the fourth conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, D. F. Green (pen name of Littman and Yehoshafat Harkabi), Majmaʻ al-Buḥūth al-Islāmīyah, Éditions de l'avenir, 3 eds. in English, 2 eds. in French, 1ed. in German (over 70,000 copies of all editions), 1974
"Jews under Muslim Rule in the late Nineteenth Century," Wiener Library Bulletin 28, n.s. 35/36 (1975)
"Jews under Muslim Rule, II: Morocco 1903–1912", Wiener Library Bulletin 29, n.s. 37/38 (1976)
"Protected Peoples under Islam" by David Littman and Bat Ye'or, CID, Geneva, 1976
"Quelques Aspects de la Condition de Dhimmi: Juifs d'Afrique du Nord avant la Colonisation," in Yod, Revue des Etudes Hébraiques et juives modernes et contemporaines, (Publications Orientalistes de France), 2: 1, October 1976 (+ Geneva, Avenir, 10 May 1997)
Peuples protégés en terre d'Islam, by David Littman, Centre d'Information et de Documentation sur le Moyen-Orient, 1977
"Jews under Muslim Rule: The Case of Persia," Wiener Library Bulletin, 32, n.s. 49/50 (1979)
"Les Juifs en Perse avant les Pahlevi," Les Temps Modernes, 395, pp. 1,910–35, Juin 1979
The Century of Moses Montefiore, (ed. Sonia and V.D. Lipman), "Mission to Morocco (1863–1864)", pp. 171–229, by David Littman, in Oxford University Press, 1985
L'histoire du relief de Jérusalem (1864–1985), by David Littman, Centre d'information et de documentation sur le Moyen-Orient, 1986
Statements made by the representatives of the World Union for Progressive Judaism David Littman and Martin Gilbert forty-third session; UN Commission on Human Rights, Geneva, [2 February – 13 March], 1987, Union mondiale pour le judaïsme libéral, Martin Gilbert, David Littman, WUPJ, UN. Commission des droits de l'homme, 1987
"Human Rights and Human Wrongs," N° 1 – 11, 344 pages (verbatim oral and written statements: 1986–91 made by all accredited representatives of the WUPJ to the UNCHR and UN Sub-Commission, Geneva: 84 texts, of which 68 (oral) and 9 (written) by David Littman, WUPJ, Geneva, 1986–91
"Utopia: A 'United States of Abraham'," Part 5, Chapter 48 (pp. 453–68) (Lecture: Society for Semitic Studies, Lund University, Sweden, 23 November 1994). Part 5, Chapter 48 (pp. 453–68), in The Myth of Islamic Tolerance
"The U.N. Finds Slavery in the Sudan ", Middle East Quarterly (Philadelphia), September 1996
"Quelques Aspects de la Condition de Dhimmi: Juifs d'Afrique du Nord avant la Colonisation," in Yod, Revue des Etudes Hébraiques et juives modernes et contemporaines (Publications Orientalistes de France), 2: 1, October 1976 (Geneva, Avenir, 10 May 1997)
"Dangerous Censorship of a U.N. Special Rapporteur," Rene Wadlow and David Littman, Justice (Tel Aviv) No. 14, September 1997
"UN Special Rapporteur Censured on Islamist and Arab Antisemitism," by Rene Wadlow and David Littman, Midstream, vol. 44, pp. 8–12, February–March 1998
"Universal Human Rights and 'Human Rights in Islam,'" Midstream (New York) February/March 1999, pp. 2–7
"Islamism Grows Stronger at the United Nations," Middle East Quarterly, September 1999, vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 59–64
"Syria's Blood Libel Revival at the UN: 1991–2000," Midstream, February/March 2000
"Jihad and Jihadist Bombers; What’s in a name?", David G. Littman, National Review, 9 September 2002
"The Genocidal Hamas Charter; Yasser Arafat & co.", David G. Littman, National Review, 26 September 2002
"The Truth About the Mideast; Fourteen fundamental facts about Israel and Palestine", by David G. Littman, National Review, 7 October 2002
"The Forgotten Refugees; An exchange of populations", David G. Littman, National Review, 3 December 2002
"Human Rights and Human Wrongs; Sharia can’t be an exception to international human-rights norms", by David G. Littman, National Review, 19 January 2003
"Islamists' Perpetual Jihad," David G. Littman, FrontPageMagazine, 15 August 2003
"Yasser's Terrorist Jesus," by David G. Littman, FrontPageMagazine, 15 November 2004
The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims, edited by Robert Spencer, "Human Rights and Human Wrongs at the United Nations," Part 5 (pp. 305–472), David G. Littman, Prometheus Books, , contributor of multiple chapters, 2005
Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority under Siege; papers presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zürich, September 23–25, 2004, Martyn Thomas, Adly A. Youssef, "Need of a State for all Citizens," by David Littman, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, , , 2006
Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture, Volume 1, M. Avrum Ehrlich, p. 382, "Modern Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries," David G. Littman, ABC-CLIO, , , 2008
"L'Exil au Maghreb, La condition juive dans l'Islam, 1148–1912", Paul B. Fenton et David G. Littman, 17 November 2010, Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne,
Notes and references
1933 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of the UCL Institute of Archaeology
British lobbyists
British human rights activists
British Jewish writers
Counter-jihad activists
People educated at Canford School
People from Lausanne
Writers from London
Jewish human rights activists
Jewish historians
20th-century British historians
21st-century British historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Littman%20%28activist%29 |
Stock appreciation rights (SAR) is a method for companies to give their management or employees a bonus if the company performs well financially. Such a method is called a 'plan'. SARs resemble employee stock options in that the holder/employee benefits from an increase in stock price. They differ from options in that the holder/employee does not have to purchase anything to receive the proceeds. They are not required to pay the (options') exercise price, but just receive the amount of the increase in cash or stock.
Description
Stock appreciation rights (SARs) and phantom stock are very similar plans. Both essentially are cash bonus plans, although some plans pay out the benefits in the form of shares. SARs typically provide the employee with a cash payment based on the increase in the value of a stated number of shares over a specific period of time. Phantom stock provides a cash or stock bonus based on the value of a stated number of shares, to be paid out at the end of a specified period of time. SARs may not have a specific settlement date; like options, the employees may have flexibility in when to choose to exercise the SAR. Phantom stock may pay dividends; SARs would not. When the payout is made, it is taxed as ordinary income to the employee and is deductible to the employer. Some phantom plans condition the receipt of the award on meeting certain objectives, such as sales, profits, or other targets. These plans often refer to their phantom stock as "performance units". Phantom stock and SARs can be given to anyone, but if they are given out broadly to employees, there is a possibility that they will be considered retirement plans and will be subject to federal retirement plan rules. Careful plan structuring can avoid this problem.
Taxes and accounting
Because SARs and phantom plans are essentially cash bonuses or are delivered in the form of stock that holders will want to cash in, companies need to figure out how to pay for them. Does the company just make a promise to pay, or does it really put aside the funds? If the award is paid in stock, is there a market for the stock? If it is only a promise, will employees believe the benefit is as phantom as the stock? If it is in real funds set aside for this purpose, the company will be putting after-tax dollars aside and not in the business. Many small, growth-oriented companies cannot afford to do this. The fund can also be subject to excess accumulated earnings tax. On the other hand, if employees are given shares, the shares can be paid for by capital markets if the company goes public or by acquirers if the company is sold.
If phantom stock or SARs are irrevocably promised to employees, it is possible the benefit will become taxable before employees actually receive the funds. A “rabbi trust,” a segregated account to fund deferred payments to employees, may help solve the accumulated earnings problem, but if the company is unable to pay creditors with existing funds, the money in these trusts goes to them. Telling employees their right to the benefit is not irrevocable or is dependent on some condition (working another five years, for instance) may prevent the money from being currently taxable, but it may also weaken employee belief that the benefit is real.
Finally, if phantom stock or SARs are intended to benefit most or all employees and defer some or all payment until termination or later, they may be considered de facto “ERISA plans.” ERISA (the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) is the federal law that governs retirement plans. It does not allow non-ERISA plans to operate like ERISA plans, so the plan could be ruled subject to all the constraints of ERISA. This does not necessarily have to be a problem, because ERISA is not a valid law in most countries. However, this might be a consideration for people living in the United States, where ERISA is applicable. Similarly, if there is an explicit or implied reduction in compensation to get the phantom stock, there could be securities issues involved, most likely anti-fraud disclosure requirements. Plans designed just for a limited number of employees, or as a bonus for a broader group of employees that pays out annually based on a measure of equity, would most likely avoid these problems. Moreover, the regulatory issues are gray areas; it could be that a company could use a broad-based plan that pays over longer periods or at departure and not ever be challenged.
Phantom stock and SAR accounting is straightforward. These plans are treated in the same way as deferred cash compensation. As the amount of the liability changes each year, an entry is made for the amount accrued. A decline in value would create a negative entry. These entries are not contingent on vesting. In closely held companies, share value is often stated as book value. However, this can dramatically underrate the true value of a company, especially one based primarily on intellectual capital. Having an outside appraisal performed, therefore, can make the plans much more accurate rewards for employee contributions. It is expected that hedge fund and private equity fund managers will begin to more frequently use SARs in order to circumvent IRS code 457A while maintaining proper alignment of long term incentives for employee and investors.
See also
Employee stock ownership
Employee stock option
Restricted stock units
Notes
External links
National Center for Employee Ownership
The Deductible Solutions
Webinar archive: The Compensation Puzzle
Options (finance)
Employee bonus
Corporate finance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock%20appreciation%20right |
Fernando Carlo (also known as Cope2) is an artist from the Kingsbridge section of the Bronx, New York.
Early life
He has been a graffiti artist since 1985. Cope2's cousin "Chico 80" influenced Cope into writing. In 1982, he made his own crew called Kids Destroy, eventually changing to Kings Destroy after he dubbed himself "King of the 4 Line".
Cope2's "throw-up" was given to him by Cap to use until he had enough skills to create his own.
Career
Some of Cope2's initial commercial artwork has been sold at Christie's for $1000 USD per painting. Early work includes cover art for a Boogie Down Productions album titled Sex and Violence.
In 2002, Cope2 provided artwork for Adam Bhala Lough's Bomb the System, including a piece on the Brooklyn Bridge. He can be seen on the DVD's behind the scenes footage painting one of the pieces at the end of the film.
In 2003, Cope2's book entitled Cope2: True Legend was published by Righters.com.
In 2005, Cope2 collaborated with and designed a pair of sneakers for Converse under the "Chuck Taylor All-Stars" line.
Also in 2005, Time magazine commissioned Cope2, for $20,000 USD, to paint a billboard ad in the SoHo district of Manhattan, on Houston and Wooster. The ad depicts the magazines cover with graffiti tags scrawled over it; the text reads "Post-Modernism? Neo-Expressionism? Time. Know Why".
In 2006, Cope2 appeared in Marc Ecko's video game, Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure. He features as one of the "graffiti legends" who gives the protagonist advice on the graffiti world. Cope2's "throw-up" has also appeared on walls in the videogame GTA IV and in the movie Shrek The Third.
In 2008, Cope2 collaborated with Adidas and Footlocker to release a collection of clothes and accessories in Europe. The collection included baseball caps, jackets, T-shirts, sweaters, belts and sneakers.
Legal Issues
Cope2 has been arrested numerous times for drugs, vandalism and violence.
Cope2 was arrested and charged with two counts of felony mischief and one count of graffiti in September 2010 on suspicion of vandalizing subway cars in a tunnel in uptown Manhattan in 2009. The arrest took over a year as he was abroad. On June 27, 2012 he took a plea agreement in exchange for a conditional discharge.
In 2015, Cope2 was arrested again for allegedly pulling a gun on fellow artist, Hector Nazario, whose graffiti name is HOW at the Bowery Graffiti Wall in New York City.
Controversy
Cope2 has a well-documented history of making problematic, homophobic, racist, threatening, and misogynistic rants online. Despite this, in 2014, Cope2 unveiled a pride-based mural at the Bowery Graffiti Wall in New York City. However, this was met with criticism from victims of his abuse, including RJ Rushmore, editor of Vandalog, who shared several of Cope2's past homophobic and violent tweets and Instagram posts.
References
External links
Curbs and Stoops Interactive Gallery: Cope2
Liquidteks Magazine Interview with Cope2
Cope2 in The Strip Gallery (IT)
Cope2 in The Strip Gallery (EN)
American graffiti artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Artists from the Bronx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope2 |
Betsy Ross is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). Betsy Ross is Captain America's early love interest and supporting character in American comic books published by Marvel Comics during the 1930-1940s period known to historians and collectors as the Golden Age of Comic Books. She then debuted as the superheroine Golden Girl in Captain America Comics #66 (April 1948).
Publication history
Marvel Comics' first Golden Girl, Elizabeth Ross, first appeared, without yet a superhero identity, as Betty Ross in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). A supporting character who appeared in occasional stories, she assisted the U.S. Army and was a love interest for Steve Rogers, Captain America's real identity.
She succeeded Bucky as Captain America's sidekick in issue #66 (April 1948), in the 12-page story "Golden Girl", by an unconfirmed writer and by penciller Syd Shores. Later, it was retconned that this was not Steve Rogers but Jeff Mace, the superhero Patriot and the third man to be called Captain America.
Golden Girl appeared in Captain America stories through issue #74 (Oct. 1949), except for issue #71, and also in the Captain America stories in Marvel Mystery Comics #87-88 and #92 (Aug. & Oct. 1948, June 1949). Betsy's non-superhero design has changed over the years; when she first appeared she was blonde, but later stories had her with red hair and wearing a blonde wig as part of her Golden Girl costume.
The 2010 miniseries Captain America: Patriot retroactively revealed that she was the aunt of General Thunderbolt Ross, and the great-aunt of his daughter Betty Ross, two characters introduced in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962).
Fictional character biography
Immediately before and during most of World War II, Elizabeth (then known as Betty) Ross was a member of the U.S. Army's Women's Auxiliary Army Corps, and had previously worked as a waitress and later an FBI agent. She became a friend and eventual girlfriend of Army Private Steve Rogers, unaware of his dual identity as Captain America, whom she admired and who had saved her on more than one occasion. She was kind and resourceful, but not especially strong at first. Betsy investigated fortune tellers Sando and Omar and exposed them as spies. In issue #6 (Sept. 1941), she was captured by the Imperial Japanese spy known as Fang along with Bucky, but was rescued by Captain America. After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States' official entry into the war, she soon became involved in more missions that had her opposing Nazi and Imperial Japanese forces. Over the course of the comics, Ross grows into a tough and capable ally of Captain America and Bucky.
She had adapted her name slightly to Betsy Ross — the name of the U.S. colonial-era woman to whom legend ascribes sewing the first American flag — by the time that Captain America's sidekick, the second Bucky (Fred Davis) was shot and wounded. The third Captain America, Jeffrey Mace, who'd succeeded the M.I.A. Rogers and the killed-in-action William Naslund, revealed his civilian identity to Ross and gave her a bulletproof cape previously owned by Naslund and trained her as his new partner, the costumed crime-fighter Golden Girl.
For Ross' first mission as Golden Girl, she and Captain America investigated strange seismic activity in a city, leading them to encounter Mr. Zrr from Dimension Zee and assisted him in capturing Denton Smith and Cecil Babylon, two criminals who found safe haven in that dimension. After many more adventures, culminating in a battle with the Red Skull in Hell, Ross and Mace married by 1953 and eventually retired from their superhero duties.
After Mace died of cancer, Betsy moved to Valhalla Villas, a Florida retirement community for ex-heroes and ex-villains. She was one of the Golden Age heroes who went back into action one last time after being temporarily de-aged as part of the "Last Days" part of the "Secret Wars" storyline.
Powers and abilities
Betsy Ross had no superpowers but was a skilled hand-to-hand combatant and wore a bulletproof cape that belonged to William Naslund, formerly the Spirit of '76.
Critical reception
Deirdre Kaye of Scary Mommy called Betsy Ross a "role model" and "truly heroic." Megan Nicole O'Brien of CBR.com ranked Betsy Ross 7th in their "Marvel: 10 Best Golden Age Heroines" list.
In other media
Betsy Ross appeared in the Captain America portion of The Marvel Super Heroes TV series (1966), voiced by Vita Linder.
References
External links
Grand Comics Database
All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A to Z: Update 2 - Adam II to Zodiac (May 2007)
International Catalogue of Superheroes: Golden Girl
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Joe Simon
Characters created by Roy Thomas
Comics characters introduced in 1941
Golden Age superheroes
Fictional World War II veterans
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics military personnel
Marvel Comics mutates
Timely Comics characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy%20Ross%20%28character%29 |
Sterns was a nightclub located at Highdown Towers on Highdown Hill in Worthing, West Sussex. It was situated off the A259 road just north of Ferring on the South Downs. It became known as a major centre of UK rave culture in the south of England during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was a rare example of an early UK club boasting 4 separate rooms with DJs playing house, breakbeat hardcore, jungle music, techno, progressive house and hard house.
