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Jin Sun-Yu (Hangul: 진선유, Hanja: 陳善有, born December 17, 1988 in Daegu, South Korea) is a South Korean short-track speed skater. She is a triple Olympic Champion from 2006 and a three-time Overall World Champion (for 2005–2007).
She was the winner of the gold medal in the 1500 meters and the silver medal in the 1000 meters at the 2005 World Championships, as she ended up as the overall champion. At the 2006 World Championships, Jin won the 1000, 1500, and 3000 meters on her way to a second consecutive overall championship. She also finished first in the overall World Cup standings for the 2005–2006 season.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, she won three gold medals, winning women's individual 1000 meters, and 1500 meters events, and as a member of the South Korean women's victorious 3000 meter relay team. In doing so, Jin became the first athlete (by less than half an hour) from Korea to win three gold medals in one Olympics. Ahn Hyun-Soo matched Jin's achievement later by helping Korea to win men's 5000 meters relay.
See also
South Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics
External links
NBC Olympics profile
1988 births
Living people
South Korean female short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters for South Korea
Olympic gold medalists for South Korea
Olympic medalists in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Sportspeople from Daegu
Dankook University alumni
South Korean female speed skaters
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
21st-century South Korean women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%20Sun-yu |
Test subject may refer to:
Animal testing
Human subject research
Product testers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%20subject |
The First Four is a play-in round of the NCAA Division I men's and women's basketball tournaments. It consists of two games contested between the four lowest-ranked teams in the field, and two games contested between the four lowest-seeded "at-large" teams in the field, which determine the last four teams to qualify for the 64-team bracket that plays the first round.
In 2001, the champion of the recently-formed Mountain West Conference began to receive an automatic bid to the men's tournament. The NCAA did not wish to reduce the number of at-large teams in the tournament, which therefore expanded the field to 65 teams; to preserve a 64-team bracket for the first round, an Opening Round game would be played between the two lowest-seeded automatic qualifying teams, with the winner of this play-in game advancing to the first round.
In 2011, the men's tournament expanded to 68 teams, resulting in the expansion of the opening round to four games. Upon the adoption of this format, the opening round games were now referred to as the "first round games", and the round of 64—the tournament's first round proper—was now referred to as the "second round". However in 2016, the NCAA officially rebranded the games as the "First Four" (a colloquialism that had been used to refer to the games, in reference to the long-time branding of the tournament semi-finals as the "Final Four"), and returned to referring to the round of 64 as the "first round".
All of the Opening Round games and current-format men's First Four games, with the exception of 2021 (as the tournament was held entirely within the state of Indiana), have been played at the University of Dayton Arena in Dayton, Ohio. In 2022, the 68-team format and the First Four was extended to the Division I women's tournament for the first time.
History
Opening round (2001–2010)
The game was conceived after the Mountain West Conference, which had been formed in 1999 following the split of the Western Athletic Conference, was given an automatic bid for its conference champion, which made it the 31st conference to receive an automatic berth into the men's tournament. Unlike the women's tournament, which accommodated this change by eliminating an at-large bid to keep their field at 64 teams, the organizers of the men's tournament elected to keep their at-large entries at 34. In order to eliminate one of the teams to have a 64-team bracket, it became necessary for another game to be played between the two lowest-ranked teams among the automatic bid leagues.
Florida A&M (2004 and 2007) and Winthrop (2001 and 2010) were the only teams to appear in the game more than once. The 2003 game was the only one to end in overtime.
First Four (2011–present)
On April 22, 2010, the NCAA announced that the men's tournament would expand to 68 teams, with four "play-in games" beginning with the 2011 tournament.
In 2011, the broadcast media began calling these games "The First Four" (as opposed to the "Final Four"); and, also used the term "first round games" interchangeably with "opening round games." Formerly, the term "first round game" specifically referred to the first games played by the final 64 teams, not the teams in the opening round. Through the 2015 tournament, these games were known as "second round games," resulting in some confusion for those more accustomed to the round being known as the "first round" and the "second round" being used for the regional quarterfinals (field of 32). Effective with the 2016 tournament, the NCAA reverted to the traditional usage of "First Round" as referring to the first games played by the final 64 teams, and began officially using "First Four" to refer to the opening round games.
The First Four games consist of:
Two games with four lowest-ranked teams (No. 65 vs. No. 66; No. 67 vs. No. 68)
Two games with the four lowest-ranked at-large seeds
In November 2021, as part of the implementation on recommendations to address inequalities between the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournaments, the NCAA announced that the women's tournament would expand to 68 teams in 2022, adopting the same format as the men's event.
Criticism
Although analysts' initial reactions to the concept were skeptical, the first game, played on March 13, 2001, was a success, and few complaints were lodged. The games are prominent by attracting viewers on nights in which no other NCAA games are played. Prior to the proposal of expansion, Syracuse University coach Jim Boeheim had advocated for an expansion of the tournament from 64 to 76 teams, which would include four opening round games for all of the 16th and also added opening round games for the 14th and 15th seeded teams. The expansion of play in games faced logistical challenges and lukewarm acceptance from then-NCAA President Myles Brand and the corporate and media partners of the NCAA. However, on April 22, 2010, the NCAA announced, as part of a new 14-year, US$10.8 billion agreement between CBS Sports and Time Warner's Turner Sports division, that the tournament would add three more play-in games, which in total came to be known as the "First Four."
The opening round games have also been criticized as a handicap for teams among the historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). In every game from 2002 to 2010, one team was an HBCU, and at least one HBCU (two in 2018, 2019 and 2021) has participated in every First Four. However, the two conferences which are made up of HBCUs, the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) and Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC), are often two of the lowest-rated conferences in the Ratings Percentage Index (RPI), and its successor since 2018–19, the NCAA Evaluation Tool (NET). Since each win in an opening round game is treated the same as a win in any other game for purposes of sharing in NCAA tournament revenue, athletic directors and commissioners of HBCU-heavy conferences often welcome the exposure and money gained. However, other HBCU officials argue that First Four games for conference tournament champions are unfair since they played their way into the tournament, and look at placing HBCU teams in the opening round as a sign of disrespect of HBCU programs.
Since its inception, the First Four games have been held at the University of Dayton Arena for every tournament except in 2021, when the entire tournament was moved to the state of Indiana due to COVID-19 concerns. Since the UD Arena is the home arena of Dayton's basketball team, it became particularly concerning when Dayton was selected to play Boise State in the First Four in 2015, in what was considered a virtual home game for Dayton. Boise State ended up losing to Dayton 56–55. Typically, all games of the NCAA men's basketball tournament are considered neutral-site games and in the rare instance when a tournament venue is also the home arena of a team in the tournament, that team will be placed away from that venue when the tournament bracket is created. However, since Dayton was one of the last four at-large teams in the tournament and all First Four games were to be played at the UD Arena, having them play the First Four on their home court was unavoidable.
Broadcasters
The first Opening Round Game in 2001 was broadcast by cable network TNN—a sibling to tournament broadcaster CBS—with Tim Brando and Rick Pitino as commentators.
ESPN, which had not shown NCAA Tournament games since the early rounds of the 1989 tournament, then signed a deal to show the Opening Round game beginning in 2002. ESPN continued to cover this game through 2010, as the only one of 64 NCAA Tournament games not to be shown on a CBS network.
With the transition to the new CBS/Turner contract and the new First Four format in 2011, the round has been broadcast exclusively by TruTV. In 2021, TBS joined in with TruTV because of the First Four being played in a single day (Thursday) as opposed to two days (Tuesday and Wednesday).
Format
Opening Round
The winner of the game was awarded the No. 16 seeded position in one of four regions of the tournament and next played the No. 1 seeded team of that region on the following Friday. Three of the top seeds to beat the opening game winner advanced to the national championship game and all three won the national championship (2002 Maryland, 2005 North Carolina and 2010 Duke). North Carolina was the only No. 1 seeded team matched against the opening round winner more than once (2005 & 2008).
Despite the term play-in being used colloquially, the loser of the opening round game was still considered to have been in the tournament, as both teams met the qualifications for "automatic tournament entry" as stated in the NCAA bylaws. At first, only the loser received credit for being in the game for purposes of its conference receiving a share of the NCAA Division I "basketball fund"; however, starting with the 2008 tournament, both teams received credit for playing. There was an actual "play-in" round in 1991, with six teams playing each other (Saint Francis, Pennsylvania versus Fordham; Coastal Carolina versus Jackson State; NE Louisiana versus Florida A&M) before the tournament bracket was announced; these games are not considered part of the 1991 tournament. Consequently, in 2001, Northwestern State technically became the first No. 16 seeded team to win a game in the men's NCAA tournament by virtue of the team's opening round victory.
First Four
The teams are not the eight lowest-ranked teams in the field; the four lowest-ranked at-large teams usually have higher rankings among the entire field of 68 than several of the automatic-bid teams coming from the smaller conferences. The four games are held to determine which teams will assume a place in the first round. Unlike other early games in the tournament, the teams are not matched with disparity intended. Rather, equality governs match-ups (e.g., in one game, two teams—usually two of the four lowest-ranked automatic-bid teams—might play for a No. 16 seeding in the first round, while in another game, two teams—usually two of the four lowest-ranked at-large teams—are usually trying to advance as a No. 11 seed).
While most NCAA tournament games are played Thursday through Sunday (with the final game on a Monday), the First Four games are played earlier in the first week, between Selection Sunday and the First Round on Thursday and Friday. As of 2017, two games are played on the Tuesday following Selection Sunday, and the remaining two are played on Wednesday. Once the First Four games are played, the four winning teams assume their places in the bracket of 64 teams, and must play again later that week, with little rest. The two Tuesday winners are paired with their next opponent on Thursday; and, the Wednesday winners play on Friday. With the Second Round being played on Saturday and Sunday, this scheduling allows for six consecutive days of competition during the first week of the tournament.
With the exception of 2019, at least one of the men's First Four winners has advanced past the First Round of the tournament every year since the format's inception. Five teams have advanced to the second weekend and the Sweet 16. VCU (2011) and UCLA (2021) are the only two First Four teams to reach either the Elite Eight or the Final Four.
All winners in the inaugural women's First Four in 2022 lost their First Round games. The only First Four team to date that has advanced past the first round is Mississippi State in 2023, which defeated Creighton in the first round before losing to Notre Dame.
Results
The below tables list the results of all "play-in" games, along with how each winning team fared in subsequent games.
Subsequent game results are listed with: round, score, opponent, and opponent's seed.
Round is noted as:
R64 – Round of 64 (first round)
R32 – Round of 32 (second round)
S16 – Sweet 16 (regional semifinals)
E8 – Elite Eight (regional finals)
F4 – Final Four (national semifinals)
NC – National Championship Game
Bold font indicates a win in the main tournament bracket by a team that advanced from the First Four.
(OT) indicates overtime.
Men's tournament
2001–2010
For these 10 tournaments, a single play-in game was contested, between the two lowest-ranked teams that had received automatic bids. The winning team then played the top-seeded team in their regional bracket. In each instance, the play-in winner lost to the top-seeded team by at least 13 points.
denotes a team that went on to win the national championship
2011–present
Tournament results for First Four teams since the men's tournament expanded to 68 teams are shown in the table below.
Unless noted otherwise, the University of Dayton Arena in Dayton, Ohio, has hosted all games.
† Played at Mackey Arena, West Lafayette, Indiana (Host: Purdue University)
‡ Played at Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall, Bloomington, Indiana (Host: Indiana University Bloomington)
Denotes a team that went on to win the national championship
Denotes a team that went on to win the national championship that was later vacated by the NCAA
Women's tournament
Beginning in 2022, First Four games are also contested in the women's tournament.
The women's First Four games have been played at neutral sites. However, unlike the men's First Four, the women's version does not use a single site, instead holding those games at home courts of four of the top 16 national seeds (each of which hosts first- and second-round games).
References
Recurring sporting events established in 2011
Recurring sporting events established in 2022
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
Basketball competitions in Dayton, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Four |
Marshall Ledbetter, Jr. (June 10, 1969 – July 14, 2003) was an American photographer, psychedelics enthusiast, iconoclast, and unconventional protester.
Protest
In the early morning of June 14, 1991, Ledbetter, then a student at Florida State University, broke into the Florida State Capitol building and phoned a number of odd demands from the office of Wayne Todd, the Sergeant At Arms of the Florida Senate. This triggered a police standoff (the police were not sure whether Ledbetter was armed or if he might have a hostage) that eventually ended peacefully. One recounting of the events stated:
He told them that he wanted (among other things) a large Gumby's pizza, a case of beer and $100 worth of Chinese food. The demand note was not sent directly to the police but was faxed to the song request fax line of Gulf 104, a local rock station. The police surrounded the capitol building and set up SWAT teams and snipers throughout the area, while Marshall Ledbetter demanded that the police get the following people on the telephone so that he could talk to them: Timothy Leary, Jello Biafra, Ice Cube and Lemmy Kilmister.
Wayne Todd remembered the event this way:
Of the many apocryphal stories surrounding Ledbetter's standoff, perhaps none is more famous than the request for donuts contained in his demand note. While it was widely reported that Ledbetter had asked for "666 jelly donuts", a read of his actual demand note clearly shows he was ordering donuts from Dunkin' Donuts for the police: "666 Dunkin' Donuts for my fine friends in the TPD (Tallahassee Police Department), FSUPD (Florida State University Police Department) and the LCSD (Leon County Sheriff's Department)."
After the standoff, Marshall was taken to the Florida State Hospital at Chattahoochee where he was eventually forced by court order to accept anti-psychotic drug treatment. On the Florida State campus that fall (especially among the members of student government party the Monarchy Party), Marshall became something of a folk hero, with a few souls wearing homemade "Free Marshall Ledbetter Now" T-shirts (although an account from one FSU alumna states that they were really FMLN shirts and buttons borrowed from a local left-wing group supporting El Salvador's Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional). Marshall unsuccessfully attempted to escape from Chattahoochee that fall.
Personal life
Marshall grew up in Auburndale, Florida. He was an avid photographer and worked at his father's camera store, Marshall's Camera. He always seemed to have a camera and generously shared his photos. He was an enthusiast of the Church of the SubGenius. He had one daughter.
Ledbetter died by suicide in 2003.
Influence on pop culture
Jello Biafra penned "The Ballad of Marshall Ledbetter" for his band Lard (the song was released in 2000). While Biafra never met Ledbetter, he said "I have spoken with him. He was lucky to get out of there alive. If it had happened now, I’m sure they would have just gone in there and blown the place up, or just done it Waco-style. He was institutionalized, and now he's back out again walking the straight and narrow. But he sends me some odd anecdotes in the mail now and then. He was somebody who had had enough of the injustice in our world and chose to do something about it in very colorful fashion. I’ve been a long time fan of creative crime. The best part about this one is, it made a statement, it was a work of art, and not a single person got hurt."
References
Footnotes
External links
1969 births
2003 suicides
2003 deaths
American SubGenii
People from Bartow, Florida
American psychedelic drug advocates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Ledbetter |
A play-in game is a game, usually played at the beginning of a tournament or just prior to the tournament depending on how the tournament is defined. In a play-in, the lowest qualifiers and/or participants who have earned conditional qualification compete for qualification to the main portion of the tournament. This gives an added advantage to the higher or direct qualifiers, allowing them to rest and/or play non-elimination games, while the lower teams extend themselves by playing in elimination games. Further, teams that advance from a play-in must usually start the main tournament against the highest qualifier in the tournament and on the road. Having a play-in game allows for a tournament to have a number of teams that is not a power of two without having to grant byes in the main tournament. It also gives extra incentives for most if not all teams to play for, as better performing teams that would otherwise directly qualify relatively quickly instead have to try to continue winning, whether for the right to play a play-in qualifier and/or to avoid having to play in the extra game(s), while teams that would otherwise be eliminated from qualification just as quickly instead remain in contention for at least a play-in berth.
Examples
Major League Baseball Wild Card series (played since the 2012 season)
National Football League Wild Card games
Wild Card games at the start of the major Canadian curling championships (Scotties Tournament of Hearts and Tim Hortons Brier, played since 2018)
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament "First Four"
MLS Cup playoffs first round
Indian Premier League playoffs eliminator
NBA play-in tournament
NBL play-in tournament
Australia Cup: A-League teams are limited to 10 entrants in the round of 32. The first 8 teams in the league qualify, with the last two places determined by two separate play-in games, held between 4th to last place against last place, then 2nd last and 3rd last against each other.
NCAA Season 97 seniors' basketball tournament, one-off play-in tournament during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
League of Legends World Championship, 2 stage play-in before finals - group stage and knockout stage
See also
One-game playoff
References
Sports terminology
Tournament systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-in%20game |
The peso moneda nacional (symbol: m$n) was the currency of Argentina from 5 November 1881 to 1 January 1970, the date in which the peso ley 18.188 was issued to the Argentine public. It was subdivided into 100 centavos, with the argentino worth 5 pesos. The peso was introduced to replace the Argentine peso moneda corriente at a rate of 25 = m$n 1.
History
The peso moneda nacional replaced the Argentine real at a rate of one to eight. It also replaced the peso fuerte at par and the peso moneda corriente at a rate of 25 pesos moneda corriente = 1 peso moneda nacional. The peso moneda nacional was itself replaced by the peso ley at a rate of one hundred to one.
The peso was initially pegged to the French franc at a rate of 1 peso = 5 francs. In 1883, when silver coins ceased production, the paper peso was set at a value of 2.2 francs or 638.7 mg gold. After a suspension in the gold standard from 1914, in 1927, a peg to the U.S. dollar was established of 2.36 pesos = 1 dollar. The rate changed to 1.71 pesos = 1 dollar in 1931, then to 3 pesos = 1 dollar in 1933. Between 1934 and 1939, the peso was pegged to sterling at a rate of 15 pesos = £1 stg (1 peso = 1s. 4d. stg). High inflation in the post-war period lead to the introduction of the peso ley 18.188 in 1970 at the rate of 100 pesos moneda nacional = 1 peso ley.
Coins
In 1881, silver 10, 20 and 50 centavos and 1 peso and gold 1 argentino coins were introduced, followed by bronze 1 and 2 centavos the next year. Silver coins ceased production in 1883, with gold coins ending in 1896. Base metal 5, 10 and 20 centavos were introduced in 1896, with base 50 centavos following in 1941. The 1 peso was reintroduced in 1957, with 5, 10 and 25 pesos introduced in 1961, 1962 and 1964.
Centavo
Peso
Banknotes
Provincial
There were several banknotes issued by provinces of Argentina, such as Buenos Aires (issued by its respective provincial entity (1883–85), Santa Fe (1882), Entre Ríos (1885), Córdoba (1889), Entre Ríos (1885), Chaco (1884), Salta (1884), and Tucumán (1888) provincial banks.
Banco Nacional
The first nationally issued banknotes were introduced by the "Banco Nacional" in 1883. These were in denominations of 5, 10, 20 and 50 centavos.
1899–1935 issues
In 1891 and 1892, the same denominations were produced by the recently created "Banco de la Nación Argentina". In 1894, the Banco Nación introduced larger denomination notes for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 pesos.
Paper money production was taken over by the "Caja de Conversión" in 1899. That year, 50 centavos, 1 and 100 pesos were introduced, followed in 1900 by notes for 5, 10, 50, 500 and 1000 pesos. These notes were issued until 1935, when the Banco Central began to produce notes.
Law 3505, of 20 September 1897, authorized the Caja de Conversión to renovate all paper money in existence at the time. They decided to make new design called "Progress's Effigy" ("Efigie del Progreso").
These bank notes were created originally in a bigger size and printed by the mint (Casa de Moneda), using French-made paper.
Due to their size, and the paper not being of good enough quality, they began to deteriorate. They then decided to suspend the printing and look for another provider. The new notes, of smaller size, started to be issued in 1903, using typography as the printing method.
Banco Central
When the Central Bank of Argentina was established it took over the banknotes, which began to be printed by the Casa de Moneda. The banknotes designs were not modified until 1942, when the bank decided to introduce new designs, leaving the allegory of Liberty figure behind. Some series were printed in Great Britain.
The Banco Central issued the following banknotes:
Notes
Bibliography
References
External links
Pesos moneda nacional coin photos
1881 establishments in Argentina
Peso moneda nacional
1970 disestablishments in Argentina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20peso%20moneda%20nacional |
The 1839 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from December 4 to December 8 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first national convention ever held by the Whig Party, and was organized to select the party's nominee in the 1840 presidential election. The convention nominated former Senator William Henry Harrison of Ohio for president and former Senator John Tyler of Virginia for vice president.
After Daniel Webster dropped out of the race, the three leading candidates for the Whig nomination were General Harrison, who had been the most successful Whig candidate in the 1836 presidential election; General Winfield Scott, a hero of the War of 1812; and Senator Henry Clay, the Whigs' congressional and philosophical leader. With Southern delegates united behind him, Clay led on the first presidential ballot, but failed to win a majority. Harrison won the nomination on the fifth ballot after several delegates switched from supporting Clay or Scott. The convention chose Tyler, a Southerner and Clay supporter, to serve as Harrison's running mate. The Whig ticket went on to win the 1840 election, defeating incumbent Democratic President Martin Van Buren.
Presidential balloting
Clay led on the first ballot, but circumstances conspired to deny him the nomination. First, the convention came on the heels of a string of Whig electoral losses, and party members were anxious to reverse the trend. Harrison managed to distance himself from the losses, but Clay, as the party's philosophical leader, could not. Had the convention been held in the spring of 1840, when the continuing economic downturn caused by the Panic of 1837 led to a string of Whig victories, Clay would have had much greater support. Second, the convention rules had been drawn up so that whoever won the majority of delegates from a given state would win all the votes from that state. This worked against Clay, who could have combined solid majority support in almost all the Southern delegations (with little potential for opponents to capitalize on a proportional distribution of delegates), and a large minority support in Northern delegations if the rules allowed counting of individual delegate votes. Third, several Southern states whose Whig party organizations supported Clay abstained from sending delegates to the convention.
Harrison won on the fifth ballot after Clay delegates from Illinois and Scott delegates from Michigan, New York, and Vermont combined to switch their support to Harrison. Writer and activist John Neal, who chaired the delegation from Maine, claimed to have been instrumental in convincing the powerful New York delegation to back Harrison prior to the final vote.
The state-by-state roll call was printed in the newspaper the Farmer's Cabinet on December 13, 1839:
Vice presidential nominee
Because Harrison (born in Virginia) was considered a Northerner (as a resident of Ohio), the Whigs needed to balance the ticket with a Southerner. They also sought a Clay supporter to help unite the party. After being turned down by several potential candidates, including John J. Crittenden, John Bell, and Willie Person Mangum, the convention finally found its Southerner who had faithfully supported Clay and would accept: former Senator John Tyler. Tyler was well known to the delegates, having previously been the running mate of Hugh Lawson White and Willie Person Mangum during the four-way Whig campaign of 1836. He was easily nominated on the first ballot.
Aftermath
During the balloting, Clay and Scott played cards with Whig politicians John J. Crittenden and George Evans at the Astor House hotel in New York City. When the group received word of Harrison's victory, Clay blamed his loss on Scott and struck him, with the blow landing on the shoulder which had been wounded during Scott's participation in the Battle of Lundy's Lane. Afterwards Clay had to be physically removed from the hotel room. Scott then sent Crittenden to Clay with Scott's challenge for a duel, but Crittenden reconciled them by convincing Clay to apologize.
See also
1840 Democratic National Convention
U.S. presidential nomination convention
1840 United States presidential election
References
Further reading
Holt, Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (1999)
Primary sources
Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956
External links
Proceedings of the Democratic Whig National Convention (1839)
1840 United States presidential election
Whig National Conventions
1839 in Pennsylvania
1839 conferences
Whig National Convention
19th-century political conferences
1830s political events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1839%20Whig%20National%20Convention |
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Local banks
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Co-operative banks
see: German Cooperative Financial Group
Sparkassen
see: Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe
Investment banks
Baader Bank AG, Unterschleißheim
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Foreign banks
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Swiss and overseas banks
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Credit Suisse
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Smaller private banks
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Internationales Bankhaus Bodensee, Friedrichshafen
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HSBC Trinkaus & Burkhardt AG, Düsseldorf
IKB Deutsche Industriebank, Düsseldorf
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Norisbank, Bonn
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Special operations banks
Baader Wertpapierhandelsbank, Unterschleißheim
Bank für Sozialwirtschaft AG, Cologne
BMW Bank, Munich
Deutsche Apotheker- und Ärztebank, Düsseldorf
Deutsche Wertpapier Service Bank, Frankfurt
DVB Bank, Frankfurt
European Bank for Financial Services (ebase), Aschheim
Edekabank, Hamburg
GEFA Bank, Wuppertal
Mercedes-Benz Bank, Stuttgart
Pax Bank, Cologne
Reisebank, Frankfurt (100% DZ Bank)
Siemens Bank GmbH, Munich, 100% (Siemens Financial Services)
Toyota Kreditbank GmbH, Cologne
Umweltbank, Nuremberg
VEM Aktienbank AG, Munich
Volkswagen Bank, Braunschweig
References
External links
List of banks in the Germany with SWIFT codes
Germany
Banks
Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20banks%20in%20Germany |
Madder Rose is a New York City-based alternative rock band who recorded in the 1990s. After a 20-year hiatus, a new album was released in September 2019. The band is fronted by Mary Lorson, who shares songwriting duties with guitarist Billy Coté. The two singer/songwriters continued their collaboration after Madder Rose disbanded in 1999, Coté as guitarist and producer on Lorson's three albums with Saint Low, Lorson as guest vocalist on Coté's Jazz Cannon album. Lorson and Coté have also created the original scores to several films, notably HBO's documentary What Remains: The Life and Work of Sally Mann, and in 2008, they released an album with Kathy Ziegler as the Piano Creeps. The name Madder Rose came from the herb-based paint rose madder. Many of their songs, including "Panic On" and "Car Song", were featured in John Peel's end-of-year round-up, the Festive Fifty, major feature films, and television shows. The band has released six studio albums to date.
History
Madder Rose was formed in 1991 in a Greenwich Village apartment, after Billy Coté, the band's songwriter, was informed by a mutual friend that a woman named Mary Lorson was looking for a project. They released their debut album Bring It Down in 1993 on Atlantic Records' quasi-independent label Seed Records, followed by the Swim EP later that year on the same label. Originally, Atlantic had asked to sign them, but Lorson turned them down. In an interview with The Miscellany News, she said she did so because she was "just too intimidated." The band's ascent to relative fame was secured when they landed a main-stage appearance at the 1993 Reading Festival, and by the critical acclaim Bring it Down received shortly after its release, including reviews in the Chicago Tribune, and being ranked as one of the top 10 albums of the year by the College Media Journal. Panic On was released on Atlantic Records in 1994. Madder Rose went on to release two more albums, Tragic Magic and Hello June Fool, before breaking up in 1999.
In February 2015, Coté indicated that he expected to release new Madder Rose material. A new album, entitled To Be Beautiful, was released by Trome Records on September 10, 2019. In 2023, it was followed by No One Gets Hurt Ever.
Musical style
The band's music has been described as suggesting druggy languor, which inspired the British music press to trumpet Madder Rose as the second coming of the Velvet Underground. A 1994 review in Rolling Stone characterized their sound as an "alloy" of grunge and "the buttercup sighs of The Cranberries". Their sound progressed from indie pop rock, not unlike peers Velocity Girl, Lush, Helium, and Juliana Hatfield, to shoegaze and trip-hop.
Other projects
After the breakup, Lorson founded the alt-folk outfit Saint Low, which featured Coté on guitar and production duties, releasing its eponymous debut in 2000. This was followed, under the name Mary Larson & Saint Low, by Tricks for Dawn (2002) and Realistic (2006). 2011 saw the release of Burn Baby Burn under the name Mary B. Lorson & The Soubrettes.
Coté released the album Amateur Soul Surgery in 2000, and two 12" singles as The Jazz Cannon with vocalist Don Greene, which also feature vocal contributions from Lorson. Coté subsequently released an album with vocalist/songwriter Uniit Carruyo under the name Glen the Owl (also featuring vocal contributions from Lorson) which, like the early Madder Rose releases, featured sleeve art by Coté.
Coté and Lorson together released a largely instrumental album Piano Creeps under their own names on Cooking Vinyl in 2003. Coté, Lorson, and multi-instrumentalist Kathy Zeigler then released an album as The Piano Creeps in 2008, called Future Blues (For Me and You), on The Kora Records.
Currently, Billy Coté works occasionally with Johnny Dowd. He has guested on guitar on two of Dowd's albums. Together, they have contributed the song "Bound for Hell" to a Love and Rockets' tribute album, New Tales to Tell, and another, "Constant Waiting", to We Are Only Riders, a Jeffrey Lee Pierce tribute collection. Coté has also featured on moog and guitars Evi Vine's second album Give Your Heart to the Hawks, released in 2015.
Band members
Billy Coté – guitar
Mary Lorson – vocals, guitar
Matt Verta-Ray – bass, vocals
Rick Kubic aka Johnny Kick – drums, vocals
Chris Giammalvo – bass
Discography
Albums
Bring It Down (1993)
Panic On (1994)
Tragic Magic (1997)
Hello June Fool (1999)
To Be Beautiful (2019)
No One Gets Hurt Ever (2023)
EPs
Swim (1993)
Car Song (1994)
The Love You Save (1995)
Singles
"Beautiful John" (1993)
References
Atlantic Records artists
Indie rock musical groups from New York (state)
Musical groups from New York City
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madder%20Rose |
224 (two hundred [and] twenty-four) is the natural number following 223 and preceding 225.
In mathematics
224 is a practical number,
and a sum of two positive cubes . It is also , making it one of the smallest numbers to be the sum of distinct positive cubes in more than one way.
224 is the smallest k with λ(k) = 24, where λ(k) is the Carmichael function.
The mathematician and philosopher Alex Bellos suggested in 2014 that a candidate for the lowest uninteresting number would be 224 because it was, at the time, "the lowest number not to have its own page on [the English-language version of] Wikipedia".
In other areas
In the SHA-2 family of six cryptographic hash functions, the weakest is SHA-224, named because it produces 224-bit hash values. It was defined in this way so that the number of bits of security it provides (half of its output length, 112 bits) would match the key length of two-key Triple DES.
The ancient Phoenician shekel was a standardized measure of silver, equal to 224 grains, although other forms of the shekel employed in other ancient cultures (including the Babylonians and Hebrews) had different measures. Likely not coincidentally, as far as ancient Burma and Thailand, silver was measured in a unit called a tikal, equal to 224 grains.
See also
224 (disambiguation)
References
Integers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/224%20%28number%29 |
The Burnside War Memorial Hospital is the only private community hospital in the City of Burnside, Adelaide, South Australia.
A local resident of Toorak Gardens, Otto George Ludwig von Rieben, offered his Attunga property for use as a community hospital free of charge in 1944. The council had first suggested building a community hospital in August 1943 as part of its Post-War Reconstruction and Development Committee; it was to cost 100,000 pounds and to remain as a memorial to honour Burnside's war dead. In April 1949 the first conversion of von Rieben's home was complete and the hospital was caring for 21 patients. The hospital closed for a month in 1956 and when it reopened was given its present name: The Burnside War Memorial Hospital. By then it had cared for over 1,400 patients.
External links
Burnside War Memorial Hospital
City of Burnside
Hospitals in Adelaide
Hospitals established in 1944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside%20War%20Memorial%20Hospital |
The 4th Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in filmmaking in 2005, were given on December 12, 2005.
Winners and nominees
Best Film
Munich
Brokeback Mountain
Capote
Crash
Good Night, and Good Luck.
Best Director
Steven Spielberg – Munich
George Clooney – Good Night, and Good Luck.
Ron Howard – Cinderella Man
Ang Lee – Brokeback Mountain
Fernando Meirelles – The Constant Gardener
Best Actor
Philip Seymour Hoffman – Capote
Terrence Howard – Hustle & Flow
Heath Ledger – Brokeback Mountain
Joaquin Phoenix – Walk the Line
David Strathairn – Good Night, and Good Luck.
Best Actress
Reese Witherspoon – Walk the Line
Joan Allen – The Upside of Anger
Felicity Huffman – Transamerica
Keira Knightley – Pride & Prejudice
Charlize Theron – North Country
Best Supporting Actor
Paul Giamatti – Cinderella Man
Matt Dillon – Crash
Terrence Howard – Crash
Geoffrey Rush – Munich
Peter Sarsgaard – Jarhead
Best Supporting Actress
Amy Adams – Junebug
Brenda Blethyn – Pride & Prejudice
Taraji P. Henson – Hustle & Flow
Catherine Keener – Capote
Michelle Williams – Brokeback Mountain
Best Original Screenplay
Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco – Crash
George Clooney and Grant Heslov – Good Night, and Good Luck.
Craig Brewer – Hustle & Flow
Angus MacLachlan – Junebug
Noah Baumbach – The Squid and the Whale
Best Adapted Screenplay
Dan Futterman – Capote
Larry McMurty and Diana Ossana – Brokeback Mountain
Arthur Golden, Robin Swicord, and Doug Wright – Memoirs of a Geisha
Tony Kushner – Munich
Deborah Moggach – Pride & Prejudice
Best Foreign Language Film
Kung Fu Hustle
Innocent Voices
Paradise Now
Schultze Gets the Blues
Turtles Can Fly
Best Animated Feature
Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
Chicken Little
Corpse Bride
Madagascar
Robots
Best Documentary
Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room
Grizzly Man
Mad Hot Ballroom
March of the Penguins
Murderball
Best Breakthrough Performance
Terrence Howard – Hustle & Flow
Amy Adams – Junebug
Q'orianka Kilcher – The New World
Taryn Manning – Hustle & Flow
Aishwarya Rai – Bride and Prejudice
Best Ensemble
Crash
Good Night, and Good Luck.
Pride & Prejudice
Rent
Sin City
Best Art Direction
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Memoirs of a Geisha
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
References
External links
2005 WAFCA Awards
2005 WAFCA Awards at IMDb.com
2005 WAFCA Awards at moviecitynews.com
2005
2005 film awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20D.C.%20Area%20Film%20Critics%20Association%20Awards%202005 |
KPSI may refer to:
KPSI-FM, a radio station (100.5 FM) licensed to Palm Springs, California, United States
KKGX, a radio station (920 AM) licensed to Palm Springs, California, United States, which held the call sign KPSI from 1997 to 2017
KCOD, a defunct radio station (1450 AM) formerly licensed to Palm Springs, California, United States, which held the call sign KPSI from 1971 to 1997
Knot density: knots per square inch | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPSI |
In computer science, the readers–writers problems are examples of a common computing problem in concurrency. There are at least three variations of the problems, which deal with situations in which many concurrent threads of execution try to access the same shared resource at one time.
Some threads may read and some may write, with the constraint that no thread may access the shared resource for either reading or writing while another thread is in the act of writing to it. (In particular, we want to prevent more than one thread modifying the shared resource simultaneously and allow for two or more readers to access the shared resource at the same time). A readers–writer lock is a data structure that solves one or more of the readers–writers problems.
The basic reader–writers problem was first formulated and solved by Courtois et al.
First readers–writers problem
Suppose we have a shared memory area (critical section) with the basic constraints detailed above. It is possible to protect the shared data behind a mutual exclusion mutex, in which case no two threads can access the data at the same time. However, this solution is sub-optimal, because it is possible that a reader R1 might have the lock, and then another reader R2 requests access. It would be foolish for R2 to wait until R1 was done before starting its own read operation; instead, R2 should be allowed to read the resource alongside R1 because reads don't modify data, so concurrent reads are safe. This is the motivation for the first readers–writers problem, in which the constraint is added that no reader shall be kept waiting if the share is currently opened for reading. This is also called readers-preference, with its solution:
semaphore resource=1;
semaphore rmutex=1;
readcount=0;
/*
resource.P() is equivalent to wait(resource)
resource.V() is equivalent to signal(resource)
rmutex.P() is equivalent to wait(rmutex)
rmutex.V() is equivalent to signal(rmutex)
*/
writer() {
resource.P(); //Lock the shared file for a writer
<CRITICAL Section>
// Writing is done
<EXIT Section>
resource.V(); //Release the shared file for use by other readers. Writers are allowed if there are no readers requesting it.
}
reader() {
rmutex.P(); //Ensure that no other reader can execute the <Entry> section while you are in it
<CRITICAL Section>
readcount++; //Indicate that you are a reader trying to enter the Critical Section
if (readcount == 1) //Checks if you are the first reader trying to enter CS
resource.P(); //If you are the first reader, lock the resource from writers. Resource stays reserved for subsequent readers
<EXIT CRITICAL Section>
rmutex.V(); //Release
// Do the Reading
rmutex.P(); //Ensure that no other reader can execute the <Exit> section while you are in it
<CRITICAL Section>
readcount--; //Indicate that you no longer need the shared resource. One fewer reader
if (readcount == 0) //Checks if you are the last (only) reader who is reading the shared file
resource.V(); //If you are last reader, then you can unlock the resource. This makes it available to writers.
<EXIT CRITICAL Section>
rmutex.V(); //Release
}
In this solution of the readers/writers problem, the first reader must lock the resource (shared file) if such is available. Once the file is locked from writers, it may be used by many subsequent readers without having them to re-lock it again.
Before entering the critical section, every new reader must go through the entry section. However, there may only be a single reader in the entry section at a time. This is done to avoid race conditions on the readers (in this context, a race condition is a condition in which two or more threads are waking up simultaneously and trying to enter the critical section; without further constraint, the behavior is nondeterministic. E.g. two readers increment the readcount at the same time, and both try to lock the resource, causing one reader to block). To accomplish this, every reader which enters the <ENTRY Section> will lock the <ENTRY Section> for themselves until they are done with it. At this point the readers are not locking the resource. They are only locking the entry section so no other reader can enter it while they are in it. Once the reader is done executing the entry section, it will unlock it by signalling the mutex. Signalling it is equivalent to: mutex.V() in the above code. Same is valid for the <EXIT Section>. There can be no more than a single reader in the exit section at a time, therefore, every reader must claim and lock the Exit section for themselves before using it.
Once the first reader is in the entry section, it will lock the resource. Doing this will prevent any writers from accessing it. Subsequent readers can just utilize the locked (from writers) resource. The reader to finish last (indicated by the readcount variable) must unlock the resource, thus making it available to writers.
In this solution, every writer must claim the resource individually. This means that a stream of readers can subsequently lock all potential writers out and starve them. This is so, because after the first reader locks the resource, no writer can lock it, before it gets released. And it will only be released by the last reader. Hence, this solution does not satisfy fairness.
Second readers–writers problem
The first solution is suboptimal, because it is possible that a reader R1 might have the lock, a writer W be waiting for the lock, and then a reader R2 requests access. It would be unfair for R2 to jump in immediately, ahead of W; if that happened often enough, W would starve. Instead, W should start as soon as possible. This is the motivation for the second readers–writers problem, in which the constraint is added that no writer, once added to the queue, shall be kept waiting longer than absolutely necessary. This is also called writers-preference.
A solution to the writers-preference scenario is:
int readcount, writecount; //(initial value = 0)
semaphore rmutex, wmutex, readTry, resource; //(initial value = 1)
//READER
reader() {
<ENTRY Section>
readTry.P(); //Indicate a reader is trying to enter
rmutex.P(); //lock entry section to avoid race condition with other readers
readcount++; //report yourself as a reader
if (readcount == 1) //checks if you are first reader
resource.P(); //if you are first reader, lock the resource
rmutex.V(); //release entry section for other readers
readTry.V(); //indicate you are done trying to access the resource
<CRITICAL Section>
//reading is performed
<EXIT Section>
rmutex.P(); //reserve exit section - avoids race condition with readers
readcount--; //indicate you're leaving
if (readcount == 0) //checks if you are last reader leaving
resource.V(); //if last, you must release the locked resource
rmutex.V(); //release exit section for other readers
}
//WRITER
writer() {
<ENTRY Section>
wmutex.P(); //reserve entry section for writers - avoids race conditions
writecount++; //report yourself as a writer entering
if (writecount == 1) //checks if you're first writer
readTry.P(); //if you're first, then you must lock the readers out. Prevent them from trying to enter CS
wmutex.V(); //release entry section
resource.P(); //reserve the resource for yourself - prevents other writers from simultaneously editing the shared resource
<CRITICAL Section>
//writing is performed
resource.V(); //release file
<EXIT Section>
wmutex.P(); //reserve exit section
writecount--; //indicate you're leaving
if (writecount == 0) //checks if you're the last writer
readTry.V(); //if you're last writer, you must unlock the readers. Allows them to try enter CS for reading
wmutex.V(); //release exit section
}
In this solution, preference is given to the writers. This is accomplished by forcing every reader to lock and release the readtry semaphore individually. The writers on the other hand don't need to lock it individually. Only the first writer will lock the readtry and then all subsequent writers can simply use the resource as it gets freed by the previous writer. The very last writer must release the readtry semaphore, thus opening the gate for readers to try reading.
No reader can engage in the entry section if the readtry semaphore has been set by a writer previously. The reader must wait for the last writer to unlock the resource and readtry semaphores. On the other hand, if a particular reader has locked the readtry semaphore, this will indicate to any potential concurrent writer that there is a reader in the entry section. So the writer will wait for the reader to release the readtry and then the writer will immediately lock it for itself and all subsequent writers. However, the writer will not be able to access the resource until the current reader has released the resource, which only occurs after the reader is finished with the resource in the critical section.
The resource semaphore can be locked by both the writer and the reader in their entry section. They are only able to do so after first locking the readtry semaphore, which can only be done by one of them at a time.
It will then take control over the resource as soon as the current reader is done reading and lock all future readers out. All subsequent readers will hang up at the readtry semaphore waiting for the writers to be finished with the resource and to open the gate by releasing readtry.
The rmutex and wmutex are used in exactly the same way as in the first solution. Their sole purpose is to avoid race conditions on the readers and writers while they are in their entry or exit sections.
Third readers–writers problem
In fact, the solutions implied by both problem statements can result in starvation — the first one may starve writers in the queue, and the second one may starve readers. Therefore, the third readers–writers problem is sometimes proposed, which adds the constraint that no thread shall be allowed to starve; that is, the operation of obtaining a lock on the shared data will always terminate in a bounded amount of time.
A solution with fairness for both readers and writers might be as follows:
int readcount; // init to 0; number of readers currently accessing resource
// all semaphores initialised to 1
semaphore resource; // controls access (read/write) to the resource. Binary semaphore.
semaphore rmutex; // for syncing changes to shared variable readcount
semaphore serviceQueue; // FAIRNESS: preserves ordering of requests (signaling must be FIFO)
//READER
reader() {
<ENTRY Section>
serviceQueue.P(); // wait in line to be serviced
rmutex.P(); // request exclusive access to readcount
readcount++; // update count of active readers
if (readcount == 1) // if I am the first reader
resource.P(); // request resource access for readers (writers blocked)
serviceQueue.V(); // let next in line be serviced
rmutex.V(); // release access to readcount
<CRITICAL Section>
//reading is performed
<EXIT Section>
rmutex.P(); // request exclusive access to readcount
readcount--; // update count of active readers
if (readcount == 0) // if there are no readers left
resource.V(); // release resource access for all
rmutex.V(); // release access to readcount
}
//WRITER
writer() {
<ENTRY Section>
serviceQueue.P(); // wait in line to be serviced
resource.P(); // request exclusive access to resource
serviceQueue.V(); // let next in line be serviced
<CRITICAL Section>
// writing is performed
<EXIT Section>
resource.V(); // release resource access for next reader/writer
}
This solution can only satisfy the condition that "no thread shall be allowed to starve" if and only if semaphores preserve first-in first-out ordering when blocking and releasing threads. Otherwise, a blocked writer, for example, may remain blocked indefinitely with a cycle of other writers decrementing the semaphore before it can.
Simplest reader writer problem
The simplest reader writer problem which uses only two semaphores and doesn't need an array of readers to read the data in buffer.
Please notice that this solution gets simpler than the general case because it is made equivalent to the Bounded buffer problem, and therefore only readers are allowed to enter in parallel, being the size of the buffer.
Reader
do {
wait(read)
............
reading data
............
signal(write)
} while (TRUE);
Writer
do {
wait(write)
.............
writing data
.............
signal(read)
} while (TRUE);
Algorithm
Reader will run after Writer because of read semaphore.
Writer will stop writing when the write semaphore has reached 0.
Reader will stop reading when the read semaphore has reached 0.
In writer, the value of write semaphore is given to read semaphore and in reader, the value of read is given to write on completion of the loop.
See also
ABA problem
Producers-consumers problem
Dining philosophers problem
Cigarette smokers problem
Sleeping barber problem
Readers–writer lock
seqlock
read-copy-update
References
Morris JM (1979). A starvation-free solution to the mutual exclusion problem. Inf Process Lett 8:76–80
Fair Solution to the Reader-Writer-Problem with Semaphores only. H. Ballhausen, 2003
Faster Fair Solution for the Reader–Writer Problem. V. Popov, O. Mazonka 2013
External links
Algorithmic description of the third readers–writers problem
Concurrency (computer science) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%E2%80%93writers%20problem |
Amir Farshad Ebrahimi () (born August 14, 1975)
is a former member of Ansar-e Hezbollah.
Ansar-e Hezbollah used violence against students which caused Ebrahimi to decide that, "No, Ansar-e Hezbollah is wrong, you the students are right."
"Confessions"
Ebrahimi was also sentenced and spent two years in prison.
Identifying paramilitaries
As of 2009 he is identifying members of plain-clothed men who beat up Iranian protesters of the disputed election. Ebrahimi "names and shames those he recognizes on the Web", publishing their names and phone numbers and sometimes even their addresses, "so people in their neighborhood know what they are doing." Some are Ansar-e Hezbollah members and former friends.
Works
On March 27, 2008, wire reports stated that he was in danger of extradition from Turkey to Iran, on charges that he "collaborated with peace activists in the flight of Ali Reza Asgari from Iran."
See also
Ansar-e Hezbollah
References
External links
His weblog
BBC report of the confession video tape
His video taped confession transcript
Reaction to and summary of the 2000 tape
Iranian bloggers
Iranian activists
Politicians from Tehran
1975 births
Living people
Ansar-e Hezbollah politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%20Farshad%20Ebrahimi |
MS Express Samina () was a French-built RoPax ferry that struck the charted Portes Islets rocks in the Bay of Parikia off the coast of Paros island in the central Aegean Sea on 26 September 2000. The accident resulted in 81 deaths and the loss of the ship. The cause of the accident was crew negligence, for which several members were found criminally liable.
Ship history
The ship was built as MS Corse in 1966 at Chantiers de l'Atlantique, St Nazaire, France for Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, along with her sister ship MS Comte De Nice. In 1969, she was transferred to Compagnie Générale Transméditerranéenne. After six years of service, the company changed its name again, to SNCM, to which she was transferred. She sailed from France for the last time in 1982, as she was sold to a Greek company, Stability Maritime, to operate their Italy–Greece–Israel route under her new name MS Golden Vergina. In 1988, she was sold to the Agapitos Bros for service in the Aegean sea under Agapitos Lines, without a name change. She was then sold in 1999 to Minoan Flying Dolphins, again for service in the Aegean, when she was renamed Express Samina.
Disaster
On the evening of Tuesday 26 September 2000, MS Express Samina left the Port of Piraeus with 473 passengers and 61 crew members. At 22:12 EEST (19:12 UTC), 2 nmi off the port of Parikia, Paros, the ship hit the reef of Portes islets at 18 knots. The wind at the time was 8 on the Beaufort scale. The ship sank close to the islets at 23:02, resulting in the deaths of 80 people from a total of 533 on board. The disaster resulted in two further deaths: on the night of the sinking, the port officer on duty died of a heart attack, and a few weeks later the CEO of the shipping company committed suicide.The first responders to the distress call were fishing boats from the nearby port, followed by the port authorities and Royal Navy vessels, which were in the area carrying out a NATO exercise. The fact that some of the crew did not help the passengers evacuate the sinking ferry contributed to the death toll.
The crew had placed the ship on autopilot and there were no crew members watching the ship. Even with autopilot on, standard practice calls for one crew member to watch the controls, for example to avoid collisions with other vessels. The crew had deployed the fin stabilizers system to decrease the motions in bad weather; normally both stabilizer fins would deploy, but in this case the port stabilizer fin failed to extend, causing the ship to drift and therefore not travel in a straight line. A crew member discovered the problem and tried to steer the ship to port, but this action occurred too late and at 22:12 local time (19:12 UTC), the ship struck the east face of the taller Portes pinnacle. The rocks tore a six-meter-long and one-meter-wide hole above the water line. After the impact, the rocks bent the stabilizer fin backwards, and the fin cut through the side of the hull, below the waterline and next to the engine room. The water from the three-meter gash destroyed the main generators and cut off electrical power. The water spread beyond the engine room, and the operators could not remotely shut the doors due to a lack of electrical power.
Professor David Molyneux, an expert in the performance of ships in harsh environments, said that the damage sustained by the MS Express Samina should not normally sink such a ship. The ship sank because nine of its eleven watertight compartment doors were open even though safety laws require ship operators to close and lock the safety doors. Molyneux described the open watertight doors as the most significant aspect of the sinking. This conclusion was supported by an in-depth study of the Ship Design Laboratory – National Technical University of Athens, a summary of which was presented at the 8th International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, (Papanikolaou, A., Spanos, D., Boulougouris, E., Eliopoulou, E., Alissafaki, A., "Investigation Into The Sinking Of The RO-RO Passenger Ferry Express Samina").
Chronology of the sinking
At 22:15 EEST (19:15 UTC), three minutes after impact, the ship was listing by five degrees to starboard. By 22:25, the list had increased to fourteen degrees and water began to enter the ship through the six-metre gash. By 22:29, the ship was listing by twenty-three degrees, preventing the launching of additional lifeboats; only three of the eight lifeboats were deployed. At 22:32 the ship had listed by 33 degrees, and by 22:50 the ship lay on its side. The clock on the bridge stopped at 23:02, which the authorities took to be an indication of the time at which the ship sank. In addition to the main cause of the sinking (open watertight doors), the degree of damage, the scenario, and the open vehicle deck space in roro ferry design were contributing factors.
Aftermath
The port-master of Parikia, Dimitris Malamas, died the same night from a heart attack due to the stress of the evacuation operations.
As a result of the sinking, ferries were retired after 30 years instead of 35, under Greece's new laws precipitated by the disaster. These laws were eventually relaxed due to the aging Greek fleet, but ships over 30 years old must comply with strict safety standards, and regular inspections are carried out by authorities. Additionally, this hastened the adoption of voyage recorders, the equivalent of black boxes for ships; all passenger ferries are now required by law to contain voyage recorders.
On 29 November 2000, Pandelis Sfinias (Παντελής Σφηνιάς) the manager of the company Minoan Flying Dolphins, committed suicide by jumping from his sixth-floor office window. He had been charged with criminal negligence in conjunction with this ferry disaster, and had been the focus of much media attention. A subsequent coroner's report revealed alcohol and antidepressants in his system at the time of his death. There was no note, but media reports hinted at a possible call made before he jumped. Several crew members, as well as representatives for the owners, were subsequently charged with different criminal charges, including manslaughter and negligence. The trial commenced in late July 2005.
First officer Tassos Psychoyios was sentenced to 19 years, while Captain Vassilis Giannakis received a 16-year sentence. Psychoyios had been watching a football match on television when the ship hit the rocks, according to witnesses. Three crew members were sentenced to between 15 months and 8 years 9 months for a series of misdemeanours that included abandoning ship without the captain's permission.
The City of Seattle honoured 26-year-old Heidi Hart and 32-year-old Christine Shannon, two American passengers, for heroism during the disaster. The women had rescued two men.
In popular culture
The disaster was featured in "Collision Course", a Season 3 (2005) Crash Scene Investigation episode of the Canadian TV series Mayday as well as the third episode of the first season of I Survived....
See also
List of RORO vessel accidents
SS Heimara
SS Heraklion
MS Sea Diamond, a cruise ship which ran aground and sank off the coast of Santorini, Greece
Costa Concordia, a cruise ship which ran aground and capsized at Isola del Giglio, Italy
References
External links
Adriatic and Aegean ferries – F/B GOLDEN VERGINA
Wreck site – MV Express Samina
1966 ships
Maritime incidents in 2000
Maritime incidents in Greece
Ships built by Chantiers de l'Atlantique
Ships of the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique
Shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Express%20Samina |
River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its many parts. River ecosystems are part of larger watershed networks or catchments, where smaller headwater streams drain into mid-size streams, which progressively drain into larger river networks. The major zones in river ecosystems are determined by the river bed's gradient or by the velocity of the current. Faster moving turbulent water typically contains greater concentrations of dissolved oxygen, which supports greater biodiversity than the slow-moving water of pools. These distinctions form the basis for the division of rivers into upland and lowland rivers.
The food base of streams within riparian forests is mostly derived from the trees, but wider streams and those that lack a canopy derive the majority of their food base from algae. Anadromous fish are also an important source of nutrients. Environmental threats to rivers include loss of water, dams, chemical pollution and introduced species. A dam produces negative effects that continue down the watershed. The most important negative effects are the reduction of spring flooding, which damages wetlands, and the retention of sediment, which leads to the loss of deltaic wetlands.
River ecosystems are prime examples of lotic ecosystems. Lotic refers to flowing water, from the Latin , meaning washed. Lotic waters range from springs only a few centimeters wide to major rivers kilometers in width. Much of this article applies to lotic ecosystems in general, including related lotic systems such as streams and springs. Lotic ecosystems can be contrasted with lentic ecosystems, which involve relatively still terrestrial waters such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Together, these two ecosystems form the more general study area of freshwater or aquatic ecology.
The following unifying characteristics make the ecology of running waters unique among aquatic habitats: the flow is unidirectional, there is a state of continuous physical change, and there is a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity at all scales (microhabitats), the variability between lotic systems is quite high and the biota is specialized to live with flow conditions.
Abiotic components (non-living)
The non-living components of an ecosystem are called abiotic components.
E.g. stone, air, soil, etc.
Water flow
Unidirectional water flow is the key factor in lotic systems influencing their ecology. Streamflow can be continuous or intermittent, though. Streamflow is the result of the summative inputs from groundwater, precipitation, and overland flow. Water flow can vary between systems, ranging from torrential rapids to slow backwaters that almost seem like lentic systems. The speed or velocity of the water flow of the water column can also vary within a system and is subject to chaotic turbulence, though water velocity tends to be highest in the middle part of the stream channel (known as the thalveg). This turbulence results in divergences of flow from the mean downslope flow vector as typified by eddy currents. The mean flow rate vector is based on the variability of friction with the bottom or sides of the channel, sinuosity, obstructions, and the incline gradient. In addition, the amount of water input into the system from direct precipitation, snowmelt, and/or groundwater can affect the flow rate. The amount of water in a stream is measured as discharge (volume per unit time). As water flows downstream, streams and rivers most often gain water volume, so at base flow (i.e., no storm input), smaller headwater streams have very low discharge, while larger rivers have much higher discharge. The "flow regime" of a river or stream includes the general patterns of discharge over annual or decadal time scales, and may capture seasonal changes in flow.
While water flow is strongly determined by slope, flowing waters can alter the general shape or direction of the stream bed, a characteristic also known as geomorphology. The profile of the river water column is made up of three primary actions: erosion, transport, and deposition. Rivers have been described as "the gutters down which run the ruins of continents". Rivers are continuously eroding, transporting, and depositing substrate, sediment, and organic material. The continuous movement of water and entrained material creates a variety of habitats, including riffles, glides, and pools.
Light
Light is important to lotic systems, because it provides the energy necessary to drive primary production via photosynthesis, and can also provide refuge for prey species in shadows it casts. The amount of light that a system receives can be related to a combination of internal and external stream variables. The area surrounding a small stream, for example, might be shaded by surrounding forests or by valley walls. Larger river systems tend to be wide so the influence of external variables is minimized, and the sun reaches the surface. These rivers also tend to be more turbulent, however, and particles in the water increasingly attenuate light as depth increases. Seasonal and diurnal factors might also play a role in light availability because the angle of incidence, the angle at which light strikes water can lead to light lost from reflection. Known as Beer's Law, the shallower the angle, the more light is reflected and the amount of solar radiation received declines logarithmically with depth. Additional influences on light availability include cloud cover, altitude, and geographic position.
Temperature
Most lotic species are poikilotherms whose internal temperature varies with their environment, thus temperature is a key abiotic factor for them. Water can be heated or cooled through radiation at the surface and conduction to or from the air and surrounding substrate. Shallow streams are typically well mixed and maintain a relatively uniform temperature within an area. In deeper, slower moving water systems, however, a strong difference between the bottom and surface temperatures may develop. Spring fed systems have little variation as springs are typically from groundwater sources, which are often very close to ambient temperature. Many systems show strong diurnal fluctuations and seasonal variations are most extreme in arctic, desert and temperate systems. The amount of shading, climate and elevation can also influence the temperature of lotic systems.
