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Neil Smith (born April 10, 1966) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Kansas City Chiefs from 1988 to 1996, the Denver Broncos from 1997 to 1999, and the San Diego Chargers in 2000. Before his NFL career, he played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers, where he was an All-American in 1987. He also co-owned an Arena Football team, the Kansas City Command.
Early years
Born in New Orleans, Smith graduated from McDonogh No. 35 Senior High School in the city.
Professional career
The Chiefs, who had the third pick, made it known to everyone before the 1988 NFL Draft that they intended to take Smith. The Detroit Lions, picking second, threatened to pick Smith and the Chiefs were forced to move up one slot to make sure that Smith would be their pick. Incidentally, one of the draft picks the Chiefs surrendered in order to move up turned out to be star linebacker Chris Spielman. Smith's pre-draft measurables were head-turning. He was 6'4½", weighed 260 pounds, had a 7-foot-1½-inch arm span, and ran a 4.55 forty-yard dash.
NFL career statistics
Legacy
One of the top defensive linemen of his era, Smith made the Pro Bowl 6 times during his career (1991–1995 and 1997), and led the NFL with 15 sacks in the 1993 season. With the Broncos, Smith won 2 NFL championship rings for Super Bowl XXXII and Super Bowl XXXIII. In the 1998 Divisional Playoffs against the Miami Dolphins, Smith cemented the 38-3 Broncos victory with a 79-yard fumble return for a touchdown, and in Super Bowl XXXII, he recorded a key fumble recovery that set up a Broncos field goal.
Smith finished his 13 NFL seasons with 104.5 sacks, 30 forced fumbles, 12 fumble recoveries, 19 return yards, and 1 touchdown. He also intercepted 4 passes, returning them for 68 yards and a touchdown. He is the former co-owner of the Kansas City Brigade of the Arena Football League.
On October 22, 2006, Smith was inducted to the Chiefs's Hall of Fame.
Notes
Smith's trademark sack celebration, which consisted of him pantomiming swinging a baseball bat, was invented in tribute to another Kansas City sports hero, Hall Of Famer George Brett.
There was a rule created in his name. The "Neil Smith" rule, enacted in 1998, prevents a defensive lineman from flinching to induce a false start penalty on the offense.
Neil Smith was a Co-Owner of the Kansas City Brigade, a team in the Arena Football League from 2006 until 2008.
Smith appeared as a panelist on the Nickelodeon game show Figure it Out. He also appeared in a series of Campbell's Chunky Soup commercials.
The Kansas City Command retired #90 in his honor.
References
External links
Stats from ESPN.com
NFL biography, 1988-1998 (archived)
1966 births
Living people
Players of American football from New Orleans
American football defensive ends
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Denver Broncos players
San Diego Chargers players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Arena Football League executives
African-American sports executives and administrators
American sports executives and administrators
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Smith%20%28American%20football%29 |
Old-Age Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1933:
Modification
The concepts contained in the convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C128, Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967.
Ratifications
Prior to it being shelved, the convention was ratified by 11 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Social security
Treaties concluded in 1933
Treaties entered into force in 1937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-Age%20Insurance%20%28Industry%2C%20etc.%29%20Convention%2C%201933%20%28shelved%29 |
Randy Scott Wittman (born October 28, 1959) is an American former basketball player at the guard position and former coach of the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers, Minnesota Timberwolves, and Washington Wizards.
Playing career
High school
Wittman starred for Indianapolis Ben Davis High School from 1975–1978. He averaged more than 23 points a game for Ben Davis, which remains the second-highest average at the school, and became one of the nation's top recruits. In 1978 he was second to Brad Leaf of all Marion County, Indiana, scorers.
College
The 6'6" Wittman played college basketball from 1979–1983 for Bob Knight and the Indiana University Hoosiers. The 1979–80 Hoosiers, led by Isiah Thomas, won the Big Ten championship and advanced to the 1980 Sweet Sixteen. The following season, in 1980–81, the Hoosiers once again won a conference title and advanced to the NCAA Championship, beating the North Carolina Tar Heels.
The Hoosiers trailed the entire first half of the game until Wittman scored at the halftime buzzer with a deep corner shot. The Hoosiers went on to win the game by a 63-50 tally, making the 1981 NCAA tournament the school's fourth national title.
In 1982–1983, with the leadership of Wittman, the No. 1 ranked Hoosiers were favorites to win another national championship. However, with an injury to star player Ted Kitchel mid-season, the Hoosiers' prospects were grim. Knight asked for fan support to rally around the team and, despite long odds, the team ultimately won the Big Ten title. Nevertheless, in the tournament Kitchel's absence was felt and the team lost to Kentucky in the 1983 Sweet Sixteen. Wittman was named the Big Ten Player of the Year and a consensus second team All-American in 1983. He became a member of Indiana's Hall of Fame and was named to Indiana's Silver Anniversary Basketball Team, in March 1996.
Professional
Wittman was selected by the Washington Bullets with the 22nd pick of the 1983 NBA draft. However, he never played for the Bullets with his rights being traded to the Atlanta Hawks.
Wittman spent the early portion of his career with the Hawks, sharing backcourt with Glenn "Doc" Rivers and Anthony "Spud" Webb, and starting most of the games from 1985–88 (while averaging 12 points and 3.5 assists in those years combined).
After a small spell with the Sacramento Kings, he became a fringe player with the Indiana Pacers, retiring in 1991–92 after three unassuming years. For his career, Wittman averaged 7.4 points, 1.1 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game, shooting just over 50% from the field.
Coaching career
In 1992, Wittman began his NBA coaching career as an assistant coach, first with the Pacers. He spent one season in Indianapolis and another with the Dallas Mavericks (and later with the Orlando Magic).
Subsequently, Wittman spent from 1994–99 with the Minnesota Timberwolves, in the same capacity. During that period, he helped in the development of Wolves' star forward Kevin Garnett. Wittman then served as head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers for two seasons, (1999–2001), compiling a record of 62-102.
On January 23, 2007, Wittman became the head coach of the Timberwolves, succeeding Dwane Casey; he had already started the season as assistant to the former.
On December 8, 2008, club owner Glen Taylor fired Wittman after a 4-19 start, asking Kevin McHale to step in, in a complete change of the organization's structure, as the former Boston Celtics great had been Minnesota's vice-president of basketball operations since 1995.
Wittman became acting head coach of the Washington Wizards, accepting the position after Flip Saunders was fired in January 2012 for a 2-15 start. On June 4, 2012, the Wizards announced that Wittman would be retained as the official head coach of the team for the 2012–2013 season.
The Wizards improved from 29-53 to 44-38 during the 2013–14 season, which included advancing to the second round of the playoffs for just the third time since 1979 before losing to the Indiana Pacers in six games. The Wizards had a 5-1 record in away games during both series, but were unable to win a home game in the second round. Wittman was praised for his strategy and leadership throughout the playoffs by both players and management alike.
Wittman signed an extension to remain head coach of the Wizards on June 3, 2014.
The Wizards fired Wittman on April 13, 2016 after the team missed the playoffs.
On September 18, 2017, Wittman was hired by the Orlando Magic as a coaching consultant.
Personal life
His son Ryan Wittman starred for the Cornell Big Red basketball team; he helped lead the Big Red to their first NCAA Tournament appearance in 20 years during the 2007–08 season, again in 2009, and to Cornell's first-ever NCAA basketball tournament victories in 2010 over the Temple Owls and Wisconsin Badgers as the Big Red made its first-ever trip to the NCAA Men's Sweet 16.
Head coaching record
|-
| align="left" |Cleveland
| align="left" |
|82||32||50|||| align="center" |6th in Central|||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Cleveland
| align="left" |
|82||30||52|||| align="center" |6th in Central|||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Minnesota
| align="left" |
|42||12||30|||| align="center" |4th in Northwest|||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Minnesota
| align="left" |
|82||22||60|||| align="center" |5th in Northwest|||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Minnesota
| align="left" |
|19||4||15|||| align="center" |(fired)|||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |—
|-
| align="left" |Washington
| align="left" |
|49||18||31|||| align="center" |4th in Southeast|||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Washington
| align="left" |
|82||29||53|||| align="center" |3rd in Southeast|||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-
| align="left" |Washington
| align="left" |
|82||44||38|||| align="center" |2nd in Southeast||11||6||5||
| align="center" |Lost in Conference semifinals
|-
| align="left" |Washington
| align="left" |
|82||46||36|||| align="center" |2nd in Southeast||10||6||4||
| align="center" |Lost in Conference semifinals
|-
| align="left" |Washington
| align="left" |
|82||41||41|||| align="center" |4th in Southeast|||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed playoffs
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan="2"|Career
| 684||278||406|||| ||21||12||9||
References
External links
BasketballReference stats
BasketballReference coach stats
NBA.com coach profile
1959 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball players from Indianapolis
Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches
Dallas Mavericks assistant coaches
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
Indiana Pacers assistant coaches
Indiana Pacers players
Minnesota Timberwolves assistant coaches
Minnesota Timberwolves head coaches
Orlando Magic assistant coaches
Sacramento Kings players
Shooting guards
Washington Bullets draft picks
Washington Wizards assistant coaches
Washington Wizards head coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Wittman |
Spider taxonomy is that part of taxonomy that is concerned with the science of naming, defining and classifying all spiders, members of the Araneae order of the arthropod class Arachnida with more than 48,500 described species. However, there are likely many species that have escaped the human eye to this day, and many specimens stored in collections waiting to be described and classified. It is estimated that only one third to one half of the total number of existing species have been described.
Arachnologists currently divide spiders into two suborders with about 129 families.
Due to constant research, with new species being discovered every month and others being recognized as synonyms, the number of species in the families is bound to change and only reflects the present state of knowledge. Nevertheless, the species numbers given here are useful as a guideline – see the table of families at the end of the article.
History
Spider taxonomy can be traced to the work of Swedish naturalist Carl Alexander Clerck, who in 1757 published the first binomial scientific names of some 67 spiders species in his Svenska Spindlar ("Swedish Spiders"), one year before Linnaeus named over 30 spiders in his Systema Naturae. In the ensuing 250 years, thousands more species have been described by researchers around the world, yet only a dozen taxonomists are responsible for more than a third of all species described. The most prolific authors include Eugène Simon of France, Norman Platnick and Herbert Walter Levi of the United States, Embrik Strand of Norway, and Tamerlan Thorell of Sweden, each having described well over 1,000 species.
Overview of phylogeny
At the very top level, there is broad agreement on the phylogeny and hence classification of spiders, which is summarized in the cladogram below. The three main clades into which spiders are divided are shown in bold; , they are usually treated as one suborder, Mesothelae, and two infraorders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, grouped into the suborder Opisthothelae. The Mesothelae, with about 140 species in 8 genera , make up a very small proportion of the total of around 49,000 known species. Mygalomorphae species comprise around 7% of the total, the remaining 93% being in the Araneomorphae.
The Araneomorphae are divided into two main groups: the Haplogynae and the Entelegynae. The Haplogynae make up about 10% of the total number of spider species, the Entelegynae about 83%. The phylogenetic relationships of the Haplogynae, Entelegynae and the two smaller groups Hypochiloidea and Austrochiloidea remain uncertain . Some analyses place both Hypochiloidea and Austrochiloidea outside Haplogynae; others place the Austrochiloidea between the Haplogynae and the Entelegynae; the Hypochiloidea have also been grouped with the Haplogynae. Earlier analyses regarded the Hypochiloidea as the sole representatives of a group called the Paleocribellatae, with all other araneomorphs placed in the Neocribellatae.
The Haplogynae are a group of araneomorph spiders with simpler male and female reproductive anatomy than the Entelegynae. Like the mesotheles and mygalomorphs, females have only a single genital opening (gonopore), used both for copulation and egg-laying; males have less complex palpal bulbs than those of the Entelegynae. Although some studies based on both morphology and DNA suggest that the Haplogynae form a monophyletic group (i.e. they comprise all the descendants of a common ancestor), this hypothesis has been described as "weakly supported", with most of the distinguishing features of the group being inherited from ancestors shared with other groups of spiders, rather than being clearly indicative of a separate common origin (i.e. being synapomorphies). One phylogenetic hypothesis based on molecular data shows the Haplogynae as a paraphyletic group leading to the Austrochilidae and Entelegynae.
The Entelegynae have a more complex reproductive anatomy: females have two "copulatory pores" in addition to the single genital pore of other groups of spiders; males have complex palpal bulbs, matching the female genital structures (epigynes). The monophyly of the group is well supported in both morphological and molecular studies. The internal phylogeny of the Entelegynae has been the subject of much research. Two groups within this clade contain the only spiders that make vertical orb webs: the Deinopoidea are cribellate – the adhesive properties of their webs are created by packets of thousands of extremely fine loops of dry silk; the Araneoidea are ecribellate – the adhesive properties of their webs are created by fine droplets of "glue". In spite of these differences, the webs of the two groups are similar in their overall geometry. The evolutionary history of the Entelegynae is thus intimately connected with the evolutionary history of orb webs. One hypothesis is that there is a single clade, Orbiculariae, uniting the orb web makers, in whose ancestors orb webs evolved. A review in 2014 concluded that there is strong evidence that orb webs evolved only once, although only weak support for the monophyly of the Orbiculariae. One possible phylogeny is shown below; the type of web made is shown for each terminal node in order of the frequency of occurrence.
If this is correct, the earliest members of the Entelegynae made webs defined by the substrate on which they were placed (e.g. the ground) rather than suspended orb webs. True orb webs evolved once, in the ancestors of the Orbiculariae, but were then modified or lost in some descendants.
An alternative hypothesis, supported by some molecular phylogenetic studies, is that the Orbiculariae are paraphyletic, with the phylogeny of the Entelegynae being as shown below.
On this view, orb webs evolved earlier, being present in the early members of the Entelegynae, and were then lost in more groups, making web evolution more convoluted, with different kinds of web having evolved separately more than once. Future advances in technology, including comparative genomics studies, and whole-genome sampling should lead to "a clearer image of the evolutionary chronicle and the underlying diversity patterns that have resulted in one of the most extraordinary radiations of animals".
Suborder Mesothelae
Mesothelae resemble the Solifugae ("wind scorpions" or "sun scorpions") in having segmented plates on their abdomens that create the appearance of the segmented abdomens of these other arachnids. They are both few in number and also limited in geographical range.
†Arthrolycosidae (primitive spiders, extinct)
†Arthromygalidae (primitive spiders, extinct)
Liphistiidae (primitive burrowing spiders)
Suborder Opisthothelae
Suborder Opisthothelae contains the spiders that have no plates on their abdomens. Opisthothelae is divided into two infraorders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, which can be distinguished by the orientation of their fangs. It can be somewhat difficult on casual inspection to determine whether the fang orientation would classify a spider as a mygalomorph or araneomorph. The spiders that are called "tarantulas" in English are so large and hairy that inspection of their fangs is hardly necessary to categorize one of them as a mygalomorph. Other, smaller, members of this suborder, however, look little different from the araneomorphs. (See the picture of Sphodros rufipes below.) Many araneomorphs are immediately identifiable as such since they are found on webs designed for the capture of prey or exhibit other habitat choices that eliminate the possibility that they could be mygalomorphs.
Infraorder Mygalomorphae
Spiders in infraorder Mygalomorphae are characterized by the vertical orientation of their fangs and the possession of four book lungs.
Infraorder Araneomorphae
Most, if not all, of the spiders one is likely to encounter in everyday life belong to infraorder Araneomorphae. It includes a wide range of spider families, including the orb-weaver spiders that weave their distinctive webs in gardens, the cobweb spiders that frequent window frames and the corners of rooms, the crab spiders that lurk on flowers waiting for nectar- and pollen-gathering insects, the jumping spiders that patrol the outside walls of buildings, and so on. They are characterized by having fangs whose tips approach each other as they bite, and (usually) having one pair of book lungs.
Classification above families
Spiders were long classified into families that were then grouped into superfamilies, some of which were in turn placed into a number of higher taxa below the level of infraorder. When more rigorous approaches, such as cladistics, were applied to spider classification, it became clear that most of the major groupings used in the 20th century were not supported. Many were based on shared characteristics inherited from the ancestors of multiple clades (plesiomorphies), rather than being distinct characteristics originating in the ancestors of that clade only (apomorphies). According to Jonathan A. Coddington in 2005, "books and overviews published prior to the last two decades have been superseded". Listings of spiders, such as the World Spider Catalog, currently ignore classification above the family level.
At the higher level, the phylogeny of spiders is now often discussed using informal clade names, such as the "RTA clade", the "Oval Calmistrum" clade or the "Divided Cribellum" clade. Older names previously used formally are used as clade names, e.g. Entelegynae and Orbiculariae.
Table of families
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Abbreviations for Insect and Spider Collections of the World
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
European and Australian spiders - info and identification
Spiders of Europe and Greenland
Information about the largest spider
Taxonomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20taxonomy |
Alexander Military Law Academy () (1867–1917) was an educational institution in Russian Empire that provided military law education for officers of Russian Army and Fleet. It was established in 1867 and named after his founder, Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1908. The Academy was situated in St. Petersburg by 96 Moika Embankment, along with many other institutions of military education.
Since 1878 it was reformed into a 3-year higher educational institution, with admittance to any of the three classes, depending on prior education of the admitted. Since 1880 officers from Serbian and Bulgarian Armies were admitted. About 1,000 officers graduated from the academy, as well as a small number or civil officials (which were admitted until 1882).
Academy History
In 1866, by Auditor School, the two-year officers’ courses were established. In 1867, the courses were transformed into a Military Law Academy.
Since 1908, it received the name of Alexander in honour of Alexander the IIIrd. Officers of all types of military service in the rank up to the captain, who served in the ranks for at least 4 years, were admitted to the academy. Graduates received the right to occupy positions in the military judicial department. Since 1880, Serbian and Bulgarian officers also have studied at the academy. Totally, about 1,000 military lawyers graduated from Academy. It was closed in December 1917 after the unsuccessful Junker mutiny. It was located in Saint Petersburg on the Moika embankment, 96.
External links
Alexander Academy
Military of the Russian Empire
Defunct military academies
Educational institutions established in 1867
Military academies of Russia
1867 establishments in the Russian Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Military%20Law%20Academy |
Ones () is a compilation album by American singer Selena, released in the United States on October 1, 2002 by EMI Latin. It was released on November 11, 2002 in Spanish-speaking countries, while the limited edition included a bonus DVD of her music videos. Ones was released building on the popularity of the 1997 biographical film Selena. The album was aimed at Selena's new generation of fans, and its release marked the singer's twentieth year in the music industry. Ones features six number one singles namely, "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", "Fotos y Recuerdos", and her duets with Álvaro Torres on "Buenos Amigos" and the Barrio Boyzz on "Donde Quiera Que Estés".
Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla, remixed three of her singles ("Amor Prohibido", "Como la Flor" and "Si Una Vez") into a medley mash-up entitled "Con Tanto Amor Medley", the same tracks found on the album. Ones received a positive reception among music critics, while Jon O'Brien of AllMusic noticed that the record label ignored Selena's self-titled debut album. The recording peaked at number two on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and number one on the Latin Pop Albums charts. Ones peaked at number 42 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified 18× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), signifying 1,080,000 album-equivalent units sold in the United States.
Background and release
On March 31, 1995, American Tejano music singer Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former manager of her boutiques. The impact of the singer's death had a negative impact on Latin music, her genre—which she catapulted it into the mainstream market—suffered and its popularity waned following Selena's death. Following her death, the singer's commodity grew, as interest in Selena sparked a buying frenzy among Hispanic and Latino Americans. The singer's father and manager, Abraham Quintanilla Jr. was forced to release Selena (1997), a biopic on Selena's life and career, after two major film production companies were in the process of making their own films about Selena without the consent of the singer's family. The film's release introduced a new generation of fans and inspired her family to release a compilation album containing the singer's most popular songs. In an interview with Julie Chen, her family explained their intentions on releasing Ones as way to showcase who Selena was as a singer and a performer. They included a bonus DVD of Selena's music videos for those who never saw her in person.