Although Sterns had played such music before and was a forerunner in underground parties, the most famous club nights were started in 1991 by a promoter named In-ter-dance run by the late Mensa. Such was the club nights' reputation that it was credited by a number of artists on their record sleeves, was one of the most well known Rave/House & Hardcore clubs in Europe and was regularly visited by clubbers from all over the UK.
The building
Sterns was located in a picturesque old mansion on the southern slopes of the South Downs. It was also known as "The House on the Hill". The building was based on three floors and had a number of rooms, the "Top Floor", "Garage Club" & "Underground" each playing different genres of electronic music.
The main room was called the "Underground", complete with signs in the style of the London Underground logo. This was entered via 2 sets of downwards steps, with the Garage Club in between sets of steps. The Underground was located at the lowest level of the building partially embedded in the hillside in a large concrete bunker. It boasted a massive 30 kW sound system, incredibly powerful for the space. On the second set of steps the bass was so intense it was difficult to carry out a conversation with someone adjacent to you and for them to hear you without speaking right into their ear. The underground had an impressive array of lighting including a smoke machine, UV and a Laser.
On busy nights, it was common for condensation generated from body heat and sweat to collect on the ceiling of the underground room and drip down onto the dancers towards the end of the night. This became known as 'Sterns Rain'.
Other rooms included the Garage room. This had car hub caps on the walls and the DJ's decks were located in the front end of a VW Beetle which had been chopped in half. It also had a chill out room and small cinema located on the first floor where ambient music was played. The club had an outdoor section with a tea room and seating. There was also the "Top Floor" just after the main entrance where there was another DJ playing and a bar area.
After the club closed down in 1994, but re-opened as The Mansion House until 1998 when it was closed again and later became Highdown Towers, a hotel, with attached carvery restaurant and bar, with an external children's play area.
The nights
Sterns held regular weekend events. Some started at approx 8.00 p.m. and lasted until approx 2.00 a.m., usually on a Friday. All-nighters were held fortnightly on a Saturday and started at 9.00 p.m. and lasted through until 6.00 or 7.00 a.m.
To attend all-nighters you had to sign up for membership of In-ter-dance. At its peak in 1992 In-ter-dance had 25,000 members.
Often the party would continue well after the club closed in the adjacent car park where club goers' cars fitted with sound systems would provide the music.
Sterns produced a monthly news magazine in 1993.
On 28 and 29 November 2008 the first Sterns Reunion took place.
DJs and acts
The sheer range and variety of DJs and performers that have graced Sterns is testament to its place in Rave and Hardcore folklore.
Flyers
In-ter-dance advertised its regular events at Sterns Nightclub with flyers. There was a very large range of flyers produced and often they parodied well-known brands or popular culture of the time, such as Holsten Brewery, Swan Vestas, Marmite, Benson & Hedges, Perrier mineral water and the Blockbusters quiz game show with its tag line "I'd like an E please Bob!".
Further information on Flyers:
The early Sterns flyers were printed by Selsey Press Limited, These flyers were usually A5 sized, brightly coloured, double sided handouts, printed on a 170GSM gloss paper used to promote the coming month's dance events. The specification of the flyer was very important, as they often found their way into the hands of people needing a "roach".
There were 20,000 of each design produced and usually four different designs were printed, on one B1 sheet, at a time, to help reduce costs.
In late 1990, through a chance meeting, at Chaffinches Farm, Birdham, West Sussex ("The Farm" was the home of In-ter-dance, in the early days), between "Jamie 2K" & Mensa, a deal was struck to produce a new format two Colour Members Newsletter, shortly after this Jamie 2K started to print the In-ter-dance Flyer's, through his then company Power Leaflets/ renamed in 2013 to Get Fruity) .
A large number of designs for the flyers were created by Tony Ladd and David Jackson of Vivid Visual Communications, although there were regular contributions from members; who designed a flyer and sent it to Mensa asking if he would use it on a Sterns flyer. There were also competitions for flyer designs.
Jamie 2K was even responsible for several of the designs, "Raving Mad" & " A Chance to Dance" were his regular contributions, for the Under 18's events.
He also designed personally the "Hole Sterns Pils" flyer which closely resembled the design of a "Holsten Pills" can... This flyer and all the material used to produce it had to be destroyed; as the brand owner of Holsten threatened court action if their request was not complied with.
References
External links
Mensa Lord of the Rave (Sterns) - Full documentary
Worthing
Nightclubs in England
Dance venues in England
Rave culture in the United Kingdom
Electronic dance music venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterns%20Nightclub |
Michael Sharod Wilks, Jr. (born May 7, 1979) is an American coach and former professional basketball player who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
College career
After graduating from Rufus King High School in Milwaukee, Wilks played four years (1997–2001) of college basketball at Rice University, where Mike majored in Economics. His senior year, Mike averaged 20.1 points, 4.9 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game, earning Western Athletic Conference Scholar Athlete honors.
Professional career
Wilks began his professional career as an undrafted free agent. Mike wilks started his career in the Sacramento Kings Training camp, however he was waived before the season started. Wilks was drafted by the Mobile Revelers in Round 12 Pick 7 in the NBA D league draft. After Playing 6 games for the Revelers he moved to the Huntsville Flight where he finished out the season. As a rookie in the NBA Development League, Mike won the 2001–02 Sportsmanship Award while playing for the Huntsville Flight.
Wilks started for the 2002 season on the Milwaukee Bucks Training Camp roster. He was again waived before the start of the 2002-2003 regular season. He returned to the Huntsville Flight for the 2002-2003 d-league season. On December 24, 2002 he was signed to a contract by the Atlanta Hawks where he played 6 games before he was subsequently waived on January 7, 2003. He then returned on his first of 2 10-day contracts for the Atlanta Hawks where he then played another 9 games. After his time with the Atlanta Hawks came to a close Wilks signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on a 10 day contract, which turned into a full contract in which he played 31 out of 32 of the final games for the team.
On September 8, 2003 Wilks signed with the Houston Rockets where he played 26 games in the season. 1 year later he did a sign and trade with the Rockets where he was traded with Eric Piatkowski and Adrian Griffin to the Chicago Bulls for Dikembe Mutombo. On 10/26/2004 Wilks signed with the San Antonio Surs with whom he won a title in 2005, averaging 1.8 points per game in the regular season. Wilks then signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers Where he played 37 games. Near the 2003 deadline the Cavaliers traded Wilks and Cash to the Seattle SuperSonics for Flip Murray. Wilks also played the 2006-2007 season with the Seattle SuperSonics. He played 57 games over the 2 seasons for the Sonics.
Wilks signed for Training Camp with the Denver Nuggets. After being waived by the Nuggets in October 2007, Wilks was re-signed four days later after Chucky Atkins suffered an injury. Mike was waived again later in November and signed by the Wizards in December 2007. On February 29, 2008 the Sonics signed Wilks to a 10-day contract. After the contract expired, he was not re-signed.
Wilks signed with the Orlando Magic on September 30, 2008. In the pre season game on October 26, 2008 Mike tore his ACL in his right knee and missed the whole regular season. Mike was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies on February 19, 2009. After leaving the Memphis Grizzlies. Wilks spent 2009 training camp with the Atlanta Hawks but was not signed for the season. Michael Wilks signed a contract with the Oklahoma City Thunder on November 26. He was waived by Oklahoma City on December 22, 2009, when the team acquired Eric Maynor. This was his second stint with the franchise.
Wilks' final NBA game was played on December 4, 2009 in a 87 - 105 loss to the Boston Celtics where he recorded 7 points and 2 assists while playing 21 minutes off the bench.
Wilks wore number 29 throughout his NBA career (with the exception of his stint with the Spurs, in which he wore 11), as a tribute to Milwaukee's 29th Street playground where he grew up playing the game.
On August 25, 2010, he signed a deal with Polish league champion Asseco Prokom Gdynia but was waived in January 2011.
In the 2011-2012 season Mike Wilks was brought in for Washington Wizards training camp but was cut before the regular season.
In October 2012, Wilks joined the Oklahoma City Thunder as a scout. On December 28, 2021, Wilks became the first former Thunder player to coach the Thunder as head coach Mark Daigneault entered health and safety protocols.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Atlanta
| 15 || 7 || 24.3 || .358 || .353 || .724 || 2.7 || 2.8 || 1.1 || .1 || 5.7
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Minnesota
| 31 || 0 || 10.5 || .313 || .222 || .889 || 1.0 || 1.6 || .3 || .1 || 2.0
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Houston
| 26 || 0 || 5.6 || .472 || .600 || .833 || .6 || .7 || .1 || .0 || 1.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| align="left" | San Antonio
| 48 || 0 || 5.8 || .416 || .313 || .750 || .5 || .7 || .3 || .0 || 1.7
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Cleveland
| 37 || 0 || 6.6 || .288 || .143 || .500 || .7 || .5 || .2 || .0 || 1.1
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Seattle
| 10 || 0 || 10.5 || .387 || .200 || .655 || 1.2 || 1.4 || .6 || .0 || 4.4
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Seattle
| 47 || 4 || 11.4 || .468 || .333 || .786 || 1.1 || 1.7 || .3 || .1 || 3.6
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Denver
| 8 || 0 || 15.3 || .435 || .400 || 1.000 || 1.5 || .8 || .6 || .0 || 3.0
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Washington
| 4 || 0 || 11.0 || .500 || .500 || .000 || 1.5 || .8 || .8 || .0 || 1.3
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Seattle
| 3 || 0 || 7.3 || .556 || .000 || 1.000 || .3 || 1.7 || .3 || .0 || 4.0
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Oklahoma City
| 4 || 0 || 14.8 || .500 || .667 || .500 || 1.0 || 1.0 || .0 || .0 || 4.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 233 || 11 || 9.6 || .402 || .321 || .741 || 1.0 || 1.2 || .4 || .0 || 2.5
Playoffs
|-
| align="left" | 2003
| align="left" | Minnesota
| 4 || 0 || 1.8 || .500 || 1.000 || .000 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .8
|-
| align="left" | 2004
| align="left" | Houston
| 2 || 0 || 2.5 || .000 || .000 || .000 || .0 || .5 || .0 || .0 || .0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 6 || 0 || 2.0 || .500 || 1.000 || .000 || .0 || .2 || .0 || .0 || .5
References
External links
NBA.com profile - Mike Wilks
Mike Wilks at Basketball-Reference.com
Mike Wilks at Basketball.realgm.com
1979 births
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American men's basketball players
Asseco Gdynia players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball players from Milwaukee
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Denver Nuggets players
Houston Rockets players
Huntsville Flight players
Living people
Mens Sana Basket players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Mobile Revelers players
Oklahoma City Thunder assistant coaches
Oklahoma City Thunder players
Point guards
Rice Owls men's basketball players
San Antonio Spurs players
Seattle SuperSonics players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Washington Wizards players
Rufus King International High School alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Wilks%20%28basketball%29 |
Phil Willmott (born 26 January 1968) is a British director, playwright, arts journalist, teacher, and founder of London based theatre production company The Steam Industry.
He was the Artistic Director of the Finborough Theatre in London's Earl's Court from 1994 to 1999.
He is also chief theatre reviewer for the British satirical radio series Mind The Gap, and chief critic for the online ticketing agency London Box Office.
Career at a glance
Phil Willmott is a multi-award-winning director, artistic director, playwright, composer, librettist, teacher, arts journalist, and occasional actor. He has worked in theatres across the world on everything from classical drama, musicals and family shows to cabaret and cutting edge new writing.
Positions
He is founding Artistic Director of his award-winning theatre company THE STEAM INDUSTRY incorporating The Finborough Theatre (under the Artistic Directorship of Neil McPherson) and London's annual Free Theatre Festival at the open-air "Scoop" amphitheatre on the South Bank.
He was an Associate Artist of London's acclaimed Battersea Arts Centre for ten years and has also been Associate Director of the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre in Guildford and Co-Director of the UK's leading degree course in Musical Theatre at Arts Educational Schools London where he was also Head of Acting.
Awards
In 2009, he was awarded a prestigious TMA award for "Outstanding production of a musical" and nominated for the What's on Stage "Best Regional Theatre" prize for his musical Once Upon a Time at the Adelphi (Liverpool Playhouse).
In London he received a Peter Brook Award for his annual classical productions and family shows at the Scoop and numerous London Fringe Awards. In 2014 he was awarded the first ever Owle Schreame Award for innovation in historical theatre, for his production of The Ring Cycle Plays (again at the Scoop). He has also been the recipient of a Brooks Atkinson New Dramatists Award in New York.
London theatre directing
In the West End, he directed the tenth anniversary cast of Fame (The Aldwych Theatre) and Treasure Island (The Mermaid Theatre); A Midsummer Night's Dream in Dubai; Blowing Whistles (Croydon Warehouse Theatre and Sound Theatre, Leicester Square); You Don't Kiss (Stratford Circus); the DVD recording of rock musical Poe at the Abbey Road Studios and Liberace's Suit and I Love You You're Perfect, Now Change (Jermyn Street Theatre).
For his own company, The Steam Industry, award-winning productions of new writing have included The Fundraisers, Fucking Men, Watch Out for Mr Stork, Venetian Heat, Born Bad and The Oedipus Table, and classics such as Crime and Punishment, The Grapes of Wrath, Trelawny of the 'Wells' and Loyalties (all at the Finborough Theatre) and Blood Wedding, Helen of Troy, Disney's Jungle Book, Petite Rouge, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, The Cyclops, Children of Hercules, Treasure Island, Oedipus, Agamemnon, Androcles and the Lion, and The London Nativity at the Scoop.
His other notable Steam Industry productions include Joe DiPietro's play Fucking Men which transferred from the Finborough Theatre to a box office record-breaking run Off West End at The Kings Head; Victor/Victoria, The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui (The Bridewell); Measure for Measure (Riverside Studios); Ring Round the Moon (King's Head); The Winter's Tale (The Courtyard Theatre); Titus Andronicus, Germaine Greer's Lysistrata, Murdered Sleep, Inherit the Wind, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, The Sound of Music, The King and I, Calamity Jane and Sweet Charity (all at BAC where he was an associate artist); South Pacific, Joe Orton's Funeral Games and his own musical Dick Daredevil and play Venom (The Drill Hall); Joe Orton's Crimes of Passion and his own plays Stealing the Scene, Succulence and Mermaid Sandwich ; and radical Shakespeare adaptations The Wax King (from Henry VI parts 1, 2 & 3 ), Iago (from Othello) and Illyria (from Twelfth Night) at The Man in The Moon.
In 2013, Willmott directed the Modern World Premiere of Fair Em at the Union Theatre.
Regional theatre directing
For Liverpool's Everyman and Playhouse theatres he has directed Much Ado About Nothing, Billy Liar, Athol Fugard's Master Harold and the Boys & his own musicals Once Upon a Time at the Adelphi (commissioned as a centrepiece to Liverpool's year as European City of Culture) & Around the World in Eighty Days (Liverpool Playhouse, UK tour and German tour).
Elsewhere regionally he has directed Rent (Olympia, Dublin); Pal Joey (The New Wolsey Theatre, Ipswich & Nottingham Playhouse); Beautiful and Damned (The Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford); Angels in America and Kiss of the Spider Woman (Sheffield Crucible).
Family shows
Pantomime includes two productions of Lesley Joseph in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Richmond Theatre and Theatre Royal, Newcastle for Qdos); Sleeping Beauty (Greenwich Theatre); his own versions of Snow White starring Toyah Willcox, Richard O'Brien, Warwick Davies and Suzanne Shaw (Milton Keynes Theatre for Ambassadors Theatre Group); Aladdin (The Corn Exchange, Newbury) and writing a new Pantomusical of Dick Whittington for Oxford Playhouse.
Cabaret, concert and event directing
He has directed cabaret and concert tours of Four Poofs and A Piano and Nonsense, Children's Laureate Michael Rosen's collaboration with composer Colin Riley (The Royal Festival Hall). He devised and directed Ugly Bugs Ball with the BBC Big Band for the 2009 Olympic Launch Day.
His community play Don Juan in Kingston launched the Rose Theatre in Kingston with a cast of nearly 200, and he has directed on-board entertainment for Swan Hellenic's Minerva Cruise Ships and staged The London International Film Awards.
Teaching and new writing development
He has led new writing development projects at Soho Theatre and The National Theatre Studio, lectured at Goldsmiths College, RADA and the Brit School and directed students in The Seven Ages of Sondheim, Nicholas Nickleby, Petite Rouge, Sherlock Holmes – The Early Years and Jesus Christ Superstar (Arts Ed) Romeo and Juliet (Central School of Speech and Drama) Dear Anyone (Guildford Conservatoire) Napoli Millionaria, Three Men on a Horse and Backstage (Rose Bruford) The Taming of the Shrew, Howard Barker's The Possibilities and First Love (The Court Training Company)
Playwriting, composition and journalism
His work as a playwright and composer is widely published and performed internationally and as a journalist he regularly broadcasts, blogs and writes about theatre.