Chemistry
Water chemistry in river ecosystems varies depending on which dissolved solutes and gases are present in the water column of the stream. Specifically river water can include, apart from the water itself,
dissolved inorganic matter and major ions (calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphide, chloride)
dissolved inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, silica)
suspended and dissolved organic matter
gases (nitrogen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen)
trace metals and pollutants
Dissolved ions and nutrients
Dissolved stream solutes can be considered either reactive or conservative. Reactive solutes are readily biologically assimilated by the autotrophic and heterotrophic biota of the stream; examples can include inorganic nitrogen species such as nitrate or ammonium, some forms of phosphorus (e.g., soluble reactive phosphorus), and silica. Other solutes can be considered conservative, which indicates that the solute is not taken up and used biologically; chloride is often considered a conservative solute. Conservative solutes are often used as hydrologic tracers for water movement and transport. Both reactive and conservative stream water chemistry is foremost determined by inputs from the geology of its watershed, or catchment area. Stream water chemistry can also be influenced by precipitation, and the addition of pollutants from human sources. Large differences in chemistry do not usually exist within small lotic systems due to a high rate of mixing. In larger river systems, however, the concentrations of most nutrients, dissolved salts, and pH decrease as distance increases from the river's source.
Dissolved gases
In terms of dissolved gases, oxygen is likely the most important chemical constituent of lotic systems, as all aerobic organisms require it for survival. It enters the water mostly via diffusion at the water-air interface. Oxygen's solubility in water decreases as water pH and temperature increases. Fast, turbulent streams expose more of the water's surface area to the air and tend to have low temperatures and thus more oxygen than slow, backwaters. Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, so systems with a high abundance of aquatic algae and plants may also have high concentrations of oxygen during the day. These levels can decrease significantly during the night when primary producers switch to respiration. Oxygen can be limiting if circulation between the surface and deeper layers is poor, if the activity of lotic animals is very high, or if there is a large amount of organic decay occurring.
Suspended matter
Rivers can also transport suspended inorganic and organic matter. These materials can include sediment or terrestrially-derived organic matter that falls into the stream channel. Often, organic matter is processed within the stream via mechanical fragmentation, consumption and grazing by invertebrates, and microbial decomposition. Leaves and woody debris recognizable coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) into particulate organic matter (POM), down to fine particulate organic matter. Woody and non-woody plants have different instream breakdown rates, with leafy plants or plant parts (e.g., flower petals) breaking down faster than woody logs or branches.
Substrate
The inorganic substrate of lotic systems is composed of the geologic material present in the catchment that is eroded, transported, sorted, and deposited by the current. Inorganic substrates are classified by size on the Wentworth scale, which ranges from boulders, to pebbles, to gravel, to sand, and to silt. Typically, substrate particle size decreases downstream with larger boulders and stones in more mountainous areas and sandy bottoms in lowland rivers. This is because the higher gradients of mountain streams facilitate a faster flow, moving smaller substrate materials further downstream for deposition. Substrate can also be organic and may include fine particles, autumn shed leaves, large woody debris such as submerged tree logs, moss, and semi-aquatic plants. Substrate deposition is not necessarily a permanent event, as it can be subject to large modifications during flooding events.
Biotic components (living)
The living components of an ecosystem are called the biotic components. Streams have numerous types of biotic organisms that live in them, including bacteria, primary producers, insects and other invertebrates, as well as fish and other vertebrates.
Biofilm
A biofilm is a combination of algae (diatoms etc.), fungi, bacteria, and other small microorganisms that exist in a film along the streambed or the benthos. Biofilm assemblages themselves are complex, and add to the complexity of a streambed.
The different biofilm components (algae and bacteria are the principal components) are embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix (EPS), and are net receptors of inorganic and organic elements and remain submitted to the influences of the different environmental factors.
Biofilms are one of the main biological interphases in river ecosystems, and probably the most important in intermittent rivers, where the importance of the water column is reduced during extended low-activity periods of the hydrological cycle. Biofilms can be understood as microbial consortia of autotrophs and heterotrophs, coexisting in a matrix of hydrated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These two main biological components are respectively mainly algae and cyanobacteria on one side, and bacteria and fungi on the other. Micro- and meiofauna also inhabit the biofilm, predating on the organisms and organic particles and contributing to its evolution and dispersal. Biofilms therefore form a highly active biological consortium, ready to use organic and inorganic materials from the water phase, and also ready to use light or chemical energy sources. The EPS immobilize the cells and keep them in close proximity allowing for intense interactions including cell-cell communication and the formation of synergistic consortia. The EPS is able to retain extracellular enzymes and therefore allows the utilization of materials from the environment and the transformation of these materials into dissolved nutrients for the use by algae and bacteria. At the same time, the EPS contributes to protect the cells from desiccation as well from other hazards (e.g., biocides, UV radiation, etc.) from the outer world. On the other hand, the packing and the EPS protection layer limits the diffusion of gases and nutrients, especially for the cells far from the biofilm surface, and this limits their survival and creates strong gradients within the biofilm. Both the biofilm physical structure, and the plasticity of the organisms that live within it, ensure and support their survival in harsh environments or under changing environmental conditions.
Microorganisms
Bacteria are present in large numbers in lotic waters. Free-living forms are associated with decomposing organic material, biofilm on the surfaces of rocks and vegetation, in between particles that compose the substrate, and suspended in the water column. Other forms are also associated with the guts of lotic organisms as parasites or in commensal relationships. Bacteria play a large role in energy recycling (see below).
Diatoms are one of the main dominant groups of periphytic algae in lotic systems and have been widely used as efficient indicators of water quality, because they respond quickly to environmental changes, especially organic pollution and eutrophication, with a broad spectrum of tolerances to conditions ranging, from oligotrophic to eutrophic.
Primary producers
Algae, consisting of phytoplankton and periphyton, are the most significant sources of primary production in most streams and rivers. Phytoplankton float freely in the water column and thus are unable to maintain populations in fast flowing streams. They can, however, develop sizeable populations in slow moving rivers and backwaters. Periphyton are typically filamentous and tufted algae that can attach themselves to objects to avoid being washed away by fast currents. In places where flow rates are negligible or absent, periphyton may form a gelatinous, unanchored floating mat.
Plants exhibit limited adaptations to fast flow and are most successful in reduced currents. More primitive plants, such as mosses and liverworts attach themselves to solid objects. This typically occurs in colder headwaters where the mostly rocky substrate offers attachment sites. Some plants are free floating at the water's surface in dense mats like duckweed or water hyacinth. Others are rooted and may be classified as submerged or emergent. Rooted plants usually occur in areas of slackened current where fine-grained soils are found. These rooted plants are flexible, with elongated leaves that offer minimal resistance to current.
Living in flowing water can be beneficial to plants and algae because the current is usually well aerated and it provides a continuous supply of nutrients. These organisms are limited by flow, light, water chemistry, substrate, and grazing pressure. Algae and plants are important to lotic systems as sources of energy, for forming microhabitats that shelter other fauna from predators and the current, and as a food resource.
Insects and other invertebrates
Up to 90% of invertebrates in some lotic systems are insects. These species exhibit tremendous diversity and can be found occupying almost every available habitat, including the surfaces of stones, deep below the substratum in the hyporheic zone, adrift in the current, and in the surface film.
Insects have developed several strategies for living in the diverse flows of lotic systems. Some avoid high current areas, inhabiting the substratum or the sheltered side of rocks. Others have flat bodies to reduce the drag forces they experience from living in running water. Some insects, like the giant water bug (Belostomatidae), avoid flood events by leaving the stream when they sense rainfall. In addition to these behaviors and body shapes, insects have different life history adaptations to cope with the naturally-occurring physical harshness of stream environments. Some insects time their life events based on when floods and droughts occur. For example, some mayflies synchronize when they emerge as flying adults with when snowmelt flooding usually occurs in Colorado streams. Other insects do not have a flying stage and spend their entire life cycle in the river.
Like most of the primary consumers, lotic invertebrates often rely heavily on the current to bring them food and oxygen. Invertebrates are important as both consumers and prey items in lotic systems.
The common orders of insects that are found in river ecosystems include Ephemeroptera (also known as a mayfly), Trichoptera (also known as a caddisfly), Plecoptera (also known as a stonefly, Diptera (also known as a true fly), some types of Coleoptera (also known as a beetle), Odonata (the group that includes the dragonfly and the damselfly), and some types of Hemiptera (also known as true bugs).
Additional invertebrate taxa common to flowing waters include mollusks such as snails, limpets, clams, mussels, as well as crustaceans like crayfish, amphipoda and crabs.
Fish and other vertebrates
Fish are probably the best-known inhabitants of lotic systems. The ability of a fish species to live in flowing waters depends upon the speed at which it can swim and the duration that its speed can be maintained. This ability can vary greatly between species and is tied to the habitat in which it can survive. Continuous swimming expends a tremendous amount of energy and, therefore, fishes spend only short periods in full current. Instead, individuals remain close to the bottom or the banks, behind obstacles, and sheltered from the current, swimming in the current only to feed or change locations. Some species have adapted to living only on the system bottom, never venturing into the open water flow. These fishes are dorso-ventrally flattened to reduce flow resistance and often have eyes on top of their heads to observe what is happening above them. Some also have sensory barrels positioned under the head to assist in the testing of substratum.
Lotic systems typically connect to each other, forming a path to the ocean (spring → stream → river → ocean), and many fishes have life cycles that require stages in both fresh and salt water. Salmon, for example, are anadromous species that are born in freshwater but spend most of their adult life in the ocean, returning to fresh water only to spawn. Eels are catadromous species that do the opposite, living in freshwater as adults but migrating to the ocean to spawn.
Other vertebrate taxa that inhabit lotic systems include amphibians, such as salamanders, reptiles (e.g. snakes, turtles, crocodiles and alligators) various bird species, and mammals (e.g., otters, beavers, hippos, and river dolphins). With the exception of a few species, these vertebrates are not tied to water as fishes are, and spend part of their time in terrestrial habitats. Many fish species are important as consumers and as prey species to the larger vertebrates mentioned above.
Trophic level dynamics
The concept of trophic levels are used in food webs to visualise the manner in which energy is transferred from one part of an ecosystem to another. Trophic levels can be assigned numbers determining how far an organism is along the food chain.
Level one: Producers, plant-like organisms that generate their own food using solar radiation, including algae, phytoplankton, mosses and lichens.
Level two: Consumers, animal-like organism that get their energy from eating producers, such as zooplankton, small fish, and crustaceans.
Level three: Decomposers, organisms that break down the dead matter of consumers and producers and return the nutrients back to the system. Example are bacteria and fungi.
All energy transactions within an ecosystem derive from a single external source of energy, the sun. Some of this solar radiation is used by producers (plants) to turn inorganic substances into organic substances which can be used as food by consumers (animals). Plants release portions of this energy back into the ecosystem through a catabolic process. Animals then consume the potential energy that is being released from the producers. This system is followed by the death of the consumer organism which then returns nutrients back into the ecosystem. This allow further growth for the plants, and the cycle continues. Breaking cycles down into levels makes it easier for ecologists to understand ecological succession when observing the transfer of energy within a system.
Top-down and bottom-up affect
A common issue with trophic level dynamics is how resources and production are regulated. The usage and interaction between resources have a large impact on the structure of food webs as a whole. Temperature plays a role in food web interactions including top-down and bottom-up forces within ecological communities. Bottom-up regulations within a food web occur when a resource available at the base or bottom of the food web increases productivity, which then climbs the chain and influence the biomass availability to higher trophic organism. Top-down regulations occur when a predator population increases. This limits the available prey population, which limits the availability of energy for lower trophic levels within the food chain. Many biotic and abiotic factors can influence top-down and bottom-up interactions.
Trophic cascade
Another example of food web interactions are trophic cascades. Understanding trophic cascades has allowed ecologists to better understand the structure and dynamics of food webs within an ecosystem. The phenomenon of trophic cascades allows keystone predators to structure entire food web in terms of how they interact with their prey. Trophic cascades can cause drastic changes in the energy flow within a food web. For example, when a top or keystone predator consumes organisms below them in the food web, the density and behavior of the prey will change. This, in turn, affects the abundance of organisms consumed further down the chain, resulting in a cascade down the trophic levels. However, empirical evidence shows trophic cascades are much more prevalent in terrestrial food webs than aquatic food webs.
Food chain
A food chain is a linear system of links that is part of a food web, and represents the order in which organisms are consumed from one trophic level to the next. Each link in a food chain is associated with a trophic level in the ecosystem. The numbered steps it takes for the initial source of energy starting from the bottom to reach the top of the food web is called the food chain length. While food chain lengths can fluctuate, aquatic ecosystems start with primary producers that are consumed by primary consumers which are consumed by secondary consumers, and those in turn can be consumed by tertiary consumers so on and so forth until the top of the food chain has been reached.
Primary producers
Primary producers start every food chain. Their production of energy and nutrients comes from the sun through photosynthesis. Algae contributes to a lot of the energy and nutrients at the base of the food chain along with terrestrial litter-fall that enters the stream or river. Production of organic compounds like carbon is what gets transferred up the food chain. Primary producers are consumed by herbivorous invertebrates that act as the primary consumers. Productivity of these producers and the function of the ecosystem as a whole are influenced by the organism above it in the food chain.
Primary consumers
Primary consumers are the invertebrates and macro-invertebrates that feed upon the primary producers. They play an important role in initiating the transfer of energy from the base trophic level to the next. They are regulatory organisms which facilitate and control rates of nutrient cycling and the mixing of aquatic and terrestrial plant materials. They also transport and retain some of those nutrients and materials. There are many different functional groups of these invertebrate, including grazers, organisms that feed on algal biofilm that collects on submerged objects, shredders that feed on large leaves and detritus and help break down large material. Also filter feeders, macro-invertebrates that rely on stream flow to deliver them fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) suspended in the water column, and gatherers who feed on FPOM found on the substrate of the river or stream.
Secondary consumers
The secondary consumers in a river ecosystem are the predators of the primary consumers. This includes mainly insectivorous fish. Consumption by invertebrate insects and macro-invertebrates is another step of energy flow up the food chain. Depending on their abundance, these predatory consumers can shape an ecosystem by the manner in which they affect the trophic levels below them. When fish are at high abundance and eat lots of invertebrates, then algal biomass and primary production in the stream is greater, and when secondary consumers are not present, then algal biomass may decrease due to the high abundance of primary consumers. Energy and nutrients that starts with primary producers continues to make its way up the food chain and depending on the ecosystem, may end with these predatory fish.
Food web complexity
Diversity, productivity, species richness, composition and stability are all interconnected by a series of feedback loops. Communities can have a series of complex, direct and/or indirect, responses to major changes in biodiversity. Food webs can include a wide array of variables, the three main variables ecologists look at regarding ecosystems include species richness, biomass of productivity and stability/resistant to change. When a species is added or removed from an ecosystem it will have an effect on the remaining food web, the intensity of this effect is related to species connectedness and food web robustness. When a new species is added to a river ecosystem the intensity of the effect is related to the robustness or resistance to change of the current food web. When a species is removed from a river ecosystem the intensity of the effect is related to the connectedness of the species to the food web. An invasive species could be removed with little to no effect, but if important and native primary producers, prey or predatory fish are removed you could have a negative trophic cascade. One highly variable component to river ecosystems is food supply (biomass of primary producers). Food supply or type of producers is ever changing with the seasons and differing habitats within the river ecosystem. Another highly variable component to river ecosystems is nutrient input from wetland and terrestrial detritus. Food and nutrient supply variability is important for the succession, robustness and connectedness of river ecosystem organisms.
Trophic relationships
Energy inputs
Energy sources can be autochthonous or allochthonous.
Autochthonous (from the Latin "auto" = "self) energy sources are those derived from within the lotic system. During photosynthesis, for example, primary producers form organic carbon compounds out of carbon dioxide and inorganic matter. The energy they produce is important for the community because it may be transferred to higher trophic levels via consumption. Additionally, high rates of primary production can introduce dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the waters. Another form of autochthonous energy comes from the decomposition of dead organisms and feces that originate within the lotic system. In this case, bacteria decompose the detritus or coarse particulate organic material (CPOM; >1 mm pieces) into fine particulate organic matter (FPOM; <1 mm pieces) and then further into inorganic compounds that are required for photosynthesis. This process is discussed in more detail below.
Allochthonous energy sources are those derived from outside the lotic system, that is, from the terrestrial environment. Leaves, twigs, fruits, etc. are typical forms of terrestrial CPOM that have entered the water by direct litter fall or lateral leaf blow. In addition, terrestrial animal-derived materials, such as feces or carcasses that have been added to the system are examples of allochthonous CPOM. The CPOM undergoes a specific process of degradation. Allan gives the example of a leaf fallen into a stream. First, the soluble chemicals are dissolved and leached from the leaf upon its saturation with water. This adds to the DOM load in the system. Next microbes such as bacteria and fungi colonize the leaf, softening it as the mycelium of the fungus grows into it. The composition of the microbial community is influenced by the species of tree from which the leaves are shed (Rubbo and Kiesecker 2004). This combination of bacteria, fungi, and leaf are a food source for shredding invertebrates, which leave only FPOM after consumption. These fine particles may be colonized by microbes again or serve as a food source for animals that consume FPOM. Organic matter can also enter the lotic system already in the FPOM stage by wind, surface runoff, bank erosion, or groundwater. Similarly, DOM can be introduced through canopy drip from rain or from surface flows.
Invertebrates
Invertebrates can be organized into many feeding guilds in lotic systems. Some species are shredders, which use large and powerful mouth parts to feed on non-woody CPOM and their associated microorganisms. Others are suspension feeders, which use their setae, filtering aparati, nets, or even secretions to collect FPOM and microbes from the water. These species may be passive collectors, utilizing the natural flow of the system, or they may generate their own current to draw water, and also, FPOM in Allan. Members of the gatherer-collector guild actively search for FPOM under rocks and in other places where the stream flow has slackened enough to allow deposition. Grazing invertebrates utilize scraping, rasping, and browsing adaptations to feed on periphyton and detritus. Finally, several families are predatory, capturing and consuming animal prey. Both the number of species and the abundance of individuals within each guild is largely dependent upon food availability. Thus, these values may vary across both seasons and systems.
Fish
Fish can also be placed into feeding guilds. Planktivores pick plankton out of the water column. Herbivore-detritivores are bottom-feeding species that ingest both periphyton and detritus indiscriminately. Surface and water column feeders capture surface prey (mainly terrestrial and emerging insects) and drift (benthic invertebrates floating downstream). Benthic invertebrate feeders prey primarily on immature insects, but will also consume other benthic invertebrates. Top predators consume fishes and/or large invertebrates. Omnivores ingest a wide range of prey. These can be floral, faunal, and/or detrital in nature. Finally, parasites live off of host species, typically other fishes. Fish are flexible in their feeding roles, capturing different prey with regard to seasonal availability and their own developmental stage. Thus, they may occupy multiple feeding guilds in their lifetime. The number of species in each guild can vary greatly between systems, with temperate warm water streams having the most benthic invertebrate feeders, and tropical systems having large numbers of detritus feeders due to high rates of allochthonous input.
Community patterns and diversity
Local species richness
Large rivers have comparatively more species than small streams. Many relate this pattern to the greater area and volume of larger systems, as well as an increase in habitat diversity. Some systems, however, show a poor fit between system size and species richness. In these cases, a combination of factors such as historical rates of speciation and extinction, type of substrate, microhabitat availability, water chemistry, temperature, and disturbance such as flooding seem to be important.
Resource partitioning
Although many alternate theories have been postulated for the ability of guild-mates to coexist (see Morin 1999), resource partitioning has been well documented in lotic systems as a means of reducing competition. The three main types of resource partitioning include habitat, dietary, and temporal segregation.
Habitat segregation was found to be the most common type of resource partitioning in natural systems (Schoener, 1974). In lotic systems, microhabitats provide a level of physical complexity that can support a diverse array of organisms (Vincin and Hawknis, 1998). The separation of species by substrate preferences has been well documented for invertebrates. Ward (1992) was able to divide substrate dwellers into six broad assemblages, including those that live in: coarse substrate, gravel, sand, mud, woody debris, and those associated with plants, showing one layer of segregation. On a smaller scale, further habitat partitioning can occur on or around a single substrate, such as a piece of gravel. Some invertebrates prefer the high flow areas on the exposed top of the gravel, while others reside in the crevices between one piece of gravel and the next, while still others live on the bottom of this gravel piece.
Dietary segregation is the second-most common type of resource partitioning. High degrees of morphological specializations or behavioral differences allow organisms to use specific resources. The size of nets built by some species of invertebrate suspension feeders, for example, can filter varying particle size of FPOM from the water (Edington et al. 1984). Similarly, members in the grazing guild can specialize in the harvesting of algae or detritus depending upon the morphology of their scraping apparatus. In addition, certain species seem to show a preference for specific algal species.
Temporal segregation is a less common form of resource partitioning, but it is nonetheless an observed phenomenon. Typically, it accounts for coexistence by relating it to differences in life history patterns and the timing of maximum growth among guild mates. Tropical fishes in Borneo, for example, have shifted to shorter life spans in response to the ecological niche reduction felt with increasing levels of species richness in their ecosystem (Watson and Balon 1984).
Persistence and succession
Over long time scales, there is a tendency for species composition in pristine systems to remain in a stable state. This has been found for both invertebrate and fish species. On shorter time scales, however, flow variability and unusual precipitation patterns decrease habitat stability and can all lead to declines in persistence levels. The ability to maintain this persistence over long time scales is related to the ability of lotic systems to return to the original community configuration relatively quickly after a disturbance (Townsend et al. 1987). This is one example of temporal succession, a site-specific change in a community involving changes in species composition over time. Another form of temporal succession might occur when a new habitat is opened up for colonization. In these cases, an entirely new community that is well adapted to the conditions found in this new area can establish itself.
River continuum concept
The River continuum concept (RCC) was an attempt to construct a single framework to describe the function of temperate lotic ecosystems from the headwaters to larger rivers and relate key characteristics to changes in the biotic community (Vannote et al. 1980). The physical basis for RCC is size and location along the gradient from a small stream eventually linked to a large river. Stream order (see characteristics of streams) is used as the physical measure of the position along the RCC.
According to the RCC, low ordered sites are small shaded streams where allochthonous inputs of CPOM are a necessary resource for consumers. As the river widens at mid-ordered sites, energy inputs should change. Ample sunlight should reach the bottom in these systems to support significant periphyton production. Additionally, the biological processing of CPOM (coarse particulate organic matter larger than 1 mm) inputs at upstream sites is expected to result in the transport of large amounts of FPOM (fine particulate organic matter smaller than 1 mm) to these downstream ecosystems. Plants should become more abundant at edges of the river with increasing river size, especially in lowland rivers where finer sediments have been deposited and facilitate rooting. The main channels likely have too much current and turbidity and a lack of substrate to support plants or periphyton. Phytoplankton should produce the only autochthonous inputs here, but photosynthetic rates will be limited due to turbidity and mixing. Thus, allochthonous inputs are expected to be the primary energy source for large rivers. This FPOM will come from both upstream sites via the decomposition process and through lateral inputs from floodplains.
Biota should change with this change in energy from the headwaters to the mouth of these systems. Namely, shredders should prosper in low-ordered systems and grazers in mid-ordered sites. Microbial decomposition should play the largest role in energy production for low-ordered sites and large rivers, while photosynthesis, in addition to degraded allochthonous inputs from upstream will be essential in mid-ordered systems. As mid-ordered sites will theoretically receive the largest variety of energy inputs, they might be expected to host the most biological diversity (Vannote et al. 1980).
Just how well the RCC actually reflects patterns in natural systems is uncertain and its generality can be a handicap when applied to diverse and specific situations. The most noted criticisms of the RCC are: 1. It focuses mostly on macroinvertebrates, disregarding that plankton and fish diversity is highest in high orders; 2. It relies heavily on the fact that low ordered sites have high CPOM inputs, even though many streams lack riparian habitats; 3. It is based on pristine systems, which rarely exist today; and 4. It is centered around the functioning of temperate streams. Despite its shortcomings, the RCC remains a useful idea for describing how the patterns of ecological functions in a lotic system can vary from the source to the mouth.
Disturbances such as congestion by dams or natural events such as shore flooding are not included in the RCC model. Various researchers have since expanded the model to account for such irregularities. For example, J.V. Ward and J.A. Stanford came up with the Serial Discontinuity Concept in 1983, which addresses the impact of geomorphologic disorders such as congestion and integrated inflows. The same authors presented the Hyporheic Corridor concept in 1993, in which the vertical (in depth) and lateral (from shore to shore) structural complexity of the river were connected. The flood pulse concept, developed by W. J. Junk in 1989, further modified by P. B. Bayley in 1990 and K. Tockner in 2000, takes into account the large amount of nutrients and organic material that makes its way into a river from the sediment of surrounding flooded land.
Human impacts
Humans exert a geomorphic force that now rivals that of the natural Earth. The period of human dominance has been termed the Anthropocene, and several dates have been proposed for its onset. Many researchers have emphasised the dramatic changes associated with the Industrial Revolution in Europe after about 1750 CE (Common Era) and the Great Acceleration in technology at about 1950 CE.
However, a detectable human imprint on the environment extends back for thousands of years, and an emphasis on recent changes minimises the enormous landscape transformation caused by humans in antiquity. Important earlier human effects with significant environmental consequences include megafaunal extinctions between 14,000 and 10,500 cal yr BP; domestication of plants and animals close to the start of the Holocene at 11,700 cal yr BP; agricultural practices and deforestation at 10,000 to 5000 cal yr BP; and widespread generation of anthropogenic soils at about 2000 cal yr BP. Key evidence of early anthropogenic activity is encoded in early fluvial successions, long predating anthropogenic effects that have intensified over the past centuries and led to the modern worldwide river crisis.
Pollution
River pollution can include but is not limited to: increasing sediment export, excess nutrients from fertilizer or urban runoff, sewage and septic inputs, plastic pollution, nano-particles, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, synthetic chemicals, road salt, inorganic contaminants (e.g., heavy metals), and even heat via thermal pollutions. The effects of pollution often depend on the context and material, but can reduce ecosystem functioning, limit ecosystem services, reduce stream biodiversity, and impact human health.
Pollutant sources of lotic systems are hard to control because they can derive, often in small amounts, over a very wide area and enter the system at many locations along its length. While direct pollution of lotic systems has been greatly reduced in the United States under the government's Clean Water Act, contaminants from diffuse non-point sources remain a large problem. Agricultural fields often deliver large quantities of sediments, nutrients, and chemicals to nearby streams and rivers. Urban and residential areas can also add to this pollution when contaminants are accumulated on impervious surfaces such as roads and parking lots that then drain into the system. Elevated nutrient concentrations, especially nitrogen and phosphorus which are key components of fertilizers, can increase periphyton growth, which can be particularly dangerous in slow-moving streams. Another pollutant, acid rain, forms from sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide emitted from factories and power stations. These substances readily dissolve in atmospheric moisture and enter lotic systems through precipitation. This can lower the pH of these sites, affecting all trophic levels from algae to vertebrates. Mean species richness and total species numbers within a system decrease with decreasing pH.
Flow modification
Flow modification can occur as a result of dams, water regulation and extraction, channel modification, and the destruction of the river floodplain and adjacent riparian zones.
Dams alter the flow, temperature, and sediment regime of lotic systems. Additionally, many rivers are dammed at multiple locations, amplifying the impact. Dams can cause enhanced clarity and reduced variability in stream flow, which in turn cause an increase in periphyton abundance. Invertebrates immediately below a dam can show reductions in species richness due to an overall reduction in habitat heterogeneity. Also, thermal changes can affect insect development, with abnormally warm winter temperatures obscuring cues to break egg diapause and overly cool summer temperatures leaving too few acceptable days to complete growth. Finally, dams fragment river systems, isolating previously continuous populations, and preventing the migrations of anadromous and catadromous species.
Invasive species
Invasive species have been introduced to lotic systems through both purposeful events (e.g. stocking game and food species) as well as unintentional events (e.g. hitchhikers on boats or fishing waders). These organisms can affect natives via competition for prey or habitat, predation, habitat alteration, hybridization, or the introduction of harmful diseases and parasites. Once established, these species can be difficult to control or eradicate, particularly because of the connectivity of lotic systems. Invasive species can be especially harmful in areas that have endangered biota, such as mussels in the Southeast United States, or those that have localized endemic species, like lotic systems west of the Rocky Mountains, where many species evolved in isolation.
See also
Betty's Brain software that "learns" about river ecosystems
Flood pulse concept
Lake ecosystem
Rheophile
Riparian zone
River continuum concept
River drainage system
RIVPACS
The Riverkeepers
Upland and lowland rivers
References
Further reading
Brown, A. L. 1987. Freshwater Ecology. Heinimann Educational Books, London. P. 163.
Carlisle, D. M. and M. D. Woodside. 2013. Ecological health in the nation's streams, United States Geological Survey. P. 6.
Edington, J. M., Edington, M. A., and J. A. Dorman. 1984. Habitat partitioning amongst hydrophyschid larvae of a Malaysian stream. Entomologica 30: 123–129.
Hynes, H. B. N. 1970. Ecology of Running Waters. Originally published in Toronto by University of Toronto Press, 555 p.
Morin, P. J. 1999. Community Ecology. Blackwell Science, Oxford. P. 424.
Ward, J. V. 1992. Aquatic Insect Ecology: biology and habitat. Wiley, New York. P. 456.
External links
USGS real time stream flow data for gauged systems nationwide
Aquatic ecology
Ecosystems
Freshwater ecology
Limnology
Riparian zone
Rivers
Water streams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20ecosystem |
Rust is an red color resembling iron oxide. It is a commonly used color on cars and appears roughly the same color as photographic safelights when used over a standard tungsten light source.
The first recorded use of rust as a color name in English was in 1692.
Origin
Rust is named after the resulting phenomenon of the oxidation of iron. The word 'rust' finds its etymological origins in the Proto-Germanic word rusta, which translates to "redness." The word is closely related to the term "ruddy," which also refers to a reddish coloring in an object.
References
See also
List of colors
Shades of brown
Shades of orange
Shades of red | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust%20%28color%29 |
John Arthur Maguire (November 29, 1870 – July 1, 1939) was an American Democratic Party politician.
He was born near Elizabeth, Illinois on November 29, 1870, and moved to the Dakota Territory in 1882 with his parents settling near what is now Plankinton, South Dakota. He graduated from Plankinton High School in 1889 and attended the Agricultural College in Brookings, South Dakota from 1890 to 1893. He graduated from the Iowa State College of Agriculture (now Iowa State University) at Ames, Iowa in 1893 and the law department of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1899.
He was deputy treasurer of Lancaster County, Nebraska from 1899 to 1901, also passing the bar in 1899. He set up practice in Lincoln, Nebraska in 1902. He was a delegate to the 1904 Democratic National Convention and the secretary to the Democratic State committee in 1905.
He was elected in 1909 to the Sixty-first United States Congress and reelected to the Sixty-second and Sixty-third Congresses. He ran unsuccessfully for reelection in 1914, returning then to his practice of law in Lincoln. He was appointed a municipal judge on January 1, 1938 and died on July 1, 1939. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in Lincoln.
References
1870 births
1939 deaths
Politicians from Lincoln, Nebraska
University of Nebraska College of Law alumni
Nebraska lawyers
People from Aurora County, South Dakota
People from Elizabeth, Illinois
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Maguire |
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne (PLC), is an independent, private, Presbyterian, day and boarding school for girls, located in Burwood, an eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Founded in 1875 at East Melbourne, PLC was one of the first independent schools for girls in Australia. The College has a non-selective enrolment policy and in 2007 catered for approximately 1,550 students from the Early Learning Centre (ELC) to Year 12, including 100 boarders. P.L.C features a co-educational Early Learning Centre, and a girls-only environment from Prep to Year 12. The college has been an IB World School since September 1990, and is authorised to offer the IB Diploma Programme.
PLC is affiliated with the Association of Heads of Independent Schools of Australia (AHISA), the Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA), the Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia (AGSA), the Association of Independent Schools of Victoria (AISV), the Australian Boarding Schools Association (ABSA), is a founding member of Girls Sport Victoria (GSV), and is an accredited school of the Council of International Schools (CIS).
In 2001 The Sun-Herald named PLC Melbourne the best girls' school in Australia on the basis of the number of its alumni mentioned in Who's Who in Australia (a listing of notable Australians).
History
The Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria set up an education committee in 1869 to look into establishing a ladies' college. At this time the Church owned in Albert Street, East Melbourne, opposite the current Fitzroy Gardens, and not far from the original site of the school's brother school, Scotch College. A school building and a teachers' home were already built on the site, and were rented to a teacher as a primary school. The committee resolved to build the college and provide advice and support, but the college would be self-supporting.
Joseph Reed drew plans for a building that would house 30 boarders and 150 day students, at an estimated cost of £12,000. They decided to draw a line down the middle of the plans and build one section only.
The building was completed in time for the school's first year, 1875, with Charles Henry Pearson as founding principal. Pearson served as principal until 1879, when Andrew Harper took over. While other private (church-run) girls' schools had existed before PLC, the school was Australia's first school for girls to offer a program and education equal to that of a boys' school modelled on the great English Public Schools. The school's current motto, Lex Dei Vitae Lampas ("The Law of God is the Lamp of Life"), was introduced during the Second World War, as the original German motto, Ohne Hast Ohne Rast, was deemed inappropriate.
By 1938 the East Melbourne buildings were at maximum capacity, and the college council began a search for a new site for the school. In 1939 they purchased a property in the suburb of Burwood, called Hethersett. The Junior School was moved in 1939, but the complete move was delayed by the outbreak of the Second World War.
On 29 September 1956 Lady Brooks, the wife of General Sir Dallas Brooks, Governor of Victoria, laid the foundation stone for the new school buildings at Burwood, and the senior school moved in 1958. The school's original buildings at East Melbourne were demolished that same year to make way for a Masonic centre.
Boarding
The PLC Boarding House provides accommodation for 100 girls. Boarders have access to the college's recreational and sporting facilities as well as computers for study needs.
In 2008 PLC opened a new extension to the Boarding House, adding sixty individual bedrooms for senior girls, new bathrooms, three music rooms, a laundry and one computer lab.
School departments
PLC is divided into three school zones:
The Early Learning Centre, which educates girls and boys from 6 months to 5 years of age, using the Reggio Emilia approach.
The Junior School for girls from Prep to Grade 6.
The Senior School, which incorporates Years 7 to 12.
Curriculum
Early Learning Centre
The Early Learning Centre (ELC) caters for students from 6 months to five years of age. The academic program for three-, four- and five-year-old children is influenced by the Reggio Emilia approach to early childhood education. Students at this stage are introduced to mathematics, language, reading, writing, science, social studies, drama, dance and movement, and Christian Education, through individual and group activities.
The program for children under three years of age is designed to develop basic skills such as independence, listening, communication and sharing. Indoor and outdoor activities are utilised in order to encourage development in cognitive, social, emotional and motor areas.
Junior school
The Junior School curriculum is based on the Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS), and is designed to cater for the different needs of students. Curriculum areas are inter-related, with mastery of the English language seen as a priority. Subjects studied at this stage include Literature, Mathematics, Science, Technology, Studies of Society and Environment, Music, Art, Drama, Religious Education and Physical education. French is introduced at the lower Primary level.
Senior school
In Years 7 to 10, the school follows a core curriculum determined by the Victorian Essential Learning Standards. Two languages from a selection of French, Japanese, Indonesian, Latin, German and Chinese are taken during Years 7 and 8. This is dropped to one language from Year 9 onwards, but French can be taken as an elective in addition to another language, if the student so wishes. An elective program is offered to Years 9 and 10, allowing for a wide subject choice, enabling students to study subjects intensively or follow a new field of learning. Students in Year 9 also undertake a semester of a program called Outlook, which involves examining public transport, sustainability, accessibility and charity work. The program culminates in several days of a city program in the Melbourne CBD. In addition to the standard Victorian Certificate of Education the International Baccalaureate is also offered at the school. Furthermore, the school offers a wide range of extracurricular activities including involvement in music concerts such as the annual Gala Night held in August, optional chess tournaments and more. The school offers interschool debating through the Debating Association of Victoria from Years 7 to 12.
Co-curriculum
Drama
Drama and dance studies are part of the compulsory curriculum in the Early Learning Centre, Junior School and in year 8. It may be chosen as an elective subject in Years 9 and 10. PLC also offers VCE Theatre Studies.
Musical and drama performances are held by the school each year to cater for students with an interest in an instrument, singing, acting, dancing or backstage. PLC also features a number of annual traditions, such as House Concerts and massed choirs and orchestras on stage at Hamer Hall, for the Senior School Speech Night. The Year 9/10 drama and Senior School drama productions are conducted in collaboration with Scotch College.
Music
Music is highly valued at PLC, and an extensive range of musical instrument instruction is available. As a reflection of the value placed on music at PLC girls sing in assembly three mornings a week.
The music director 1915–1935 was the Bohemian-born pianist Edward Goll, a pupil of Emil von Sauer, grand-pupil of Franz Liszt, and teacher of many fine Australian musicians such as Margaret Sutherland and Nancy Weir.
Outdoor education
The sequential Outdoor Education program begins with a Year 3 teddy bears sleep-over, and carries through to the Year 11 Leadership Camp. From Years 4 to 12, there are a wide range of outdoor, adventure, curriculum and special interest camps including art, biology, Christian Convention, The Duke of Edinburgh Award, IB, geography, music, physics, leadership, astronomy, skiing, rowing and surfing.
Sport
PLC's sporting program includes specialist sports such as sport aerobics, fencing, triathlon, rowing, taekwondo, karate, surf lifesaving, and equestrian. PLC also participates in the full range of sports on offer by Girls' Sport Victoria: athletics, basketball, badminton, cricket, cross country, diving, golf, hockey, netball, soccer, softball, swimming, indoor cricket, tennis, volleyball, and water polo, as well as timetabled physical education classes with a broader focus on skills and fitness.
GSV premierships
PLC has won the following GSV premierships.
Badminton (10) – 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2017, 2018, 2019
Cricket – 2016
Chess
Chess is offered as an optional after-school activity from Years 3-6 and has a weekly club within the Senior School. Students are often given the opportunity to take part in inter-school tournaments, one of which PLC will host every year. They set and currently hold the record for winning the Australian Schools' Teams Championships (ASTC) most years in a row in their category after winning it in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. PLC also holds an annual Chess Championships within the school to find its strongest player, on top of House Chess.
House system
The Junior School and Senior School have separate house systems, with different colours representing each House. The Junior school has four houses:
Hethersett – Blue
Koorinya – Silver
Woollahra – Yellow
Wyselaskie – Pink
In the Senior School, the houses compete in all areas to gain points in order to win the House Cup at the end of the year. House events include concerts, athletics and swimming. However, small-scale activities range from maths to debating to chess are also included. House colours are awarded through a point system, in which a student is awarded the house colour if she gains a certain number of points for participating in house activities.
The Senior school has six houses, each named after Scottish castles:
Atholl – Light Blue
Balmoral – White
Glamis – Green
Leven – Purple
Rosslyn – Red
Stirling – Orange
Notable alumnae
Alumnae of Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne are known as "Old Collegians", and automatically become members of the schools alumni association, the PLC Old Collegians' Association (PLCOCA). PLCOCA was formed in 1903 as a way of keeping PLC women in touch with each other and with the college.
In 2001 The Sun-Herald named PLC Melbourne the best girls' school in Australia on the basis of the number of its alumni mentioned in Who's Who in Australia (a listing of notable Australians). Among these women are Helen Mitchell, the Soprano, best known as Dame Nellie Melba; Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson, the author published as Henry Handel Richardson; Marion Phillips, politician and the first Australian woman to win a seat in a national parliament; and Vida Goldstein, Suffragette and the first woman to stand for election to the Federal Parliament of Australia.
Notes
Who's Who of Girls' School Rankings, 2001:
1. PLC Melbourne
2.SCEGGS Darlinghurst
3.MLC Melbourne
4.PLC Sydney
5.Melbourne Girls Grammar School
6.Mac.Robertson Girls' High School
7.North Sydney Girls High School
8.Sydney Girls High School
9.MLC Sydney
10.University High School, Melbourne
See also
List of schools in Victoria
List of high schools in Victoria
List of boarding schools in Australia
List of pipe bands
References
Further reading
Fitzpatrick, K. 1975. PLC Melbourne: The First Century 1875–1975. Burwood, Presbyterian Ladies College.
Reid, M.O. 1960. The Ladies Came to Stay: A Study of the Education of Girls at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne 1875–1960. Melbourne, Council of the College.
Pressley, M. 1988. "Tapestries: A Collection of Family Histories from Presbyterian Ladies' College". Ashwood House, Surrey Hills, Victoria.
McFarlane, J.D. 1998. The Golden Hope: Presbyterian Ladies' College, 1888–1988. PLC Council, Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney. .
External links
Presbyterian Ladies' College official website
Presbyterian Church of Victoria
Girls Sport Victoria
Girls' schools in Victoria (state)
Educational institutions established in 1875
Boarding schools in Victoria (state)
Private schools in Melbourne
Presbyterian schools in Australia
Junior School Heads Association of Australia Member Schools
International Baccalaureate schools in Australia
1875 establishments in Australia
Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia
School buildings completed in 1958
Buildings and structures in the City of Whitehorse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian%20Ladies%27%20College%2C%20Melbourne |
Russet is a dark brown color with a reddish-orange tinge. As a tertiary color, russet is an equal mix of orange and purple pigments. The first recorded use of russet as a color name in English was in 1562.
The source of this color is The ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names (1955) used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps. However, it is widely considered hard to standardize, and the same vary name could be applied to various tones; russet often has no more specific meaning than ruddy or reddish.
The name of this color derives from russet, a coarse cloth made of wool and dyed with woad and madder to give it a subdued grey or reddish-brown shade. By the statute of 1363, poor English people were required to wear russet.
Russet, a color of autumn, is often associated with sorrow or grave seriousness. Anticipating a lifetime of regret, Shakespeare's character Biron says in Love's Labour's Lost, Act V, Scene 1: "Henceforth my wooing mind shall be express'd / In russet yeas and honest kersey noes."
Russet is mentioned in a famous quote taken from a letter Oliver Cromwell wrote to Sir William Spring in September 1643: "I had rather have a plain, russet-coated captain that knows what he fights for, and loves what he knows, [than that which you call a gentleman and is nothing else]".
See also
List of colors
Russeting
Russet apple
Russet potato
References
Tertiary colors
Shades of brown
es:Bermejo (color) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet%20%28color%29 |
John Maguire may refer to:
John Maguire (archbishop of Glasgow) (1851–1920), Scottish Roman Catholic prelate
John Maguire (coadjutor archbishop of New York) (1904–1989), American Roman Catholic prelate
John Maguire (cricketer) (born 1956), Australian cricketer
John Maguire (fighter) (born 1983), English mixed martial artist
John Maguire (MP) (1815-1872), Irish Member of Parliament
John Maguire (senator), Irish senator
John Maguire (rugby league), Australian former rugby league footballer
John A. Maguire (1870–1939), American politician
John D. Maguire (1932–2018), American college president
John M. Maguire, CEO of Friendly's
See also
Jack Maguire (disambiguation)
John McGuire (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Maguire |
Dryness is a property of beverages that describes the lack of a sweet taste. This may be due to a lack of sugars, the presence of some other taste that masks sweetness, or an underabundance of simple carbohydrates that can be converted to sugar by enzymes in the mouth (amylase in particular). The term "dry" may be applied to types of beer, wine, cider, distilled spirits, or any other beverage.
In a dry martini, "dry" originally referred to the inclusion of dry gin, however it is often incorrectly used to refer to the amount of vermouth used in the drink. A "perfect" martini – or any other cocktail that uses vermouth, such as a Perfect Manhattan – is a martini made with equal parts dry and sweet vermouth.
References
Alcoholic drinks
Wine tasting
de:Geschmacksangabe (Wein) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryness%20%28taste%29 |
The 1852 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from June 16 to June 21, in Baltimore, Maryland. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1852 election. The convention selected General-in-Chief Winfield Scott (commanding the United States Army and led in the recent war with Mexico) for president and U.S. secretary of the navy William A. Graham for vice president.
In the aftermath of the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and the Compromise of 1850, the Whig Party was torn over the issue of slavery. President Millard Fillmore, who had succeeded to the presidency in July 1850 after the death of Zachary Taylor, had the strong backing of Southern Whigs. However, his enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 had alienated many Northern Whigs, who supported either Scott or secretary of state Daniel Webster. Scott and Fillmore essentially tied on the first presidential ballot, while a smaller fraction of the vote went to Webster. There was little delegate movement over the next 46 ballots, but Scott gained momentum on the 48th ballot and clinched the nomination on the 53rd ballot.
Graham, Edward Bates of Missouri, and James Pearce of Maryland all won significant support on the first vice presidential ballot, but Graham clinched the nomination on the second ballot. In the general election, Scott and Graham were defeated by the Democratic candidates, Franklin Pierce and William R. King, who took office the following March 1853. This 1852 convention was the last Whig Party presidential convention to be held independent of other parties, as the 1856 Whig National Convention was held by a rump faction of Whigs and nominated the ticket previously selected by the competing 1856 American National Convention.
Schedule
The congressional Whig caucus, led by Senator Willie P. Mangum, a supporter of Scott, met on April 9, 1852, to decide the date and location for the 1852 convention. The party chose to hold the convention in Baltimore, Maryland, at the Maryland Institute Hall, from June 16 to 21. The convention was temporarily chaired by George C. Evans and permanently chaired by John G. Chapman.
Pre-convention
In late 1851 and early 1852, state conventions began to meet to select delegates to the national convention. The party was split between those who felt that Fillmore could not win the election and those who favored the president's nomination. Northern Whigs favored Scott while Southern Whigs tended to prefer Fillmore.
The party was also torn on the issue of slavery. Most in the party wanted to prevent slavery from becoming the dominating issue in the election. However, the Whigs were split on the issue of the Compromise of 1850, proposed and designed by Whig senator Henry Clay of Kentucky. President Zachary Taylor, a Southern Whig, had tried to avoid the issue altogether by proposing that California and New Mexico be admitted as free states immediately. After Taylor's death in July 1850, Fillmore, a moderate Whig, had supported Clay's compromise and was instrumental as president in its passage. Northern Whigs, led by William Henry Seward of New York, (a former governor and senator), adamantly opposed the compromise because it did not apply the Wilmot Proviso (which banned slavery in any federal territory acquired from Mexico after the Mexican–American War) to the western territories.
Northern Whigs launched an effort to associate Scott with the Free Soil wing of the party. Scott did not agree with the Free Soilers, who opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Just days before the convention was scheduled to begin, Southern Whigs warned that they would not support Scott unless he pledged to disavow the Free Soilers and to exclude them from his administration if he was elected.
Encouraged by Fillmore's professed lack of desire to pursue the Whig nomination, Webster launched another campaign for the presidency in 1851. Fillmore was sympathetic to the ambitions of his secretary of state, but he was unwilling to completely rule out accepting the party's 1852 nomination, as he feared doing so would allow Seward to gain control of the party through Scott. Scott had supported the Compromise of 1850, but his association with Seward made him unacceptable to Southern Whigs. As Southerners retained a lingering distrust of Webster, they threw their backing behind Fillmore. Thus, Scott emerged as the preferred candidate of most Northern Whigs, Fillmore became the main candidate of Southern Whigs, and Webster was only able to win backing from a handful of delegates, most of whom were from New England.
On the eve of the convention, The New York Times estimated that Fillmore would have the support of 133 delegates, Scott 120 and Webster 40.
Two weeks before the Whig convention was set to begin, the Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, a northerner from New Hampshire. Supporters of Webster in the North decided that Scott, not Fillmore, could defeat Pierce in the general election, and several switched their support.
The convention
The convention met from June 17 to June 20.
Day 1
Delegates to the fourth Whig Party National Convention assembled also in the same Maryland Institute auditorium, above "Centre Market" at Market Place/South Frederick and East Baltimore Streets, alongside the Jones Falls stream in eastern downtown Baltimore, Maryland. Although each state was granted one delegate for each of their electoral votes, several sent more than their allotted number.
The convention convened on June 17, 15 minutes before the scheduled time. Delegates quickly selected former senator George Evans of Maine as temporary chairman. Because a large number of delegates had not yet arrived, many on the floor objected to the selection. The delegates also appointed the Whig Party's National Committee, as well as a Committee on Credentials and a Committee on Permanent Organization, before adjourning.
An evening session was held later in the day. The Credentials Committee submitted a report which was adopted and the Committee on Permanent Organization was assembled.
Day 2
The second day began with the organization of the convention. Several states had sent delegations that far outnumbered their allowed size. Virginia was allotted 15 votes and sent 45 delegates. Delegates voted to restrict states to one delegate for each of its electoral votes. The convention also adopted the party's platform. Southern delegates submitted a platform, but it was rejected in favor of a relatively weak one which caused little controversy and was easily passed by a vote of 227 to 66.
Presidential nomination
Presidential candidates
The divided convention began the process of nominating a candidate. Fillmore led on the first ballot, receiving 133 votes. Scott placed a close second with 131 votes. Webster received 29 votes. Five more ballots were held with little change in the vote before the convention adjourned for the weekend.
Although both Webster and Fillmore were willing to withdraw in favor of the other, their respective delegates at the convention were unable to unite around either candidate during the weekend adjournment.
The delegates resumed voting on Monday. On the 8th ballot, Scott took the lead with 133 votes to 131 for Fillmore, but neither received the necessary majority for nomination. The convention was deadlocked, and a number of delegates unsuccessfully moved to allow a nomination with a plurality, rather than a majority, of votes. After the 46th ballot, with Scott ahead by seven votes (but still without a majority), the delegates voted to adjourn for the night.
On the first ballot of the final day of the convention, the 47th overall, Scott still had not received the majority of votes necessary for nomination. Several more votes were taken. Fillmore lost votes on each successive ballot. On the 52nd ballot, Scott received exactly half of the vote. Scott was finally nominated on the next ballot, obtaining a majority when several delegates from New England and Virginia switched their support.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="27" | Presidential Ballot
|-
! Ballot||28th || 29th || 30th || 31st || 32nd || 33rd || 34th || 35th || 36th || 37th || 38th || 39th || 40th || 41st || 42nd || 43rd || 44th || 45th || 46th || 47th || 48th || 49th || 50th || 51st || 52nd || 53rd
|-
|align=left|Scott || style="background:#e8c93e;"|134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 133|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 136|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 136|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 132|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 133|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 133|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 134|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 135|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 139|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 139|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 142|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 142|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 148|| style="background:#e8c93e;"| 159
|-
|align=left|Fillmore || style="background:#f0dc82;"|128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 126|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 127|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 127|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 128|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 129|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 127|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 127|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 127|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 125|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 122|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 123|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 121|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 118|| style="background:#f0dc82;"| 112
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Vice presidential nomination
Observers at the convention noted that "there seemed to be no anxiety to get to the business of selecting the vice-presidential candidate, and when the nominations began, no candidates seemed to want them." While various candidates were informally approached, each refused consideration in turn. Former representative Edward Bates and navy secretary William Alexander Graham were the two main candidates for the nomination. Bates led on the first ballot at the convention and even had an editorial endorsement from a fellow Missourian who was just starting his career, Mark Twain. But Bates' known Free-Soil sentiments were used against him and Graham was selected on the second ballot. Graham accepted the nomination and he was accepted as the party's candidate by Chapman, the convention chairman.' See also
U.S. presidential nomination convention
1852 United States presidential election
1852 Democratic National Convention
References
Further reading
Primary sources
Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964'' (1965) online 1840-1956
1852 United States presidential election
Whig National Conventions
Political conventions in Baltimore
1852 in Maryland
1852 conferences
Whig National Convention
19th-century political conferences
1850s political events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852%20Whig%20National%20Convention |
Rupert Nicholas Vansittart (born 10 February 1958) is an English character actor. He has appeared in a variety of roles in film, television, stage and radio, often playing comic characters. He is best known for his role as Lord Ashfordly in the ITV drama Heartbeat and for playing Lord Yohn Royce in the HBO series Game of Thrones (2014–2019).
Early Life and education
Vansittart was raised in Cranleigh Surrey, and is of partial Dutch ancestry. He trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama.
Career
Vansittart started his acting career in an episode of Bulman in 1985. In 1995, he starred in the serial Pride and Prejudice, as Mr Hurst, the brother-in-law of Charles and Caroline Bingley. He has also worked with Rowan Atkinson on a number of occasions, appearing as a guest star in two episodes of Mr. Bean in addition to The Thin Blue Line, and Johnny English Reborn.
In 1993, he appeared in Remains of the Day as Sir Geoffrey Wren, a character based on the 1930s British fascist Sir Oswald Mosley. In 1994, he appeared in the film Braveheart as Lord Bottoms. He worked in Four Weddings and a Funeral, as George the Boor at the Boatman in 1995.
In 2002, he appeared in the Midsomer Murders episode "Market for Murder". He also portrayed General Asquith in the Doctor Who episodes "Aliens of London" and "World War Three". In 2003, he appeared in the West End adaptation of Arsenic and Old Lace. In 2006, Vansittart portrayed Thomas J. Dodd in the BBC three-part drama documentary Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial. In 2007, he appeared in another episode of Midsomer Murders, "The Axeman Cometh". He also appeared in the 2008 BBC serial Spartacus as Consul Lentulus.
In 2009, he was asked to play Peter Morrison in Margaret. Two years later in the critically acclaimed The Iron Lady with Meryl Streep he played Cabinet minister John Biffen. He has also played political characters on stage: in 2014 he was one of the main actors in the cast of Great Britain at the National Theatre.
2009 also saw his third appearance in Midsomer Murders, in the episode "The Dogleg Murders". In 2010, he appeared in Doctors as Anthony Chippington, a friend of Charlie's. He played Harrison Ashton Lard, the "posh girl's father", in How Not to Live Your Life. He provided additional voice-over for World's Craziest Fools. He appeared in the final two seasons of Foyle's War as Sir Alec Myerson, the title character's boss at MI5. Vansittart also appeared in the BBC Three comedy Bad Education, playing Mr. Humpage. In 2014, Vansittart started playing Lord Yohn Royce in the HBO series Game of Thrones, making recurring appearances in season 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
In 2016, he appears in the BBC TV series Father Brown as Arthur Le Broc in episode 4.7 "The Missing Man". In January 2016, he played Peter Jennings in an episode of the BBC series Casualty.
Personal life
Vansittart has been married to Emma Kate, daughter of the actors Moray Watson and Pamela Marmont, since 1987. They have two children. When Emma Watson was cast for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Emma Kate Watson changed her name to Emma Vansittart, adopting her husband's surname as her new stage name, to avoid being confused with the young actress.
Theatre
The Revengers' Comedies (1989)
Taking Steps (1990)
The Revengers' Comedies (1991)
A Westwood Diary (1996)
Arsenic and Old Lace (2003)
This House (2013)
Great Britain (2014)
Filmography
Bulman (1985, TV Series) .... Jack
Plenty (1985) .... Client's Asst.