The album was released as part of the singer's 20th anniversary in the music industry. EMI Latin re-released Selena's previous works, which were remastered and included bonus tracks, music videos, and spoken liner notes containing commentary and recollections from the singer's family, friends, and her band. Ones was released on October 1, 2002 by EMI Latin, while Unos was released in Spanish-speaking countries.
Songs
The singer's self-titled debut album was excluded from the tracklisting. The first of Selena's number ones to be featured on the album was her duet with Álvaro Torres on "Buenos Amigos". The song became the singer's first number one single in her career when it peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in June 1991. Two other songs were included from her second studio album Ven Conmigo (1990), of them were "No Quiero Saber" and "Baila Esta Cumbia". "Como la Flor", which became a career-launching single and the singer's signature song, was included on Ones, and together with "La Carcacha" were taken from Entre a Mi Mundo (1992). The singles from Selena's 1993 release Live!, made an appearance on the album as well. "No Debes Jugar", the lead single from Live!, was praised by critics for its distinguishable cumbia music sounds that ultimately became her trademark. The second single from Live!, "La Llamada", provided Selena her fourth top ten single.
Tracks from Selena's fourth studio album Amor Prohibido (1994), made up most of the tracklisting on Ones. The title track "Amor Prohibido" sampled the cencerro, which was intended by the singer's brother and record producer A.B. Quintanilla, to attract people of different ethnicities to Selena's music. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" became a popular song among the singer's younger fans, while posthumous reviews cited the song's catchiness and noted a sense of conviviality in the song. "No Me Queda Más", the third recording off of Amor Prohibido, was praised for the singer's vocal interpretations and her ability to tackle such a song reserved for established musicians twice her age. Another song from Amor Prohibido, "Fotos y Recuerdos", which sampled the Pretenders' 1983 single "Back on the Chain Gang", peaked at number one following Selena's death in April 1995. Other songs from Amor Prohibido including "El Chico del Apartamento 512", "Techno Cumbia", and "Si Una Vez", were included on Ones. Selena's duet with the Barrio Boyzz on their 1994 single "Donde Quiera Que Estés" is also featured on Ones, the track topped the Hot Latin Songs chart for six consecutive weeks. The singles "Tú Sólo Tú", "Siempre Hace Frio", "I Could Fall in Love", and "Dreaming of You", were released posthumously and were added to Ones. The latter two were shelved tracks intended for the Don Juan DeMarco (1995) soundtrack in which Selena made a cameo appearance. "I Could Fall in Love" and "Dreaming of You" were the only songs featured on Ones from the singer's intended crossover album Dreaming of You (1995).
Reception and chart performance
The album was met with positive reviews from music critics. Ramiro Burr of the San Antonio Express-News compared Ones to the greatest hits releases of Buddy Holly, Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix. Jon O'Brien of AllMusic noticed that the company intentionally wanted to focus on Selena's career between 1990 and 1995, ignoring her 1989 debut album. The iTunes editorial team found Ones as a showcase of the singer's versatile soprano voice that inspires one to dance or be brought with emotion. They noted a sense of intonation, "spine-chilling" vibrato, and coherency throughout the album. Jessica Roiz of Billboard found Ones to have contained several of the singer's most popular singles. Roiz listed several songs included in Ones on her list of songs recorded by Selena that are meant to help those who are going through a breakup. Ones was marketed through TV advertisements as a replacement to Selena's previous works, which were removed from distribution. The album's release coincided with VH1's Behind the Music episode of Selena, which first aired on October 2, 2002.
Ones debuted at number four on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart on the week ending October 19, 2002, the highest-debuting album that week. The album debuted at number 162 on the Billboard 200 chart, before peaking at number 159 on the week ending November 9, 2002. In a year-end report compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, Ones was named with other Latin music albums, to have end the slight decline in Latin music sales that plagued the United States in the first and second quarters of 2002. The recording was nominated for the Latin Greatest Hits Album of the Year at the 2003 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Ones ended 2003 as the 13th best-selling Latin album and ninth best-selling Latin pop album of the year. Ones reentered the Top Latin Albums chart the week of February 7, 2004 at number 74 before slipping off and reentering the chart the week of March 13 at number 65. On the chart's April 17, 2004 list, Ones rose to number 11, receiving the highest percentage gains for an album that week, which was followed by the singer's ninth anniversary of her death. The album remained on the chart until May 29, 2004. Ones was removed from Billboards Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart and began charting on the Top Latin Catalog Albums chart. On the April 19, 2009 chart, Ones rose 51-percent in sales and climbed 61-percent to number three on the Top Latin Catalog Albums chart, which was followed by the singer's 14th anniversary of her death. Ones ended up as the 88th best-selling Latin album of the 2000s decade.
On October 14, 2016, Ones was released on a limited edition purple double disc vinyl. The limited edition helped Ones debut and peak at number 70 on the Top Album Sales and number four on the Vinyl Albums chart. Ones also debuted on the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart, peaking at number seven. Following another revision to its Latin albums charts, Billboard removed its two-decade-long ban of catalog albums in its chart beginning with the February 11, 2017 list; Ones re-entered the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart after 15 years. After its revision, Ones claimed the number one position on the Latin Pop Albums chart within three weeks, dethroning CNCO's Primera Cita (2016). The album remained atop the Latin Pop Albums chart for six consecutive weeks and was displaced by Alejandro Fernandez' album Rompiendo Fronteras (2017) on April 8, 2017. Before its revision, Nielsen SoundScan reported that Ones sold 25,000 units in 2016; the seventh best-selling Latin album of the year, Ones was the best-selling Latin album by a woman in 2016. In 2017's mid-year report, Ones sold 42,000 album-equivalent units, while 13,000 were pure album sales, ranking as the seventh best-selling Latin album. In 2018's mid-year report, Ones sold 8,000 units and ranked as the tenth best-selling Latin album. On July 12, 2018, Ones reached number one on iTunes' Latin Albums chart, out-selling living musicians recent releases including Maluma's F.A.M.E. (2018), J Balvin's Vibras (2018), Ozuna's Odisea (2017), and Shakira's El Dorado (2017). The event was celebrated on the singer's official Facebook page while Billboard noticed that the album had reached its 140th week on their Top Latin Albums chart. Ones was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in February 2003, signifying that 100,000 units had been shipped in the United States. In November 2017 the RIAA recertified the album 18× platinum in the Latin field, denoting 1,080,000 album-equivalent units sold in the United States.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are taken from the album's liner notes.
Vocals
Selena—main vocalist
Álvaro Torres—guest artist
Trey Lorenz—backing vocalist
Lucy Perez—backing vocalist
Composers
A.B. Quintanilla
Pete Astudillo
Miguel Flores
Cliff Friend
Franne Golde
Chrissie Hynde
Felipe Valdés Leal
K. C. Porter
Cuco Sánchez
Tom Snow
Keith Thomas
Alvaro Torres
Ricky Vela
Engineers
Marcelo Añez
Gregg Vickers
José Luis Arroyave
Juan Jose Virviescas
Instrumentals
José Luis Arroyave—keyboards
Kike Santander—keyboards
Joe Ojeda—keyboards
Manny López—guitar (nylon string)
Chris Pérez—guitar
Henry Gomez—guitar
Tedoy Mullet—trumpet
Arturo Meza—percussion
Jesse "O'Jay" Martinez—percussion
Suzette Quintanilla—drums
Eliza Howardson—violin
Producers
A.B. Quintanilla III
José Luis Arroyave—programming
Sergio Minski
Guillermo J. Page
Jorge Alberto Pino—executive producer
Andrés Felipe Silva—executive director
Kike Santander
Charts
Weekly charts
Quarterly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
See also
2002 in Latin music
Selena albums discography
List of number-one Billboard Latin Pop Albums from the 2010s
Latin American music in the United States
References
Works cited
External links
2002 greatest hits albums
Selena compilation albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
EMI Latin compilation albums
Spanish-language compilation albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
Albums recorded at Q-Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones%20%28album%29 |
Antti-Jussi Jormanpoika Niemi (born 22 September 1977) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey player. Niemi played for Jokerit of the SM-liiga, the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in the National Hockey League, HC Lada Togliatti in the Kontinental Hockey League and Västra Frölunda HC and Leksands IF of the Swedish Elitserien.
Professional career
Niemi began his professional career with Jokerit of the SM-liiga. His play attracted the attention of the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League, who drafted him in the fourth round of the 1996 NHL Entry Draft, 81st overall. In June 1999, the Senators traded his NHL rights to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, along with Ted Donato for Patrick Lalime.
Niemi moved to North America in 2000 to continue his professional career. Niemi played two years in the Mighty Ducks organization, mostly with their minor league Cincinnati Mighty Ducks team, but was called up to Anaheim for a total of 29 games.
Niemi returned to Finland and returned to Jokerit for the 2002–03 season. After one season, Niemi transferred to Frölunda HC of Sweden, where he played five seasons including the 2005 Elitserien championship. The 2008–09 season was split between HC Lada Togliatti of the Kontinental Hockey League and Leksands IF of the Swedish league.
In 2009 Niemi returned again to Finland and Jokerit. He played five more seasons with Jokeriti to finish his career, retiring in 2014. In total, Niemi won two SM-liiga gold medals with Jokerit.
Niemi was member of the Finnish national team at several World Championships, as well as the 2006 Winter Olympics. He was a member of the 2006 silver medal team.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
External links
1977 births
Living people
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Finnish ice hockey defencemen
Frölunda HC players
HC Lada Togliatti players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Jokerit players
Leksands IF players
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Olympic ice hockey players for Finland
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Finland
Ottawa Senators draft picks
Ice hockey people from Vantaa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antti-Jussi%20Niemi |
Talent Caldwell is a comic book artist best known for his work on the Top Cow Productions character Fathom. He has also drawn for DC Comics' Superman and Marvel Comics' Spider-Man characters.
Career
Talent Caldwell came to the attention of artist Michael Turner of Top Cow Productions and was signed to work with that comic book company. He made his professional debut drawing backgrounds on Turner's Fathom. Caldwell went on to draw the Fathom mini-series Killian's Tide.
When Turner and some other Top Cow employees broke off to form Aspen Comics, Talent joined them. After a lawsuit between Aspen and Top Cow, Talent's Fathom: Dawn of War miniseries, which he co-wrote and drew, was released in 2004. Talent then left Aspen and began doing freelance work for DC Comics and Marvel Comics. In the mid-2000s, he drew Wildstorm's Gen¹³ series.
Bibliography
Action Comics #812-813
Adventures of Superman #625 - 626
Aspen Sketchbook #1
Fathom #11-14 (background assists]
Fathom: Dawn of War #0-3
Fathom: Dawn of War Beginnings #1
Fathom: Killians Tide #1-4
Gen¹³ vol. 4, #1-3, 5-6
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero: Cobra Reborn #1
Spectacular Spider-Man vol. 2, #21-22
Superman vol. 2, #202-203
Tom Judge: End of Days Special (pinup)
Wildcats: Nemesis (with Robbie Morrison, 9-issue limited series, Wildstorm, tpb, 208 pages, 2006, ))
"Wildcats: Armageddon" (with Christos Gage, Wildstorm, January 2008)
X-Men: Age of Apocalypse (one-shot, Marvel)
Notes
References
External links
Living people
American comics artists
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent%20Caldwell |
was a Japanese physician and rangaku scholar in late Edo period Japan, noted for establishing an academy which later developed into Osaka University. Many of his students subsequently played important roles in the Meiji Restoration and the westernization of Japan in the Meiji period. His true name was or ; the name of Kōan was his courtesy name.
Biography
Ogata was born in 1810 to a family of low-ranking samurai of Ashimori Domain in Bitchū Province in what is now part of the city of Okayama. He moved to Osaka in 1825 with his father, and began studies in rangaku and medicine at a private academy run by Naka Tenyū from 1826. In 1831, he relocated to Edo to continue his studies in western medicine, returning to Nagasaki in 1836 to study under the Dutch doctor Erdewin Johannes Niemann, despite the Tokugawa shogunate's strict national isolation policy.
In 1838, Ogata returned to Osaka to establish his medical practice, and in the same year established the Tekijuku, an academy of rangaku studies, where he taught medicine, natural history, chemistry and physics for the next 24 years. Ogata used his small but precious collection of Dutch books, including a Dutch-Japanese dictionary and a Dutch encyclopedia, to teach his pupils to read scientific Dutch texts. He also wrote several books, including a treatise entitled How to treat cholera, which he compiled in haste from various European sources during the great cholera epidemic of 1858.
From December 1849, he struggled to gain acceptance of the new smallpox vaccination, eventually opening 186 vaccination centers from Edo to Kyushu, and obtaining official recognition of the method in 1858. In 1862, Ogata was appointed personal physician to shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi, who supported the introduction of western medicine and the establishment of a western medicine research institute in Edo. However, Ogata died a few months later in July 1863 of acute hemoptysis, caused by the tuberculosis he had suffered from for many years.
His house still exists in downtown Osaka. Built in a conventional eighteenth-century style, the students left their mark on the central post of the second-floor classroom, slashing and hacking it with their swords.
Famous alumni
Alumni of the Tekijuku include Fukuzawa Yukichi, Ōmura Masujirō, Ōtori Keisuke, Takeda Ayasaburō, Nagayo Sensai, Sana Tsunetami and the manga artist Tezuka Osamu's ancestor Tezuka Ryōan.
Books
Ogata was the author of Byōgakutsūron (病学通論), which was the first book on pathology to be published in Japan.
Notes
External links
History of Osaka University
1810 births
1863 deaths
19th-century Japanese physicians
Japanese educators
Japanese writers of the Edo period
People from Okayama
Rangaku
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Japan
Miwa clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogata%20K%C5%8Dan |
Extra Long Life is an album by Alkaline, a dub music side project of the Canadian rock band Big Sugar and reggae singer Whitey Don. The album was released in 2000 on Universal Records. Most of the album's tracks are reworked versions of past Big Sugar songs.
Track listing
"Headlights"
"Maximum Judgement/Brown Bomber"
"Tief Da Bike"
"'Nuff Sugar"
"Set Around"
"Strictly Got To **ill"
"Deliverance"
"Maximum Version"
"Listen Johnny Thompson"
"Rambo"
"Skull Dubbery"
"Alka Lights"
2000 albums
Big Sugar (band) albums
Dub albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra%20Long%20Life |
Michael James Horan, AM (born 1 July 1944) is a former Australian politician who represented the seat of Toowoomba South in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 18 May 1991 to 24 March 2012. Originally he was a member of the National Party of Australia, but follow its merger he is now a member of the Liberal National Party of Queensland until his retirement.
Early life
Prior to entering parliament, Horan was employed as the General Manager of the Royal Agricultural Society of Queensland and General Manager of the Toowoomba Greyhound Racing Club.
Political career
Horan entered politics at the 1991 Toowoomba South by-election. He replaced property developer and Toowoomba Mayor Clive Berghofer, who had previously held the seat for the National Party until the state's electoral laws were amended to prevent simultaneous service in state parliamentary and local government authority positions.
Government Minister (1996–98)
Horan served as Health Minister in the Borbidge Government 1996–98, and as Deputy Nationals leader between 1998 and 1999.
Opposition Leader (2001–03)
Horan was made leader of the National Party and Opposition on 2 March 2001 until after Rob Borbidge's retirement from politics. He defeated his successor as deputy leader Lawrence Springborg by 6 votes to 5 with Borbidge not voting.
He was replaced as leader by Springborg on 4 February 2003 after he failed to gain ground on Peter Beattie.
Horan became the first leader of his party who did not become Premier since Ted Maher (served 1936-41 when the party was then called the Country Party).
Post Leadership (2003–12)
He became a member of the Liberal National Party of Queensland in 2008 and served in the Queensland Parliament as Shadow Attorney-General, Shadow Minister for Justice and Racing, Shadow Minister for Open Government between 30 September 2008 and 5 April 2009. On 6 April 2009, he was appointed to the position of Opposition Whip.
Horan stood down at the 2012 state election.
Personal life
Horan captained the Australian Universities rugby union team, and played for the Parramatta Eels rugby league team in Sydney from 1968 to 1970, before moving to Gympie, Queensland to run a dairy farm.
Horan is married with two sons and a daughter. His son, Tim Horan, is a former Australian rugby union footballer.
References
1944 births
Living people
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Queensland
Liberal National Party of Queensland politicians
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Members of the Order of Australia
People from Toowoomba
Leaders of the Opposition in Queensland
Australian sportsperson-politicians
21st-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Horan%20%28politician%29 |
The U.S. state of Connecticut is divided into 169 municipalities, including 19 cities, 149 towns and 1 borough, which are grouped into eight counties.
Towns traditionally have a town meeting form of government; under the Home Rule Act, however, towns are free to choose their own government structure. Nineteen of the towns in Connecticut are consolidated city-towns, and one (Naugatuck) is a consolidated borough-town.
City incorporation requires a Special Act by the Connecticut General Assembly. All cities in Connecticut are dependent municipalities, meaning they are located within and subordinate to a town. However, except for one, all currently existing cities in Connecticut are consolidated with their parent town. Former inner-cities are listed in a separate table below.
Towns in Connecticut are allowed to adopt a city form of government without the need to re-incorporate as an inner-city. Connecticut state law also makes no distinction between a consolidated town/city and a regular town. Bolded city names indicate the state's largest cities, with the most populated being Bridgeport. Currently, Tolland County and Windham County are the only counties in Connecticut without a single city in them.
List of municipalities in Connecticut
Cities
Note: There are currently 21 cities in Connecticut and those with a population greater than 100,000 are listed in bold.
Former cities
Gallery
Boroughs
See also
Borough (Connecticut)
Administrative divisions of Connecticut
Connecticut
List of counties in Connecticut
Notes
References
Connecticut State Register and Manual, Sec. VII
External links
Census 2000 Gazetteer
National Association of Towns and Townships
The Connecticut Conference of Municipalities
The Connecticut Council of Small Towns
Towns
Connecticut
Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20in%20Connecticut |
Auxentius of Mopsuestia (died 360) was bishop of Mopsuestia and a saint in the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. His feast day is December 18. Baronius places Auxentius in the Roman Martyrology, because of the story told by Philostorgius (in the Suda) that he was at one time an officer in the army of Licinius, and gave up his commission rather than obey the imperial command to lay a bunch of grapes at the feet of a statue of Bacchus. Tillemont is inclined to believe that Auxentius was an Arian; his patronage of the heretic Aetius, points to this conclusion.
He is not to be confused with Auxentius (d. 374), bishop of Milan, or with Saint Auxentius (d. 473), a hermit cleared of heresy at the Council of Chalcedon and an Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic saint.
Notes
360 deaths
4th-century bishops in Roman Anatolia
Byzantine saints
Saints from Roman Anatolia
4th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxentius%20of%20Mopsuestia |
Erkka Westerlund (born 30 March 1957, in Pernå, Finland) was the head coach of the Finnish national men's ice hockey team. He was appointed head coach on November 1, 2004, and his contract ended in May 2007, after winning World Championship Silver in Moscow's World Championship tournament. He followed Raimo Summanen as head coach of the national team.
Career
Westerlund has coached several Finnish ice hockey teams in the SM-Liiga: JYP (1985–1988), Lukko (1989–1991), HIFK (1997–1999) and Jokerit (1999–2001). During his coaching career Westerlund has won the Finnish Championship once: 1998, with HIFK and finished twice in the second place, in 1999 and 2000. Internationally Westerlund coached Finland in four tournaments, receiving medals in three of them. He has won one Olympic Silver medal (2006) in Turin, one World Championship Silver (2007) and one World Championship Bronze (2006).