Works
Lost Boy (musical) Charing Cross Theatre
References
External links
Official website
Living people
British dramatists and playwrights
British theatre directors
British male dramatists and playwrights
1968 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Willmott |
The Gibson ES-355 is the top of the line semi-hollow body thinline guitar from the Gibson Guitar Company. The guitar was a stereo guitar with a varitone circuit and it was manufactured from 1958 to 1982. In 2018 Gibson began producing version of the 355 again.
History
The Gibson ES-355 was created to be the fanciest of the Gibson thinline semi-hollow guitars. The first 355 appeared in 1958 as a mono ES-355TD. The majority of the 355s were manufactured as stereo guitars labeled ES-355TD-SV. The manufacture of the stereo versions appeared in 1959. Many guitarists did not appreciate the varitone and they disconnected the option so that the guitar could be played in mono.
Specifications
The guitar shipped in a mono version or a stereo version and it was the finest of the Gibson 300 series (ES-335, ES-345). The guitar shipped with an ebony fingerboard and pearl block inlays. There was a split diamond headstock inlay, and all of the hardware was gold plated. Many of the early versions of the guitar came with a Bigsby vibrato tailpiece. In 1960 Gibson offered a sideways vibrola option. The rarest version are the versions with the Stoptail bridge.
The top and back of the guitar was fitted with maple. The neck was mahogany and the tuners were either Grover Rotomatic or Kluson 'waffleback'. The top of the guitar featured two F Holes, and a center block to limit feedback that was often experienced with hollow guitars. The 355 shipped with two humbucker pickups. Another extremely rare version of the 355 is the ES-355TDN; which has a natural or blonde finish.
Reception
The guitar did not achieve the success that Gibson had hoped for. The ES-335 which was the stripped down version in the 300 series thinlines, was more popular. The 335 was lighter and simpler. The varitone circuit which was on the majority of 355s was not desired. Gibson ended production of the 355 in 1982. Gibson does produce a B.B. King Lucille model 355 and in 2016 produced an Alex Lifeson ES-355. In 2018 Gibson began producing an ES-355 with a Bigsby, an ES-355 in Walnut finish with a Maestro vibrola and an ES-355 Black Beauty.
Notable players
Alex Lifeson
B.B. King
Keith Richards
Noel Gallagher
Johnny Marr
Bernard Butler
References
Semi-acoustic guitars
ES-355
1958 musical instruments
1958 in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson%20ES-355 |
Otto I (c. 950 – 4 November 1004), called Otto of Worms, a member of the Salian dynasty, was Duke of Carinthia from 978 to 985 and again from 1002 until his death.
Biography
Otto was the only son of Conrad the Red, Duke of Lotharingia, and Liutgarde of Saxony, daughter of Emperor Otto I. His mother died three years after he was born and Otto lived much of his early life in his grandfather's court till his death in 973. His maternal uncle, Otto II, ascended the Imperial throne.
Otto of Worms is first documented as a count in the Nahegau about 956, he also held the Speyergau and Wormsgau, as well as several other counties in the area. In 978, his uncle Emperor Otto II appointed him Carinthian duke and Margrave of Verona, after his Luitpolding predecessor Henry the Younger had unsuccessfully rebelled against the Imperial authority during the War of the Three Henries and was deposed. In 985 however, Emperor Otto's widow Theophanu, in order to gain support for the succession of her minor son Otto III, restored Carinthia to the Luitpoldings, and Otto again lost his duchy. He could at least retain the ducal title as "Duke of Worms", received the Kaiserpfalz of Lautern and seized large estates of Wissembourg (Weißenburg) Abbey in compensation.
Upon the death of Duke Henry II of Bavaria in 995, Otto received the Duchy of Carinthia and the March of Verona back. When Emperor Otto III had died in 1002, Otto of Worms and Henry IV of Bavaria were candidates for the election as King of the Romans; Otto withdrew and received the Duchy of Carinthia from the newly elected king Henry (then Henry II of Germany) in return. Nevertheless, he was forced to cede his Rhenish possessions to his long-time rival Bishop Burchard of Worms.
Otto died two years later, he was succeeded as Carinthian duke by his son, Conrad.
Family
Otto married Judith (died 991), probably a granddaughter of Duke Arnulf the Bad of Bavaria. They had the following known children:
Henry of Speyer (died before 1000), Count in the Wormsgau
Pope Gregory V (died 999)
Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia (1004–1011)
William, Bishop of Strasbourg (1028–1047)
Notes
References
Sources
950s births
1004 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Dukes of Carinthia
Salian dynasty
10th-century dukes in Europe
11th-century dukes in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20I%2C%20Duke%20of%20Carinthia |
The Federal Radio Commission's (FRC) General Order 40, dated August 30, 1928, described the standards for a sweeping reorganization of radio broadcasting in the United States. This order grouped the AM radio band transmitting frequencies into three main categories, which became known as Clear Channel, Regional, and Local. It also included provisions for coordination with Canadian station assignments. The majority of the reassignments resulting from the plan's implementation went into effect on November 11, 1928.
Background
Radio transmissions in the United States were originally regulated by the Department of Commerce, as authorized by the Radio Act of 1912. The first formal regulations governing broadcasts intended for the general public were adopted effective December 1, 1921. This initially established just two transmitting wavelengths — 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment" broadcasts, and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market news and weather reports". The number of broadcasting stations grew dramatically in 1922, reaching over 500 by the end of the year, and the government began making available additional frequencies. By November 1924 a band of frequencies, from 550 to 1500 kHz, had been established, with higher-powered stations, known as "Class B", assigned to the frequencies from 550 to 1070, while lower-powered "Class A" stations were assigned to 1080 to 1500.
In 1926, the government's regulatory authority under the 1912 Radio Act was successfully challenged, and, for a chaotic period that lasted until early 1927, radio stations were free to use any frequency and power they chose, while the number of stations increased to 732. The Radio Act of 1927 was passed to regain control of the situation. The Act established a Federal Radio Commission, which reduced the number of stations, primarily through its General Order 32, in addition to eliminating "temporary" and "portable" stations. The Commission also reallocated frequency assignments to reduce interference and provide better service to smaller communities and underserved rural areas. A constraint was the Davis Amendment, which specified that the station assignments had to be equitably made throughout the country.
Two technical issues limited the number of stations that could operate without interfering with each other. These issues were especially important at night, when a change in the ionosphere meant that radio signals traveled much greater distances. Most transmitters at this time were unable to precisely control their output frequencies, thus, signals from two stations operating on the same nominal frequency would combine to make a high-pitched "heterodyne" tone that interfered with the reception of both stations. Secondly, directional antennas would not be developed until the early 1930s, so there was no effective method for limiting signals in a given direction.
General Order 40 provisions
On August 30, 1928, the Commission issued General Order 40, which set new standards for radio broadcasting. A "broadcast band" was defined, consisting of 96 frequencies, spaced every 10 kilohertz, from 550 to 1500 kHz. Six of them—690, 730, 840, 910, 960, and 1030—were restricted for use only by Canadian stations, leaving 90 available for US assignment. The country was further divided into five zones, to coordinate the Davis Amendment directive of an equitable assignment of stations.
Clear channels
Forty of the U.S. frequencies—eight in each zone—which came to be known as "Clear Channels", were generally limited nationally to a single station. The maximum power for these stations was to be determined later, and in most cases was set at 50,000 watts. In some cases, secondary stations were assigned the same frequency, with provisions to avoid interference with the primary station's coverage by locating the secondary stations long distances from the primary stations, limiting their power, or restricting them to daytime-only operation.
Due to a lack of Clear Channel frequencies, in several cases two stations were assigned the same frequency and required to share time on them:
770 KFAB in Lincoln, Nebraska and WBBM in Chicago, Illinois. To avoid interference, at night KFAB carried the same network programming as WBBM and the stations closely synchronized their transmissions.
820 WFAA in Dallas, Texas and WBAP in Fort Worth, Texas. Eventually, these stations also shared a second, regional frequency (570), and until 1970 alternated between the two frequencies every 12 hours.
850 KWKH in Shreveport, Louisiana and WWL in New Orleans, Louisiana.
870 WLS and WENR, both in Chicago, Illinois. This continued until 1959 when ABC purchased both stations and WENR was deleted.
1000 WHO in Des Moines, Iowa and WOC in Davenport, Iowa. Both stations unsuccessfully fought the shared allocation. Initially the two stations transmitted the same programs using synchronized transmitters, but eventually WHO bought out WOC and consolidated operations as WHO-WOC in Des Moines. Still later WOC was split-off, leaving just WHO.
1060 WBAL in Baltimore, Maryland and WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut.
1160 WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana and WWVA in Wheeling, West Virginia.
Zone 5 Clear Channel frequency 790 kHz was assigned to General Electric's (GE) KGO in Oakland, California. Because of the separation between the stations, GE's WGY in Schenectady, New York was also assigned this frequency, but with KGO's power limited to 7,500 watts, until a directional antenna became feasible and KGO's power could be raised to 50,000 watts. KGO is the General Order 40 station on 790/810 kHz, not WGY.
Zone 2 Clear Channel frequency 1020 kHz was initially used by a high-powered station in Zone 4, KYW in Chicago, Illinois. This discrepancy was resolved when KYW moved to Philadelphia in 1934, and the Philadelphia station previously on 1020, WRAX, moved to regional frequency 920 kHz, sharing time with WPEN.
Regional frequencies
44 frequencies, later known as "Regional", were designated to be used concurrently by stations in multiple zones. 40 of these frequencies had power limits of 1,000 watts, while the remaining four, 1460-1490, referred to as "Super Regional", had 5,000-watt limits. In numerous cases up to four stations in a given location were assigned the same frequency, requiring them to establish time-sharing agreements.
Local frequencies
The remaining six frequencies—1200, 1210, 1310, 1370, 1420 and 1500—later known as "Local", were issued to stations in all five zones, with a power limit of 100 watts.
Effects
The reorganization greatly reduced interference caused by the chaos that resulted from the earlier collapse of regulation. There was some controversy that the assignments had created groups of "have" and "have-not" stations—with the Clear Channel stations receiving a major economic boost, while many remaining stations, often with limited hours due to time-sharing, had constricted futures. Also, although the reorganization accounted for Canada, it did not include other nearby countries, most notably Mexico. Twelve years later this omission was addressed by the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), which took effect March 29, 1941.
November 11, 1928 assignments
General Order 40's implementation took effect at 3 a.m. Eastern time on November 11, 1928, and required most U.S. radio stations to move to a new broadcast frequency. A survey conducted by Radio Retailing magazine concluded that, despite some continuing issues, the changes meant that "on the whole, the broadcasting situation has been much improved".
The table below presents a general outline of the allocations made under the order. For "Clear" frequencies, the zone of that frequency's principal station is listed, followed by the principal station's call letters and location, then the frequency that had been previously used by the principal station, and any additional stations assigned to that frequency. Bolded stations' call signs are the original primary assignments, while call signs shown in parentheses were owned by the same licensee as the principal station. The additional stations on a frequency were: 1) shared allocations, 2) daytimers, or 3) secondary stations which eventually achieved full-time status, but at lower power or using a directional antenna that protected the primary station's coverage.
See also
North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement
Federal Radio Commission
References
External links
"Behind the Clear Channel Matter" by Mark Durenberger. Six article series reviewing the history of clear-channel AM radio stations.
Broadcast law
History of radio in the United States
United States communications regulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Order%2040 |
Emanuelle in America is a 1977 Italian sexploitation film, the third in the Black Emanuelle series starring Laura Gemser It is the second in the series to be directed by Joe D'Amato and has journalist Emanuelle investigate the production of snuff films, among other things. In some cuts, which were only released in certain markets, the film contains scenes of hardcore pornography, graphic violence and bestiality.
Plot
In a Manhattan studio, Emanuelle shoots a nude photo shoot. Afterwards, Janet, one of the models, talks about her relationship with Tony, a virgin philosopher who thinks sex is the root of all of modern society's evils. She complains that they do nothing but talk. In her car, Emanuelle gets hijacked by Tony, who threatens to kill her because of her sexual immorality. Emanuelle finds out about his sexual childhood trauma, argues for the cleanliness of sex, and starts to perform fellatio on him. Panic-stricken, Tony runs away.
At her apartment, Emanuelle's boyfriend Bill plays with Tony's gun while she prepares to leave for a meeting. Craving sex, he playfully threatens to demonstrate his love by committing suicide, putting the gun against his head, and gets Emanuelle to postpone and have sex with him.
Planning to investigate billionaire Van Darren, Emanuelle visits a downtown boxing gymnasium to meet Joe, a former fighter turned trainer after being replaced as Van Darren's bodyguard. Van Darren's harem consists of twelve zodiacal women, the only current opening being for a Virgo. Joe provides her with false papers.
At Van Darren's villa, Emanuelle infiltrates the harem. At the pool, she joins two of the women for a lesbian underwater game. Investigating the stables, she finds a weapons stash labeled "horse shoes". Guest at Van Darren's is Alfredo Elvize, the Duke of Elba, who, unlike his host, has a monogamous attitude. In the evening, everyone watches a woman giving a hand job to Pedro, her favorite horse. Alone with Van Darren, Emanuelle ridicules him for his power- and money-centered approach to sex. In the game room, she beats him at poker dice, taking a lot of money from him. She flees in Elvize's car and is invited to his Venetian palazzo.
Arriving at the palazzo, Emanuelle witnesses a marital crisis: The duke catches his wife with another man, and in turn, sleeps with Emanuelle. When his wife joins them, Emanuelle leaves, happily reuniting the couple. When Emanuelle's boyfriend Bill arrives for a two-hour stay, the couple have sex in a palazzo during a rehearsal of the Spring concerto. At a party in the duke's mansion, Emanuelle learns of a Caribbean island resort which offers beautiful men to sex-starved women. She also discovers the duke's hidden stash of forged paintings. When a pop out cake is opened, the party turns into an orgy, and Emanuelle takes pictures.
Back at the Manhattan studio, Janet tells her that sex is all that Tony thinks of now. Alone again, Emanuelle has phone sex with Bill.
Emanuelle poses as a client to infiltrate the Caribbean island resort. She takes pictures of the various couples and their sexual role plays. One of the women watches an 8 mm snuff film during sex, which shocks Emanuelle. Her cover is blown when one of the male sex workers recognizes her from one of her journals. She escapes by seducing, drugging and raping the resort's lesbian director and getting into the cab of the chauffeur with whom she came. They have sex in the car.
The trail of the snuff film leads her to a shady US senator. In Washington, Emanuelle seduces him. Taking her for a walk, the senator presents himself as a conservative patriot and invites her to his studio. There, she convinces him of showing her his snuff film collection. Enamored, the senator has sex with her and drugs her drink. Emanuelle goes into a drug trip in which she travels with the senator to South America and witnesses the torture and rape with her own eyes. In the morning, she promises the senator to visit him again.
Back at the newspaper, Emanuelle is uncertain if what she saw was real until her editor shows her the pictures she took. Emanuelle sees it as the scoop of the century, but the editor tells her he has received orders from the top not to publish them. Angered, Emanuelle decides to take a break from her job indefinitely.
On vacation in an island paradise with Bill, Emanuelle gets caught by a native tribe and is to become the local chieftain's twelfth wife. Bill confesses he has sold her for a shell necklace and some local beer. After the ceremony, a US film crew suddenly appears. The tribe are used as actors. Not wanting to take part in a film, Bill and Emanuelle elope, running along the beach in the sunset.
Cast
Laura Gemser as Emanuelle
Gabriele Tinti as Alfredo Elvize, The Duke of Mont'Elba
Roger Browne as The Senator
Riccardo Salvino as Bill
Lars Bloch as Eric Van Darren
Paola Senatore as Laura Elvize
Maria Piera Regoli as Diana Smith
Lorraine De Selle as Gemini
Marina Frajese as Woman At The Beach
Giulio Bianchi as Tony
Efrem Appel as Joe
Matilde Dall'Aglio
Carlo Foschi
Maria Renata Franco
Giulio Massimini
Stefania Nocilli as Janet
See also
List of Italian films of 1977
References
External links
1977 films
1977 horror films
1977 LGBT-related films
1970s exploitation films
1970s Italian films
1970s Italian-language films
1970s pornographic films
Animal pornography
Emanuelle
Films about kidnapping
Films about snuff films
Films directed by Joe D'Amato
Films scored by Nico Fidenco
Films set in New York City
Films set in Venice
Films set on islands
Italian crime films
Italian erotic horror films
Italian pornographic films
Italian sexploitation films
Italian splatter films
Lesbian-related films
Pornographic horror films
Zoophilia in culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuelle%20in%20America |
Neponsit is a small affluent neighborhood located on the western half of the Rockaway Peninsula, the southernmost area of the New York City borough of Queens. The area starts at Beach 142nd Street and ends at Beach 149th Street. It borders the neighborhood of Belle Harbor to the east and Jacob Riis Park on the west. Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean are the northern and southern borders. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 14. As of January 1, 2007, the neighborhood's population reached just over 2,000, making it one of the smallest communities on the peninsula and in the entire borough of Queens.