The Comic Strip Presents... (1986, TV Series) .... Jeremy
Half Moon Street (1986) .... Alan Platts-Williams
Eat the Rich (1987) .... Rupert
Buster (1988) .... Fairclough
Ticket to Ride (1989)
Wish Me Luck (1988–1989, TV Series) .... Guard in Factory / German Soldier at Station
The Saint: The Brazilian Connection (1989, TV Movie) .... Wyatt
The Piglet Files (1990–1991, TV Series) .... Zemskov / KGB Officer
Heartbeat (1992–2009, TV Series) .... Lord Ashfordly
Love Hurts (1993, TV Series) .... Richard Hollis
Chef! (1993, TV Series) .... Diner
Frank Stubbs (1993, TV Series) .... Businessman
The Remains of the Day (1993) .... Sir Geoffrey Wren
Headhunters (1994, TV Series) .... Michael Best
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) .... George the boor at The Boatman - Wedding One
Braveheart (1994) .... Lord Bottoms
Mr. Bean (1994–1995, TV Series) .... Police Officer / Guardsman
Pride and Prejudice (1995, TV Mini-Series) .... Mr Hurst
The Thin Blue Line (1995, TV Series) .... Commander Crow
Cutthroat Island (1995) .... Captain Perkins
Wilderness (1996, TV Mini-Series) .... Jeremy
Supply and Demand (1997, TV Movie) .... Police Personnel
Noah's Ark (1997, TV Series) .... Mark Villiers
A Dance to the Music of Time (1997, TV Mini-Series) .... Soper
Diana & Me (1997) .... Chef
Painted Lady (1997, TV Movie) .... Henry Fellows
Perfect Blue (1997) .... Flashback Date #2
Berkeley Square (1998, TV Mini-Series) .... Lord Percy Wilton
Monk Dawson (1998) .... Fr Timothy
Vanity Fair (1998, TV Mini-Series) .... Smith
Frenchman's Creek (1998, TV Movie) .... Lord Godolphin
Birds of a Feather (1998–2014, TV Series) .... Counsel / Wayne
CI5: The New Professionals (1999, TV Series) .... Chairman
Eviction (1999, Short) .... The Landlord
Kevin & Perry Go Large (2000) .... Bank manager
The Bill (2000, TV Series) .... Solicitor
Harry Enfield's Brand Spanking New Show (2000, TV Series)
Black Books (2000, TV Series) .... Rich Guy
Take a Girl Like You (2000, TV Series) .... Headmaster
Sword of Honour (2001, TV Movie) .... Commander-in-Chief
Sam's Game (2001, TV Series) .... Robert
My Family (2000–2001, TV Series) .... Mr. Davis / Mr. Quince
Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (2001, TV Series) .... Brian Babbacombe
The Way We Live Now (2001, TV Mini-Series) .... Sir Damask Monogram
The Falklands Play (2002, TV Movie) .... Sir Robert Armstrong
Celeb (2002, TV Series) .... Johnson
Menace (2002, TV Mini-Series) .... Ray Hutchens
Midsomer Murders (2002–2009, TV Series) .... Alistair Kingslake / Desmond Harcourt / Selwyn Proctor
My Dad's the Prime Minister (2003–2004, TV Series) .... Chancellor / Ballon
One Last Chance (2004) .... Alisdair Robb
The Brief (2004, TV Mini-Series) .... Prettyman
Roman Road (2004, TV Movie) .... Farmer
Twisted Tales (2005, TV Series) .... Dr. Mantle
Doctor Who (2005, TV Series) .... General Asquith
Wallis & Edward (2005, TV Movie) .... Chief Whip
Coup! (2006, TV Movie) .... Roddy Hamilton
Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial (2006, TV Mini-Series documentary) .... Thomas Dodd
Hustle (2007, TV Series) .... Jonathan Mortimer-Howe
Sensitive Skin (2007, TV Series) .... Interview Guest
The Bank Job (2008) .... Sir Leonard Plugge
Heroes and Villains (2008, TV Series documentary) .... Lentulus
Caught in a Trap (2008, TV Movie) .... Judge
Margaret (2009, TV Movie) .... Peter Morrison
How Not to Live Your Life (2010, TV Series) .... Harrison
Any Human Heart (2010, TV Mini-Series) .... The Earl
Doctors (2010–2014, TV Series) .... Benedict 'Bennie' Harley / Mr. Graham Fitch / Anthony Chippington
Comedy Showcase (2011, TV Series) .... Headmaster
Johnny English Reborn (2011) .... Derek
Holy Flying Circus (2011, TV Movie) .... Bernard Barnard QC
The Iron Lady (2011) .... Cabinet Minister
The Royal Bodyguard (2012, TV Mini-Series) .... Roderick Finch
Bad Education (2012, TV Series) .... Mr. Humpage
Foyle's War (2013–2015, TV Series, 5 episodes) .... Sir Alec Meyerson / Sir Alec Myerson
Austenland (2013) .... Mr. Wattlesbrook
National Theatre Live: This House (2013) .... Esher / Ensemble
The Midnight Beast (2014, TV Series) .... Headmaster
Death in Paradise (2014, TV Series) .... Colin Campbell
Game of Thrones (2014–2019, TV Series, 13 episodes) .... Yohn Royce
Chewing Gum (2015, TV Series) .... Big Boss
Versailles (2015, TV Series, 2 episodes) .... Throckmorton
Father Brown (2016, TV Series) .... Arthur Le Broc
Casualty (2016-2021 TV Series) .... Peter Jennings/Kenneth Stair
Plebs (2016, TV Series) .... Tarquin
A United Kingdom (2016) .... Sir Ian Fraser
Tutankhamun (2016, TV Mini-Series) .... Flinders Petrie
King Charles III (2017, TV Movie) .... Sir Matthew
The Children Act (2017) .... Sherwood Runcie
Outlander (2017, TV Series) .... Lord William Dunsany
Doc Martin (2017-2022, TV Series) .... Professor Langan
Gentleman Jack (2019, TV Series, 3 episodes) .... Charles Lawton
The Crown (2019, TV Series, 1 episode) .... Cecil Harmsworth King
Spy City (2020, TV series) .... Ian Stuart-Hay
The Nevers (2021-2023, TV series) .... Lord Broughton
Kleo (2022, TV Netflix series) .... Otto Straub English Voiceover
Andor (2022, TV series, 2 episodes) .... Chief Hyne
Video games
References
External links
1958 births
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English people of Dutch descent
Living people
People from Cranleigh
Male actors from Surrey
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Rupert | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%20Vansittart |
War of the Lance is a strategy game developed by Strategic Simulations, Inc. in 1989, based on the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Dragonlance campaign setting. The gameplay is based on the War of the Lance in the Dragonlance series.
Gameplay
War of the Lance is presented in a top-down view. In single player mode, the player plays the Whitestone side to fight the evil forces of the Highlord (controlled by the computer). In a two-player game, the second player will play the Highlord forces.
This game is a turn-based strategy game. The player controls various units and heroes of an army against enemy forces. The game can be won in two ways. The player can win by controlling the enemy capitals (the Highlord capital is Neraka, and the Whitestone capitals are the four Knight-countries – Solanthus, Caergoth, Gunthar, and Northern Ergoth), plus the Clerist Tower near Palanthus. If neither side can capture the enemy capitals by the end of the game (Mar/Apr 354 AC), the side with more points (calculated from the size of their forces) wins. Each game-year has five turns.
Plot
The game can be played with two starting-points. The Campaign game starts in the beginning of year 348 AC, with the Highlord controlling Neraka only, and the Whitestone Alliance has not even formed yet. The Whitestone player will need to build it up from scratch.
The Scenario game starts in year 349 AC, with each side having possession of a few countries, and the Whitestone player will start the game in medias res, during the height of the war. In particular, one of the Whitestone countries, elven Silvanesti, will be besieged by a swarm of dragon and enemy troops.
Reception
War of the Lance was unsuccessful for SSI, with approximately 15,255 copies of the game ultimately being sold. The game was reviewed in 1990 in Dragon Magazine #158 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game four out of five stars.
According to GameSpy, War of the Lance is "a proud addition to SSI's legacy," and "is still fun to play today."
Reviews
The Games Machine (May, 1990)
Zzap! (May, 1990)
Micro News (May, 1990)
References
External links
1989 video games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Dragonlance video games
Strategic Simulations games
U.S. Gold games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20of%20the%20Lance%20%28video%20game%29 |
The Orangery Palace () is a palace located in the Sanssouci Park of Potsdam, Germany. It is also known as the New Orangery on the Klausberg, or just the Orangery. It was built on behest of the "Romantic on the Throne", King Friedrich Wilhelm IV (Frederick William IV of Prussia) from 1851 to 1864.
Background
The building of the Orangery began with a plan for a high street or triumph street. It was to begin at the triumph arch, east of Sanssouci Park, and end at the Belvedere on the Klausberg. The difference in elevation was to be balanced with viaducts.
With reference to the north side of the Picture Gallery and the New Chambers from the time of Frederick the Great, Frederick William IV sketched out more new buildings, which would decorate his two kilometer long Via Triumphalis.
Because of the political unrest of the period (March Revolution) and lack of funding, the gigantic project never materialized. Only the Orangery Palace and the Triumphtor were ever realized.
The Palace
The construction of the Orangery Palace began after designs by the architects Friedrich August Stüler, Friedrich Ludwig Persius and .
The building, with its 300 meter long front, was built in the style of the Italian Renaissance, after the image of the Villa Medici in Rome and the Uffizi in Florence.
The middle building with its twin towers is the actual palace. This building is joined to the 103 meter long and 16 meter wide Plant Hall, with its almost ceiling-to-floor windows on the south side. In the western hall, the original floor duct heating system is still present and functioning. In the alcoves along the garden side of the castle annex, there are allegorical figures of the months and seasons. In the corner building at the end of the Orangery Hall were the royal apartments and the servants' quarters.
In front of the peristyle Elisabeth, Frederick William IV's wife, had a statue of the king erected in Memoriam after his death in 1861.
Orangery interior
Behind the portico, in the middle building, lies the over two-story-tall Raffael Hall. It was based on the Sala Regia in the Vatican. Over a large skylight in the high clouded ceiling, light falls into the Museum Hall. On the red silk covered walls, hang over fifty copies of Renaissance paintings and frescoes. Frederick William IV inherited the works from his father, King Frederick William III of Prussia, and assembled them here.
The royal apartments were outfitted in the second Rococo style, connected to both sides of the Raffael Hall. They were intended as guest rooms for Tsar Nicholas I and his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna. The Tsarina was the favorite sister of Frederick William IV, Charlotte, who gave up her name along with her homeland when she married.
Between 1949 and 2010 the Palace also housed premises of the Brandenburgian State Main Archive in its eastern wing.
Garden construction
The gardens were styled after those of the Italian Renaissance by the garden architect, Peter Joseph Lenné. In the west, below the annex, he designed the Paradise Garden in 1843–44. It contains many exotic flowers and foliage plants. The atrium, a small building in middle of the compound, designed in the ancient style, was built on plans by Ludwig Persius in 1845. The current Botanical Garden, with its systematically arranged planting, is used by the University of Potsdam as a teaching garden.
The Norse and Sicilian Gardens lie to the east. These completely different garden sections were laid out by Lenné between 1857 and 1860. The dark, effective Norse Garden, with its pines, was to have been an element of the planned triumph street.
The Sicilian Garden, with its palm tubs, myrtles, laurels, flowers, arcades, and fountains, runs southward.
World Heritage Site
Since 1990, the Orangery has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin". The palace is administered by the Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg.
See also
List of sights of Potsdam
List of castles in Berlin and Brandenburg
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin
References
Additional reading
Paul Sigel, Silke Dähmlow, Frank Seehausen und Lucas Elmenhorst, Architekturführer Potsdam - Architectural Guide, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2006, .
Gert Streidt, Klaus Frahm: Potsdam. Die Schlösser und Gärten der Hohenzollern. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Köln 1996,
Waltraud Volk: Potsdam. Historische Straßen und Plätze heute. 2nd edition, 1993. Verlag für Bauwesen Berlin-München 1993,
External links
Potsdam from Above - Orangerie
1864 establishments in Prussia
Houses completed in 1864
Castles in Brandenburg
Buildings and structures in Potsdam
Palaces in Brandenburg
Gardens in Brandenburg
Royal residences in Brandenburg
Prussian cultural sites
Museums in Potsdam
Historic house museums in Germany
Sanssouci Park
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Orangeries
Frederick William IV of Prussia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery%20Palace |
A monolith is a monument or natural feature consisting of a single massive stone or rock.
Monolith or monolithic may also refer to:
Architecture
Monolithic architecture, a style of construction in which a building is carved, cast or excavated from a single piece of material
Monolithic column, column made from one single piece of stone
Monolithic dome, structure cast in one piece over a form, made of concrete or similar structural material
Arts and entertainment
Art
Monolitten, Norwegian for The Monolith, a sculpture in Vigeland Sculpture Park in Norway
Utah monolith, a metal pillar sculpture in the desert in Utah, U.S.
Monolith, the Face of Half Dome, a photograph by Ansel Adams
Characters and entities
Monolith, character from the Elementals comic book series
Monolith (Space Odyssey), the Monoliths featured in 2001: A Space Odyssey and its sequels
The Monolith, a faction from the video games S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl and others in the same series
Entertainment companies
Monolith Productions, Washington State–based video game development house and subsidiary of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Monolith Soft, Japanese video game developer and subsidiary of Nintendo
Film
Monolith (1993 film), an American film starring Bill Paxton
Monolith (2016 film), an Italian sci-fi thriller starring Katrina Bowden
Monolith (2022 film), an Australian sci-fi thriller starring Lily Sullivan
Literature
Monolith (comics), comic book series and the name of its titular character
Monolith (novel), a 2004 novel by John Passarella
Music
Monolith Festival, a Colorado music festival
Monolithic (band), a synthpop band
Monolith (band), a Bulgarian rock band
The Monolith Tour, a worldwide tour by American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars
Albums
Monolith (Kansas album), 1979
Monolith (Amebix album), 1987
Monolith a 2007 album by Buckethead under his Death Cube K alias
Monolith (In Mourning album), 2010
Monolith (Sylosis album), 2012
Monolith (Omid album), 2003
Songs
"Monolithic", a song by Monster Magnet from the album Monolithic Baby!
"Monolith", a song by Stone Sour from the album Stone Sour
"Monolith", a song by T. Rex from the album Electric Warrior
"Monolith", a song by Yello from the album Pocket Universe
"Monolith", a song by Wolfmother
"Monoliths", a song by Maserati
"Monolith", a song by Jedi Mind Tricks from the album A History of Violence
"The Monolith", a song by The Beta Band from the E.P The Patty Patty Sound, later included on the compilation album The Three E.P.'s
"Monolith", a song by Delerium from their 1994 album Spheres
"Monolith", a song by Cannibal Corpse from their 1996 album Vile
"Monolith", a song by Mudvayne from their 2000 album L.D. 50
"The Monolith", a song by Becoming the Archetype from their 2007 album The Physics of Fire
"Monolith", a song by Youngblood Supercult from their 2016 album High Plains
"Monolith", a song by Erra from their 2018 album Neon
"Monolith", a song by Fear Factory from their 2021 album Aggression Continuum
Computers
Monolithic application, software architecture for computer applications
Monolithic codebase, repository architecture for source control
Monolithic kernel, kernel architecture for computer operating systems
Monolithic system, computer system architecture where processing, data and the user interface all reside on the same system
Electronic circuits
Monolithic integrated circuit or "monolithic system", an electronic system, such as a processor, realized on a single die
Monolithic microwave integrated circuit (often abbreviated MMIC), a type of integrated circuit (IC) device that operates at microwave frequencies (300 MHz to 300 GHz)
Places
Monolith, California, in Kern County
The Monolith (Antarctica), a pair of Antarctic islets
Phobos monolith, a rock on Mars' largest moon, Phobos
Other uses
Monolith (catalyst support), an extruded structure to support catalysts
Single crystal, unified crystal, also called monocrystal or monolithic
See also
Mono (disambiguation)
Lith (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolith%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The U.S. Grant Bridge is the name of the two bridges that carry and have carried traffic on U.S. Route 23 between Portsmouth, Ohio and South Portsmouth, Kentucky (just west of the city of South Shore) across the Ohio River in the United States. The original suspension bridge was closed and demolished in 2001 and the replacement cable-stayed bridge opened on October 16, 2006.
Current U.S. Grant Bridge
Contracts for the new U.S. Grant Bridge were given in the spring of 2001. Construction was expected to be complete in June 2004, but work fell behind schedule due to inclement weather, unusual flooding of the Ohio River, and the partial sinking of a floating construction barge which carried one of the cranes used to work on the center span of the bridge. The date of completion was moved to October 16, 2006.
In addition, many downtown business owners were upset over the delays and often criticized the construction company, C.J. Mahan Construction Company, for delays on days when it was sunny and the river levels were average. The bridge was critically underdesigned and not constructible until C.J. Mahan stopped construction and awaited a near complete redesign by the design consultant. Another complaint was that this is the first major bridge project the construction company that was awarded the construction contract has worked on. However, C.J. Mahan has constructed other large bridges in Ohio and West Virginia. Local business owners demanded that ODOT pay local businesses $8 million in lost profit.
Original U.S. Grant Bridge
The original U.S. Grant Bridge was a suspension bridge. The bridge opened to traffic as a toll bridge in 1927. It wasn't until 1974 when the Ohio Department of Transportation bought the bridge from the Ohio Bridge Commission and removed the tolls. After an inspection found serious deterioration of its suspension cables, the U.S. Grant Bridge closed for repairs over an 18-month period from 1978 to 1979. In order to improve capacity and to add redundancy for vehicular traffic to cross the Ohio River at Portsmouth, a new bridge was proposed downstream from the U.S. Grant Bridge. The proposed bridge would be named the Carl Perkins Bridge and would open to traffic in 1988. In addition, the Jesse Stuart Memorial Bridge, an additional bridge over the Greenup Lock and Dam upstream from the U.S. Grant Bridge, would open to traffic in 1984.
In 1992, ODOT initiated a long-range study to determine whether to continue to rehabilitate the existing bridge or construct a new span. ODOT had spent $9 million from 1977 to 1996 by the time the study was completed to rehabilitate portions of the bridge. According to the study, rehabilitating the span would add only 20 useful years to the suspension bridge before rehabilitation would need to occur again and would cost nearly $30 million. It was found not cost-efficient to continuously rehabilitate the suspension bridge when a new structure would be cheaper in the long-run. The bridge continued to age and once again closed from repairs in 1994.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 2001, as General U.S. Grant Bridge. It was deemed "significant as it represents the first private toll bridge across the Ohio River between Wheeling, West Virginia and Cincinnati, Ohio, and as such provided a strategic vehicular transportation link between southern Ohio and northeastern Kentucky. The U.S. Grant Bridge was also Ohio's first north-south automobile link crossing the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Ironton and today stands as an important engineering achievement associated with the development of early motoring and interstate commerce." It was also deemed notable for "the role the General U. S. Grant Bridge design occupies in the career of David B. Steinman. Steinman, a principal in the engineering consulting firm of Robinson and Steinman, ranked among the nation's prominent early 20th century suspension bridge design firms. Steinman achieved national renown as a bridge designer and author during his long career from 1914 until his death in 1960. His General U. S. Grant Bridge was the second American suspension bridge built with a continuous stiffening truss and the first American suspension bridge with towers of the rocker type (ENR, pp. 622-623). The sand-filled anchorages were equally innovative."
On July 3, 2001, the original suspension bridge was permanently closed to traffic and the entire structure was torn down within a few months.
See also
List of crossings of the Ohio River
References
External links
C.J. Mahan Construction Company, contractors for the new U.S. Grant Bridge
U.S. Grant Bridge at Bridges & Tunnels
U.S. Grant Bridge (Demolished) at Bridges & Tunnels
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
U.S. Grant Bridge
U.S. Grant Bridge
Bridges in Greenup County, Kentucky
U.S. Grant Bridge
Cable-stayed bridges in the United States
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Towers in Kentucky
Towers in Ohio
Bridges over the Ohio River
Transportation in Scioto County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Scioto County, Ohio
U.S. Route 23
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
Former toll bridges in Kentucky
Former toll bridges in Ohio
Portsmouth, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Greenup County, Kentucky
Demolished bridges in the United States
Suspension bridges in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%20Grant%20Bridge |
Popcorn Zen was a weekly showcase program that airs on AZN Television. The series debuted in 2005. The show was hosted by an American radio deejay, Eugene Lee.
Popcorn Zen featured film shorts, stories and interviews from Asian-American film makers and directors, including those from various Asian countries. Because of the content of most of these features, the series carries a "TV-MA" rating, even though it airs in various timeslots, including late afternoons and before primetime.
External links
AZN Television original programming
2000s American television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popcorn%20Zen |
Kung, the Assassin of a Thousand Claws is a fictional character appearing in DC Comics publications and related media, commonly as a recurring foil of the superhero Wonder Woman. A Japanese-American mercenary with the magical ability to transform into animals, he first appeared in 1977's Wonder Woman #237, written by Gerry Conway and illustrated by José Delbo. He would reappear several years later in both All-Star Squadron and Who's Who in the DC Universe, as well as in Crisis on Infinite Earths, the 1985 company-wide publication event that rebooted DC Comics' continuity. After the Crisis on Infinite Earths, Wonder Woman and her supporting characters and foes were re-imagined. Though originally absent from this revised mythos, Kung was reintroduced for the Modern Age in 1998's Guns of the Dragon, a four-issue DC Comics limited series by Tim Truman. An updated version of the character, a shape-shifting martial arts master, would emerge to once again confront Wonder Woman in 2007's Wonder Woman (vol. 3) Annual #1, written by Allan Heinberg and illustrated by Terry Dodson and Rachel Dodson.
Fictional character biography
Thomas Morita
The early life of Thomas Morita was fraught with difficulty. His parents immigrated to the United States from Japan before the Great Depression. During the Depression, his father was unable to find work and eventually died. His mother died soon afterward, leaving only Thomas and his sister, Nancy. Morita traveled to his parents' homeland to train as a samurai and learning of the Japanese-American internment only further fueled his hatred of America. At some point during his training, he underwent some unexplained mystical process that imbued him with the power to transform into animals.
Kung undertook his first assignment on December 30, 1941, to kill Prime Minister Winston Churchill on his way to Washington, D.C., but is stopped by the hero Steel.
On March 4, 1942, Kung is hired by the mysterious Prince Daka to team up with Tsunami and Sumo the Samurai, to infiltrate the All-Star Squadron's headquarters and steal Starman's gravity rod. This theft is thwarted by the Guardian and Kung escapes with Prince Daka.
In 1943, Kung is assigned to kill General Douglas MacArthur in Washington, D.C. Wonder Woman foils the assassination attempt, but Kung escapes to his sister's home in New York's Chinatown. Kung tries again to assassinate MacArthur at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, but is himself apparently killed while saving his sister from the weight of a teetering battleship whose drydock supports had been washed away.
Sometime prior to his death, Kung is brought aboard the Monitor's satellite by Harbinger as part of a combined effort to save the remaining Earths from the Anti-Monitor. He is later recruited by Brainiac as part of his massive supervillain army to conquer those remaining Earths.
After the effects of Crisis on Infinite Earths, Kung's history was incorporated into the combined Earth that was formed, with some details having changed. Chief among those changes were that the Wonder Woman that Kung fought during World War II was now a time-tossed Hippolyta and not Diana.
It is assumed that he survived his supposed death while saving his sister, because his true death was revealed in Justice Society of America #27 and 28 (July and August 2009). It was revealed that he had made a deal with the U.S. Army in 1945 to convince Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, to surrender. However, the deadline for the surrender ran out and Hiroshima was bombed. Kung was onsite and died in the explosion. His spirit returned to plague the modern day Justice Society of America in these issues.
A chronologically younger Kung is seen in DC's Guns of the Dragon miniseries, taking place in 1927.
Kung II
A second unidentified Kung (be it a descendant or an unrelated person) debuted in Wonder Woman (vol. 3) Annual #1 (2007) as a previously unrevealed foe of Wonder Woman.
Powers and abilities
Kung had the ability to transform himself into animal forms through concentration. Among the animals he transformed into were a man-sized insect, a tiger, and a rhinoceros. Kung was able to retain his human intelligence when transformed but reverted to his human form if he somehow lost his concentration. As a samurai, he was also a master of several Japanese martial arts.
See also
List of Wonder Woman enemies
Bibliography
Wonder Woman #237-238 (November–December 1977)
All-Star Squadron #8 (April 1982), #42-43 (February–March 1985)
Crisis on Infinite Earths #5 (August 1985), #9 (December 1985)
Who's Who #13 (March 1986)
Wonder Woman (vol. 3) Annual #1 (2007)
Justice Society of America (vol. 2) #27-28 (July–August 2009)
References
Articles about multiple fictional characters
Characters created by Gerry Conway
Comics characters introduced in 1977
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics martial artists
DC Comics metahumans
Earth-Two
Fictional Japanese American people
Fictional therianthropes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung%20%28comics%29 |
Mexico is a predominantly Christian country, with adherents of Islam representing a small minority. Due to the secular nature of the state established by Mexico's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. The country has a population of around 126 million as of 2020 census and according to the Pew Research Center, the Muslim population was 60,000 in 1980, 111,000 in 2010, and is predicted to be 126,000 in 2030; however, according to the 2010 National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) census, there were only 2,500 individuals who identified Islam as their religion. Most Muslims are foreign nationals and the majority are Sunni.
Organizations
Today, most Mexican Islamic organizations focus on grassroots missionary activities, which are most effective at the community level.
The Centro Cultural Islámico de México (CCIM), a Sunni organization headed by Omar Weston, a British-born Mexican convert to Islam, has been active in several big cities in northern and central Mexico. In the state of Morelos, the CCIM has built a prayer hall and centre for recreation, learning and conferences, called Dar as Salaam, which also operates Hotel Oasis, a hotel that offers halal holidays for Muslim travellers and accommodation for non-Muslims sympathetic to Islam. This group was the subject of a study carried out by British anthropologist Mark Lindley-Highfield of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Aberdeen. Apart from CCIM there is a branch of the Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Order in Mexico City which is often at odds with the traditionalist Muslim community and is headed by two women, Shaykha Fatima Fariha and Shaykha Amina Teslima.
There is also a small Salafi organization (the Centro Salafi de México) led by Muhammad Abdullah Ruiz (a former deputy to Weston) and an educational centre managed mainly by Muslims from Egypt and the Middle East, el "Centro Educativo de la Comunidad Musulmana en México" (run by Said Louahabi),and centro al hikmah run by Isa Rojas a Mexican convert to Islam, who studied Islamic studies in the University of Medina, within the capital city. At first, the CCIM which headed by Muhammad Ruiz were closed, until it reopened in 1998 due to support from Saudi Arabia embassy, then from 2011 book which contained the claim by Muhammad Ruiz, he claimed that the active members in Mexico city are around 200 members, which half of it are Mexican converts. This number does not included the Sufis, Muslims from other organizations, and non practitioners.
Muhammad Ruiz Al Meksiki, general director of the Salafi Center of Mexico (CSM), estimates that in 2015, there are about 10,000 Muslims in Mexico.
Demographics
Islam represents less than 0.01% of the population.
Indigenous Mexican Muslims
Islam has been present in Mexico since the mid 1950's due to mass Spaniard and Arab settlement. The Spanish Murabitun community, the Comunidad Islámica en España, based in Granada in Spain, and one of its missionaries, Muhammad Nafia (formerly Aureliano Pérez), now emir of the Comunidad Islámica en México, arrived in the state of Chiapas shortly after the Zapatista uprising and established a commune in the city of San Cristóbal. The group, characterized as anti-capitalistic, entered an ideological pact with the socialist Zapatistas group. President Vicente Fox voiced concerns about the influence of the fundamentalism and possible connections to the Zapatistas and the Basque terrorist organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), but it appeared that most converts had no interest in political extremism. By 1994, many indigenous Mayans and more than 700 Tzotzils have converted to Islam. In San Cristóbal, the Murabitun established a pizzeria, a carpentry workshop and a Quranic school (madrasa) where children learned Arabic and prayed five times a day in the backroom of a residential building, and women in head scarves have become a common sight. Nowadays, most of the Mayan Muslims have left the Murabitun and established ties with the CCIM, now following the orthodox Sunni school of Islam. They built the Al-Kausar Mosque in San Cristobal de las Casas. Nevertheless, the vast majority of Native Mexicans today are non-Muslims.
Mosques
This is a list of some but by no means all mosques and Islamic meeting centers in Mexico.
Centro Islámico del Norte. Av. Benito Juárez 603, Centro, 66230 San Pedro Garza García, N.L.
Suraya Mosque in Torreon, Coahuila.
Dar es Salaam Mosque in Tequesquitengo, Morelos.
Tahaarah Mosque in Comitan, Chiapas.
Al Kautsar Mosque in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas.
Al Medina Mosque in San Cristobal de las casas, Chiapas
Musala Tlaxcala #30 San Critobal de las Casas, Chiapas
Murabitun Mosque San Cristobal de las casa, Chiapas
Salafi Mosque Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab in Mexico City.
Mezquita/ tekke de la Orden Jalveti Yerraji instituto Luz Sobre Luz in Mexico City.
Masiid Omar, Centro Islamico Tijuana Beaches, Baja California, Mexico.
Al-Hikmah Ciudad de México, Aragón, Mexico.
Mezquita Euclides Euclides 25, Col. Anzures, Polanco, Ciudad de México.
Mezquita Abu Bakr Don Luis 10, Nativitas, Benito Juàrez, Nativitas, Metro, 03500 Ciudad de México, CDMX
Mezquita de guadalajara Centauro 2912, La Calma, 45070 Zapopan, Jal. Guadalajara.
Musalah Al Ajirah in Margarita # 5 local, colonia Santa Maria la Ribera, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, CP 06400, Mexico City.
Moorish architecture in Mexico
In Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, a fountain, known locally as "La Corona" or "La Pila" was built to provide the population with water. This architectural work was built in annealed brick with a strong Mudejar influence. It was built by the Spanish Dominican friars during the Colonial era in the sixteenth century.
The Morisco Kiosk (Moorish Kiosk) in Colonia Santa María la Ribera was made by José Ramón Ibarrola for the Universal Exhibition of New Orleans from 1884-1885, in the neo-Mudejar style that was prevailing in Spain in the 19th century.
Notable Mexican Muslims
Fitra Ismu Kusumo, Indonesian artist living in Mexico.
See also
Religion in Mexico
References
External links
Centro Cultural Islamico de México, A.C. (Spanish)
Centro Educativo de la Comunidad Musulmana A.C (Spanish)
Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Mexico |
¡Forward, Russia! are an English rock band from Leeds, active from between 2004 and 2008, before reforming in 2013. The band's debut album, Give Me a Wall, was released in 2006. Until 2006, the band only named tracks with numbers, in the order that they were written. The band had used Faux Cyrillic, with its name occasionally typeset as ¡FФЯWДЯD, RUSSIД!. The band went on hiatus after the release of their second album, Life Processes, in 2008. They reformed in 2013 for a show at the Brudenell Social Club in Leeds in November 2013 for its 10th anniversary, and then played the Live at Leeds Festival at Leeds Town Hall in 2014.
History
Formation and early singles
¡Forward, Russia! formed in early 2004 by Tom Woodhead and Rob Canning, formerly of Leeds band The Black Helicopters and siblings Katie Nicholls and Whiskas (Sam Nicholls), previously of Leeds band les Flames! amongst others. The band performed their first gig in April, closely followed by demos which received reviews from prominent music magazines such as Drowned in Sound and NME, who called it "Convulsing punk-funk brilliance from Leeds".
In April 2005, ¡Forward, Russia! released "Nine", a split 7-inch single with This Et Al, released on guitarist Whiskas' label Dance to the Radio. This single was reviewed by the NME, who put it on their 'Radar'. The single sold out within a week.
By summer 2005, Nicholls had finished college and others had quit their jobs to take up the band full-time.
Single "Thirteen"/"Fourteen" was released in August 2005 on White Heat Records, accompanied by a UK tour. Also during 2005, the band was featured in NME as one of Leeds' forerunners in the so-called 'New Yorkshire' scene (alongside The Research, The Sunshine Underground, The Ivories and Black Wire). This was followed by several support slots and culminated in the band's first headline UK tour, which took the band to 37 different venues.
The band's next release, "Twelve" appeared in January 2006, on Dance to the Radio, entering the UK Top 40 at 36.
Give Me a Wall
Their next single, a new version of "Nine", was released in May, and preceded the debut album Give Me a Wall, produced by Paul Tipler and released on 15 May 2006 in the UK. Around this time they toured with We Are Scientists, and played alongside The Automatic, The Long Blondes, Howling Bells and Boy Kill Boy on the 2006 NME New Music Tour.
The band signed to Mute Records in North America, where Give Me A Wall was released on 19 September 2006. A digital single of "Thirteen", as well as two EPs with lead tracks "Nine" and "Eighteen" were released to support the album. ¡Forward, Russia! have visited America four times, all in 2006, to play South by Southwest, the CMJ Music Marathon and tours with Scanners and Snowden. In Japan the band signed to Vinyl Junkie Recordings. Dance to the Radio distributed Give Me a Wall for the rest of the world, through an agreement with Cooperative Music. The album was on the most part released in late September/early October, with the band touring most of Europe around the period.
"Eighteen", the fourth track to be lifted from the album in the UK, was released in July on CD and two 7-inch single formats, reaching number one in the UK Indie Chart. The video for "Eighteen" features cameo appearances from members of The Pigeon Detectives, This Et Al and The Playmates.
"Nine" was featured on the soundtrack to the 2007 PSP game Burnout Dominator. The original version of "Nine" was produced by Richard Green, previously of Ultrasound & The Somatics.
2006 included a short UK tour and numerous UK and European festival appearances, as well as performances in the United States. The band played at the Reading and Leeds and Carling Weekend festivals, appearing on the NME/BBC Radio One Stage. The band played the MTV2 Spanking New Music Tour in November 2006 alongside Wolfmother, The Maccabees and Fields. "Nineteen" was released as the final single from the album to support this tour.
At Belgium's Pukkelpop Festival, the band debuted their first post-GMAW material – "Don't Be A Doctor" – also the first song with a non-numerical title. Doctor was recorded by GMAW producer Paul Tipler in September 2006 and released as a white label one-sided etched ten-inch single on 12 February 2007. The track was released digitally for the first time ever as part of Dance to the Radio's compilation Out of the Woods and Trees. The compilation also features rare tracks from Howling Bells and The Pigeon Detectives.
The band headlined a short UK & Irish tour in February and March 2007 to wrap up domestic promotion for the debut album.
Life Processes
Following a secret show to preview new material, the band recorded new material with producer Matt Bayles in Seattle, US. On their blog of studio updates, numerous working titles for the songs were mentioned, including three songs previewed on the early 2007 tour. A single taken from the album, "Breaking Standing", was the first material from these sessions to be released. The album was entitled Life Processes and was released by Cooking Vinyl in the UK on 14 April 2008, Mute North America in June 2008, and Vinyl Junkie in Japan on 26 March 2008. The Japanese release includes exclusive bonus tracks "Reflection Symmetry" and "Don't Be A Doctor". The album, which according to SPIN writer Josh Modell explored "more expansive, proggier territory" than its predecessor, met with a positive critical reception with Drowned in Sound describing it as "peppered by moments of brilliance" and The Independent stating that the album "skilfully combines punk rock ferocity with melodic ingenuity".
Current status
In 2008, the band announced that they had "decided to take a break from doing ¡Forward, Russia!", and that the band would not be playing or recording "for the foreseeable future". Their statement said "The idea of doing another tour with nothing new to offer was something that enthused none of us." Katie Nichols had moved to Nottingham to undertake an art course, while Woodhead had worked as a producer. The last known show or performance was held at the Brainwash festival, at the Brudenell Social Club, on 17 October 2008. In February 2009, it was announced that Whiskas was joining Duels as a full-time member. On 30 March 2013, the band re-emerged on Twitter, starting rumours of a reunion or reformation, which were confirmed on Monday 9 September in the form of a one-off gig at Brudenell Social Club to take place on 30 November 2013, and then followed up by a second gig at Leeds Town Hall as part of Live at Leeds Festival on 3 May 2014.
Musical style
The band's music has been described as "art rock", "contemporary agit-punk", and "high-octane dance-punk". When Give Me a Wall was released, the band received comparisons with Bloc Party, while the NME described them as sounding "like a peculiarly English take on emo". The band's second album was described by Pitchfork as "a curious mélange of studied dance-punk and flailing hardcore".
Jon Pareles, reviewing a live performance from 2006 in The New York Times stated "[their] songs aren't content with verse and chorus; they're packed with incident, and they're propelled by the indefatigable drumming of Katie Nicholls. Instruments unite for muscular, danceable funk, then splay apart like a fist suddenly opening."
Woodhead's vocals were described as "post hardcore operatic screeching".
Band members
Tom Woodhead – vocals, synth
Rob Canning – bass, guitar
Katie Nicholls – drums, vocals, shouts
Whiskas – electric guitar, shouts, synth
Work outside the band
Katie remixed I Was a Cub Scout's "I Hate Nightclubs"; her remix was released as a bonus single available exclusively online. She has also been nominated for the Peta 2's (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) 'World's sexiest Vegetarian' in 2007, 2008, and 2009, but did not win.
Whiskas remixed Howling Bells' "Low Happening" under the name '¡Constructicons Form Devastator!' and his remix was released as a bonus single available online and on a 7-inch single.
Woodhead has an electronic side-project AnteAter, with one release to date, "Final Lekky" on DTTR's 3rd compilation Something I Learned Today – released March 2007. He also performed the vocals in the chorus of the Yes Boss song "Tongues in Knots" from their album Look Busy.
Discography
Studio albums
Give Me a Wall (15 May 2006), Dance to the Radio – UK No. 53
Life Processes (14 April 2008), Cooking Vinyl
Singles
References
External links
Official Last.FM page
¡Forward, Russia! – Leeds Music Scene
Punkcast#1060 – Live video from Fontana's NYC – 3 November 2006
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in 2014
Indie rock groups from Leeds
British post-hardcore musical groups
Dance-punk musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Forward%2C%20Russia%21 |
The Ruxton was a front-wheel drive automobile produced by the New Era Motors Company of New York, New York, United States, during 1929 and 1930. The car was the brainchild of William Muller and was built in the Board Machine plant in Philadelphia, Moon Motor Car factory in St. Louis, Missouri, and Kissel Motors of Hartford, Wisconsin, who also produced the car's transmission unit.
A car designed to sell to an automotive company
While employed in the engineering department of the Budd Body Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Muller convinced his employer to invest in developing a front wheel drive prototype automobile. Budd would then sell the rights to the car to an automotive company which would contract with Budd for the body work. While Muller designed the drive train, Joseph Ledwinka designed the body for the car and the project was completed in 1928, and the engines were provided by Continental Motors, Inc.
In an era when the American automobile had an average height of from the ground to the level plane of the roof, Muller’s car was only high, a feat accomplished by eliminating the drive shaft to the rear wheels. Ledwinka accentuated the lowness to ground through the elimination of the running boards.
Instead of attracting an automotive producer, Muller’s concept car attracted the attention of Archie Andrews, a member of Budd’s Board who also sat on the Board of Hupp Motor Car Company. Andrews recognized the possibilities of producing the car and made it possible for Muller and Budd to present the idea to Hupp.
When Hupp Motor Car Company passed on the car, Andrews took on the project himself, and with Muller formed New Era Motors which would market the car. Still, Andrews lacked an ability to build the car, and hoped-for support from Peerless, Gardner, and Marmon failed to materialize.
Moon, Kissel, Ruxton Connection
In November 1929, Moon Motors of St. Louis, Missouri, reached an agreement to build the car, which Andrews had by then named the Ruxton, after William V. C. Ruxton, an investor Andrews hoped would support the project; Ruxton did not support the project, but it bore his name whether he wanted it to or not. Ultimately, Ruxton sued Andrews simply for the purpose of stating that he in no way supported Andrews or the car itself.
Unhappy with Moon's attention to the project, Andrews attempted to take over controlling interest in the company by buying up its stock. Ultimately, Andrews assumed control of the moribund company, much to the chagrin of its President C.W. Burst, who barricaded himself in the company headquarters in protest.
Despite lawsuits and counter suits, the Ruxton went into regular production in June 1930.
When Ruxton finally went on sale, some models sported Joseph Urban color schemes designed to lengthen the appearance of the car through broad bands of white intermixed with vivid colors such as blue, lavender, and navy blue . Many, but not all, Ruxtons featured the cat-like Woodlite headlights; while sleek, their performance paled in comparison to normal headlights. Most Ruxton owners soon learned that they either drove their cars during the daylight, or had them retrofitted with normal headlights or auxiliary driving lights.
Andrews also entered into a deal with Kissel of Hartford, Wisconsin, to build the transmissions and drive lines. With Moon failing, Andrews turned to Kissel to build the cars, and while the project appeared to be on course, again Andrews grew impatient and started buying Kissel stock in preparation for another take over. Unlike Moon, which tried to fight off Andrews, the Kissel Brothers rebelled by filing for receivership in November 1930, and production of the Ruxton came to an abrupt end less than four months after it was introduced.
After effects
After the Ruxton debacle, Andrews set his sights on rescuing Hupp, whether it wanted to be rescued or not. While he was able to seize control of the company, his tenure was short and Andrews was removed by angry shareholders. He died in 1938.
Moon Motors' legal entanglements continued through the courts until 1965, at which time 355 creditors held claim to the remaining assets of $26,000.
Kissel emerged from its receivership as the Kissel Manufacturing Company and later was merged into the West Bend Aluminum Company.
With a total production of some 96 vehicles, the Ruxton is recognized as a Classic Car by the Classic Car Club of America.
See also
Joseph Ledwinka
References
External links
KT Motor Sports, Ruxton
The Ruxton Car
Ruxton automobiles at ConceptCarz
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Luxury vehicles
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Missouri
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Wisconsin
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1929
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1931
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Vintage vehicles
Pre-war vehicles
1920s cars
1930s cars
Cars introduced in 1929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruxton%20%28automobile%29 |
As polytheistic religions evolve, there is a tendency for one deity to achieve preeminence as king of the gods. This tendency can parallel the growth of hierarchical systems of political power in which a monarch eventually comes to assume ultimate authority for human affairs. Other gods come to serve in a Divine Council or pantheon; such subsidiary courtier-deities are usually linked by family ties from the union of a single husband or wife, or else from an androgynous divinity who is responsible for the creation.
Historically, subsequent social events, such as invasions or shifts in power structures, can cause the previous king of the gods to be displaced by a new divinity, who assumes the displaced god's attributes and functions. Frequently the king of the gods has at least one wife who is the queen of the gods.
According to feminist theories of the replacement of original matriarchies by patriarchies, male sky gods tend to supplant female earth goddesses and achieve omnipotence.
There is also a tendency for kings of the gods to assume more and more importance, syncretistically assuming the attributes and functions of lesser divinities, who come to be seen as aspects of the single supreme deity.
King of the gods in different cultures
Examples of kings of the gods in different cultures include:
In the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, Enlil displaces Anu and is in turn replaced by Marduk.
In the Ancient Egyptian religion, Amun is the official god of the Pharaohs and the people of Egypt.
In the Canaanite pantheon, Baal (Hadad) displaces El.
In the Celtic pantheon, Lugus displaces Nuada.
In the Hittite pantheon, Teshub, Tarunz and Arinna displace Kumarbi.
In Armenian mythology, it is first Ar, later Aramazd.
In Hindu Mythology, the king of the gods of Svarga is Indra, the god of thunder and lightning and the ruler of Svarga.
In Greek mythology, Cronus displaces Uranus, and Zeus in turn displaces Cronus.
In Norse mythology, Odin assumes the role as the Allfather or King of the Gods, but Norse mythology has multiple tribes of Gods such as the Æsir and Vanir, and Odin starts off as only the leader of the former.
In Ancient Iranian mythology, it is Ahura Mazda of the Zoroastrians.
In the Dravidian folk religion which is a sect of Hinduism, the king of the gods and the supreme being of the pantheon is both Shiva and Vishnu according to tradition.
List of rulers of pantheons
The leaders of the various pantheons include:
Berber pantheon: old: Amun; new: Poseidon.
Algonquin pantheon: Gitche Manitou.
Arabian pantheon: Allah.
Ashanti pantheon: Nyame.
Australian Aboriginal pantheon: Baiame.
Aztec pantheon: Huitzilopochtli, Ometeotl, Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca.
Basque pantheon: Sugaar and Mari.
Batak pantheon: (primordial) Debata Ompung Mulajadi na Bolon; (celestial) Batara Guru.
Canaanite pantheon: El, later Baal and Hadad.
Carthaginian pantheon: Baal Hammon.
Celtic pantheon: Dagda (Gaels); later Lugus (In Brythonic, Gallaecian, Gaulish mythologies).
Chinese pantheon: Yuanshi Tianzun, Jade Emperor, Shangdi, Tian.
Circassian pantheon: Theshxwe.
Dahomey pantheon: Nana Buluku.
Dravidian pantheon (Hindu pantheon): Shiva and Vishnu.
Egyptian pantheon: Old Kingdom: Ra, New Kingdom: Amun.
Finnic pantheon: Ukko and Ilmarinen.
Germanic pantheon: Odin.
Georgian pantheon: Armazi, Ghmerti.
Gondi pantheon: Kupar Lingo.
Greek pantheon: Zeus.
Guarani pantheon: Tupa.
Haida pantheon: Raven.
Hawaiian pantheon: Kāne.
Hindu pantheon: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva.
Hittite pantheon: Arinna and Teshub.
Hopi pantheon: Angwusnasomtaka.
Inca pantheon: Viracocha.
Inuit pantheon: Anguta but only among the Kalaallit (Greenlandic Inuit).
Japanese pantheon: Amenominakanushi, Izanagi-no-Mikoto, then Amaterasu-Ōmikami.
Korean pantheon: Haneullim
Lakota pantheon: Wakan Tanka and Inyan.
Lithuanian pantheon: Perkūnas.
Lusitanian pantheon: Endovelicus.
Mari pantheon: Kugu Jumo.
Māori pantheon: Tāne.
Mayan pantheon: Hunab Ku, Itzamna, Huracan, Kukulkan, Camazotz and Cabrakan.
Mbuti pantheon: Khonvoum.
Meitei pantheon: Sidaba Mapu and Pakhangba.
Mesopotamian pantheon: Sumerian: Anu, later Enlil; Babylonian: Marduk.
Miwok pantheon: Coyote.
Muisca pantheon: Chiminigagua.
Nabatean pantheon: Dushara.
Ossetian pantheon: Xucau.
Iranian pantheon: Ahura Mazda.
Philippine pantheon: Bathala (Tagalog), Kan-Laon (Visayan).
Roman pantheon: Jupiter.
Sami pantheon: Beaivi.
Slavic pantheon: Rod.
Turco-Mongol pantheon: Tengri, Tngri, Qormusta Tengri.
Vietnamese pantheon: Ông Trời; Lạc Long Quân.
Vodou pantheon: Bondyé.
Yahwism: El, later Yahweh.
Yoruba pantheon: Olorun.
Zulu pantheon: Unkulunkulu, Umvelinqangi.
See also
Henotheism
Kingship and kingdom of God
References
Works cited
Gods by association
Mythological archetypes
Mythological kings
Polytheism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20of%20the%20gods |
IBM 37xx (or 37x5) is a family of IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) programmable communications controllers used mainly in mainframe environments.
All members of the family ran one of three IBM-supplied programs.
Emulation Program (EP) mimicked the operation of the older IBM 270x non-programmable controllers.
Network Control Program (NCP) supported Systems Network Architecture devices.
Partitioned Emulation Program (PEP) combined the functions of the two.
Models
370x series
3705 — the oldest of the family, introduced in 1972 to replace the non-programmable IBM 270x family. The 3705 could control up to 352 communications lines.
3704 was a smaller version, introduced in 1973. It supported up to 32 lines.
371x
The 3710 communications controller was introduced in 1984.
372x series
The 3725 and the 3720 systems were announced in 1983. The 3725 replaced the hardware line scanners used on previous 370x machines with multiple microcoded processors.
The 3725 was a large-scale node and front end processor.
The 3720 was a smaller version of the 3725, which was sometimes used as a remote concentrator.
The 3726 was an expansion unit for the 3725.
With the expansion unit, the 3725 could support up to 256 lines at data rates up to 256 kbit/s, and connect to up to eight mainframe channels.
Marketing of the 372x machines was discontinued in 1989.
IBM discontinued support for the 3705, 3720, 3725 in 1999.
374x series
The 3745, announced in 1988, provides up to eight T1 circuits. At the time of the announcement, IBM was estimated to have nearly 85% of the over US$825 million market for communications controllers over rivals such as NCR Comten and Amdahl Corporation. The 3745 is no longer marketed, but still supported and used.
The 3746 "Nways Controller" model 900, unveiled in 1992, was an expansion unit for the 3745 supporting additional Token Ring and ESCON connections. A stand-alone model 950 appeared in 1995.
Successors
IBM no longer manufactures 37xx processors. The last models, the 3745/46, were withdrawn from marketing in 2002. Replacement software products are Communications Controller for Linux on System z and Enterprise Extender.
Clones
Several companies produced clones of 37xx controllers, including NCR COMTEN and Amdahl Corporation.
References
37xx
Computer networks
37xx
37xx | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%2037xx |
Geum aleppicum, commonly called yellow avens or common avens is a flowering plant native to most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, from eastern Europe across Asia and North America.
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1 m tall with pinnate leaves. The flowers are 2 cm diameter, yellow, with five to seven toothed petals.
There are two subspecies:
Geum aleppicum subsp. aleppicum. Europe and Asia.
Geum aleppicum subsp. strictum. North America.
Distribution and habitat
It grows in forests and meadows, on grassy slopes, on river banks, in clearings and along roads.
In Europe, it is found in the Carpathians of Romania and Slovakia, in eastern Poland and the Baltic countries, Belarus, Ukraine, the wider Caucasus region and then its area extends from European Russia east across the southern half of Siberia, south up to Tienshan and to the east reaching the Pacific coast, with disjunct distributions in southern Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and northern Japan. It is widespread in the northern temperate region of China, but it can also be found across the central parts of the country and from there southwest up to Yunnan.
In North America, its range extends from Alaska through western and southern Canada, most of the US states (except in the southeast), and southwards up to Mexico.
It has been introduced in Scandinavia and New Zealand.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Distribution map
aleppicum
Flora of California
Flora of the Western United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geum%20aleppicum |
Digging for the Truth is a scripted History Channel television series documentary that ran from 2005 to 2007. The show had a total of 54 episodes over 4 seasons that were each an hour long. The first three seasons of the show focused on host Josh Bernstein, who journeyed on various explorations of historical icons and mysteries. Bernstein was the president and CEO of BOSS (Boulder Outdoor Survival School) and has a degree in anthropology and psychology from Cornell University. The show aired Monday nights at 9:00 EST on the History Channel. The series premiered on 24 January 2005 and had a total of 13 episodes. At the time the show was the highest-rated series currently running on The History Channel. The second season premiered on 23 January 2006 and had a total of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on 22 January 2007 with a two-hour special episode on the quest for Atlantis and had a total of 20 episodes. The fourth season was the final season and premiered 8 September 2007 with a total of 8 episodes.
Bernstein announced on 20 February 2007 that he would be leaving The History Channel and Digging for the Truth and would join The Discovery Channel as an executive producer and host of a new prime-time series and specials in April 2007. Hunter Ellis, host of Tactical to Practical and Man, Moment, Machine for The History Channel, then replaced Bernstein as host for the final season of the series in 2007.
Each episode dealt with an event or subject in history that is a mystery or not completely understood by modern historians. Many of the topics covered are controversial in some respect. Bernstein would mention the various theories that exist on the subject, although the episode may not have explored all of them. He then traveled to various locations to ask questions of researchers, and he often he put himself into situations (e.g., working in a quarry, climbing a rock-face) that simulated the activities of people in the period he explored. Almost all of the researchers he talked to were professionals in the subject at hand, and many of the places he visited (e.g., the inside of a pyramid) are not open to the general public. At the end of each episode, he pulled together everything discussed in the episode to either formulate a hypothesis of what happened or to conclude that what happened remains a mystery.
In late 2006, Bernstein's book Digging for the Truth: One Man's Epic Adventure Exploring the World's Greatest Archaeological Mysteries was published. In the book, Bernstein writes a bit about his past and BOSS, but was mainly focused on adventures he took, many of which were episodes of the series.
Episodes
References
External links
History (American TV channel) original programming
Public archaeology
2005 American television series debuts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digging%20for%20the%20Truth |
The 1860 Constitutional Union National Convention met on May 9, 1860, in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the only national convention ever held by the Constitutional Union Party, which was organized largely by former Whig Party
members from the Southern United States who opposed secession. The convention nominated former Senator John Bell of Tennessee for president and former Secretary of State Edward Everett of Massachusetts for vice president.
Bell won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the convention, defeating Everett, Governor Sam Houston of Texas, Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, former Governor William Alexander Graham of North Carolina, Associate Justice John McLean of Ohio, and several other candidates. In the 1860 presidential election, Bell and Everett finished third in the electoral vote and fourth in the popular vote.
Background
After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Whigs collapsed due to divisions over slavery. Many Northern Whigs shifted to the new Republican Party, while many Southern Whigs joined the American Party, or "Know Nothings." By 1859, the Know Nothing movement had collapsed, but some former Southern Whigs who refused to join their long-time rivals in the Democratic Party had organized themselves into the "Opposition Party." Several of this party's supporters, among them Knoxville Whig editor William Brownlow, former vice presidential candidate Andrew Jackson Donelson, and California attorney Balie Peyton sought to launch a third-party presidential ticket.
In May 1860, disgruntled ex-Whigs and disenchanted moderates from across the country convened in Baltimore, where they formed the Constitutional Union Party. The party's platform was very broad and made no mention of slavery. While there were several candidates for the party's presidential nomination, the two frontrunners were Bell and Sam Houston.
Presidential nomination
Presidential candidates
Bell led the initial round of balloting with 68.5 votes to Houston's 59. The remainder of the votes were split among eight other candidates. Houston's military endeavors had brought him national renown, but he reminded the convention's Clay Whigs of their old foe Andrew Jackson. On May 10, Bell received 139 votes to Houston's 69, and was declared the candidate.
Presidential Balloting / 2nd Day of Convention (May 10, 1860)
Vice Presidential nomination
Vice Presidential candidates
The vice presidential nomination went to Edward Everett of Massachusetts, who had served as president of Harvard University and as Secretary of State in the Fillmore administration. Everett was nominated by acclaimation.
References
1860 United States presidential election
Political conventions in Baltimore
1860 in Maryland
1860 conferences
Constitutional Union Convention
19th-century political conferences
19th century in Baltimore
1860s political events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%20Constitutional%20Union%20Convention |
A bacteriocyte (Greek for bacteria cell), also known as a mycetocyte, is a specialized adipocyte found primarily in certain insect groups such as aphids, tsetse flies, German cockroaches, weevils. These cells contain endosymbiotic organisms such as bacteria and fungi, which provide essential amino acids and other chemicals to their host. Bacteriocytes may aggregate into a specialized organ called the bacteriome.
Endosymbiosis with microorganisms is common in insects. More than 10% of insect species rely upon intracellular bacteria for their development and survival. Endosymbionts and their relationships with their hosts are diverse both functionally and genetically. However, the host cell in which bacterial and fungal endosymbionts reside is mostly unknown.
Location
Bacteriocyte location varies depending on the insect and endosymbiont type. These cells often inhabit fat bodies inside the midgut epithelium. The proximity to the insects' digestive system facilitates the absorption of bacteriocyte-produced nutrients. However, fungal-infected bacteriocytes and some bacteria-infected bacteriocytes can sometimes populate the hemocoel, a blood-containing cavity between the organs of most arthropods.
Development
Transmission of endosymbionts
Bacteriocyte microorganism transfer occurs through vertical transmission from mother to offspring. Horizontal transmission or infection does not typically appear because insects with bacteriocytes depend so significantly on their symbiotic relationships to survive. Hosts without bacteriocytes do not usually survive and reproduce into adulthood. In some cases, the bacteria and fungi are transmitted in the egg, as in Buchnera; in others, like Wigglesworthia, they are transmitted via a milky substance that is fed to the developing insect embryo. Suppression of the Ultrabithorax gene in embryos led to the disappearance of bacteriocytes in Nysius plebius, while manipulation of the Antennapedia gene impacted the formation of bacteriomes but did not halt the formation of bacteriocytes altogether.
Although vertical transmission of the symbionts is pivotal, the underlying and cellular mechanisms of this process are relatively unknown. However, there are several existing hypotheses. One theory is that the microorganisms circulating in the hemolymph of the mother migrate to a posterior region of the offspring blastula containing enlarged follicle cells. Other studies suggest that symbionts are directly transferred from the maternal bacteriocyte to the follicular region of the blastula through exocytic and endocytic transport. A newer hypothesis suggests that a membranous conduit forms between the maternal bacteriocyte and blastula which acts as a bridge for symbionts. Additionally, some studies show that the recognition of stem cell niches and association with dynein, kinesin, and microtubules are crucial for transmission from the parent to the offspring germline as well as segregation to host daughter cells.
Growth
Bacteriocyte tissue grows considerably during nymphal and larval development as it organizes into two regular clusters near the gut and developing embryonic chains. As some insects grow older, such as aphids, they begin to exhibit disorganized architecture in the bacteriocyte tissue. Eventually, this trend leads to progressive dis-aggregation of the tissue caused by an increasing lack of intercellular adhesion of the cells that only increases as the insect ages. Dis-aggregation appears prominently in reproductively active as well as senescent adults. Some bacteriocyte nuclei, like those in aphids, also follow this pattern of development. They are initially round and centrally positioned but progressively become more deformed and move to the periphery of the cell.