As a player Westerlund was a forward. He played in the 1978/1979 season for Jukurit, in 34 games he scored 7 goals and gave 10 assists. In the 1980/1981 season he played for JYP. Here he played 23 games, scoring 3 goals and 1 assist.
References
External links
JYP Jyväskylä players
Mikkelin Jukurit players
Living people
Finnish ice hockey players
1957 births
Finland men's national ice hockey team coaches
Ice hockey coaches at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Pernå
Ice hockey people from Uusimaa
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkka%20Westerlund |
WMOT-FM is a public radio station serving the metropolitan Nashville, Tennessee market. Licensed to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, it is owned by the Middle Tennessee State University, located in nearby Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and it broadcasts an Americana-based format branded as Roots Radio.
Due to its location, WMOT's signal is strongest and clearest in Nashville and surrounding counties.
History
Originally started in April 1969 employing various forms of pop and rock music that was aimed at a student listenership, WMOT ran a full-time jazz music format between 1982 and 2009, aimed at a somewhat larger, more adult audience. By the late 2000s, WMOT was one of only a handful of U.S. public radio stations employing a jazz format full-time, without filling much of the broadcast day with news and other genres. At various times in the station's history, it has broadcast MTSU football and basketball games as well; WMOT has broadcast those athletic contests mainly because of the lack of interest from commercial stations in the immediate Murfreesboro or Nashville markets in doing so.
In 1995, the MTSU student government body started another college radio station, WMTS-FM, to serve the campus audience once served by WMOT.
In 2008, WMOT lost its annual grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), due to a number of factors. This loss of revenue, along with appropriations cuts by the state of Tennessee, prompted MTSU officials to consider discontinuing the station in early 2009. However, in late 2009, the university decided to instead merge WMOT's operations into a consortium with the other MTSU media (such as WMTS and the student newspaper) titled the Media Convergence Center, with consequent reductions in the station's subsidy, in order to avoid closing it down.
Along with the reorganization, WMOT decided to make radical scheduling changes, notably discontinuing its exclusively jazz format in order to appeal to a wider audience in the Nashville market. In October 2009, WMOT added news and talk programming to the morning and afternoon "drive time" slots between 5 and 9 a.m. and 4 to 6 p.m. from the BBC and Public Radio International. However, after Nashville public radio outlet WPLN-FM discontinued classical music programming during the daytime on weekdays in 2009, WMOT decided in February 2011 to fill the void by replacing jazz with classical between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m., formerly the hours when WPLN broadcast that format, in order to gain listeners seeking that format. WMOT also brought back, after many years' absence, National Public Radio's flagship program, All Things Considered, although it duplicated the program's carriage by WPLN (as did the NPR hourly news updates). ATC was dropped after the format change in 2016 (see below).
The situation among public broadcasters in the Nashville market became more complicated later that year when that WPLN's parent organization, Nashville Public Radio, acquired the Vanderbilt University student-run station WRVU in June, converting it into an all-classical format under the WFCL callsign, while the main WPLN signal became a full-time news-and-talk outlet. In November 2020, WFCL itself changed formats (and callsign to WNXP) to adult album alternative, intended partly to compete against the current WMOT format.
On August 26, 2016, it was announced that WMOT would switch to an Americana-based format on September 2, 2016, in partnership with the syndicated music program Music City Roots. College of Media and Entertainment Dean Ken Paulson explained that the new format was meant to "truly [reflect] both Nashville's musical past and present", adding that they wanted WMOT's content to "become more tightly integrated with our educational opportunities at the college". The program's co-creator John Walker praised the partnership, stating that "We've always dreamed there would be a radio station that would fully embrace the Roots, Americana music going on all over the country, but centered right here in Middle Tennessee." The previous jazz format moved to WMOT-HD2, simulcasting on 92.3 W222BZ in Bluhmtown, and later also 104.9 W285FB in Bellevue.
Programming currently includes the nationally syndicated shows Hangin' & Sangin''', The String, and Bel-Aire Drive''. Webb Wilder, a Nashville-based alternative rock artist, serves as an afternoon disc jockey on WMOT as of late 2020.
HD Radio
WMOT carries two HD Radio subchannels: WMOT-HD2 carried "old-time radio" programs until September 2, 2016, when it switched to WMOT's former classical and jazz format (now carrying strictly jazz, as noted above), and WMOT-HD3 simulcasts WMTS-FM.
Translators
See also
List of Nashville media
References
External links
WMOT official website
Middle Tennessee State University
MOT
Radio stations established in 1969
NPR member stations
1969 establishments in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMOT |
Greatest Hits is a collection of most of the English songs by American Tejano-pop singer Selena. It contains all of her English songs from her Dreaming of You album, as well as both regularly and posthumously released English songs she had made throughout her career.
"Don't Throw Away My Love" is a remix of "My Love".
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
References
2003 greatest hits albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
Selena compilation albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest%20Hits%20%28Selena%20album%29 |
An alternative male contraceptive method involves heating the testicles so that they cannot produce sperm. Sperm are best produced at a temperature slightly below body temperature. The muscles around a male's scrotum involuntarily tighten if the man's body temperature drops, and they loosen, allowing the testes to hang, if the body temperature rises. This is the body's way of keeping the sperm at an ideal temperature. This means that sperm production can be disrupted with increased temperature. Some suggest exposure to high temperatures (116 °F equal to 47 °C) can affect fertility for months.
Male thermal contraceptive methods (MTC) derive their effectiveness from the alteration of the thermoregulatory function of the scrotum. When this function is altered – by wearing tight underwear, being exposed to a high outside temperature, or by developing a fever, fertility may be impaired.
Methods used include hot water applied to the scrotum, heat generated by ultrasound, and artificial cryptorchidism (holding the testicles inside the abdomen) using specialized briefs. One of the initial experiments resulted in partial infertility lasting more than four years. Initial experiments suggest it is effective and safe, though there have not been long-term studies to determine if it has any side effects on the body after reversal.
History
The deleterious effect of hyperthermia on male fertility has been known since ancient times. But it is from the 19th century onwards that the scientific community started to carry out research to better understand the phenomenon.
In the 1930s, physician Marthe Voegeli explored the role of heat in male sterilization. She conducted experiments on the relationship between heat and spermatogenesis. She found that exposing the testicles to high temperatures in hot baths altered fertility. Sperm concentrations in the volunteers decreased so much so that they were considered infertile. She was the first scientist to popularize this alternative method of contraception for men.
The thermal dependence of spermatogenesis was confirmed in various studies carried out between 1950 and 1970 by Doctors Watanabe and Robinson.
The effect of temperature was first studied with external processes such as hot baths or saunas with temperatures above 40 °C over short periods of exposure.
A history of testicular descent problems (cryptorchidism) or professional practices that lead to elevated scrotal temperature and even fever are identified as factors that are prone to reduce fertility. Studies have been carried out with daily exposure of the testicles to less intense heat, around 37 °C, a temperature that is close to that of the body.
A contraceptive device using body heat was patented by Schopp Andreas in 1999.
How it works
The production of sperm can be disrupted with a rise in temperature.
Thermal methods involve heating the testicles so that sperm production is slowed down. The spermatozoa are thus produced at a slightly lower temperature than that of the body, 1 to 2 °C below 37 °C.
The cremaster muscle covers the testicles. It works involuntarily. Its role is to bring the testicles down if the body temperature rises or to raise them if the body temperature drops. This process allows it to regulate the temperature of the testicles and to keep it several degrees lower than that of the body in order to enable an ideal spermatogenesis.
Other effects have also been observed, such as a decrease in motility and an alteration in the morphological characteristics of the spermatozoa that are produced.
Some suggest that exposure to high temperatures (47 °C) can affect fertility for months.
Efficiency
Thermal methods do not cause azoospermia, but a reduction of the spermatozoa below the contraceptive threshold considered to be effective.
This contraceptive threshold was defined in 2007 for male thermal, chemical and hormonal contraception methods. It corresponds to 1 million spermatozoa per milliliter per ejaculate.
The only method that has been tested on enough volunteers to establish that the effectiveness of thermal male contraception is satisfactory is the artificial cryptorchidism method with testicular ascent using a specific device. During the clinical studies, 50 couples were followed over 537 cycles of pregnancy. Only one resulted in a pregnancy due to a misuse of the technique. The Pearl Index would therefore be less than 0.5 and this contraception method can be considered effective according to the standards of the World Health Organisation (WHO).
Adverse effects
The maximum limit of exposure to heat is around 45 °C, which causes the coagulation of intracellular proteins on living cells. However, exposure above 41 °C for short periods of time may be used, as has been the case for scientific studies on the effect of hot baths.
In the case of artificial cryptorchidism or thermal insulation of the testicles, the use of a temperature close to that of the body (37 °C) has made it possible to increase the time of exposure in order to slow down the spermatogenesis process over longer periods, 4 years in a row at most. To date, only a decrease in testicular volume by a few percents has been observed during the contraceptive period. There is no evidence of an increased risk of testicular torsion. However, it has been shown that the nuclear quality of the spermatozoa was altered during the phase of inhibition of the spermatogenesis, but that this was reversible 3 months after the subject stops practicing artificial cryptorchidism. This finding should be taken into account when using this contraception method, during the inhibition phase and for 3 months after treatment discontinuation.
Methods
Hot baths
Within a few months of daily exposure, the number of spermatozoa drops provided the temperature is higher than that of the body: 38 to 46 °C instead of 37 °C.
Artificial cryptorchidism
The principle of artificial cryptorchidism or male thermal contraception with testicle lifting is simple.
Warming the testicles with body heat by keeping them in the inguinal sack for several hours a day reduces sperm production below the contraceptive threshold of 1 million/ml.
Knowledge of the thermal dependence of spermatogenesis dates back to 1941. However, it was not until 50 years later, in 1991, that the first study reporting the contraceptive effect of heat on men was published: andrologists Roger Mieusset and Jean-Claude Soufir were the first to get results with the artificial cryptorchidism method (testicles held inside the inguinal sack) with the use of suited devices.
Thermal insulation of the testis
A surgical intervention causes the testicles to be held in the inguinal sack.
Heating devices
Wearing a device that presses the man's testicles against his body on a daily basis can raise their temperature by 2 °C and thus slow down sperm production. To be effective, the device must be worn daily (approximately 15 hours per day) for at least 3 months, which is equivalent to the sperm's life cycle. This allows the contraceptive threshold of one million per millilitre of sperm to be temporarily reached (compared to an average of 15 to 60 million). Practitioners should do pre- and post-usage testing to check their sperm counts.
Various techniques are considered, such as an insulating bag with heating elements in contact with the scrotum.
Heating underwear
The heating briefs are one of the available devices. This method was invented and is prescribed by Doctor Mieusset at the University Hospital of Toulouse. In 2019, a French news channel reported that "only about twenty men were wearing this contraceptive garment in France". It is not sold on the market and a poorly handcrafted design can cause discomfort or irritation. Other "do-it-yourself" models called "jock-strap" or "bra" also exist.
Silicone ring
Another available device is the silicone ring. Invented and patented by Maxime Labrit, a French nurse, it is available for purchase on the Internet for a few dozen euros.
Ultrasound
One method under investigation is ultrasound, which involves the application of high-frequency sound waves to animal tissue, which in turn absorb the sound waves' energy as heat. The possibility for ultrasound's use for contraception is based on the idea that briefly heating the testes can halt sperm production, leading to temporary infertility for about six months. Additionally, ultrasound could affect cells' absorption rates of ions, which itself could create an environment unfavorable to spermatogenesis. Its extremely localized effects on animal tissues make ultrasound an attractive candidate for research. So far studies have been performed on non-human animals, such as dogs, as well as on humans for temporary or permanent contraception which provides a method to "temporarily or permanently suppress spermatogenesis while causing the subject substantially no discomfort.".
"This apparatus provides for the controlled application of ultrasonic vibrations to the testes of human males in such a way to cause temporary or permanent sterility selectively as desired without affecting the subject's sex drive, his sex characteristics or general health."
See also
Birth control
Comparison of birth control methods
Human population planning
Notes and references
External links
From linked International Male Contraception Coalition and Male Contraception Information Project:
a toxicologist's account of successful experiments on himself with suspensory briefs, also provides excerpts from some research papers
Contraception for males
Experimental methods of birth control | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-based%20contraception |
Kinnison is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Kimball Kinnison, fictional hero of E.E. Smith's Lensmen series of novels
Terry Kinnison, a neighbor involved in the history of the 1992 siege at Ruby Ridge, Idaho
William A. Kinnison, past president of Wittenberg University, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnison |
Sultan Sultan Ali Iskandar Shah I ibni almarhum Sultan Ahmad Hussein Muazzam Shah I was the 20th Sultan of Johor, who succeeded his father, Sultan Hussein after the latter died of natural cause in 1835. Over the next twenty years, Sultan Ali's claims to the office of Sultan of Johor were only recognised by some merchants and a few Malays. Like his father, Sultan Ali's was much of a puppet monarch and played a minimal role in the administrative affairs of the state, which came under the charge of the Temenggong and the British. In 1855, Sultan Ali ceded the sovereignty rights of Johor (except Kesang in Muar) to Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, in exchange for a formal recognition as the "Sultan of Johor" by the British and a monthly allowance. Following the secession of Johor, Sultan Ali was granted administrative charge over Muar until his death in 1877, and in most administrative matters, was often styled as the "Sultan of Muar".
Sultan of Johor
Early years
Tengku Ali succeeded his father in 1835 as the Sultan of Johor, but was not recognised as the Sultan of Johor for the first few years of his reign. A proclamation by the British colonial government in September 1840 granted him the right as the legitimate heir as his father's successor, but not amounting to a recognition as the "Sultan of Johor".
In the 1840s, Johor began to receive the first Chinese settlers (mainly immigrants from Swatow and Chaozhou). The young Temenggong, Tun Daeng Ibrahim, took up the administrative tasks of the state. He imposed taxes upon these settlers, which went to the Temenggong's charge. However, unlike the Temenggong, Sultan Ali was unwilling to involve himself with the affairs of the state but at the same time complained of receiving insufficient allowance from the British. He was well known for his penchant for an extravagant lifestyle, and was chalking up considerable debts by the 1850s.
Meanwhile, loyalty among the local Malays in Johor to the ruling classes became increasingly divided between the royalty and the nobility. In 1852, Thomas Church, the Resident Councillor of Singapore, sums up the situation of the Malays along the East Coast of the Malay Peninsula:
In this neighbourhood, there are two parties, on one side, the Sultan of Lingga, the Sultan of Trengganu, and the young princes of Johore; on the other, the Raja Bendahara of Pahang, and the Temenggong Sri Maharaja.
Nevertheless, there was no major hostility as a result of the division of loyalty between the royalty and the nobility. In the same year, an English merchant, W.H. Read, controlled Sultan Ali's royal seal in exchange for a promise to liquidate his debts. Read had been an active supporter of Sultan Ali's claims for recognition as the legitimate ruler of Johor and the state's revenue, with the Temenggong as his vassal. As a result of economic and political pressure from these traders, the Governor did consider granting a formal recognition to Sultan Ali as the legitimate ruler of Johor, but in the process, he received a strong protest from Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim and his young son, Abu Bakar.
By the early 1850s, Johor was effectively under the control of the Temenggong; followers who attempted to act in Sultan Ali's interests were quickly expelled by force by the Temenggong's followers.
Secession of Johor
A series of negotiations between Sultan Ali and the Temenggong ensued with the British colonial government acting as the intermediary, after Sultan Ali had questioned the Temenggong's rights of keeping the state revenue to himself. Initially, the Temenggong proposed to split the trade revenue of Johor on condition that Sultan Ali surrendered his claims of sovereignty over Johor. The term was declined by Sultan Ali. Both parties agreed to seek the direct intervention of the British government, among which, the British Governor of the Straits Settlement, Colonel William John Butterworth, and his successor, Edmund Blundell were roped in to act as meditators.
The British favoured the prospect of the Temenggong in taking over the administration of Johor from the Sultan. Sultan Ali's claims to sovereignty were quickly refuted by the British and the Temenggong, who was quick to point out that the Sultan's late father, Sultan Hussein had never pursued active claims to his sovereignty rights over Johor in spite of his recognition by the British in the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty. At that time, Johor came under the effective charge of the Temenggong's late father, Abdul Rahman, as with Pahang, which was under the control of the Bendahara. Further documents revealed that if Johor were to be under the control of a monarch, de jure sovereignty would have been laid under the charge of the Sultan of Lingga, Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah and not with Sultan Ali.
The Temenggong and Sultan Ali submitted their proposals to the British Governor in April 1854. The Temenggong agreed to the Sultan's request of his titular recognition as the Sultan of Johor, but was adamant of maintaining absolute charge over the whole of Johor. On the other hand, Sultan Ali had expressed his wish to the governor that the Kesang territory (around Muar) should be directly governed by him, citing reasons that some of his ancestors were buried there. The British persuaded the Temenggong to concede to Sultan Ali's request and accepted after much consideration.
A treaty was concluded on 10 March 1855, in which Sultan Ali formally ceded his sovereignty rights of Johor to the Temenggong permanently with the exception of the Kesang territory (around Muar). In exchange, Sultan Ali was guaranteed the recognition the title of "Sultan" by the Temenggong and the British government and received a lump sum of $5000 as compensation. Sultan Ali was also promised a further incentive of a monthly allowance of $500 from the Temenggong, under the pressure of Governor Edmund Blundell (the British Governor of Singapore), who hoped to put an end to Sultan Ali's financial complaints and problems.
Sultan of Muar
Administration in Muar
Sultan Ali delegated the administrative affairs of Muar to the Raja Temenggung of Muar (also known by the title of Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar) and spent most of his time in Malacca. Muar was sparsely populated in 1855 and had a population of 800 and no formal structure of government was formed. In 1860, Sultan Ali reportedly borrowed $53,600 from a Chettiar money lender, Kavana Chana Shellapah. Sultan Ali signed an agreement with Shellapah to contribute a portion of his monthly allowance to repay his debt. However, Sultan Ali found himself unable to settle his debts in time, and an angry Shellapah wrote to the British government in 1866. Pressured to liquidate his debts in time, Sultan Ali granted Shellapah the right to trade off Muar to the Temenggong of Johor as mortgage if he is unable to pay off his debts in time.
His relations with Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim remained strained; in 1860, Sultan Ali allowed a Bugis adventurer, Suliwatang, the chiefs of Rembau and Sungei Ujong to settle in Muar and prepare themselves for an attack on Johor. Such bad blood between the Sultan and Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim passed down to the Temenggong's son, Abu Bakar, who succeeded his father after the former died in 1862. Shortly after Abu Bakar became the Temenggong of Johor, he sent a letter to Sultan Ali to reassert of Johor's sovereignty over Segamat. Continued disputes over the sovereignty of Segamat led to an outbreak of a war between the Temenggong's men with the Sultan's. Eleven years later in 1873, attempts made by Suliwatang to collect custom taxes from inhabitants at the Muar estuary led to further conflict with Abu Bakar's (who became Maharaja in 1868) men.
During the remaining years of Sultan Ali's reign, there was no visible economic activity in Muar. Nevertheless, he delegated the duty of collecting Muar's revenues to Suliwatang and his agents, all of whom were later poisoned and killed by the Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar. In 1868, Sultan Ali appointed Babu Ramasamy, a Tamil schoolmaster the duty collect the Muar revenues. A European miner approached Sultan Ali in 1872, in which he was granted exclusive mining rights over the entire Kesang territory for five years. Three years later, an American trader approached the Sultan, in which he gave the American the concessionary grant of purchasing of land within the Kesang territory.