History
Neponsit is a Native American name meaning "the place between waters", the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and of Jamaica Bay or Rockaway Inlet.
The present community's character has persisted since it was established. In January 1910, the Neponsit Realty Company purchased the land for the development of an exclusive community. It forbade the construction of any homes that were inexpensive, and the homes were built in order to withstand the beach weather and geography of the narrow peninsula. The entrance to the area was originally marked by a massive ornamental gateway. More recently, a stretch of tree-dotted islands, called "the malls", situated along Rockaway Beach Boulevard, was a distinguishing feature. It extended through Belle Harbor. By the 1930s, high quality homes were dominant in Neponsit.
The first transatlantic flight departed from Neponsit on May 8, 1919, when four United States Navy-Curtis model seaplanes took off from what is now Beach Channel Drive in Neponsit to Newfoundland, Canada, the Azores Islands, and Lisbon in Portugal. On May 31, 1919, a single plane piloted by Lt. Commander Albert C. Read arrived in Plymouth, England.
Land use and zoning
Neponsit is zoned for residential, one-or-two-story single-family homes. Due to this, and its secluded beach location, some homes are mansion-like, and the average market price for properties has approached $1 million, according to Zillow.
Nearby Jacob Riis Park has an area of 262 acres.
In popular culture
The television show, Rescue Me (FX Network) has regularly filmed in Neponsit using residences to portray the fictional homes of some of the characters, although the article points out that the "story never tells you how a firefighter can afford ... [a] Neponsit home"''.
See also
List of Queens neighborhoods
Naval Air Station Rockaway
References
Neighborhoods in Queens, New York
Neighborhoods in Rockaway, Queens
Populated coastal places in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neponsit%2C%20Queens |
Tsat Tsz Mui Road () is a road in Tsat Tsz Mui in Hong Kong. The road runs in the area of Tsat Tsz Mui and eastern North Point from west to east, parallel to King's Road, except disjoint by a residential-commercial complex of Island Place.
Name
The road named after the Tsat Tsz Mui, which means "seven sisters".
History
From 1911, the shore of Tsat Tsz Mui hosted bathing pavilions, including Hong Kong's largest. Another (apparently), opened by the South China Athletic Association in 1929, was destroyed by the Japanese occupiers in 1941. In 1934, the Hong Kong Government began to develop Tsat Tsz Mui and a new road was built. Tsat Tsz Mui Road was completed on 15 December 1939. Starting with a short section between Kam Hong Street and Shu Kuk Street, the road was later extended to Model Housing Estate. The section was split into two when a bus depot was built between Tin Chiu Street and Kam Hong Street.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
Tsat Tsz Mui
Roads on Hong Kong Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsat%20Tsz%20Mui%20Road |
The Notitiae Episcopatuum (singular: Notitia Episcopatuum) were official documents that furnished for Eastern countries the list and hierarchical rank of the metropolitan and suffragan bishoprics of a church.
In the Roman Church (the mostly Latin Rite 'Western Patriarchate' of Rome), archbishops and bishops were classed according to the seniority of their consecration, and in Africa according to their age. In the Eastern patriarchates, however, the hierarchical rank of each bishop was determined by the see he occupied.
Thus, in the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the first Metropolitan was not the longest ordained, but whoever happened to be the incumbent of the See of Caesarea; the second was the Archbishop of Ephesus, and so on. In every ecclesiastical province, the rank of each Suffragan (see) was thus determined, and remained unchanged unless the list was subsequently modified.
The hierarchical order included first of all the Patriarch; then the 'greater Metropolitans', i.e., those who had archdioceses with suffragan sees; next 'Autocephalous Metropolitans', who had no suffragans, and were directly subject to the Patriarch; next other Archbishops, although not functionally differing from autocephalous metropolitans, whose sees occupied hierarchical rank inferior to theirs, and were also immediately dependent on the Patriarch; then 'simple', i.e. exempt bishops, neither Archbishop nor suffragan; and lastly suffragan bishops, who depended on a (Greater) Metropolitan Archbishopric.
It is not known by whom this very ancient order was established, but it is likely that, in the beginning, metropolitan sees and simple exempt bishoprics must have been classified according to the date of their respective foundations, this order being modified later on for political and religious considerations.
The principal documents (by church) are :
Patriarchate of Constantinople
The Ecthesis of pseudo-Epiphanius, a 7th-century revision of an earlier Notitia Episcopatuum (that was created probably by Patriarch Epiphanius under Byzantine Emperor Justinian I), compiled and amended during the reign of Emperor Heraclius I (610-641) and his successors.
a Notitia dating back to the first years of the ninth century and differing but little from the earlier one
the Notitia of Basil the Armenian drawn up between 820 and 842;
the Notitia compiled by Leo VI the Wise, and Patriarch Nicholas Mysticus between 901 and 907, modifying the hierarchical order established in the seventh century and since disturbed by incorporation of the ecclesiastical provinces of Illyricum and Southern Italy in the Byzantine Patriarchate
the Notitiae episcopatuum of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (about 940), of John I Tzimisces (about 980), of Alexius I Comnenus (about 1084), of Nilus Doxapatris (1143), of Manuel Comnenus (about 1170), of Isaac Angelus (end of twelfth century), of Michael VIII Palaeologus (about 1270), of Andronicus II Palaeologus (about 1299), and of Andronicus III Palaeologus (about 1330).
All these Notitiae are published in:
Gustav Parthey, Hieroclis Synecdemus (Berlin, 1866).
Heinrich Gelzer, Georgii Cyprii Descriptio orbis romani (Leipzig, 1890)
Heinrich Gelzer, Index lectionum Ienae (Jena, 1892)
Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum (Munich, 1900)
The later works are only more or less modified copies of the Notitia of Leo VI, and therefore do not present the true situation, which was profoundly changed by the Islamic invasions of the region. After the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, another Notitia was written, portraying the real situation (Gelzer, Ungedruckte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum 613–37), and on it are based nearly all those that have been written since. The term Syntagmation is now used by the Greeks for these documents.
Patriarchate of Antioch
The only known Notitia episcopatuum for the Church of Antioch is that drawn up in the sixth century by Patriarch Anastasius (see Vailhe in Échos d'Orient, X, pp. 90–101, 139–145, 363–8).
Patriarchates of Jerusalem and Alexandria
The Patriarchate of Jerusalem has no such document, nor has that of Alexandria, although for the latter Gelzer has collected documents that may help remedy the deficiency (Byzantische Zeitschrift, II, 23–40). De Rougé (Géographie ancienne de la Basse-Egypte, Paris, 1891, 151–61) has published a Coptic document that has not yet been studied. For the Bulgarian Church of Achrida, see Gelzer, Byzantische Zeitschrift, II, 40–66, and Der Patriarchat von Achrida (Leipzig, 1902). Other churches having Notitiae are Cypriot Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church and Georgian Orthodox Church.
References
Editions
Bibliography
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia "Notitiae Episcopatuum" at New Advent
English version of the Notitia of Pseudo-Epiphanius with most cities geolocated, by John Brady Kiesling for ToposText
Eastern Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodoxy
Catholic ecclesiastical titles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitiae%20Episcopatuum |
Krawang is a common misspelling of Karawang. Karawang itself may refer to:
The Karawang Regency on the island of Java
The city of Karawang located in the same regency | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krawang |
The Men's 10,000 m speed skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, was held on 24 February.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
No new world or Olympic records were set during this competition.
Results
References
External links
Men's speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20skating%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%2010%2C000%20metres |
Beinn Ghlas is a mountain in the Breadalbane region of the Scottish Highlands. It lies on the north shore of Loch Tay and is part of the Ben Lawers Range. It is a Munro with a height of .
The Gaelic name is translated as 'grey-green mountain', which refers to the colour of the mica-schist that makes up the bulk of the mountain and that falls as a scree on its south-western side. The path up the mountain leads past outcrops of this rock that also reveal large garnets.
The usual route to the summit leaves from the car park, follows Edramucky Burn, and climbs to the south-western ridge of the mountain. The deep corrie of Coire Odhar (the dun-coloured corrie) lies to the north. Walkers who continue on to Ben Lawers can avoid the 100 metre re-ascent of Beinn Ghlas on their return by taking the path that runs west of the summit, down to Coire Odhar.
References
Munros
Mountains and hills of the Southern Highlands
Mountains and hills of Perth and Kinross
National Trust for Scotland properties
One-thousanders of Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn%20Ghlas |
Ashley Isham (born Eshamuddin Ismail in Singapore in 1976) is a fashion designer. He is currently based in London.
Ashley left Singapore in 1996 to take a pattern cutting course at the London College of Fashion, and was later accepted into Middlesex University afterwards.
He set up his own label "Ashley Isham" in 2000. In 2001, he also opened a boutique called Acquaint, hoping to "promote fashion talent and support other young designers", quoted from his website. Following this, he opened his flagship boutique, Ashley, in 2005.
In 2007, Ashley was awarded by Berita Harian, the Top Achiever of the Year.
References
External links
Ashley Isham's official website
1976 births
Singaporean fashion designers
Alumni of Middlesex University
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%20Isham |
Richard L. Jacob (born September 24, 1958, in Niagara Falls, New York), is an American basketball coach and educator. He is head coach of the Buffalo eXtreme of the American Basketball Association, and also sport management consultant for Villa Maria College.
Jacob won an NEAC championship at the collegiate level, and has been awarded Coach of the Year honors by both NEAC and NJCAA. For his work at Medaille College, he was named NSCAA Athletic Director of the Year. At the high school level he captured the New York State Class A championship, multiple CHSAA championships, and was awarded Centercourt Coach of the Year.
Jacob was head coach of New York State's Western Region team, leading them to a silver medal in the Empire State Games.
Early life
Richard L. Jacob was born on September 24, 1958, in Niagara Falls, New York, son of Angeline (née Pullo) and restaurateur Joseph Jacob.
He graduated from Niagara Catholic High School in 1976, where he played basketball and was teammates with Scott Layden. Jacob graduated from Niagara County Community College with an associate's degree in arts and social sciences, playing for their 1977–78 men's basketball team which fell one game shy of a perfect season after losing the 1978 NJCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship.
Jacob then graduated from Eisenhower College with a bachelor's degree in psychology, later obtaining master's degrees in educational counseling and physical education at Niagara University and Canisius College, respectively. He went on to receive his Doctor of Philosophy in counselor education from University at Buffalo.
Coaching career
Jacob began his basketball coaching career as head coach of the junior varsity squad at La Salle High School. He began his college coaching career at Niagara University as graduate assistant coach under Pete Lonergan in 1981. He was head coach of Daemen College for their 1982–83 campaign. Jacob then served as assistant coach for University at Buffalo under Dan Bazzani from 1983 to 1987.
Jacob returned to Daemen College as head coach in 1987, replacing Nate Bliss mid-season. He left that job to become athletic director and head coach of Villa Maria College, where he was named NJCAA Penn-York Conference Coach of the Year for 1989–90 after leading the team to a 12–6 record. Jacob was head coach for the Western Region team of the Empire State Games from 1987 to 1990, leading his 1989 squad that included Duke University star Christian Laettner to a silver medal. In 1993, he became head coach at Niagara County Community College.
Jacob was hired as athletic director of Medaille College in 1995, and was named 1996–97 NSCAA Athletic Director of the Year after expanding their program from one sport to twelve. Jacob coached Medaille College from 1996 to 2004, with his 2003–04 team claiming the NEAC championship. He was consequently named 2003–04 NEAC Coach of the Year. Jacob served as assistant coach of Buffalo State College under Dick Bihr during their 2004–05 season.
In their inaugural season, Jacob coached the 2005–06 Buffalo Rapids to an American Basketball Association playoff birth. He left before their second season to focus on his teaching career at Medaille College. Jacob returned to the Rapids organization in 2008 (now renamed the Buffalo Sharks) and coached the team to an exhibition victory over the Italy men's national basketball team. After being named head coach and general manager for the Buffalo Stampede of the Premier Basketball League, he resigned before their 2008–09 season began. He served as assistant coach for Erie Community College under Alexander Nwora from 2010 to 2017, winning consecutive NJCAA Region III championships in 2010–11 and 2011–12.
Jacob was head coach of The Park School of Buffalo from 2017 to 2021, with his 2017–18 squad winning the New York State Class A championship, and consecutive CHSAA Class A titles in 2017–18 and 2018–19. He was named 2017–18 Centercourt Coach of the Year.
The Buffalo eXtreme of the American Basketball Association have named Jacob head coach for their inaugural 2023–24 season.
Personal life
Jacob is married to educator Rebecca Frandina and they have two children.
He has worked as a special education counselor for BOCES and as a volunteer for the Special Olympics.
Jacob serves on the Board of Directors for the Jordan Nwora Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to teaching children the game of basketball.
In 2017 he authored John Tavares: Soul to the Goal, a biography of the National Lacrosse League Hall of Fame inductee.
Head coaching record
ABA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Buffalo Rapids
| style="text-align:left;"|2005–06
|28||11||17||.392|| style="text-align:center;"|3rd||2||1||1||.500
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Quarterfinals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Buffalo eXtreme
| style="text-align:left;"|2023–24
||||||||| style="text-align:center;"|TBD||||||||
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career:
| 28||11||17||.392|| ||2||1||1||.500
College
Coaching tree
Assistant coaches under Jacob who became collegiate or professional head coaches
Alexander Nwora – ECC (1999–present), Nigeria men's national basketball team (2017–2019)
Pete Lonergan – Medaille women (2003–2014)
Dick Hack – Medaille (2004–2006), SUNY Maritime (2010–2012)
Trevor Ruffin – Buffalo Silverbacks (2006–2007)
References
External links
Medaille University profile (archived)
1958 births
20th-century American educators
21st-century American educators
American Basketball Association (2000–present) coaches
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
Basketball players from New York (state)
Buffalo Bulls men's basketball coaches
Canisius University alumni
Eisenhower College alumni
High school basketball coaches in New York (state)
Living people
Niagara Purple Eagles men's basketball coaches
Niagara University alumni
Point guards
Sportspeople from Niagara Falls, New York
University at Buffalo alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Jacob |
In the Philippines, a state of rebellion is a government declaration that suspends a number of civil rights for a short period of time. It is a form of martial law that allows a government to suppress protest, detain and arrest people, search private property, read private mail, and listen to phone conversations using wiretaps - all without legal warrants. It is mainly used to stop an attempted coup. It differs from martial law, in that the military does not take over functions the government, although the military is often called to protect the government from rebels.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo of the Philippines declared a state of rebellion in the country for two times: first on May 1, 2001 throughout Metro Manila by virtue of Proclamation No. 38 because of EDSA III (or the May 1 riots), a protests by supporters of former president Joseph Estrada and the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) after the arrest of Estrada and second, covering the entire country on July 27, 2003 by virtue of Proclamation No. 427 after the mutiny at the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center apartment tower by the Magdalo Group in Makati.
The term "state of rebellion" is a euphemism favored by those in power in the Philippines because former president Ferdinand Marcos ruled under martial law for nine years.
See also
2006 state of emergency in the Philippines
Martial law in the Philippines
State of calamity (Philippines)
State of emergency
References
Emergency laws in the Philippines
Law of the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20of%20rebellion |
The 1856 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from September 17 to September 18, in Baltimore, Maryland. Attended by a rump group of Whigs who had not yet left the declining party, the 1856 convention was the last presidential nominating convention held by the Whig Party. The convention nominated a ticket consisting of former president Millard Fillmore and former ambassador Andrew J. Donelson; both had previously been nominated by the 1856 American National Convention. The Whig ticket finished third in the 1856 presidential election behind the winning Democratic ticket of James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge and the runner-up Republican ticket of John C. Fremont and William L. Dayton.
Fall of the Whigs
The Whig party had been declining in power for some time before its last national convention in 1856. In the 1850 midterm elections, Democrats strengthened their majority as the Whigs lost 23 seats in the House and 2 seats in the Senate. In 1852, the Whigs lost another 14 House seats and one Senate seat. Furthermore, they lost the 1852 presidential election, their third loss in five campaigns.
A major reason for the Whig party's decline was a loss of its most influential leaders. Two of its most key founding members, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, had both died in 1852. Whig leaders from Southern slave states joined the Democratic party. Additionally, the Whigs' New York state convention in Syracuse voted to join with the newly formed Republican Party.
On March 10, 1856, the Whig National Committee met and voted to reject the New York Whigs' merger with the Republican party. Whig leaders from Kentucky met and held their state convention in April. There they voted to call a national convention.
In the months leading up to the national convention, Whigs met in convention in several states to select which delegates would be sent to Baltimore in September. Delegates to these state conventions debated several options for the upcoming general election: the party could choose former President Millard Fillmore as its candidate, nominate another Whig, or endorse the Democratic candidate James Buchanan. As the state conventions met, Fillmore emerged as the clear choice.
Convention site
The convention was held at the 1851 landmark Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts over the old Centre ("Marsh") Market in Market Place (formerly Harrison Street) between East Baltimore Street and Water Street along South Gay Street and the west bank of the Jones Falls stream through downtown Baltimore, in Maryland on September 17 and September 18, 1856. The same site had hosted the 1852 Whig National Convention.