Death
Bacteriocytes can undergo a controlled form of cell death distinct from apoptosis. Elimination of bacteriocytes usually begins when the insect reaches reproductive maturity. Bacteriocyte degeneration begins with cytoplasmic hypervacuolation, meaning an excess of organelles called vacuoles form in the cytoplasm and then progressively expand throughout the entire cell. These vacuoles, which originate from the endoplasmic reticulum, also contain large acidic compartments are thought to aid in cellular degeneration. Hypervacuolation is a common feature in cells that undergo an autophagic, or "self-eating" death. Bacteriocytes, however, do not experience an autophagic death based on the lack of digested cellular components in the vacuoles. Bacteriocytes do develop some organelles to break down cellular components, called autophagosomes, but research suggests that their development is a stress response to adverse cellular conditions caused by the acidic hypervacuolation and not a contributor to cell death. This form of bacteriocyte death is also nonapoptotic, based on the irregular shape of the adult nucleus as well as a lack of chromatin condensation during degeneration and other characteristic features. Genetic testing also reveals a significant inhibition of the apoptotic pathway. Some other cell death characteristics found in bacteriocytes include acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, high levels of reactive oxygen species, and In the late phase of cell death, the digestion of endosymbionts by lysosomes.
Other bacteriocytes, like those found in weevils, undergo a different form of cell death. Unlike aphids, weevils lose their bacteriocytes in adulthood. In these species, both apoptotic and autophagic mechanisms quickly eliminate bacteriomes associated with the gut. This form of cell death is more common in insects with a smaller dependence on their endosymbionts. Aphids, on the other hand, are closely evolutionarily tied to bacterial endosymbiosis resulting in a more complicated form of cell death.
Function
Nutrition
The main function of bacteriocytes is to indirectly provide nutrients to the insect through the use of symbionts. The microorganisms housed in these specialized cells produce essential nutrients for their hosts in exchange for an enclosed environment to live. The health of these endosymbionts is crucial for the host's biology as their presence changes the balance of amino acid metabolism and mitochondrial phosphorylation. Both of these processes are essential for insect flight ability and performance. Insects housing symbionts develop best when fed on a diet with a lower protein-to-carbohydrate ratio than other insects because the symbionts already add considerable amounts of amino acid and nitrogen nutrition to the host. Because of this nutritional imbalance, bacteriocytes are more prevalent in insects that utilize diets consisting of an excess of one compound while lacking some nutrients, like amino acids and proteins.
Other functions
While some endosymbionts directly provide their hosts with food, others secrete enzymes to help aid in digestion of materials the insect cannot break down itself such as wood. Additionally, some bacteriocyte endosymbionts serve an immune function are known to prime the immune system especially against trypanosomes.
Examples
Aphids
Development of aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) bacteriocytes has been studied with the host cells that contain the endosymbiotic bacteria, Buchnera aphidicola. Bacteriocytes of aphids have a subpopulation of the bacteriocytes that is chosen prior to the maternal transmission of the bacteria to the embryo. Even later in the aphid's life, a second population of adipose cells are selected to become bacteriocytes. Bacteriocyte development has been maintained in aphids for 80–150 million years.
Tsetse flies
The Tsetse fly's most prominent and vital endosymbiont is the bacterium, Wigglesworthia glossinidia, These bacteria are housed in the fly's bacteriocytes and produce B vitamins (B1, B6, and B9). The Tsetse fly itself lacks the ability to obtain these nutrients because of its hematophagous diet. W. glossinidia population in the maternal milk glands also help prime the immune system during the larval stage. Tsetse flies with bacteriocytes containing W. glossinidia are less susceptible to trypanosome infection later in life.
References
Animal cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriocyte |
DOVO may refer to:
DOVO Solingen or DOVO Steelware, German manufacturer of grooming tools
VV DOVO, Dutch football club
Dovo may refer to:
Eloi Alphonse Maxime Dovo, Malagasy diplomat and politician. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOVO |
Asia Street was the umbrella title for the International Channel's nightly three-hour prime-time block of shows geared towards Asian-Americans in the United States. The lineup continued in a different and modified approach on its successor, AZN Television.
Asia Street offered a mix of English-language original programming ranging from sitcoms to sketch comedy programs, as well as anime, dramas, movies and variety shows. One of the better-known shows that came out of that lineup was the in-house sketch variety series Asia Street Comedy, which debuted in 2004.
The block also sponsored the 23rd Annual San Francisco Asian American Film Festival.
From March 28, 2005, Asia Street became the basis for a shift towards the International Channel's rebrand and reprogramming as AZN Television.
References
AZN Television original programming
Television programming blocks in the United States
2004 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia%20Street |
Incumbents
American Samoa (U.S. territory)
Togiola Tulafono, Governor of American Samoa (2003–present)
Australia
Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
Governor-General - Michael Jeffery, Governor-General of Australia (2003–present)
Prime Minister – John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia (1996–present)
Cook Islands (self-governing territory of New Zealand)
High Commissioner - John Bryan, High Commissioner of the Cook Islands (2005–present)
Queen's Representative - Frederick Goodwin, Queen's Representative in the Cook Islands (2001–present)
Prime Minister – Jim Marurai, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2004–present)
East Timor
President - Xanana Gusmão, President of East Timor (2002–present)
Prime Minister - Marí Alkatiri, (2002 – 26 June 2006), José Ramos-Horta (8 July 2006–present)
Fiji
President - Ratu Josefa Iloilo, President of Fiji (2000–2009)
Prime Minister – Laisenia Qarase, Prime Minister of Fiji (2001–2006)
French Polynesia (French Overseas Country)
High Commissioner - Anne Boquet, High Commissioner of French Polynesia (acting) (2005–present)
President of the Government - Oscar Temaru, President of the Government of French Polynesia (2005–December 2006). Gaston Tong Sang (December 26, 2006 onward)
Guam
Governor - Felix Perez Camacho, Governor of Guam (2003–present):
Hawaii
Governor - Linda Lingle (R)|
Senators - Daniel Inouye (D) Daniel Akaka (D)
Representatives - Neil Abercrombie (D) Ed Case (D)
Kiribati
President - Anote Tong, President of Kiribati (2003–present)
Marshall Islands
President - Kessai Note, President of the Marshall Islands (2000–present)
Federated States of Micronesia
President - Joseph Urusemal, President of the Federated States of Micronesia (2003–present)
Nauru
President - Ludwig Scotty, President of Nauru (2004–present)
New Caledonia (French Overseas Country)
High Commissioner - Michel Mathieu, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (2005–present)
President of the Government - Marie-Noëlle Thémereau, President of the Government of New Caledonia (2004–present)
New Zealand
Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
Governor-General - Dame Silvia Cartwright, Governor-General of New Zealand (2001–2006)
Prime Minister – Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–present)
Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
Resident Commissioner - Sandra Lee-Vercoe, Resident Commissioner of Niue (2003–present)
Prime Minister – Young Vivian, Prime Minister of Niue (2002–present)
Norfolk Island
Administrator - Grant Tambling, Administrator of Norfolk Island (2003–present)
Chief Minister -
Geoffrey Robert Gardner, Chief Minister of Norfolk Island (2001–2006)
David Buffett, Chief Minister of Norfolk Island (2006–present)
Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the U.S.)
Governor - Juan Babauta, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (2002–present)
Palau
President - Tommy Remengesau, President of Palau (2001–present)
Papua New Guinea
Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
Governor-General - Sir Paulias Matane, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2004–present)
Prime Minister – Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2002–present)
Bougainville - Joseph Kabui, President of Bougainville Autonomous Government (2005–present)
Pitcairn Islands (overseas territory of the United Kingdom)
Governor - Richard Fell, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2001–present)
Commissioner - Leslie Jacques, Commissioner of the Pitcairn Islands (2003–present)
Mayor - Jay Warren, Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands (2004–present)
Samoa
Monarch – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Head of State of Samoa (1963–present)
Prime Minister – Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa (1998–present)
Solomon Islands
Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
Governor-General - Nathaniel Waena, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (2004–present)
Prime Minister – Sir Allan Kemakeza, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (2001–present)
Tokelau (territory of New Zealand)
Administrator - Neil Walter, Administrator of Tokelau (2003–present)
Head of Government - Pio Tuia, Head of Government (2005–present)
Tonga
Monarch
Tāufaāhau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (1965–2006)
George Tupou V (2006–present)
Prime Minister -
Ahoeitu Unuakiotonga Tukuaho (Lavaka Ata Ulukālala), Prime Minister of Tonga (2000–2006)
Feleti Sevele, Acting Prime Minister of Tonga (2006–present)
Tuvalu
Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
Governor-General - Filoimea Telito, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2005–present)
Prime Minister – Maatia Toafa, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2004–August 14, 2006), then Apisai Ielemia.
Vanuatu
President - Kalkot Mataskelekele, President of Vanuatu (2004–present)
Prime Minister – Ham Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2004–present)
Wallis and Futuna (French overseas collectivity)
Administrator-Superior - Xavier de Furst Administrator-Superior of Wallis and Futuna (2005–present)
President of the Territorial Assembly - Apeleto Likuvalu President of the Territorial Assembly (2005–present)
Events
January
February
February 13: Tongan Prime Minister Prince Ahoeitu Unuakiotonga Tukuaho (Lavaka Ata Ulukālala) resigns suddenly on 11 February 2006, and also gives up his other cabinet portfolios. He was replaced in the interim by the elected Minister of Labour, Dr. Feleti Sevele. (Pacific Magazine)
February 16: Tokelau will remain a New Zealand territory after a referendum on independence. A 60 percent majority voted in favor of independence, but a two-thirds majority was required for the referendum to succeed.
February 20: Retired scientist Don Kennedy suggests the entire population of Tuvalu should move to the Fijian island of Kioa, to preserve Tuvaluan culture as their homeland becomes uninhabitable due to rising sea levels. (Pacific Islands)
February 20: The Papua New Guinea Electoral Boundaries Commission presents its report suggesting 26 new Open electorates be created for the scheduled 2007 election. (The National)
February 20: Officials in Guam warn people not to eat fish caught in Merizo's Cocos Lagoon due to major polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination from a former United States Coast Guard station on Cocos Island. (Pacific Daily News)
February 24: Benigno R. Fitial announces the Northern Mariana Islands will host the 2006 Micronesian Games from June 23, 2006 to July 7, 2006. (Pacific Magazine) (Pacific Daily News)
February 27: Vanuatu's Commodities Marketing Board has taken over the export of kava, Vanuatu's third largest export earner. The Fisheries and Quarantine department previously responsible for kava is protesting that VCMB does not have the expertise needed. (Radio New Zealand)
February 27: More than a quarter of the soldiers in East Timor's Army have quit in the last few weeks in protest over conditions and promotion rules. (ABC)
March
March 1: Fijian Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase announces that the 2006 Fiji general elections will be held in the second week of May from the 6th to the 13th. (Radio New Zealand)
March 2: The Pitcairn Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal against the 2004 sexual assault trial. Randall Christian's appeal against indecent assault of a girl aged under 13 was upheld, but this doesn't affect his sentence of six years on other charges. The men will now appeal to the Privy Council in London. (NZ Herald)
March 2: The United Nations working group on mercenaries asks Fiji and Papua New Guinea for permission to send a team to investigate the presence of former Fijian soldiers in Bougainville. (UNPO)
March 3: Papua New Guinea Transport and Civil Aviation Minister Don Polye announces an open air policy, which would allow other airlines to compete with Air Niugini on international routes into and from Papua New Guinea. The policy will take effect in 2007. (Pacific Magazine)
March 4: A fire damages the central Papeete power station, resulting in limited power for some areas of Tahiti for a couple of weeks. (Pacific Magazine)
March 8: Fijian President Ratu Josefa Iloilo and Vice-President Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi are re-elected to another five-year term.
March 9: The Pasifika Festival opens in Auckland New Zealand. The annual festival is the largest Pacific Islands community event. It lasts for a month, and covers cultural, sporting and business events. (Radio NZ)
March 14: The Ka Loko Reservoir dam in Kauai, Hawaii bursts, killing one man and leaving six others missing. (Honolulu StarBulletin)
March 17: The US offers Japan the use of its military bases on Guam, after Japan refuses to pay for the relocation of 8000 marines and their families from Okinawa to Guam. (Pacific Magazine)
March 21: Solomon Islands Labour Party leader Joses Tuhanuku alleges Prime Minister Allan Kemakeza is directly implicated in corrupt aid payments by Taiwan to local politicians. (Pacific Magazine)
March 26: RFO television news in New Caledonia was cancelled for two days due to a strike in protest at the sacking of a technician. (Pacific Media Watch)
March 26: East Timor's Prime Minister, Mari Alkatiri, calls for calm after former soldiers looted shops and threw stones at opponents in Dili. 591 soldiers were dismissed from the army in the previous week after deserting their posts. (Radio NZ)
March 29: A sewer pipe leak at Waikiki in Hawaii is repaired, but several popular beaches were left polluted. (Honolulu StarBulletin)
March 30: Hiro Tefaarere, the French Polynesian minister for small and medium enterprises, resigns due to disagreements with the ruling coalition, and his failure to gain support for two development projects. (Radio NZ)
March 30: Feleti Sevele is confirmed as the new Prime Minister of Tonga. (Matangi)
April
April 2: The Human Rights Protection Party wins Samoa's general election. The HRPP was already the ruling party, and its leader Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi the Prime Minister, but the party did better in the election than polls had indicated. (Radio NZ)
April 5: Air Kiribati has given redundancy notices to its staff due to a lack of revenue. Up to half the staff may be laid off. (Pacific Magazine)
April 5: Voting in Solomon Islands 2006 election is incident free. (NZ Herald)
April 6: Papua New Guinea has put an agricultural quarantine over the province of East New Britain to contain the spread of the cocoa pod borer. (Pacific Magazine)
April 18: The announcement of the new Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands, Snyder Rini, is met by riots in Honiara. Australia and New Zealand promise to send more troops to keep order. (Radio NZ)
April 20: 15,000 people march in Nouméa, New Caledonia to protest the high cost of living. The march is part of a 24-hour strike called by several trade unions. Radio NZ)
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Arts and literature
New Books
Awards
Music
Television
Film
Web sites
Sport
2006 Micronesian Games
Deaths
February 9: Ahomee, Tongan noble, 35, heart failure
February 24: Tūtoatasi Fakafānua, Tongan noble, 44
10 September: Tāufaāhau Tupou IV, Tongan king, 88, old age
Oceania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20in%20Oceania |
Soul Patrol may refer to:
Soul Patrol (fandom), fans of American Idol winner Taylor Hicks
Soul Patrol (baseball), the outfield players of the 2001 Minnesota Twins season
Soul Patrol (1978 film), a blaxploitation film
Soul Patrol (2000 film), a British comedy film starring Sadie Frost and Davinia Taylor
Soul Patrol, an SECW wrestling team of Norvell Austin and Brickhouse Brown
Soul Patrol, a fictional group of dead people in The Scream Team
Soul Patrol, a book about an African-American LRRP in Vietnam written by Ed Emanuel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Patrol |
The Presidential Palace ( Proedrikó Mégaro ) is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the Republic of Cyprus. It is located close to the centre of Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus, and is surrounded by a thick pine woodland.
History
The original building was a prefabricated structure erected in November 1878 on a site known as Snake Hill, on which Richard the Lionheart is said to have set up camp. The building was shipped by the war office from London to Ceylon, its original destination; but by the time it reached Port Said, it was no longer required there, and was diverted to Cyprus. The building arrived in Larnaca and was transported to Nicosia in boxes on the backs of camels.
The building was burned down during the pro-Enosis riots of 21 October 1931. As a result of the disturbances, a special law was enacted by Sir Ronald Storrs, the Governor of Cyprus, on 21 December 1931, whereby the Greek Cypriot inhabitants had to pay for the building of a new Government House. A total of £34,315 was demanded, payable by 30 June 1932. The amounts required from various towns included £14,000 from Nicosia, £5,500 from Limassol, £5000 from Famagusta, £2000 from Larnaca, £500 from Paphos, and £6315 from villages.
The new building was designed by Maurice Webb of the firm of Sir Aston Webb & Sons, Westminster, London. Construction was undertaken by J V Hamilton & L F Weldon of the Public Works Department, Nicosia. The main structure was built of Yerolakkos sandstone, with harder sandstone from Limassol used for the staircases. Construction was completed in 1937, at a total cost of £70,000. Among the Palace's most prominent features are the British coat-of-arms, and four gargoyles with human heads depicting the British general foreman in charge of construction, the head mason, the head carpenter, and an unknown labourer. The building was originally named Government House; in 1960, it was renamed the Presidential Palace.
The structure was gutted by fire during the coup d'état by the Cypriot National Guard and EOKA-B on 15 July 1974, and was rebuilt by the Public Works Department and Philippou Brothers in 1977. The rebuilding costs were paid by the Greek Government.
On 28 May 2010, it was announced that the building was to have a €1.2 million upgrade to reduce its carbon emissions. The project included solar panels in the car park, a new ventilation system, and replacement of windows. A further €2.7 million was spent to build a new hall for Cyprus's 2012 European Union Presidency. The new hall opened on 17 May 2012; it can seat 500 people, or 300 if seated by table.
See also
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
References
External links
Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus, The Presidential Palace
Cyprus and the Commonwealth of Nations
Official residences in Cyprus
Presidential residences
Buildings and structures in Nicosia
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential%20Palace%2C%20Nicosia |
Joseph E. Atkinson (born Joseph Atkinson, December 23, 1865 – May 8, 1948) was a Canadian newspaper editor and activist. Under his leadership the Toronto Star became one of the largest and most influential newspapers in Canada. Atkinson amassed a considerable fortune, eventually holding the controlling interest in the paper he edited. After his death, control of the paper passed to the trustees of the Atkinson Foundation, a major Canadian charity.
A strict Methodist, he earned the nickname "Holy Joe."
Early life
Atkinson was born near Newcastle, Canada West, in 1865. His early life was difficult, creating conditions which would eventually lead to his social activism. His father died when he was six months old, his mother, Hannah, when he was thirteen.
At about the age of 16, while working at the post office, he began to sign his name as "Joseph E. Atkinson" even though he had been given no middle name at birth. Looking for a better job, Atkinson hoped to become a banker, but through his post office work he found out about a job opening at the Port Hope Times, a weekly newspaper in Port Hope, Ontario. He joined the paper at age 18, initially collecting accounts. When the Times started publishing daily, Atkinson became a reporter.
In October 1888, he jumped to The Toronto World and a few months later joined the Globe, one of the newspapers which would become The Globe and Mail. After two years, he became the Globe'''s Ottawa correspondent, covering the six sessions of Parliament from 1891 to 1896. Atkinson then became managing editor of the Montreal Herald in 1897.
Family
Joseph E. Atkinson married in Toronto on April 18, 1892, to Elmina Ella Susannah Elliott of Oakville, Ontario. Like her husband, Elliott Akinson was a member of the staff of the Toronto Globe. Under the nom-de-plume of "Madge Merton" she worked as a journalist for the Montreal Herald and the Toronto Daily Star. In Henry James Morgan's Types of Canadian Women, he describes "Mrs. Atkinson contrives without loss of interest to give dignity to woman's work in journalism."
Toronto Star
In 1899, Atkinson was asked to become managing editor of the Montreal Star, then the largest English-language newspaper in Canada. The paper's conservative viewpoint clashed with Atkinson's liberal beliefs. While he was considering the offer, in December 1899, Atkinson was asked by a group of supporters of Wilfrid Laurier, the Liberal prime minister of Canada, if he would become publisher of the Toronto Evening Star. The group included Senator George Cox, William Mulock, Peter Charles Larkin and Timothy Eaton. Mulock and most other members of the group wanted the paper to be the voice of the Liberal Party, but Atkinson refused to take the job on those terms and insisted that he be given full control over newspaper policy and that the Star be run in the best interests of the paper, not the Liberal Party. Atkinson travelled to Ottawa and successfully appealed to Laurier for support. Atkinson also insisted that 40 percent of his salary be paid in stock at par value and that he be given the opportunity to become majority owner. After some initial opposition, the ownership group accepted those terms.
The group took ownership of the paper on December 13, 1899. Shareholders formally approved the hiring of Atkinson five days later, with his employment backdated to start December 13. Atkinson's name first appeared in the masthead of the December 21 edition. His task was to save a failing newspaper, competing in a conservative city with six daily newspapers. Atkinson succeeded in turning the fortunes of the paper around and by 1913 it had the largest circulation of any Toronto newspaper. He continued to run the Star until his death in 1948, at the age of 82.
He was well-known for using the power of his newspaper for his social crusades, which led him at times into controversy. Canadian journalist and historian Mark Bourrie has described Atkinson as a "strange mixture of social justice advocate and soul-crushing capitalist" and "a scolding, arch-capitalist Marxist who ran the Toronto Star as a cash machine for social justice movements."
Legacy
After Atkinson died in May 1948, a front-page article in the Star announced that both the newspaper and its weekend magazine, The Star Weekly had been "willed in perpetuity" to The Atkinson Charitable Foundation, incorporated in 1942. The article included quotes from Atkinson's will expressing his desire that ownership of the papers "shall not fall into private hands." It stipulated that the seven trustees of the Foundation and their successors would also operate the Star and Star Weekly:This should accomplish two things: (1) The publication of the papers will be conducted for the benefit of the public in the full and frank dissemination of news and opinions, with the profit motive, while still important, subsidiary to what I consider to be the chief functions of a metropolitan newspaper; (2) The profits from the newspapers will be used for the promotion and maintenance of social, scientific and economic reforms which are charitable in nature...It is my desire that the Trustees shall have the widest possible freedom possible in the decisions which they make in the operation of the newspapers and the charitable causes which they promote and maintain.Four years after Atkinson's death, his charitable foundation had distributed $336,867 to 42 recipients including research foundations, universities and hospitals.
Atkinson had two children:
Joseph S. Atkinson (1904-1968) became the paper's publisher in 1948 and continued until 1966. He was also the board's chair and President of the Joseph E. Atkinson foundation.
Ruth Atkinson Hindmarsh (1893-1994) married one of the paper's managers, Harry C. Hindmarsh and was also a member of her father's foundation.
References
Further reading
Cranston, J.H. (1953). Ink on my fingers''. Toronto: The Ryerson Press.
External links
1865 births
1948 deaths
20th-century Canadian newspaper publishers (people)
People from Old Toronto
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
People from Clarington
Toronto Star publishers (people)
Canadian magazine founders
Canadian newspaper executives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20E.%20Atkinson |
The 10th Satellite Awards, honoring the best in film and television of 2005, were given on December 17, 2005.
Special achievement awards
Auteur Award (for his work on the film Good Night, and Good Luck and his promising filmmaking future) – George Clooney
Mary Pickford Award (for outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry) – Gena Rowlands
Nikola Tesla Award (for his special effects contributions to cinema) – Stan Winston
Outstanding New Talent – Rupert Friend
Motion picture winners and nominees
Best Actor – Drama
Philip Seymour Hoffman – Capote
Jake Gyllenhaal – Jarhead
Tommy Lee Jones – The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada
Heath Ledger – Brokeback Mountain
Viggo Mortensen – A History of Violence
David Strathairn – Good Night, and Good Luck
Best Actor – Musical or Comedy
Terrence Howard – Hustle & Flow
Kevin Costner – The Upside of Anger
Robert Downey Jr. – Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
Cillian Murphy – Breakfast on Pluto
Bill Murray – Broken Flowers
Joaquin Phoenix – Walk the Line
Best Actress – Drama
Felicity Huffman – Transamerica
Toni Collette – In Her Shoes
Julianne Moore – The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio
Robin Wright Penn – Nine Lives
Charlize Theron – North Country
Ziyi Zhang – Memoirs of a Geisha
Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
Reese Witherspoon – Walk the Line
Joan Allen – The Upside of Anger
Claire Danes – Shopgirl
Judi Dench – Mrs Henderson Presents
Keira Knightley – Pride & Prejudice
Joan Plowright – Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont
Best Animated or Mixed Media Film
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Chicken Little
Corpse Bride
Howl's Moving Castle (Hauru no ugoku shiro)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
Best Art Direction and Production Design
Good Night, and Good Luck
Kingdom of Heaven
Memoirs of a Geisha
Modigliani
Sin City
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Best Cinematography
The Constant Gardener – César Charlone
2046 – Christopher Doyle
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory – Philippe Rousselot
Kung Fu Hustle (Kung fu) – Poon Hang-Sang
Memoirs of a Geisha – Dion Beebe
Sin City – Robert Rodriguez
Best Costume Design
Pride & Prejudice
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Kingdom of Heaven
Memoirs of a Geisha
Modigliani
The White Countess
Best Director
Ang Lee – Brokeback Mountain
George Clooney – Good Night, and Good Luck
Chris Columbus – Rent
James Mangold – Walk the Line
Rob Marshall – Memoirs of a Geisha
Bennett Miller – Capote
Best Documentary Film
Mad Hot Ballroom
Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room
Favela Rising
March of the Penguins (La marche de l'empereur)
Murderball
New York Doll
Best Editing
Brokeback Mountain
Good Night, and Good Luck
Jarhead
Kung Fu Hustle (Kung fu)
Sin City
War of the Worlds
Best Film – Drama
Brokeback Mountain
Capote
Cinderella Man
A History of Violence
Memoirs of a Geisha
The War Within
Best Film – Musical or Comedy
Walk the Line
Happy Endings
Hustle & Flow
Kung Fu Hustle (Kung fu)
Rent
Shopgirl
Best Foreign Language Film
Äideistä parhain (Mother of Mine), Finland/Sweden
2046, China/France/Germany/Hong Kong
Innocent Voices, Mexico/Puerto Rico/United States
Lila Says, France/UK
Turtles Can Fly, France/Iran/Iraq
Walk on Water, Israel/Sweden
Best Original Score
"Kingdom of Heaven" – Harry Gregson-Williams
"Brokeback Mountain" – Gustavo Santaolalla
"The Constant Gardener" – Alberto Iglesias
"Corpse Bride" – Danny Elfman
"Memoirs of a Geisha" – John Williams
"Sin City" – Robert Rodriguez
Best Original Song
"A Love That Will Never Grow Old" performed by Emmylou Harris – Brokeback Mountain
"In the Deep" performed by Bird York – Crash
"Hustler's Ambition" performed by 50 Cent – Get Rich or Die Tryin'
"Magic Works" – Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
"Broken" – Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
Best Screenplay – Adapted
Memoirs of a Geisha – Robin Swicord
Brokeback Mountain – Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana
Capote – Dan Futterman
Jarhead – William Broyles Jr.
Shopgirl – Steve Martin
Walk the Line – Gill Dennis and James Mangold
Best Screenplay – Original
Good Night, and Good Luck – George Clooney and Grant Heslov
Crash – Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco
Happy Endings – Don Roos
Nine Lives – Rodrigo García
The Squid and the Whale – Noah Baumbach
The War Within – Ayad Akhtar, Joseph Castelo, and Tom Glynn
Best Sound
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Kung Fu Hustle (Kung fu)
Rent
Sin City
The White Countess
Best Supporting Actor – Drama
Danny Huston – The Constant Gardener
Chris Cooper – Capote
Jake Gyllenhaal – Brokeback Mountain
Edward Norton – Kingdom of Heaven
Mickey Rourke – Sin City
Peter Sarsgaard – Jarhead
Best Supporting Actor – Musical or Comedy
Val Kilmer – Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang
Tom Arnold – Happy Endings
Corbin Bernsen – Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
Steve Coogan – Happy Endings
Craig T. Nelson – The Family Stone
Jason Schwartzman – Shopgirl
Best Supporting Actress – Drama
Laura Linney – The Squid and the Whale
Amy Adams – Junebug
Maria Bello – A History of Violence
Li Gong – Memoirs of a Geisha
Shirley MacLaine – In Her Shoes
Frances McDormand – North Country
Best Supporting Actress – Musical or Comedy
Rosario Dawson – Rent
America Ferrera – The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants
Diane Keaton – The Family Stone
Rachel McAdams – The Family Stone
Michelle Monaghan – Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
Qiu Yuen – Kung Fu Hustle (Kung fu)
Best Visual Effects
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Kingdom of Heaven
Kung Fu Hustle (Kung fu)
Sin City
War of the Worlds
Outstanding Motion Picture Ensemble
Crash
Television winners and nominees
Best Actor – Drama Series
Hugh Laurie – House, M.D.
Denis Leary – Rescue Me
Ian McShane – Deadwood
Dylan Walsh – Nip/Tuck
Jake Weber – Medium
Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Series
Jason Bateman – Arrested Development
Stephen Colbert – The Colbert Report
Kevin Connolly – Entourage
Jason Lee – My Name Is Earl
Tony Shalhoub – Monk
James Spader – Boston Legal
Best Actor – Miniseries or TV Film
Jonathan Rhys Meyers – Elvis
Kenneth Branagh – Warm Springs
Christian Campbell – Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical
Ted Danson – Our Fathers
Rupert Everett – Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking
Ed Harris – Empire Falls
Best Actress – Drama Series
Kyra Sedgwick – The Closer
Patricia Arquette – Medium
Jennifer Beals – The L Word
Kristen Bell – Veronica Mars
Geena Davis – Commander in Chief
Joely Richardson – Nip/Tuck
Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series
Felicity Huffman – Desperate Housewives (TIE) Mary-Louise Parker – Weeds (TIE)
Candice Bergen – Boston Legal
Lauren Graham – Gilmore Girls
Elizabeth Perkins – Weeds
Best Actress – Miniseries or TV Film
Kristen Bell – Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical
Natascha McElhone – Revelations
Geraldine McEwan – Agatha Christie's Marple
S. Epatha Merkerson – Lackawanna Blues
Cynthia Nixon – Warm Springs
Keri Russell – The Magic of Ordinary Days
Best Miniseries
Elvis
Agatha Christie's Marple
Empire Falls
Into the West
Revelations
The Virgin Queen
Best Series – Drama
House, M.D.
Grey's Anatomy
Lost
Nip/Tuck
Rescue Me
Rome
Best Series – Musical or Comedy
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart
Boston Legal
The Colbert Report
Entourage
My Name Is Earl
Best Supporting Actor – Miniseries or TV Film
Randy Quaid – Elvis
Tim Blake Nelson – Warm Springs
Paul Newman – Empire Falls
Ruben Santiago-Hudson – Their Eyes Were Watching God
William Shatner – Boston Legal
Best Supporting Actress – Miniseries or TV Film
Lisa Edelstein – House, M.D.
Shohreh Aghdashloo – 24
Jane Alexander – Warm Springs
Camryn Manheim – Elvis
Sandra Oh – Grey's Anatomy
Polly Walker – Rome
Best TV Film
Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical
Kidnapped
Lackawanna Blues
The Magic of Ordinary Days
Our Fathers
Sometimes in April
Warm Springs
Outstanding Television Ensemble
Rescue Me
New Media winners and nominees
Best Classic DVD
The Wizard of Oz Three Disc Collector's Edition.
Airplane! "Don't Call Me Shirley" Edition.
Cat People, The Curse of the Cat People, I Walked with a Zombie, The Body Snatcher, Isle of the Dead, Bedlam, The Leopard Man, The Ghost Ship, The Seventh Victim, and Shadows in the Dark: The Val Lewton Legacy
The Devil's Rejects Unrated Widescreen Edition.
Gladiator Extended Edition.
King Kong, The Son of Kong, and Mighty Joe Young For the King Kong Collection (2-Disc Special Edition).
The Man with the Golden Arm 50th Anniversary Edition.
Pickpocket
Saboteur, Shadow of a Doubt, Rope, Rear Window, The Trouble with Harry, The Man Who Knew Too Much, Vertigo, Psycho, The Birds, Marnie, Torn Curtain, Topaz, Frenzy, and Family Plot For Alfred Hitchcock: The Masterpiece Collection.
Seven Men from Now Special Collector's Edition.
The Sound of Music 40th Anniversary Edition.
Titanic Special Collector's Edition.
Top Hat, Swing Time, Follow the Fleet, Shall We Dance, and The Barkleys of Broadway For the Astaire and Rogers Collection, Vol. 1.
Best Documentary DVD
Mad Hot Ballroom
The Concert for Bangladesh Limited Collector's Edition
Kinsey Two-Disc Special Edition
March of the Penguins
American Experience For episode "Mary Pickford (#17.6)".
Murderball
No Direction Home: Bob Dylan
Rize
The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill
Best DVD Extras
Titanic Special Collector's Edition.
Airplane! "Don't Call Me Shirley" Edition.
The Big Lebowski Widescreen Collector's Edition.
Crash Widescreen Edition.
King Kong, The Son of Kong, and Mighty Joe Young For the King Kong Collection (2-Disc Special Edition).
Office Space Special Edition With Flair!
Oldboy
Saw Uncut Edition.
Sin City Re-Cut & Extended Edition.
The Wizard of Oz Three Disc Collector's Edition.
Best DVD Release of TV Shows
24 For Season Four.
Curb Your Enthusiasm Complete Fourth Season.
Deadwood Complete First Season.
Desperate Housewives Complete First Season.
Entourage Complete First Season.
House, M.D. For Season One.
The L Word Complete Second Season.
Lost Complete First Season.
Rescue Me Complete First Season.
Seinfeld For Season 6.
The Simpsons Complete Seventh Season (Collectible Marge Head Pack).
South Park Complete Sixth Season.
Outstanding Game Based on a Previous Medium
X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse
Æon Flux
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Chicken Little
Ed, Edd n Eddy: The Mis-Edventures
The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer
King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie
Star Wars: Battlefront II
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Outstanding Overall DVD
From the Earth to the Moon Signature Edition.
Batman Begins Two-Disc Deluxe Edition With Comic Book.
The Big Lebowski Widescreen Collector's Edition.
Cinderella Man Widescreen Collector's Edition.
The Crying Game Collector's Edition.
Jaws Widescreen 30th Anniversary Collection.
Office Space Special Edition With Flair!
Sin City Re-Cut & Extended Edition.
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith Widescreen Edition.
Titanic Special Collector's Edition.
War of the Worlds 2-Disc Limited Edition.
The Wizard of Oz Three Disc Collector's Edition.
Outstanding Platform Action/Adventure Game
Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks
Area 51
Battlefield 2: Modern Combat
Call of Duty 2
Death by Degrees
Oddworld: Stranger's Wrath
Psychonauts
Tak: The Great Juju Challenge
Outstanding Puzzle/Strategy Game
Pump It Up: Exceed SE
Black & White 2
The Sims 2
Outstanding Sports/Fighting/Racing Game
Burnout Revenge
187 Ride or Die
Blitz: The League
L.A. Rush
NBA Street Volume 3
Tekken 5
Outstanding Youth DVD
Toy Story 2 2-Disc Special Edition.
Bambi Disney Special Platinum Edition.
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 2-Disc Deluxe Edition.
Cinderella 2-Disc Special Edition.
Madagascar Widescreen Edition.
The Muppet Movie For Kermit's 50th Anniversary Edition.
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Widescreen Edition.
The Sound of Music 40th Anniversary Edition.
The Wizard of Oz Three Disc Collector's Edition.
Awards breakdown
Film
Winners:
4 / 8 Brokeback Mountain: Best Director & Editing / Best Film – Drama / Best Original Song
2 / 3 The Constant Gardener: Best Cinematography / Best Supporting Actor – Drama
2 / 3 Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith: Best Sound & Visual Effects
2 / 5 Good Night, and Good Luck: Best Art Direction and Production Design / Best Screenplay – Original
2 / 5 Walk the Line: Best Actress & Film – Musical or Comedy
1 / 1 Mother of Mine (Äideistä parhain): Best Foreign Language Film
1 / 1 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe: Best Animated or Mixed Media Film
1 / 1 Mad Hot Ballroom: Best Documentary Film
1 / 1 Transamerica: Best Actress – Drama
1 / 2 Hustle & Flow: Best Actor – Musical or Comedy
1 / 2 Pride & Prejudice: Best Costume Design
1 / 2 The Squid and the Whale: Best Supporting Actress – Drama
1 / 3 Crash: Outstanding Motion Picture Ensemble
1 / 4 Rent: Best Supporting Actress – Musical or Comedy
1 / 5 Capote: Best Actor – Drama
1 / 5 Kingdom of Heaven: Best Original Score
1 / 5 Kiss Kiss Bang Bang: Best Supporting Actor – Musical or Comedy
1 / 9 Memoirs of a Geisha: Best Screenplay – Adapted
Losers:
0 / 7 Sin City
0 / 6 Kung Fu Hustle (Kung fu)
0 / 4 Happy Endings, Jarhead, Shopgirl
0 / 3 The Family Stone, A History of Violence
0 / 2 2046, Corpse Bride, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, In Her Shoes, Modigliani, Nine Lives, North Country, The Upside of Anger, War of the Worlds, The War Within, The White Countess
Television
Winners:
3 / 3 House, M.D.: Best Actor – Drama Series / Best Series – Drama / Best Supporting Actress – Miniseries or TV Film
3 / 4 Elvis: Best Actor – Miniseries or TV Film / Best Miniseries / Best Supporting Actor – Miniseries or TV Film
2 / 3 Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical: Best Actress – Miniseries or TV Film / Best TV Film
1 / 1 Arrested Development: Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Series
1 / 1 The Closer: Best Actress – Drama Series
1 / 1 The Daily Show with Jon Stewart: Best Series – Musical or Comedy Series
1 / 1 Desperate Housewives: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series
1 / 1 Weeds: Best Actress – Musical or Comedy Series
1 / 3 Rescue Me: Outstanding Television Ensemble
Losers:
0 / 5 Warm Springs
0 / 4 Boston Legal
0 / 3 Empire Falls, Nip/Tuck
0 / 2 Agatha Christie's Marple, The Colbert Report, Entourage, Grey's Anatomy, Lackawanna Blues, The Magic of Ordinary Days, Medium, My Name Is Earl, Our Fathers, Revelations, Rome
References
Satellite Awards ceremonies
2005 awards
2005 film awards
2005 television awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th%20Satellite%20Awards |
Todd Congelliere is an American musician and label owner.
Congelliere's many projects include F.Y.P, Toys That Kill, Underground Railroad to Candyland, and Jumpstarted Plowhards with Mike Watt of Minutemen.
Congelliere started the label Recess Records as a way to promote F.Y.P but soon it became an actual label releasing work by artists such as Screeching Weasel, The Dwarves, and Against Me!. Before devoting himself to music, Congelliere was a vert skateboarder and it was at skateboard competitions that he first started selling cassettes of F.Y.P. With Isaac Thotz, Congelliere owns Recess Ops record distribution company and the two have opened a music venue in San Pedro, California called "Sardine".
References
American punk rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American punk rock singers
Living people
Singers from California
Recess Records artists
People from San Pedro, Los Angeles
20th-century American guitarists
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Congelliere |
The 1844 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held on May 1, 1844 at Universalist Church in Baltimore, Maryland. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1844 election. The convention selected former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky for president and former Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey for vice president.
While the Whigs had won the 1840 presidential election, the party needed a new ticket as President William Henry Harrison had died in April 1841 while his successor, John Tyler, had been expelled from the party in September 1841 for vetoing bills passed by the Whig-controlled Congress. The convention unanimously nominated Clay, a long-time party leader, for president. Frelinghuysen won the vice presidential nomination on the third ballot, defeating former Governor John Davis of Massachusetts and two other candidates. The Whig ticket went on to lose the 1844 general election to the Democratic ticket of James K. Polk and George M. Dallas.
Convention chairman
Ambrose Spencer served as chairman of the convention, taking over from Arthur S. Hopkins, who was temporary chairman in the early stages of planning.
Presidential nomination
President John Tyler had been expelled from the party and the delegates searched for a new nominee. President Tyler's break with the Whig Party, combined with Daniel Webster's decision to serve in the Tyler administration, positioned Clay as the leading contender for the Whig nomination in the 1844 presidential election. At the convention, Clay was nominated unanimously.
Platform
Clay, a slaveholder, presided over a party in which its Southern wing was sufficiently committed to the national platform to put partisan loyalties above slavery expansionist proposals that might undermine its North-South alliance. The Whig party leadership was acutely aware that any proslavery legislation advanced by its southern wing would alienate its anti-slavery northern wing and cripple the party in the general election. In order to preserve their party, Whigs would need to stand squarely against acquiring a new slave state. As such, Whigs were content to restrict their 1844 campaign platform to less divisive issues such as internal improvements and national finance. Clay himself had previously stated that he was opposed to the annexation of Texas.
Vice presidential nomination
Initially there were seven candidates for the Whig's vice-presidential nomination. They were:
John M. Clayton, former Senator from Delaware and Chief Justice of the Delaware Superior Court.
John Davis, former Senator and Governor of Massachusetts.
George Evans, Senator from Maine.
Millard Fillmore, former Representative from New York.
Theodore Frelinghuysen, former Mayor of Newark and Chancellor of New York University.
John McLean, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
John Sergeant, former Representative from Pennsylvania.
Clayton, Evans, and McLean withdrew themselves from consideration before the first round of balloting had commenced. After three rounds of voting, Theodore Frelinghuysen – "the Christian Statesman" – was selected as Clay's running mate. An advocate of colonization of emancipated slaves, he was acceptable to southern Whigs as an opponent of the abolitionists. His pious reputation balanced Clay's image as a slave-holding, hard-drinking duelist.
Their party slogan was the bland "Hurray, Hurray, the Country's Risin' – Vote for Clay and Frelinghuysen!"
The Balloting
See also
List of Whig National Conventions
U.S. presidential nomination convention
1844 United States presidential election
1844 Democratic National Convention
References
Further reading
Holt, Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (1999)
Primary sources
Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956
1844 United States presidential election
Whig National Conventions
Political conventions in Baltimore
1844 in Maryland
1844 conferences
May 1844 events
19th-century political conferences
1840s political events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844%20Whig%20National%20Convention |
Saint Prætextatus (; died 25 February 586), also spelled Praetextatus, Pretextat(us), and known as Saint Prix, was the bishop of Rouen from 549 until his assassination in 586. He appears as a prominent character in Gregory of Tours’ Historia Francorum (History of the Franks). This is the principal source from which information on his life can be drawn. He features in many of its most notable passages, including those pertaining to his trial in Paris (in 577) and his rivalry with the Merovingian Queen Fredegund. The events of his life, as portrayed by Gregory of Tours, have been important in the development of modern understandings of various facets of Merovingian society, such as law, the rivalry between kings and bishops, church councils, and the power of queens.
Biography
Marriage of Merovech and Brunhild, trial and exile
He was present at the Council of Paris 557, where marriages within certain degrees of consanguinity were declared incestuous, and at the Council of Tours (566). In 575, Prætextatus presided as minister over the wedding of Merovech of Soissons, son of King Chiperic I of Neustria, and Brunhild, the widow of King Sigebert I of Austrasia and Merovech’s own aunt, in his diocese of Rouen. King Chiperic opposed this marriage and later brought charges against Prætextatus, accusing him of bribing his people with gifts to turn them against his kingship. Prætextatus was temporarily banished and a council of bishops convened in the Church of Saint Peter the Apostle in Paris to decide his fate. At this council, which took place in 577, Chilperic accused Prætextatus of further wrongdoing, including conspiracy, contravening the canons (church law) and theft. It is heavily implied by Gregory of Tours that these accusation were false, as is noted by Edward James. Once the King had retired Gregory spoke up for the bishop, giving a long speech on the topic. Prætextatus eventually confessed to his crimes, although it is implied by Gregory that he was manipulated into doing so. Chilperic then forged canons that stipulated a bishop in Prætextatus’ position must be excommunicated. Gregory again spoke up for him, but to no avail: Prætextatus was forced into exile on the island of Jersey.
Return from Exile
Prætextatus returned from his enforced exile at the request of the people of Rouen sometime after the death of Chilperic in 584. Upon returning he went to the Burgundian King Guntram asking for an investigation into the case that had brought against him in 577. Fredegund, the now widow of Chilperic, opposed this request and argued that Praetexatus should not be awarded his old diocese on account of his having been exiled following the decision of forty-five bishops. Guntram moved to call another council to address this issue but before it could be convened Bishop Ragnemond of Paris spoke on Prætextatus’ behalf, saying that the proper course of action in his case would have been to have made him do penance, not have him exiled. As a result, Prætextatus was reinstated as bishop of Rouen.
Around this time Praetexatus made an appearance at the Council of Mâcon. At this council he read some prayers that he had composed himself while in exile, although they were received somewhat negatively. Yitzhak Hen has cited this as an example of the ‘liturgical creativity’ prevalent at the time.
Death
Praetextus was assassinated at his own church in Rouen on 24 February 586. Gregory of Tours implies strongly that this was arranged by Queen Fredegund. The assassination, he writes, occurred shortly following a "bitter exchange of words" between the two. Fredegund visited Prætextatus on his deathbed. At this meeting he accused her of having organised the whole thing. It is likely that this was a fair accusation given that Fredegund later had the man who committed the act beaten – this man subsequently implicated her in the assassination plot. It is not, however, certain that Fredegund was behind the assassination, as is exemplified by a later passage in which King Guntram refers to the event as remaining worthy of investigation.
Prætextatus’ assassin was killed, after his confession, by a man referred to as his nephew, which suggests the bishop had at least one sibling. This is the only reference to any of his family members.
Joaquin Martinez Pizarro has argued that Praextextatus’ rivalry with the ‘Jezebel-like Fredegund’ is part of a typological tradition, adhered to by Gregory of Tours, that made contemporary rivalries between bishops and rulers echo Old Testament rivalries between prophets and kings.
Legacy
Prætextatus’ life is notable for various reasons. His heavy participation in a number of church councils, one of which was his own trial, mean he took part in some of the most revealing events of the Merovingian period, at least in terms of the workings of the church and its relationship with secular politics. Hen states that these councils ‘were [...] a political stage, where bishops could fight each other over power, control and prestige, and where the King and his men could settle accounts with unfaithful bishops’. She cites Prætextatus’ trial as a prime example. Moreover, Gregory Halfond has stated that at this trial, even though he is being tried for treason and stealing royal property, Prætextatus still had to be brought before an episcopal court: this highlights the power of the Merovingian church, even against aggressive kings like Chilperic.
Historians have also suggested that the trial of Prætextatus serves as a key example of Gregory of Tours’ pedagogical bent, whereby many of the events he portrays are meant to serve as instructive examples of proper church practice. Martin Heinzelmann cites Gregory's speech on Prætextatus’ behalf as the chief example of this. As such, this event in Prætextatus’ life was an important part of Gregory's literary aims.
Prætextatus has been canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.
References
Primary Sources
Gregory of Tours, Histories, trans. L. Thorpe, Gregory of Tours: The History of the Franks (Harmondsworth, 1974).
Secondary Sources
Heinzelmann, M, 'Gregory of Tours: The Elements of a Biography' in A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), pp. 7–34.
Hen, Y, ‘The Church in Sixth-Century Gaul’ in A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), pp. 232–255.
James, E, ‘Beat pacifici: bishops and the law in sixth-century Gaul’ in J. Bossy (ed.), Disputes and settlements: law and human relations in the west (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 25–46.
Pizarro, J.M., ‘Gregory of Tours and the Literary Imagination: Genre, Narrative Style, Sources, and Models in the Histories’, in A.C. Murray, A Companion to Gregory of Tours (Leiden, 2016), p. 337-374.
Notes
586 deaths
6th-century Frankish bishops
Bishops of Rouen
6th-century Frankish saints
Year of birth unknown
Assassinated religious leaders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6textatus%20%28bishop%20of%20Rouen%29 |
WarCry is a Spanish power metal band led by founder, singer, and songwriter Víctor García. Formed in 2001 when García and drummer Alberto Ardines were ejected from Avalanch, the band has since released seven studio albums and two live albums, with an eighth studio album currently in progress. WarCry has had a fluctuating lineup with García as the sole constant member. The band has been acclaimed as one of Spain's most famous heavy metal acts and has won numerous awards in both Spain and Latin America.
History
Early days and debut: 2001–2002
In the middle of 2001, while working in Spanish power metal band Avalanch, vocalist Víctor García and drummer Alberto Ardines decided to record an album with the songs they had been composing in their spare time. Most of the songs had been written during the 1990s with lyrics in English. The pair translated the lyrics into Spanish and produced the album themselves, with García singing as well as playing bass guitar, rhythm guitar, and keyboards. Guitarists Fernando Mon, formerly of Avalanch, and Pablo García of Relative Silence also collaborated on the album by recording guitar solos. Upon learning of García and Ardines' project, the other members of Avalanch disapproved of it and expelled them from the band. García has stated that he presented many of his song ideas to Avalanch, but received writing credit on only two released songs: "Aquí Estaré" and "Por Mi Libertad". "Aquí Estaré" had barely been accepted by the band but went on to become one of Avalanch's most popular songs, and so he decided "to release a couple of songs, but never with the idea of leaving Avalanch."
"WarCry" had always been Víctor García's idea of a band. In 1992 he formed a band named War-Cry, playing as guitarist, but disbanded it in 1994 when he became the rhythm guitarist for Avalanch. After leaving Avalanch, in February 1996 he reformed the group as WarCry, this time acting as songwriter and lead vocalist. They recorded a demo entitled Demon 97, but disbanded again a year later when Víctor rejoined Avalanch as lead singer. After being expelled from Avalanch, Víctor showed Ardines the name and logo of WarCry. Ardines felt that those were "fantastic", and that they should continue working on their new musical project, as they already had an "open path".
They were joined by Pablo García and Fernando Mon, and recorded their debut album WarCry which was released on 17 April 2002. Shortly after the album's recording they were joined by bassist Álvaro Jardón, formerly of Darna. The album received several positive reviews, with Japanese rock magazine Karma calling it "a Spanish album that boosts true metal!", and Kerrang! declaring it a "very good debut from a very good band that has pleasantly surprised everyone". The band held auditions for a keyboardist in June and August 2002, deciding on Manuel Ramil. Instead of touring in support of WarCry, the band began working on new songs so that they would have a larger repertoire to perform.
El Sello de los Tiempos: 2002–2003
WarCry's second album, El Sello De Los Tiempos, was released in December 2002 through Avispa. Kerrang! stated that "the band led by García and Ardines has demonstrated with this record that overcoming and improving is possible". Radial Awards and the magazine Heavy Rock awarded WarCry "revelation band of the year". The band performed their first live concert on 13 December 2002 in Avilés, Asturias as the start of their El Sello De Los Tiempos tour. The tour lasted a year, during which WarCry played with many other heavy metal acts such as Moonspell, Saratoga, Barón Rojo, Sepultura, and Rage. Jardón left the band following the tour, citing musical and personal issues. The other band members stated that they "respected his decision, and Álvaro's work on WarCry would always be a part of the band history, having the friendship of his partners."
Alea Jacta Est: 2003–2004
The members of WarCry announced that their next album would be sung in English, but dropped this idea due to the positive reviews that the Spanish-sung El Sello De Los Tiempos received in Central Europe. In August 2003 they began recording a third album, produced by Víctor García and Ardines with the collaboration of Slaven Kolak. The album, Alea Jacta Est, was mixed and edited in the band's own recording studio Jaus Records, and was released on 1 January 2004 through Avispa Music. It was their first album to include writing contributions from each band member (with the exception of Ardines and Mon), as Víctor García had written all of the songs on the previous two albums. Alea Jacta Est reached No. 3 on the FNAC sales list within twelve days of its release.
The album was well received by critics, with Metal Archives stating that "WarCry has become the biggest metal band in Spain after this 3rd release". Francisco Fonseca categorized it as "the best power metal album sung in Spanish", with "a more progressive approach than their usual straightforward power metal". Metal Symphony called it "one of the best Spanish albums of the year". The Alea Jacta Est tour ran from March to November 2004 throughout Spain and included bands such as Sôber, Abyss, and Transfer. At the first performance of the tour the band officially presented Roberto García, formerly of Avalanch, as their new bassist.
¿Dónde Está La Luz?: 2004–2006
In mid-2004 the band began to work on their fourth album ¿Dónde Está La Luz?. It was their only album to be mastered by Simón Echeverría, a record producer known for his work with both mainstream and heavy metal acts. For ¿Dónde Está La Luz? Víctor García resumed the role of primary songwriter, writing all of the lyrics and most of the music as he had for the band's first two albums. The album was released on 1 February 2005 through Avispa, debuting at No. 16 in Spain, and was noted for its lack of double bass drum and more social themes in the lyrics. Both Rolling Stone and Metal Storm declared it "WarCry's heaviest album to date", while El Gráfico said that "WarCry's metal reinvents itself steadily". Such positive reception helped WarCry to increase their exposure throughout Europe. WarCry's tour to support ¿Dónde Está La Luz? lasted seventeen months, running from March 2005 to August 2006. The band played many concerts in Spain, including the Viña Rock festival alongside Sepultura, Mägo de Oz, and Los Suaves. Playing to a crowd of over 15,000 people, WarCry's performance was praised with the band being called "a machine!" and "delivering pure heavy metal". On 25 June 2005 the band participated in the second edition of the BullRock Festival in Asturias.
In November 2005 they played a sold-out concert at the Divino Aqualung in Madrid to a crowd of over 2,500 people. This performance was released in February 2006 as the live album and DVD Directo A La Luz. It was No. 1 in DVD sales in Spain and stayed high on the charts for several weeks, with Metal Symphony saying that it "doesn't lose the energy, metal from beginning to end." They finally concluded their year and a half of touring with a concert in a football pitch in Buñol, Valencia on 26 August 2006.
La Quinta Esencia: 2006–2008
While touring WarCry had begun work on their fifth studio album, La Quinta Esencia. It was released on 18 September 2006, the same day that the band received a gold sales certification for Directo A La Luz. La Quinta Esencia peaked No. 19 on the Spanish charts, and the band embarked on a supporting tour the following month. In 2007 WarCry received several awards and recognitions: They were acknowledged in "Rockferendum", a poll held by Kerrang! and Heavy Rock, as well as in Metal Zone and the second edition of AMAS. In May 2007 they played the Mägo de Oz Fest in Mexico alongside Mägo de Oz, U.D.O., Cage, and Maligno. The festival marked WarCry's first performances in Mexico, playing to over 15,000 attendees. In August 2007 Argentinian radio station Heavy Metal Radio named WarCry the "international band of the month".
In August 2007 Víctor García announced that Alberto Ardines and Fernando Mon had left the band on amicable terms, with Ardines wanting to focus on his new record label and own recording studio Triple A-Metal. Rafael Yugueros was the new drummer, having previously worked with Víctor García on the WarCry demo Demon 97 in 1997 before performing in Darna and DarkSun. In the same announcement the band solicited demos from prospective guitarists, finally deciding on José Rubio, formerly of Trilogy. Touring in support of La Quinta Esencia continued in Spain, ending on 28 December 2007 with a performance at the Jamón Rock festival in Guijuelo, Salamanca.
Revolución: 2008–present
In February 2008 Manuel Ramil was expelled from the group due to his inability to participate in much of the recording of the band's new album (Ramil lived in Galicia, while the album was being recorded in Asturias). Ramil remarked that he was skeptical that physical distance was the true reason that he was expelled from the band, as the group had been working in that manner for five years already. Shortly after, Ramil, Ardines, Mon, and vocalist Toni Amboaje formed a new band called Sauze. These lineup changes forced WarCry to delay the release of their upcoming sixth album from May to September 2008.
WarCry's sixth studio album was mastered in the United States by Tom Baker, known for his work with heavy metal bands such as Alter Bridge, Avenged Sevenfold, Alice Cooper, Judas Priest, and Mötley Crüe. José Rubio stated that for this album the band are using different models of guitars than they have on previous albums, as well as different amplifiers.
In 2017 the band released two albums, one in May called Dónde el Silencio de Rompió... and another in November called Momentos
Style and lyrical themes
The band's first two albums contained a straightforward power metal style, with fast tempos, aggressive double bass drumming from Ardines, harmonies with use of keyboards, and García's high-pitched vocal style. All the songwritings ran by Víctor García, which dealt mostly with medieval and epic issues, on songs like "Señor" which references the biblical herculean figure Samson or "Alejandro" referring to Alexander the Great, the ancient Greek king who was one of the most successful military commanders in history.
In 2004 the band released Alea Jacta Est, which is Latin for "the die is cast", this album incorporated progressive metal tendencies, making use of their twin-guitar sound, and most of the members collaborated on the songs. The lyrics now contained personal struggles and mythological themes; "Despertar", explains how it is to open one's eyes to the reality, "Reflejos De Sangre" talks about abuse between two brothers, similar to the story of Cain and Abel.
With ¿Dónde Está La Luz? the lyrics turned more introspective, charged of social issues, such as abuse on songs like "El Regreso", isolation, sin, and also discrimination which is the main idea on "Nuevo Mundo" talking about the immigration in Spain. The music was more elaborated, full of guitar riffs, almost no fast drumming, and García's singing style became more melodic with a soft reflective sound.