Death and succession dispute
Sultan Ali spent his last years in Umbai, Malacca, and supported himself with a small monthly stipend which the British East India Company had granted him. He built a palace for himself and lived with his third wife, Cik' Sembuk until his death in June 1877, and was buried in a Mausoleum within the confines of the Umbai mosque. Shortly before his death, Sultan Ali willed the Kesang territory to Tengku Mahmud , his 11-year-old son with Cik' Sembuk. His decision was met with considerable disproval among the some Malays in Singapore, who felt that Tengku Alam should be the heir to the Kesang territory as he was the oldest son with Daeng Siti, who was the daughter of a Bugis nobleman, while Cik' Sembuk was a commoner. At the time of Sultan Ali's death, custody of the Kesang territory lay in the hands of Ungku Jalil, Sultan Ali's elder brother. Ungku Jalil handed over the custodianship of the Kesang territory to Maharaja Abu Bakar, after the British government held an election for the Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar and the territory's chieftains to decide on the destiny of the Kesang territory, and voted unanimously for Maharaja Abu Bakar as their leader. The British Governor handed over administrative charge of the Kesang territory over to the Maharaja, which upset Tengku Alam and many of his supporters. Their continued claims to the Kesang territory led to the instigation of the Jementah Civil War in 1879.
See also
Jementah Civil War
Notes
References
Ali, al-Haji Riau, Hooker, Virginia Matheson, Andaya, Barbara Watson, The Precious Gift: Tuhfat Al-nafis, Oxford University Press, 1982,
Burns, Peter L., Wilkinson, Richard James, Papers on Malay Subjects, Oxford University Press, 1971
Carl A. Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784-1885, Singapore University Press, 1979
Ghazali, Abdullah Zakaria, Istana dan politik Johor, 1835-1885, Yayasan Penataran Ilmu, 1997,
Jayakumar, S., Public international law cases from Malaysia and Singapore, NUS Press, 1974,
Jessy, Joginder Singh, History of Malaya (1400–1959), jointly published by United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1961
Khoo, Kay Kim, Melaka dan Sejarahnya, Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Cawangan Melaka, 1982
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch, Singapore, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1937
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch, Singapore, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1960
Schimmel, Annemarie, Islamic Names: An Introduction, Published by Edinburgh University Press, 1989,
Studer, Adolph G., American and British Claims Arbitration: William Webster: Appendix to the Memorial of the United States, Vol. III, 1913
Swettenham, Frank Athelstane, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008,
The Numismatic Circular, by Spink & Son, 1970
Turnbull, Constance Mary, A History of Singapore, 1819-1975, published by Oxford University Press, 1977,
Turnbull, Constance Mary, A Short History of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, published by Graham Brash, 1981,
Turnbull, Constance Mary, The Straits Settlements, 1826-67: Indian presidency to Crown Colony, Athlone Press, 1972,
Winstedt, R. O., A History of Johore (1365–1941), (M.B.R.A.S. Reprints, 6.) Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1992,
1824 births
1877 deaths
People from Muar
History of Muar
History of Johor
Muar District
Child monarchs from Asia
House of Bendahara of Johor
Sultans of Johor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Iskandar%20of%20Johor |
Lasse Juhani Kukkonen (born 18 September 1981) is a retired Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman. He last played for Oulun Kärpät of the Finnish Liiga. Earlier in his career, he had a four-year stint in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Blackhawks and Philadelphia Flyers. After his career in ice hockey, Kukkonen is working as a lecturer and trainer specialising in mental coaching and leadership.
Playing career
Kukkonen was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks as their fifth-round pick, 151st overall, in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He played ten National Hockey League games during the 2003–04 NHL season, after which he returned to his hometown Kärpät in the SM-liiga. Kukkonen won the SM-liiga gold medal with Kärpät in 2005.
In the 2006-07 season, Kukkonen returned to the Chicago Blackhawks and played in 54 games before he was dealt to the Philadelphia Flyers along with a 3rd round draft pick in a three-way deal with the Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings on 26 February 2007. With the Flyers, Kukkonen was put on a defensive pairing with Joni Pitkänen, also a native of Oulu. The two were also a pairing for 4 years in Finland. On 17 May 2007 he signed a two-year contract with the Flyers.
On 24 June 2009, Kukkonen signed a two-year deal with Russian team Avangard Omsk of the KHL.
International play
He was named to the Finnish Olympic team at the 2006 Winter Olympics after defenceman Sami Salo was injured, and played in both the semifinal match versus Russia and the gold medal match versus Sweden.
Kukkonen was named the Finnish national team as captain of the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
Other awards:
Champions Hockey League: 2016
References
External links
Brooklynite Hockey - Lasse Kukkonen
1981 births
Living people
Avangard Omsk players
Chicago Blackhawks draft picks
Chicago Blackhawks players
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Finnish ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Metallurg Magnitogorsk players
Norfolk Admirals players
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic ice hockey players for Finland
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Finland
Oulun Kärpät players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Philadelphia Phantoms players
Ice hockey people from Oulu
Rögle BK players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse%20Kukkonen |
The Communications and Electronics Branch () is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). The army component of the branch is designated the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals ().
History
Major Wallace Bruce Matthews Carruthers (13 February 1863 – 21 October 1910) was the founder of the Canadian Signalling Corps, forerunner of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals and the Communications and Electronics Branch. In the 1968 unification of the Canadian Forces, functional similar components of the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force were combined into the new Communications and Electronics Branch.
During the Boer War, Carruthers noted the importance of tactical signaling in a successful campaign. Observing the employment of heliographs, semaphore flags and lamps, he realized there was a need for a unit to provide proper training in the use of these systems. Upon his return to Canada in 1902, he wrote a paper on signaling for the Royal Military College Club and championed an establishment of a signaling Corps. In 1903, the formation of the Canadian Signal Corps was authorized by General Order 167. It was the first Signal Corps in the British Commonwealth and is the forerunner of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals.
On 3 February 1903, now Major Carruthers was appointed as one of two Inspectors of Signaling. Setting up his headquarters in Kingston, Ontario, he was responsible to the Militia Council for the supervision of instruction and practice of signaling and the inspection of signalers and their equipment. In 1904, the first Provisional School of Signaling was established, with schools held in Kingston, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Montreal, Halifax, London, Quebec and Toronto over the next 2 years.
Training began in earnest in 1905 in summer militia instructional camps or in provisional schools set up in those eight cities. 546 Officers and men from the Rural Corps were trained in semaphore at the summer camps and 68 of those had qualified as signalers over the next few years.
A reorganization of the Corps in 1906 made Carruthers the Canadian Corps of Signal's Commanding Officer. He received the title of Assistant Adjutant General for Signaling
In April 2013, the army component of the branch was officially designated with its historic title, the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals, but it remains a part of the C&E Branch.
Uniform
Cap badge: A silver depiction of Mercury with golden lightning bolts on either side placed on a field of blue.
Army shoulder title:
English: "RCCS" (all uniforms)
French: "" (all uniforms)
Miscellaneous:
The signalman's trade qualification badge (worn on the lower sleeve of the Service Dress jacket) is the only such trade badge that features colours (blue and white) instead of just gold.
Customs and traditions
Colonel-in-Chief: Anne, Princess Royal
Branch flag: Horizontal bicolour, French grey (Munsell Notation 5PB5/2) over dark blue (Munsell Notation 7.5PB2/2). It is commonly believed that the colours of the flag represent "grey skies over blue waters"; however, the colours were inherited from the officer's Mess Dress uniforms of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals (RCCS), which were in turn inherited from the 21st Lancers, the first unit of Major Carruthers, founder of the RCCS
Home station: CFB Kingston, Ontario
Motto: , "Swift, Skilled, Alert"); motto inherited from the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals
Nickname:
"Jimmies" – after "Jimmy", the nickname given to the Roman god Mercury as patron (and insignia) of Signals in Commonwealth countries; the origin of this particular sobriquet for the god is unknown; there are a number of theories as to why 'Jimmy' was adopted as a term of endearment for the emblem. The most widely accepted is that it came from a very popular Royal Signals boxer, Jimmy Emblem, who was the British Army Champion in 1924 and represented the Royal Signals Corps from 1921 to 1924.
"Sigs" – after the abbreviation of "Signals"
"Sig Pigs" – rhyming slang name; sometimes used deprecatingly by non-Signalmen, generally with pride by Signalmen
Authorized march: "The Mercury March"
Branch colours: French grey and dark blue
Miscellaneous:
Signals units follow the cavalry practice of naming their units "regiment" for "battalion", "squadron" for "company", and "troop" for "platoon".
Trained privates in Signals or Communications units are styled "Signaller" or "Sig" for short.
Training
Canadian Forces School of Communications and Electronics
The Canadian Forces School of Communications and Electronics (CFSCE) in Kingston, Ontario was founded in 1937. Initially, CFSCE provided training in Communications and Electronics in Canadian Army and now in the Canadian Armed Forces. CFSCE provides basic, intermediate and advanced training to military personnel in the field of Communications and Electronics.
Occupations
Military occupations and military occupation codes (MOCs) within the branch are listed below. Also listed are the uniform environment restrictions.
Military occupations that have previously existed in the C&E Branch are listed below.
Units
Regular Force units
1 CMBG Headquarters and Signal Squadron
2 CMBG Headquarters and Signal Squadron
21 Electronic Warfare Regiment
3 CDSG Signal Squadron
4 CDSG Signal Squadron (formerly 2 Area Support Group Signal Squadron)
5 CDSG Signal Squadron
5 CMBG Headquarters and Signal Squadron ()
Canadian Forces Information Operations Group
Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC)
Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ)
Canadian Forces Network Operations Centre (CFNOC)
Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC)
Canadian Forces Station Leitrim
Canadian Forces Joint Signal Regiment
Canadian Forces School of Communications and Electronics
Information Management
7 Communication Group
76 Communication Regiment
77 Line Regiment
Reserve Force units (up to 31 March 2012)
70 Communication Group Headquarters
700 (Borden) Communication Squadron
705 (Hamilton) Communication Squadron
709 (Toronto) Communication Regiment
763 (Ottawa) Communication Regiment
772 Electronic Warfare Squadron Kingston
71 Communication Group Headquarters
712 (Montreal) Communication Squadron
713 (Beauport) Communication Regiment ()
714 (Sherbrooke) Communication Squadron
72 Communication Group Headquarters
721 (Charlottetown) Communication Regiment
722 (Saint John) Communication Squadron
723 (Halifax) Communication Squadron
725 (Glace Bay) Communication Squadron
728 (St. John's) Communication Squadron
73 Communication Group Headquarters
734 (Regina) Communication Squadron
735 (Winnipeg) Communication Regiment
736 (Thunder Bay) Communication Squadron
737 (Saskatoon) Communication Squadron
745 (Edmonton) Communication Squadron
746 (Calgary) Communication Squadron
749 (Red Deer) Communication Squadron
74 Communication Group Headquarters
741 (Victoria) Communication Squadron
744 (Vancouver) Communication Regiment
748 (Nanaimo) Communication Squadron
Reserve Force units (from 1 April 2012)
Listed by Canadian Army Area and parent Brigade Group
4th Canadian Division
31 Canadian Brigade Group
31 Signal Regiment (formerly 705 (Hamilton) Communication Squadron)
32 Canadian Brigade Group
32 Signal Regiment (formerly 700 (Borden) Communication Squadron and 709 (Toronto) Communication Regiment)
33 Canadian Brigade Group
33 Signal Regiment (formerly 763 (Ottawa) Communication Regiment)
2nd Canadian Division
34 Canadian Brigade Group
34 Signal Regiment (formerly 712 (Montreal) Communication Squadron)
35 Canadian Brigade Group
35 Signal Regiment (formerly 713 (Beauport) Communication Regiment, and 714 (Sherbrooke) Communication Squadron)
5th Canadian Division
36 Canadian Brigade Group
36 Signal Regiment (formerly 721 (Charlottetown) Communication Regiment, 723 (Halifax) Communication Squadron, and 725 (Glace Bay) Communication Squadron)
37 Canadian Brigade Group
37 Signal Regiment (formerly 722 (Saint John) Communication Squadron, and 728 (St. John's) Communication Squadron)
3rd Canadian Division
38 Canadian Brigade Group
38 Signal Regiment (formerly 734 (Regina) Communication Squadron, 735 (Winnipeg) Communication Regiment, 736 (Thunder Bay) Communication Squadron, and 737 (Saskatoon) Communication Squadron)
39 Canadian Brigade Group
39 Signal Regiment (formerly 741 (Victoria) Communication Squadron, now B Squadron, 2 Troop; 744 (Vancouver) Communication Regiment, now A Squadron; and 748 (Nanaimo) Communication Squadron, now B Squadron, 1 Troop)
41 Canadian Brigade Group
41 Signal Regiment (formerly 745 (Edmonton) Communication Squadron, 746 (Calgary) Communication Squadron, and 749 (Red Deer) Communication Squadron)
CFS Alert
Staffing at CFS Alert are the responsibility of the Branch. In the past members were drawn by the RCAF or Canadian Army.
Order of precedence
References
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Military communications units and formations
Military units and formations established in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications%20and%20Electronics%20Branch |
In the philosophy of mathematics, specifically the philosophical foundations of set theory, limitation of size is a concept developed by Philip Jourdain and/or Georg Cantor to avoid Cantor's paradox. It identifies certain "inconsistent multiplicities", in Cantor's terminology, that cannot be sets because they are "too large". In modern terminology these are called proper classes.
Use
The axiom of limitation of size is an axiom in some versions of von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory or Morse–Kelley set theory. This axiom says that any class that is not "too large" is a set, and a set cannot be "too large". "Too large" is defined as being large enough that the class of all sets can be mapped one-to-one into it.
References
Philosophy of mathematics
History of mathematics
Basic concepts in infinite set theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitation%20of%20size |
Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle developed Grand Marnier, an orange-flavored cognac liqueur, in 1880. He learned how to distill from his father, a wine-and-spirit merchant.
References
Profile Grand Marnier
French distillers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Marnier-Lapostolle |
Howard William Thomas Hobbs (born 22 January 1950) is an Australian politician who represented the seat of Warrego in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1 November 1986 until his retirement at the 31 January 2015 state election. He was a member of the National Party of Australia until the Queensland division merged with the Liberal party to form the Liberal National Party of Queensland.
In February 1996, Hobbs was appointed as the Minister for Natural Resources in the Borbidge government. He resigned two years later, after his wife alleged that her husband was travelling with a young female staff member with whom he was having "an intimate and unprofessional relationship". It was later revealed that the staff member was Ann Leahy, who succeeded Hobbs as the member for Warrego in 2015.
Hobbs was Shadow Minister for Local Government and Planning and for Communities from 28 September 2005 until the LNP entered government following the 2012 election. As the longest-serving member of the Legislative Assembly, he presides at the election of Speakers. When he did so in 2009, Dean Wells equalled him in seniority, but Hobbs had taken the oath first because his name came first alphabetically, so he took the chair as Presiding Member. After Wells lost his seat at the 2012 election, Hobbs was the longest-serving member until his retirement at the 2015 state election.
Prior to parliament
Chairman, Tambo Shire Council, 1980–1987
Tambo Shire Shire Councillor 1975-1980
Served in 49 RQR (Royal Queensland Rifles) at Wacol
Personal life
Hobbs has two children.
References
External links
Official Biography
1950 births
Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Queensland
Liberal National Party of Queensland politicians
21st-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Hobbs |
Charles Morgan Herbert Atherton (November 19, 1874 – December 17, 1935) was an American Major League Baseball third baseman. Nicknamed "Prexy", he batted and threw right-handed, was tall and weighed 160 pounds. He was an accomplished musician and writer, as well as an athlete.
Early life
He was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the son of George W. Atherton and Frances “Fannie” Wright Darusmont Washburn, of Plympton, Massachusetts. His father, a Civil War veteran, at the time was a professor of political science at Rutgers University. In 1882, at the age of 9 he moved to Philadelphia when his father took over as president of Pennsylvania State University.
Atherton loved baseball as well as football. He was Penn State's first sports star as a member of the school's baseball and football teams. He is also credited with inventing the place kick.
Sports career
He was an early professional football player and coach for the Greensburg Athletic Association. He also played professional football in 1896 for the Pittsburgh Athletic Club.
He made his Major League debut on May 30, 1899 at the age of 24. He hit .248 in 242 at bats in 1899, which would end up being his only Major League season.
He also hit 5 doubles, 6 triples and had 23 RBI. Defensively, Atherton committed 26 errors, which was fourth worst on the now defunct Washington Senators team of the National League. He played his final game on August 22, 1899.
Travels
He traveled to a Russia as part of the YMCA. He was based in Petrograd, hosted by the Czech Legion, who were aligned to the Russian Imperial Army. He witnessed the Russian Revolution, World War I.
He had become acquainted with Vincent Pisek of Malesov, an American Czech pastor who invited him to become the musical director of the Jan Hus Presbyterian Church in New York City. Atherton learned the Czech language and became a student of Czech and Slovak Folk Songs. He travelled to Vladivostok in 1919 to encourage the evacuation of the Czech Legion, who were stranded in Siberia in the aftermath of the First World War. Upon his return he published a book titled “Favorite songs of the Czech Slovak Army in Russia”. His elder brother, Frank Peabody Atherton was a Spanish–American War veteran and composer.
Atherton continued to live in New York City during the 1920s undertaking a role as a social worker for Czechs and Bohemians through his church. He continued to travel back and forth the Atlantic, between New York and Bremen, between 1928 on SS America and 1934 on SS Europa. He was very familiar with Central Europe and his books were published in Czech and included a collection of Czech and Slovak folk songs he had captured that were sung by soldiers during their time in Siberia. It was a time of political turmoil and he witnessed the Nazis rise to power first hand. He documented each event in highly descriptive letters to his sister, Harriet, who he called Hattie.
Death
He died on December 17, 1935, at the age of 60 of tuberculosis. He was buried at Vienna Central Cemetery, in Austria on December 21, 1935.
Legacy
Pennsylvania State University library holds an oral history interview with his sister Helen Atherton Govier from January 25, 1974.
Ancestry
He is a direct descendant of James Atherton, one of the First Settlers of New England; who arrived in Dorchester, Massachusetts in the 1630s.
Bibliography
References
External links
1874 births
1934 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Players of American football from New Jersey
Baseball players from New Jersey
Sportspeople from New Brunswick, New Jersey
Major League Baseball third basemen
Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
Pittsburgh Athletic Club (football) players
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Penn State Nittany Lions baseball players
Greensburg Athletic Association coaches
Greensburg Athletic Association players
19th-century players of American football
Altoona Mad Turtles players
Scranton Indians players
Shenandoah Huns players
Houston Buffaloes players
Wilkes-Barre Coal Barons players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Milwaukee Creams players
Columbus Senators players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Los Angeles (minor league baseball) players
Montreal Royals players
Indianapolis Indians players
Johnstown Johnnies players
Portland Beavers players
Montreal Royals managers
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Wilkes-Barre/Mount Carmel players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Atherton |
Death of a Dead Day is the second studio album by British progressive metal band Sikth, as well as the last released before their 2008–2013 hiatus. It was released on 6 June 2006 (06/06/06) in the United States and 26 June in the United Kingdom; the first 4000 copies came with hand autographed fold out posters. It was released on vinyl by Basick Records as part of Record Store Day 2014.
Track listing
Credits
Music
Mikee Goodman – vocals
Justin Hill – vocals
Dan Weller – guitars
Graham "Pin" Pinney – guitars
James Leach – bass
Dan "Loord" Foord – drums, percussion
Songwriting
All music by Weller/Pinney/Leach/Foord
All lyrics by Goodman, except certain sections of "Where Do We Fall?" by Hill
Production
Produced by Sikth
Mixed and engineered by Matt Laplant
Additional mixing on "Mermaid Slur" by Simon Hanhart at Spare Room Studios
Post-production by Weller and Hill
Mastered by Mike Fuller at Fullersound Miami, Florida
Artwork & design by Tim Fox
Photography by Matthew Swig
References
External links
Sikth albums
2006 albums
Bieler Bros. Records albums
Albums produced by Dan Weller | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20a%20Dead%20Day |
Auxentius of Bithynia () was a hermit born circa AD 400 in Syria, and died February 14, 473, on Mount Scopas (also known as Mount Auxentius; currently known in Turkish as Kayış Dağı).