Convention
Twenty-six states out of thirty-one sent 150 delegates to the national convention in late September 1856. The convention met for only two days and on the second day (and only ballot) quickly nominated Fillmore for president, who had already been nominated for president by the Know Nothing party. Andrew J. Donelson was nominated for vice president.
Among the delegates to the convention was John Bell of Tennessee.
Results
References
Further reading
Primary sources
Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956
1856 United States presidential election
Whig National Conventions
Political conventions in Baltimore
1856 in Maryland
1856 conferences
Whig National Convention
Whig National Convention
19th-century political conferences
1850s political events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856%20Whig%20National%20Convention |
Eliane Teresinha Giardini (born 20 October 1952) is a Brazilian actress. Although she had little career success until the age of forty, she is now considered one of Brazil's foremost actresses.
Biography
Giardini was born in Sorocaba, São Paulo. Formerly married to actor Paulo Betti, she is the mother of two girls, Juliana and Mariana Betti, both actresses themselves.
Appearances
TV
Ninho da Serpente (as Lídia)
Campeão (as Cristina)
Vida Roubada (as Hilda)
Meus Filhos, Minha Vida
Uma Esperança no Ar (as Débora)
Helena (as Joana)
Caso Verdade
Desejo (as Lucinda)
Felicidade (as Isaura)
Renascer (as Dona Patroa/Yolanda)
Incidente em Antares (as Eleutéria)
A Comédia da Vida Privada (as Helena)
Irmãos Coragem (as Estela)
Engraçadinha (as Maria Aparecida)
Você Decide
Explode Coração (as Lola)
A Indomada (as Santa Maria)
Você Decide (as Sílvia)
Mulher (as Anita)
Hilda Furacão (as Berta)
Torre de Babel (as Wandona)
Andando nas Nuvens (as Janete)
Você Decide (as Ana)
O Belo e As Feras (as Ludmila)
Zorra Total (as Maria Rosa / Roxana)
Os Maias (as The Countess of Gouvarinho)
Os Normais (as Marta)
O Clone (as Nazira Rachid)
A Casa das Sete Mulheres (as Caetana)
Um Só Coração (as Tarsila do Amaral)
América (as Viúva Neuta)
JK (as Tarsila do Amaral)
Cobras & Lagartos (as Eva/Esmeralda)
Eterna Magia (as Pérola)
Capitu (as Dona Glória Santiago)
India – A Love Story (as Indira Ananda)
Tempos Modernos (as Hélia Pimenta)
Afinal, o Que Querem as Mulheres? (as Profª Noemi)
Lara com Z (as Sandra Heibert)
Avenida Brasil (as Muricy Araújo)
Amor à Vida (as Ordália Vianna)
Movies
O Salário da Morte
O Amor Está no Ar
Chatô
Uma Vida Em Segredo
Histórias do olhar
Olga
External links
Official Fans Site
1952 births
Living people
People from Sorocaba
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Brazilian film actresses
Brazilian telenovela actresses
University of São Paulo alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliane%20Giardini |
Michael Manniche (born 17 July 1959) is a Danish former footballer who played as a centre forward.
Even though he played professionally for four clubs in his country, he was best known for his spell with Benfica in Portugal.
Football career
Born in Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Municipality, Manniche started his career with Brønshøj Boldklub in 1977, signing for Hvidovre IF three years later and helping it to the Danish Cup in 1980 and the Danish Championship in the following year; in August he made his debut with Denmark, appearing as a second-half substitute in a friendly with Nordic neighbours Finland (2–1 win) – in total, he would win 11 caps in six years, but did not attend any major international tournament.
In the middle of 1983, Manniche moved abroad, signing with defending Primeira Liga champions S.L. Benfica. In his first season he helped the team retain the championship, scoring 11 goals in only 21 matches. Additionally, he netted twice in the 1985 Portuguese Cup final win against FC Porto (3–1), winning another league trophy in 1987.
Having played 132 official matches with 75 goals for Benfica, Manniche was affectionately known as "O Tosco" (Portuguese slang for a person/player with few or no technical abilities). In the decades following his retirement he stayed firmly connected to the club, either watching games, mediating in business negotiations or supplying training equipment.
In 1987, 28-year-old Manniche returned home, joining Boldklubben 1903 – on 1 July 1992, it merged with Kjøbenhavns Boldklub to become F.C. Copenhagen. In its first year of existence, they won the league; he played his last match on 17 April 1994, and became a coach for small Danish amateur sides.
Manniche returned to Copenhagen in 1996, as an assistant manager. After a string of poor results he made a short comeback as a player, at the age of 37, calling it quits shortly after.
The Portuguese footballer Maniche was nicknamed in reference to Manniche.
Honours
Hvidovre
Danish Superliga: 1981
Danish Cup: 1980
Benfica
Primeira Liga: 1983–84, 1986–87
Taça de Portugal: 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1985
FC Copenhagen
Danish Superliga: 1992–93
References
External links
Brønshøj profile
Michael Manniche Interview with Bold
Michael Manniche Interview with Redpass
Michael Manniche Interview with DN
Michael Manniche Interview with Observador
1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Copenhagen
Danish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Danish Superliga players
Brønshøj Boldklub players
Hvidovre IF players
F.C. Copenhagen players
Primeira Liga players
S.L. Benfica footballers
Denmark men's under-21 international footballers
Denmark men's international footballers
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Manniche |
Hebe Haven Yacht Club established in 1963, is a private members club located in the picturesque bay of Pak Sha Wan (Hebe Haven) in Sai Kung District, Hong Kong
Objectives
The Club's main objectives are to unite boat owners and promote boating activities and to provide boating facilities. Since its inception, the members have worked hard to maintain the boating character of their club. Most are water sport enthusiasts and are keen to see the club remain focused on its roots.
Character
The Club is very sociable; it is well known for its friendly and welcoming attitude towards newcomers. The relaxed atmosphere in the club bar and restaurant is appreciated by the members and the restaurant is renowned for producing some of the best food in the Sai Kung area. Alfresco dining while overlooking the bay of Pak Sha Wan is a favourite for both members and their guests.
Facilities and operations
The Club has comprehensive marine facilities at competitive prices, when compared to the other main yacht club's in Hong Kong, Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club and Aberdeen Boat Club. The Club currently has 240 swing moorings and hard standings and provides slipping and craning services and boat repair and maintenance facilities. In 2003 an extension to the Club increased the hard standing and provided extra marina berthing.
Racing
Yacht racing is very popular among Hebe members and races are held almost every weekend. The most popular series for cruisers in Hong Kong, the "Typhoon Series" attracts a significant number of entrants every summer. Everybody is invited to participate and there is always a need for extra crew, irrespective of experience!
Sail training
The Club owns 50 dinghies and runs dinghy sail training courses for members and non members. The club's fleet includes 10 Optimists, 15 Laser Picos, 9 Laser Standard, 4 Laser Bahia and 4 Laser Stratos. Dinghy racing and supervised dinghy practice sessions are held almost every weekend with enthusiasm for this being led by the junior members of the Club. The Club also now runs an annual 24 Hour Charity Dinghy Race every autumn where other clubs and organizations are encouraged to participate. The sailing centre manager is Rob Allen and he has taken the Sail Training centre to new heights. The club also employs approximately a dozen Assistant Instructors from within the club's junior sailors to assist with operations.
References
External links
Hebe Haven Yacht Club
1963 establishments in Hong Kong
Yacht clubs in China
Sports organisations of Hong Kong
Gentlemen's clubs in Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebe%20Haven%20Yacht%20Club |
Richard P. Tinkham (June 24, 1932 – October 14, 2018) was an American sports executive who was the co-founder of the American Basketball Association with Joe Newman.
Biography
Tinkham grew up in Hammond, Indiana. He graduated from DePauw University, where he was on the varsity basketball and relay teams, before earning his law degree from the University of Michigan law school in 1957. He later served in the United States Marine Corps, where he reached the rank of captain and served as general court martial counsel. Afterwards, he started a legal practice in Indianapolis, and chaired the ABA–NBA merger.
In 1967, he co-founded the original ABA and the Indiana Pacers franchise, serving for two years as President of the ABA Board of Trustees. Tinkham was also owner and executive of the Pacers franchise, and was responsible for its early success. He hired Mike Storen, then business manager of the Cincinnati Royals, as the first general manager of the Pacers. Tinkham and Storen had first met while serving in the Marines together. In 1972-75, he was instrumental in the creation of Market Square Arena in Indianapolis.
Tinkham died on October 14, 2018, from muscular dystrophy at the age of 86.
References
1932 births
2018 deaths
American Basketball Association executives
Deaths from muscular dystrophy
DePauw Tigers men's basketball players
Indiana Pacers executives
Sportspeople from Hammond, Indiana
University of Michigan Law School alumni
American men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Tinkham |
Kim Mai Guest is an American voice actress of European and Vietnamese descent who is known to speak fluent French and Italian. She is best known for her role as Mei Ling in Metal Gear.
Selected filmography
Voice roles of Animation
Anime dubbing
Films
Video games
.hack series - Subaru
Anarchy Reigns – Sasha Ivanoff, Jeannie Caxton
Baten Kaitos Origins – Pieda
Command & Conquer: Generals,Command & Conquer: Generals – Zero Hour - Black Lotus
Dead Island – Xian Mei
Dead Island: Riptide – Xian Mei
Dead Rising – Isabela Keyes
Diablo III: Reaper of Souls – Additional Voices
Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII – Shalua Rui
Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem – Ellia the Dancer, Xel'lotath
EOE: Eve of Extinction – Zera
F.E.A.R. 3 – Jin Sun-Kwon
Final Fantasy Type-0 HD – Celestia
Final Fantasy XIII-2 – Alyssa Zaidelle
Final Fantasy VII Remake – Additional Voices
Ghostwire: Tokyo – Woman A, Woman C
Gladius – Ejii, Kareema
Grandia II – Tio, High Priestess Selene, Client's Daughter
Gurumin: A Monstrous Adventure - Pino, Chucky, Pamela
Halo Wars – Ellen Anders
Heroes of the Storm – Li Li
Jade Empire – Dawn Star
Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII – Additional Voices
Lineage II – Human Mage
Lost Odyssey – Sarah Sisulart
Marvel: Ultimate Alliance – Crystal, Psylocke
Mass Effect – Hana Murakami, Maeko Matsuo
Maximo: Ghosts to Glory – Sophia, Queen, Aurora Lee
Metal Gear series – Mei-Ling
Naruto Shippūden: Ultimate Ninja Heroes 3 – Tsukino
Need for Speed: Carbon – Yumi
Ninja Blade – Female High School Student
No More Heroes – Holly Summers
Perfect Dark Zero – Mai Hem
Power Rangers: Super Legends – Mighty Morphin Pink Ranger & Trakeena
Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando – Trailer PA
Rise of the Kasai – Tati
Saints Row IV – Additional voices
Scooby-Doo! Unmasked – Nikki Starlight, Maggie Xi, Kung-Fu Maiden, Fire-Breathing Groupie
Super Smash Bros. Brawl – Mei Ling (voice cameo)
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate – Mei Ling
Syphon Filter: The Omega Strain, Syphon Filter: Dark Mirror, Syphon Filter: Logan's Shadow – Lian Xing
Style Savvy: Styling Star – Voice
Tales of Symphonia – Martel / Tabatha
Tom Clancy's EndWar – Additional Voices
Warhawk (FMV sequences) – Commander Shayla Jassic
WET – Tarantula
World of Warcraft: Legion – LiLi Stormstout, Thisalee Crow
Xenosaga II – Juli Mizrahi, Nephilim, Newscaster, Announcer
Xenosaga III – Juli Mizrahi, Nephilim
X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse – Lady Deathstrike, Shadowcat
X-Men: The Official Game – Shadowcat
Audiobooks
God Gave Us You by Lisa T. Bergren
Anna and the French Kiss by Stephanie Perkins
Their Fractured Light by Amie Kaufman & Meagan Spooner
One of Us Is Lying by Karen M. McManus
Flamecaster by Cinda Williams Chima
Shadowcaster by Cinda Williams Chima
Stormcaster by Cinda Williams Chima
Deathcaster by Cinda Williams Chima
Dragon Pearl by Yoon Ha Lee
Wait for Me by An Na
Each Little Bird that Sings by Deborah Wiles
Starry River of the Sky by Grace Lin
Brutal by Michael Harmon
Incarceron by Catherine Fisher
Song of the Crimson Flower by Julie C. Dao
Two Nights by Kathy Reichs
The year of the dog by Grace Lin
Sour Heart by Jenny Zhang
Orphan Island by Laurel Snyder
Born to Fly: The First Women's Air Race Across America by Steve Sheinkin
What's Left Of Me by Kat Zhang
Once We Were by Kat Zhang
Steel Crow Saga by Paul Krueger
References
External links
Q&A with Penguin Random House
Interview with Voice Actor Kim Mai Guest with Sarah Cross
American people of Vietnamese descent
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
1969 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Mai%20Guest |
Harveys Lake Tahoe is a hotel and casino located in Stateline, Nevada. It has 742 rooms and suites as well as six restaurants and a casino with of space. It also has a video arcade, wedding chapel, pool, convention center and a full-service health club. It is owned by Vici Properties and operated by Caesars Entertainment.
History
Harvey's was originally opened in 1944 and operated by Sacramento meat wholesaler Harvey Gross and his wife Llewellyn. They opened the first high rise tower and an 11-story, 197-room hotel in Nevada just across the state line from Lake Tahoe, California in 1963.
The hotel suffered an explosion from a 1,000-pound bomb on August 27, 1980, that left a crater three stories deep when it was detonated by the FBI. (The area around the hotel had been cleared and no one was injured.) The bomb caused an estimated $18 million ($ million in ) in damages. Parts of Harvey's casino reopened within 48 hours, and the fully repaired and renovated hotel reopened in May 1981. The bomb was placed by John Birges, a heavily in-debt Fresno landscaper who had lost at least $1 million at casinos in Stateline and was hoping to extort $3 million from the bomb threat. He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, where he died from liver cancer in 1996.
In 1983, Harvey Gross died at the age of 78; however, the company continued to operate under family management. In 1985, Harveys sold Harvey's Inn, northeast of Stateline, which reopened as the Lakeside Inn. The 18-story, $74 million, glass "Lake Tower" opened in 1986, the same year the trademark "Wagon Wheel" was replaced on the 11-story tower with the current Harveys brand.
In early 1992, Harveys entered a bidding war with Hilton Hotels Corporation over the right to buy Bally's Reno, which opened on May 3, 1978, as MGM Grand Reno (now Grand Sierra Resort). Harveys announced an agreement on a $71 million deal, only to see Hilton up the ante to $73 million and assumption of Bally's debt. Several weeks later, after considering even higher bids, a federal bankruptcy court settled the matter by approving Hilton's final $83 million offer.
After going public on February 15, 1994, Harveys began new projects including a joint venture with Hard Rock America for an $80 million casino in Las Vegas, which it later sold its interest in 1997 and then a casino resort in Central City, Colorado. A riverboat casino-convention center in Council Bluffs, Iowa, followed in early 1996.
In the late 1990s, Bill Cosby was signed on as the spokesman for Harveys. This included putting the actor's likeness on several of the casino chips and recording several specials at the casino.
In 1999, Colony Capital bought a controlling interest in Harveys Casino Resorts. Harveys announced on April 24, 2001, that it would be acquired by Harrah's Entertainment (later Caesars Entertainment) for $625 million.
On October 6, 2017, ownership of the property was transferred to Vici Properties as part of a corporate spin-off, and it was leased back to Caesars Entertainment.
References
External links
1944 establishments in Nevada
Caesars Entertainment
Casino hotels
Casinos in Stateline, Nevada
Hotel buildings completed in 1944
Hotel buildings completed in 1963
Hotel buildings completed in 1986
Hotels established in 1944
Hotels established in 1963
Hotels established in 1986
Hotels in Stateline, Nevada
Resorts in Nevada
Skyscraper hotels in Nevada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harveys%20Lake%20Tahoe |
Warrior of the Lost World (also known as Mad Rider) is a 1983 Italian-American post-apocalyptic science fiction film written and directed by David Worth and starring Robert Ginty, Persis Khambatta, and Donald Pleasence. It was created and first released in Italy under the title Il Giustiziere della terra perduta ("Vigilante of the Lost Earth") in 1983 during the wide popularity of the Mad Max films, and many subsequently created post-apocalyptic films of the 1980s. Later the film was given another Italian title for VHS and television markets, I predatori dell'anno Omega ("Raiders of the Omega year").
Plot
The Rider arrives on his advanced motorcycle with its artificial intelligence computer Einstein. He crashes but manages to pass through the "wall of illusion" and is found and brought back to health by the Enlightened Elders. They have chosen him to lead their fight against the evil Omega, an Orwellian state run by the evil Prossor. The Elders are allied with the resistance movement, the Outsiders. The Rider first helps Nastasia and the other Outsiders by rescuing McWayne, Nastasia's father and leader of the Outsiders. While the Rider and McWayne successfully escape, Nastasia is captured and subjected to brainwashing by Prossor.