Fifth studio album La Quinta Esencia was a mix of their four previous works. The lyrics
pointed to all directions, from epic stories like "Ulises" which talks about Odysseus, the legendary Greek king of Ithaca and hero of the Odyssey, to love songs such as "El Más Triste Adiós" and "Tu Recuerdo Me Bastará", or war-related ones like "La Vieja Guardia", "¡Que Vengan Ya!" among others. The music was actually power metal with speed and progressive tendencies, keyboards atmosphere, fast drumming, and García's use of a raugh-and-gravel vocal style.
Band members
Víctor García – lead vocals (2001–present)
Pablo García – guitars, backing vocals (2002–present)
José Rubio – guitars, backing vocals (2007–present)
Roberto García – bass, backing vocals (2004–present)
Rafael Yugueros – drums (2007–present)
Former members
Manuel Ramil – keyboards (2002–2008)
Alberto Ardines – drums (2001–2007)
Fernando Mon – guitars, backing vocals (2002–2007)
Álvaro Jardón – bass, backing vocals (2002–2003)
Timeline (recording era)
Discography
2002: WarCry
2002: El Sello De Los Tiempos
2004: Alea Jacta Est
2005: ¿Dónde Está La Luz?
2006: La Quinta Esencia
2008: Revolución
2011: Alfa
2013: Inmortal
2017: Donde El Silencio Se Rompió...
2017: Momentos
2022: Daimon
Awards
Radial Awards:
2002: Revelation Band - WarCry
2002: Best Keyboardist – Manuel Ramil
2002: Best Website – WarCry.as
2003: Best Singer – Víctor García
2003: Best Keyboardist – Manuel Ramil
2003: Best Website – WarCry.as
2004: Best Singer – Víctor García
2004: Best Keyboardist – Manuel Ramil
2004: Best Album – Alea Jacta Est
2004: Best Band in Concert – WarCry
2004: Best Website – WarCry.as
Rockferendum:
Award held by votes from readers of Kerrang! and HeavyRock.
2007: Best Album - La Quinta Esencia
2007: Best Coverbox - La Quinta Esencia
MetalZone:
2007: Best Band - WarCry
2007: Best Keyboardist - Manuel Ramil
2007: Best Guitarist - Pablo García
2008: Best Keyboardist - Manuel Ramil
AMAS Awards:
Anuario de la Musica de Asturias (en: Yearbook of the Music of Asturias).
2005: Best Band in Concert – WarCry
2006: Best Singer – Víctor García
2007: Best Drummer – Rafael Yugueros
2007: Best Guitarist – Pablo García
Tours
I Adrián Carrio played only as live keyboardist on the band's 2008 summer tour.
References
All references in Spanish, except where noted:
External links
WarCry — official website
Spanish power metal musical groups
Rock en Español music groups
Musical groups established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarCry%20%28band%29 |
Four police constables and a private security guard were killed and 20 other people injured when, on 22 January 2002, Islamic militants attacked an American cultural centre in Kolkata, India. The centre houses a library, the American embassy's public affairs office, a press section and a cultural wing.
Two motorcycle-borne attackers, draped in shawls, sped up to the American Centre building at about 6:15 IST, refusing to stop at checkpoints and began shooting at police guards from an AK-47 assault rifle who returned fire. Four of the dead were Kolkata police constables while the one of the dead belonged to a private security agency Group Four. The constables killed in the attack were identified as Pijush Sarker, Ujjal Burman, Suresh Hembram and Anup Mondal and belonged to the 5th battalion of Kolkata Armed Police.
Two groups claimed responsibility for the attack. A Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami (HUJI) member, Farhan Malik owned responsibility and said the attack was in protest against "the evil empire of America", while another person claiming to be a member of Asif Raza Commandos, a gang with ties to radical Islamic groups, claimed responsibility. Malik was also wanted in connection with a case of kidnapping a Kolkata shoe baron Partha Pratim Roy Barman, who was later released on a ransom of 37.5 million.
Four days after the attack, two men — Salim and Zahid — were killed in an encounter with a Delhi police team in Hazaribagh in Jharkhand. The police had come to know about the involvement of Aftab Ansari in the American Centre attack from the dying declarations of Salim and Zahid.
On 23 January 2002, Aftab Ansari alias Farhan Malik, prime suspect in the attack was arrested in Dubai. On 9 February 2002, he was deported to India. Ansari was in possession of Pakistani travel documents with his passport number J872142, being issued in Lahore in February, 2000, in the name of Shafiq Mohammad Rana.
On 28 April 2005, a Special CBI Court found Aftab Ansari and six others guilty for the attack. Aftab Ansari and Jamiluddin Nasir were sentenced to death under Section 121 of the Indian Penal Code for waging war against the state. The others sentenced along with Ansari are: Rehan Alam, Musharat Hussain, Adil Hasan, Hasrat Alam and Shakir Akhtar.
On 5 February 2010, the Calcutta High Court upheld the death sentence of Aftab Ansari and Jamiluddin Nasir but commuted the capital punishment awarded to three others to seven years imprisonment.
See also
Sajal Barui
Bowbazaar Bomb Blast 1993
List of terrorist incidents, 2002
References
External links
The arrest of Aftab Ansari
Aftab Ansari exposes spread of Dawood tentacles
21st-century mass murder in India
Attacks in India in 2002
Mass murder in 2002
American cultural centre in Kolkata, 2002 terrorist attack
American cultural centre in Kolkata, 2002 terrorist attack
Crime in Kolkata
2000s in West Bengal
Attacks on diplomatic missions in India
Attacks in India
Islamic terrorism in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20attack%20on%20American%20cultural%20centre%20in%20Kolkata |
Iona Catholic Secondary School is a Catholic secondary school in the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board. It provides education to students from the Clarkson and Lorne Park areas of Mississauga, Ontario.
Elementary feeder schools
St. Christopher's Elementary School
St. Helen Elementary School
St. Luke's Elementary School
St. Francis of Assisi Elementary School
St. Louis Elementary School
As well as others in the area.
Arts program
In 2007 Iona began the Regional Arts Program for grade nine students, allowing them to take Drama, Dance, Art or Music as their major. Students submit portfolios, get interviewed and perform to be considered for entry. Iona hosts Arts Night in the Mississauga Living Arts Centre.
SHSM programs
The school currently offers three Specialist High Skill Majors, including Art, Justice, and Business (Marketing). Students enter the program in grade 11 and take a number of mandatory courses and certifications, resulting in a special designation on their Ontario Secondary School Diploma.
Sports
In 2011, The boys' baseball team won the ROPSSAA (Region of Peel) title, the first baseball title won by the school.
In 2012, The girls' soccer team won the OFSSA (Ontario) title in Hamilton, the first soccer title won by the school.
Notable alumni
Matt Stajan, former NHL player
Jack Hughes, current NHL player
Quinn Hughes, current NHL player
Katie Vincent, Olympic canoeing medalist
See also
List of high schools in Ontario
References
External links
Dufferin-Peel website
Iona website
High schools in Mississauga
Catholic secondary schools in Ontario
Art schools in Canada
Educational institutions established in 1993
1993 establishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona%20Catholic%20Secondary%20School |
was a concubine of Emperor Kōnin of Japan and the mother of Emperor Kanmu. Her full name was Takano no Asomi Niigasa (高野朝臣 新笠).
Life
Niigasa was a daughter of Yamato no Ototsugu (和乙継) who was among a descents of Prince Junda (Junda-taishi: c. 480–513). Prince Junda (淳陀太子), the second son of King Muryeong of Baekje (百済武寧王), was born in Japan and eventually became the ancestor of later known to be Yamato clan (和氏). Her mother was known to be Haji no Sukune Maimo (土師宿禰 真妹), whose sur name is later, also known be Oe no Asomi (大枝朝臣). She became a concubine of Prince Shirakabe (白壁王), grandson of Emperor Tenji, and bore Prince Yamabe (山部王) in 737 and Prince Sawara (早良王) in 750. Prince Shirakabe was married to Princess Inoe (井上内親王), a daughter of Emperor Shōmu (聖武天皇) in 744. When Empress Kōken died in 770, Shirakabe was appointed her successor and acceded to the throne as Emperor Kōnin. Princess Inoe and her son, Prince Osabe, were nominated as the Empress and the crown prince respectively, because of her noble birth.
The sons of Niigasa had not been considered to be successors until 772, when the Empress (Inoe) was suddenly stripped of her rank following accusations that she had cursed the Emperor. The crown prince, her son, was also disinherited. They were dead two years later. Subsequently, Niigasa's son Prince Yamabe was appointed as the crown prince and acceded to the throne as Emperor Kanmu.
Legacy
In 2001, Emperor Akihito told reporters "I, on my part, feel a certain kinship with Korea, given the fact that it is recorded in the Chronicles of Japan that the mother of Emperor Kammu [Niigasa] was one of the descendant of King Muryong of Baekje." It was the first time that a Japanese emperor publicly referred to Korean blood in the imperial line. According to the Shoku Nihongi, Niigasa (720–790) is a descendant of Prince Junda, son of Muryeong, who died in Japan in 513 (Nihon Shoki Chapter 17).
Notes
External links
Yamato (和) and Takano (高野) clans : the descendant of prince Junda, son of Muryeong of Paekche
Japanese nobility
790 deaths
Japanese concubines
Year of birth unknown
Japanese people of Korean descent
Emperor Kanmu
Japanese posthumous empresses
Mothers of monarchs
Yamato no Fuhito clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takano%20no%20Niigasa |
The State House is the official residence of the president of the Gambia. It was built in colonial days and was the residence of the British governor of the Gambia. Then known as the Government House, it became the residence of the governor-general of the Gambia from 1965 to 1970, when the Gambia became a republic with Sir Dawda Jawara as the first president of the Gambia
According to a false claim by former president Yahya Jammeh, the British did not build the State House.
State House is depicted on some Gambian dalasi banknotes.
See also
Government Houses of Africa
Government Houses of the British Empire
Governors General of the Gambia
References
Presidential residences
Official residences in the Gambia
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
Gambia Colony and Protectorate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20House%2C%20Banjul |
Xiajin County () is a county in the northwest of Shandong Province, China, bordering Hebei to the west. It is the westernmost county-level division of the prefecture-level city of Dezhou. Its total size is , and its population is roughly 500,000. Its economy is mostly agricultural, including cotton, wheat, and corn.
Administrative divisions
As 2012, this County is divided to 2 subdistricts, 10 towns and 2 townships.
Subdistricts
Yincheng Subdistrict ()
Beicheng Subdistrict ()
Towns
Townships
Dukouyi Township ()
Tianzhuang Township ()
Climate
References
Counties of Shandong
Dezhou | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiajin%20County |
is the common name for a keyboard shortcut that has been in Microsoft Windows since Windows 2.0 (1987). This shortcut switches between application-level windows without using the mouse; hence it was named Task Switcher (Flip in Windows Vista).
orders windows by most recently used, thus repeated keystrokes will switch between the two most recent tasks. It can also be used alternate between a full-size window and the desktop. The window environment maintains a Z-order list of top-level windows (tasks) with the most recently used tasks at the front and the desktop at the bottom, so the most recently used tasks can be switched to the most quickly.
The keyboard combination has also been incorporated in other operating systems and desktop environments such as KDE, Xfce, and GNOME. iOS and macOS have similar functionality by pressing but that switches applications rather than windows.
Behavior
The use of the modifier key in using differs from typical modifier key use in the following ways:
There is a difference in behavior when the user releases and presses again vs. holding continuously while pressing repeatedly.
Releasing has an immediate effect: it closes the task switcher and switches to the selected task.
There are many subtleties to the behavior of , and they have remained mostly unchanged over the years.
The behavior follows these rules:
If there is more than one window, the task list appears as soon as is pressed while is being held down.
The task list remains open until is released.
moves the cursor forward in the list; moves it backward.
or will autorepeat if held down (useful if there are many windows).
With the initial press of or , the selection cursor starts on the window immediately following or immediately preceding the active one.
If there are no topmost windows above the active window, an initial wraps the cursor around to the end of the list.
Using the mouse to click on a task icon in the task window switches to that task (does not work on Windows XP and earlier).
Pressing or clicking the mouse outside of the task window while is still down cancels the switch.
The windows are listed by their Z-order.
Any windows that are "always on top" are placed at the front of the Z-order sequence, followed by the current window and the windows underneath it.
The desktop is given a window just like it was a top-level window. This no longer works on Windows 10.
Switching to a window moves it to the front of the Z-order, with the exception that "always on top" windows remain topmost and at the front of the list.
When the task switcher window is not active, places the active window at the bottom of the Z-order. In Windows 8 the behavior has changed: the window will be moved one level down the Z-order instead of going to the end.
is equivalent to one except that minimized windows are selected without being restored.
Minimizing a window also sends it to the back of the Z-order in the same way as .
The rules have the following consequences:
In the absence of "always on top" windows such as Task Manager, pressing , pressing , releasing , and releasing (the typical way keyboard modifiers are used) will always alternate between the two most recent tasks.
can restore the most recently minimized window. (If there are "always on top" windows, the lowest of these will be selected instead.)
Pressing - (two tabs with continuously held down) performs the same quick switch back and forth, but between three programs. Any number of presses can be used to achieve this with any number of windows.
When the task list is initially activated by pressing , the list is populated in this order:
Any 'always-on-top' top-level windows according to Z-order, front-to-back.
All ordinary top-level windows according to Z-order, front-to-back.
The task list does not change order while it is open, but the order of tasks can change between invocations of the task list.
Windows Vista changed the default behavior (under most default installations) with its Flip interface. The six most recently used items in the Flip order work as described, then remaining windows are ordered alphabetically by application path (and optionally grouped, depending on the 'group similar taskbar buttons' setting which is enabled by default).
Windows 10 removed the desktop from the task list.
Illustrative examples
Windows may be divided into two categories, 'always-on-top' and ordinary. When a task is switched to, it is moved to the head of its category. For the following example, suppose there are no 'always-on-top' windows. Let A be the current window title. Hold down Alt and press and release Tab once, leaving Alt pressed. The window list comes up. A is guaranteed to be first in the list. Suppose the complete list is A W Z E U B C. The selection cursor will initially be on W. Suppose we want to switch to window U. Without releasing Alt, press Tab three more times and then release Alt. Then hold down Alt and press-release Tab once leaving Alt down. The window list will now show U A W Z E B C. Then Tab over to E and release Alt, selecting window E. Press and hold down Alt and press-release Tab once leaving Alt down. The window list will now show E U A W Z B C. Note that the windows switched to with (E, U, A) are in order of how recently they were switched to. Now Tab over to A and release Alt. Press and hold down Alt and press-release Tab leaving Alt down. The window list will show A E U W Z B C. The effect of this most-recently used behavior is that to return to the most recent task, Tab is pressed once, for the second most recent task Tab is pressed twice, and so on for all tasks. The priority of a window in terms of accessibility is how recently it was used. If A is now minimized, the list will become E U W Z B C A, and if Z is minimized the list becomes E U W B C A Z. Thus minimizing a window mimics the effect of not using it for a long time.
The commonplace alternation between the 2 most recent tasks (using a fast with all keys released immediately) is precisely a special case of the above behavior. Suppose the windows are A B C and we want to alternate between A and B. Hold Alt while pressing and releasing Tab; continue holding Alt. The list will show A B C and the cursor will initially be over B. When Alt is released B will be selected, Tab having been pressed a total of 1 time, and zero attention to the task selection cursor having been necessary. Again, press and release Tab while holding Alt. The list will show B A C and the cursor will initially be over A. When Alt is released we have switched back to A. Displaying the list again, the order has returned to A B C and this sequence can recur. On close inspection, in the course of typing and releasing both keys quickly, the task list window can be observed to flicker for a split second, so .
If the user has been switching among 3 applications and wants to dispense with one of them by minimizing, one of the remaining ones will be on top immediately after minimizing, and ordinarily will alternate between the 2 remaining windows. If a program fails to move to the end of the list when minimized, pressing once will return to the minimized program. Failures such as this can result in a frenzied reordering of the list by means of several --... sequences to compensate for the program misbehavior. The algorithm for this reshuffling is intuitive after using for a long time.
If the user attempts to switch to an application using but the application fails to update its place in the z-order (for example, if its window procedure is hung), then the next time is invoked, the task selection cursor may initially point unexpectedly far into the list of icons, just past the application in question, which will not have been moved to the head of the list.
Applications have some say in where they are located in the order. The list of windows is altered by the creation and destruction of windows, programmatic hiding, showing, raising, and lowering of windows, and alterations to the window z-order
.
The order of the list corresponds directly to the z-order, once the windows have been sorted according to 'always-on-top' status. Alt-Shift-Esc is equivalent to one Alt-Shift-Tab except that minimized windows are selected without being displayed.
Windows-specific issues and hacks
works even if Windows Explorer is no longer running. On Windows NT 3.51 and prior, is managed by CSRSS (Client/Server Runtime Subsystem). On Windows NT 4.0 and later, it's handled by the kernel mode windowing system driver (win32k.sys). It works even when and (Task Manager) (which are managed by Winlogon) do not.
may be intercepted (or effectively disabled) by means of a low-level keyboard hook. Such a technique is used by applications such as the Virtual Network Computing (VNC) viewer to pass keystrokes to the remote desktop when the VNC window is active.
Under Windows XP, the Tweak UI PowerToy, can adjust the number of rows and columns in the task list window, or it can be adjusted via a registry edit. This is helpful if there are so many windows that the list would spill over into multiple pages.
Another Microsoft PowerToy, Replacement, is available for Windows XP that displays a screenshot of each application in the task list rather than just its icon, and allows the user to use the mouse to select the desired application. A more advanced version of this functionality, named Windows Flip, is built into Windows Vista.
A number of third-party tools, similar to Replacement, are also available that add additional functionality to .
Additionally, Windows Vista and Windows 7 allow the user to navigate through the menu using mouse or arrow keys.
When the Aero Glass theme is enabled, Windows Vista also offers a 3D view of the windows themselves that animates as the user cycles through it. The behaviour is very similar to and is accessed by holding down the key instead of while pressing . While this view is visible, windows can be selected and made active by clicking on them with the mouse, and the list can be scrolled forward or backward using the mouse scroll wheel.
If there is only one window on the system, Windows does not show a selector dialog at all when is pressed; the key sequence will simply restore or give focus to that window in case it is minimized or not focused. This means that under Windows 10, no longer functions as a way to switch out of a full-screen application, since the desktop is no longer a window.
If the user prefers the smaller XP icons over the larger Vista "thumbnail" icons, they can change the functionality by:
Start → Computer
Hit the "System Properties" button (on the Toolbar under the File | Edit toolbar)
Select "Advanced System Settings" (under Tasks grouping in the left-hand column); this brings up the "System Properties" dialog box, which should show the "Advanced Tab".
Hit the Settings Button under Performance. Uncheck the "Enable Desktop Composition" checkbox (the 3rd checkbox from the top in the Custom list box).
Hit OK
The user may also stop the Dwm.exe process via Windows' Task Manager.
In Windows 7 , after a one-second delay, displays the full-sized application window immediately each time the cursor position changes, hiding all other windows. This is a part of Aero Peek feature, new in Windows 7. This behavior can be disabled along with Aero Peek: Control Panel - Performance Information and Tools - Adjust visual effects - uncheck Enable Aero Peek.
Delay is adjustable by setting the LivePreview_ms value in HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\AltTab registry key.
Some users report that the switcher dialog does not stay on top while it is displayed, but one can navigate through this dialog using mouse even if it is completely overlapped by some window. This bug is reported to be user profile specific. Some user profiles on the same machine may encounter this bug, some not. As discovered, the problem is sometimes caused by desktop gadgets system. After killing sidebar.exe process (which hosts the gadgets), the problem disappears. After restarting sidebar the problem appears again. This bug also happens when ipoint.exe, the Microsoft Intellipoint mouse driver, is running. Other programs causing this behaviour were reported as well.
The actual reason this problem occurs is because [zero-sized always-on-top windows at (0,0)] cause Windows Explorer to set the alt-tab properties incorrectly. The solution is to download and run a program which will remove these flags. download
To show the XP icons in Windows 7 advanced users can add a new DWORD value AltTabSettings in the registry key
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\
and set its value to 1.
Using Windows 7 the additional key combination brings up the switcher dialog and it remains on screen after all the keys have been released. A user can move through the dialog in any direction using the arrow keys, or through in a linear manner, wrapping at the end of the list back to the beginning. In this mode, the key or a mouse click selects the desired window which gains the focus and the dialog is dismissed; dismisses with no change of focus.
In Windows 7, to use a switcher dialog similar to that in XP, one can keep Left- pressed, tap on Right- and then press .
There is a common problem associated with the use of . It is very easy for the user to mistakenly use instead, changing the system language through the use of a default keybind. To solve this issue, go into Control Panel/Regional Settings/Languages/Details and there is a button that allows the user to configure the shortcuts to switch languages - he/she can disable it or change it to something harder to press by mistake. This problem is reported on Windows XP and Windows 7.
Non-Windows functionality
macOS
Similar functionality exists on macOS using instead of , and switching between applications rather than windows. The Mac's switcher has the additional capabilities of pointing at the desired icon with the mouse (also present in Windows Vista and above), and dropping files on applications' icons. Selected application can be hidden or closed using or keys without closing the menu. works similarly to switch between windows within the same application. Once has been invoked, changes behavior to mimic (i.e. it cycles backwards). Using or allows the user to select the window to focus on. The and arrow keys may also be used to navigate the application switcher.
This functionality does not automatically restore windows from an application in which all windows been minimized. To restore a window, one needs to press as many times as necessary to choose the desired application, and hold the Option key just prior to releasing the Command button. This will restore the most relevant window in the application.
There was no default key binding for application switching in Classic Mac OS. Third party control panels (such as ApplWindows and LiteSwitch) provided this behavior.
iOS
iOS adds comparable functionality using instead of , as with macOS. The iOS switcher allows the user to move between recently used applications (nine in landscape, six in portrait), as opposed to "open" applications, since the concept of an open application is considerably less clear on iOS than other desktop operating systems. cycles backwards, as in OS X.
Unix
Unix-like desktop systems such as fvwm, KDE, Xfce, and GNOME have added a compatible function. On some systems including Sun's CDE and old versions of fvwm, the key combination is mapped to less sophisticated functionality such as only alternating between two windows, cycling forward or backward in a list of all windows in a fixed order, or opening a task applet in which one has to use arrow keys or the mouse to select a task and then click or push Enter. Some window managers such as WindowLab forego the onscreen window list and simply bring each window to the front in turn as is pressed.
Not all window managers provide this functionality as a core feature. For example, Blackbox does not; users desiring this behavior can add it by running a helper application such as bbkeys.
Compiz Fusion
Compiz Fusion (aka Beryl, Compiz) has similar functionality, but displays a preview of the window as well as its icon (Present in Windows Vista and above, with DWM enabled). It also makes use of Alt-Shift-Tab by moving backwards through the displayed programs, and it is possible to activate a Windows Flip 3D alternative using the Windows key and Tab.
GNOME
The Metacity window manager has similar functionality to versions of Windows released before Vista, but it only displays the outline of the currently selected window on the screen. Windows, on the other hand shows the whole selected window, which helps the user to pick the correct window from multiple windows with a similar title or icon.
History
The key combination to switch between windows has been present in all versions of Windows since Windows 1.0. However, there was no visual indication of the list of windows available when switching between windows until Windows 3.1, when this feature was introduced as the 'Fast "Alt+TAB" Switching' checkbox in the Display control panel applet, internally known as "CoolSwitch".
Before CoolSwitch, the combination was similar to the combination (which also switched windows), but redrew each window immediately on each stroke, while brought the windows to the top but did not redraw them until the Alt key was released.
Inconsistency
An example of a program that violates the expectation that pressing one time will switch to the previous application is Adobe Reader 7.0.x. Like newer versions of Microsoft Word it attempts to give a separate icon in the task menu to each MDI document. However, unlike Word, it brings two items to the front of the list whenever a document is selected using : first an icon representing the main Reader window and then an icon for the individual document. While in Adobe Reader, pressing one time selects the second item in the list, which is the icon for the PDF document. Adobe Reader remains the current task when is released. Thus it is demonstrated that the correct operation of , like some other aspects of the Windows environment such as the Clipboard chain, depends on individual applications being written correctly.
See also
Table of keyboard shortcuts
Windows Alt keycodes
Task manager
MultiFinder
References
External links
Raymond Chen, The Old New Thing: What is the Alt+Tab order?
User interface techniques
Windows administration
MacOS user interface | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-Tab |
Dill oil is an essential oil extracted from the seeds or leaves/stems (dillweed) of the Dill plant. It can be used with water to create dill water. Dill (Anethum graveolens) is an annual herb in the celery family Apiaceae. It is the sole species of the genus Anethum.
Origin
Also known as Indian Dill, originally from Southwest Asia, Dill is an annual or biennial herb that grows up to 1 meter (3 feet). It has green feathery leaves and umbels of small yellow flowers, followed by tiny compressed seeds.
It was popular with the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, who called it "Anethon" from which the botanical name was derived. The common name comes from the Anglo-Saxon dylle or dylla, which then changed to dill. The word means 'to lull' – referring to its soothing properties. In the Middle Ages it was used as a charm against witchcraft.
From 812 onwards, when Charlemagne, King of the Franks, Emperor of the Romans, ordered the extensive cultivation of this herb, it has been widely used, especially as a culinary herb.
Properties
Dill oil is known for its grass-like smell and its pale yellow color, with a watery viscosity.
Production
Dill oil is extracted by steam distillation, mainly from the seeds, or the whole herb, fresh or partly dried.
References
Essential oils | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dill%20oil |
Tim Sample (born January 30, 1951) is a Maine humorist.
Life and career
Sample was born in Fort Fairfield, Maine, and raised in Boothbay Harbor, where he attended local schools. He briefly attended Hebron Academy and in 2004 was given an honorary degree from the Academy. As a child in the 1960s, Sample was influenced by the comedy albums of Marshall Dodge and Robert Bryan of Bert and I. After dropping out of high school, Sample attended art school and joined various local bands in the Portland area. It was singer-songwriter Noel Paul Stookey who encouraged Sample to try his hand at comedy. "You know, we’ve got an awful lot of white males singing songs," Sample recalls Stookey telling him, "You do this thing where you can get people laughing, you’ve got this storytelling thing."
Sample's first album of Downeast humor was recorded in 1979. Between 1982 and 2012 Sample collaborated with Bryan on a number of projects including several TV specials and comedy albums, including How to Talk Yankee (1982 ), Bert and I Rebooted (2012) , and the TV specials Out of Season and Maine Humor Behind the Barn. He has also written and illustrated several books, including How to Talk Yankee and Saturday Night at Moody's Diner. Sample has appeared on The Today Show, Good Morning America and in the summer of 1993, Sample served as a correspondent for Sunday Morning with Charles Kuralt. The segment “Postcard from Maine” lasted 11 years.
Sample has narrated several audiobooks, including Robert McCloskey’s Burt Dow: Deep-Water Man, Stephen King’s The Sun Dog and the documentary From Stump to Ship for Northeast Historic Films. In 2015, he was an Audie Award finalist for his narration of Stephen King’s humor novella Drunken Fireworks. Sample appeared in several pandemic safety PSAs funded and produced by the state of Maine; as well as TV, radio and online ads funded and produced by End Citizens United targeting US Senator Susan Collins.
Sample and his wife live in Portland, Maine.
Published works
References
External links
Official Website
1951 births
Living people
American humorists
People from Fort Fairfield, Maine
People from Boothbay Harbor, Maine
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
Hebron Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Sample |
John Maywood Grubb, Jr. (born August 4, 1948) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder and designated hitter, who also occasionally played at first base. He played with the San Diego Padres (1972–1976), Cleveland Indians (1977–1978), Texas Rangers (1978–1982), and the Detroit Tigers (1983–1987).
Major League career
Grubb was drafted by the San Diego Padres in 1971 with the 24th pick in the first round. He had been previously drafted by the Boston Red Sox, Cincinnati Reds, and Atlanta Braves, but did not sign with them. He made his major league debut on September 10, 1972.
In his 1973 rookie season, Grubb put up good numbers and earned himself a starting position in the outfield by hitting .311 with eight home runs, 37 RBI, and 52 runs scored. Grubb made the 1974 National League All-star team during his sophomore season, and struck out in his only at-bat.
Highlights after the 1974 season included a 21-game hitting streak in 1979 while a member of the Texas Rangers. He was nearly dealt along with Sparky Lyle from the Rangers to the Philadelphia Phillies for Tug McGraw, Bake McBride and Larry Christenson at the 1979 Winter Meetings in Toronto, but the proposed transaction was never executed because a deferred money issue in Lyle's contract went unresolved.
Grubb was a member of the Detroit Tigers' 1984 World Series Championship team; the Tigers defeated his former team the San Diego Padres 4 games to 1. In his 16-year career, he posted a .278 batting average with 99 home runs, 475 RBI, and 553 runs scored. In the era since the designated hitter came into play (1973), he is the all-time leader among American League players when used as a pinch hitter batting for the #9 hitter in the line-up. He was released by the Detroit Tigers after a disappointing 1987 season, despite having arguably the best season of his career in 1986.
Personal life
Since retiring from professional baseball, Grubb has kept a low profile. He was the former varsity baseball coach at his alma mater, Meadowbrook High School in Richmond. There he coached former San Diego Padres pitcher Cla Meredith. Grubb and his wife are also active members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).
See also
1984 Detroit Tigers season
References
External links
Johnny Grubb at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Johnny Grubb at Baseball Almanac
1948 births
National League All-Stars
Living people
San Diego Padres players
Cleveland Indians players
Texas Rangers players
Detroit Tigers players
Baseball players from Richmond, Virginia
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball right fielders
Nashville Sounds players
Orlando Juice players
Richmond Braves players
SCF Manatees baseball players
Florida State Seminoles baseball players
State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Grubb |
Laihka State (), also spelt Legya or Lecha (), was a state in the central division of the Southern Shan States of Burma, with an area of .
The general character of the state was hilly and broken, with a mean altitude of a little under . The main rivers were the Nam Teng, an important tributary of the Salween, and the Nam Pawn. Laihka, located in the plain of the Nam Teng, was the capital where the saopha had his palace (haw). The town of Panglong, where the Panglong Agreement took place, is located close to Laihka.
History
Traditional legends talk about a predecessor kingdom in the area named Hansavadi.
Laihka State was founded in 1505 as a state subordinated to Hsenwi State.
On the downfall of King Thibaw civil war broke out, and reduced the population to a few hundred. In 1901 it had risen again to 25,811. About seven-ninths of the land under cultivation consisted of wet rice cultivation. A certain amount of upland rice was also cultivated, and cotton, sugarcane and garden produce made up the rest. Laihka, the capital, was noted for its ironwork, both the iron and the implements made being produced at Pang Long in the west of the state. This and lacquerware were the chief exports, as also a considerable amount of pottery. The imports were chiefly cotton piece-goods and salt.
Rulers
The rulers bore the title Myosa until mid nineteenth century.
Myosas
1734 - 1794 Khun Lek
1794 - 1803 Law Na
1803 - 1807 La Hkam
1807 - 18.. Hkun Lek
Saophas
The ritual style was Kambawsa Rahta Mahawunths Thiri Thudamaraza. The saopha start at 1505 the first Sao Khrua Hpa and in 1542 the linege of him is vacant Sao Hkun Möng the saopha of Hsipaw send his son Hkun Naw to be the saopha here
Saophas:
1505–1542 Sao Khrua Hpa
1542–1579 Hso Naw Hpa
1579–1609 Hso Nyunt Hpa
1609–1628 Hso Hon Hpa
1628–1650 Hso Seik Hpa
1650–1680 Sao Ne Ya
1680–1683 The wife of Sao Ne Ya (female), whose name is unknown – Because Sao Ne Ya left no children, his wife succeeded him and reigned for three years until her death.
1683–1687 Hkam Sai Hpa
1687–1702 Pawng Mawng Haw Hub
1702–1715 Sao Hkam Pan
1715–1745 Hkam Serk Hpa
1745–1771 Hkam Hub Hpa
1771–1794 Sao Saing Hkam
1794–1803 Hkun Law Na
1803–1807 Sao Hla Hkam
1807–1854 Hkun Lek Hpa
1854–1856 Shwe Taung Kyaw
1856–1860 Hkun Long Hpa
1860–1862 Hkun Mawng Hpa (1st time)
1862–1866 Hkun Hkawt Hpa
1866–1868 The youngest sister of Hkun Hkawt (female), whose name is unknown – She was also one of Queens consort of Burma, because the monarch of Burma had many wives. When Hkun Hkawt died in 1866, she was appointed as ruler of Laihka and governed the State for two years.
1868–1879 Hkun Mawng Hpa (2nd time)
1879–1882 Vacant
1882–1928 Hkun Lai
1928–1952 Sao Num
References
External links
"Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states"
Shan States
1505 establishments in Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laihka%20State |
Asclettin (from Old Norse Ásketill) is a masculine Norman given name. It may refer to:
Asclettin, Count of Acerenza (fl. 1016–42), Norman mercenary
Asclettin, Count of Aversa (r. died 1045), son of preceding
Asclettin (Sicilian chancellor), officer serving William I of Sicily | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclettin |
Carnell Augustino Lake (born July 15, 1967) is an American former professional football player and coach who is the defensive coordinator for the Memphis Showboats of the United States Football League (USFL). He was a safety and cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He is a member of the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team. He was the cornerbacks coach for the UCLA Bruins under head coach Rick Neuheisel in 2009 before leaving after one season for family reasons. He was the Pittsburgh Steelers defensive backs coach until February 2018.
College career
Lake played linebacker for the UCLA Bruins from 1985 through 1988. He finished his college career with 45.5 tackles for loss and 25.5 sacks. Those totals, as of the 2016 season, are 1st and 4th in UCLA football history.
NFL career
On January 15, 1989, Lake played in the East-West Shrine Game and was part of the West who lost 24–6 to the East. On January 21, 1989, Lake was part of Los Angeles Rams' head coach John Robinson's South team that defeated the North 13–12. Lake played safety in both games as multiple teams were interested in moving him to safety as he was considered to be too small to continue to play linebacker professionally.
Pittsburgh Steelers
The Pittsburgh Steelers selected Lake in the second round (34th overall) of the 1989 NFL Draft. Lake was the third safety drafted in 1989.
1989
On May 10, 1989, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Lake to a three-year, $850,000 contract.
Head coach Chuck Noll named Lake the starting strong safety to begin his rookie season, alongside free safety Thomas Everett and cornerbacks Rod Woodson and Dwayne Woodruff. Lake played his first three seasons under defensive backs coach John Fox.
He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Pittsburgh Steelers' season-opening 51–0 loss to the Cleveland Browns. On October 15, 1989, Lake recorded five combined tackles, made two pass deflections, recovered a fumble, and made his first career interception during a 17–7 win at the Cleveland Browns in Week 6. Lake made a one-handed interception off of a pass by Browns' quarterback Bernie Kosar. His exceptional performance in Week 6 earned him AFC Defensive Player of the Week Award. In Week 9, Lake made his first career sack on Broncos' quarterback John Elway in the Steelers' 34–7 loss at the Denver Broncos. He finished his rookie season in 1989 with 70 combined tackles, six fumble recoveries, two forced fumbles, one interception, and one sack in 15 games and 15 starts.
The Pittsburgh Steelers finished the season third in the AFC Central with a 9–7 record and earned a wildcard berth. On December 31, 1989, Lake started in his first career playoff game as the Steelers defeated the Houston Oilers 26–23 in the AFC Wildcard Game. The following week, they lost 24–23 at the Denver Broncos in the AFC Divisional Round.
1990
The Pittsburgh Steelers promoted linebackers coach Dave Brazil to defensive coordinator after Rod Rust accepted the head coaching position with the New England Patriots. Brazil retained Lake and Thomas Everett as the starting safety tandem in 1990. Lake started in all 16 games in 1990 and recorded 67 combined tackles, two forced fumbles, a fumble recovery, an interception, and a sack.
1991
Head coach Chuck Noll retained Lake and Thomas Everett as the starting safety tandem in 1991, along with cornerbacks Rod Woodson and D. J. Johnson. On December 27, 1991, Pittsburgh Steelers' head coach Chuck Noll announced his decision to retire after the Steelers finished with a 7–9 record in 1991. He started in all 16 games in 1991 and recorded 83 combined tackles and a sack.
1992
On January 21, 1992, the Pittsburgh Steelers announced the hiring of former Kansas City Chiefs' defensive coordinator Bill Cowher as their new head coach. On January 31, 1992, Cowher announced the hiring of former New Orleans Saints' secondary coach Dom Capers as their new defensive coordinator.
On August 24, 1992, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Lake to a three-year contract.
Head coach Bill Cowher retained Lake the starting strong safety in 1992. Lake started alongside free safety Darren Perry and cornerbacks Rod Woodson and D.J. Johnson. He started in all 16 games in 1992 and recorded 85 combined tackles and two sacks.
1993
Lake and Darren Perry returned as the starting safety duo in 1993 and played under defensive backs coach Dick LeBeau. On September 12, 1993, Lake collected a season-high 11 combined tackles, but was carted off the field due to an injury as the Steelers lost 27–0 at the Los Angeles Rams in Week 2. His injury sidelined him for the next two games (Weeks 3–4). In Week 13, Lake recorded six combined tackles and made a season-high two sacks on Oilers quarterback Warren Moon in the Steelers' 23–3 loss at the Houston Oilers. On December 13, 1993, Lake recorded six combined tackles and made an interception off a pass by Dolphins' quarterback Steve DeBerg during a 21–20 victory at the Miami Dolphins in Week 13. He finished the season with 91 combined tackles, five sacks, a career-high four interceptions, two fumble recoveries, and a forced fumble in 14 games and 14 starts.
1994
Head coach Bill Cowher retained Lake and Darren Perry as the starting safeties in 1994. He started in the Pittsburgh Steelers' season-opener against the Dallas Cowboys and recorded a season-high 12 combined tackles in their 26–9 loss. On December 16, 1994, it was announced that Lake was selected to play in the 1995 Pro Bowl as the Starting Strong Safety, to mark the first Pro Bowl selection of his career. He started in all 16 games in 1994 and recorded 68 combined tackles, three forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, a sack, and an interception.
1995
On February 15, 1995, the Pittsburgh Steelers chose to apply their franchise tag to Lake. August 15, 1995, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Lake to a four-year, $9.20 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $2 million. Lake and Darren Perry returned as the starting safeties to begin the regular season.
In Week 6, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles during a 20–16 loss at the Jacksonville Jaguars. On October 19, 1995, Lake was moved to cornerback and replaced Alvoid Mays after the Pittsburgh Steelers' defense allowed Bengals' quarterback Jeff Blake to throw three touchdown passes during a 49–31 win at the Cincinnati Bengals. Head coach Bill Cowher moved Lake to cornerback for the remained of the season as a replacement for Rod Woodson who tore his ACL in the season-opener against the Detroit Lions.
On December 15, 1995, it was announced that Lake was selected to the 1996 Pro Bowl as a safety. Lake started in all 16 games in 1995 and recorded 63 combined tackles, 1.5 sacks, one interception, a forced fumble, and fumble recovery. He started the last nine regular season games at cornerback.
The Pittsburgh Steelers finished first in the AFC Central with an 11–5 record and earned a first round bye. On January 6, 1996, Lake recorded five combined tackles and intercepted a pass by Bills' quarterback Jim Kelly during a 40–21 win against the Buffalo Bills in the AFC Divisional Round. The following week, the Pittsburgh Steelers defeated the Indianapolis Colts 20–16 in the AFC Championship Game. On January 28, 1996, Lake recorded five combined tackles as the Steelers lost 27–17 to the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXX.
1996
On December 13, 1996, it was announced that Lake was selected to play in the 1997 Pro Bowl, marking the third consecutive Pro Bowl selection or his career.
1997
In 1997, Lake was named AFC Defensive Player of the Year by the Kansas City Committee of 101. For the second time, Lake played the majority of the season at corner. He also received a vote for MVP from Sports Illustrated writer Peter King, which created a situation where Barry Sanders and Brett Favre tied for the award that season.
Jacksonville Jaguars
In 1999, Lake departed the Pittsburgh Steelers and joined the Jacksonville Jaguars in free agency. The Jaguars signed Lake to a four-year, $18 million contract which made him the highest paid safety in the league. Lake was moved to a new position as Free safety, making the Pro Bowl for a fifth time. He was reunited with Jaguars' defensive coordinator Dom Capers, who had previously held the same position with the Pittsburgh Steelers.
On August 17, 2000, Lake underwent surgery on a recurring injury to his left foot and was expected to miss the entire 2000 NFL season. Lake elected to have a bone graft and had a piece of his hip bone grafted to his injured left foot. Lake had undergone a surgery on his foot in March due to a stress fracture in the navicular bone near his ankle. He underwent another surgery on the foot in May and returned to training camp in August.
On September 2, 2001, the Jaguars released Lake in a salary cap-related maneuver.
Baltimore Ravens
On September 11, 2001, the Baltimore Ravens signed Lake to a one-year, $477,000 contract at the veteran minimum. Lake was reunited Baltimore Ravens' defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis, who was a linebackers coach with the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1992–1995, and former teammates Rod Woodson and Leon Searcy.
Coaching career
In summer 2009, Lake, along with former Steeler Greg Lloyd, was a coaching intern at the Philadelphia Eagles training camp at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
In June 2010, Lake was hired by Jerry Simon to be the assistant coach of the Marina High School boys' basketball team.
On March 7, 2011, Lake was hired as the Pittsburgh Steelers defensive backs coach. He left that position as of February 7, 2018, to "return to California to be a part of his youngest son’s last year of high school football".
Personal life
Lake grew up primarily in Southern California. Lake did, however, live in the San Francisco Bay Area for three years (1979–1981) and attended Bowditch Middle School in Foster City, California. There he also played Pop Warner Football where he was a stand-out tailback and cornerback for those two years.
Lake attended Culver City High School, where he played varsity football for three years. He started on both sides of the ball as running back and linebacker. He also attended elementary school in Culver City prior to his move to San Francisco.
He and his wife, Monica, have three children. Lake and his family live in Irvine, California. Lake is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, an African American Greek-letter fraternity. His son, Quentin, plays defensive back for the Los Angeles Rams.
See also
2009 UCLA Bruins football team
References
External links
UCLA Bruins coaching bio
1967 births
Living people
American football safeties
American football cornerbacks
UCLA Bruins football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Baltimore Ravens players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Salt Lake City
Tampa Bay Bandits (2022) coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnell%20Lake |
Chauffé à bloc is an EP by Canadian rock band Big Sugar, released on July 27, 1999. The title translates literally to "Block Heating" in English and is similar to the expression "All Heated Up."
In 1996, Big Sugar decided to record a French language version of the single "Open Up Baby", from the album Hemi-Vision, for radio airplay in Quebec. The experiment was successful, and following the released of 1998's Heated, the band recorded a French rendition of each single released from that album, as well as a French-only cover of Gilles Valiquette's 1973 hit "Je suis cool".
Chauffé à bloc collects all five of the French songs. For their next album, 2001's Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready?, the band recorded the entire album in both English and French, and simultaneously released both versions as separate albums. The French recording was titled Brothers and Sisters, Êtes Vous Ready?.
Track listing
"(Pas) Envie d'allumer"
"Je suis cool"
"C'est moi qui règne"
"Better Get Used to it (Version Française)"
"Ouvres-toi bébé"
Big Sugar (band) albums
French-language albums
1999 EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauffe%20%C3%A0%20bloc |
The University of Tulsa College of Law is the law school of the private University of Tulsa in Tulsa, Oklahoma. For 2021, U.S. News & World Report ranked the University of Tulsa College of Law at No. 111 among all law schools in the United States. It is the only law school in the Tulsa Metropolitan Area and northeastern Oklahoma.
History
The University of Tulsa College of Law was founded by local attorneys in 1923, during one of Tulsa's oil booms. The law school was originally known simply as the Tulsa Law School and was independent of the University of Tulsa. Initially, classes took place in the Central High School building in downtown Tulsa, while the law library was in the Tulsa County courthouse, a few blocks away. The faculty initially consisted of practicing Tulsa attorneys who taught classes at night.
Tulsa Law was formally absorbed by the University of Tulsa in 1943. A pioneering Tulsa attorney named John Rogers is credited with making this association. In 1949, the school moved into a downtown office building. In 1953, the school was accredited by the American Bar Association. During the 1950s and 60s, the library, classrooms and administrative offices were consolidated at a single location in downtown Tulsa and full-time tenured and tenure-track research faculty were hired. The school became a member of the Association of American Law Schools in 1966. The name of the school was formally changed to the University of Tulsa College of Law.
In the late 1970s, Tulsa Law became increasingly prominent in the field of energy law and policy; during this period, the Energy Law Journal and the National Energy and Law Policy Institute were established at the law school (NELPI). The National Energy Law and Policy Institute was initially led by Kent Frizzell, who had served as Assistant Attorney General of the United States from 1972 to 1973 and Undersecretary of the Department of the Interior from 1975 to 1977. During this time, Frizzell also taught at Tulsa Law.
In the 1990s, Tulsa Law developed a reputation for strength in legal history, hiring legal historian Bernard Schwartz (formerly of New York University Law School) and, later, Paul Finkelman.
Law School Building
Tulsa Law moved from downtown Tulsa to its present location on the University of Tulsa's main campus in 1973, where it was housed in what was then named John Rogers Hall. The building was formally dedicated with a speech by U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist.
In May 2016, the university decided to remove the name of John Rogers from the law school's building, in response to increased controversy about Rogers' role in the founding of the Ku Klux Klan in Tulsa in the 1920s.
Academic Programs and Offerings
TU College of Law offers Juris Doctor programs for full-time and part-time students. TU Law also grants the degree of Master of Laws, or LLM, in the areas of Native American Law, Natural Resources and Energy Law, and International Law for foreign students. Additionally, the College of Law offers two online Master of Jurisprudence (MJ) degrees in Indian law and energy law. Students have the ability to obtain joint JD/MA degrees in a variety of fields including, history, English, psychology, as well as a joint JD/MBA, joint JD/Masters in Taxation]], and joint JD/MS in geosciences, biological sciences, and finance. TU Law offers certificate programs in sustainable energy and resources law, Native American law, and health law.
The college also hosts a number of endowed lecture series which bring renowned scholars and jurists to campus:
The John W. Hager Distinguished Lecture in Law has brought Lawrence Lessig, William Eskridge, Michelle Alexander and Harold Koh to speak at the College of Law in recent years.
The Buck Colbert Franklin Memorial Civil Rights Lecture honors the pioneering attorney and early leader of Tulsa's black community (who was also the father of famed historian John Hope Franklin. This lecture series has brought Deborah Rhode, Jerry Kang and Alfred Brophy to speak at TU Law.
The Stephanie K. Seymour Distinguished Lecture in Law is the only lecture series in the country established by former clerks to honor the judge for whom they served. This lecture calls attention to the scholarship of an untenured law professor whose dedication and passion mirror that of Judge Seymour.
The College of Law also has study abroad arrangements allowing students to study in Dublin or London.
The University of Tulsa College of Law is a national leader in teaching scholarship and research in energy, environmental, and natural resources law and policy and Native American law.
Student-Edited Publications
Tulsa Law Review, previously the Tulsa Law Journal from 1964 to 2001
Energy Law Journal
Clinical Offerings
The on-campus Boesche Legal Clinic offers students real-world experience under the supervision of clinical professors while providing pro bono legal services to disadvantaged populations. Clinics include the Immigrant Rights Project and the Lobeck Taylor Family Advocacy Clinic. Previous projects have centered on among the aged, American Indians, inter alia.
In 2016, Tulsa Law launched the Solo Practice Clinic to help its students develop the skills necessary to operate their own legal practices, which is particularly common for attorneys serving rural, small business and low-income clients, among others.
Employment
According to TU Law's 2021 ABA-required disclosures, 91.6% of the Class of 2016 obtained full-time, long-term positions for which bar passage was required (75%) or for which a J.D. was an advantage (16.6%) nine months after graduation, excluding solo practitioners and clerkships, putting TU in the middle of regional peers like Baylor Law School, the University of Oklahoma College of Law, and SMU Dedman School of Law. The most popular destinations for TU Law graduates are Oklahoma and Texas.
Costs
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at TU Law for the 2015–2016 academic year is $58,496 (full-time). 100% of TU Law students received scholarships and/or tuition benefits in 2015.
The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $201,183 (however this figure does not account for merit- or need-based aid).
Notable faculty
The notable current and former faculty of TU Law include:
Larry Catá Backer – Cuban-American scholar of comparative law and international affairs
Robert Butkin – Law professor, former Dean of Tulsa Law, and former State Treasurer of Oklahoma
Brad Carson - former U.S. Representative from Oklahoma and Under Secretary of the Army
Nancy Feldman – Civil rights activist and community leader
Paul Finkelman – Legal historian (Finkelman was listed as one of the ten most-cited legal historians in Brian Leiter's survey of most-cited law professors by specialty from 2000 to 2007)
Kent Frizzell – United States Under Secretary of the Interior (1975–1977) and Attorney General of Kansas (1969–1971)
F. Russell Hittinger – Legal philosopher and Catholic theologian, member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
Sven Erik Holmes – General Counsel of KPMG, former Federal District Judge for Northern District of Oklahoma.
Janet K. Levit - joined law faculty as professor in 1995. She was promoted to dean of TU College of Law in 2017, then became Provost and vice president of TU. Served as Interim President of TU, July 2020 - January 2022, then returned to her previous duties.
John S. Lowe – Energy law scholar
Joseph Wilson Morris – Federal District Judge for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, former General Counsel for Shell Oil Company
Marian P. Opala, Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice
Frank Pommersheim – scholar of Native American Law; serves as the Chief Justice for the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Court of Appeals
Melissa L. Tatum – Scholar of Native American law
Notable alumni
Notes
References
External links
Law schools in Oklahoma
Law
Universities and colleges established in 1923
1923 establishments in Oklahoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Tulsa%20College%20of%20Law |
The 1848 Whig National Convention was a presidential nominating convention held from June 7 to 9 in Philadelphia. It nominated the Whig Party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1848 election. The convention selected General Zachary Taylor of Louisiana for president and former Representative Millard Fillmore of New York for vice president.
Taylor and General Winfield Scott had both emerged as contenders for the Whig presidential nomination after serving in the Mexican–American War, while two long-time party leaders, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, also commanded support in the party. With Southern delegates united around his candidacy, Taylor took the lead on the first ballot. Clay finished a strong second to Taylor on the first ballot of the convention, but his support faded on subsequent ballots and Taylor took the nomination on the fourth ballot.
After Webster declined the vice presidential nomination, Fillmore and businessman Abbott Lawrence of Massachusetts emerged as the top choices for vice president. Fillmore clinched the nomination on the second ballot. The Whig ticket went on to win the 1848 presidential election, defeating the Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William O. Butler.
The Convention
The convention was held from June 7 to 9 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Every state was represented except for Texas. It was chaired by John A. Collier and John M. Morehead. Taylor had been courted by both the Democrats and the Whigs, but ultimately declared himself a Whig. The platform adopted largely consisted of praise for Taylor, with less attention paid to specific policies.
The venue for the convention was Chinese Museum Building. The building since was destroyed by fire in 1854.
There were 280 individuals seated as delegates to the convention.
Presidential nomination
By 1847, General Zachary Taylor had emerged as a contender for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Despite Taylor's largely unknown political views, many Whigs believed he was the party's strongest possible candidate due to his martial accomplishments in the Mexican–American War. Henry Clay initially told his allies that he would not run in the 1848 presidential election, but he was unwilling to support Taylor, a "mere military man.". Although Daniel Webster and General Winfield Scott each commanded a limited base of support in the party, Taylor and Clay each saw the other as their lone serious rival for the Whig nomination.
Taylor led on the first ballot and grew his lead on subsequent ballots. On the fourth ballot, he secured 171 votes and won the presidential nomination.
Candidates
Vice Presidential nomination
Vice Presidential candidates
Withdrawn
Declined
Balloting
Webster was offered the vice presidential spot on the ticket, but declined. Former New York Representative Millard Fillmore was chosen as the vice presidential candidate on the second ballot.
See also
U.S. presidential nomination convention
1848 United States presidential election
1848 Democratic National Convention
References
Bibliography
Holt, Michael F. (1999). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. Oxford University Press. .
Primary sources
Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956
External links
<http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=58512> Accessed: June 11, 2016
1848 United States presidential election
Whig National Conventions
Political conventions in Philadelphia
1848 in Pennsylvania
1848 conferences
Whig National Convention
19th-century political conferences
1840s political events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848%20Whig%20National%20Convention |
This is a list of some notable people who have lived in the City and County of Denver, Colorado, United States.
People born elsewhere but raised in Denver are marked with a §. People born and raised elsewhere who have lived in Denver as adults are marked with a #.