Life
Born in Syria of Persian ancestry, Auxentius served in the Equestrian Guard of Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II, but left to become a solitary monk on Mount Oxia near Constantinople. His isolated hermitage was discovered by shepherds seeking their sheep, and people who were ill began to come to Auxentius for healing.
In 451 he attended the Council of Chalcedon. Afterward he established a new hermitage atop Mount Scopas, in Bithynia, not far from Chalcedon where many resorted to him for advice. There he devoted the rest of his life to the practice of mortification and the instruction of his growing number of disciples. Auxentius died about the year 470.
Roman Martyrology: "On Mount Scopa in Bithynia, in present-day Turkey, Saint Aussentius, priest and archimandrite, who, living on a hill as if on a cathedra, defended the Chalcedonian faith with a powerful voice."
He is not to be confused with Saint Auxentius of Mopsuestia (d. 360), bishop and martyr, and an Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic saint, Auxentius of Milan (d. 374), bishop of Milan, or Auxentius of Durostorum.
Auxentius of Bithynia is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Byzantine Catholic, and Roman Catholic Churches. His feast day is February 14.
See also
Poustinia
Vendemianus of Bithynia
References
External links
Patron Saints Index at Catholic Forum
http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1639
http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-auxentius-of-bithynia/
400 births
473 deaths
Byzantine saints
Saints from Roman Anatolia
5th-century Byzantine monks
5th-century Christian saints
People from Bithynia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxentius%20of%20Bithynia |
Southwestern University is in Georgetown, Texas, U.S.
Southwestern University may also refer to:
Southwestern University (Philippines) in Cebu City, Philippines
National Southwestern Associated University, China
See also
Southwest University (disambiguation)
Southwest College, a community college in Houston, Texas
Southwestern College (disambiguation)
Southwestern Community College (disambiguation)
Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern%20University%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Miguel Antonio Otero II (October 17, 1859 – August 7, 1944) was an American politician, businessman, and author who served as the 16th Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1897 to 1906. He was the son of Miguel Antonio Otero, a prominent businessman and New Mexico politician.
Early life
Miguel Antonio Otero had an adventurous boyhood as his father, a businessman and railroad baron, moved the family from town to town across Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico. The family established a permanent home in Las Vegas, New Mexico about 1879. He attended St. Louis University and the University of Notre Dame with his older brother Page, but preferred socializing to studying. He returned to Las Vegas in 1880 to work in his father's bank.
Career
Politics
While working as a banker, land broker, and livestock broke in Las Vegas, Otero began his career in politics. In a few years, he served as clerk for the City of Las Vegas, probate clerk of San Miguel County, county clerk, and recorder, and district court clerk for the Fourth Judicial District. In 1892 he served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention and met Ohio Senator William McKinley. When McKinley was elected President in 1896, he appointed Otero governor of the Territory of New Mexico. Given Otero's youth (37 years), his meager statewide experience, and his lack of support from either political party, the appointment was somewhat of a surprise. The Otero name was well known in New Mexico, however, and initially he was supported by a wide range of constituencies.
As New Mexico moved towards statehood, Otero survived struggles against a variety of political factions in his own party. After McKinley's assassination, he survived a particularly brutal battle with Thomas B. Catron to earn reappointment by President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1899, he chartered the first secondary school in Santa Fe, Santa Fe High School. The infighting eventually took its toll, and in 1906, Roosevelt replaced Otero after more than eight years in the governor's mansion.
After leaving office, he returned to banking and mining before serving as state treasurer from 1909 to 1911. Otero attempted a comeback as governor in 1912, but failing to receive the Republican nomination and joined the Progressive Party. In later years he served on several commissions, including four years (1917 to 1921) as marshal of the Panama Canal.
Writing
In 1936, Otero published The Real Billy the Kid; With New Light on the Lincoln County War. After William Bonney was jailed in Las Vegas in 1880, Otero and his brother Page rode with the prisoner as he was transported by train from Las Vegas to Santa Fe. Remaining in Santa Fe for a while, the pair visited the Kid in jail many times, bringing him tobacco, gum, and sweets, and generally finding him a sympathetic, if misguided, figure. Written some fifty years after Pat Garrett's original account, Otero's was the first book to present Billy the Kid in a relatively positive light. The book was edited - some say ghost written - by Marshall Latham Bond whose father Hiram Bond was involved in trading with the Otero family out of Denver after 1872 and who owned a hundred square mile ranch in the area after the Lincoln County War.
Sandwiched around this book, Otero authored a three-part autobiography. The first installment, My Life on the Frontier, 1864–1882, was published in 1935 and covered the adventures of his youth through age 23, when his father died suddenly. My Life on the Frontier, 1882–1897 dealt with his early career in public service. My Nine Years as Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, 1897–1906 chronicles the turmoils of New Mexico on the verge of statehood.His writing is an early example of political autobiography, as his reflections are often a validation of his and his family's political choices. As a major proponent of New Mexico Statehood, Otero infuses the 3-volume autobiography with examples of how he helped "modernize" the territory and pave the way for statehood.
The first book of the memoir is especially captivating, as Otero recalls several encounters with Western icons such as Kit Carson, Wild Bill Hickok, Gen. George Armstrong Custer, Doc Holliday, Bat Masterson, and Jesse James. Throughout these adventures, Otero casts himself as a civilizing force who learned from these wild westerners, but also brought more structured law, order, and economic advancement to the territory.
Aids Earp posse
Otero is believed to have written a letter that described a portion of the Earp Vendetta Ride in 1882, when his father met the Earp posse in Albuquerque. Otero's presence in Albuquerque was corroborated by local newspapers. According to the letter, Wyatt and Holliday were eating at The Retreat Restaurant in Albuquerque, owned by "Fat Charlie", "when Holliday said something about Earp becoming 'a damn Jew-boy.' Earp became angry and left…. [Henry] Jaffa told me later that Earp’s woman was a Jewess. Earp did mezuzah when entering the house." Wyatt was staying with a prominent businessman Henry N. Jaffa, who was also president of New Albuquerque’s Board of Trade. Jaffa was also Jewish, and based on the letter, Earp had while staying in Jaffa's home honored Jewish tradition by performing the mezuzah upon entering his home.
According to Otero's letter, Jaffa told him that "Earp's woman was a Jewess." Earp's anger at Holliday's racial slur may indicate that the relationship between Josephine Marcus and Wyatt Earp was more serious at the time than is commonly known. The information in the letter is compelling because at the time it was written in the 1940s, the relationship between Wyatt Earp and Josephine Marcus while living in Tombstone was virtually unknown. The only way Otero could know these things was if he had a relationship with someone who had personal knowledge of the individuals involved.
In popular culture
These locations were named after the Miguel Antonio Oteros.
Otero, New Mexico (ghost town in Colfax County), named in 1879.
Otero County, Colorado, named in 1889.
Otero County, New Mexico, named in 1899 while Miguel Antonio Otero (II) was territorial governor.
See also
List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States
References
Bibliography
Otero, Miguel Antonio. My Life on the Frontier, 1864–1882 (New York, 1935).
Otero, Miguel Antonio. My Life on the Frontier, 1882–1897 (Albuquerque, 1939).
Otero, Miguel Antonio. My Nine Years as Governor of New Mexico Territory (Albuquerque, 1940).
Otero, Miguel Antonio. The Real Billy the Kid; With New Light on the Lincoln County War (1936).
}
1859 births
1944 deaths
American politicians of Mexican descent
American people of Spanish descent
American writers of Mexican descent
Governors of New Mexico Territory
Hispanic and Latino American state governors of the United States
New Mexico Progressives (1912)
New Mexico Republicans
Neomexicanos
Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Hispanic and Latino American people in New Mexico politics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Antonio%20Otero%20%28born%201859%29 |
Greatest Hits Redux is a compilation album by the American rock band Cracker featuring re-recordings of previously released material.
The album was released on February 21, 2006 on the Cooking Vinyl label, the same day their previous label Virgin Records issued Get On With It: The Best of Cracker, which featured the original versions of many of the same songs, but was released without the band's permission or cooperation. In a similar fashion, the Redux versions of the songs undercut the price of the originals on iTunes, resulting in greater sales for the Redux versions. Nine of the 13 songs that appear here are also on the Virgin compilation.
Since these songs were re-recorded, there are some subtle differences scattered throughout such as changed lyrics or different instrument fills. The one new song, "Something You Ain't Got", would appear a few months later in the year on their Greenland release.
Track listing
"Teen Angst (What the World Needs Now)"
"I See the Light"
"Mr. Wrong"
"Low"
"Get Off This"
"Lonesome Johnny Blues"
"Euro-Trash Girl"
"Sweet Thistle Pie"
"Big Dipper"
"The World Is Mine"
"Duty Free"
"Ain't Gonna Suck Itself"
"Something You Ain't Got"
References
2000 compilation albums
Cracker (band) compilation albums
Cooking Vinyl compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest%20Hits%20Redux |
Miguel Antonio Otero may refer to:
Miguel Antonio Otero (born 1829) (1829–1882), prominent politician of the New Mexico Territory, delegate to the U.S. Congress
Miguel Antonio Otero (born 1859) (1859–1944), son of previous, governor of New Mexico Territory
Miguel Antonio Otero, Jr. (1892–1977), son of previous, district court judge in Santa Fe, New Mexico, husband of aviator Katherine Stinson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Antonio%20Otero |
Baron was a Japanese naval physician.
Early life
Born in Hyūga Province (present-day Miyazaki Prefecture) as the son of a samurai retainer to the Satsuma domain, Takaki studied Chinese medicine as a youth and served as a medic in the Boshin War. He later studied western medical science under British doctor William Willis (in Japan 1861–1881). Takaki entered the Imperial Japanese Navy as a medical officer in 1872. He was sent to Great Britain for medical studies in 1875, and interned at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School now part of King's College London in London. He returned to Japan in 1880.
Work on beriberi
At the time, beriberi (considered endemic to Japan) was a serious problem on warships and was affecting naval efficiency. Takaki knew that beriberi was not common among Western navies. He also noticed that Japanese naval officers, whose diet consisted of various types of vegetables and meat, rarely suffered from beriberi. On the other hand, the disease was common among ordinary crewmen, whose diet consisted almost exclusively of white rice (which was supplied free, whereas other foods had to be purchased). Many crewmen from poor families, who had to send money back home, often tried to save money by eating nothing but rice.
In 1883 Takaki learned of a very high incidence of beriberi among cadets on a training mission from Japan to Hawaii, via New Zealand and South America that lasted for 9 months. On board, 169 men out of 376 developed the disease and 25 died. Takaki made a petition to Emperor Meiji to fund an experiment with an improved diet for the seamen that included more barley, meat, milk, bread and vegetables. He succeeded, and in 1884, another mission took the same route, but this time only sixteen beriberi cases among 333 seamen were reported. This experiment convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy that poor diet was the prime factor in beriberi, and the disease was soon eliminated from the fleet. Takaki's success occurred ten years before Christiaan Eijkman, working in Batavia, advanced his theory that beriberi was caused by a nutritional deficiency, with his later identification of vitamin B1 earning him the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Although Takaki clearly established that the cause was due to nutritional issues, this conflicted with the prevailing idea among medical scientists that beriberi was an infectious disease. The Imperial Japanese Army, which was dominated by doctors from Tokyo Imperial University, persisted in their belief that beriberi was an infectious disease, and refused to implement a remedy for decades. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, over 200,000 soldiers suffered from beriberi – 27,000 fatally, compared to 47,000 deaths from combat.
In 1905, Takaki was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system for his contribution of eliminating beriberi from the Imperial Japanese Navy, and also awarded the Order of the Rising Sun (first class). He was later affectionately nicknamed "Barley Baron".
Takaki founded the Sei-I-Kwai medical society in January 1881. In May, 1881, he founded the Sei-I-Kwai Koshujo (Sei-I-Kwai Medical Training School), now the Jikei University School of Medicine. Takaki's school was the first private medical college in Japan, and was the first in Japan to have students dissect human cadavers.
Takaki was posthumously honored by having a peninsula in Antarctica at named "Takaki Promontory" in his honor. It is the only peninsula in Antarctica named after a Japanese person.
References
Bay, Alexander. "Beriberi in Modern Japan: The Making of a National Disease". University of Rochester Press (2012). .
Low, Morris. Building a Modern Japan: Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Meiji Era and Beyond. Palgrave Macmillan (2005). .
Matsuda, Makoto. Kakke o nakushita otoko Takaki Kanehiro den. Kodansha (1990). .
Kenneth J. Carpenter. Beriberi, White Rice and Vitamin B. University of California Press.
External links
Jikei University School of Medicine: Our Roots - To Serve the Suffering Poor.
1849 births
1920 deaths
Japanese military doctors
Japanese scientists
People of the Boshin War
People from Miyazaki Prefecture
Kazoku
People of Meiji-period Japan
Alumni of St Thomas's Hospital Medical School
University and college founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaki%20Kanehiro |
USS PC-1119 was a built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was later renamed Greencastle (PC-1119), after Greencastle, Indiana and Greencastle, Pennsylvania, but never saw active service under that name.
Career
PC-1119 was laid down at Defoe Shipbuilding Company, in Bay City, Michigan, on 12 June 1942; launched on 11 August 1942; and commissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana, on 15 December 1942. After shakedown off Key West, Florida, she sailed on 19 January 1943 for the Southwest Pacific. Steaming via New Caledonia, she reached Brisbane, Australia, on 12 March, and was assigned duty as flagship of the Allied Local Defense Forces, Northwest Australia. During the next six months she operated out of Brisbane, Townsville, and Cairns, escorting convoys between Australia and New Guinea. During June and July, she helped repel enemy planes that attacked Allied shipping at Port Moresby.
PC-1119 transferred her base to Milne Bay, New Guinea, in September, and from there she escorted convoys moving men and supplies along the coast of Huon Gulf. On 2 October she supported amphibious landings at Finschhafen, which was to become the jumping off point for the invasion of New Britain. Transferred to the 7th Amphibious Force on 6 December, she supported the initial invasion during landings at Arawe, New Britain, on 17 December. Nine days later, she supported landings by the 1st Marine Division at Cape Gloucester; then, after steaming along the northern coast of New Guinea, she participated in the assault against Saidor on 2 January 1944, assisting in the landing of troops of the 32nd Infantry Division.
During the next three months PC-1119 escorted convoys along the New Guinea coast to the Admiralties and New Britain. She supported an amphibious landing at Talasea, New Britain, on 7 March. Driving westward along New Guinea, she joined the assault at Aitape on 22 April; and as an escort and patrol ship, she supported landings on 3 July at Noemfoor, Schouten Islands. During this invasion she patrolled on anti-shipping sweeps as the Japanese attempted to send reinforcements by barge. After steaming to Australia in August, she returned to Aitape on 3 September to prepare for operations in the Moluccas. Between 15 September and 24 September she steamed off Morotai, where she controlled landing craft and provided anti-aircraft cover for supply transports. Departing on 24 September, she sailed via Biak to Humboldt Bay where she arrived on the 28th.
Philippine service
PC-1119 departed on 9 October for the invasion of the Philippines. Steaming via Manus, Admiralties, she closed the coast of Leyte on 20 October. After laying down shoal buoys at the northern end of Leyte Gulf, she served as landing control ship during the assault against Tacloban airfield. She remained off Leyte; and between 23 October and 25 October she helped repel heavy enemy air attacks, during which she splashed three Japanese raiders. Late on the 25th she sailed to search for survivors from ships lost during the Battle off Samar. During mid-watch on 27 October, she rescued 183 men from the escort carrier , then returned the same day to Leyte Gulf. Resuming duty as control and fire cover ship, she served in Leyte Gulf until 9 November when she sailed for New Guinea, reaching Hollandia on 16 November.
After repairs, she steamed to Sansapor, New Guinea, on 12 December to prepare for the invasion of Luzon. Departing in convoy on 30 December, she reached Lingayen Gulf on 9 January 1945, and there served as control ship for the landings at San Fabian Beach. The Japanese launched heavy air attacks against American shipping: and, while PC-1119 was returning to Leyte as a convoy escort, she was narrowly missed by suicide planes on 12 January and 13 January.
She returned to Luzon on 29 January, and after supporting landings at San Felipe and San Narciso by troops of the 8th U.S. Army, she arrived at Subic Bay on 3 February. On 15 February, she escorted landing craft from Subic Bay for landings at Mariveles, Bataan. The following day she served as fire support ship during the assault against Corregidor.
During the assault, PC-1119 shelled targets on the shore and was damaged by an enemy shell. She was still able to embark casualties from LCMs and evacuate them while under fire to an offshore LST.
PC-1119 operated off western Luzon and Mindoro on anti-shipping sweeps until 11 March when she sailed for Leyte, arriving there on 14 March. From 19 March to 24 March she steamed via the Palaus to Hollandia. After repairing battle damage, she departed on 30 June and returned to Subic Bay on 8 July. During the next month she searched for enemy submarines off Luzon between Subic and San Fernando. Assigned to the Philippine Sea Frontier on 14 August, after the end of hostilities she patrolled the South China Sea to accept the surrender of Japanese submarines.
Postwar
PC-1119 remained in the Philippines after the end of the war. Assigned to the 16th Fleet on 19 March 1946, she returned to the United States and reported for duty on 10 August.
She was decommissioned on 9 January 1947 at Green Cove Springs, Florida, and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. While berthed at Green Cove Springs, she was named Greencastle (PC-1119) on 15 February 1956 in honor of Greencastle, Indiana and Greencastle, Pennsylvania. She was sold to Boston Metals Company, of Baltimore, Maryland, for scrapping on 1 July 1958.
Awards
Greencastle received five battle stars for World War II service.
Sources
External links
PC-461-class submarine chasers
Ships built in Bay City, Michigan
1942 ships
World War II patrol vessels of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20PC-1119 |
Bengt Gustafsson may refer to:
Bengt Gustafsson (astronomer) (born 1943), Swedish professor of astronomy
Bengt-Åke Gustafsson (born 1958), Swedish ice hockey player and coach
Bengt Gustafsson (general) (1933–2019), Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces 1986–1994
See also
Bengt Gustafson (born 1963), Sweden volleyball player | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt%20Gustafsson |
Hemi-Vision is the third album by Canadian blues-rock band Big Sugar. The album was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 1997 Juno Awards.
The singles from the album were "Diggin' a Hole", "If I Had My Way", "Gone For Good", and " Up Baby". The band also recorded a French language version of " Up Baby", entitled "Ouvres-toi Bébé", for radio airplay in Quebec (see also Chauffe à bloc).
Background
The album was recorded in six weeks at Presence Studios and Phase One Studios. According to Gordie Johnson, this was the first album that the band had recorded with an adequate budget, having $65,000 Canadian at their disposal. Johnson collaborated with several other songwriters for this album. "Gone for Good", "Empty Head", and "If I Had My Way" were co-written with Patrick Ballantyne; "La Stralla" and "Skull King" with Andrew Whiteman; "Tired All The Time" with bandmate Kelly Hoppe; "Opem Up Baby" with Dan Gallagher; "Tommy Johnson" with Dave Wall; and "Diggin' a Hole" with Gallagher and Andy Curran.
25th Anniversary Deluxe Edition
On September 25, 2020, the band released a 25th anniversary deluxe edition of the album.