The Rider gains acceptance from various Marginals (amazons, martial artists, truckers, punks, soldiers, Omega defectors) by winning in the ritual brawl which determines who is the strongest. The Rider and the Outsiders launch their final attack on Prossor's regime, but are intercepted by the Omegas and a giant armored truck, called Megaweapon. As the rebels destroy the Omega patrols with their cars (Ford Taunus TCs), helicopters and tankers, the Rider manages to destroy the Megaweapon by short circuiting it, but not before his speedcycle is crushed under the truck's wheels. The Rider and McWayne storm Prossor's headquarters where they face the dictator and a brainwashed Nastasia. She wounds the Rider, but when ordered to kill her father, she rebels, turning on Prossor and shooting him instead. The Omega has been overthrown, and the Outsiders and Marginals celebrate, as the Rider prepares to move on with his repaired speedcycle.
In a twist, it is revealed that the man Nastasia shot was actually a cyborg clone and the real Prossor is still alive. He flies away with an unnamed traitor of the New Way (Fred Williamson), plotting revenge against the "animals" that defeated him.
Cast
Robert Ginty as The Rider
Persis Khambatta as Nastasia
Donald Pleasence as Prossor
Fred Williamson as Henchman
Harrison Muller Sr. as McWayne
Philip Dallas as Elder
Laura Nucci as Elder
Vinicio Ricchi as Elder (credited as Vinicio Recchi)
Geretta Geretta as Amazon (credited as Janna Ryan)
Consuelo Marcaccini as Amazon
Mystery Science Theater 3000
Warrior of the Lost World featured in the first episode of the fifth season of Mystery Science Theater 3000. A recurring joke is that the crew can't remember the lead actor Robert Ginty's name, referring to him as "the Paper Chase guy." The crew also find the voice of the speedcycle's display screen so irritating that they cheer when it is destroyed by Megaweapon, referring to Megaweapon onwards as "the only good thing in this movie" and even giving Megaweapon (voiced by Mike Nelson) a phone call after watching the film. According to Mary Jo Pehl, a writer and later cast member of the show, Ginty is "assisted and outacted by his supersonic speedcycle", and his kiss with Persis Khambatta in the climactic scene is "guaranteed to traumatize even the most-hardened maker-outer".
The Warrior of the Lost World episode is a favorite of MST3K fans; it finished #27 out of 177 in a poll of MST3K Season 11 Kickstarter backers. Writer Jim Vorel holds the episode in lower esteem than the fans, ranking the episode #98 (out of 191 total MST3K episodes). Vorel believes star Robert Ginty has the most "purely punchable face in MST3k history" and that "the film is so dull, fuzzy and unengaging".
The MST3K version of the film was released on DVD by Shout! Factory on July 20, 2010, as part of the Volume XVI box set; also included in the set were The Corpse Vanishes (episode #105), Santa Claus (episode #521), and Night of the Blood Beast (episode #701). The DVD includes an interview with director David Worth, who discussed the making of the film, his directorial debut. Worth previously appeared at the first ConventioCon ExpoFest-A-Rama in 1994, and describes himself as a fan of the show.
References
External links
1980s science fiction films
1980s road movies
1983 films
1980s dystopian films
Italian science fiction films
Italian post-apocalyptic films
Italian road movies
1983 directorial debut films
English-language Italian films
Films directed by David Worth (cinematographer)
1980s English-language films
1980s Italian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior%20of%20the%20Lost%20World |
Maria Theresa Henriette Dorothea of Austria-Este (also Marie Therese; 2 July 1849 – 3 February 1919) was the last Queen of Bavaria. She was the only child of Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este and Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria.
Biography
On 20 February 1868, she married Prince Ludwig, eldest son of Bavaria's Prince Regent Luitpold, in the Augustinerkirche in Vienna. The couple had fallen in love during a visit of Ludwig to Austria to attend the burial of Archduchess Mathilda. Their decision to marry initially angered the Emperor, who had wished for her to marry Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany. The chief witness was Count Antonius Schaffgotsch.
The family mostly lived on their farms at Leutstetten south of Munich, where Maria Theresa cultivated rose gardens.
Maria Theresa became queen consort of Bavaria in 1913 when her husband the reigning Prince Regent proclaimed himself king as King Ludwig III in place of his living but insane cousin King Otto. She became the first Catholic queen in Bavaria since Bavaria had been made a kingdom 1806. She spoke German, Hungarian, Czech, French, and Italian.
In 1914, she hosted festivities during the royal Bavarian jubilee. She appeared with her husband when war was announced. During World War I, she visited wounded soldiers and encouraged the women of Bavaria to support the troops by providing food and clothes, including with the donations references to legendary heroines.
On 7 November 1918, Ludwig III was forced to abdicate the Bavarian throne, and Maria Theresa fled Munich with her family to Wildenwart Castle near Frasdorf, in order to escape from the Bolsheviks. The health of the Queen soon declined and she died there on 3 February 1919, being buried at the local chapel. On 5 November 1921 her remains were transferred to the cathedral of Munich along with those of her husband, who died less than a month before.
Jacobite succession
Maria Theresa was the niece and heir of the childless Francis V, Duke of Modena who had been, at the time of his death, the Jacobite heir-general to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland; as such, she became the heiress after his death in 1875. Neither she, nor any of her Jacobite forebears since 1807, ever seriously pursued this claim.
Maria Theresa was the first Jacobite heir-general since James Francis Edward Stuart (1688-1766) who could also have claimed to be a natural-born citizen of Great Britain. While she was not born on British soil, as James had been, Maria Theresa was a descendant of the Electress Sophia of Hanover. Under the terms of the Sophia Naturalization Act 1705, the Electress Sophia and all "issue of her body" were declared to be natural-born British subjects, regardless of the actual place of their birth, unless they were Roman Catholics. The 1705 Act was not repealed until 1948 and, consequently, Maria Theresa would have been covered by its provisions.
Following her death in 1919, Maria Theresa's son Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria inherited the Jacobite claim. Like his mother, he and his descendants have not pursued a claim to the British thrones, although they are in the line of succession upon the basis of being legitimate descendants of George II of Great Britain.
Family
On 20 February 1868, at St. Augustine's Church in Vienna, Maria Theresa married the future Ludwig III, last king of Bavaria.
The couple had thirteen children:
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria (18 May 1869 – 2 August 1955).
Princess Adelgunde (17 October 1870 – 4 January 1958), married on 20 January 1915 to Prince Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
Princess Maria (6 July 1872 – 10 June 1954), married on 31 May 1897 to Prince Ferdinando Pius, Duke of Calabria.
Prince Karl (1 April 1874 – 9 May 1927).
Prince Franz (10 October 1875 – 25 January 1957), married on 8 July 1912 to Princess Isabella Antonie of Croÿ. Had issue.
Princess Mathilde (17 August 1877 – 6 August 1906), married on 1 May 1900 to Prince Ludwig of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Prince Wolfgang Maria Leopold (2 July 1879 – 31 January 1895).
Princess Hildegarde (5 March 1881 – 2 February 1948).
Princess Notburga (19 March 1883 – 24 March 1883).
Princess Wiltrud (10 November 1884 – 28 March 1975), married on 26 November 1924 to Wilhelm, Duke of Urach.
Princess Helmtrud (22 March 1886 – 23 June 1977).
Princess Dietlinde (2 January 1888 – 14 February 1889), lived 13 months.
Princess Gundelinde (26 August 1891 – 16 August 1983), married on 23 February 1919 to Johann Georg, Count von Preysing-Lichtenegg-Moos.
Honours
: Grand Mistress of the Order of Saint Elizabeth and Order of Theresa (19 October 1872), the Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown, the Cross of Merit for the Year 1870/71, the Cross of Merit for Voluntary Nursing
: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa
: Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross (10 January 1865) and Order of Elizabeth, 1st Class
: Red Cross Medal, 1st Class (27 January 1899)
Ancestry
References
Bibliography
Schad, Martha. Bayerns Königinnen. Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet, 1992. Includes a 75-page chapter on Marie Therese.
Beckenbauer, Alfons. Ludwig III. von Bayern, 1845-1921, Ein König auf der Suche nach seinem Volk. Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet, 1987. The standard modern biography of Marie Therese's husband.
Glaser, Hubert. Ludwig III. König von Bayern: Skizzen aus seiner Lebensgeschichte. Prien: Verkerhrsverband Chiemsee, 1995. An illustrated catalogue of an exhibition held in Wildenwart in 1995.
External links
1849 births
1919 deaths
19th-century Austrian women
20th-century Austrian women
Austrian princesses
Mary 4 and 3
Austria-Este
Queens consort of Bavaria
Modenese princesses
Burials at Munich Frauenkirche | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Theresa%20of%20Austria-Este%2C%20Queen%20of%20Bavaria |
Lester L. Burry, OC (1898–1977) born Safe Harbour, Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland.
A United Church Minister
Lester Burry was baptized Methodist in 1898 and ordained a minister by the Newfoundland Conference of the Methodist Church in 1924.
The Newfoundland Conference of the Methodist Church entered into union with the United Church of Canada at the time of its inception in 1925, although the Dominion of Newfoundland did not enter into confederation with Canada until 1949
Politics
Burry was the National Convention Delegate for Labrador from 1946 to 1948. He was the first politician ever elected to represent Labrador. During the National Convention, he was one of a group of Delegates who advocated for Confederation with Canada.
In 1947, he joined the Ottawa Delegation, which visited Parliament Hill to negotiate the Terms of Union for Confederation with Canada. The delegations members (With their districts) were:
T.G.W. Ashbourne (Twillingate)
F.G. Bradley (Bonavista South)
Charles Ballam (Humber)
Lester Burry (Labrador)
P.W. Crummey (Bay de Verde)
Joey Smallwood (Bonavista Centre)
Post-Confederation
From 1959 to 1960, Burry served as President of the Newfoundland Conference of the United Church.
See also
List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador
1898 births
1977 deaths
People from Newfoundland (island)
Dominion of Newfoundland people
Ministers of the United Church of Canada
Canadian Methodists
Newfoundland National Convention members
Officers of the Order of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester%20Burry |
Note: A fully interactive online map of the Lincoln Highway and all of its re-alignments, markers, monuments and historic points of interest can be viewed at the Lincoln Highway Association Official Map website.
As the Lincoln Highway was one of the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States and was widely publicized since its inception, the route of the Lincoln Highway was determined not only by civil engineering considerations but also by politics. In many regions, there was general consensus among those who had power or interest in influencing the route. But in a few regions the choice of route was a contentious topic during the 1920s. The highway took the following route:
New York
The very short Lincoln Highway section in New York went west from Times Square on 42nd Street to the Weehawken Ferry. It was realigned down Broadway from which it turned right and passed through the Holland Tunnel after it opened in 1927.
New Jersey
The original route of Lincoln Highway came off the New York Central Railroad's ferry at Weehawken Terminal and climbed the Palisades on Pershing Road. At the top it went west on 5th Street (now 49th Street) to the Hudson County Boulevard (now John F. Kennedy Boulevard) on which it travelled south to Communipaw Avenue in Jersey City.
After the opening of the Holland Tunnel and part of the Route 1 Extension, the Lincoln Highway travelled along the upper level of what is known as State Highway to the Boulevard.
Veering west it crossed the Hackensack River via the Lincoln Highway Bridge and traveled on what is now U.S. Route 1-9 Truck through Kearny Point, where the road is still known as Lincoln Highway. Some sources indicate the Highway bypassing the corner of Hudson County Boulevard and Communipaw Avenue by passing through Lincoln Park, which had been the route of Newark Plank Road.
Crossing the Passaic River, the Highway entered the Ironbound district of Newark along Ferry Street and Market Street, now the eastbound side of a one-way pair with Raymond Boulevard. In downtown Newark at Four Corners, it turned south on Broad Street, at what was claimed to be the "third busiest traffic center in the United States". By 1924 this had been bypassed using Jackson and Lafayette Streets. From Broad Street, the Highway cut over to Frelinghuysen Avenue, possibly on Clinton Avenue or Poinier Street, or via Elizabeth Avenue and Meeker Avenue.
After construction of the Holland Tunnel the ferry portion was abandoned and traffic travelled over Bergen Hill to connect with Hudson Boulevard. A reroute in 1928 took the Lincoln Highway onto the new Route 1 Extension (now U.S. Route 1/9) from east of downtown Newark to North Avenue in Elizabeth, and west on North Avenue back to the old road. The Highway was also moved to the new Holland Tunnel and approach east of the Hudson County Boulevard (now Route 139). By then the U.S. Highway System was marked, and the Lincoln Highway was fading in importance.
From the corner of Frelinghuysen Avenue and Poinier Street in Newark to Brunswick Circle in Trenton, the Lincoln Highway followed today's Route 27 and U.S. Route 206. Many parts are still known as Lincoln Highway. The only changes have been the following:
The original road may have followed Clinton Avenue to Elizabeth Avenue in Newark and North Broad Street in Elizabeth.
Route 27 now has a one-way pair in Elizabeth. The northbound side, on Cherry Street, is the old Lincoln Highway.
In 1919, the New Jersey State Highway Commission built a new road on the west side of the Pennsylvania Railroad (now the Northeast Corridor) from near the northeast of Dow Avenue between Colonia and Iselin to Cedar Street in Menlo Park, to avoid two railroad crossings. The old road is now Middlesex-Essex Turnpike and Thornall Street, on the east side of the tracks. A 1905 map shows the main road using Thornall Street all the way to its end at Evergreen Road and crossing the tracks there, with the road on the west side existing north to Cedar Street as a stub; this may have changed between then and 1919. However, until 1919, the main road used Colonia Boulevard, New Dover Road and Middlesex Avenue to get from Rahway to Green Street.
Until 1919, the main road was what is now named Old Road, lying east of the current road north of Kingston.
The old bridge over the Millstone River at Kingston still exists, south of the current bridge (built in 1969).
The Lincoln Highway entered Trenton along Brunswick Avenue, now northbound US 206 and BUS US 1. Until 1920 the Highway used the Calhoun Street Bridge over the Delaware River into Pennsylvania; a 1920 map indicates that it probably used Warren Street (now southbound US 206 and BUS US 1) and West State Street to reach the bridge. In 1920 the Highway was moved from the tolled Calhoun Street Bridge to the free Bridge Street Bridge. To get there it probably continued south on Warren Street, turning west on Bridge Street to the bridge. This path is now followed by southbound BUS US 1, with a realignment from Assunpink Creek to the bridge due to redevelopment.
In 1916, the Lincoln Highway was designated the following State Highway numbers:
Route 1 (Later Renumbered to Route 25) from Elizabeth to New Brunswick
Route 13 (Present Route 27) from New Brunswick to Trenton
The Highway in Trenton, and in and north of Elizabeth, did not receive a number.
In 1927, the whole Lincoln Highway in New Jersey was assigned the number U.S. Route 1, though that number was soon moved to newer bypasses.
The Route 1 Extension, built in the late 1920s, was considered a bypass of the Lincoln Highway, but the old road has continued to be known as the Lincoln Highway, except possibly between Communipaw Avenue and Tonnelle Circle in Jersey City, where the name may have moved to the new road (now TRUCK US 1–9).
Pennsylvania
The path of the Lincoln Highway was first laid out in September 1913; it was defined to run through Canton, Ohio, Beaver Falls, Pittsburgh, Greensburg, Ligonier, Bedford, Chambersburg, Gettysburg, York, Lancaster and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden, New Jersey. This bypassed Harrisburg to the south, and thus did not use the older main route across the state between Chambersburg and Lancaster. From Pittsburgh to Philadelphia, this incorporated a number of old turnpikes, some of which still collected tolls.
This original 1913 path of the Lincoln Highway continued east from Philadelphia, crossing the Delaware River to Camden, New Jersey on the Market Street Ferry. By 1915, Camden was dropped from the route, allowing the highway to cross the Delaware on a bridge at Trenton (initially the Calhoun Street Bridge, later the Bridge Street Bridge).
In 1924, the entire Lincoln Highway in Pennsylvania was designated Pennsylvania Route 1. In late 1926 the route from West Virginia to Philadelphia (using the new route west of Pittsburgh) was assigned U.S. Route 30, while the rest of the Lincoln Highway and PA 1 became part of U.S. Route 1.
West Virginia
The Lincoln Highway did not enter West Virginia until 1927, when it was rerouted between Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and East Liverpool, Ohio. The piece in West Virginia ran roughly along present U.S. Route 30, splitting onto the old route at Chester. There it turned southwest on Carolina Avenue (West Virginia Route 2) before turning northwest on 3rd Street, southwest on Virginia Avenue and north on 1st Street to cross the Ohio River into East Liverpool on the 1897 Chester Bridge. The only realignment before the bridge was demolished in 1970 was in 1938, when US 30 was moved to take Carolina Avenue directly to 1st Street after a new bridge opened over the railroad. Until the current US 30 was finished in 1977, US 30 continued along Carolina Avenue to the Newell Bridge in Newell.