Academia
Harold Agnew (1921–2013), physicist
Hal Anger (1920–2005), electrical engineer, biophysicist
Lena Lovato Archuleta (1920–2011), administrator, librarian #
John Arthur (1946–2007), philosopher
Alfred Marshall Bailey (1894–1978), ornithologist #
Jacques Bailly (1966– ), classics scholar, Scripps National Spelling Bee pronouncer
Thomas Bopp (1949–2018), astronomer and co-discoverer of comet Hale-Bopp
Jason Box (1970– ), climatologist, geographer
Hendrika B. Cantwell (1925– ), Dutch-American clinical professor of pediatrics, advocate for abused and neglected children
Louis George Carpenter (1861–1935), engineer, mathematician #
John Cotton Dana (1856–1929), librarian, museum director #
Gertrude Crotty Davenport (1866–1946), biologist, eugenicist
David Brion Davis (1927-2019), Sterling Professor of History at Yale University and director of Yale's Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
Edwina Hume Fallis (1876–1957), educator, writer, toy designer
Alan Fowler (1928– ), physicist
Margaret Hayes Grazier (1916–1999), librarian, educator
Margaret Storrs Grierson (1900–1997), archivist, philosophy professor
John L. Hall (1934– ), physicist
Donna Haraway (1944– ), feminist studies scholar, sociologist
Orin Hargraves (1953– ), lexicographer
Robert Heizer (1915–1979), archaeologist
Arnold Kramish (1923–2010), nuclear physicist
Tony Laubach, meteorologist with the TWISTEX team
Henry F. May (1915–2012), historian
David Messerschmitt (1945– ), electrical engineer
Seeley G. Mudd (1895–1968), physician, professor, philanthropist
Rob Nelson (1979– ), biologist, documentary filmmaker
John W. Olmsted (1903–1986), historian
Renee Rabinowitz (1934–2020), psychologist and lawyer #
Robert Reid (1924–2006), engineer
Paul Romer (1955– ), economist
Tim Samaras (1957–2013), engineer, meteorologist
Ann Linnea Sandberg (1938–2009), immunologist§
John Searle (1932– ), philosopher
Paul Stewart (1925–2015), historian #
Willis M. Tate (1912–1989), university president
Keith Uncapher (1922–2002), computer engineer
Stanley M. Wagner (1932–2013), rabbi and academic #
James Q. Wilson (1931–2012), political scientist
Hannah Marie Wormington (1914–1994), archaeologist
Arts and entertainment
Fashion
Lauren Bush (1984– ), model, designer, philanthropist
Mondo Guerra (1978– ), fashion designer, philanthropist
Film, television, and theatre
Anikka Albrite (1988– ), pornographic actress
Tim Allen (1953– ), actor, comedian
Michael J. Anderson (1953– ), actor
Annaleigh Ashford (1985– ), actress, singer
Barry Atwater (1918–1978), actor
Phil Austin (1941–2015), comedian, writer
Dian Bachar (1970– ), actor
Roseanne Barr (1952– ), actress, comedian #
Barbara Bates (1925–1969), actress, singer
Madge Bellamy (1899–1990), actress §
Matthew Berry (1969– ), screenwriter, producer, fantasy sports analyst
Julie Bishop (1914–2001), actress
Josh Blue (1978– ), comedian #
Sierra Boggess (1982 – ), actress, singer
Tom Bower (1938– ), actor
Stan Brakhage (1933–2003), experimental filmmaker §
Bobby Buntrock (1952–1974), actor
Joseph Castanon (1997– ), actor
Mary Jo Catlett (1938– ), actress
Kristin Cavallari (1987– ), television personality, actress
Adam Cayton-Holland (1980– ), comedian
Don Cheadle (1964– ), actor §
Marshall Colt (1948– ), actor, psychologist #
Lillian Covillo (1921–2010), ballet dancer
Richard C. Currier (1892–1984), film editor
Ann B. Davis (1926–2014), actress #
John Davis (1954– ), producer
Ashly DelGrosso (1982– ), dancer
Rubye De Remer (1892–1984), actress, dancer
Scott Derrickson (1966– ), director, screenwriter
Josephine Dillon (1884–1971), actress
Madhuri Dixit (1967– ), actress #
Jack Earle (1906–1952), actor, sideshow performer
Chris Eigeman (1965– ), actor, director
Richard Epcar (1955– ), voice actor
Douglas Fairbanks (1883–1939), actor, director, producer, screenwriter
David Fincher (1962– ), director, producer
Kevin Fitzgerald (1951– ), veterinarian, comedian
Nina Flowers (1974– ), drag queen, makeup artist, disc jockey #
Emmett J. Flynn (1892–1937), director, screenwriter
Rebecca Forstadt (1953– ), voice actress
Gene Fowler (1890–1960), screenwriter, journalist
Gene Fowler Jr. (1917–1998), film editor
Gardiner Brothers (Michael-1995, Matthew-1999), professional Irish dancers
Pam Grier (1949– ), actress §
Naomi Grossman (1975– ), actress, screenwriter
Texas Guinan (1884–1933), actress, club owner #
Hanna R. Hall (1984– ), actress
Maxine Elliott Hicks (1904–2000), actress
Pat Hingle (1924–2009), actor
Arthur Holch (1924–2010), documentary filmmaker §
Olin Howland (1886–1959), actor
Tommy Ivo (1936– ), actor, race car driver
Bryce Johnson (1977– ), actor §
Morgan Jones (1879–1951), actor
Andy Juett (1977– ), comedian #
Ameenah Kaplan (1974– ), actress, musician, choreographer
Glenn Langan (1917–1991), actor
Brandy Ledford (1969– ), actress, model
Jack Lipson (1901–1947), actor
Teala Loring (1922–2007), actress
Justine Lupe (1989– ), actress
John Carroll Lynch (1963– ), actor §
Bernard McConville (1887–1961), screenwriter
Merrill McCormick (1892–1953), actor
Hattie McDaniel (1895–1952), actress, comedian, singer-songwriter §
Robert A. McGowan (1901–1955), director, screenwriter
T.J. Miller (1981– ), actor, comedian
Gordon Mitchell (1923–2003), actor, bodybuilder
Peg Murray (1924–2020), actress
Adam Nix (1986– ), director, producer
Evan Nix (1983– ), director, producer
Danni Sue Nolan (1923–2002), actress
Marie Osborne (1911–2010), actress
Mikki Padilla (1974– ), actress, model
Debra Paget (1933– ), actress
Trey Parker (1969– ), actor, animator, director, screenwriter
James D. Parriott (1950– ), writer, director, and producer
Val Paul (1886–1962), actor, director
Lawrence Pech (1959– ), dancer, choreographer
Antoinette Perry (1888–1946), actress, director
Joseph C. Phillips (1962– ), actor, political commentator
Jeffrey Pierce (1971– ), actor
Ron Pinkard (1941– ), actor
Talyah Polee (1988– ), beauty queen #
Wayde Preston (1929–1992), actor
Dean Reed (1938–1986), actor, singer-songwriter
Kristen Renton (1982– ), actress
AnnaSophia Robb (1993– ), actress
Keith Roberts, dancer
Mark Roberts (1921–2006), actor
Gloria Romero (1933– ), actress
Shayna Rose (1983– ), actress, singer
Karly Rothenberg (1962– ), actress
Barbara Rush (1927– ), actress
Walter Sande (1906–1971), actor
Dia Sokol Savage (1976– ), producer
Peter Scanavino (1980– ), actor
Russell Scott (1921–2013), clown #
Ethel Shannon (1898–1951), actress
Charity Shea (1983– ), actress
Marion Shilling (1910–2004), actress
Bradley Snedeker (1977– ), actor
Lincoln Stedman (1907–1948), actor
Stephen Stohn (1948– ), television producer
Ruth Stonehouse (1892–1941), actress
Scott Takeda (1967– ), actor, television reporter #
Lauren Taylor, American actress and singer
Irene Tedrow (1907–1995), actress
Ann E. Todd (1931–2020), actress
Lester Vail (1899–1959), actor
Marilyn Van Derbur (1937– ), beauty queen, motivational speaker
Jan-Michael Vincent (1944–2019), actor
Vicki Vola (1916–1985), actress
Joseph Walker (1892–1985), cinematographer
Nate Watt (1889–1968), director
James R. Webb (1909–1974), screenwriter
Frank Welker (1946– ), voice actor
David White (1916–1990), actor
Jeff Whiting (1972– ), choreographer, theater director
Rhoda Williams (1930–2006), actress
Michael Winslow (1958– ), actor, comedian §
Freeman Wood (1896–1956), actor
Polly Ann Young (1908–1997), actress
Yvie Oddly (1993– ), drag queen, winner of the eleventh season of RuPaul's Drag Race.
Willow Pill (1995– ), drag queen, winner of the fourteenth season of RuPaul's Drag Race.
Gaming
Patrick Chapin (1980– ), trading card game player, writer
Journalism
Adele Arakawa (1958– ), news anchor #
Asha Blake (1961– ), news anchor #
Marshall Bloom (1944–1969), editor, alternative press entrepreneur
Shareen Blair Brysac (1939– ), editor, non-fiction writer, documentary producer
Caroline Nichols Churchill (1833–1926), newspaper publisher, feminist #
Ted Conover (1958– ), journalist, non-fiction writer §
J. Campbell Cory (1867–1925), cartoonist (Rocky Mountain News and The Denver Times)
Brian Crecente (1970– ), reporter, gaming journalist
Doug DeMuro (1988– ), automotive columnist, reviewer, and author
Terry Drinkwater (1936–1989), television reporter
George F. Franklin (1852–1901), newspaper publisher #
Amy Freeze (1974– ), television meteorologist #
Malcom Glenn (1987– ), newspaper reporter, commentator
Miriam Goldberg (1916–2017), newspaper publisher, editor
Sharon Tyler Herbst (1942–2007), food journalist, culinary book author §
Bill Hosokawa (1915–2007), newspaper reporter, editor #
Jeremy Hubbard (1972– ), news anchor #
Amber Lyon (1982– ), photojournalist
Jack Murphy (1923–1980), sports columnist, editor
Reynelda Muse (1946– ), news anchor #
Art Rascon (1962– ), news anchor §
Joy Ann Reid (1968– ), political commentator, MSNBC anchor #
T.R. Reid (1943– ), reporter #
Rick Reilly (1958– ), sportswriter #
Jon Scott (1958– ), news anchor
August Skamenca (1981– ), radio correspondent §
Harry Smith (1951– ), television reporter, news anchor #
Clara Sears Taylor (1876–after 1938), journalist, first woman appointed to the Washington DC rent commission
Richard Two Elk (1952– ), journalist, radio host, American Indian activist #
David Von Drehle (1961– ), reporter, editor
Literature
Poe Ballantine (1955– ), novelist, essayist
Robin Blaser (1925–2009), poet, essayist
Libbie Block (1910–1972), short story writer, novelist
Catharine Savage Brosman (1934– ), poet, essayist, French literature scholar
Marilyn Brown (1938– ), novelist, poet
Neal Cassady (1926–1968), poet §
Mary Chase (1906–1981), playwright J. V. Cunningham (1911–1985), poet, literary critic §
Steven Dietz (1958– ), playwright
John Dolan (1955– ), poet, essayist
Bruce Ducker (1938– ), novelist, poet #
John Dunning (1942– ), novelist #
John Fante (1909–1983), novelist, screenwriter, short story writer
Thomas Hornsby Ferril (1896–1988), poet, essayist
Bill Finger (1914–1974), comics writer
Thomas E. Gaddis (1908–1984), non-fiction writer
Noah Eli Gordon (1975– ), poet #
Deatt Hudson (1931-1988), educator and writer
Leigh Kennedy (1951– ), novelist, short story writer
Harry N. MacLean (1943– ), true crime writer, novelist
L. E. Modesitt Jr. (1943– ), novelist
Elizabeth Robinson (1961– ), poet
L. Neil Smith (1946– ), novelist, libertarian activist
Suzi Q. Smith (1979– ), poet
Lenora Mattingly Weber (1895–1971), novelist, short story writer §
Connie Willis (1945– ), novelist, short story writer
Music
Ailee (1989– ), singer, actress
India Arie (1975– ), singer-songwriter
Philip Bailey (1951– ), singer-songwriter
Brandon Barnes (1972– ), drummer
Bill Barwick, singer-songwriter, guitarist, voiceover artist #
Chuck Berghofer (1937– ), bassist
Tommy Bolin (1951–1976), guitarist #
Antonia Brico (1902–1989), conductor, pianist #
John Browning (1933–2003), pianist
Wayne Carson (1943–2015), songwriter, country musician
Eleanor Caulkins (1936– ), opera patron #
Robert N. Cavarra (1934-2008), composer, organist, harpsichordist, pianist and musicologist
Judy Collins (1939– ), singer-songwriter §
John Common (1971– ), singer-songwriter, guitarist #
Walt Conley (1929–2003), folk singer, musician and actor
Marty Cooper (1946– ), singer-songwriter
David Cornwall (1937–2006), composer
Brad Corrigan (1974– ), guitarist, singer
Pearl G. Curran (1875–1941), composer, librettist
Deuce Mob, rap duo
Fannie Charles Dillon (1881–1947), pianist, composer
Larry Dunn (1953– ), keyboardist
Shane Endsley, trumpeter
Flobots, hip-hop band
Mary Flower, guitarist, singer #
Eugene Fodor (1950–2011), violinist
Guy Forsyth (1968– ), singer-songwriter, guitarist
The Fray, rock band
Harry Lawrence Freeman (1869–1954), composer, conductor #
Bill Frisell (1951– ), guitarist, composer §
Frank Gagliardi (1931–2011), percussionist, composer
Teri Gender Bender (1989– ), singer, guitarist
Ben Goldberg (1959– ), clarinetist, composer
John Grant (1968– ), singer-songwriter §
Corey Harris (1969– ), guitarist, singer
Keith Hoerig (1972– ), bass guitarist §
Peanuts Hucko (1918–2003), clarinetist, bandleader #
Cory Kendrix (1988– ), musician
Little Fyodor, disc jockey, singer-songwriter #
Jerry Livingston (1909–1987), songwriter, pianist
The Lumineers, folk rock band
Jimmie Lunceford (1902–1947), saxophonist, bandleader §
Edwin McArthur (1907–1987), conductor, pianist, accompanist
Ron Miles (1963– ), trumpeter, cornetist §
Todd Park Mohr (1965– ), singer-songwriter, guitarist
Robert Moran (1937– ), composer
Stephen L. Mosko (1947–2005), composer
OneRepublic, pop rock band §
Nick Perito (1924–2005), composer, arranger
Pretty Lights (1981– ), electronic musician, real name Derek Smith
Dianne Reeves (1956– ), singer §
Reese Roper (1973– ), singer-songwriter
David Schmitt (1988– ), musical artist of Breathe Carolina
Isaac Slade (1981– ), singer-songwriter, pianist
Jill Sobule (1961– ), singer-songwriter
Tag Team, hip-hop group
Donnette Thayer (1958– ), singer-songwriter, guitarist §
Tyler Ward (1988– ), singer-songwriter
John Warne (1979– ), bassist #
Kip Winger (1961– ), singer, bassist, composer
Ace Young (1980– ), singer-songwriter
Other visual arts
George Elbert Burr (1859–1939), painter, printmaker #
Richard L. Crowther (1910–2006), architect #
Tomory Dodge (1974– ), painter
Jess E. DuBois (1934– ), painter, sculptor, glass artist
Robert Heinecken (1931–2006), photographer
Vance Kirkland (1904–1981), painter §
Alvin Lustig (1915–1955), graphic designer
Ron McQueeney (1945– ), photographer
Pat Oliphant (1935– ), cartoonist §
Amal Kassir (1995– ), spoken word poet
Business
Philip Anschutz (1939– ), investment magnate, philanthropist #
Margaret Isely (1921–1997) – American peace activist and co-founder of WCPA and Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage
Philip Isely (1915–2012) – American peace activist, writer and co-founder of WCPA-GREN and Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage
Norman R. Augustine (1935– ), aerospace executive
Anthony R. Barringer (1925–2009), geophysicist, inventor #
Sheldon Beren (1922–1996), petroleum executive #
Molly Brown (1867–1932), philanthropist, Titanic'' survivor #
Luther A. Cole (1812–1880), milling entrepreneur #
Barbara Davis (1929– ), philanthropist #
John Elitch (1852–1891), restaurateur, zookeeper #
William Gray Evans (1855–1911), transportation executive #
Oliver Parker Fritchle (1874–1951), chemist, energy entrepreneur #
Jack J. Grynberg (1932– ), oil and gas entrepreneur #
Marie Guiraud (1830–1909), rancher #
Frederic C. Hamilton (1927–2016), oil and gas entrepreneur #
Ruth Handler (1916–2002), toy executive, Barbie creator
Samuel Hartsel (1834–1918), rancher #
Bela M. Hughes (1817–1903), railroad businessman
Frances Wisebart Jacobs (1843–1892), philanthropist #
Kayvan Khalatbari (1983– ), marijuana entrepreneur, restaurateur #
Luther Kountze (1842–1918), banker #
William Larimer, Jr. (1809–1875), land developer, co-founder of Denver #
Daniel M. Lewin (1970–2001), mathematician, technology entrepreneur
Gary Magness (1954– ), investment executive, film producer #
Tom Martino (1953– ), consumer advocate, talk radio host
James Smith McDonnell (1899–1980), engineer, aviation entrepreneur
Helen M. McLoraine (1918–2003), philanthropist #
Larry Mizel (1942– ), real estate executive
Albert Mooney (1906–1986), aircraft designer, aviation entrepreneur
John Kernan Mullen (1847–1929), milling executive, philanthropist #
Jack O'Neill (1923–2017), surfwear entrepreneur
Milton Schayer (1876–1935), stock and bond entrepreneur
Caswell Silver (1916–1988), geologist, oil and gas entrepreneur #
Robert F. Smith, investor and CEO, Vista Equity Partners
Manick Sorcar, animator, lighting engineer #
Russell Stover (1888–1954), candymaker #
Kenneth D. Tuchman (1959– ), call center entrepreneur #
Madam C. J. Walker (1867–1919), beauty products entrepreneur #
Bethuel M. Webster (1900–1989), lawyer and founder of Webster & Sheffield
Jean Yancey (1914–2000), women's small business consultant, motivational speaker
Crime
Michael Julius Ford (1984–2006), murderer, spree shooter
Alice Maud Hartley, killed Nevada State Senator Murray D. Foley by gunshot in 1894; lived in Denver in the early 1900s
Canada Bill Jones (1840–1877), card sharp, con artist
L. H. Musgrove (1832–1868), thief, alleged murderer
Katherine Ann Power (1949– ), bank robber
Terry Peder Rasmussen (1943–2010), serial killer
Soapy Smith (1860–1898), con artist, gangster #
Anna Blythe Speas (1869–1898), alleged accessory to murder #
Law enforcement
Duane "Dog" Chapman (1953– ), bounty hunter
Leland Chapman (1976– ), bounty hunter §
Lyssa Chapman (1987– ), bounty hunter
David J. Cook (1840–1907), lawman, Denver city marshal #
Bat Masterson (1853–1921), gunfighter, journalist, lawman #
Medicine
Jenette H. Bolles (1863–1930), osteopath, Board of Medical Examiners, publisher #
Justina Ford (1871–1952), gynecologist, obstetrician, pediatrician #
Frances McConnell-Mills (1900–1975), forensic pathologist, toxicologist #
Carl Rüedi (1848–1901), pulmonologist #
Military
Charles Adams (1845–1895), Colorado Militia Brigadier General, Indian agent #
Gerald P. Carr (1932–2020), U.S. Marine Corps Colonel, astronaut
John Chivington (1821–1894), U.S. Army Colonel, leader of the Sand Creek massacre #
Carol Rymer Davis (1944–2010), U.S. Army Reserve Colonel, balloonist
Elmer E. Fryar (1914–1944), U.S. Army Private, Medal of Honor recipient
Irving Hale (1861–1930) Brigadier general of the United States of America §
Clayton P. Kerr (1900–1977), U.S. Army Major General
Victor H. Krulak (1913–2008), U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant General
John Mosley (1921–2015), U.S. Air Force Lt. Colonel, one of the Tuskegee Airmen
Fitzroy Newsum (1918–2013), U.S. Air Force Colonel, one of the Tuskegee Airmen #
Daniel Noce (1894–1976), U.S. Army Lieutenant General
Ronald A. Route (1949– ), U.S. Navy Vice Admiral
Donald Schmuck (1915–2004), U.S. Marine Corps Brigadier General §
August Schomburg (1908–1972), U.S. Army Lieutenant General
Silas Soule (1838–1865), U.S. Army Bvt. Major, remembered for disobeying orders to take part in the Sand Creek Massacre #
Jack Swigert (1931–1982), U.S. Air Force Captain, astronaut
Kenneth Walker (1898–1943), U.S. Army Brigadier General, Medal of Honor recipient, Killed in action during World War Two §
Keith L. Ware (1915–1968), U.S. Army Major General, Medal of Honor recipient, Killed in action during the Vietnam War
J. Hunter Wickersham (1890–1918), U.S. Army 2nd Lieutenant, Medal of Honor recipient #
Edward W. Wynkoop (1836–1891), U.S. Army Bvt. Lt. Colonel, Indian agent, Denver co-founder #
Politics
National
Madeleine Albright (1937-2022), 64th U.S. Secretary of State §
Abdulrahman al-Awlaki (1995–2011), son of Anwar al-Awlaki
Israel Amter (1881–1954), Communist Party USA founding member, activist
Jim Bates (1941– ), U.S. Representative from California
Michael Bennet (1964– ), U.S. Senator from Colorado #
Don Bonker (1937– ), U.S. Representative from Washington
Emily Gibson Braerton (1886–1966), vice president of Daughters of the American Revolution #
Charles F. Brannan (1903–1992), 14th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
Henry P. H. Bromwell (1823–1903), U.S. Representative from Illinois #
Hank Brown (1940– ), U.S. Senator from Colorado
Anne Gorsuch Burford (1942–2004), 4th Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency §
Richard Girnt Butler (1918–2004), white supremacist, Aryan Nations founder
John A. Carroll (1901–1983), U.S. Senator from Colorado
Arnold A. Chacón (1956– ), U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala
Jerome B. Chaffee (1825–1886), U.S. Senator from Colorado, co-founder of Denver #
Oscar L. Chapman (1896–1978), 34th U.S. Secretary of the Interior #
Edward P. Costigan (1874–1939), U.S. Senator from Colorado #
William C. Cramer (1922–2003), U.S. Representative From Florida
Diana DeGette (1957– ), U.S. Representative from Colorado §
Peter H. Dominick (1915–1981), U.S. Senator from Colorado #
John Eisenhower (1922–2013), 45th U.S. Ambassador to Belgium
Mamie Eisenhower (1896–1979), 36th First Lady of the United States §
Gladstone Ferrie (1892–1955), Canadian Member of Parliament from Saskatchewan
Sherman Glenn Finesilver (1927–2006), U.S. federal judge
Robert Stephen Ford (1958– ), U.S. Ambassador to Syria
Frank Freyer (1878–1930), 14th Naval Governor of Guam #
Stephen Gaskin (1935–2014), countercultural activist, writer
Rodolfo Gonzales (1928–2005), Chicano Movement activist
Neil Gorsuch (1967– ), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ken Hamblin (1940– ), conservative talk radio host #
Dorothy Ray Healey (1914–2006), Communist Party USA activist
Nathaniel P. Hill (1832–1900), U.S. Senator from Colorado #
Edwin C. Johnson (1884–1970), U.S. Senator from Colorado, 26th and 34th Governor of Colorado #
Charles West Kendall (1828–1914), U.S. Representative from Nevada #
John Kerry (1943– ), U.S. Secretary of State since 2013, former long-time U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1985–2013), and 2004 Democratic nominee for President
Carlotta Walls LaNier (1942– ), one of the Little Rock Nine #
Homer Lea (1876–1912), geopolitical strategist, adviser to Sun Yat-sen
Rodger McFarlane (1955–2009), gay rights activist #
Golda Meir (1898–1978), 4th Prime Minister of Israel §
George Moose (1944– ), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations §
Michael R. Murphy (1947– ), U.S. federal judge
Jackson Orr (1832–1926), U.S. Representative from Iowa #
Thomas M. Patterson (1839–1916), U.S. Senator from Colorado #
Federico Peña (1947– ), 12th U.S. Secretary of Transportation, 8th U.S. Secretary of Energy #
Dana Perino (1972– ), White House Press Secretary §
Lawrence C. Phipps (1862–1958), U.S. Senator from Colorado #
John Carbone Porfilio (1934– ), U.S. federal judge
Condoleezza Rice (1954– ), 66th U.S. Secretary of State #
Josephine Roche (1886–1976), U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury #
Andrew J. Rogers (1828–1900), U.S. Representative from New Jersey #
Karl Rove (1950– ), Deputy White House Chief of Staff
Nicholas Sarwark (1979– ), Libertarian Party politician
Brad Schneider (1961– ), U.S. Representative from Illinois
Patricia Schroeder (1940– ), U.S. Representative from Colorado #
Alan K. Simpson (1931– ), U.S. Senator from Wyoming
Horace Tabor (1830–1899), U.S. Senator from Colorado, 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Colorado #
Tom Tancredo (1945– ), U.S. Representative from Colorado
William L. Tierney (1876–1958), U.S. Representative from Connecticut #
Aleta Arthur Trauger (1945– ), U.S. federal judge
Timothy Tymkovich (1956– ), U.S. federal judge
Byron White (1917–2002), U.S. Supreme Court justice #
Edward O. Wolcott (1848–1905), U.S. Senator from Colorado #
State
Robert E. Allen (1924–2014), Colorado state legislator #
Teller Ammons (1895–1972), 28th Governor of Colorado
Matt Bevin (1967– ), 62nd Governor of Kentucky
Kermit Brown (1942– ), Wyoming state legislator
William Byers (1831–1905), Nebraska territorial legislator #
Job Adams Cooper (1843–1899), 6th Governor of Colorado #
Lois Court (1953– ), Colorado state legislator
Mat Erpelding (1975– ), Idaho state legislator
Mark Ferrandino (1977– ), Colorado state legislator #
Frank Frantz (1872–1941), 7th Governor of Oklahoma Territory #
Don Friedman (1930–2013), Colorado state legislator, talk radio host
John Frullo (1962– ), Texas state legislator #
Peter Groff (1963– ), Colorado state legislator #
Lucía Guzmán (1951– ), Colorado state legislator #
John Hickenlooper (1952– ), 42nd Governor of Colorado #
Bela M. Hughes (1817–1903), Territorial councillor
Gloria Johnson (1962– ), Tennessee state legislator
Joel Judd (1951– ), Colorado state legislator
Wayne Knox (1927–2019), Colorado state legislator
Jeanne Labuda (1947– ), Colorado state legislator #
Alma V. Lafferty (1864–1928), served two terms in Colorado House of Representatives 1908-1912
Beth McCann (1949– ), Colorado state legislator #
Stephen L.R. McNichols (1914–1997), 35th Governor of Colorado
Helen Milliken (1922-2012), former First Lady of Michigan
Mary Mullarkey (1943–2021), Colorado Supreme Court chief justice #
Sue Mullins (1936– ), Iowa state legislator
Dan Pabon (1977– ), Colorado state legislator
George Alexander Parks (1883–1984), 5th Governor of Alaska Territory
Josh Penry (1976– ), Colorado state legislator
Dianne Primavera (1950– ), Colorado state legislator
Jim Riesberg (1942– ), Colorado state legislator
Bill Ritter (1956– ), 41st Governor of Colorado #
Andrew Romanoff (1966– ), Colorado state legislator #
Chris Romer (1959– ), Colorado state legislator
Brandon Shaffer (1971– ), Colorado state legislator
Pat Steadman (1964– ), Colorado state legislator #
Ken Summers (1953– ), Colorado state legislator
William Ellery Sweet (1869–1942), 23rd Governor of Colorado #
Gloria Tanner (1935– ), Colorado state legislator #
Russell T. Thane (1926–2020), North Dakota state legislator
Fred Van Valkenburg (1948– ), Montana state legislator
Michael Webert (1979– ), Virginia state legislator
Angela Williams, Colorado state legislator #
Mariko Yamada (1950– ), California state legislator
Local
Lorraine Granado (1948–2019), environmental, peace and social justice activist and organizer who co-founded the Colorado People's Environmental and Economic Network and Neighbors for a Toxic-Free Community in Denver
John E. Manders (1895–1973), 17th Mayor of Anchorage, Alaska
William McGaa (1824–1867), mountain man, co-founder of Denver #
Rachel Noel (1918–2008), Denver politician, civil rights activist #
Wellington Webb (1941– ), 42nd Mayor of Denver #
Religion
Robert S. Bilheimer (1917–2006), Presbyterian theologian
Nadia Bolz-Weber (1969– ), Lutheran minister, comedian
Bill Carmody (1957–2016), Roman Catholic priest, anti-abortion activist
George Roche Evans (1922–1985), Roman Catholic bishop
Julia Greeley (ca.1833-1918), Roman Catholic Servant of God, ex-slave
J. Edward Guinan, the former Paulist priest who founded the Community for Creative Non-Violence when he was Chaplain of George Washington University
Richard Charles Patrick Hanifen (1931– ), Roman Catholic bishop
Danan Henry (1939– ), Zen roshi
Sheldon Jackson (1834–1909), Presbyterian missionary #
Abraham Klausner (1915–2007), Reform rabbi §
Jerry Lamb (1940– ), Episcopal bishop
Harold B. Lee (1899–1973), Denver mission leader and later president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Reed Lessing (1959– ), Lutheran pastor, theologian
Donald Montrose (1923–2008), Roman Catholic bishop
Hubert Newell (1904–1987), Roman Catholic bishop
R. Walker Nickless (1947– ), Roman Catholic bishop
Alysa Stanton (1964– ), Reform rabbi §
Mary Luke Tobin (1908–2006), Roman Catholic nun
Sports
American football
Tom Ashworth (1977– ), offensive tackle
Dave Baldwin (1955– ), coach
David Bowens (1977– ), linebacker
Chris Brewer (1962– ), running back
C. J. Brewer (1982– ), wide receiver §
Patrick Cain (1962–2016), center, guard
Calais Campbell (1986– ), defensive end
Dyshod Carter (1978– ), cornerback
Ryan Clement (1975– ), quarterback
Eric Coleman (1966– ), cornerback
Mark Cooney (1951–2011), linebacker
Adrian Cooper (1968– ), tight end
Jason Craft (1976– ), cornerback
Brian Daniels (1984– ), guard
James Darling (1974– ), linebacker
Drew Davis (1989– ), wide receiver
John Denney (1978– ), long snapper
Ryan Denney (1977– ), defensive end
Ron Dickerson, Jr. (1971– ), running back, wide receiver, coach
Ben Dreith (1925–2021), referee
John Elway (1960– ), Hall of Fame quarterback, manager #
Keith English (1966–2010), punter
Tom Erlandson (1966– ), linebacker
Bill Frank (1938–2014), offensive tackle
Trent Gamble (1977– ), safety
Fred Gayles (1966– ), linebacker, wide receiver
Joe Germaine (1975– ), quarterback
Pat Haggerty (1927–1994), referee
Herman Heard (1961– ), running back
Ryan Hewitt (1991– ), tight end
Marcus Houston (1981– ), tailback
Mike Johnson (1943–2003), cornerback
Ray Johnson (1914–1990), defensive back
Greg Jones (1974– ), linebacker
Brandon Kaufman (1990– ), wide receiver
Jimmie Kaylor (1984– ), punter
Joe Klopfenstein (1983– ), tight end
Steve Korte (1960– ), center, offensive guard
Terry Kunz (1952– ), running back
Zach Latimer (1983– ), linebacker
DeWayne Lewis (1985– ), cornerback §
Jody Littleton (1974– ), long snapper
John Lynch (1971– ), strong safety #
Peyton Manning (1976– ), quarterback #
Kevin McDougal (1977– ), running back
Donald McKillip (1924–2008), coach
Ostell Miles (1970– ), running back
Mark Mullaney (1953– ), defensive end
Mike Perez (1963– ), quarterback
Vince Phason (1953–2018), defensive back
Tyler Polumbus (1985– ), offensive tackle
Mike Price (1946– ), coach
Greg Primus (1970– ), wide receiver
Gary Richard (1965– ), defensive back
Derrick Richardson (1986– ), safety
Cory Ross (1982– ), running back, coach
Chris Sanders (1972– ), wide receiver
Bo Scaife (1981– ), tight end
Mark Schlereth (1966– ), guard, sports commentator #
Brian Schottenheimer (1973– ), coach
J. K. Scott (1996– ), punter
Shannon Sharpe (1968– ), tight end, sports commentator #
Nate Solder (1988– ), offensive tackle
Ben Steele (1978– ), tight end
Freddie Joe Steinmark (1949–1971), safety
Red Stephens (1930–2003), guard
Andre Strode (1972– ), defensive back
Kasey Studdard (1984– ), offensive guard
David Tate (1964– ), safety
Marvin Washington (1965– ), defensive end
Allen Webb (1983– ), quarterback
Jack Weil (1962– ), punter
LenDale White (1984– ), running back
Andre Woolfolk (1980– ), cornerback
Baseball
David Aardsma (1981– ), relief pitcher
Darrel Akerfelds (1962–2012), pitcher, bullpen coach
Bubbles Anderson (1904–1943), infielder
Ty Blach (1990– ), pitcher for the San Francisco Giants
Cory Blaser (1981– ), umpire
Nick Capra (1958– ), outfielder
Idona Crigler (1922–1994), infielder
Mona Denton (1922–1995), pitcher
Bruce Egloff (1965– ), pitcher
Johnny Frederick (1902–1977), outfielder
Kyle Freeland (1993– ), pitcher for the Colorado Rockies
Ralph Glaze (1881–1968), pitcher
Buddy Gremp (1919–1995), 1st baseman
Roy Halladay (1977–2017), starting pitcher
Ron Herbel (1938–2000), pitcher
Jason Hirsh (1982– ), starting pitcher #
Luke Hochevar (1983– ), pitcher
Brian Holman (1965– ), pitcher
Bob Howsam (1918–2008), manager, sports entrepreneur
Virgil Jester (1927–2016), pitcher
Pierce Johnson (1991– ), pitcher
Mark Knudson (1960– ), pitcher
Bruce Konopka (1919–1996), 1st baseman
Dud Lee (1899–1971), shortstop
Mike Madden (1958– ), pitcher
Frank Martin (1878–1942), 3rd baseman
Gabe Molina (1975– ), pitcher
Buzz Murphy (1895–1938), outfielder
George Myatt (1914–2000), 2nd baseman, coach, manager
Travis Schlichting (1984– ), pitcher
John Stearns (1951– ), catcher, manager, scout
Joe Strain (1954– ), 2nd baseman, shortstop
Mike Wegener (1946– ), pitcher
Charlie Williams (1943–2005), umpire
Clint Zavaras (1967– ), pitcher
Basketball
Tom Asbury (1945– ), coach
J. B. Bickerstaff (1979– ), coach
Chauncey Billups (1976– ), point guard, shooting guard
Rodney Billups (1983– ), guard, coach
Kevin Bromley (1959– ), coach
Joe Barry Carroll (1958– ), center §
Alysha Clark (1987– ), American-Israeli forward
Pam DeCosta (1964– ), coach
Kaniel Dickens (1978– ), small forward
Rick Fisher (1948–2019), power forward
Kevin Fletcher (1980– ), center, power forward
Ronnie Harrell (1996- ), basketball player for Hapoel Gilboa Galil of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Shae Kelley (1991– ), forward
Darrick Martin (1971– ), point guard
Eric McWilliams (1950– ), power forward
Paul Millsap power forward
Shelly Pennefather (1966– ), forward
Josh Perkins (1995– ), point guard
Micheal Ray Richardson (1955– ), point guard, shooting guard, coach §
Michael Ruffin (1977– ), center, power forward
Eric Schraeder (1977– ), forward
Ronnie Shavlik (1933–1983), forward
Brendan Winters (1983– ), shooting guard
Boxing
Eddie Eagan (1897–1967), U.S. Olympic boxer, U.S. Olympic bobsledder
John David Jackson (1963– ), middleweight boxer
Stevie Johnston (1972– ), lightweight boxer
Ron Lyle (1941–2011), heavyweight boxer §
Louis Monaco (1968– ), heavyweight boxer
Terri Moss (1966– ), strawweight boxer
Cycling
Richard Ball (1944– ), U.S. Olympic cyclist
Gregory Daniel (1994– ), cyclist
Alison Dunlap (1969– ), cyclist
Greg Herbold (1962– ), cyclist
Ron Kiefel (1960– ), cyclist
Jonathan Vaughters (1973– ), cyclist, manager
Golf
Tommy Armour III (1959– ), golfer
Shane Bertsch (1970– ), golfer
Joan Birkland (1928–2019), state women's amateur golf champion
Matt Gogel (1971– ), golfer
Tommy Jacobs (1935–2022), golfer
Jonathan Kaye (1970– ), golfer
Bill Loeffler (1956– ), golfer
Jill McGill (1972– ), golfer
Leif Olson (1981– ), golfer
Hollis Stacy (1954– ), golfer #
Craig Stadler (1953– ), golfer #
Derek Tolan (1985– ), golfer
Mark Wiebe (1957– ), golfer #
Ice hockey
Ben Bishop (1986– ), goaltender
Austin Block (1989– ), center and forward
B. J. Crombeen (1985– ), right wing
Parris Duffus (1970– ), goaltender
Mike Eaves (1956– ), center
John Grahame (1975– ), goaltender
Seth Jones (1994– ), defenseman §
Brendan Lemieux (1996– ), left wing
Joe Noris (1951– ), center
Joe Sakic (1969– ), center, manager #
Drew Shore (1991– ), center
Nick Shore (1992– ), center
Troy Terry (1997– ), right wing
Sean Zimmerman (1987– ), defenseman
Martial arts
JJ Aldrich (1992– ), strawweight MMA fighter
Donald Cerrone (1983– ), welterweight MMA fighter
Duane Ludwig (1978– ), middleweight kickboxer, lightweight MMA fighter
Ryan Reser (1980– ), U.S. Olympic judo fighter
Lumumba Sayers (1978– ), middleweight MMA fighter
Lacey Schuckman (1988– ), strawweight MMA fighter
Brandon Thatch (1985– ), welterweight MMA fighter
Matt Wiman (1983– ), lightweight MMA fighter
Trevor Wittman (1974– ), MMA trainer
Pro wrestling
Jake Carter (1986– ), pro wrestler
Bison Smith (1973–2011), pro wrestler
Eve Torres (1984– ), pro wrestler, actress, model §
2 Cold Scorpio (1965– ), professional wrestler
Racing
Keith Andrews (1920–1957), racecar driver
Buzz Calkins (1971– ), IndyCar driver
Tanner Foust (1973– ), racecar driver, stunt driver
Tom Frantz (1943–2019), racecar driver
Robb Holland (1967– ), racecar driver
Mel Keneally (1903–1985), racecar driver
Jacques Lazier (1971– ), racecar driver
Johnny Mauro (1910–2003), racecar driver
Willard Prentiss (1897–1959), racecar driver
Jerry Robertson (1962– ), NASCAR driver
Skiing
John Jarrett (1970– ), U.S. Olympic skier
Arturo Kinch (1956– ), U.S. Olympic skier #
Dolores LaChapelle (1926–2007), skier, mountain climber, ecologist
Jonathan Lujan (1971– ), Paralympic alpine skier
Kerry Lynch (1957– ), Nordic combined skier
Michelle Roark (1974– ), U.S. Olympic freestyle skier #
Katy Rodolph (1930–1994), U.S. Olympic skier
Keith R. Wegeman (1929–1974), ski jumper
Todd Wilson (1965– ), U.S. Olympic skier
Emilia Wint (1994– ), skier
Soccer
David Bulow (1980–2021), midfielder
Aaron Chandler (1983– ), forward
Rick Davis (1958– ), midfielder
Marian Dougherty (1984– ), defender
Roger Espinoza (1986– ), defensive midfielder, wing back §
Brendan Hines-Ike (1994– ), defender
Regina Holan (1977– ), striker
Katie Hultin (1982– ), goalkeeper, coach
Siri Mullinix (1978– ), goalkeeper, coach
Chelsea Stewart (1990– ), defender
Track and field
Karen Anderson (1938– ), U.S. Olympic javelin thrower
Scott Bauhs (1986– ), distance runner
Dior Hall (1996– ), hurdler
Ellen Hart Peña (1958– ), distance runner #
Eddie Tolan (1908–1967), U.S. Olympic sprinter
Other
Victor Amaya (1954– ), professional tennis player
Heather Armbrust (1977– ), bodybuilder #
Tom Bowen (1961– ), athletic director
Brynn Carman (1994– ), figure skater
Gary Conelly (1952– ), U.S. Olympic swimmer
Edith Connor (1935-2011), American bodybuilder
Janet Culp (1982– ), U.S. Olympic swimmer
Lindsey Durlacher (1974–2011), Greco-Roman wrestler #
Zach Fenoglio (1989– ), rugby hooker
Lauren Gardner (1985– ), sportscaster
Brian Ginsberg (1966-), gymnast, two-time US junior national gymnastics champion
Adeline Gray (1991– ), sport wrestler
Haley Johnson (1981– ), biathlete
Wendy Lucero (1963– ), U.S. Olympic diver
David McKienzie (1979– ), U.S. Olympic volleyball player
Alina Popa (1978– ), bodybuilder #
Meredeth Quick (1979– ), pro squash player
Jason Regier (1975– ), Paralympic rugby player
Britney Simpson (1996– ), figure skater
Chris Steinfeld (1959– ), U.S. Olympic sailor
Paul Wylie (1964– ), U.S. Olympic figure skater §
Michael Young (1944– ), bobsledder #
Aaron Kyro (1983– ), skateboarder
Warrick Jones III African American Inducted into Colorado Tennis Hall of Fame 2012
See also
List of people from Colorado
Music in Denver
Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado
References
External links
State of Colorado
History Colorado
City and County of Denver
Colorado history-related lists
Lists of people from Colorado
Lists of people by city in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Denver |
Burrator Reservoir is a reservoir on the south side of Dartmoor in the English county of Devon. It is one of a number of reservoirs and dams that were built over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries in the area now covered by Dartmoor National Park to supply drinking water to the city of Plymouth and other rapidly growing towns in the surrounding lowlands.
Burrator Reservoir was completed in 1898, and the reservoir was expanded in 1929. The reservoir was built under the supervision of Edward Sandeman (1862-1959), the Water Engineer for Plymouth. The reservoir has two dams, the Burrator Dam, which is built across the River Meavy at Burrator Gorge at the south-western end, and the Sheepstor Dam built on a dividing ridge between the Meavy and Sheepstor Brook at the south-eastern end. The Burrator Dam was the first of the two to be built, with construction starting on 9 August 1893. It is the more massive of the two dams, constructed of concrete faced with granite blocks. The Sheepstor Dam was built in 1894 and is an earth embankment with a core wall of puddled clay above the original ground level, with a concrete section below ground. The reservoir was officially opened on 21 September 1898.
In 1923 it was decided to enlarge the capacity from 668 million gallons to 1,026 million. This was achieved by raising the height of both dams by 10 feet. Work began in December 1923, and a temporary suspension bridge was built near Burrator Dam to carry traffic while the work proceeded. The reservoir was officially re-opened on 12 September 1928.
In the 1930s the watershed on Dartmoor for the reservoir was stated to be 5,360 acres. The present-day area of the reservoir at overflow level is about 150 acres. The edges of the reservoir are planted with commercial forests.
The reservoir is now managed by the South West Lakes Trust, and is a popular spot for leisure activities including walking, cycling and fishing.
The reservoir in popular culture
The reservoir featured in the first episode of the second series of James May's Man Lab, broadcast on BBC Two in October 2011, when Oz Clarke and James May travelled along the reservoir's edge while attempting to stage an escape from Dartmoor Prison to the village of Meavy.
The reservoir also features in Steven Spielberg's 2011 film, War Horse.
References
External links
Burrator Reservoir page at South West Lakes Trust website
Dartmoor
Drinking water reservoirs in England
Reservoirs in Devon
1898 establishments in England
Industrial archaeological sites in Devon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrator%20Reservoir |
Julio Valentín Ferreira González (born 26 August 1981 in Asunción) is a retired Paraguayan footballer who played as a striker.
González played for Paraguay at the 2004 Olympics, helping the squad to a silver medal. He also competed with the team at the 2004 Copa América.
Career
González, the top scorer for Serie B club Vicenza as of December 2005, was due to represent his country at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. However, on 22 December 2005, he was involved in a terrible car accident as he was going to Venice airport in order to take a flight over the holidays. After a long hospitalization, on 17 January 2006, González had his left arm amputated. The event was an important news item, and he immediately enjoyed the support of the whole sports world, including a visit from Alex Zanardi.
González then underwent a long period of rehabilitation, always considering a comeback to active football. The player, who was confirmed under contract with Vicenza for the 2006–07 season despite his inability was then awarded the Giacinto Facchetti Prize by Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport.
In July 2007, González returned to Paraguay and started training with club Tacuary, where his younger brother (Celso) plays. A few days later, he confirmed in an interview to La Gazzetta dello Sport he would also serve as local scout for his former team Vicenza.
González finally managed to make his comeback on 18 November 2007, playing for Tacuary in a Paraguayan First Division match against South American giants Olimpia Asunción. He played for 57 minutes. The news gained massive media exposure in Italy as well. In 2008, González went to play for Presidente Hayes.
Later that year in 2008, González took over Inter Campus, an Internazionale youth academy based in Paraguay.
International career
On 4 August, before the Summer Olympics began, he played in a preparation game against the Portugal of Cristiano Ronaldo in the city of Algarve, resulting in a 5–0 defeat.
References
1981 births
Living people
Paraguayan men's footballers
Paraguay men's international footballers
Paraguay men's under-20 international footballers
Paraguayan Primera División players
Serie B players
Argentine Primera División players
Tacuary footballers
Club Guaraní players
Club Nacional footballers
LR Vicenza players
Club Presidente Hayes footballers
Club Atlético Huracán footballers
2004 Copa América players
Olympic footballers for Paraguay
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Paraguay
Paraguayan amputees
Paraguayan expatriate men's footballers
Paraguayan expatriates in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Men's association football forwards
Association football players with limb difference
Footballers from Asunción | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201981%29 |
Richard George may refer to:
Richard George (athlete) (born 1953), American javelin thrower
Rick George, athletic director of Colorado Buffaloes
Richard George (MP) (1562–1613) for Cirencester
Richard George (manufacturer) (1944–2016), British food manufacturer
Richard Lloyd George, 2nd Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor (1889–1968), British soldier and peer
See also
Richard St George (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20George |
Bruna Patricia Maria Teresa Romilda Lombardi (born August 1, 1952) is a Brazilian poet, writer, model, and film and TV actress. She is daughter of Italian film producer Ugo Lombardi.
She is married to actor Carlos Alberto Riccelli and has a son (Kim Lombardi Riccelli). They reside in Los Angeles, California, United States. She is still thought of as one of the great Brazilian beauties.
Filmography
2007 – The Sign of the City as Teca
2006 – Brasília 18% as Laura
2005 – Stress, Orgasmos e Salvação
2002 – O Príncipe as Maria Cristina
1983 – O Cangaceiro Trapalhão as Fada
1978 – A Noite dos Duros
Television appearances
The Secret Life of Couples – Sofia Prado
O quinto dos infernos – Branca Camargo
Andando nas nuvens – Frida
O fim do mundo – Gardênia
De corpo e alma – Bettina Lopes Jordão
Roda de fogo – Lúcia Brandão
Memórias de um gigolô – Lu
Grande sertão: veredas – Diadorim
Louco amor – Patrícia Dumont
Avenida Paulista – Anamaria
Um homem muito especial – Mariana
Aritana – Doutora Estela
Sem lenço, sem documento – Carla
Publications
No Ritmo dessa Festa, 1976
Poesia Gaia, 1980
O Perigo do Dragão, 1984
Diário do Grande Sertão, 1986
Apenas bons amigos, 1987
Filmes Proibidos, 1990
External links
. Bruna Lombardi's Poetry
1952 births
Living people
Actresses from São Paulo
Brazilian people of Italian descent
20th-century Brazilian poets
20th-century Brazilian women writers
Brazilian women poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna%20Lombardi |
Womb is a nightclub in Tokyo, Japan that is featured in the film Babel.
History
Womb opened in April 2000 with a Junior Vasquez party and is located at 2-16 Maruyama-cho Shibuya-ku.
The main floor, with a giant mirror ball, is on the second floor of the premises, while a small bar is located at the rear of the dance floor. The main DJ booth overlooks the main floor and for select artists, the DJ booth is relocated onto the actual dance floor. In addition to the DJ booth, another bar, with open windows that look down onto the dance floor, also exists.
On the fourth floor is another bar, a chill-out lounge and a DJ usually plays here as well. The fourth floor features glass walls, which do not open for safety reasons, that look down onto the dance floor two floors below.
Visiting artists
The list of musical artists who have performed at Womb include:
Record label
The Womb Recordings music label was founded in 2006 and is managed by the Arights Music Entertainment Company. However, Womb Recordings recordings were released prior to 2006, with the release of Christian Smith's Live @ Womb 01: The Sound Of Tronic Treatment, a live mix recorded at the club, in April 2003.
The last release from the label was recorded by Chris Liebing in 2006, who recorded a live mix at the club that was also released on his own CLR music label. Titled Live @ Womb 03, the recording features three tracks that were remixed by Liebing himself: "Plutonium" by Cave; "Sweetbox" by Motor; and "Tresor West" by The Advent.
Management
According to the Womb website, the management arm of the company manages a total of seven artists: AKR, AKI, Dexpistols, Dr.Shingo, Naohiro Yako, Ohnishi and Techriders.
See also
List of electronic dance music venues
References
External links
Official website (English and Japanese)
Arights Music Entertainment Company official website
Nightclubs in Japan
Electronic dance music venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womb%20%28nightclub%29 |
The Baileys Harbor lighthouse is a lighthouse located near Baileys Harbor in Door County, Wisconsin.
Construction of Baileys Harbor Lighthouse began in 1852 and in 1853 David Ward became the first lighthouse keeper. It was the third lighthouse constructed in Door County after the lighthouses on Rock Island and Plum Island. An 1866 inspection declared the lighthouse was in "very defective condition" and in late fall of 1869 it closed. This coincided with the opening of the Baileys Harbor Range Lights and the Cana Island Lighthouse in 1870 which replaced it. Today the island is privately owned and the lighthouse is in decay but still standing.
It is one of four lighthouses in the country to have retained its bird-cage lantern.
Gallery
Notes
Further reading
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Sapulski, Wayne S., (2001) Lighthouses of Lake Michigan: Past and Present (Paperback) (Fowlerville: Wilderness Adventure Books) ; .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
Seeing the light
Lighthouse friends article
Bailey's Harbor Light in Lighthouse Resources: Historic Lighthouses & Light Stations, United States Coast Guard, October 21, 2019
Lighthouses in Door County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses completed in 1852
1852 establishments in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baileys%20Harbor%20Light |
Lorenzo Levon Kirkland (born February 17, 1969) is an American former football linebacker and coach. A second-round draft choice of the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1992 NFL Draft, he played 11 years as a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL), including nine seasons with the Steelers, and one each for the Seattle Seahawks and the Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football for the Clemson Tigers.
Professional career
Kirkland was a massive inside linebacker, just 6'1" but weighing anywhere from 275-300 pounds during his career. Despite his size, he had great speed and agility. He became a starter at inside linebacker for the Steelers in his second season, 1993, replacing Pro Bowler David Little.
On August 14, 1995, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Kirkland to a four-year, $6 million contract that included a signing bonus of $900,000.
By 1995, he was recognized as one of the top inside linebackers in the league, and had a stellar performance in Super Bowl XXX against the Dallas Cowboys at the end of the season. In that game, the Steelers defense held the Cowboys to just 15 first downs and Emmitt Smith and the Cowboys powerful running attack to just 56 yards, despite losing 27–17 in large part due to two key interceptions thrown by Steelers quarterback Neil O'Donnell. Kirkland had 10 tackles and a key sack of Dallas quarterback Troy Aikman.
That game and his outstanding 1996 season earned Kirkland his first trip to the Pro Bowl and All-Pro honors after the 1996 season. The Steelers had lost their emotional leader, outside linebacker Greg Lloyd, at the start of the season to a knee injury, but Kirkland took over the mantle of leadership. He also took over Lloyd's role in pass coverage as the only linebacker in the Steelers nickel defense. Opponents thought Kirkland would not be as adept in pass coverage as the fast Lloyd, but they quickly found out that Kirkland was just as fast and quick. He had four interceptions that season, a high number for an inside linebacker, to go along with four sacks and 114 tackles.
Kirkland made the Pro Bowl after the 1997 season as well, making a career-high and team-leading 126 tackles and career-high five sacks, as the Steelers went to the AFC Championship game (losing to the Denver Broncos). Although Kirkland played well in the next three seasons (1998–2000), the Steelers struggled on offense, and failed to make the playoffs, and Kirkland did not earn any more Pro Bowl berths despite his strong play.
In a surprise move, the Steelers waived Kirkland just before the 2001 season due to salary cap pressure. That year many star players were waived due to the salary cap including John Randle, Troy Aikman, and Jerry Rice. Kirkland went to the Seattle Seahawks where he became a leader on the defense and had over 100 tackles. The next year, he played his final season for the Eagles, becoming the veteran leader of a defense that ranked seventh in the league and advanced to the NFC Championship game before losing to the Buccaneers.
NFL career statistics
Post-NFL
In 1996, Kirkland was named to Clemson University's All-Centennial team and was inducted into the University's Hall of Fame in 2001. After retiring from the NFL, he returned to Clemson and earned his sociology degree in 2004 and worked for Clemson coordinating minority recruitment in admissions for the university. He was inducted into the South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame in 2008. Kirkland also educates student-athletes across the country on the college recruiting process as an Educational Speaker for the National Collegiate Scouting Association.
After coaching linebackers for Wade Hampton High School in Greenville, South Carolina in 2009,Kirkland worked as the assistant head coach at Woodmont High School in South Carolina until November 2011 when he was named the head coach for Shannon Forest Christian School in Greenville, South Carolina. In March 2013, Kirkland accepted a job coaching linebackers at Florida A&M University.
Personal life
Kirkland's wife, Keisha, with whom he has a daughter, Kennedy, died in October 2013 due to lung cancer. He also has a son named Zach.
Kirkland's cousin, Devon Still, played in the NFL with the Cincinnati Bengals, Houston Texans, and New York Jets. His uncle Lamont Kirkland was a light heavyweight professional boxer.
See also
Most consecutive starts by an inside linebacker
References
"Hall of Famer". Clemson World. Spring 2008. p. 7.
1969 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football middle linebackers
Clemson Tigers football players
People from Lamar, South Carolina
Philadelphia Eagles players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Seattle Seahawks players
Players of American football from South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon%20Kirkland |
Harry Parker Bemis (February 1, 1874 – May 23, 1947) was a catcher in Major League Baseball. Nicknamed "Handsome Harry," he played with the Cleveland Naps from 1902 to 1910. He batted right and threw right. In his nine-year career, he batted .255, with five home runs, 569 hits, 234 runs batted in, 214 runs scored, and 49 stolen bases. He stood at 5'6" and weighed 155 pounds.
Biography
Born in Farmington, New Hampshire, Bemis started his professional baseball career in 1899 in the Eastern League. He played three years for the Toronto Royals. In 1901, he hit .307 and was acquired by the American League's Cleveland Naps. He made his major league debut in 1902. That season, he hit a career-high .312 and led all AL catchers in assists and caught stealings. Bemis was Cleveland's primary catcher for the rest of the decade. In 1903, he led the league's catchers in fielding percentage. His batting average went down to .226 in 1904, but he improved the next two seasons to .292 and .276 with OPS+ totals of over 100.
In June 1907, Bemis was run over at home plate by Ty Cobb. The Tigers' star was trying for an inside-the-park home run and knocked Bemis down, jarring the ball loose in the process. Bemis then picked the ball up and beat Cobb over the head with it before he was restrained by the umpire; Bemis was also ejected from the game. Cobb later claimed that Bemis was one of only two intentional spiking targets in his entire career.
In 1908, Bemis hit just .224, and his playing time declined. He continued to hit poorly in the following seasons; in 1911, he went down to the minor leagues with the American Association's Columbus Senators. He also played in the International League, Southern Association, and New York State League. He retired after the 1915 season, when he was 41 years old.
After his baseball career ended, Bemis worked for a furniture company. He died at his home in Cleveland, Ohio in 1947 and was buried in the Elmhurst Park Cemetery.
References
External links
1874 births
1947 deaths
People from Farmington, New Hampshire
Sportspeople from Strafford County, New Hampshire
Baseball players from Cleveland
Major League Baseball catchers
Baseball players from New Hampshire
Cleveland Bronchos players
Cleveland Naps players
Paterson Weavers players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Newark Colts players
Toronto Canucks players
Toronto Royals players
Columbus Senators players
Jersey City Skeeters players
Memphis Chickasaws players
Elmira Colonels players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Bemis |
Adelobasileus is a genus of mammaliamorph cynodonts from the Late Triassic (Carnian), about 225 million years ago. It is known only from a partial skull recovered from the Tecovas Formation in western Texas, southern United States, referred to the species Adelobasileus cromptoni.
Roughly contemporary with the mammaliaform Tikitherium, Adelobasileus predates the non-mammalian cynodonts Tritylodontidae and Tritheledontidae by 10 million years. Distinct cranial features, especially the housing of the cochlea, suggest that Adelobasileus is a transitional form in the character transformation from non-mammaliaform cynodonts to mammaliaforms. For this reason, it is thought to be a close relative of the common ancestor of all modern mammals. Though traditionally classified as a mammal by trait-based taxonomy, it is outside the crown group containing all true mammals.
References
Sources
External links
Adelobasileus from Palaeos
Prehistoric prozostrodonts
Prehistoric cynodont genera
Late Triassic synapsids
Triassic synapsids of North America
Fossil taxa described in 1990
Taxa named by Spencer G. Lucas
Taxa named by Adrian P. Hunt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelobasileus |
The Legend of Huma is a fantasy novel by American writer Richard A. Knaak, the first in the Heroes Sextet of Dragonlance novels. It was based on characters and settings from Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman's Dragonlance Chronicles series. Published in 1988, it was the first Dragonlance book not dealing with the original companions.
Plot summary
The book narrates the adventures of Huma Dragonbane, a Knight of the Crown, his meeting with Kaz the Minotaur, the discovering of the dragonlances, and the defeat of Takhisis during the Third Dragon Wars.
Huma and the rest of his unit patrol through a desolate village. Huma's commander, Rennard, orders the investigation of the nearby woods due to a rumor of goblin activity. During the ensuing confrontation Huma is separated from his unit. While searching for his comrades he comes across goblins tormenting a captive, the minotaur Kaz. After saving Kaz, Huma strikes up an unlikely friendship with the minotaur and later with a silver dragon before being reunited with the Knights.
Once back at headquarters, they encounter a battle between the forces of Paladine and the forces of Takhisis. Huma is struck in the battle and loses consciousness. He awakens in an infirmary being tended by a woman who introduces herself as Gwyneth. Huma is appointed captain of the watch, and encounters his old friend, Magius, a powerful magic user.
Magius tells Huma to trust him, but has to leave while Huma returns to the knights' encampment. The knights are engulfed in a battle with the forces of Takhisis and Huma and Kaz are thrown into a magical darkness. Magius leads Huma and Kaz through the battle to his Citadel, but later prevents them from leaving. Magius tells Huma that he is a renegade mage that took the test in the Tower of High Sorcery.
The Citadel is discovered by Galan Dracos and comes under attack by the forces of Takhisis. Magius tells Huma that a mountain represented by a tapestry in the Citadel is important and that Huma should journey into Ergoth toward this mountain. Huma and Kaz flee the Citadel.