Track listing
"Diggin' a Hole" – 4:37
"Gone for Good" – 4:43
"If I Had My Way" – 5:13
"Skull Ring" – 4:25
"Joe Louis / Judgement Day" – 8:58
"Tommy Johnson" – 4:12
"La Stralla" – 4:17
"Tired All the Time" – 4:27
"Empty Head" – 5:13
" Up Baby"1 – 5:13
"Rolling Pin" – 6:46
"Tobacco Hand" – 8:55
2020 Deluxe Edition
13. "Gone for Good" (Early version)
14. "Gone for Good" (Lost take)
15. "Judgement Day" (Dub mix)
16. "Diggin' a Hole" (Acoustic version)
17. "Baby's in Black"
18. "Tommy Johnson" (Dub mix)
Personnel
Big Sugar
Gordie Johnson - guitar, vocals, bass
Kelly Hoppe - harmonica, keyboards
Garry Lowe - bass
Paul Brennan - drums
Guests
Ashley MacIssac - fiddle
Al Cross - drums
Matt DeMatteo - drums
Notes
1 This track was labelled as " Up Baby" on the CD cover, although both the lyrics and the French version, titled "Ouvres-toi bébé", indicate that the intended meaning was "open". It is not known if this was a spelling error on the cover art or an intentional use of artistic license, but both "" and "Open" have been cited as the song's title by different reference works. The band's own website, however, uses the "" spelling, as does the 2003 greatest hits compilation Hit & Run, lending credence to the idea that it was intentional.
References
1996 albums
Big Sugar (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemi-Vision |
Andrée Louise Vaurabourg-Honegger (8 September 1894 − 18 July 1980) was a French pianist and teacher. She was the wife of Swiss-French composer Arthur Honegger (1892–1955), whom she met at the Paris Conservatoire in 1916. Honegger married her in 1926 on the condition that they live in separate apartments because he required solitude for composing. They lived apart for the duration of their marriage, with two exceptions. In September 1934, while traveling in Spain, Honegger's car ran into a tree after a tire burst. He only broke an ankle, but Vaurabourg, in the front passenger seat, broke both knees and was unable to walk for almost a year. She never fully recovered from the accident. Honegger lived with and cared for her during her recuperation. They also lived together during the last year of Honegger's life, when he could no longer live alone. They had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932.
She studied piano at the Paris Conservatoire, receiving first prize in counterpoint. She often performed her husband's piano works.
Vaurabourg's students of counterpoint included Pierre Boulez, Serge Garant, and Roger Matton.
References
External links
Arthur-Honegger.com
1894 births
1980 deaths
20th-century French women classical pianists
Musicians from Toulouse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%20Vaurabourg |
Herbert Ira London (March 6, 1939 – November 10, 2018) was an American conservative activist, commentator, author, and academic. London was the president of the Hudson Institute from 1997 to 2011. He was a frequent columnist for The Washington Times. London was president of the London Center for Policy Research, a conservative think tank hosted at The King's College in New York City, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Personal life and education
London was born on March 6, 1939, in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, New York, the son of Esta (Epstein), a homemaker, and Jack London, who sold materials for upholstery. His family was Jewish. At 6'5", he played basketball for a city championship-winning Jamaica High School team.
London recorded several pop songs, achieving a modest hit record in 1959 with "Sorry We're Not Going Steady." One of his three daughters is Stacy London, former host of TV shows What Not to Wear and Love, Lust or Run.
London attended Columbia University and studied under Jacques Barzun. He graduated from Columbia in 1960 and obtained a doctorate in history at New York University in 1966.
London died in Manhattan from complications of heart failure on November 10, 2018, at the age of 79.
Professional life
London started working at New York University after getting his doctorate there. He was responsible for creating NYU's "University Without Walls" in 1972. UWW was part of a new trend in American higher education to provide inter-disciplinary and out-of-the-classroom learning. UWW changed its name to the Gallatin Division in 1976. Gallatin students design their own curricula and do not have any required courses. Gallatin later added a focus on the study of great books. London directed the program from its inception until 1992. After retiring as a dean, London became the John M. Olin Professor of Humanities at NYU. The Gallatin Division was renamed the Gallatin School of Individualized Study in 1995.
London was the president of Hudson Institute from 1997 until 2011 and later was named president emeritus. He was also a senior fellow at the Center for the American University at the Manhattan Institute and chairman of the National Association of Scholars. In February 2013, London joined the board of advisors of the Coalition to Reduce Spending.
London was a noted social critic and a guest lecturer on many major radio and television programs, including CNN's Crossfire which he co-hosted for one year. His work appeared in major newspapers across the country, including the Wall Street Journal, Commentary, National Review, Fortune, The New York Times and many others.
Political campaigns
London registered as a Republican in New York in 1978. He was considered a conservative maverick, at various times joining and at other times criticizing the New York State Republican Party.
1989 campaign for Mayor of New York City
In 1989, London entered the race for both the Conservative Party and Republican Party nominations for Mayor of New York City. Ronald Lauder was endorsed by the Conservatives and London dropped out of the Republican primary.
1990 campaign for Governor of New York
London was the Conservative Party nominee for Governor of New York in 1990. The party broke from recent practice and declined to cross-endorse the Republican nominee, the Canada-born businessman Pierre Rinfret. Conservatives leaders cited Rinfret's support for abortion, his perceived lack of seriousness about his candidacy, and his potential difficulties in attacking incumbent Democratic governor Mario Cuomo on fiscal policies as reasons for their decision to run their own gubernatorial candidate. London finished one percentage point behind Rinfret, 827,614 votes to 865,948. Cuomo was re-elected to a third term.
1994 campaign for New York Comptroller
Soon after the 1990 election, London began campaigning for the Republican nomination in the 1994 Governor's race, which turned out to have no clear front-runner. The main reason was that U.S. Senator Al D'Amato kept hinting he would run for the nomination and if he did, he would be the presumptive favorite. London became the first formally announced candidate to take on incumbent Mario Cuomo, declaring for both the Republican and Conservative parties' nomination in October 1993.
Republican and Conservative leaders were resolved to support the same candidate to avoid splitting the conservative vote as in 1990. D'Amato preferred State Senator George Pataki, but state senate majority leader Ralph J. Marino held a grudge against Pataki, London and others who tried to oust Marino in the 1992 primary. However, Marino supported London through the Republican Party convention, where London could not gain enough supporters to automatically be placed on the G.O.P. primary ballot.
During that convention, Republican leaders convinced London to drop out of the governor's race in favor of accepting the party's nomination for state Comptroller. Prior to London being offered the Comptroller's nomination, Assemblyman John Faso was considered the frontrunner for the nomination. London went on to face interim Democratic Comptroller Carl McCall.
The race was notable in part for the controversy created when the candidate's identities, Jewish for London and black for McCall, became a focal point of the campaign. Then, in the week before the election, a statement was issued by 50 leading members of the Democratic Party in New York, condemning London for launching racist attacks against McCall. Two Manhattan Republicans withdrew their support for London, while Mayor Rudy Giuliani stuck with his endorsement of London.
McCall defeated London in the election, 52% to 46%, becoming the first black candidate elected to statewide office in New York. McCall had out-raised London $3.6 million to $543,000. London's criticism of Pataki and his attack ads against McCall were seen as negatively affecting his performance in the race.
Think tank
The London Center for Policy Research (LCPR) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that was founded in 2012 by London in New York City and defines itself as a boutique think tank created to engage in research and advise on key policy issues of national security, international relations, energy, and risk analysis. The center claims to challenge conventional wisdom where appropriate, add texture to the current deliberations on policy issues and build support for positions that further the national interest and the interest of key allies. The London Center was influential in the staffing and policy direction of the Trump Administration with many of its senior fellows taking on both official and unofficial roles in the administration. The center counts these "Fellows" among its membership: Deroy Murdock, Gordon G. Chang, Monica Crowley, Jim Woolsey, Derk Jan Eppink, and Walid Phares.
Works
Source:
(with Jed Babbin)
(edited with James F. Cooper & Laurence Jarvik)
(with Edwin S. Rubenstein)
Articles
References
External links
London Center for Policy Research website
1939 births
2018 deaths
People from Brighton Beach
Politicians from Brooklyn
Basketball players from New York City
Singers from New York (state)
The American Spectator people
Columbia Lions men's basketball players
Jamaica High School (New York City) alumni
Jewish American people in New York (state) politics
New York University faculty
New York (state) Republicans
Conservative Party of New York State politicians
The Washington Times people
Writers from Brooklyn
American men's basketball players
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States
New Right (United States)
Conservative organizations in the United States
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20London |
Seven Group Holdings Limited (SGH, formerly Seven Network Limited) is an Australian diversified operating and investment group in the media, mining and construction industries.
History
Seven Network Limited was formed in 1991 by receivers to bundle together the assets of Christopher Skase's failed Qintex business.
Between 1995 and April 2001, Alan Jackson of Nylex was the non-executive director of Seven, after being asked by Stokes to lead the company.
In 2002, Seven Media Group acquired Pacific Magazines. In January 2006, Seven Media Group partnered with Yahoo! to launch Yahoo!7, founded as a cross-media entity which would expand the content distribution networks of both companies.
In December 2006, Seven Network Limited shareholders voted to spin off the company's 'old media' assets into a 50/50 joint venture with private equity firm KKR, creating the Seven Media Group.
In January 2008, Kerry Stokes' National Hire Group took over alongside private investors The Carlyle Group the equipment rental company Coates, de-listing it from the Australian Securities Exchange. The hire businesses of Coates and National Hire were merged to consolidate the two largest hire companies in Australia, creating Coates Hire.
On 22 February 2010, it was announced that WesTrac, owned by Australian Capital Equity, Kerry Stokes's investment firm, would merge with Seven Network Limited, and the combined entity was renamed Seven Group Holdings.
On 25 October 2017, SGH acquired the remaining 53% from The Carlyle Group as well as from other minority owners for $517 million. SGH had first invested in Coates Hire, alongside The Carlyle Group and exiting management in 2008 through its WesTrac subsidiary.
In April 2011, Seven Media Group was acquired by West Australian Newspapers to create Seven West Media. Seven Group Holdings remains Seven West Media's largest shareholder, with a 33% stake. As of July 2021, this stood at 40%. In July 2021, Seven Group Holdings took majority ownership in Boral.
References
External links
Seven Group Holdings
Companies based in Sydney
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Holding companies of Australia
Holding companies established in 1956
Mass media companies established in 1956
Mass media companies of Australia
Mining companies of Australia
Seven Network
Australian companies established in 1956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Group%20Holdings |
Advancing Chemistry by Enhancing Learning in the Laboratory (ACELL) is a project for improving the teaching of Chemistry in the Laboratory.
History
The current ACELL project began as APCELL (Australian Physical Chemistry Enhanced Laboratory Learning) in the late 1990s. Initially funded by the Australian Government through its Committee for University Teaching and Staff Development (CUTSD) program, the aim of APCELL was to build a database of tested, educationally-sound undergraduate level experiments in physical chemistry. APCELL ran several workshops at which experiments were tested by staff and students from Australian universities.
To be accepted to the APCELL database, an experiment had to be tested in a third-party laboratory (such as at a workshop), be judged to be educationally-sound, and to complete a peer review process. The educational analyses of experiments which completed this process were published in the Australian Journal of Education in Chemistry.
Additional funding was received from the Department of Education, Science and Training (Australia) through its Higher Education Innovation Program (HEIP) to enable the project to be extended to all areas of chemistry, which is the reason for the name change from APCELL to ACELL.
Whilst the ACELL project is run with the active support of its many contributors, the management team is spread across four universities: Macquarie University, the University of Adelaide, the University of Sydney, and Curtin University of Technology.
Current programs
In February 2006 ACELL ran a workshop hosted by the University of Sydney. This was a 3-day workshop, attended by 33 staff delegates and 31 students from 27 universities around Australia and New Zealand. Delegates stayed in St. John's College on the university grounds.
At this workshop staff and students reviewed 33 experiments submitted by the different participating universities. After completing the activities there were debrief sessions in the evening. All those who completed experiments also completed surveys on the experiment and the documentation behind it.
Another (smaller) workshop was run in February 2007 as a satellite activity of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) joint Organic and Physical Chemistry Division Conference OPC07. This workshop will be hosted by the University of Adelaide.
See also
Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI)
References
External links
Australian Physical Chemistry Enhanced Laboratory Learning (APCELL)
Advancing Chemistry by Enhancing Learning in the Laboratory (ACELL)
Organic and Physical Chemistry Conference 2007 (OPC07)
Science and technology in Australia
Chemistry education
Undergraduate education | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advancing%20Chemistry%20by%20Enhancing%20Learning%20in%20the%20Laboratory |
Midwestern Baptist College, is an independent Baptist college in Orion, Michigan.
History
In 1953, the school was founded in Pontiac, Michigan by Tom Malone Sr. as a liberal arts college, which included a Baptist seminary on more than . It specializes in Christian theological doctrine. Malone wanted to offer a faith-based education including both academics and morals. The college also stressed being a moral compass, to "abstain from all appearances of evil", and fulfilling the Great Commission.
For the fall semester of 2010, Midwestern planned to move from Pontiac, Michigan to the property of Shalom Baptist Church in Orion Township, Michigan.
Education
Midwestern Baptist College is not accredited by any accreditation body recognized by its country. According to the US Department of Education, unaccredited degrees and credits might not be acceptable to employers or other institutions, and use of degree titles may be restricted or illegal in some jurisdictions. Some of the school's courses are accepted for transfer credit at nearby Oakland Community College.
The highest degree the college awards is the Bachelor of Religious Education (B.R.E.) or Bachelor of Sacred Music (B.S.M.). The school also offers associate degree in Music, Commercial Subjects, and Biblical Studies.
Alumni
Chuck Baldwin, attended for two years, but did not graduate. Baldwin was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party for the 2008 U.S. Presidential election.
Kent Hovind, an evangelist, young-earth creationist, and convicted tax protestor, earned a Bachelor of Religious Education in 1974.
Gary Click, a politician.
See also
List of unaccredited institutions of higher learning
School accreditation
References
External links
Midwestern Baptist College – Official website
Unaccredited Christian universities and colleges in the United States
Baptist Christianity in Michigan
Educational institutions established in 1953
Seminaries and theological colleges in Michigan
Universities and colleges in Oakland County, Michigan
1953 establishments in Michigan
Independent Baptist universities and colleges in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern%20Baptist%20College |
Old-Age Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1933:
Modification
This concept contained in the convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C128, Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967.
Ratifications
Prior to its shelving, the convention had been ratified by 10 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Social security
Treaties concluded in 1933
Treaties entered into force in 1937
Agricultural treaties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-Age%20Insurance%20%28Agriculture%29%20Convention%2C%201933%20%28shelved%29 |
Manyema (WaManyema) (Una-Ma-Nyema, eaters of flesh) are a Bantu ethnic group, described in the past as powerful and warlike, in the African Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa and Central Africa.
Many Manyema, like many Nyamwezi, are the descendants of porters who emerged during the height of the Swahili-Arab trade in the Sultanate of Utetera. WaManyema, as well as the area, was extensively incorporated into Swahili economy and culture.
During the early to mid-1800s, many Manyema and traversed, back and forth, across Lake Tanganyika towards the Swahili coast in larger numbers as caravan porters, merchants, mercenaries, war refugees (emphasised in Manyema memories), slaves (emphasised by missionaries and colonial officials), and to some extent as slave traders (emphasised by explorers like Henry Morton Stanley, David Livingstone and John Speke).
Many Manyema merchants traded slaves, ivory and gold. The New York Times reported that the Manyema “allied themselves with the Arabs”, a misnomer applied to Swahili or Waungwana.
Usually, a Manyema man would typically have children who are also identified as Manyema from birth. Similarly, children of Arab men would be identified as Arab. However, a female Manyema would often give birth to a child of various ethnicities, such as Swahili, Zaramo, Shihiri, or Arab. Thus, she may have multiple children, each with a different ethnicity that differs from her own
WaSwahili in Ujiji town on the border between Tanzania & Democratic Republic of Congo, many of whom originally Manyema, identified themselves as Swahili.
In Tanzania, the Manyema include various smaller ethnic groups of Congolese origin of which are independent culturally but with some resemblance due to intermarriages. These ethnic groups include the Wagoma, Bwari, Buyu, Masanze, Bangubangu, WaBembe, Songoora and many others of Congolese origin.
See also
Swahili people
Tippu Tip
Kasongo
Nyangwe
Sultanate of Zanzibar
Sultanate of Utetera
Congo–Arab War
Congo Free State
Jiji people
References
Bantu peoples
Ethnic groups in Tanzania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyema |
Operation Auca was an attempt by five Evangelical Christian missionaries from the United States to bring Christianity to the Waodani or Huaorani people of the rain forest of Ecuador. The Huaorani, also known pejoratively as Aucas (a modification of , the Quechua word for 'savages'), were an isolated tribe known for their violence, against both their own people and outsiders who entered their territory. With the intention of being the first Christians to evangelize the previously uncontacted Huaorani, the missionaries began making regular flights over Huaorani settlements in September 1955, dropping gifts, which were reciprocated. After several months of exchanging gifts, on January 3, 1956, the missionaries established a camp at "Palm Beach", a sandbar along the Curaray River, a few kilometers from Huaorani settlements. Their efforts came to an end on January 8, 1956, when all five—Jim Elliot, Nate Saint, Ed McCully, Peter Fleming, and Roger Youderian—were attacked and speared by a group of Huaorani warriors. The news of their deaths was broadcast around the world, and Life magazine covered the event with a photo essay.
The deaths of the men galvanized the missionary effort in the United States, sparking an outpouring of funding for evangelization efforts around the world. Their work is still frequently remembered in evangelical publications, and in 2006 was the subject of the film production End of the Spear. Several years after the death of the men, the widow of Jim Elliot, Elisabeth, and the sister of Nate Saint, Rachel, returned to Ecuador as missionaries with the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now SIL International) to live among the Huaorani. This eventually led to the conversion of many, including some of those involved in the killing.
Waorani
The Waorani around the time of Operation Auca were a small tribe occupying the jungle of Eastern Ecuador between the Napo and Curaray Rivers, an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers (7,700 mi²). They numbered approximately 600 people, and were split into three groups, all mutually hostile—the Geketaidi, the Baïidi, and the Wepeidi. They lived on the gathering and cultivation of plant foods like manioc and plantains, as well as fishing and hunting with spear and blowgun. Family units consisted of a man and his wife or wives, their unmarried sons, their married daughters and sons-in-law, and their grandchildren. All of them would reside in a longhouse, which was separated by several kilometers from another longhouse in which close relatives lived. Marriage was always endogamous and typically between cousins, and arranged by the parents of the young people.
Before their first peaceful contact with outsiders () in 1958, the Huaorani fiercely defended their territory. Viewing all as cannibalistic predators, they killed rubber tappers around the turn of the 20th century and Shell Oil Company employees during the 1940s, in addition to any lowland Quechua or other outsiders who encroached on their land. Furthermore, they were prone to internal violence, often engaging in vengeance killing of other Huaorani. Raids were carried out in extreme anger by groups of men who attacked their victims' longhouse by night and then fled. Attempts to build truces through gifts and exchange of spouses became more frequent as their numbers decreased and the tribes fragmented, but the cycle of violence continued.
Missionaries
Jim Elliot first heard of the Huaorani in 1950 from a former missionary to Ecuador, and afterwards indicated that God had called him to Ecuador to evangelize the Huaorani. He began corresponding with his friend Pete Fleming about his desire to minister in Ecuador, and in 1952 the two men set sail for Guayaquil as missionaries with the Plymouth Brethren. For six months they lived in Quito with the goal of learning Spanish. They then moved to Shandia, a Quechua mission station deep in the Ecuadorian jungle. There they worked under the supervision of a Christian Missions in Many Lands missionary, Wilfred Tidmarsh, and began exposing themselves to the culture and studying the Quechua language.