Ohio
The routing through Ohio followed modern US Route 30 to Canton, then west on State Route 172 through Massillon to Dalton (where it rejoins US Route 30). West of Wooster it turns northwest on U.S. Route 250 to Ashland, then southwest on Clairmont Avenue which eventually becomes modern U.S. Route 42 to Mansfield. West Fourth Street to US Route 30 which it followed to Bucyrus (temporarily leaving US 30 to follow Mansfield Street and Lincoln Highway), then continued to Upper Sandusky (went through on Wyandot Avenue to County Route 330). It is a combination of US Route 30 and local roads (mainly former alignments of US 30) to the Indiana state line.
Indiana
The Lincoln Highway entered Indiana on current US Route 30 to Fort Wayne. It turned northwest on modern U.S. Route 33 to Elkhart. It turned west on Lincoln Way through South Bend to U.S. Route 20. It followed US Route 20 to Rolling Prairie and continued on State Road 2 to Valparaiso where it rejoined US Route 30 to the Illinois state line.
In time, the route was shortened, following U.S. Route 30 through the entire state. Many cities along U.S. 30, including Warsaw, Plymouth, Merrillville and Schererville contain stretches of the Lincoln Highway (usually marked as "Old Lincoln Highway", "Lincolnway", "Joliet St" or "Joliet Rd") while modern U.S. 30 runs just outside the cities.
Illinois
The route through Illinois was chosen to deliberately avoid Chicago, instead providing "feeder routes" to the city. The main feeder routes included Illinois Route 1 at Chicago Heights, Illinois Route 4 (later U.S. Route 66) at Joliet, and Illinois Route 38 at Geneva.
The Lincoln Highway entered Illinois on U.S. Route 30, which it followed to Aurora where it became Illinois Route 31, which it followed to Illinois Route 38 at Geneva where it turned west to Dixon. From Dixon, it continued west on Illinois Route 2 to Sterling where it rejoins U.S. Route 30. It followed U.S. Route 30 to just east of the Iowa state line, where it turned slightly northwest of Illinois Route 136.
Lincoln Highway enters Illinois on the eastern border in Sauk Village, as Joliet Street in Dyer separates from being one Native American trail into two separate paths: the current route of Lincoln Highway turns north to cross Ford Heights and Chicago Heights at 14th Street, and the original route following Sauk Trail to South Chicago Heights before turning north on Chicago Road. Chicago Road in Chicago Heights is also Dixie Highway, leading to a major intersection of Carl Fisher's two major auto trails.
Continuing west, Lincoln Highway crosses Olympia Fields (211th Street), Matteson, Frankfort, and New Lenox (Maple Street) before its next major directional change in Joliet. In Joliet, Cass Street is the original path, but when several roads were redesigned as one-way streets, a loop was added to include Jefferson Street (US-52), Center Street and Collins Street (Archer Avenue, IL-171). Lincoln Highway also crosses Chicago Street, part of the alternate route of Route 66. After crossing the Des Plaines River, US30 travels northwest and is known as Plainfield Road. It crosses Crest Hill before entering Plainfield. The route originally changes direction to west on Lockport Street, through downtown Plainfield, then north on Wallin Drive, stepping north and west every few blocks towards Aurora. It presently follows Division Street north before a more direct diagonal path.
When originally designed, Lincoln Highway crossed the Fox River near downtown at Benton Street and Downer Place, following Lake Street (IL-31) to Geneva, where the road shifted to leave Chicagoland and move west towards the Iowa border. Presently, Lincoln Highway never enters Aurora as it crosses Montgomery as Baseline Road. At the intersection of IL-47, it travels north to Sugar Grove before turning west towards the Iowa border.
Iowa
The Lincoln Highway entered Iowa on the Lyons-Fulton bridge, since torn down, north of the present-day Iowa Highway 136 bridge. It then went south on Second Street in Clinton along what is now U.S. Route 67. From there, it generally followed these present-day roads:
U.S. Route 30 from Clinton to Lisbon, including some roads known today as "Old Highway 30"
Local roads and city streets from Lisbon to Marion and later Cedar Rapids, rejoining present-day 30 on the southwest side of Cedar Rapids
U.S. 30 from there to northeast of Belle Plaine, where it turned south and followed County Roads V40 and E66 through Chelsea and rejoined 30 east of Tama. The famous bridge is just west of where 30 and the Lincoln Highway currently separate.
Local streets in Tama and County Road E49, rejoining 30 near Le Grand
U.S. 30 to four miles (6 km) west of Le Grand, where it followed city streets through Marshalltown and left town on Lincoln Way
County Road E41 from west of Marshalltown which passes through State Center, then runs west crossing U.S. Route 65 at Colo and continues onto Nevada. The Nevada Lincoln Highway Committee has hosted for the past 25 years an annual celebration called Lincoln Highway Days. The route continues on "Old 30" to Ames, about a mile north of "New 30", going along the south and west sides of Iowa State University.
Gravel roads to Iowa Highway 17, where it again followed County Road E41 through Boone to Ogden
U.S. 30 from Ogden to Grand Junction, County Road E53 through Greene County, and north through Scranton, then west to near Ralston
From there it generally followed U.S. 30 to the Missouri Valley, where it turned south to Council Bluffs on County Road L20. It crossed the Missouri River to Omaha, Nebraska via Broadway and the Ak-Sar-Ben Bridge
Nebraska
Traveling westward from the Douglas Street Bridge. West to 18th or 24th Street depending on year. South to Farnam Street. West to 40th where it turned North to Dodge Street, Dodge to 78th and North to Cass/West Dodge Road. The Lincoln Highway in Omaha went by several landmarks, including The Blackstone Hotel, John Sutters Mill (1847) with the oldest billboard on The Lincoln Highway (1913-1930), Highway 30 (1930-1969 until the Douglas Street/AK-SAR-BEN Bridge was torn down) and Highway 6 (which meets in Council Bluffs and says good-bye at Saddle Creek and Dodge to go under The Saddle Creek Bridge South to Center Street), The Tower Gas Station and campgrounds at 78th and Dodge and Peony Park at 78th and Cass St./West Dodge Road. The longest stretch of original Lincoln Highway brick roadway in the country is in Omaha from approx. 174th to approx 203rd. The best way to access is at 180th and Dodge St. and travel North. Leaving the city it took city streets through Waterloo where it joined U.S. Route 275 to Fremont. From Fremont, it continued west on U.S. Route 30 through Central City, Grand Island, Wood River, Kearney, Lexington, Cozad, Gothenburg, North Platte, Sutherland, Ogallala, Chappell, Sidney, and Kimball to the Wyoming state line.
Colorado
The 1913 proclamation included a loop through Denver, Colorado, touching the main route at Big Springs, Nebraska and Cheyenne, Wyoming. This loop was included, as Colorado had felt betrayed by the decision not to run through it after supporting the Hoosier Tour earlier that year. The loop was quietly dropped in 1915, but Colorado continued to promote the loop, including a billboard at the Big Springs end. The route is now paralleled by Interstate 76 and Interstate 25; it became the following in 1926:
U.S. Route 138, Big Springs to Sterling, Colorado
U.S. Route 38 (now U.S. Route 6), Sterling to Wiggins, Colorado
unnumbered (State Highway 52 and State Highway 79?), Wiggins to Bennett, Colorado
U.S. Route 40, Bennett to Denver
U.S. Route 287, Denver, Lafayette, Longmont, Loveland, Fort Collins to Cheyenne, Wyoming. US 287 was not created until 1935, so the Lincoln Highway may well have used a portion of:
Unnumbered (State Highway 1), Fort Collins to Cheyenne. Today this highway does not run north out of Ft. Collins, but it may well have in 1915 or so, perhaps having been absorbed in the "new" US 287 (which does not enter Wyoming at Cheyenne, but rather at Laramie).
Wyoming
The Lincoln Highway entered Wyoming east of Pine Bluffs. It followed county roads through Egbert and Hillsdale to Archer where it rejoined US Route 30. It followed US Route 30 (now largely Interstate 80) through Cheyenne, Laramie, Medicine Bow, and Rawlins to Granger Junction. From there, it followed former U.S. Route 30S and U.S. Route 530 (now Interstate 80) through Fort Bridger and Evanston to the Utah state line. At places, the road itself is now Business I-80 in Lyman and follows frontage roads in many places.
Utah
The Lincoln Highway entered Utah on modern Interstate 80 to Echo Junction where it joined I-84 and followed the Weber River to Ogden. In Ogden, it turned south to Salt Lake City.
In western Utah, the original chosen alignment headed west from Salt Lake City to Timpie in order to run around the north side of the Stansbury Mountains, largely along present State Route 171 and State Route 138. From Timpie it turned south roughly along present State Route 196, past Iosepa, to Orr's Ranch (). Orr's Ranch is now a bit north of the east gate of the Dugway Proving Ground).
Between Orr's Ranch and the north edge of the Dugway Range, the original highway ran through the current Dugway Proving Ground around the north side of the Dugway Range (). From there it headed south to the Black Rock Hills, joining the old Pony Express route there (). The Lincoln Highway then went west past Fish Springs () and Callao () and across the Deep Creek Range through the Overland Canyon () to Ibapah (), crossing into Nevada soon after. This route is now known by the names of Simpson Springs-Callao Road, Pony Express Road, Overland Canyon Road, Lower Goldhill Road, Ibapah Road and Willow Road.
Around 1919 a new route, known as the Goodyear Cutoff, and named after Goodyear Tire and Rubber, a major donor to the project, was built across desert that is now largely the Dugway Proving Ground. Around the same time, a realignment was made further east. Thus the new route split from the old at Mills Junction and ran south on present State Route 36 through Tooele and Stockton to St. John, where it turned west on present State Route 199 and Redding Road, crossing the Stansbury Mountains at Fisher Pass, also known as Johnson's Pass. At Orr's Ranch it rejoined the old road west to County Well (now the Dog Area of the Dugway Proving Ground), where the Goodyear Cutoff began.
The Goodyear Cutoff cut largely across the Great Salt Lake Desert, hitting high areas at Granite Mountain () and Black Point (), and then passing through the Deep Creek Mountains via Gold Hill () and rejoining the older route about halfway from Gold Hill to Ibapah ().
However, Utah did not care much for the Lincoln Highway, instead preferring the Victory Highway via Wendover (present Interstate 80). Nevada and northern California also favored that route, northern California because it would assure that travelers did not take the Midland Trail to Los Angeles, and so the federal aid route chosen under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 (Phipps Act) was the Victory Highway, separate from the Lincoln Highway between Mills Junction, Tooele County, Utah and Wadsworth, Nevada.
Thus the Goodyear Cutoff was never paved, and was closed to the public in the 1940s when the Dugway Proving Ground was formed. In late 1926 the system of United States Numbered Highways was assigned, and U.S. Route 40 was assigned to the Victory Highway through western Utah. The next year the Lincoln Highway was rerouted to use the Wendover route, turning south on an unnumbered route (numbered U.S. Route 50 ca. 1929 and now U.S. Route 93 Alternate and U.S. Route 93) at West Wendover, Nevada and rejoining the old route at Schellbourne before turning west on U.S. Route 50 at Ely.
Nevada
In Nevada, the original 1913 highway entered on county roads west of Ibapah, Utah near the Pony Express stop of Eightmile, Nevada, and then past the ghost towns of Tippett and Schellbourne. At what is now U.S. Route 93, the Lincoln Highway turned south, passing through McGill to Ely. In the mid-1920s, the routing was realigned to enter Nevada via the Wendover Cut-off. The road then headed south towards Ely along what is now Alternate U.S. Route 93.
From Ely to Fallon, the highway followed U.S. Route 50 through Eureka and Austin. A shortcut is now Nevada State Route 722 between Austin and Middlegate.
West of Fallon, the Sierra Nevada Northern Route followed Alternate US Route 50 to Fernley, then old US 40 (paralleling I-80) through Reno to Verdi, Nevada on the California state line.
To get to Carson City from Reno, the current routing of US 395 Alternate was used.
The Sierra Nevada Southern Route continued down US Route 50 from Fallon through Carson City up King's Canyon Grade, over Spooner Summit, or to Genoa following the old Pony Express route then up Kingsbury Grade and around the south end of Lake Tahoe to Stateline, Nevada on the California state line.
California
In California, the Lincoln Highway followed two different routes over the Sierra Nevada.
The Sierra Nevada Northern Route from Verdi, Nevada to Sacramento followed the old Dog Valley / Henness Pass route from Verdi to Truckee, then westbound on Donner Pass Road (old US 40) up to the top of Donner Pass, then continuing west on Donner Pass Rd, Hampshire Rocks Rd and various other mountain roads parallelling I-80 through Emigrant Gap, Magra, Colfax, Weimar, Applegate, and Auburn. The route then continued southwest on what became old US 40 through the northeastern Sacramento outreaches of Newcastle, Loomis, Rocklin, and Roseville, then turned south on Auburn Blvd to Citrus Heights, then turned southwest, following Auburn Blvd, Del Paso Blvd, and 12th Street into downtown Sacramento to the California State Capitol.
The Sierra Nevada Southern Route from Stateline, Nevada and Lake Tahoe to Sacramento followed the Pioneer Trail and Meyers Grade Road to the top of Echo Summit, then westbound on Johnson Pass Rd to US 50, then westbound on 50 (with many adjacent parallel jogs on mountain roads) through Twin Bridges, Strawberry, Kyburz, Whitehall, Riverton, and Pacific House. At Pollock Pines, the route followed the Pony Express Trail and Carson Road to Broadway and Main Street in Placerville. West of Placerville the route followed Forni Rd, Pleasant Valley Rd, Mother Lode Dr, Durock Rd, Country Club Dr, Old Bass Lake Rd, White Rock Rd, Placerville Rd, and East Bidwell St into Folsom. It turned west through downtown Folsom, then southwest on Folsom Blvd following it all the way into downtown Sacramento, arriving at the California State Capitol on M St (now Capitol Mall).
From Sacramento to San Francisco, the original 1913–1927 Central Valley Route departed Sacramento southbound on Stockton Blvd to Rt 99, then southbound on 99 to Galt, then south on Lower Sacramento Rd to Pacific Ave and El Dorado St into downtown Stockton. From Stockton, the route departed southbound on Center St to French Camp Turnpike, Manthey Rd, and French Camp Rd to the town of French Camp, then Harlan Rd and Manthey Rd (again) southwest to 11th St into Banta, jogging through Banta, then west on 11th (again) into Tracy (old US 50). From Tracy, it followed Byron Rd, Grant Line Rd and Altamont Pass Rd to the top of Altamont Pass. It continued west on Altamont Pass Rd arriving in Livermore via Northfront Rd, Vasco Rd, First St and Junction Ave. From Livermore, the route followed today's I-580 westbound into Dublin, then Dublin Canyon Rd, East Castro Valley Rd, Grove Way and A Street into downtown Hayward. From Hayward to downtown Oakland it followed Foothill Blvd, I-580 (again), MacArthur Blvd, Foothill Blvd (again), First Ave, 13th St, Harrison St, 9th St and Broadway to a ferry pier on the Oakland Estuary (now Jack London Square) for an automobile ferry to the Ferry Slips at the south end of the Ferry Building, at the base of Market Street, in San Francisco.
Upon the completion of the first Carquinez Strait Bridge at Vallejo in 1927, the Lincoln Highway from Sacramento to San Francisco was re-routed over this much shorter alignment. The 1928 Central Valley Route departed the California State Capitol in Sacramento heading westbound on Capitol Mall, West Capitol Avenue, and across the Yolo Causeway to Davis on Olive Drive. West of Davis the route followed old US 40 as it "stairstepped" through the towns of Dixon from I 80, beginning at CA 113 south to Vacaville, Fairfield, Rockville, and Cordelia. From Cordelia the route followed Rt 12 (Jameson Canyon Rd) into the base of Napa Valley to an area that includes the city of American Canyon, then turned south to follow Rt 29 and Broadway into Vallejo where it followed Alameda St and Fifth St to the Carquinez Strait Bridge. South of the bridge, it followed San Pablo Avenue all the way through Rodeo, Pinole, San Pablo, Richmond, El Cerrito and Albany to Berkeley, where it turned west on University Ave to end at the Berkeley Pier for a ferry to the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco.
Arriving in San Francisco from 1913 to 1921, you departed the ferry from Oakland at the Ferry Slips at the south end of the Ferry Building, drove west on Market St, right on Van Ness Ave, left on Chestnut St (past the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exhibition), entered the Presidio via the Lombard Gates, departed the Presidio via the Arguello Gates, right on Lake St, left on El Camino del Mar, entering into Lincoln Park from the northwest.
Arriving in San Francisco from 1922 to 1927, you departed the ferry from Oakland at the Ferry Slips at the south end of the Ferry Building, drove west on Market St, right on Post St (a traffic movement that is impossible today, as Post runs one-way eastbound), left on Presidio Ave, right on Geary Boulevard, right on 36th Ave, entering into Lincoln Park from the south (now enter via 34th).