Huma and Kaz are separated. Huma fights off dreadwolves and warriors and becomes lost in the forests of Ergoth. He is helped by an Ergothian commander who brings him to the Ergothian camp. The Ergothians tell Huma that the lands around Ergoth have been ravaged by the plague. While the camp is traveling Huma comes upon a ruins of a town and is captured by servants of Morgion. The Ergothians rescue Huma who then encounters Magius, and the two escape into the night.
Magius and Huma come across the knight Bouron who is attached to an outpost of the Knights of Solamnia. Bouron and his commander Taggin welcome Huma. Taggin captures Kaz and puts him on trial. Taggin releases Kaz to Huma and allows Huma to continue on his journey to the mountains accompanied by a retinue of knights.
Magius, Kaz and Huma traverse the paths in the mountains and Huma is separated from the others. Huma is led to a temple built into the side of the mountain and encounters Gwyneth. Gwyneth tells Huma that he will face challenges before he can claim the prize that he has come for. Huma enters the mountain and faces Wyrmfather, an ancient, serpentine dragon. Huma hides in Wyrmfather's treasure room, discovering an evil magical sword called the Sword of Tears. Huma kills Wyrmfather with the Sword of Tears and is teleported through a magical mirror in the treasure room to Solamnia.
Huma returns to Vingaard Keep to find that the head of the Knights, Grand Master Trake, has died. Huma is to attend a meeting that will determine whether Bennett, Trake's nephew, or Lord Oswald, the High Warrior and Huma's mentor, will become the next Grand Master. During the meeting Rennard tells everyone that Oswald has become mysteriously ill. At night Huma discovers the guards near Lord Oswald have been put into a magical sleep, then encounters Rennard dressed as a servant of Morgion, trying to poison Lord Oswald. Huma and Rennard fight, but Rennard escapes. Lord Oswald thanks Huma for his help and sends him back to the mountains of Ergoth. Huma encounters Rennard inciting villagers to violence. The two fight until Rennard is mortally wounded. Huma is then teleported back to Wyrmfather's treasure room.
Huma finds the Sword of Tears, lying among the treasure. He takes it with him and looks for an exit from the mountain. Huma encounters Gilean, a grey-clad mystic, who tells him to leave the sword behind. Huma struggles for control as the sword tries to dominate his mind; he eventually prevails, discarding the sword. Huma is granted access to the workshop of Duncan Ironweaver.
Duncan tells Huma that he is the creator of the Dragonlance and allows him to pass into a room where Huma has a vision of the knightly, benevolent god Paladine, on a platinum dragon. Paladine hands Huma the Dragonlance.
Huma exits the chamber and finds Gwyneth, who tells him that Kaz and Magius are nearby. Huma finds Kaz and Magius and with the help of a silver dragon that Gwyneth sent for, they are able to prepare the lances for transport to Vingaard Keep.
En route to Vingaard the group is attacked by Crynus and Char. Huma and the silver dragon kill Char, and Crynus is defeated with the help of Kaz and the silver dragon. Warriors of Takhisis attempt to steal the lances, but are prevented from doing so by Kaz. Magius is captured and taken back to Galan Dracos.
Huma rejoins the knights to find that there are many Dragonlances already there. He finds Duncan Ironweaver, who tells him he had many. Many good dragons show up and are fitted with the new lances, and go into battle against the evil dragons of Takhisis.
Background
Author Richard Knaak wrote The Legend of Huma so that it followed the Dungeons & Dragons game rules. According to the Guide to Literary Masters & Their Works, "Knaak's novel proved to be more successful than the game." The novel is a prequel to the original Dragonlance trilogy, Chronicles by Weis and Hickman, and is based on the legend mentioned in those books of the first person to discover the mythical Dragonlances. Knaak said that an overarching theme of his books is "one should never give up."
This novel introduces the character of Kaz the minotaur. The novel expands on elements from earlier short stories, and makes an effort to treat minotaurs as characters rather than monsters.
Reception
On May 22, 1988, The Legend of Huma became a New York Times Best Seller.
In the Io9 series revisiting older Dungeons & Dragons novels, Rob Bricken commented that "The Legend of Huma rolls an 8 on the ol' 1d20, although as I type that I wonder if I'm overvaluing it a little because the back half seemed so good compared to the first part."
Reviews
Magia i Miecz #29 (May 1996) (Polish)
References
1988 American novels
1988 debut novels
American fantasy novels
Dragonlance novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Legend%20of%20Huma |
The Baskin School of Engineering, known simply as Baskin Engineering, is the school of engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz. It consists of six departments: Applied Mathematics, Biomolecular Engineering, Computational Media, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Statistics.
The school was formed in 1997 and endowed with a multimillion-dollar gift from retired local engineer and developer Jack Baskin.
Although it is a relatively young engineering school, it is already known in the Silicon Valley region and beyond for producing prominent tech innovators, including the founders of companies Pure Storage, Cloudflare, Concur Technologies, Five3 Genomics, and a host of other startups. It is a leader in the field of games and playable media, and was the first school in the country to offer a graduate degree in Serious Games. The school is also renowned for its research in genomics and bioinformatics, having played a critical role in the Human Genome Project. Researchers at UC Santa Cruz were responsible for creating the UCSC Genome Browser, which continues to be an important open-source tool for researchers in genomics. In 2022, the Baskin School continued this work finishing first truly complete sequence of the human genome, covering each chromosome from end to end with no gaps and unprecedented accuracy, is now accessible through the UCSC Genome Browser.
Degrees offered
The Baskin School of Engineering offers degrees in the following areas:
In addition to these degree programs, the Baskin School also offers emphases in Computational Media, Human Language Media and Modeling, Robotics and Control (graduate minor), Scientific Computing, and Statistics
Research
Research areas
Because of its proximity to Silicon Valley, the Baskin School of Engineering has strong ties to technology corporations and start-ups, and tends to focus its research on innovations in big data, cyber-physical systems, genomics, and computational media. Its current research areas include:
Algorithms, logic and complexity
Artificial intelligence and machine learning
Bayesian statistics
Bioinformatics and genomics
Communications, signals, and digital image processing
Computational biology
Computer hardware: architecture, chip design, FPGAs, and electronic design automation
Computer games
Computer security and privacy
Computer vision, visualization, and graphics
Cyber-physical systems
Database systems
Data science
Distributed systems
Electronic circuit
Human–computer interaction
Mathematical modeling and numerical analysis
Nanoscience and nanotechnology
Natural language processing
Networks
Photonics and electronic devices
Power systems and energy engineering
Programming languages
Real-time systems
Remote sensing and environmental technology
Robotics and control
Systems biology
Software engineering
Storage systems
Vaccines and antiviral therapeutics
Role in sequencing the human genome
In May 1985, Robert L. Sinsheimer, then Chancellor of the University of California, Santa Cruz, conducted a workshop on the feasibility of sequencing the human genome. Sinsheimer and his colleagues in the Biology Department had determined that the project would require developing more powerful methods for genetic mapping and cloning, an automated means of sequencing, and improved means of data storage, and invited leading scientists in all these areas to the workshop. The group determined that the task was feasible, but was split on whether it would be worth the time and funding. It would take another several years before an academic consortium could obtain the funding needed for the task. The publicly-funded Human Genome Project was officially launched in 1990, with the backing of the NIH and other organizations throughout the world.
In 1998, the private Celera Corporation started a parallel sequencing project that was able to proceed more quickly and at a lower cost than the public project because it made use of the data that the academic consortium had made openly available. Researchers in the consortium became nervous that if Celera was able to complete the sequencing project first, it would patent the results and restrict the redistribution and scientific use of the data. In May of 2000, Jim Kent, a biology graduate student at UC Santa Cruz who had a background as a computer programmer, approached Computer Science Professor David Haussler and offered to write an assembly program using a sampler strategy. Haussler had rigged together a makeshift supercomputer out of 100 Dell Pentium III processor workstations for the genome project, but Celera was working with one of the most powerful computer systems available at the time, and their chances looked grim. Desperate to try anything that might allow academics to keep the genomic data open-source, Haussler gave Kent the go-ahead. In what has been described by other scientists as an almost miraculous feat, Kent took less than a month to write a program, GigAssembler, that allowed the Human Genome Project to assemble and publish the first human genome sequence on June 22, 2000, just a few days before Celera completed theirs.
After UC Santa Cruz published their draft of the human genome online, Kent began programming the UCSC Genome Browser to allow researchers to search 21 tracks of information aligned with the DNA sequence to help them identify genes. The Browser continues to be an important open-source tool for uncovering the causes of disease and develop new treatments.
In 2004, David Haussler became the inaugural member of the Biomolecular Engineering Department at UC Santa Cruz. Today he is the scientific director of the UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, as well as the scientific co-director of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3). Jim Kent is currently the director of the UCSC Genome Browser Project and a research scientist with UCSC’s Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering. The Santa Cruz Genomics Institute continues to be leaders in the field of genomics, with a commitment to open-source research.
Student demographics
Undergraduates
In the 2018-2019 school year, there were 4,165 undergraduate students associated with the Baskin School of Engineering, 3.1% whom were African American/Black, 42.1% Asian, 15.4% Hispanic/Latino, 0.6% Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian, 26.1% white, and 9.8% international. Women make up 21% of the undergraduate population in the Baskin School, while men make up 78%.
Graduates
For the 2018-2019 school year, there were 562 graduate students associated with the Baskin School of Engineering, 1.7% of whom were African American/Black, 11.7% Asian, 6.3% Hispanic or Latino, 24.3% of White, and 48.3% international. The graduate population of Baskin Engineering is 28% female, and 71% male.
Centers and institutes
Centers
Research centers within the Baskin School of Engineering include
W.M. Keck Center for Adaptive Optical Microscopy
Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering (CBSE)
Center for Games and Playable Media
Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS)
W.M. Keck Center for Nanoscale Optofluidics
Center for Research in Open Source Software (CROSS)
Center for Research in Storage Systems (CRSS)
Center For Sustainable Energy And Power Systems (CenSEPS)
Cyber-Physical Systems Research Center (CPSRC)
Data, Discovery and Decisions (D3) Research Center
Storage Systems Research Center (SSRC)
Institutes
Research institutes within the Baskin School of Engineering include
California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3)
Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells (IBSC)
Institute For Scalable Scientific Data Management (ISSDM)
UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute
Deans
Founding Dean: Patrick E. Mantey, July 1997- December 2000
Sung Mo "Steve" Kang, January 2001- February 2007
Acting Dean: Michael S. Isaaccson, January 2006- June 2006, March 2007-April 2009
Arthur P. Ramirez, May 2009-June 2014
Interim Dean: Joseph P. Konopelski, July 2014-June 2016
Alexander Wolf, 2016–present
Connection to Silicon Valley
The main UC Santa Cruz campus is located just thirty miles from one of the largest global centers of technology and innovation in the Silicon Valley and has spent decades cultivating relationships with industry leaders in the area through its Silicon Valley Initiatives. Faculty and students regularly collaborate with industry on research projects, which has led to many students getting internships and permanent jobs at leading companies, including Amazon, Apple, Google, and Facebook. Business Insider has ranked UC Santa Cruz one of the top twenty schools to land a person a job in the Silicon Valley.
The Baskin School of Engineering conducts classes, career training, and professional development programs at the UC Santa Cruz Silicon Valley satellite campus located on Bowers Avenue in Santa Clara, California to further facilitate relationships between university researchers and industry leaders. The satellite campus currently houses a professional masters program in games and playable media, a distance education site for some BSOE graduate level courses, shared satellite offices for BSOE faculty, the BSOE corporate development staff offices, and a shared office for BSOE administration and BSOE local IT staff support. The Santa Clara location opened in April 2016 and is the co-location of the UCSC Extension and UCSC Silicon Valley Academic Operations.
Facilities
The Baskin School of Engineering is housed in the Jack Baskin Engineering building, located on High Street at the north-most end of the UC Santa Cruz main campus. The structure was completed in 1971 and was originally the Applied Sciences Building before the engineering department was formed in the 1990s. In the summer of 2004, UC Santa Cruz completed construction on a 212-seat Baskin Engineering Auditorium and Engineering 2 building to provide more space for the growing department, right across from the original engineering building. The Physical Sciences Building began providing additional space for biomolecular engineering programs and groundbreaking for a new Biomedical Sciences Building began in 2010.
In 2019, the UCSC Genomics Institute, an Organized Research Unit (ORU) based in the Baskin School of Engineering, moved to a new facility at 2300 Delaware on the west side of Santa Cruz, and were later joined by Baskin Engineering labs that work with smart power and robotics/motion-capture. The facility, known now as the Westside Research Park, is an enormous complex with three buildings encompassing 240,000 gross square feet of space. It is located three blocks from Natural Bridges State Beach and includes state-of-the-art clean rooms, office space, loading docks, luncheon areas, and a thirty-foot tall, net-enclosed arena to provide airspace for robotics testing.
Startups and spinoffs
Research conducted at the Baskin School of Engineering has led to the development of a number of new technologies that are currently being used in industry, medicine, and security. Students and faculty have engaged in collaborative research projects with industry partners at companies such as Adobe Inc., Amazon, Apple Inc., eBay, Facebook, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft, and IBM. Affiliates of the Baskin School of Engineering have also gone on to develop a number of startups and companies, some of which have spun off directly from technologies they researched and developed at the university.
Companies founded by professors
Companies founded by professors at Baskin Engineering include
Astrea Forensics
Dovetail Genomics
Fluxus
HiPic
Maverix Biomics
MagArray
Pinpoint Science
Rulai
Companies founded by students, alumni, and postdocs
Companies founded by students, alumni, and postdoctoral researchers at Baskin Engineering include
Aether Biomachines
Alphonso Inc
Brilliant Smart Home Technologies
Ceph
ClaretBio
Cloudflare
Code Naturally
Concur Technologies
Confluent Inc
CruzFoam
Digital Nest
eGain
Five3 Genomics
Ontera (Formally Two Pore Guys)
Pure Storage
Shopkick
Realtime
UpVoice
Vibrado Technologies
WhoWhere?
References
External links
Jack Baskin School of Engineering
Photographs of Jack Baskin School of Engineering from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections
Baskin School of Engineering, UC Santa Cruz
Engineering universities and colleges in California
Video game universities
Baskin School of Engineering, UC Santa Cruz
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Baskin%20School%20of%20Engineering |
Buzuk may refer to:
Buzuk, the Albanian word for Bouzouki, a chordophone used in folk music
Andrija Buzuk, 1891–1894, provincial superior of the Franciscan province Bosna Argentina
See also
Buzuq | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzuk |
Charles Frank Reavis (September 5, 1870 – May 26, 1932) was an American Republican Party politician.
He was born in Falls City, Nebraska on and studied law at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He was admitted to the bar in 1892 and set up practice in Falls City. He became the prosecuting attorney of Richardson County, Nebraska from 1894 to 1896.
In 1915 he was elected to the 64th United States Congress and reelected to the three succeeding congresses serving from March 4, 1915, to June 3, 1922. On April 5, 1917, he voted against declaring war on Germany. He resigned in 1922 and was appointed in June 1922 special assistant to the United States Attorney General in the prosecution of war fraud cases. He served until June 1, 1924. He moved to Lincoln, Nebraska in 1924 and continued the practice of law. He died there on May 26, 1932, and is buried in Steele Cemetery in Falls City.
References
1870 births
1939 deaths
People from Falls City, Nebraska
Politicians from Lincoln, Nebraska
District attorneys in Nebraska
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20Frank%20Reavis |
A growing body of research has begun to highlight differences in the way racial and ethnic groups respond to psychiatric medication.
It has been noted that there are "dramatic cross-ethnic and cross-national variations in the dosing practices and side-effect profiles in response to practically all classes of psychotropics."
Differences in drug metabolism
Drug metabolism is controlled by a number of specific enzymes, and the action of these enzymes varies among individuals. For example, most individuals show normal activity of the IID6 isoenzyme that is responsible for the metabolism of many tricyclic antidepressant medications and most antipsychotic drugs. However, studies have found that one-third of Asian Americans and African Americans have a genetic alteration that decreases the metabolic rate of the IID6 isoenzyme, leading to a greater risk of side effects and toxicity. The CYP2D6 enzyme, important for the way in which the liver clears many drugs from the body, varies greatly between individuals in ways that can be ethnically specific.
Though enzyme activity is genetically influenced, it can also be altered by cultural and environmental factors such as diet, the use of other medications, alcohol and disease states.
Differences in pharmacodynamics
If two individuals have the same blood level of a medication there may still be differences in the way that the body responds due to pharmacodynamic differences; pharmacodynamic responses may also be influenced by racial and cultural factors.
In addition to biology and environment, culturally determined attitudes toward illness may affect how an individual responds to psychiatric medication.
Cultural factors
In addition to biology and environment, culturally determined attitudes toward illness and its treatment may affect how an individual responds to psychiatric medication. Some cultures see suffering and illness as unavoidable and not amenable to medication, while others treat symptoms with polypharmacy, often mixing medications with herbal drugs. Cultural differences may have an effect on adherence to medication regimes as well as influence the placebo effect.
Further, the way an individual expresses and reacts to the symptoms of psychiatric illness, and the cultural expectations of the physician, may affect the diagnosis a patient receives. For example, bipolar disorder often is misdiagnosed as schizophrenia in people of color.
Recommendations for research and practice
The differential response of many ethnic minorities to certain psychiatric medications raises important concerns for both research and practice.
Include Ethnic Groups. Most studies of psychiatric medications have white male subjects. Because there is often a greater difference within racial and ethnic groups than between them, researchers must be certain they choose prototypical representatives of these groups, or use a larger random sample.
Further, because broad racial and ethnic groups have many different subgroups. For example, in North American research it may not be enough to characterize individuals as Asian, Hispanic, Native American, or African American. Even within the same ethnic group, there are no reliable measures to determine important cultural differences.
"Start Low and Go Slow." Individuals who receive a higher dose of psychiatric medication than needed may discontinue treatment because of side effects, or they may develop toxic levels that lead to serious complications. A reasonable approach to prescribing medication to any psychiatric patient, regardless of race or culture, is to "start low and go slow".
Someday there may be a simple blood test to predict how an individual will respond to a specific class of drugs; research in these fields fall in the domain of pharmacogenomics and pharmacometabolomics.
See also
Pharmacognosy
Race and health
References
External links
Culture and Ethnicity, National Mental Health Information Center
Pharmacokinetics
Ethnobiology
Psychopharmacology
Race and health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnopsychopharmacology |
The Major League Baseball Umpires Association (MLBUA) is an organization of Major League Baseball (MLB) umpires. It was certified by the National Labor Relations Board on February 24, 2000, as the World Umpires Association (WUA) as a bargaining agent. It took over as the bargaining agent for MLB umpires after the 2000 MLB season, replacing the Major League Umpires Association (MLUA), which dated back to 1970, and has since been responsible for defending their personal since. On July 17, 2018, it rebranded itself as the Major League Baseball Umpires Association.
Formation
The MLUA, led by longtime negotiating attorney Richie Phillips, was decertified by its member umpires (by a vote of 57 to 35) in February 2000, after Phillips' strategy of mass resignations in September 1999 backfired, with MLB simply accepting many of the resignations and promoting new umpires from the minor leagues. The WUA was created immediately afterward. Its first president was working umpire John Hirschbeck, who held the position from 2000 to 2009. He was replaced by Joe West in February 2009.
The formation of the WUA allowed longtime umpires Derryl Cousins and John Shulock to finally join the umpires' union. They were denied membership by the MLUA due to crossing the picket line during the 1979 umpires' strike.
In December 2009, the WUA reached an agreement with MLB on a five-year labor agreement, to run through December 2014 – members of the union voted to ratify the contract in January 2010. A new labor contract was subsequently ratified in January 2015 and ran until the end of 2019.
On July 17, 2018, the union rebranded itself as the Major League Baseball Umpires Association.
Leadership
As of 2021, board members Bill Miller (President), Ted Barrett (Vice-President), and Dan Bellino (Secretary/Treasurer) make up the executive board for the union. Will Little, Laz Díaz, Chris Conroy, Chris Guccione, Tom Hallion, and Tim Timmons compose the remainder of the governing body. All members of the governing and executive boards are active umpires. Legal counsel for the union is Altshuler Berzon, LLP of San Francisco, California.
Presidents
John Hirschbeck (2000–2009)
Joe West (2009–2018)
Bill Miller (2019–present)
References
External links
Major League Baseball labor relations
Sports officiating
Sports trade unions of the United States
Trade unions established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20Umpires%20Association |
KLNM-LD (channel 42) is a low-power television station in Lufkin, Texas, United States, affiliated with the 24/7 headline news service NewsNet. The station is owned by Miller Media.
On June 12, 2009, the digital TV conversion period for full-service stations ended. KLNM-LP was not affected by this mandate since it is a low-power station; however, the FCC listed a construction permit for a low-power digital signal.
In March 2010, KLNM began broadcasting a digital format on its America One network feed and TBN Enlace feed.
In April 2011, KLNM began broadcasting on SuddenLink Communications on Channel 16 in Lufkin and Nacogdoches, offering local programming and a national feed.
On February 1, 2015, KLNM entered into a contractual agreement with Dash Media, providing 24/7 affiliate feed to the Lufkin-Nacogdoches area via KLNM 42.2. In an effort to increase viewers to its primetime format, 42.1 will also run movies and primetime feed from Dash Media along with its local content and locally produced shows.
In February 2023, Miller Media entered into annual agreements with Get After it TV, formerly Luken Communications with affiliate channels , Revn, Family Channel, and Retro Tv.
Channel assignment
Ch.1 is Westerns 4u, a classic westerns movie channel
Technical information
References
External links
Television stations in Texas
Low-power television stations in Texas
Television channels and stations established in 1996
1996 establishments in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLNM-LD |
Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) is a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence the behavior, growth, or survival of herbivores. These chemical defenses can act as repellents or toxins to herbivores or reduce plant digestibility. Another defensive strategy of plants is changing their attractiveness. To prevent overconsumption by large herbivores, plants alter their appearance by changing their size or quality, reducing the rate at which they are consumed.
Other defensive strategies used by plants include escaping or avoiding herbivores at any time in any placefor example, by growing in a location where plants are not easily found or accessed by herbivores or by changing seasonal growth patterns. Another approach diverts herbivores toward eating non-essential parts or enhances the ability of a plant to recover from the damage caused by herbivory. Some plants encourage the presence of natural enemies of herbivores, which in turn protect the plant. Each type of defense can be either constitutive (always present in the plant) or induced (produced in reaction to damage or stress caused by herbivores).
Historically, insects have been the most significant herbivores, and the evolution of land plants is closely associated with the evolution of insects. While most plant defenses are directed against insects, other defenses have evolved that are aimed at vertebrate herbivores, such as birds and mammals. The study of plant defenses against herbivory is important, not only from an evolutionary viewpoint, but also for the direct impact that these defenses have on agriculture, including human and livestock food sources; as beneficial 'biological control agents' in biological pest control programs; and in the search for plants of medical importance.
Evolution of defensive traits
The earliest land plants evolved from aquatic plants around (Ma) in the Ordovician period. Many plants have adapted to an iodine-deficient terrestrial environment by removing iodine from their metabolism; in fact, iodine is essential only for animal cells. An important antiparasitic action is caused by the blockage in the transport of iodide of animal cells, inhibiting sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Many plant pesticides are glycosides (such as cardiac digitoxin) and cyanogenic glycosides that liberate cyanide, which, by blocking cytochrome c oxidase and NIS, is poisonous only for a large part of parasites and herbivores and not for the plant cells, in which it seems useful in the seed dormancy phase. Iodide is not a pesticide but is oxidized, by vegetable peroxidase to iodine, which is a strong oxidant able to kill bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
The Cretaceous period saw the appearance of more plant defense mechanisms. The diversification of flowering plants (angiosperms) at that time is associated with the sudden burst of speciation in insects. This diversification of insects represented a major selective force in plant evolution and led to the selection of plants that had defensive adaptations. Early insect herbivores were mandibulate and bit or chewed vegetation, but the evolution of vascular plants lead to the co-evolution of other forms of herbivory, such as sap-sucking, leaf mining, gall forming and nectar-feeding.
The relative abundance of different species of plants in ecological communities including forests and grasslands may be determined in part by the level of defensive compounds in the different species. Since the cost of replacing damaged leaves is higher in conditions where resources are scarce, it may also be that plants growing in areas where water and nutrients are scarce may invest more resources into anti-herbivore defenses, resulting in slower plant growth.
Records of herbivores
Knowledge of herbivory in geological time comes from three sources: fossilized plants, which may preserve evidence of defense (such as spines) or herbivory-related damage; the observation of plant debris in fossilised animal feces; and the structure of herbivore mouthparts.
Long thought to be a Mesozoic phenomenon, evidence for herbivory is found almost as soon as fossils can show it. As previously discussed, the first land plants emerged around 450 million years ago; however, herbivory, and therefore the need for plant defenses, undoubtedly evolved among aquatic organisms in ancient lakes and oceans. Within 20 million years of the first fossils of sporangia and stems towards the close of the Silurian, around , there is evidence that plants were being consumed. Animals fed on the spores of early Devonian plants, and the Rhynie chert also provides evidence that organisms fed on plants using a "pierce and suck" technique. Many plants of this time are preserved with spine-like enations, which may have performed a defensive role before being co-opted to develop into leaves.
During the ensuing 75 million years, plants evolved a range of more complex organs – from roots to seeds. There was a gap of 50 to 100 million years between each organ's evolution and its being eaten. Hole feeding and skeletonization are recorded in the early Permian, with surface fluid feeding evolving by the end of that period.
Co-evolution
Herbivores are dependent on plants for food and have evolved mechanisms to obtain this food despite the evolution of a diverse arsenal of plant defenses. Herbivore adaptations to plant defense have been likened to offensive traits and consist of adaptations that allow increased feeding and use of a host plant. Relationships between herbivores and their host plants often result in reciprocal evolutionary change, called co-evolution. When an herbivore eats a plant, it selects for plants that can mount a defensive response. In cases where this relationship demonstrates specificity (the evolution of each trait is due to the other) and reciprocity (both traits must evolve), the species are thought to have co-evolved.
The "escape and radiation" mechanism for co-evolution presents the idea that adaptations in herbivores and their host plants have been the driving force behind speciation and have played a role in the radiation of insect species during the age of angiosperms. Some herbivores have evolved ways to hijack plant defenses to their own benefit by sequestering these chemicals and using them to protect themselves from predators. Plant defenses against herbivores are generally not complete, so plants also tend to evolve some tolerance to herbivory.
Types
Plant defenses can be classified as constitutive or induced. Constitutive defenses are always present, while induced defenses are produced or mobilized to the site where a plant is injured. There is wide variation in the composition and concentration of constitutive defenses; these range from mechanical defenses to digestibility reducers and toxins. Many external mechanical defenses and quantitative defenses are constitutive, as they require large amounts of resources to produce and are costly to mobilize. A variety of molecular and biochemical approaches are used to determine the mechanisms of constitutive and induced defensive responses.
Induced defenses include secondary metabolites and morphological and physiological changes. An advantage of inducible, as opposed to constitutive defenses, is that they are only produced when needed, and are therefore potentially less costly, especially when herbivory is variable. Modes of induced defence include systemic acquired resistance and plant-induced systemic resistance.
Chemical defenses
The evolution of chemical defenses in plants is linked to the emergence of chemical substances that are not involved in the essential photosynthetic and metabolic activities. These substances, secondary metabolites, are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms, and often produced as by-products during the synthesis of primary metabolic products. Examples of these byproducts include phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Although these secondary metabolites have been thought to play a major role in defenses against herbivores, a meta-analysis of recent relevant studies has suggested that they have either a more minimal (when compared to other non-secondary metabolites, such as primary chemistry and physiology) or more complex involvement in defense. Furthermore, plants can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to warn other plants in the area of stressful conditions. These toxic compounds can be used to deter the herbivore or even attract the herbivore's predator. Finally, some plants can also produce plant defensive proteins, which upon ingestion, end up poisoning the herbivore.
Plants can also communicate through the air. Pheromone release and other scents can be detected by leaves and regulate plant immune response. In other words, plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOC) to warn other plants of danger and change their behavioral state to better respond to threats and survival. These warning signals produced by infected neighboring trees allow the undamaged trees to provocatively activate the necessary defense mechanisms. Within the plant itself, it transmits warning, nonvolatile signals as well as airborne signals to surrounding undamaged trees to strengthen their defense/immune system. For instance, poplar and sugar maple trees demonstrated that they received tannins from nearby damaged trees. In sagebrush, damaged plants send out airborne compounds, such as methyl jasmonate, to undamaged plants to increase proteinase inhibitor production and resistance to herbivory. Further observations illustrated that damaged plants release various VOCs and hormones to receiver plants as a form of communication for defense and regulating their immune system.
The release of unique VOCs and extrafloral nectar (EFN) allow plants to protect themselves against herbivores by attracting animals from the third trophic level. For example, caterpillar-damaged plants guide parasitic wasps to prey on victims through the release of chemical signals.The sources of these compounds are most likely from glands in the leaves which are ruptured upon the chewing of an herbivore. The injury by herbivores induces the release of linolenic acid and other enzymatic reactions in an octadecanoid cascade, leading to the synthesis of jasmonic acid, a hormone which plays a central role in regulating immune responses. Jasmonic acid induces the release of VOCs and EFN which attract parasitic wasps and predatory mites to detect and feed on herbivores. These volatile organic compounds can also be released to other nearby plants to be prepared for the potential threats. Studies have shown that the volatile compounds emitted by plants are easy to be detected by third trophic level organisms as these signals are unique to herbivore damage. An experiment conducted to measure the VOCs from growing plants shows that signals are released instantaneously upon the herbivory damage and slowly dropped after the damage stopped. It was also observed that plants release the strongest signals during the time of day which animals tend to forage.
Since trees are sessile, they've established unique internal defense systems. For instance, when some trees experience herbivory, they release compounds that make their vegetation less palatable. The herbivores saliva left on the leaves of the tree sends a chemical signal to the tree's cells. The tree cells respond by increasing the concentration of salicylic acid (hormone) production. Salicylic acid is a phytohormone that is one of the essential hormones for regulating plants' immune systems. This hormone then signals to increase the production of tree chemicals called tannins within its leaves. Tannins affect palatability and digestibility of vegetation while also increasing the concentration of growth hormones, encouraging new leaf growth. The increased production of tannins makes it difficult for deer to digest, which makes the leaves less appealing to eat. The research experiment done by Bettina Ohse, et al. found that a group of field-grown saplings of European beech and sycamore maple trees could sense whether it was specifically a deer eating at its leaves. The scientists realized saliva caused an increase in tannin concentration, due to their experiment of having broken leaves that contain saliva and ones that do not. The leaves that contained the deer saliva showed an increase in tannin and experienced an increase in the growth of the leaves of the tree, but the leaves without the deer saliva did not experience these changes. The increase in tannin concentration is one internal mechanism that trees use to combat mobile predators, like deer. This tannin increase is done by the trees' immune system and is a key defense strategy used by plants of all kinds.
Qualitative and quantitative metabolites
Secondary metabolites are often characterized as either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative metabolites are defined as toxins that interfere with a herbivore's metabolism, often by blocking specific biochemical reactions. Qualitative chemicals are present in plants in relatively low concentrations (often less than 2% dry weight), and are not dosage dependent. They are usually small, water-soluble molecules, and therefore can be rapidly synthesized, transported and stored with relatively little energy cost to the plant. Qualitative allelochemicals are usually effective against non-adapted generalist herbivores.
Quantitative chemicals are those that are present in high concentration in plants (5 – 40% dry weight) and are equally effective against all specialists and generalist herbivores. Most quantitative metabolites are digestibility reducers that make plant cell walls indigestible to animals. The effects of quantitative metabolites are dosage dependent and the higher these chemicals' proportion in the herbivore's diet, the less nutrition the herbivore can gain from ingesting plant tissues. Because they are typically large molecules, these defenses are energetically expensive to produce and maintain, and often take longer to synthesize and transport.
The geranium, for example, produces the amino acid, quisqualic acid in its petals to defend itself from Japanese beetles. Within 30 minutes of ingestion the chemical paralyzes the herbivore. While the chemical usually wears off within a few hours, during this time the beetle is often consumed by its own predators.
Antiherbivory compounds
Plants have evolved many secondary metabolites involved in plant defense, which are collectively known as antiherbivory compounds and can be classified into three sub-groups: nitrogen compounds (including alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates and benzoxazinoids), terpenoids, and phenolics.
Alkaloids are derived from various amino acids. Over 3000 known alkaloids exist, examples include nicotine, caffeine, morphine, cocaine, colchicine, ergolines, strychnine, and quinine. Alkaloids have pharmacological effects on humans and other animals. Some alkaloids can inhibit or activate enzymes, or alter carbohydrate and fat storage by inhibiting the formation phosphodiester bonds involved in their breakdown. Certain alkaloids bind to nucleic acids and can inhibit synthesis of proteins and affect DNA repair mechanisms. Alkaloids can also affect cell membrane and cytoskeletal structure causing the cells to weaken, collapse, or leak, and can affect nerve transmission. Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly invoke an aversively bitter taste.
Cyanogenic glycosides are stored in inactive forms in plant vacuoles. They become toxic when herbivores eat the plant and break cell membranes allowing the glycosides to come into contact with enzymes in the cytoplasm releasing hydrogen cyanide which blocks cellular respiration. Glucosinolates are activated in much the same way as cyanogenic glucosides, and the products can cause gastroenteritis, salivation, diarrhea, and irritation of the mouth. Benzoxazinoids, such as DIMBOA, are secondary defence metabolites characteristic of certain grasses (Poaceae). Like cyanogenic glycosides, they are stored as inactive glucosides in the plant vacuole. Upon tissue disruption they get into contact with β-glucosidases from the chloroplasts, which enzymatically release the toxic aglucones. Whereas some benzoxazinoids are constitutively present, others are only synthesized following herbivore infestation, and thus, considered inducible plant defenses against herbivory.
The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units. There are over 10,000 known types of terpenoids. Most are multicyclic structures which differ from one another in both functional groups, and in basic carbon skeletons. Monoterpenoids, continuing 2 isoprene units, are volatile essential oils such as citronella, limonene, menthol, camphor, and pinene. Diterpenoids, 4 isoprene units, are widely distributed in latex and resins, and can be quite toxic. Diterpenes are responsible for making Rhododendron leaves poisonous. Plant steroids and sterols are also produced from terpenoid precursors, including vitamin D, glycosides (such as digitalis) and saponins (which lyse red blood cells of herbivores).
Phenolics, sometimes called phenols, consist of an aromatic 6-carbon ring bonded to a hydroxy group. Some phenols have antiseptic properties, while others disrupt endocrine activity. Phenolics range from simple tannins to the more complex flavonoids that give plants much of their red, blue, yellow, and white pigments. Complex phenolics called polyphenols are capable of producing many different types of effects on humans, including antioxidant properties. Some examples of phenolics used for defense in plants are: lignin, silymarin and cannabinoids. Condensed tannins, polymers composed of 2 to 50 (or more) flavonoid molecules, inhibit herbivore digestion by binding to consumed plant proteins and making them more difficult for animals to digest, and by interfering with protein absorption and digestive enzymes.
In addition, some plants use fatty acid derivatives, amino acids and even peptides as defenses. The cholinergic toxin, cicutoxin of water hemlock, is a polyyne derived from the fatty acid metabolism. Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid is a neurotoxic amino acid produced as a defensive metabolite in the grass pea (Lathyrus sativus). The synthesis of fluoroacetate in several plants is an example of the use of small molecules to disrupt the metabolism of herbivores, in this case the citric acid cycle.
Mechanical defenses
See the review of mechanical defenses by Lucas et al., 2000, which remains relevant and well regarded in the subject . Many plants have external structural defenses that discourage herbivory. Structural defenses can be described as morphological or physical traits that give the plant a fitness advantage by deterring herbivores from feeding. Depending on the herbivore's physical characteristics (i.e. size and defensive armor), plant structural defenses on stems and leaves can deter, injure, or kill the grazer. Some defensive compounds are produced internally but are released onto the plant's surface; for example, resins, lignins, silica, and wax cover the epidermis of terrestrial plants and alter the texture of the plant tissue. The leaves of holly plants, for instance, are very smooth and slippery making feeding difficult. Some plants produce gummosis or sap that traps insects.
Spines and thorns
A plant's leaves and stem may be covered with sharp prickles, spines, thorns or trichomes- hairs on the leaf often with barbs, sometimes containing irritants or poisons. Plant structural features like spines, thorns and awns reduce feeding by large ungulate herbivores (e.g. kudu, impala, and goats) by restricting the herbivores' feeding rate, or by wearing down the molars. Trichomes are frequently associated with lower rates of plant tissue digestion by insect herbivores. Raphides are sharp needles of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate in plant tissues, making ingestion painful, damaging a herbivore's mouth and gullet and causing more efficient delivery of the plant's toxins. The structure of a plant, its branching and leaf arrangement may also be evolved to reduce herbivore impact. The shrubs of New Zealand have evolved special wide branching adaptations believed to be a response to browsing birds such as the moas. Similarly, African Acacias have long spines low in the canopy, but very short spines high in the canopy, which is comparatively safe from herbivores such as giraffes.
Trees such as palms protect their fruit by multiple layers of armor, needing efficient tools to break through to the seed contents. Some plants, notably the grasses, use indigestible silica (and many plants use other relatively indigestible materials such as lignin) to defend themselves against vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores. Plants take up silicon from the soil and deposit it in their tissues in the form of solid silica phytoliths. These mechanically reduce the digestibility of plant tissue, causing rapid wear to vertebrate teeth and to insect mandibles, and are effective against herbivores above and below ground. The mechanism may offer future sustainable pest-control strategies.
Thigmonastic movements
Thigmonastic movements, those that occur in response to touch, are used as a defense in some plants. The leaves of the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, close up rapidly in response to direct touch, vibration, or even electrical and thermal stimuli. The proximate cause of this mechanical response is an abrupt change in the turgor pressure in the pulvini at the base of leaves resulting from osmotic phenomena. This is then spread via both electrical and chemical means through the plant; only a single leaflet need be disturbed. This response lowers the surface area available to herbivores, which are presented with the underside of each leaflet, and results in a wilted appearance. It may also physically dislodge small herbivores, such as insects.
Carnivorous plants
Carnivory in plants has evolved at least six times independently, some examples include the Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, and butterwort. Although many outside of the scientific community usually believe these plants excel in defenses, many of these plants have evolved in poor nutrient soil. In order to get sufficient nutrients in these conditions they must use an alternative method. They use insects and small birds as a way to gain the minerals they need through carnivory. Carnivorous plants do not use carnivory as self-defense, but to get the nutrients they need.
Mimicry and camouflage
Some plants mimic the presence of insect eggs on their leaves, dissuading insect species from laying their eggs there. Because female butterflies are less likely to lay their eggs on plants that already have butterfly eggs, some species of neotropical vines of the genus Passiflora (Passion flowers) contain physical structures resembling the yellow eggs of Heliconius butterflies on their leaves, which discourage oviposition by butterflies.
Indirect defenses
Another category of plant defenses are those features that indirectly protect the plant by enhancing the probability of attracting the natural enemies of herbivores. Such an arrangement is known as mutualism, in this case of the "enemy of my enemy" variety. One such feature are semiochemicals, given off by plants. Semiochemicals are a group of volatile organic compounds involved in interactions between organisms. One group of semiochemicals are allelochemicals; consisting of allomones, which play a defensive role in interspecies communication, and kairomones, which are used by members of higher trophic levels to locate food sources. When a plant is attacked it releases allelochemics containing an abnormal ratio of these s (HIPVs). Predators sense these volatiles as food cues, attracting them to the damaged plant, and to feeding herbivores. The subsequent reduction in the number of herbivores confers a fitness benefit to the plant and demonstrates the indirect defensive capabilities of semiochemicals. Induced volatiles also have drawbacks, however; some studies have suggested that these volatiles attract herbivores. Crop domestication has increased yield sometimes at the expense of HIPV production. Orre Gordon et al 2013 tests several methods of artificially restoring the plant-predator partnership, by combining companion planting and synthetic predator attractants. They describe several strategies which work and several which do not.
Plants sometimes provide housing and food items for natural enemies of herbivores, known as "biotic" defense mechanisms, as a means to maintain their presence. For example, trees from the genus Macaranga have adapted their thin stem walls to create ideal housing for an ant species (genus Crematogaster), which, in turn, protects the plant from herbivores. In addition to providing housing, the plant also provides the ant with its exclusive food source; from the food bodies produced by the plant. Similarly, several Acacia tree species have developed stipular spines (direct defenses) that are swollen at the base, forming a hollow structure that provides housing for protective ants. These Acacia trees also produce nectar in extrafloral nectaries on their leaves as food for the ants.
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense is common. Most plants have endophytes, microbial organisms that live within them. While some cause disease, others protect plants from herbivores and pathogenic microbes. Endophytes can help the plant by producing toxins harmful to other organisms that would attack the plant, such as alkaloid producing fungi which are common in grasses such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), which is infected by Neotyphodium coenophialum.
Trees of the same species form alliances with other tree species in order to improve their survival rate. They communicate and have dependent relationships through connections below the soil called underground mycorrhiza networks, which allows them to share water/nutrients and various signals for predatory attacks while also protecting its immune system. Within a forest of trees, the ones getting attacked send communication distress signals that alerts neighboring trees to alter their behavior (defense). The tree and fungi relationship is a symbiotic relationship. Fungi, intertwined with the trees' roots, support communication between trees to locate nutrients. In return, the fungi receive some of the sugar that trees photosynthesize. Trees send out several forms of communication including chemical, hormonal, and slow pulsing electric signals. Farmers investigated the electrical signals between trees, using a voltage-based signal system, similar to an animal's nervous system, where a tree faces distress and releases a warning signal to surrounding trees.
Leaf shedding and color
There have been suggestions that leaf shedding may be a response that provides protection against diseases and certain kinds of pests such as leaf miners and gall forming insects. Other responses such as the change of leaf colors prior to fall have also been suggested as adaptations that may help undermine the camouflage of herbivores. Autumn leaf color has also been suggested to act as an honest warning signal of defensive commitment towards insect pests that migrate to the trees in autumn.
Costs and benefits
Defensive structures and chemicals are costly as they require resources that could otherwise be used by plants to maximize growth and reproduction. In some situations, plant growth slows down when most of the nutrients are being used for the generation of toxins or regeneration of plant parts. Many models have been proposed to explore how and why some plants make this investment in defenses against herbivores.
Optimal defense hypothesis
The optimal defense hypothesis attempts to explain how the kinds of defenses a particular plant might use reflect the threats each individual plant faces. This model considers three main factors, namely: risk of attack, value of the plant part, and the cost of defense.
The first factor determining optimal defense is risk: how likely is it that a plant or certain plant parts will be attacked? This is also related to the plant apparency hypothesis, which states that a plant will invest heavily in broadly effective defenses when the plant is easily found by herbivores. Examples of apparent plants that produce generalized protections include long-living trees, shrubs, and perennial grasses. Unapparent plants, such as short-lived plants of early successional stages, on the other hand, preferentially invest in small amounts of qualitative toxins that are effective against all but the most specialized herbivores.
The second factor is the value of protection: would the plant be less able to survive and reproduce after removal of part of its structure by a herbivore? Not all plant parts are of equal evolutionary value, thus valuable parts contain more defenses. A plant's stage of development at the time of feeding also affects the resulting change in fitness. Experimentally, the fitness value of a plant structure is determined by removing that part of the plant and observing the effect. In general, reproductive parts are not as easily replaced as vegetative parts, terminal leaves have greater value than basal leaves, and the loss of plant parts mid-season has a greater negative effect on fitness than removal at the beginning or end of the season. Seeds in particular tend to be very well protected. For example, the seeds of many edible fruits and nuts contain cyanogenic glycosides such as amygdalin. This results from the need to balance the effort needed to make the fruit attractive to animal dispersers while ensuring that the seeds are not destroyed by the animal.
The final consideration is cost: how much will a particular defensive strategy cost a plant in energy and materials? This is particularly important, as energy spent on defense cannot be used for other functions, such as reproduction and growth. The optimal defense hypothesis predicts that plants will allocate more energy towards defense when the benefits of protection outweigh the costs, specifically in situations where there is high herbivore pressure.
Carbon:nutrient balance hypothesis
The carbon:nutrient balance hypothesis, also known as the environmental constraint hypothesis or Carbon Nutrient Balance Model (CNBM), states that the various types of plant defenses are responses to variations in the levels of nutrients in the environment. This hypothesis predicts the Carbon/Nitrogen ratio in plants determines which secondary metabolites will be synthesized. For example, plants growing in nitrogen-poor soils will use carbon-based defenses (mostly digestibility reducers), while those growing in low-carbon environments (such as shady conditions) are more likely to produce nitrogen-based toxins. The hypothesis further predicts that plants can change their defenses in response to changes in nutrients. For example, if plants are grown in low-nitrogen conditions, then these plants will implement a defensive strategy composed of constitutive carbon-based defenses. If nutrient levels subsequently increase, by for example the addition of fertilizers, these carbon-based defenses will decrease.
Growth rate hypothesis
The growth rate hypothesis, also known as the resource availability hypothesis, states that defense strategies are determined by the inherent growth rate of the plant, which is in turn determined by the resources available to the plant. A major assumption is that available resources are the limiting factor in determining the maximum growth rate of a plant species. This model predicts that the level of defense investment will increase as the potential of growth decreases. Additionally, plants in resource-poor areas, with inherently slow-growth rates, tend to have long-lived leaves and twigs, and the loss of plant appendages may result in a loss of scarce and valuable nutrients.
One test of this model involved a reciprocal transplants of seedlings of 20 species of trees between clay soils (nutrient rich) and white sand (nutrient poor) to determine whether trade-offs between growth rate and defenses restrict species to one habitat. When planted in white sand and protected from herbivores, seedlings originating from clay outgrew those originating from the nutrient-poor sand, but in the presence of herbivores the seedlings originating from white sand performed better, likely due to their higher levels of constitutive carbon-based defenses. These finding suggest that defensive strategies limit the habitats of some plants.
Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis
The growth-differentiation balance hypothesis states that plant defenses are a result of a tradeoff between "growth-related processes" and "differentiation-related processes" in different environments. Differentiation-related processes are defined as "processes that enhance the structure or function of existing cells (i.e. maturation and specialization)." A plant will produce chemical defenses only when energy is available from photosynthesis, and plants with the highest concentrations of secondary metabolites are the ones with an intermediate level of available resources.
The GDBH also accounts for tradeoffs between growth and defense over a resource availability gradient. In situations where resources (e.g. water and nutrients) limit photosynthesis, carbon supply is predicted to limit both growth and defense. As resource availability increases, the requirements needed to support photosynthesis are met, allowing for accumulation of carbohydrate in tissues. As resources are not sufficient to meet the large demands of growth, these carbon compounds can instead be partitioned into the synthesis of carbon based secondary metabolites (phenolics, tannins, etc.). In environments where the resource demands for growth are met, carbon is allocated to rapidly dividing meristems (high sink strength) at the expense of secondary metabolism. Thus rapidly growing plants are predicted to contain lower levels of secondary metabolites and vice versa. In addition, the tradeoff predicted by the GDBH may change over time, as evidenced by a recent study on Salix spp. Much support for this hypothesis is present in the literature, and some scientists consider the GDBH the most mature of the plant defense hypotheses.
Synthesis tradeoffs
The vast majority of plant resistances to herbivores are either unrelated to each other, or are positively correlated. However there are some negative correlations: In Pastinaca sativa'''s resistances to various biotypes of Depressaria pastinacella, because the secondary metabolites involved are negatively correlated with each other; and in the resistances of Diplacus aurantiacus.
In Brassica rapa, resistance to Peronospora parasitica and growth rate are negatively correlated.
Mutualism and overcompensation of plants
Many plants do not have secondary metabolites, chemical processes, or mechanical defenses to help them fend off herbivores. Instead, these plants rely on overcompensation (which is regarded as a form of mutualism) when they are attacked by herbivores. Overcompensation is defined as having higher fitness when attacked by a herbivore. This a mutual relationship; the herbivore is satisfied with a meal, while the plant starts growing the missing part quickly. These plants have a higher chance of reproducing, and their fitness is increased.
Importance to humans
Agriculture
The variation of plant susceptibility to pests was probably known even in the early stages of agriculture in humans. In historic times, the observation of such variations in susceptibility have provided solutions for major socio-economic problems. The hemipteran pest insect phylloxera was introduced from North America to France in 1860 and in 25 years it destroyed nearly a third (100,000 km2) of French vineyards. Charles Valentine Riley noted that the American species Vitis labrusca was resistant to Phylloxera. Riley, with J. E. Planchon, helped save the French wine industry by suggesting the grafting of the susceptible but high quality grapes onto Vitis labrusca root stocks. The formal study of plant resistance to herbivory was first covered extensively in 1951 by Reginald Henry Painter, who is widely regarded as the founder of this area of research, in his book Plant Resistance to Insects. While this work pioneered further research in the US, the work of Chesnokov was the basis of further research in the USSR.
Fresh growth of grass is sometimes high in prussic acid content and can cause poisoning of grazing livestock. The production of cyanogenic chemicals in grasses is primarily a defense against herbivores.
The human innovation of cooking may have been particularly helpful in overcoming many of the defensive chemicals of plants. Many enzyme inhibitors in cereal grains and pulses, such as trypsin inhibitors prevalent in pulse crops, are denatured by cooking, making them digestible.
It has been known since the late 17th century that plants contain noxious chemicals which are avoided by insects. These chemicals have been used by man as early insecticides; in 1690 nicotine was extracted from tobacco and used as a contact insecticide. In 1773, insect infested plants were treated with nicotine fumigation by heating tobacco and blowing the smoke over the plants. The flowers of Chrysanthemum species contain pyrethrin which is a potent insecticide. In later years, the applications of plant resistance became an important area of research in agriculture and plant breeding, particularly because they can serve as a safe and low-cost alternative to the use of pesticides. The important role of secondary plant substances in plant defense was described in the late 1950s by Vincent Dethier and G.S. Fraenkel. The use of botanical pesticides is widespread and notable examples include Azadirachtin from the neem (Azadirachta indica), d-Limonene from Citrus species, Rotenone from Derris, Capsaicin from chili pepper and Pyrethrum.
Natural materials found in the environment also induce plant resistance as well. Chitosan derived from chitin induce a plant's natural defense response against pathogens, diseases and insects including cyst nematodes, both are approved as biopesticides by the EPA to reduce the dependence on toxic pesticides.
The selective breeding of crop plants often involves selection against the plant's intrinsic resistance strategies. This makes crop plant varieties particularly susceptible to pests unlike their wild relatives. In breeding for host-plant resistance, it is often the wild relatives that provide the source of resistance genes. These genes are incorporated using conventional approaches to plant breeding, but have also been augmented by recombinant techniques, which allow introduction of genes from completely unrelated organisms. The most famous transgenic approach is the introduction of genes from the bacterial species, Bacillus thuringiensis, into plants. The bacterium produces proteins that, when ingested, kill lepidopteran caterpillars. The gene encoding for these highly toxic proteins, when introduced into the host plant genome, confers resistance against caterpillars, when the same toxic proteins are produced within the plant. This approach is controversial, however, due to the possibility of ecological and toxicological side effects.
Pharmaceutical
Many currently available pharmaceuticals are derived from the secondary metabolites plants use to protect themselves from herbivores, including opium, aspirin, cocaine, and atropine. These chemicals have evolved to affect the biochemistry of insects in very specific ways. However, many of these biochemical pathways are conserved in vertebrates, including humans, and the chemicals act on human biochemistry in ways similar to that of insects. It has therefore been suggested that the study of plant-insect interactions may help in bioprospecting.
There is evidence that humans began using plant alkaloids in medical preparations as early as 3000 B.C. Although the active components of most medicinal plants have been isolated only recently (beginning in the early 19th century) these substances have been used as drugs throughout the human history in potions, medicines, teas and as poisons. For example, to combat herbivory by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, Cinchona trees produce a variety of alkaloids, the most familiar of which is quinine. Quinine is extremely bitter, making the bark of the tree quite unpalatable. It is also an anti-fever agent, known as Jesuit's bark, and is especially useful in treating malaria.
Throughout history mandrakes (Mandragora officinarum) have been highly sought after for their reputed aphrodisiac properties. However, the roots of the mandrake plant also contain large quantities of the alkaloid scopolamine, which, at high doses, acts as a central nervous system depressant, and makes the plant highly toxic to herbivores. Scopolamine was later found to be medicinally used for pain management prior to and during labor; in smaller doses it is used to prevent motion sickness. One of the most well-known medicinally valuable terpenes is an anticancer drug, taxol, isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, in the early 1960s.
Biological pest control
Repellent companion planting, defensive live fencing hedges, and "obstructive-repellent" interplanting, with host-plant resistance species as beneficial 'biological control agents' is a technique in biological pest control programs for: organic gardening, wildlife gardening, sustainable gardening, and sustainable landscaping; in organic farming and sustainable agriculture; and in restoration ecology methods for habitat restoration projects.
See also
Anti-predator adaptation
Aposematism
Biopesticide
Chemical ecology
Canavanine
Druse (botany)
Laticifer
Lectin
List of beneficial weeds
List of companion plants
List of pest-repelling plants
Plant disease resistance
Plant tolerance to herbivory
Plant communication
Pollination
Phytoalexin
Raphide
Rapid plant movement
Seed predation
Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
References
Citations
Sources
Hartley, Sue (2010) The 300 Million Years War: Plant Biomass v Herbivores Royal Institution Christmas Lecture''.
Howe, H. F., and L. C. Westley. 1988. Ecological relationships of plants and animals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
External links
Bruce A. Kimball Evolutionary Plant Defense Strategies Life Histories and Contributions to Future Generations
Plant Defense Systems & Medicinal Botany
Herbivore Defenses of Senecio viscosus L.
Sue Hartley Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 2009: The Animals Strike Back
Herbivory
Plant physiology
Biological pest control
Ecological restoration
Habitat management equipment and methods
Sustainable agriculture
Antipredator adaptations
Chemical ecology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20defense%20against%20herbivory |
Edward Tuck (August 24, 1842 – April 30, 1938) was an American banker, diplomat, and philanthropist. He is known for funding the establishment of the Tuck School of Business at his alma mater, Dartmouth College. The son of Amos Tuck, a founder of the Republican Party, Edward Tuck served as the Vice Consul in Paris, and grew his fortune as a partner of the banking firm .
Early life
Tuck was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, on August 24, 1842. He was the son of Sarah Ann Nudd (1810–1847) and political figure Amos Tuck (1810–1879). His half-sister was Ellen Tuck French (1838–1915), who was married to Francis Ormond French, President of the Manhattan Trust Company.
Tuck was educated at Philips Exeter Academy and Dartmouth College, where he roomed with future College president William Jewett Tucker and was a member of Psi Upsilon fraternity.
Career
He began his career in 1864, he was appointed by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln as the Vice Consul in Paris under U.S. Ambassador John Bigelow. In the following year, he resigned, shortly before the Franco-Prussian War, and joined the banking firm Munroe & Co., where he was made a partner in 1871.
He retired from banking in 1881, and, in 1889, went to live as an expatriate in France, where he donated an art collection valued at $5 million, and funds for hospitals and other institutions.
Philanthropy
Upon graduating from Dartmouth College, Tuck made a donation of one dollar to the College for "unrestricted use." After his college roommate and longtime friend, William Jewett Tucker, became president of Dartmouth, Edward Tuck became one of Dartmouth's most prolific benefactors. Tuck gave Tuck Drive, an aesthetic bypass and 3,800 ft private highway; the College President's House; the Tuck School, and its grouping of buildings; art works from his private collection; and large cash contributions.
In 1899, Tuck initially donated $300,000 — in the form of 1,700 shares of preferred stock in the Great Northern Railway Company of Minnesota — to Dartmouth to endow the Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance, in memory of his father. He then donated another $100,000, in 1901, to build the first Tuck Hall (now McNutt Hall). In 1929, after solicitation from Ernest Martin Hopkins, the 11th President of Dartmouth, Tuck donated 600 shares of Chase National Bank, which was sold for $567,766. His gifts to the Tuck School are estimated at over $18 million as of 2017.
Other recipients of Tuck's philanthropy included two hospitals (including Stell Hospital), a school, the American University Center in Paris, art collections in France, and the restoration of Roman monument, Tropaeum Alpium. In addition, he donated funds to the New Hampshire Historical Society to build its New Hampshire History Building housing the Tuck Library, and donated to his alma mater, Philips Exeter Academy.