Another team member was Ed McCully, a man Jim Elliot had met and befriended while both attended Wheaton College. Following graduation, he married Marilou Hobolth and enrolled in a one-year basic medical treatment program at the School of Missionary Medicine in Los Angeles. On December 10, 1952, McCully moved to Quito with his family as a Plymouth Brethren missionary, planning to soon join Elliot and Fleming in Shandia. In 1953, however, the station in Shandia was wiped out by a flood, delaying their move until September of that year.
The team's pilot, Nate Saint, had served in the military during World War II, receiving flight training as a member of the Army Air Corps. After being discharged in 1946, he too studied at Wheaton College, but quit after a year and joined the Mission Aviation Fellowship in 1948. He and his wife Marj traveled to Ecuador by the end of the year, and they settled at MAF headquarters in Shell. Shortly after his arrival, Saint began transporting supplies and equipment to missionaries spread throughout the jungle. This work ultimately led to his meeting the other four missionaries, whom he joined in Operation Auca.
Also on the team was Roger Youderian, a 33-year-old missionary who had been working in Ecuador since 1953. Under the mission board Gospel Missionary Union, he and his wife Barbara and daughter Beth settled in Macuma, a mission station in the southern jungle of Ecuador. There, he and his wife ministered to the Shuar people, learning their language and transcribing it. After working with them for about a year, Youderian and his family began ministering to a tribe related to the Shuar, the Achuar people. He worked with Nate Saint to provide important medical supplies; but after a period of attempting to build relationships with them, he failed to see any positive effect and, growing depressed, considered returning to the United States. However, during this time Saint approached him about joining their team to meet the Huaorani, and he assented.
Initial contact
The first stage of Operation Auca began in September 1955. Saint, McCully, Elliot, and fellow missionary Johnny Keenan decided to initiate contact with the Huaorani and began periodically searching for them by air. By the end of the month, they had identified several clearings in the jungle. Meanwhile, Elliot learned several phrases in the language of the Huaorani from Dayuma, a young Huaorani woman who had left her society and become friends with Rachel Saint, a missionary and the sister of Nate Saint. The missionaries hoped that by regularly giving gifts to the Huaorani and attempting to communicate with them in their language, they would be able to win them over as friends.
Because of the difficulty and risk of meeting the Huaorani on the ground, the missionaries chose to drop gifts to the Huaorani by fixed-wing aircraft. Their drop technique, developed by Nate Saint, involved flying around the drop location in tight circles while lowering the gift from the plane on a rope. This kept the bundle in roughly the same position as it approached the ground. On October 6, 1955, Saint made the first drop, releasing a small kettle containing buttons and rock salt. The gift-giving continued during the following weeks, with the missionaries dropping machetes, ribbons, clothing, pots, and various trinkets.
After several visits to the Auca village, which the missionaries called "Terminal City", they observed that the Huaorani seemed excited to receive their gifts. Encouraged, they began using a loudspeaker to shout simple Huaorani phrases as they circled. After several more drops, in November the Huaorani began tying gifts for the missionaries to the line after removing the gifts the missionaries gave them. The men took this as a gesture of friendliness and developed plans for meeting the Huaorani on the ground. Saint soon identified a 200-yard (200 m) sandbar along the Curaray River about 4.5 miles (7 km) from Terminal City that could serve as a runway and camp site, and dubbed it "Palm Beach".
Palm Beach
At this point, Pete Fleming had still not decided to participate in the operation, and Roger Youderian was still working in the jungle farther south. On December 23, the Flemings, Saints, Elliots and McCullys together made plans to land at Palm Beach and build a camp on January 3, 1956. They agreed to take weapons, but decided that they would only be used to fire into the air to scare the Huaorani if they attacked. They built a sort of tree house that could be assembled upon arrival, and collected gifts, first aid equipment, and language notes.
By January 2, Youderian had arrived and Fleming had confirmed his involvement, so the five met in Arajuno to prepare to leave the following day. After minor mechanical trouble with the plane, Saint and McCully took off at 8:02 a.m. on January 3 and successfully landed on the sandy beach along the Curaray River. Saint then flew Elliot and Youderian to the camp, and then made several more flights, carrying equipment. After the last delivery, he flew over a Huaorani settlement and, using a loudspeaker, told the Huaorani to visit the missionaries' camp. He then returned to Arajuno, and the next day, he and Fleming flew out to Palm Beach.
First visit
On January 6, after the missionaries had spent several days of waiting and shouting basic Huaorani phrases into the jungle, the first Huaorani visitors arrived. A young man and two women emerged on the opposite river bank around 11:15 a.m., and soon joined the missionaries at their encampment. The younger of the two women had come against the wishes of her family, and the man, named Nankiwi, who was romantically interested in her, followed. The older woman (about thirty years old) acted as a self-appointed chaperone. The men gave them several gifts, including a model plane, and the visitors soon relaxed and began conversing freely, apparently not realizing that the men's language skills were weak. Nankiwi, whom the missionaries nicknamed "George", showed interest in their aircraft, so Saint took off with him aboard. They first completed a circuit around the camp, but Nankiwi appeared eager for a second trip, so they flew toward Terminal City. Upon reaching a familiar clearing, Nankiwi recognized his neighbors, and leaning out of the plane, wildly waved and shouted to them. Later that afternoon, the younger woman became restless, and though the missionaries offered their visitors sleeping quarters, Nankiwi and the young woman left the beach with little explanation. The older woman apparently had more interest in conversing with the missionaries, and remained there most of the night.
After seeing Nankiwi in the plane, a small group of Huaorani decided to make the trip to Palm Beach, and left the following morning, January 7. On the way, they encountered Nankiwi and the girl, returning unescorted. The girl's brother, Nampa, was furious at this, and to defuse the situation and divert attention from himself, Nankiwi claimed that the foreigners had attacked them on the beach, and in their haste to flee, they had been separated from their chaperone. Gikita, a senior member of the group whose experience with outsiders had taught him that they could not be trusted, recommended that they kill the foreigners. The return of the older woman and her account of the friendliness of the missionaries was not enough to dissuade them, and they soon continued toward the beach.
Attack
On January 8 the missionaries waited, expecting a larger group of Huaorani to arrive sometime that afternoon, if only to get plane rides. Saint made several trips over Huaorani settlements, and on the following morning he noted a group of Huaorani men traveling toward Palm Beach. He excitedly relayed this information to his wife over the radio at 12:30 p.m., promising to make contact again at 5:30 p.m.
The Huaorani arrived at Palm Beach around 3:00 p.m., and in order to divide the foreigners before attacking them, they sent three women to the other side of the river. One, Dawa, remained hidden in the jungle, but the other two showed themselves. Two of the missionaries waded into the water to greet them, but were attacked from behind by Nampa. Apparently attempting to scare him, Elliot, the first missionary to be speared, pulled out his pistol and began firing. One of these shots mildly injured Dawa, still hidden, and another grazed the missionary's attacker after he was grabbed from behind by one of the women. Accounts differ on the effect of that bullet. Missionaries interpreted the testimonies of Dawa and Dayuma to mean that Nampa was killed months later while hunting, but others, including missionary anthropologist James Yost, came to believe that his death was a result of the bullet wound. Rachel Saint did not accept this, holding that eyewitnesses supported her position, but researcher Laura Rival, a critic of the expedition, suggests that it is now commonly believed among Huaorani that Nampa died of the wound. The other missionary in the river, Fleming, before being speared, desperately reiterated friendly overtures and asked the Huaorani why they were killing them. Meanwhile, the other Huaorani warriors, led by Gikita, attacked the three missionaries still on the beach, spearing Saint first, then McCully as he rushed to stop them. Youderian ran to the airplane to get to the radio, but he was speared as he picked up the microphone to report the attack. The Huaorani then threw the men's bodies and their belongings in the river, and ripped the fabric from their aircraft. They then returned to their village and, anticipating retribution, burned it to the ground and fled into the jungle.
Search
At 4:30 p.m., Marj Saint and Pete Fleming's wife, Olive, were waiting for the call from Saint. Not receiving word at 4:30 p.m. immediately caused his wife Marj to worry, but Marj and Olive did not tell anyone about the lack of communication until that evening. To avoid interference, the entire mission had been kept a secret from all those not directly involved at the time, thus making the timing of this announcement more difficult. The next morning, January 9, Johnny Keenan flew to the camp site, and at 9:30 a.m. he reported via radio to the wives that the plane was stripped of its fabric, and that the men were not there. The Commander in Chief of the Caribbean Command, Lieutenant General William K. Harrison, was contacted, and Quito-based radio station HCJB released a news bulletin saying that five men were missing in Huaorani territory. Soon, aircraft from the United States Air Rescue Service in Panama were flying over the jungle, and a ground search party consisting of missionaries and military personnel was organized. The first two of the bodies were found on Wednesday, January 11, and on Thursday, Ed McCully's body was identified by a group of Quechuas. They took his watch as evidence of the finding but did not move his body from its location on the bank of the Curaray; it was later washed away. Two more bodies were found on January 12. The searchers hoped that one of the unidentified bodies would be McCully, thinking that perhaps one of the men had escaped. However, on January 13, all four of the bodies found were positively identified by watches and wedding rings, and McCully's body was not among them, confirming that all five were dead. In the midst of a tropical storm, they were buried in a common grave at Palm Beach on January 14 by members of the ground search party.
Aftermath
The deaths of the men was covered in the January 30, 1956 issue of Life magazine with a photo essay, including photographs by Cornell Capa and some taken by the five men before their deaths. A follow-up photo essay by Capa about four of the five widows who stayed in Ecuador to continue with their deceased husbands' missionary work appeared sixteen months later in the May 20, 1957 issue of the same publication. The ensuing worldwide publicity gave several missionary organizations significantly more visibility, especially in the United States and Latin America. Most notable among these was the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), the organization for which both Elisabeth Elliot and Rachel Saint worked. Because of the martyrdom of her brother, Saint considered herself spiritually bonded to the Huaorani, believing that what she saw as his sacrifice for the Huaorani was symbolic of Christ's death for the salvation of humanity. In 1957, Saint and her Huaorani companion Dayuma toured across the United States and appeared on the television show This Is Your Life. The two also appeared in a Billy Graham crusade in New York City, contributing to Saint's increasing popularity among evangelical Christians and generating significant monetary donations for SIL.
Saint and Elliot returned to Ecuador to work among the Huaorani (1958–1960), establishing a camp called Tihueno near a former Huaorani settlement. Rachel Saint and Dayuma became bonded in Huaorani eyes through their shared mourning and Rachel's adoption as a sister of Dayuma, taking the name Nemo from the latter's deceased youngest sister. Nemo means star in Huaorani, they said she was their light. The first Huaorani to settle there were primarily women and children from a Huaorani group called the Guiquetairi, but in 1968 an enemy Huaorani band known as the Baihuari joined them. Elliot had returned to the United States in the early 1960s, so Saint and Dayuma worked to alleviate the resulting conflict. They succeeded in securing cohabitation of the two groups by overseeing numerous cross-band weddings, leading to an end of inter-clan warfare but obscuring the cultural identity of each group.
Saint and Dayuma, in conjunction with SIL, negotiated the creation of an official Huaorani reservation in 1969, consolidating the Huaorani and consequently opening up the area to commerce and oil exploration. By 1973, over 500 people lived in Tihueno, of which more than half had arrived in the previous six years. The settlement relied on aid from SIL, and as a Christian community, followed rules foreign to Huaorani culture like prohibitions on killing and polygamy. By the early 1970s, SIL began to question whether their impact on the Huaorani was positive, so they sent James Yost, a staff anthropologist, to assess the situation. He found extensive economic dependence and increasing cultural assimilation, and as a result, SIL ended its support of the settlement in 1976, leading to its disintegration and the dispersion of the Huaorani into the surrounding area. SIL had hoped that the Huaorani would return to the isolation in which they had lived twenty years prior, but instead they sought out contact with the outside world, forming villages of which many have been recognized by the Ecuadorian government.
Legacy
Evangelical Christian views
Among evangelical Christians, the five men are commonly considered martyrs and missionary heroes. Books have been written about them by numerous biographers, most notably Elisabeth Elliot. Anniversaries of their deaths have been accompanied by stories in major Christian publications, and their story, as well as the subsequent acceptance of Christianity among the Huaorani, has been turned into several motion pictures.
Even so, Christians have noted with concern the disintegration of traditional Huaorani culture and westernization of the tribe, beginning with Nate Saint's own journal entry in 1955 and continuing through today. However, many continue to view as positive both Operation Auca and the subsequent missionary efforts of Rachel Saint, mission organizations such as Mission Aviation Fellowship, Wycliffe Bible Translators, HCJB World Radio, Avant Ministries (formerly Gospel Missionary Union), and others. Specifically, they note the decline in violence among tribe members, numerous conversions to Christianity, and growth of the local church.
Anthropologist views
Some anthropologists have less favorable views of the missionary work begun by Operation Auca, viewing the intervention as the cause for the recent and widely recognized decline of Huaorani culture. Leading Huaorani researcher Laura Rival says that the work of the SIL pacified the Huaorani during the 1960s, and argues that missionary intervention caused significant changes in fundamental components of Huaorani society. Prohibitions of polygamy, violence, chanting, and dancing were directly contrary to cultural norms, and the relocation of Huaorani and subsequent intermarrying of previously hostile groups eroded cultural identity.
Others are somewhat less negative—Brysk, after noting that the work of the missionaries opened the area to outside intervention and led to the deterioration of the culture, says that the SIL also informed the Huaorani of their legal rights and taught them how to protect their interests from developers. Boster goes even further, suggesting that the pacification of the Huaorani was a result of active effort by the Huaorani themselves, not the result of missionary imposition. He argues that Christianity served as a way for the Huaorani to escape the cycle of violence in their community, since it provided a motivation to abstain from killing.
Media depictions
There have been several screen depictions of Operation Auca. The 2004 documentary Beyond the Gates of Splendor featured interviews with some of the Huaorani and surviving family members of the missionaries. The 2006 drama film End of the Spear grossed over $12 million.
Five Wives, an award-winning novel by Joan Thomas, centred on the surviving wives of the missionaries.
Notes
References
Liefeld, Olive Fleming (1990). Unfolding Destinies: The Untold Story of Peter Fleming and the Auca Mission. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House.
Further reading
External links
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Huaorani
1955 in Ecuador
1956 in Ecuador
Evangelical Christian missions
Massacres of Christians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Auca |
In statistics, overdispersion is the presence of greater variability (statistical dispersion) in a data set than would be expected based on a given statistical model.
A common task in applied statistics is choosing a parametric model to fit a given set of empirical observations. This necessitates an assessment of the fit of the chosen model. It is usually possible to choose the model parameters in such a way that the theoretical population mean of the model is approximately equal to the sample mean. However, especially for simple models with few parameters, theoretical predictions may not match empirical observations for higher moments. When the observed variance is higher than the variance of a theoretical model, overdispersion has occurred. Conversely, underdispersion means that there was less variation in the data than predicted. Overdispersion is a very common feature in applied data analysis because in practice, populations are frequently heterogeneous (non-uniform) contrary to the assumptions implicit within widely used simple parametric models.
Examples
Poisson
Overdispersion is often encountered when fitting very simple parametric models, such as those based on the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution has one free parameter and does not allow for the variance to be adjusted independently of the mean. The choice of a distribution from the Poisson family is often dictated by the nature of the empirical data. For example, Poisson regression analysis is commonly used to model count data. If overdispersion is a feature, an alternative model with additional free parameters may provide a better fit. In the case of count data, a Poisson mixture model like the negative binomial distribution can be proposed instead, in which the mean of the Poisson distribution can itself be thought of as a random variable drawn – in this case – from the gamma distribution thereby introducing an additional free parameter (note the resulting negative binomial distribution is completely characterized by two parameters).
Binomial
As a more concrete example, it has been observed that the number of boys born to families does not conform faithfully to a binomial distribution as might be expected. Instead, the sex ratios of families seem to skew toward either boys or girls (see, for example the Trivers–Willard hypothesis for one possible explanation) i.e. there are more all-boy families, more all-girl families and not enough families close to the population 51:49 boy-to-girl mean ratio than expected from a binomial distribution, and the resulting empirical variance is larger than specified by a binomial model.
In this case, the beta-binomial model distribution is a popular and analytically tractable alternative model to the binomial distribution since it provides a better fit to the observed data. To capture the heterogeneity of the families, one can think of the probability parameter of the binomial model (say, probability of being a boy) is itself a random variable (i.e. random effects model) drawn for each family from a beta distribution as the mixing distribution. The resulting compound distribution (beta-binomial) has an additional free parameter.
Another common model for overdispersion—when some of the observations are not Bernoulli—arises from introducing a normal random variable into a logistic model. Software is widely available for fitting this type of multilevel model. In this case, if the variance of the normal variable is zero, the model reduces to the standard (undispersed) logistic regression. This model has an additional free parameter, namely the variance of the normal variable.
With respect to binomial random variables, the concept of overdispersion makes sense only if n>1 (i.e. overdispersion is nonsensical for Bernoulli random variables).
Normal distribution
As the normal distribution (Gaussian) has variance as a parameter, any data with finite variance (including any finite data) can be modeled with a normal distribution with the exact variance – the normal distribution is a two-parameter model, with mean and variance. Thus, in the absence of an underlying model, there is no notion of data being overdispersed relative to the normal model, though the fit may be poor in other respects (such as the higher moments of skew, kurtosis, etc.). However, in the case that the data is modeled by a normal distribution with an expected variation, it can be over- or under-dispersed relative to that prediction.
For example, in a statistical survey, the margin of error (determined by sample size) predicts the sampling error and hence dispersion of results on repeated surveys. If one performs a meta-analysis of repeated surveys of a fixed population (say with a given sample size, so margin of error is the same), one expects the results to fall on normal distribution with standard deviation equal to the margin of error. However, in the presence of study heterogeneity where studies have different sampling bias, the distribution is instead a compound distribution and will be overdistributed relative to the predicted distribution. For example, given repeated opinion polls all with a margin of error of 3%, if they are conducted by different polling organizations, one expects the results to have standard deviation greater than 3%, due to pollster bias from different methodologies.
Differences in terminology among disciplines
Over- and underdispersion are terms which have been adopted in branches of the biological sciences. In parasitology, the term 'overdispersion' is generally used as defined here – meaning a distribution with a higher than expected variance.
In some areas of ecology, however, meanings have been transposed, so that overdispersion is actually taken to mean more even (lower variance) than expected. This confusion has caused some ecologists to suggest that the terms 'aggregated', or 'contagious', would be better used in ecology for 'overdispersed'. Such preferences are creeping into parasitology too. Generally this suggestion has not been heeded, and confusion persists in the literature.
Furthermore in demography, overdispersion is often evident in the analysis of death count data, but demographers prefer the term 'unobserved heterogeneity'.
See also
Index of dispersion
Compound probability distribution
Quasi-likelihood
References
Probability distribution fitting
Point processes
Spatial analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdispersion |
Nushki (Urdu |) is a town and district in Balochistan, Pakistan. It lies in a plain south-west of Quetta, at an elevation of above sea level. From Nushki, the flat Balochistan desert stretches away northward and westward to the Helmand River.
History
Nushki was a starting off point for the British exploration of Central Asia. The British, concerned that their colonies in India would be attacked overland by either Napoleon or the Russians, sent two British officers, Captain Charles Christie and Lieutenant Henry Pottinger, to explore the regions between Balochistan and Persia, which was then allied with the British. Christie and Pottinger traveled from the coast to Kelat (now Kalat) and separated at Nushki on March 22, 1810, with Christie going northwest to Herat and Pottinger traveling west across the deserts. It was unlikely that either of the two men would be accepted by the locals, and they concealed their identities by posing as horse-traders or holy men during their respective journeys. They were reunited in Isfahan on June 30, 1810, with Christie haven ridden 2,250 miles and Pottinger having ridden 2,412 miles.