Arriving in San Francisco in 1928, you departed the ferry from Berkeley at the Hyde Street Pier, drove south on Hyde, right on North Point St, left on Van Ness Ave, right on California St, right on 32nd Avenue, left on El Camino del Mar, entering into Lincoln Park from the northwest.
The Lincoln Highway Western Terminus is the plaza and fountain in front of the Palace of the Legion of Honor in Lincoln Park. The Western Terminus Marker and the Interpretive Plaque is located at the southeast corner of the plaza, next to the bus stop, adjacent to the entrance drive leading up from 34th Ave.
References
Route | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20of%20the%20Lincoln%20Highway |
Gordon Currie is a Canadian film and television actor, best known for his role as Nicolae Carpathia in the Left Behind films, and his role in horror films such as Puppet Master 4, Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan and Blood and Donuts. Currie has also directed, written, and produced several films, and works in both the United States and Canada in television and film roles.
Early life
Currie was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. One of his first or breakthrough roles was playing Officer Palone on 21 Jump Street (1987). In 1991, after a couple of years working in locally shot TV and film in Vancouver, he moved to Los Ángeles to study acting; his first roommate was Brad Pitt.
Career
Currie rented a two-bedroom flat off Melrose Avenue in California, where he lived for two years with roommate Brad Pitt. He worked for a while as a Ronald McDonald clown before moving on to roles on television and film, including two roles on Beverly Hills, 90210, playing both Bobby Walsh, Brandon's (Jason Priestley) and Brenda's (Shannen Doherty) wheelchair-using cousin, and the role of Danny Five, Colin's (Jason Wiles) cocaine dealer. In 1987, he received one of his first roles as Officer Palone on the series 21 Jump Street, episode "Two for the Road". He played in Vancouver television and film roles, as well as roles in the Joel Schumacher film Cousins, Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan, The Terror Within II, Puppet Master 4, Puppet Master 5: The Final Chapter, and My Blue Heaven (starring Steve Martin, Rick Moranis and Joan Cusack) before making the move to Los Angeles in 1991. Two years later, he had a supporting role in the Alive (1993 film)
His most prominent role has been that of Nicolae Carpathia in the series of films Left Behind, based on the series of best-selling books by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. His character, Nicolae Carpathia, is the Antichrist, who attempts to marshal the forces of the Global Community against the followers of Christ.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Living people
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Male actors from Vancouver
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Currie%20%28actor%29 |
The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was a terrorist attack on the Parliament of India in New Delhi, India on 13 December 2001. The attack was carried out by five armed assailants and has resulted in the deaths of six Delhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security Service personnel, and a gardener. All the five attackers were killed by security forces.
Indian authorities accused Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) – two militant groups operating from Pakistan – of perpetrating the attack; however, LeT denied involvement.
The incident led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.
Attack
On 13 December 2001, five militants drove into the House of Parliament in a car with Home Ministry and Parliament labels. While both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha had been adjourned 40 minutes prior to the incident, many members of parliament (MPs) and government officials such as Home Minister LK Advani and Minister of State for Defence Harin Pathak were believed to have still been in the building at the time of the attack. More than 100 people, including major politicians, were inside the parliament building at the time. The gunmen used a fake identity sticker on the car they drove and thus easily breached the security deployed around the parliamentary complex. The militants carried AK-47 rifles, grenade launchers, pistols and grenades.
The gunmen drove their vehicle into the car of the Indian Vice President Krishan Kant (who was in the building at the time), got out, and began shooting. The Vice President's guards and security personnel shot back at the attackers and then started closing the gates of the compound. A similar attack was carried out on the assembly of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, in November 2001, killing 38 people.
Constable Kamlesh Kumari of the Central Reserve Police Force was the first to spot the militants and was shot by them as she raised the alarm. She died on the spot. One gunman's suicide vest exploded when he was shot dead; the other four gunmen were also killed. The ministers and MPs escaped unhurt. The total number of people killed by the attackers was 9 and at least 17 other people were injured in the attack.
Perpetrators
Delhi Police stated that five militants carried out the attack and the names given by them were: Hamza, Haider alias Tufail, Rana, Ranvijay and Mohammed – who were members of Jaish-e-Mohammed – were killed.
Delhi Police officials said that the gunmen had received instructions from Pakistan and the operation had been carried out under the guidance of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency. In their book The Exile: The Flight of Osama bin Laden, Cathy Scott-Clark and Adrian Levy state that then-CIA station chief Robert Grenier and Ambassador Wendy Chamberlin suspected that the ISI had approved the attack in order to force the redeployment of troops under the command of Ali Jan Aurakzai away from the Durand Line, allowing Osama bin Laden to escape into Pakistan during the Battle of Tora Bora.
Trial
Following the attack, many suspects were arrested, and in December 2002 four Jaish-e-Mohammed members were convicted for roles in the attack. In 2003, the Border Security Force (BSF) killed Ghazi Baba, the commander-in-chief of Jaish-e-Mohammed and the mastermind of the attack, in the Noor Bagh neighborhood of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.
The attack triggered extensive investigations, which revealed the involvement of four accused, namely Mohammad Afzal Guru, his cousin Shaukat Hussain Guru, Syed Abdul Rahman Geelani (also spelled "Gilani"), and Shaukat Guru's wife Afsan Guru (maiden name: Navjot Sandhu). Some other proclaimed offenders were said to be the leaders of the banned militant organisation known as Jaish-e-Mohammed. After the conclusion of investigation, investigating agency filed the report under Section 173 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India) against four accused persons on 14 May 2002. Charges were framed under various sections of Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA), and the Explosive Substances Act by the designated sessions Court.
The designated Special Court was presided over by S. N. Dhingra. The accused were tried and the trial concluded within a record period of about six months. 80 witnesses were examined for the prosecution and 10 witnesses were examined on behalf of the accused S.A.R. Geelani. About 300 documents were exhibited. Afzal Guru, Shaukat Hussain and S.A.R. Geelani were convicted for the offences under Sections 121, 121A, 122, Section 120B read with Sections 302 & 307 read with Section 120B of IPC, sub-Sections (2), (3) and (5) of Section 3 and Section 4(b) of POTA and Sections 3 and 4 of Explosive Substances Act. The accused 1 and 2 were also convicted under Section 3(4) of POTA.
Accused 4, namely Navjot Sandhu a.k.a. Afsan, was acquitted of all the charges except the one under Section 123 IPC for which she was convicted and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for five years and to pay a fine. Death sentences were imposed on the other three accused for the offences under Section 302 read with Section 120B IPC and Section 3(2) of POTA. They were also sentenced to life imprisonment on as many as eight counts under the provisions of IPC, POTA and Explosive Substances Act in addition to varying amounts of fine. The amount of a million Indian rupees, which was recovered from the possession of two of the accused, namely, Afzal Guru and Shaukat Hussain, was forfeited to the State under Section 6 of the POTA.
On appeal, the high court subsequently acquitted S. A. R. Geelani and Afsan, but upheld Shaukat's and Afzal's death sentence. Geelani was represented by Ram Jethmalani in the Delhi High Court and subsequently in the Supreme Court of India. Jethmalani said it almost cost him his political career for defending Geelani. Geelani's acquittal blew a gaping hole in the prosecution's version of the parliament attack. He was presented as the mastermind of the entire attack. Geelani, a young lecturer at Delhi University, received support from his outraged colleagues and friends, who were certain that he had been framed. They contacted the well-known lawyer Nandita Haksar and asked her to take on his case.
Afzal Guru, sentenced to death by Indian court and due to be hanged on 20 October 2006, had his execution stayed. His family had camped in New Delhi to meet the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam to accept the mercy petition. The family of Kamlesh Kumari Jatav, a CRPF Jawan who died in the attack has said that they would return the Ashok Chakra, if the president accepted the petition, and on 13 December 2006, the families of the deceased returned the medals to the government. As of April 2007, the then President of India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, refused to interfere in the judicial process. The sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, but Afzal was given a stay of execution and remained on death row. On 3 February 2013, his mercy petition was rejected by the then President of India Pranab Mukherjee. He was hanged in Delhi's Tihar Jail at 8:00 A.M. on 9 February 2013, and buried in Tihar jail with full religious rites.
Shaukat Hussain was released nine months prior to his scheduled date of release on account of his good conduct.
Two Delhi Police officials, ACP Rajbir Singh and Mohan Chand Sharma are credited for gathering prima facie evidence in the case. Singh was later shot dead by a friend over a property deal and Sharma was killed during the Batla House encounter with militants in Delhi.
Response
The Indian Government initially accused Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed of involvement in the attack. However, Lashkar-e-Taiba denied any involvement in the incident. In November 2002, four JeM members were arrested by Indian authorities and put on trial. All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident, although the fourth, Afsan/Navjot Sandhu, wife of Shaukat Hussain (one of the accused) was found guilty of a minor charge of concealing knowledge of conspiracy. One of the accused, Afzal Guru, was sentenced to death for the incident.
World leaders and leaders in India's immediate neighbourhood condemned the attack on the Parliament. On 14 December, the ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) blamed Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed for the attack. Home Minister LK Advani claimed, "We have received some clues about yesterday's incident, which shows that a neighbouring country, and some terrorist organisations active there behind it", in an indirect reference to Pakistan and Pakistan-based militants groups.
The same day, in a demarche to Pakistani High Commissioner to India, Ashraf Jehangir Qazi, India demanded that Pakistan stop the activities of LeT and JeM, that Pakistan apprehend the organisations' leaders and that Pakistan curb the financial assets and the groups' access to these assets. In response to the Indian government's statements, Pakistani forces were put on high alert the same day. On 20 December, India mobilised and deployed its troops to Kashmir and Punjab in what was India's largest military mobilisation since the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.
In popular culture
Special OPS: The 2020 Indian action espionage thriller web series from Hotstar Specials created and directed by Neeraj Pandey and starring Kay Kay Menon in the lead role was based on the attacks. In 2022, another movie was released called Attack: Part 1 was also partially based on the attacks.
See also
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
List of terrorist incidents in India
List of attacks on legislatures
Islamic terrorism
Pakistan and state terrorism
2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing
2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, a similar attack that occurred in Ottawa, Canada
2017 Tehran attacks, which included an attack on the Iranian Parliament by gunmen and suicide bombers.
2021 storming of the United States Capitol
References
External links
Parliament attack: Why didn't the bomb explode? Afzal Guru wonders
Book review: The Strange Case of the Attack on the Indian Parliament
Unanswered questions are the remains of the day
2001 in international relations
2001 in politics
2001 mass shootings in Asia
2001 murders in Asia
2000s in Delhi
2001 murders in India
2000s trials
21st-century mass murder in India
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2001
Attacks on buildings and structures in India
Attacks on legislatures
December 2001 crimes
December 2001 events in India
Islamic terrorism in India
2001 Parliament attack
Mass murder in 2001
Mass shootings in India
Murder in Delhi
Murder–suicides in Asia
Murder trials
2001 attack
Suicide bombings in 2001
Suicide bombings in India
Parliament attack
2001 Parliament attack | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20Indian%20Parliament%20attack |
Santa Sabina College (abbreviated as Santa, Santa Sabina or SSC) is a multi-campus independent Roman Catholic, single-sex, early learning, primary and secondary day school for girls from Year 5 to Year 12; and a co-educational day school from early learning years through Prep to Year 4. Located on eight hectares in Strathfield, an inner-western suburb of Sydney; and on 97 hectares in , in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia; students are educated in the Dominican tradition. Established in 1894, Santa Sabina has a non-selective enrolment policy and as of 2007 catered to approximately 1,400 students.
The College is owned by the Congregation of Dominican Sisters of Eastern Australia and the Solomon Islands and located within the Archdiocese of Sydney. The College is affiliated with the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA) and an affiliate member of the Association of Heads of Independent Girls' Schools (AHIGS). The College Principal is Paulina Skerman.
History
Eight Dominican sisters arrived from Ireland in 1867, to establish schools for Catholic children in New South Wales. Subsequently of land and a house in Strathfield were purchased from a wine-grower, Harold Lindeman. Santa Sabina College was established on this site in January 1894, with seven day students. The first three boarders were enrolled in April of that same year.
Although the College saw its first student matriculate in 1906, it was not officially recognised as a secondary school until 1912, with the passing of the New South Wales Bursary Act. Organised sport was first introduced in 1918, with Tennis the most popular sport at the time.
In 1936, Santa's most prominent building, Holyrood—originally built as Illyria by industrialist Charles Hoskins in the early 1890s—was purchased from William Adams of the Tattersall's Hotel. The carved sandstone facade came from the City Bank building in Moore Street (now Martin Place). This building was used as the College boarding house until boarding ceased in 1976. The building now houses the College music department. The Del Monte property, located across the road from the College, was leased in 1949, with the first primary school students taking up residence later that year. In 1950, the owner of the property, Mary Bailey, died, leaving the property to the Sisters. Del Monte was subsequently renamed Santa Maria del Monte. Santa Maria del Monte was expanded in 1968, with the purchase of Lauriston, which had been the home of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney during the Second World War. This purchase provided the school with a sports ground and additional classrooms.
In 1991 the campus was used as the backdrop for the Australian TV series Brides of Christ.
1996 saw the establishment of the Out of School Hours Centre (OOSH), and in 1997, a property at Tallong was purchased for outdoor education. In 1998, Mary Bailey House was opened as an Early Childhood Centre, and in 2002 classes for Years 6 and 7 commenced at the middle school campus, Martin De Porres.
Santa Sabina is recognised as an employer of choice for women by the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency.
Principals
The following individuals have served as Principal of Santa Sabina College:
The current principal, Ms Skerman was previously, the principal at an independent, Catholic, girls’ secondary day and boarding school for 5 years. She is a member of the Australian Heads of Independent Schools and the Alliance of Girls’ Schools Australasia. In 2017, she was named as a Finalist in the Telstra Business Women’s Award for leading growth and inclusivity through innovation.
Campus
The College comprises five campuses: four situated along The Boulevarde in Strathfield, and an outdoor education campus at Tallong in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales. The four city campuses are Mary Bailey House Early Education Centre (Pre-school), Santa Maria del Monte (Primary Years) and Santa Sabina (Middle and Senior Years). Santa Maria del Monte also takes boy students from Kindergarten to Year 4, with most boys then continuing on to St. Patrick's College to complete their schooling.
The Strathfield campus includes a outdoor swimming pool, six tennis courts, three ovals and a chapel. In 2002, a Middle School was established for students in Years 6 and 7. In 2005 The Aquinas Centre was opened, featuring a library, lecture theatre and student services facility.
Co-curricular activities
Debating
The College debating activities include: The Archdale Competition for Years 7 to 12, against twenty similar type independent girls' schools; the AHIGS Festival of Speech; the Catholic Schools' Debating competition; Schools' Speaking competition; the Catholic Schools' Speaking competition; the Junior Legacy Speaking competition; Senior Plain English Speaking competition; and the Rostrum Voice of Youth Competition.
Middle and Secondary School students participate in social debates with schools such as St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, and St Vincent's College, whilst the Primary and Middle School debate MLC School and PLC Sydney.
Debating and Public Speaking is also offered through inter-house competitions.
Arts
Santa Sabina is seen as the sister school to St Patrick's College. As such the two schools combine drama classes to stage shows, and musicals.
Sport
The sporting program at Santa Sabina includes: School sporting clubs, Saturday and midweek competitions, gala days, and representative opportunities up to national level. Each year the College takes about 2500 sports registrations for approximately 85 sports competitions and activities across 22 sports.
Notable alumni
Monica Attard, ABC senior broadcaster and academic
Cecily Backhouse KC, pioneering female lawyer and NSW District Court Judge
Robyn Butler, writer, actress and producer, best known for The Librarians, and Upper Middle Bogan.
Margaret Cunneen , Deputy Senior Crown Prosecutor
Carmen Duncan, actress with a career spanning more than 50 years, both in Australia and overseas
Paula Duncan, actress well known for her work in Australian TV and film, sister of Carmen
Anne Gallagher, President of the International Catholic Migration Commission
Cynthia Mitchell, Paralympian (Skiing)
Julia Morris, actress/comedian
Gretel Pinniger aka Madame Lash, artist, fashion designer and dominatrix
Rahni Sadler, ABC news reporter
Anne Schofield , Australia’s leading antique jewellery dealer
Justine Schofield, former Masterchef Australia contestant, television personality
Alice Spigelman , Chair Sculpture by the Sea
Yvonne Strahovski, actress best known for Chuck, and The Handmaid's Tail
Simone Thurtell, Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Grandstand announcer
Notable staff
Anne Philomena O'Brien
Gallery
See also
List of non-government schools in New South Wales
Siena College (Camberwell)
Catholic education in Australia
References
External links
Catholic primary schools in Sydney
Educational institutions established in 1894
Catholic secondary schools in Sydney
Girls' schools in New South Wales
Association of Heads of Independent Girls' Schools
Junior School Heads Association of Australia Member Schools
Dominican schools in Australia
Strathfield, New South Wales
1894 establishments in Australia
Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Sabina%20College |
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