Personal life
In 1872, Tuck married Julia Stell of Philadelphia, for whom Stell Hall, the dining hall at Tuck School is named. As a country residence, Tuck lived at Domaine de Vert-Mont and Château de Bois-Préau, near Château de Malmaison and the western bank of the Seine in Rueil-Malmaison. The home was formerly owned by Empress Joséphine, wife of Napoléon Bonaparte, and Queen mother Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, widow of King Ferdinand VII of Spain who lived there with her second husband Agustín Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Riánsares, until she sold the home in 1861 to Napoleon III.
Tuck's wife died on November 12, 1929. He died on April 30, 1938, in Monte Carlo, Monaco. His funeral was held at the American Cathedral in Paris, and he was buried alongside his wife at the Saint-Germain-en-Laye cemetery.
His estate was valued at $3,514,487 at the time of his death.
Legacy
In 1929, Tuck received the Grand Cross as a promotion in the Legion of Honour, the highest award in the Legion the French Government can bestow. The Tucks were also awarded the Prix de Vertu by the French Academy in 1916, the first Americans to receive the award. In 1932, Tuck was made an honorary citizen of France, the highest honor the government could give.
In Paris, Avenue Edward Tuck runs a short distance between the Petit Palais and the Place de la Concorde, parallel to the Avenue des Champs-Élysées. In La Turbie, France, a street is also named Rue Edward Tuck.
In Rome, the Edward Tuck Museum, on the site of the Tropaeum Alpium, documents the restoration of the monument, of which Tuck funded.
Asteroid 1038 Tuckia is named after him and his wife..
References
Notes
Sources
1939 Britannica Book of the Year (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.), p. 673.
External links
The Papers of the Tuck Family at Dartmouth College Library
Franklin Brooks Collection on the Life of Edward Tuck at Dartmouth College Library
1842 births
1938 deaths
People from Exeter, New Hampshire
Dartmouth College alumni
Tuck School of Business people
American diplomats
American expatriates in France
American expatriates in Monaco
19th-century American businesspeople
Activists from New Hampshire
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Honour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Tuck |
was a prominent Japanese bacteriologist who researched the bubonic plague under Kitasato Shibasaburō and assisted in developing the Arsphenamine drug in 1909 in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich.
Hata received three unsuccessful nominations for the Nobel Prize, one from Swiss surgeon Emil Kocher for Chemistry in 1911 and two by Japanese colleagues Hayazo Ito and G Osawa for Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and 1913, respectively.
Early life
Hata was born in Tsumo Village, Shimane prefecture (now part of Masuda City) as the eighth son of the Yamane family. At the age of 14, he was adopted by the Hata family, whose male members were doctors from generation to generation. Hata completed his medical education in Okayama at the Third Higher School of Medicine (now Okayama University School of Medicine). In 1897, he became an assistant at Okayama Prefectural Hospital where he learned internal medicine from Zenjiro Inoue and biochemistry from Torasaburo Araki.
Plague Research
Sahachiro Hata researched bubonic plague with Japanese bacteriologist and physician, Kitasato Shibasaburō, who co-discovered the infectious agent, a bacterium called Yersinia pestis. Hata worked as an assistant for Kitasato and conducted research into the prevention of plague and other epidemic diseases. Hata helped formulate the "Communicable Disease Prevention Law," which was enacted in 1897 as the first legal framework for disease control in Japan. Among other things the law mandated reporting of certain disease to a public health agency in service of their control.
Finding the 'Magic Bullet' for Syphilis
In 1909, Sahachiro Hata went to work in Paul Ehrlich's laboratory, the National Institute for Experimental Therapeutics, in Frankfurt, Germany to help Ehrlich in his quest to develop a treatment for syphilis called the 'magic bullet.' The causative agent of syphilis was discovered to be the spirochete Treponema pallidum by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann in 1905. Syphilis was initially treated by topical-application or ingestion of mercury, which was very toxic. However, arsenical compounds had proven to be effective against trypanosomes, which are similar to spirochetes, so Ehrlich directed Hata to screen all of the known synthetic arsenic derivatives for antisyphilitic properties.
When Hata injected compound 606, arsphenamine, into rabbits infected with syphilis, he found it to be effective against syphilis in vivo. It was called compound 606 because it was the 606th compound that Ehrlich and Hata tested. Arsphenamine was first thought to be ineffective when it was tested by Ehrlich's former assistants, so their inadequate methods were blamed for the delay of this important discovery.
At the Congress for Internal Medicine at Wiesbaden in April 1910, Ehrlich and Hata shared their successful clinical results, which showed that arsphenamine treated syphilis in humans. The drug was marketed under the name Salvarsan and gained international acclaim as the "arsenic that saves" and as the first man-made antibiotic. In the wake of their discovery, some sections of European society condemned Hata's and Ehrlich's 'magic bullet' because they believed that syphilis was a divine punishment for sin and immoral acts, and thus the infected did not deserve to be cured.
Before Salvarsan, drugs were not made to target specific diseases, like in the case of mercury treatments. Therefore, Hata's and Ehrlich's work represents a turning point for experimental and therapeutic pharmacology and paved the way for the development of antibiotics decades later. Salvarsan was established as the standard treatment for syphilis until it was replaced by the antibiotic penicillin after World War II, which has fewer adverse side effects.
Hata returned to Japan and became the leading bacteriologist of his generation and continued his work testing arsphenamine against syphilis. Hata became a director at the Kitasato Institute, and he also lectured at Keio University. In 1927, he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
References
Low, Morris. Building a Modern Japan: Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Meiji Era and Beyond. Palgrave Macmillan (2005).
Porter, Roy. Blood and Guts: A Short History of Medicine. W. W. Norton & Company; Reprint edition (June 2004).
Waller, John. The Discovery of the Germ: Twenty Years That Transformed the Way We Think About Disease ("Revolutions in Science" series). Columbia University Press (2003),
External links
Hata Sahachiro Memorial Museum, Shimane (Japanese site)
1873 births
1938 deaths
Japanese bacteriologists
Japanese microbiologists
People from Shimane Prefecture
People of Meiji-period Japan
Okayama University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahachiro%20Hata |
Pleaman Wellington Crummey JP (1891–1960) was a public figure in the Dominion of Newfoundland and the Province of Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador). He was born at Western Bay, Conception Bay.
Family
P.W. Crummey's father was Captain Eli Crummey of Western Bay. His mother was Emma Butt of Broad Cove. On July 14, 1926, he married his childhood sweetheart Florence Belle Kennedy.
Crummey's family was long-involved in the Atlantic cod fishery. His grandfather James Cromey was the owner/operator of a merchant station located on South Wolf Island near Indian Tickle Groswater Bay.
Education
P.W. Crummey received a high school certificate from The Methodist College (predecessor of Prince of Wales Collegiate) in St. John's and received an associate of arts diploma from the State University of New York, in Oswego, U.S.A.
Employment
In 1919, P.W. Crummey joined the Ministry of Marine and Shipping. He spent the summers plying the Labrador coast as a purser aboard S.S. Senif. In 1922, he became a school teacher. Crummey taught at various communities including Shoal Harbour, and eventually became Superintendent of the Methodist School Board.
Judiciary
P.W. Crummey was a Commissioner of the Supreme Court and a Justice of the Peace.
Social organizations
P.W. Crummey served as an Officer of the United Church of Canada. He was a Freemason and an Orangeman; he attended Orangeman conferences across Newfoundland and also in Canada. He was Master of The Lord Admiral Nelson (Orange) Lodge in Western Bay, and in 1937 was elected Grand-Master of the Newfoundland Orange Lodge.
Methodist Guards
P.W. Crummey was Captain of Western Bay's detachment of the Epworth Guards, which was a volunteer cadet corps that later changed its name to the Methodist Guards.
Aircraft Detection Corps (Newfoundland)
P.W. Crummey volunteered with the Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland, which was created by the Commission of Government during World War II. The Aircraft Detection Corps was an all-volunteer civilian unit meant to observe the Newfoundland coast for suspicious planes and ships. In March 1942, he received a letter from Newfoundland's Commissioner of Defence L. E. Emerson informing him that Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland would be administered by the Royal Canadian Air Force as a unit of the Canadian Aircraft Identity Corps. Crummey also received: a letter from Flight Lieutenant H. H. Graham, Officer Commanding No. 1 Group RCAF St. John's; glossaries of airplanes and ships; an identity card; instructions; and a brass pin for his lapel.
Newfoundland National Convention
On June 21, 1946, P. W. Crummey was acclaimed to represent Bay-de-Verde at the Newfoundland National Convention.
Its inaugural assembly was convened in the Colonial Building on September 11, 1946.
Ottawa Delegation
Crummey was a member of the Ottawa Delegation, which was sent by the National Convention to Ottawa to negotiate the Terms of Union between Newfoundland and Canada.
The members (With their districts) were: * T. G. W. Ashbourne (Twillingate) * F. G. Bradley (Bonavista South) * Charles Ballam (Humber) * Lester Burry (Labrador) * P. W. Crummey (Bay de Verde) * Joey Smallwood (Bonavista Centre)
Negotiations
P. W. Crummey was assigned to the Fisheries Portfolio. He reported to the National Convention that the British North America Act states all maritime matters are a federal jurisdiction so Newfoundland would lose control of its offshore resources if it joined Canada. As a Member of the Ottawa Delegation, P. W. Crummey was the last Newfoundland citizen to represent its Fisheries Portfolio. Today, there is a provincial fisheries minister but the department has no authority over maritime affairs, only the processing and marketing of fish after it has been landed.
Responsible Government League
P. W. Crummey was a member of the Responsible Government League, which was formed in February 1947 by Major Peter Cashin to oppose Canadian Confederation. Seeking alternative options for Newfoundland's future, Crummey and several other delegates split away to form the Party for Economic Union with the United States.
Economic Union Party
The Economic Union Party was created on March 20, 1948, by St. John's businessman Chesley Crosbie and "co-founded" by Geoff Stirling, publisher of The Sunday Herald.
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There was insufficient support in the Convention to have the option of economic union with the US placed on the 1948 referendum ballot, Crummey and other EUP members called for a vote for responsible government in opposition to Joey Smallwood and his Confederate Association. With the results of the first referendum being inconclusive, a second round of balloting was held and Newfoundland joined Canadian Confederation.
Post-Confederation politics
P.W. Crummey was defeated as the Progressive Conservative candidate for Carbonear/Bay de Verde in the provincial elections of 1951 and 1956.
References
External links
P.W. Crummey Archival Resources
1891 births
1960 deaths
Members of the United Church of Canada
Newfoundland National Convention members
Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador politicians
Candidates in Newfoundland and Labrador provincial elections
Dominion of Newfoundland people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20W.%20Crummey |
Petite Champagne is a geographic zone of Cognac production of approximately 66,000 hectares, of which about 15,000 are dedicated to wines destined for cognac, which can be marked as Petite Champagne or Petite Fine Champagne. It is situated in the départements of Charente and Charente-Maritime. The principal towns of the region are Barbezieux (Charente), Archiac and Jonzac (Charente-Maritime). In order of importance among the cognac crus (regions), Petite Champagne is second in place after Grande Champagne. While having similar characteristics, the cognacs of Petite Champagne have always been considered of a lesser quality than those of Grande Champagne. Geologically, this region is composed of a thinner layer of Calcareous material than Grande Champagne. A blend of Grande and Petite Champagne Cognacs, with at least half the eaux-de-vie coming from Grande Champagne, is known as Fine Champagne.
References
External links
French Wikipedia - Crus de cognac
Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac.
Cognac | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite%20Champagne |
Richard Mark Soley (born c. 1960, in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American computer scientist and businessman, and chairman and CEO of the Object Management Group, Inc. (OMG). He is also executive director of the Cloud Standards Customer Council, and executive director of the Industrial Internet Consortium, managed by the OMG.
Life and work
Soley studied Computer Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he obtained his S.B. in 1982, his S.M. in 1985 and his Ph.D. in 1989. He began his professional life at Honeywell, working on the Multics operating system.
Soley joined OMG as Technical Director in 1989, leading the development of OMG's standardization process and the original CORBA specification.
In 1996, he led the effort to move into vertical market standards (starting with healthcare, finance, telecommunications and manufacturing) and modeling. Those efforts made OMG a major early adopter of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and model-driven architecture (MDA).
Soley was co-founder and former chairman and CEO of A.I. Architects, Inc., a firm which manufactured hardware and software for personal computers and workstations. He has also served as a consultant on matters relating to software investment opportunities for several corporations including IBM, Motorola, and Texas Instruments.
Selected publications
Soley, Richard Mark. Object Management Architecture Guide: Revision 2.0. Wiley, 1995.
References
External links
Richard Mark Soley personal website
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
American computer scientists
Businesspeople from Baltimore
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Multics people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Soley |
WSMC-FM (90.5 MHz) is a public FM radio station featuring a classical music radio format. It is licensed to Collegedale, Tennessee, and serves the Chattanooga metropolitan area, as well as parts of Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and North Carolina. WSMC-FM is owned by Southern Adventist University (SAU). Saturday evening through Friday afternoon, it airs classical music including opera and similar genres. Christian radio programming is heard from Friday evening to Saturday afternoon. WSMC has only three full-time employees: the general manager, corporate sales manager, and operations manager. The announcers and production staff consist entirely of SAU students.
WSMC-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, currently the maximum power for American FM stations. Programming can also be heard on FM translator W217AW at 91.3 MHz in Dalton, Georgia.
History
Early years
In , WSMC-FM first signed on the air. Originally on 88.1 FM, it moved to 90.7 in 1967 and to 90.3 in 1990. For years, its signal was spotty at best in downtown Chattanooga. However, in 1990, it moved from its original tower on White Oak Mountain to a new tower on Mowbray Mountain in Soddy-Daisy, allowing it better coverage of the Chattanooga radio market.
The call sign stands for Southern Missionary College, SAU's name at the time the station began operations.
Religious programming controversies
In 1971, WSMC became one of the charter members of NPR. However, because of the religious doctrine of the licensee's church body, the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, WSMC cannot air live news programming from sunset on Friday evening until sunset on Saturday evening. This frequently resulted in NPR's afternoon drive time program, All Things Considered, being interrupted in progress. That situation did not sit well with NPR during the 1990s.
Coinciding with this dispute, a citizens' group called "Chattanoogans for Better Public Radio" took exception to what group organizer Bob Steverson described as the "awkward marriage of convenience" between WSMC and NPR. Most of NPR's funding comes from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, itself subsidized by Federal appropriations. From sunset on Friday evening to sunset on Saturday evening, WSMC aired a variety of local and national religious programs. The groups complained that it was inappropriate for WSMC to receive federal funding, since it aired more religious programming each week than could be considered a public service. Some individuals also alleged that the religious programming, mandated by the administration of what was then Southern College of Seventh-day Adventists, amounted to catering to a religious minority at the expense of the larger public in the Tennessee Valley.
In March 1995, WSMC formed a community advisory board to address these concerns. However, as Steverson's group saw it, Southern College had three options: stop preempting NPR programming, move NPR programming to the area's other NPR member station, WUTC, or give up its license to another owner. In June 1995, NPR officials began the process of terminating WSMC's membership on the grounds that the station preempted NPR programming too often and aired too much religious programming. In response, college officials and station management decided to take action themselves, discontinuing most NPR programming, news included, taking effect on September 30, 1995. Replacing ATC were Public Radio International's The World and American Public Media's Marketplace, which could air on a delayed basis or be preempted on Fridays. A few NPR programs remained on the schedule (purchased separately without a network discount). Most of the other programs moved to WUTC, which replaced WSMC as the Chattanooga market's primary NPR station. WSMC has since dropped most NPR programming from its schedule, though it does still air some NPR news updates.
Programming
Except for the religious shows on Friday evenings and in the daytime on Saturdays (the 24-hour period of observance for Seventh-day Adventists), WSMC's programming consists entirely of classical music and derived genres. WSMC is less diverse than a typical public radio station, targeting an older, more conservative listenership. By contrast, 88.1 WUTC carries mostly news and talk programs furnished by NPR and other public radio suppliers.
Some national classical shows from NPR and other programming sources includes Performance Today, From the Top, Pipedreams
and Sunday Baroque
.
See also
Media ministries of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
References
Notes
1995 report on listener dissatisfaction over religious programming on WSMC
Report on WSMC's discontinuing full membership in NPR
External links
WSMC-FM official website
SMC
Seventh-day Adventist media
Classical music radio stations in the United States
Southern Adventist University
NPR member stations
Radio stations established in 1961
1961 establishments in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSMC-FM |
Begg (from Gaelic Beag: little, young, small of stature) is a Scottish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexander Charles Begg (1912–1995), New Zealand radiologist and historian
Alistair Begg (born 1952), Scottish minister in the United States
Anne Begg (born 1955), Scottish politician
Chris Begg (born 1979), Canadian baseball player
Ean Begg (1929–2018), Scottish army officer, esotericist and analytical psychologist
Gordon Begg (1868–1954), British stage and film actor, active in Hollywood
Ferdinand Begg (1847–1926), Scottish politician
Heather Begg (1932–2009), New Zealand mezzo-soprano
Ian Begg (1911–1989), Scottish Episcopalian prelate
Jean Begg (1886–1971), New Zealand welfare worker and feminist
James Begg (1808–1883), Scottish minister
James Livingstone Begg (1874–1958), Scottish geologist
John Begg (1866–1937), British architect in India
Konrad Begg (born 1972), Scottish film director
Moazzam Begg (born 1968), British/Pakistani held by the United States as a terrorist suspect
Neil Begg (1915–1995), New Zealand paediatrician
Si Begg (born 1972), British disc jockey
Varyl Begg (1908–1995), British Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet, First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff
Victor Begg (born 1947), Indian-born American philanthropist
William Begg (1821–1889), Scottish merchant captain who settled in Adelaide, South Australia
See also
Dale Begg-Smith (born 1991) Canadian-Australian skier and entrepreneur
Beg (disambiguation)
Beggs (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begg |
Fins Bois is a wine producing sub-region within the Cognac appellation, geographically surrounding the sub-regions of Grande Champagne, Petite Champagne and Borderies, and which falls within both the Charente and Charente-Maritime departments in South-West France, just north of Bordeaux.
Fins Bois is regarded as producing fine (fins) quality eaux-de-vie – though ranked behind those listed above – and is widely used as either a base- or filler- eaux-de-vie in many Cognac blends. While the major brands usually produce blends of several crus, many smaller producers produce single cru blends of various ages. Examples of such producers who release Cru Fins Bois include A. de Fussigny, Chateau de Beaulon and Jean Grosperrin.
Fins Bois eaux-de-vies are characterised by their floral, fruity softness which adds good complexity and body to blends, but without the structure to age well as an exclusive cru blend.
References
Wine regions of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fins%20Bois |
Nicholas Cheong Jin-suk (; 7 December 1931 – 27 April 2021) was a South Korean Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Seoul from 1998 until he retired in 2012. He was previously Bishop of Cheongju from 1970 to 1998. He was made a cardinal in 2006.
Biography
Cheong Jin-suk briefly studied chemical engineering at the Seoul National University before entering the seminary in Seoul, from where he later obtained his bachelor's degree in theology, in 1954. After studying sociology in Hong Kong, he was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop Paul Roh Ki-nam on 18 March 1961 at the Myeongdong Cathedral in Seoul.
Cheong then did pastoral work in Seoul until becoming a professor at its minor seminary and notary of its archdiocesan curia in 1962. He was chancellor of the curia and undersecretary of the Catholic Conference from 1964 to 1965, and episcopal chancellor and vice-rector of the Minor Seminary from 1966 to 1967. He then earned a degree in canon law, studying at the Pontifical Urban University, from October 1968 to 1970.
On 25 June 1970, Cheong was appointed the second Bishop of Cheongju by Pope Paul VI. He was the youngest bishop in Korea at the time. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 3 October from Archbishop Kinam Ro, with Bishops James Pardy, MM, and Peter Han Kong-ryel serving as co-consecrators, in the Church of the Holy Family in Cheongju. He was elected to a three-year term as president of the Korean Episcopal Conference in 1996.
Cheong was appointed the third Archbishop of Seoul on 3 April 1998. In addition to his duties in Seoul, he was made Apostolic Administrator of P'yong-yang on 6 June of that same year.
Pope Benedict XVI created him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Immacolata di Lourdes a Boccea in the consistory of 24 March 2006. Cheong was appointed to the executive committee of the Pontifical Council for the Family on the following 6 May, and to the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of the Holy See on 3 February 2007. He was later appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications.
On his 80th birthday, 7 December 2011, Cheong lost his curial memberships. His resignation as archbishop was accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on 10 May 2012 and he was succeeded by Andrew Yeom Soo-jung.
Cheong died at Saint Mary's Hospital in Seoul at the age of 89 on 27 April 2021. He had celebrated sixty years of his priesthood the previous month. He had been admitted to hospital on 21 February with critical health issues such as breathing difficulties and a slight fever and his successor Cardinal Yeom Soo-jung administered the Anointing of the Sick on 22 February. By the first week of March, Cheong's condition seemed to improve upon the removal of life-sustaining equipment, barring the intravenous, with reports that his blood pressure and oxygen levels were gradually returning to normal. He was adamant that he would not have any surgery, nor would he remain connected to any equipment that would prolong his life. He also signed up for organ donation in the event of his death.
References
External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
1931 births
2021 deaths
Pontifical Urban University alumni
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in South Korea
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in South Korea
Roman Catholic archbishops of Seoul
Clergy from Seoul
South Korean cardinals
South Korean Roman Catholic archbishops
Pontifical Council for the Family
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Roman Catholic bishops of Pyongyang
Roman Catholic bishops of Cheongju | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Cheong%20Jin-suk |
The 2002 Nokia Brier was the Canadian men's curling championship. It was held from March 9 to 17, 2002 at the Pengrowth Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta. It was won by the Albertan foursome headed by Randy Ferbey. Ferbey threw third stones throughout the tournament while his mate (third) David Nedohin threw skip (or fourth) stones. The other two members of the team were second Scott Pfeifer and lead Marcel Rocque.
The Ferbey team beat the young Ontario foursome of John Morris, Joe Frans, Craig Savill, and Brent Laing by a score of 9–4. The game's pivotal moment came when Ferbey scored four points in the fifth end to break open an otherwise even and low-scoring game.
Third place in the tournament went to the team skipped by New Brunswick's Russ Howard, while fourth place was taken by Saskatchewan's Scott Bitz.
Absent from the event were many of the top teams in the country who had boycotted the Brier in favour of the Grand Slam of Curling series, protesting the lack of prize money.
Teams
Round-robin standings
Round-robin results
All draw times are listed in Mountain Standard Time (UTC−7).
Draw 1
Saturday, March 3, 1:30 pm
Draw 2
Saturday, March 3, 7:00 pm
Draw 3
Sunday, March 4, 9:00 am
Draw 4
Sunday, March 4, 1:30 pm
Draw 5
Sunday, March 4, 7:30 pm
Draw 6
Monday, March 5, 9:00 am
Draw 7
Monday, March 5, 1:30 pm
Draw 8
Monday, March 5, 7:30 pm
Draw 9
Tuesday, March 6, 9:00 am
Draw 10
Tuesday, March 6, 1:30 pm
Draw 11
Tuesday, March 6, 7:30 pm
Draw 12
Wednesday, March 7, 9:00 am
Draw 13
Wednesday, March 7, 1:30 pm
Draw 14
Wednesday, March 7, 7:30 pm
Draw 15
Thursday, March 8, 9:00 am
Draw 16
Thursday, March 8, 1:30 pm
Draw 17
Thursday, March 8, 7:30 pm
Playoffs
3 vs. 4
Friday, March 9, 1:30 pm
1 vs. 2
Friday, March 9, 7:30 pm
Semifinal
Saturday, March 10, 1:30 pm
Final
Sunday, March 11, 1:30 pm
Statistics
Top 5 player percentages
Round Robin only
Team percentages
Round Robin only
Awards and honours
As always, there were a scattering of individual awards at the competition, though they were not (and in fact, are still not) considered important by fans, media, or players, as the team element of the game of curling is held in such esteem. The bonspiel's All-Stars were as follows (First Team All-Stars followed by Second Team All-Stars):
The MVP Award, called the "Hec Gervais Award" went to David Nedohin.
See also
Curling
Canadian Curling Association
Scott Tournament of Hearts
World Curling Championships
References
The Brier
Curling competitions in Calgary
Nokia Brier
2002 in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Nokia%20Brier |
Venezuela is a predominantly Christian country, with Islam being a minority religion. There are approximately 100,000 Muslims in Venezuela which make up 0.4 percent of the nation's population. Venezuela has a small but influential Muslim population. Many of them are Arabs of Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian and Turkish descent.
The capital city Caracas has a Muslim population of 15,000. The Mosque of Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Ibrahim in Caracas is the second largest mosque in Latin America. Located in a rapidly changing area of the city, this historic mosque features a dome, minaret and portal to signal its presence in the urban landscape, and devices such as the octagonal hall rising up from a platform to a circular dome to achieve the transition between the street and the interior of the prayer hall. It was constructed with funds from the Ibrahim bin Abdul Aziz Al-Ibrahim Foundation under the planning of architect Oscar Bracho. Other notable mosques and Islamic organisations include the Isla Margarita-Caribe La Comunidad Islámica Venezolana, Centro Islámico de Venezuela, the Mezquita al-Rauda in Maracaibo, the Asociación Honorable Mezquita de Jerusalén in Valencia, Centro Islámico de Maiquetía in Vargas, and the Asociación Benéfica Islámica in Bolívar. There is also a mosque in Punto Fijo built in 2008.
Margarita Island in particular is home to a sizeable Arab Muslim community. The local cable television outlets telecast channels like al-Jazeera; LBC Sat, a Lebanese channel; and more recently, MBC and ART, two Saudi Arabian channels. Women wearing hijab generally work as till operators. On most shop counters, Quranic verses are on display. Muslims here are mainly involved in retail businesses as well as banks and travel agencies.
On 11 February 2006, around 200 (mainly Muslim) protesters marched to the Danish embassy in Caracas, and burnt Danish and U.S. flags as protests over cartoons of Muhammad spread to Latin America.
On 20 July 2006, dozens of people marched in Caracas towards the Israeli embassy to protest against the war in Lebanon. Most of them were Venezuelan Muslims, but some were members of pro-government organisations.
References
External links
Mezquita Sheikh Ibrahim website on MiPunto.com
Ven | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Venezuela |
The River Wild is a 1994 American thriller film starring Meryl Streep, Kevin Bacon, and David Strathairn. It was directed by Curtis Hanson and written by Denis O'Neill. It follows a young family whose white-water rafting holiday turns into a nightmare when they are taken hostage by a pair of armed fugitives.
The film was theatrically released in the United States on September 30, 1994, by Universal Pictures. It was a box office success, grossing $94.2 million worldwide against a $45 million budget. Streep was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance, while Bacon received a Golden Globe nomination for his performance.
Plot
A Boston couple, Gail and Tom Hartman, are having marital problems, mostly due to Tom, an architect, spending so much time working. Gail, a history teacher and former river guide, is taking their son, Roarke, on a rafting trip down the Salmon River in Idaho, along with their dog, Maggie. Their daughter, Willa, is staying behind with Gail's parents in Idaho. Tom, who had remained in Boston, unexpectedly joins them at the last minute. As they are setting off, they meet three other rafters, Wade, Terry, and Frank, who appear to be friendly.
The Hartmans catch up with the trio during a day break, and notice that Frank is no longer with Wade and Terry. They explain that he hiked out after an argument. Unfortunately, he was their guide, and Wade and Terry lack any rafting experience. Gail offers to guide them down the rest of the river. Before getting back on the water, Maggie wanders off and becomes curious about something in the brush farther up the canyon. Tom fetches her before she uncovers it, and they return to the raft.
After a day's rafting, they make camp for the night, but Tom continues working on his architectural project, disappointing Roarke, who feels neglected. They are joined by Wade and Terry, who help celebrate Roarke's birthday that night. After Wade begins acting suspiciously, Gail agrees with Tom that they should part ways with him and Terry. Their plans are upended when Wade and Terry shove off first with Roarke aboard their raft. Wade, showing off to Roarke, reveals they have a gun. During a rest stop, Gail and Tom attempt to take off with Roarke before Wade and Terry notice. That fails, and Wade pulls the gun on Tom. As they struggle, Maggie runs off into the bushes. Gail then realizes that Wade and Terry committed a recently reported robbery and have killed Frank.
The Hartmans are forced down the river at gunpoint before setting up camp for the night. During the night, Tom tries and fails to wrestle the gun away from Terry. Tom runs into the river with Wade chasing him, but he escapes. Wade lies, telling Gail and Roarke that Tom is dead. The next day they run into a ranger, Johnny, who knows that Gail intends to run the Gauntlet, and warns her not to try. Wade shoots him and throws his body into the rapids.
Unbeknownst to anyone, Tom, who finds Maggie, is racing on foot along the canyon rim to get ahead of the raft. After a harrowing ride, the group makes it through the Gauntlet. Tom reappears, and flips the raft. As he struggles with Terry, Gail is able to get the gun. She shoots and kills Wade while Tom subdues Terry. A helicopter with rangers aboard arrives, and they arrest Terry. Gail and Tom share a kiss by the rapids. The film ends with the Hartmans in embrace.
Cast
Pre-production and filming
In June 1993, Universal Studios began considering locations along the Middle Fork of the Flathead River and the Kootenai River in Montana. They also began to seek permits from the forest service and permission from private landowners to film near the falls and nearby West Glacier. Other than Montana for locations, the studio then began to scout the areas in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Wyoming. Before filming began, the crew spent two weeks doing research and development on whitewater rafting.
Principal photography began on August 4, 1993. Many of the film's whitewater scenes were filmed on the Kootenai River. Other scenes were filmed on the Ruby Horsethief section of the Colorado River, the Rogue River in Southern Oregon, and the Middle Fork of the Flathead River. The locations necessitated specialized whitewater river professionals to perform the river stunts and provide the needed safety for Streep and other cast members. Streep did several of her own stunts in the film on the milder river sections. The major whitewater stunts were performed by expert professional river guide Kelley Kalafatich who was hired as Streep's stunt double for the movie.
There was a scare at the end of one day of filming when Hanson asked Streep to shoot one more scene, to which she objected because of her exhaustion. However, she decided to attempt it, and weak from fatigue, was swept off the raft into the river and was in danger of drowning; she did not drown because of her personal flotation device and the river rescue team. Afterwards she said to Hanson, "In the future, when I say I can't do something, I think you should believe me," to which he agreed.
After filming of the whitewater sequences in Montana and Oregon concluded, the main cast and crew went to Boston, Massachusetts to film the remaining scenes that are shown at the beginning of the film. Production was completed in November.
Music
The film was initially scored by Maurice Jarre, but after the producers threw his work out, Jerry Goldsmith was signed to rescore the project (footage of the Goldsmith scoring sessions was used in the 1995 documentary Film Music Masters: Jerry Goldsmith, with extended footage of same as a DVD bonus). Although Goldsmith took a different approach to Jarre, both composers incorporated the folk song "The Water Is Wide" into their scores; the Cowboy Junkies also recorded a version of the song for the end credits. RCA Victor released a soundtrack album on September 13, 1994.
On January 19, 2014, Intrada Records released a limited-edition album, with Goldsmith's score and alternates on disc one and Jarre's unused music on disc two. Tracks in bold also appear on the RCA album, mostly under different names.
Release
The film was initially planned to be released in the summer but Universal decided to delay the release until September 30, 1994 in the United States. It grossed a total of $94,216,343 worldwide, earning $46,816,343 in the United States and Canada and $47,400,000 internationally.
Reception
Critical response
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.
Film critic James Berardinelli praised the production values of the cinematography and score, and the pace of the rafting experience. He also praised Hanson's directing, likening it to that like The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992), stating that Hanson, "could manipulate characters and situations within the comfortable confines of a formula plot", and describing it as a "level of excitement designed to submerge implausibilities and minor gaffes, and a film which "braves the rapids while keeping the viewer afloat amidst its churning waters". He also praised Streep's powerful performance as a female action hero, but described the film overall as "a cut below a white-knuckler".
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times also said the best elements of the film were its cinematography, which he described as "great looking", and the performances of Bacon and Streep; he described the latter as "putting a lot of humor and intelligence into her character". However, Ebert identified serious flaws in the strength of the plot, remarking that, "movies like this are so predictable in their overall stories that they win or lose with their details...The River Wild was constructed from so many ideas, characters and situations recycled from other movies that all the way down the river I kept thinking: Been there". He emphasized the lack of credibility in the storyline and sheer impossibility of some scenes, particularly involving Strathairn as he outruns the pace of the river, and his scenes with the cliff and his Swiss Army knife.
In 2003, the American Film Institute nominated Gail as a hero from the film for AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains.
Accolades
Year-end lists
Honorable mention – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer
Honorable mention – David Elliott, The San Diego Union-Tribune
6th worst – John Hurley, Staten Island Advance
Standalone sequel
In July 2022, it was revealed that a feature film reimagining had entered production, while principal photography had already commenced in Hungary by that time. Directed by Ben Ketai from a script he co-authored with Mike Nguyen Le, the plot centers around a brother and sister with a strained relationship who go on a whitewater rafting trip with a small group of friends. As the group experiences the adventure together, they start to question the intentions of their childhood friend. The film will star Leighton Meester, Taran Killam, and Adam Brody as the siblings and their childhood friend, respectively. Produced by Ogden Gavanski, the project is a Universal 1440 Entertainment production and will be distributed by Universal Filmed Entertainment Group. Though it was announced as a remake/reboot by tabloids, the executives of the studio called the movie a "new The River Wild story" in the "universe" of the original indicating that it is a standalone-sequel taking place in a contemporary setting. The official title was revealed to be River Wild, with the movie's trailer and release poster debuting in July 2023. The film was released on digital and on DVD on August 1, 2023.
See also
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References
External links
1994 films
1994 action thriller films
1990s action adventure films
1990s adventure thriller films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
American action adventure films
American action thriller films
American adventure thriller films
American Sign Language films
American survival films
Films about child abduction in the United States
Films about criminals
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about vacationing
Films directed by Curtis Hanson
Films produced by Lawrence Turman
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films set in Boston
Films set in Idaho
Films shot in Massachusetts
Films shot in Montana
Films shot in Oregon
Rafting films
River adventure films
Universal Pictures films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20River%20Wild |
The Aircraft Identity Corps was a Canadian civil defence organization operating between 1940 and 1945. The corps' mission was to report suspicious aircraft and guard against German, Japanese, and Italian attack. The use of observers was deemed important because radar was not yet in widespread use. It was rebuilt as the Long Range Air Raid Warning System in 1950.
The Aircraft Identity Corps was formed in 1940 by Air Vice Marshal George Croil for service during World War II. By the war's end in 1945 it had over 30,000 members.
Among the corps' responsibilities was a system of 266 observation posts extending from the Sault Ste. Marie locks in northern Michigan to Hudson Bay, to protect the strategically important locks against a possible long-range German air attack. The joint US and Canadian defence of these locks was coordinated by the US Army's Central Defense Command.
In the then-separate Dominion of Newfoundland, there was an Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland. At the behest of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), the Commissioner of Defence for Newfoundland, L. E. Emerson, amalgamated the Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland with the Canadian Aircraft Detection Corps. On March 15, 1942, Emerson circulated a communiqué stating the "Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland" would be organized by the RCAF as a unit of the Canadian Aircraft Identity Corps. One of the letter's recipients was Newfoundland public figure P. W. Crummey, an Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland volunteer. Attached to the communique was a letter from Flight Lieutenant H. H. Graham, commanding officer of Torbay Airport, No. 1 Group RCAF, St. John's; glossaries of airplanes and ships; an identity card; and procedural instructions.
At war's end, Aircraft Identity Corps volunteers in Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland received a brass Volunteer Aircraft Observer button and certificate of thanks from Canada's Department of National Defence. Some Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland volunteers qualified for the United Kingdom's Defence Medal.
See also
Aircraft recognition
Ground Observer Corps (United States)
Volunteer Air Observers Corps (Australia)
Royal Observer Corps (United Kingdom)
References
Ground-based air defence observation corps
Air force units and formations of Canada
Military units and formations of Canada in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft%20Identity%20Corps |
Dear M.F. is an EP album by Canadian rock band Big Sugar. It was released in 1995 on Hypnotic Records.
Track listing
"Dear Mr. Fantasy" – (Chris Wood, Jim Capaldi, Steve Winwood) — 5:05
"Goodbye Train" – (Gordie Johnson) — 4:45
"Motherless Children" – (traditional, arranged by Gordie Johnson) – 4:18
"A Night in Tunisia" – (Dizzy Gillespie, Frankie Paparelli) — 4:02
"Leadbelly (Dub)" – (Johnson, Garry Lowe, Kelly Hoppe, Stich Wynston) – 7:36
Personnel
Gordie Johnson — guitars, bass, vocals
Patrick Ballantyne – acoustic guitar
Kelly Hoppe – harmonica, melodica, steel guitar
Garry Lowe – bass
Al Cross – drums
Stich Wynston – drums
Year-end charts
References
Big Sugar (band) albums
1995 EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear%20M.F. |
Urmila () is a princess featured in the Ramayana. She is the daughter of King Janaka of Mithila and Queen Sunayana. Sita, the female protagonist of the epic, is her elder adoptive sister. She becomes the wife of Lakshmana, the younger brother of Rama. She is considered to be an incarnation of Nagalakshmi.
Legend
Urmila was married to King Dasharatha's third son, Lakshmana. They had two sons named Angada and Chandraketu. She is described as being as dedicated to Sita as Lakshmana was to Rama.
When Lakshmana joined Rama and Sita in their exile, Urmila was ready to accompany him, but he hesitated and asked her to stay back in Ayodhya to take care of his aging parents. According to a legend, Urmila slept continuously for fourteen years. It is believed that during these fourteen years of exile, her husband also never slept to protect his brother and sister-in-law. On the first night of exile, when Rama and Sita were sleeping, the deity Nidra appeared to Lakshmana, and he requested her to offer him the boon of not requiring sleep. The goddess asked him that she could grant his wish, but someone else would have to take his place asleep. Lakshmana wondered if his wife could sleep instead of him. After hearing this, Nidra enquired Urmila regarding this, and the latter happily accepted the task. Urmila is notable for this unparalleled sacrifice, which is called Urmila Nidra.
According to another legend, it is said that when Lakshmana came to inform Urmila of his decision to join Rama in his exile, she was dressed as a queen. Lakshmana grew angry with her and compared her with Kaikeyi. This is stated to be a deliberate act of provocation to alleviate Lakshmana's guilt of leaving her behind so that he could take care of her brother and sister-in-law. When Sita learned of this, she remarked that hundreds of her would not be able to match Urmila's sacrifice.
According to some puranas, she also along with Lakshman had taken Jal samadhi. She is also considered as the goddess of sacrifice. According to Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas, After Sita death Ayodhya got curse that no Suhagan women will alive so Urmila Mandvi and Shrutakriti along with Suhagan womens of Ayodhya took Samadhi in Saryu river after that she become nagalakshmi and went vaikunth
Worship
In Bharatpur district of Rajasthan, there is a temple dedicated to Lakshman and Urmila. The temple was built in 1870 AD by the then ruler Balwant Singh of Bharatpur and is considered as a royal temple by the royal family of Bharatpur State.
In the Medak district of Telangana, there is a temple called Sri Kalyana Ramachandra Sannadhi that is dedicated to Lakshman and Urmila. This temple is the only one in India that has installed statues of Rama's brothers and their wives.
In popular culture
Portrayed by Anjali Vyas in 1987–1988 Indian epic drama Ramayan
Portrayed by Monika in 1997-2000 Indian epic drama Jai Hanuman
Portrayed by Ashwini in 2002 Indian epic drama Ramayan
Portrayed by Meenakshi Arya in 2008 Indian epic drama Ramayan
Portrayed by Yukti Kapoor in 2015–2016 Indian epic drama Siya Ke Ram
Portrayed by Nisha Nagpal in 2019–2020 Indian epic drama Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush
References
Urmila, the sleeping princess - The New Indian Express
Lakshman's wife goes to sleep - Devlok
Further reading
Valmiki Ramayana, English verse translation by Desiraju Hanumanta Rao, K. M. K. Murthy et al.
Ramayana, English verse translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith at the Project Gutenberg
The Song of Urmila’s Separation: Andhra Women’s Song Spotlights Ramayana’s Neglected Urmila
Solar dynasty
Characters in the Ramayana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmila |
H & J Smith Holdings Ltd, branded as H & J Smith and known colloquially as H&J's or Smith's is a company which operates in the lower South Island of New Zealand. The company was founded in 1900. It primarily operates in department stores, specialty stores and franchises (some within the main department stores). The department stores are located in Invercargill, Gore and Queenstown. There were also department stores in Dunedin, Te Anau, Balclutha, Nelson, and Blenheim.
History
H & J Smith was established by brother and sister John Smith and Helen Hay Smith in 1900 as a drapery store in Invercargill and became a major retail company in New Zealand. The company has also maintained a presence on Dunedin's George Street for almost a 120 years. In addition, H & J Smith operated a network of stores in the Nelson and Blenheim area.
The H & J Smith store in Nelson at 60/80 Bridge Street was closed in 2003.
On 25 May 2020, it was reported that H & J Smith was considering closing its stores in Dunedin, Mosgiel, Balclutha, Te Anau, and Gore as well as the Armoury Store in Dunedin and Outdoor World in Queenstown as a result of the economic effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. The Take Note store in Gore would relocate but H & J Smith's stores in Invercargill and Queenstown would remain open. A final decision will be made in early June with the downsizing expected to affect 175 jobs. Dunedin and Clutha Mayors Aaron Hawkins and Bryan Cadogan have urged the company to reconsider their closure plans.
In early June 2020, H&J Smith confirmed the closure of its Te Anau and Balclutha stores in late July while downsizing its Gore branch in late August 2020. The Outdoor World in Queenstown and Take Note Store will also be closed down. These closures will affect 60 employees. On 19 June, H&J Smith confirmed that it would be closing its Dunedin department store in January 2021 and the Armoury Store in the nearby Wall Street precinct.
In May 2023, H&J Smith announced that they proposed to close all of their remaining department stores (Invercargill, Gore, Queenstown) by November citing a decline in the department store model and the cost of renovating and strengthening the Invercargill flagship. The other stores owned by the group (Mitre 10 Mega Queenstown, Mitre 10 Mega Invercargill and Laser Electrical) would not close but they would look at selling off their Gun City, Paper Plus and school uniform services. On June 26, 2023, the decision was finalised to shut down the department stores on 18 November 2023, with a loss of 220 jobs.
It was announced in July 2023 that the store in Gore would be taken over by Long Beach Holdings Ltd. and rebranded to APT Collections they previously took over the store in Mosgiel. The Armoury Fashion Boutique would be taken over by Tania Roderique and the Gun City store taken over by the parent company.
Department stores operated by H & J Smith
H & J Smith Invercargill
The Invercargill Department Store is the flagship store, with by far the most floor space (at 12,000sqm taking up the width of a city block) and largest offering.
Store departments include Cosmetics and Fine Fragrance, Ladies' Fashion, Men's Fashion, Lingerie, Accessories (including jewellery and watches), Footwear, Icebreaker, Paper Plus, Waxx surf shop, uproar streetware, and Armoury Fashion Boutique on the Ground Floor. The First Floor includes Furniture, KidsWorld (including Fashion, Nursery and Toys), Soft Furnishings, Home Linens, Giftware (including Kitchenware tableware and Home Decor), Function Room, Gift Registry, Mother's Room, Main Office and toilets. H & J's also sells School Uniforms and Luggage.
The store also includes a café restaurant branded as The Copper Kettle on the upper floor, and MOOCH Espresso Bar on the ground floor. The Invercargill store includes a Sky Bridge connecting the store to a paid car park building.
Store history
The Invercargill store was the very first H&J Smith store, the original store was located at 125 Dee Street in Invercargill and moved to 48 Tay Street in 1908 after the original premises was considered too small. In 1923 the Invercargill store was once again relocated this time H&J Smith's purchased the Price & Bulleid Building on the corner of Tay and Kelvin street, H&J Smith Invercargill remains in this location today. Since then the building has been extended several times stretching out to Kelvin street, a clock tower was added to the Tay street corner of the building in 1940, this was replaced with a digital clock in 1970 and the building facades were upgraded in 1969.
A car parking building was constructed across the road from H&J Smith's on the Esk street side, in the 1970s and a sky bridge between the car park and H&J Smiths was built in the 1980s.
H&J Smiths purchased the adjoining building on Esk street in 1989, at the time this was most recently used by the Invercargill Licensing Trust as a liquor store and before this was home to Watts & Greive Ltd, a Morris car dealer. This building was used for H&J Smiths Mitre 10 franchise between 1990 and 2004, H&J Smith's Appliance Centre between 2006 and 2011 and after extensive renovations were made to this building in 2014 the building is now home to Outdoor H&J Smith.
During the 2000s the Invercargill store was subject to major renovations including the addition of twin escalators, where in the past there was only one escalator going in the up direction. A larger cosmetic department located in the centre of the Esk Street end of the store was added in 2003, as well as an extensive Fine Fragrance area.
Dressmaking fabrics were removed from the store in 2009. In 2011, the Invercargill Paper Plus franchise, which H & J Smith had purchased in 2010, was incorporated into the main Invercargill store, replacing a Take Note franchise. Postal services were removed at this time, however in 2019 postal services were reinstated after the Invercargill Post Shop closed down.
An Appliance Department existed up until 2011, the original location was on the second floor but the department moved to the building next door in 2006 after Mitre 10 moved to its current Mega Store location. The appliance department was branded as H & J's Appliance Centre and for a time was a Betta Electrical franchise.
H & J's Outdoor
A sporting goods store, originally known as Outdoor World in Invercargill and Element in Queenstown. The Outdoor Invercargill store is located on Esk Street Invercargill next door to the H & J Smith Invercargill department store with an entrance between the two stores. H & J's Outdoor sells a range of outdoor clothing, camping equipment, sports equipment, bikes including a bikes workshop, hunting and fishing gear and firearms. H & J's Outdoor operated the franchise for Gun City in Invercargill.
Store history
Outdoor World opened in the former Thomson and Beattie drapery store at 27 Tay Street Invercargill in 1972, the original store was on 2 levels. In 2014 Outdoor World relocated to its current location on Esk Street and today the original Tay Street building is now used as a motorcycle museum called "Classic Motor Cycle Mecca." In Queenstown H & J Smith opened an Outdoor store opened in the early 2000s this store was originally known as Element and later rebranded as H & J's Outdoor.
In early June 2020, H & J Smith confirmed that its Outdoor World branch in Queenstown would be closing down in August, resulting in the loss of ten jobs. The Outdoor store in Queenstown closed on 29 August 2020. In August 2023 the Gun City franchise was taken over by the parent company and continues to operate in the hunting and fishing space within the H & J's Outdoor store.
H & J Smith Remarkables Park (Queenstown)
The Remarkable Park store is located in the Remarkable Park shopping centre in Frankton.
The store is the newest and most modern, but still features the traditional cream interior colour scheme of the other stores. The store offers limited Cosmetics and Fine Fragrance, Ladies Fashion, Men's Fashion, Kids Fashion, Nursery, Lingerie, Accessories, Footwear, Luggage, Giftware, Home Linens, Bedding, and Furniture.
H & J Smith Little Pips
Little Pips was a Children's and Nursery store in the Remarkable Park shopping centre. Little Pips includes Nursery, Children's and Baby clothing. The Nursery offering includes car seats, prams, cots and baby toys. The clothing range includes children's clothing up to size 8 with larger sizes sold in the main department store. Little Pips was created in 2022 after the Queenstown Armoury store was integrated into the main department store, the store was closed in 2023 with the offering moved back into the main department store.
Store history
H & J Smith Ltd has been operating in Queenstown since 1971 when H & J Smith purchased Queenstown Drapery store WH Wheatley, located on Ballarat street in Queenstown. In 2000 a new store was built in the Remarkables Park Town Centre shopping centre which in addition to H&J Smiths included retail space for an Outdoor store (originally known as Element) and Mitre 10. The Mitre 10 store was relocated to Shotover Park in 2015 as a Mitre 10 Mega store and this retail space is now occupied by Harvey Norman.
Franchises operated by H & J Smith
Mitre 10 MEGA Invercargill
The Mitre 10 MEGA store in Invercargill is owned by H & J Smith. H & J Smith's Mitre 10 was first opened in 1988 next to the Invercargill department store. In 2004 H & J Smith indicated their intentions to upgrade the Invercargill store to a Mitre 10 MEGA store. The new store was built in the former Woolworths Supermarket which had only been operating in the Central Business District of Invercargill for 4 years. The Burger King restaurant next to the Woolworths Supermarket had to be demolished and rebuilt in another part of the car park to accommodate the Mitre 10 Mega store. The Mitre 10 Mega store was opened in March 2005.
Mitre 10 MEGA Queenstown
H & J Smith also operate the Mitre 10 MEGA store in Shotover Park in Frankton. The original Mitre 10 store in Queenstown was opened in 1993 and was located on Gray street. The store moved to the Remarkable Park shopping centre in 2000. As early as 2003, H & J Smith revealed intentions to build a new Mitre 10 MEGA store in Frankton, and after several attempts to gain resource consent the MEGA store was finally opened in 2015.
Laser Electrical Invercargill
Originally known as H&J Smith Electrical and located on Tay Street this electrical contracting business is now a Laser Electrical franchise located on Bond Street. The company offers an appliance repair service as well as a household and business electrical service. In the past there was also a H&J Smith Electrical business in Queenstown but this has now closed down.
Past stores operated by H&J Smiths
Armoury Fashion Boutique
Armoury is a ladies' fashion boutique store. H & J Smith operated Armoury stores in Invercargill, Dunedin and Queenstown. The Armoury brand was created as a consolidation of stores H & J Smith had recently purchased, DT Carter in Invercargill and Queenstown and French Floozie in Dunedin.
The Dunedin Armoury store originally known as French Floozie was located in the Wall Street Mail and was closed in January 2021 when H & J Smith closed their Dunedin department store.
The Queenstown Armoury store was located in the Remarkable Park shopping centre and was integrated into the H & J Smith Remarkable Park store in 2022.
The Invercargill store is located at the Esk street corner of the department store; this store was formerly called Lifestyle. In August 2023 the Armoury store was taken over by Tania Roderique and continues to operate inside the H & J Smith Invercargill department store.
Big Scotty's
Big Scotty's was a furniture store operated on Clyde Street in Invercargill selling lounge, bedroom, dining and home entertainment furniture. In October 2010, it was announced that this store would be closing.
H & J's Carpet World
H & J's Carpet World was a carpet store on Tay Street in Invercargill selling a large range of carpets, vinyls and mats. This store was taken over by Flooring Xtra.
H & J Smith Dunedin
H & J Smith took over the longstanding Dunedin department store Arthur Barnett in 2015 and operated this store until January 2021. The history of the Dunedin store dates back to 1903 as Arthur Barnett's flagship store. The Dunedin Arthur Barnett store building was remodelled into Dunedin's Meridian Mall between 1995 and 1997 with Arthur Barnett the anchor tenant in the Meridian Mall. At its prime, Arthur Barnett operated 5 stores across Otago. By the time of purchase, it had declined to a store in Dunedin and an online store. The online store was reformatted into H&J's first foray into online retailing. Arthur Barnett was sold to H & J Smith in June 2015 and after a short period continuing under its original name, store was rebranded to align with H&J's other department stores. At the time of the H&J Smith takeover a section of the store was sub-leased to ToyWorld Dunedin, this arrangement had been in place since 2010 when the local franchise holder relocated from a ToyWorld store on Dunedin's Vogel street to a section of Arthur Barnett. This agreement came to an end in 2018 and the ToyWorld store closed with the section replaced with H&J Smith's toy department. Following the rebrand from Arthur Barnett to H&J Smith the cafe was rebranded as Mooch Cafe, the same as the Invercargill store.
The store, within Dunedin's Meridian Mall on the main shopping street of George St, was H & J Smith's second-largest department store after its Invercargill flagship. Departments included Cosmetics, Ladieswear, Menswear, Lingerie, Accessories, Childrenswear and Toys, School Uniforms, Casual Living, Home Linens, Furniture, as well as an in-store 'espresso bar' café. The cosmetics department offered H&J's largest selection of prestige beauty brands.
On 19 June 2020, H & J Smith confirmed that it would be closing down its Dunedin branch in January 2021. The Dunedin store closed on 30 January 2021.
H & J Smith Balclutha
H & J Smith operated a department store on Clyde Street in Balclutha between 2001 and 2020, the store was taken over from Arthur Barnett in 2001. The Balclutha store was small in comparison with H & J's other department stores, and carried a limited offering, but was large compared to surrounding retailers in Balclutha. In the past the store was on 2 floors with a furniture and home appliance offering.
Prior to closure the store offered Ladies', Men's and Children's Apparel, footwear, Revlon cosmetics, Giftware (kitchen and tableware), Home Linens and kids toys.
In early June 2020, H&J Smith confirmed that it would be closing its Balclutha branch in July 2020. The Balclutha stored closed on 1 August 2020.
H & J Smith Gore
H & J Smith opened their second store in Gore in 1905 originally in the Criterion Hotel building. H & J Smith Gore was relocated to a new building on the corner of Main street and Irk street in 1913 and remained in this building for 107 years, until September 2020 when H & J Smith in Gore was downsized to a smaller store.
The upstairs portion of the store once housed the Woman's Club and a dental surgery. In 1954 Queen Elizabeth II visited Gore and dined at the Women's club located in the H & J Smith building. The front of the building was extended in size in 1925 doubling the Main street frontage and the Irk street frontage increased in 1930. In 2000 the store frontage was increased further after the neighbouring Hallensteins store closed down, an entrance way was created between the H & J Smith store and the former Hallensteins store with this area becoming the menswear department.
Upgrades to the Gore store took place over the years including the addition of a lift in 1971, and the opening of the Viking Restaurant in the 1970s. In the late 90s the Viking Restaurant was replaced with a new cafe The Junction Cafe located at the front of the store. The shop main entrance was relocated to the corner of the building.
In February 2019 the Gore store was consolidated to a single floor with the public toilets and Soft Furnishings the only parts remaining on the First Floor. The consolidation to a single floor saw the closure of the Junction Café in 2018.
In early June 2020, H & J Smith confirmed that their Gore branch would be further downsizing with the original store closing and relocated into the former Hallensteins building next door that H & J Smiths had used as the menswear department. The New Zealand Post services were moved across the road into the Paper Plus store. Part of the H & J Smith Gore store has now been tenanted by a local retailer called Interior Warehouse. The rear of the ground floor is now tenanted by Hello Banana.
Departments that were offered in the Gore store prior to downsizing included Ladieswear, Childrenswear, Mens/Boyswear, Footwear, School Uniforms, Lingerie, Giftware (including Kitchenware, tabletop and Home Decor), Accessories, Cosmetics including Elizabeth Arden, Revlon, L'Oreal and Fragrance, Toys/Nursery, Soft Furnishings and Home Linens. A New Zealand Post and KiwiBank franchise also operated inside the store.
Following the relocation to a smaller store the offering was reduced to Ladies and Mens fashion clothing, Footwear, Accessories and School Uniforms.
In August 2023, following the announcement of H & J Smith deciding to call time on their department store business the Gore store was taken over by Longbeach Holdings Ltd and from September 2023 will operate as APT Collections.
H & J Smith Mosgiel
H & J Smith Mosgiel was a small fashion boutique located on the main street of Mosgiel. This store offered Ladieswear and a dry cleaning service. The Mosgiel store was sold to Longbeach Holdings Ltd in 2021 and reopened at the end of February 2021 as APT Collections.
H & J Smith Te Anau
H & J Smith Te Anau was a department store located in the Te Anau town centre and operated in Te Anau for 33 years between 1987 and 2020. The history of this store dates back to 1963 when business partners Dirkje Veenstra and Christina Mooyman opened The Ace Store in Te Anau. H & J Smith purchased The Ace Store on 4 April 1987. The building at this time was extensively remodelled and included the addition of a Temperature/Clock display similar to the one in the Invercargill store. In the early days the store included H & Js Carpet World in a shed at the rear of the store, The Hide Shop (a souvenir shop) was part of the original store but integrated into the main store in 1997.
The Te Anau store initially traded as a full department store including whiteware, furniture and gifts. At the time of closure the offering included the Apparel, Home Linen, Footwear departments offered in the other stores. The store was always on a single floor.
In early June 2020, H&J Smith confirmed that it would be closing its Te Anau branch in July 2020. The
Te Anau store closed on 1 August 2020.
Gallery
References
External links
H & J Smith Website
Invercargill
Companies based in Invercargill
Retail companies of New Zealand
Department stores of New Zealand
Retail companies established in 1900
New Zealand companies established in 1900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%20%26%20J%20Smith |
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