See also
Nushki District
References
Populated places in Balochistan, Pakistan
Nushki District
Deserts of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushki |
Invalidity Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1933:
Modification
The concepts included in this convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C128, Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967.
Ratifications
Prior to its being shelved, the convention had been ratified by 11 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Health insurance
Health treaties
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1933
Treaties entered into force in 1937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invalidity%20Insurance%20%28Industry%2C%20etc.%29%20Convention%2C%201933%20%28shelved%29 |
The Academy of Live and Recorded Arts (ALRA) was a British drama school. It had two sites: ALRA South on Wandsworth Common in south London and ALRA North in Wigan, Greater Manchester. It was founded in 1979 by director and actor Sorrel Carson who then directed the school as its principal until 2001.
ALRA was a member of Drama UK, formerly the Conference of Drama Schools, and National Council for Drama Training, both organizations since dissolved, and received funding from the Young People's Learning Agency. It was a member of the Federation of Drama Schools.
The school closed in April 2022.
Origins and locations
ALRA South was in the Royal Victoria Patriotic Building, a Victorian Gothic Grade 2 listed building on the edge of Wandsworth Common. The first school was opened in a Church Hall in East Finchley in 1979.
ALRA North opened in September 2010 at a former church in Wigan, Greater Manchester, moving in 2012 to Trencherfield Mill, a restored industrial building in the Wigan Pier development area, Greater Manchester. The curriculum and teaching methods were the same as at ALRA South.
Courses
ALRA offered the following courses:
Three-year Acting course – leading to BA (Hons) Acting/National Diploma in Professional Acting
Fifteen-month Acting course – leading to MA Professional Acting/National Certificate in Professional Acting
MA in Directing
Foundation Acting
Various short courses.
Acceptance
Admission to the school was based on three rounds of auditions and finally an interview with the school's directors, its registrar and an audition panel. The audition was held over the course of a single day.
Closure
ALRA closed with effect from 4 April 2022. Students were offered the chance to complete their studies at Rose Bruford College. The Federation of Drama Schools, in conjunction with the UK's Office for Students, offered support to staff and students affected by the announcement, including maintaining the arrangement with St Mary's University, Twickenham for validating degrees.
The last principal was Dr. Ellie Johnson Searle (interim).
Notable alumni
Jimmy Akingbola
Samuel Anderson
Clive Ashborn
Bennett Arron
Anna Brecon
Lorraine Bruce
Dominic Burgess
Rhiannon Clements
Stephanie Chambers
Ian Champion
Bridget Christie
Thomas Craig
Amanda Eliasch
Tanya Franks
Francesca Gonshaw
Denise Gough
Miranda Hart
Daniel Healy
Joanna Jeffrees
Elizabeth Keates
Lucy Liemann
Robert Lonsdale
Kim Lukas
Paul McEwan
Steve McNeil
Sarah Parish
Mark Pegg
Pooky Quesnel
Lisa Ray
Vincent Regan
Suzi Ruffell
Georgia Steel
Amita Suman
Hannah Waddingham
References
External links
ALRA website
Royal Victoria Patriotic Building website
Dance and Drama Award Scheme website
Performing arts education in London
Drama schools in London
Education in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Arts organisations based in the United Kingdom
Further education colleges in Greater Manchester
Educational institutions established in 1979
1979 establishments in England
2022 disestablishments in England
Defunct drama schools
Defunct educational institutions in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20of%20Live%20and%20Recorded%20Arts |
Nosratabad (, also Romanized as Noșratābād) is a city in, and the capital of, Nosratabad District of Zahedan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.
Nosratabad lies on the road from Zahedan to Bam.
At the 2006 census, its population was 4,182 in 919 households. The following census in 2011 counted 4,270 people in 931 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 5,238 people in 1,255 households.
History
Nosratabad, the city of Nosrat, was named after Nusret el Mulk, a former deputy governor of Sistan; when built, c. 1870, it was first called Nasirabad in honour of Nasr-uddin Shah; other names, used locally, are Shahr-i-Seistan, Shahr-i-Nassiriyeh, or simply Shahr (the town). Its climate is very dry and hot; due to its location in the Lut Desert, it is among the hottest locations in the world. In August 1926, the highest officially recorded temperature soared to 58.0 °C.
During the late nineteenth century it was the residence of British and Russian consuls, and had post and telegraph offices (as of 1911). The city served as the capital of Sistan until some time in the 20th century.
The city was the site of a major explosion in 2004, when a fuel tanker lost control at a police checkpoint and collided with a bus, resulting in 90 fatalities and 114 additional injuries.
On 3 June 2009, the Jondollah militant group blocked off roads between Nosratabad and Bam, seizing several trucks.
References
Zahedan County
Populated places in Zahedan County
Cities in Sistan and Baluchestan Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosratabad |
Ten Network Holdings Ltd, commonly referred as Paramount Australia & New Zealand, is a major media company in Australia. Headquartered in Sydney, its major asset is Network 10, a free-to-air television network. Formerly a public company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange, since December 2019, it has been a subsidiary of Paramount Networks UK & Australia.
Assets
While originally focusing on running a television network, Ten has recently diversified into a range of other media areas over the past decade. Below are some of the businesses it has run, or is involved with:
Network 10 is an Australian commercial free-to-air television primary channel
Sydney
Melbourne
Brisbane
Adelaide
Perth
10 HD is an Australian free-to-air HD digital television multichannel using the primary channel simulcast.
10 Bold is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel dramatic programming aimed towards viewers over 40.
10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel featuring comedy, sitcoms and some drama programs.
Nickelodeon is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel which includes a mix of shows for people under 40.
10Play a video on demand, catch-up TV service which carries the main and multichannels of Network 10.
Gecko is an Australian free-to-air datacasting channel
Multi Channel Network (25%)
History
Pre-1998
In April 1987, News Corporation finalised an $842 million deal to sell its Network Ten Sydney and Melbourne stations to NRN and GWN7 owner Northern Star Holdings, an associate of Frank Lowy's Westfield Capital Corporation. The Ten Adelaide, Perth and Canberra stations were then purchased in August 1987 from Kerry Stokes.
In September 1989, following nine months of discussions, Westfield finally got its exit out of television by selling its shareholding of Northern Star Holdings to Broadcom and a consortium of bankers for an eye-watering $450 million loss. Signalling the cash flows problems incurred by the network at the time, MCA, now NBCUniversal, took the company to court over unpaid program supply fees. Broadcom then onsold the Adelaide, Perth and Canberra stations to Charles Curran's Capital Television Holdings for $185 million. Broadcom then anticipated that through cutbacks in programming and operational costs, it would be able to achieve profitability by the end of financial year 1991/92.
Ernst & Young receivers were subsequently appointed to take over Northern Star in September 1990. In late 1991, Westpac bank took control of the East Coast capital city stations in a $240 million sale.
On 30 December 1992, Network Ten was sold by the bank to Oltec Limited. Controlled by Canadian media company CanWest, minority shareholders included Telecasters North Queensland, Jack Cowin, John Singleton and Liebler Media. CanWest also had a minority shareholding in New Zealand broadcaster TV3 at this time. Oltec changed its name to the Ten Group Limited in April 1993.
In November 1993, Ten Group Limited purchased a 50% shareholding in Capital Television Holdings. In 1995, controlling shareholder Curran sold the Canberra station to Southern Cross Broadcasting after initial court action by Ten Group Limited to stop the transaction in an effort to protect their existing program supply agreement which followed court action by Capital alleging that CanWest had breached legislation on foreign ownership restrictions.
Due to foreign ownership restrictions, CanWest was restricted in the amount of Ten that it could own. In June 1994, Telecasters North Queensland was recorded with the largest voting stake in Ten Group Limited with 40%, while CanWest had 15% and AMP Limited 5%.
Establishment and relationship with The Ten Group
Ten Network Holdings (TNH) was established in 1998, launched as a public company on the ASX holding the Network Ten assets. It allowed shareholders to invest in The Ten Group Pty Ltd, the owner of the Ten television network. TNH had a 79% shareholding in The Ten Group, representing a 39% economic interest in the group. Canwest had a 58% economic interest in The Ten Group and was the Group's other major owner. In June 2007, Canwest decided to convert its stake in The Ten Group into shares in Ten Network Holdings, giving it a 56% shareholding in TNH. This saw TNH take 99% ownership of The Ten Group and become the central company in Ten's corporate structure. In February 2008, the other shareholders in The Ten Group exchanged their shares in that company for shares in TNH, giving TNH 100% ownership of The Ten Group.
Sale to Canwest
On 24 September 2009, Canwest announced that it was selling its 50.1% stake in Ten Network Holdings for A$680 million (following the 2006 concentration/restriction on Australian media ownership), in order to pay down its significant debt, although it was not enough to save the former parent, which went out of business the next year.
James Packer share purchase
During October 2010, James Packer through Consolidated Press Holdings, bought an 18% shareholding. Half of this was then bought from Packer by Lachlan Murdoch; the two are listed as joint owners of 17.88% of the company
On 26 November mining magnate and Australia's wealthiest woman, Gina Rinehart was appointed a position of the board after purchasing 10% of the company.
Speculation surrounds the future of the Packer investment as upcoming changes to sport broadcast regulation and Ten's low share price in a slowly resurgent market are seen as possible drivers for the current stake.
On 23 February 2011, the board of Ten Network Holdings terminated the contract of CEO Grant Blackley. Lachlan Murdoch was appointed acting CEO. In February 2012, Murdoch was appointed Chairman by the board, replacing Brian Long who became Deputy Chairman, with James Warburton as the company's CEO.
On 26 March 2014 Hamish McLennan was appointed Executive Chairman after becoming Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director of the company in March 2013 replacing James Warburton. Lachlan Murdoch retired as Chairman and a Director to join News Corp and 21st Century Fox as Non-Executive Co-Chairman.
On 27 July 2015, Paul Anderson was appointed Chief Executive Officer, and Non-Executive Director David Gordon was appointed chairman after Hamish McLennan stepped down from both roles.
On 11 March 2020, Paul Anderson stepped down from his position and he was not directly replaced with Beverley McGarvey promoted to become Chief Content Officer and Executive Vice President across Ten and ViacomCBS Australia & NZ.
Foxtel takeover bid
In 2014, News Corp/Telstra-owned Foxtel and U.S. cable company Discovery Communications made a joint-venture to take a bid on Ten. Other U.S.-based companies and investment firms, such as Anchorage Capital Group and Saban Capital Group, were also on the bidding list. However, this was opposed by WIN Corporation owner and Ten shareholder Bruce Gordon stating that Ten would remain in the Australian hands.
On 15 June 2015, Foxtel officially agreed to buyout 15% shares in Ten Network Holdings, pending the approval from the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission. Prior to the acquisition, Discovery backed out from bidding partnership with Foxtel.
There were numerous reports stated that Foxtel will push-through the 15% acquisition of Ten once the Australian government will abolish the restriction on cross-media ownership.
2017 financial turmoil
Announcing an AU$232 million half-year loss in 2017, Ten Network Holdings warned that there was "significant doubt on the group's ability to continue" and their future hinged on an extension or renewal of an AU$200 million debt guarantee by three of its largest shareholders Lachlan Murdoch, Bruce Gordon and James Packer which expires on 23 December 2017. In June 2017, Murdoch, Gordon and Packer withdrew support for a $250 million guaranteed loan that would remedy the expiring $200 million debt guarantee. In response, Ten requested its shares on the Australian Securities Exchange be placed in a 48-hour trading halt while it assessed its options concerning receivership. On 14 June, Ten went into voluntary administration.
Purchase by CBS
Upon the news of receivership, Ten's largest shareholders (Murdoch and Gordon) attempted to merge their assets to save Network 10. The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission even stated that they will not oppose the said merger bid, which would saw both shareholders enjoying a 50% stake in the network.
However, on 28 August 2017, Ten's administrators announced that the U.S. media company CBS Corporation (which has a 33% share in channel Eleven) had entered into a binding agreement to purchase the company for $123 million, subject to approval of the Foreign Investment Review Board. CBS refinanced Ten's existing debt including guarantor fees to billionaire shareholders James Packer, Lachlan Murdoch and Bruce Gordon, and existing loans from the Commonwealth Bank. As a result, once the deal is approved, CBS will take over in full with current shareholders losing their shares and its value.
Gordon and Murdoch, whose joint bid for the company has not been accepted, went to the Supreme Court of New South Wales in an effort to delay CBS's takeover of Ten. This delayed the administrator's meeting with creditors until 12 September. At the meeting, creditors overwhelmingly voted in support of CBS' bid, citing concerns over Murdoch's management of Ten over the past years and talk of mass job cuts in the news department under Murdoch ownership. On 10 November 2017, the Supreme Court approved the purchase.
On 16 November 2017 the purchase by CBS was completed and shares were transferred to CBS Network 10 BV, a company registered in the Netherlands. The company became a division of CBS Studios International.
The company launched the news, entertainment and lifestyle website 10 daily in May 2018. The site was conceived while Ten Network Holdings was an independent company and was intended to launch in September 2017. The site was shut down on 22 May 2020.
On 31 October 2018, the network unveiled a new logo, replacing the "ten" wordmark used since 1991 with a stylised circle 10, and the network now referred to in text as "Network 10". The new brand is used across all of Network 10's platforms and services, and was intended to reflect the broadcaster's positioning as an "adventurous alternative" with a "sense of fun". 10 also relaunched its multichannels Eleven and One as 10 Peach and 10 Boss (now 10 Bold), with Bold focusing on dramatic programming and targeting an older adult audience, and Peach continuing to be targeted towards young adults. In December 2018, the network launched 10 All Access, a localised version of the American streaming service CBS All Access with a selection of ad-free programming from both CBS and Network 10. The service was rebranded as Paramount+ on 11 August 2021.
CBS merger with Viacom
In December 2019, the parent company CBS Corporation re-merged with Viacom, forming ViacomCBS (later renamed Paramount) and making Network 10 a sister to Viacom channels in Australia (MTV, Nickelodeon etc.) as well as international networks such as Channel 5 in the United Kingdom.
In July 2020, it was announced that a new multichannel called 10 Shake would launch in September 2020, The channel will target an under 40s audience during prime time, drawing upon "edgy" content which became available throughout the ViacomCBS merger (including television brands from Nickelodeon, MTV and Comedy Central), but 10 normally also shares their ViacomCBS television programs with Nine Network because the studio didn’t want have so many of ViacomCBS television rights. The breakdown for the channel is children's programming before 6pm and "edgy" content for under-40 viewers at night. 10 Shake rebranded as Nickelodeon in August 2023.
References
External links
Paramount ANZ
Network 10
Companies based in Sydney
Television broadcasting companies of Australia
Companies formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Australian companies established in 1998
Mass media companies established in 1998
Holding companies established in 1998
Holding companies of Australia
Former Corus Entertainment subsidiaries
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Australian subsidiaries of foreign companies
Paramount Global subsidiaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%20Network%20Holdings |
Nine Men's Misery is a site in current day Cumberland, Rhode Island, where nine colonists were tortured by Narragansett warriors during King Philip's War. A stone memorial was constructed in 1676 and is believed to be the oldest war monument in the United States.
History
On March 26, 1676, during King Philip's War, Captain Michael Pierce led approximately 60 Plymouth Colony militia and 20 Wampanoag warriors in pursuit of the Narragansett tribe, who had burned down several Rhode Island settlements and attacked Plymouth Colony. Pierce's troops caught up with the Narragansett, Wampanoag, Nashaway, Nipmuck, and Podunk fighters, but were ambushed in what is now Central Falls, Rhode Island. Pierce's troops fought the Narragansett warriors for several hours but were surrounded by the larger force. The battle was one of the biggest defeats of colonial troops during King Philip's War; nearly all of the colonial militia were killed, including Captain Pierce and their Wampanoag allies (exact numbers vary by account). The Narragansett tribe lost only a handful of warriors.
Ten of the colonists were taken prisoner. Nine of these men were tortured to death by the Narragansett warriors at a site in Cumberland, Rhode Island, currently on the Cumberland Monastery and Library property, along with a tenth man who survived. The nine men were buried by English colonists who found the corpses and created a pile of stones to memorialize the men. This pile is believed to be the oldest war memorial in the United States, and a cairn of stones has continuously marked the site since 1676.
The "Nine Men's Misery" site was disturbed in 1790 by medical students led by one Dr. Bowen who were looking for the body of one of the dead colonists named Benjamin Buckland, who was said to be unusually large with a double row of teeth. They were stopped by outraged locals. The site was desecrated several more times until 1928, when the monks who then owned the cemetery built a cemented stone cairn. The cairn and site can still be visited on the monastery grounds.
Pierce's Fight was followed by the burning of Providence three days later, and then the capture and execution of Canonchet, the chief sachem of the Narragansetts. The war was winding down even at the time that Pierce's party was destroyed, and King Philip himself was killed in August.
References
Bicknell, T. (1981). Addresses and poem in commemoration of the Captain Michael Pierce fight, March 26, 1676. Helligso.
Burge, Kathleen, "A Haunting Attraction in R.I.," Boston Globe, December 5, 2007.
Lepore, J. (1999). The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity. Vintage.
Schultz, E., & Touglas, M. (2000). King Philip's War: History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict. Countryman Press.
External links
Nine Men's Misery Marker, Joseph Bucklin Society, accessdate 17 February 2013
Franko, Victor, Nine Men's Misery Part 2 Historical Research, 2003, Joseph Bucklin Society, accessdate 17 February 2013
Archaeological sites in Rhode Island
1676 in the Thirteen Colonies
Buildings and structures completed in 1676
Cumberland, Rhode Island
English colonization of the Americas
History of New England
King Philip's War
Landmarks in Rhode Island
New England
Geography of Providence County, Rhode Island
Rhode Island culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%20Men%27s%20Misery |
Santiago de las Vegas is a ward of Boyeros, a municipality of Havana, Cuba, located south of the city center. As of 2012, the population was 32,958. The Cuban government maintains an agricultural experiment station as well as a meteorology center in the city.
History
The first settlement dates from 1683 when tobacco farmers settled on the lands of the ranches in Sócalo Hondo, Managua, Bejucal and La Chorrera, then under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela. The population grew quickly and in 1694 the first church was built. On June 18, 1725, the settlement was incorporated as the town of Santiago de Compostela de las Vegas by royal certificate and was granted an extensive jurisdictional demarcation to the town. This marked the growth of its political and economic importance.
In 1824, the town was declared a city, allowing their people to raise a statue dedicated to the Spanish King Ferdinand VII, placed at the Recreo Square. In 1831, the monarch corresponded by granting the city with the title of Faithful and Very Illustrious City Council.
In 1836, a government land ownership was created for the city, but in 1840 was instead awarded to Bejucal; however, it was returned again to Santiago de las Vegas in 1845. The city's church was completed in 1800; one of its towers was destroyed by a hurricane in 1846. The cemetery was built in 1814 and closed in 1895 to use the new one built at that times. In 1911 the Consistorial House was built.
The population grew from 3300 in 1861 to almost 11,000 in 1953.
Santiago de las Vegas lost its municipality status in 1976 under the new Political-Administrative Division created by the government of Fidel Castro, and is now part of the new municipality of Boyeros, thus being amalgamated into the City of Havana.
On May 18, 2018, Cubana de Aviación Flight 972 crashed in the ward, killing 112 of 113 passengers.
Commerce and business
Transportation is one of the primary industries for the city. Geographically located between the increasingly greater metropolitan zones of the island and the rural region to the south and southwest of the province of Havana, it served as a distribution point of numerous passengers between these two regions. Its bus station was a title branch of the National Bus Station in Havana.
Here was born, in 1923, the Italian writer Italo Calvino. It was also the birthplace of the notorious scientist Juan Tomás Roig Mesa, renowned botanist well known by his work on medicinal and poisonous plants. Other notable sons of the city were ethnomusicologist Helio Orovio and mezzo-soprano Esther Borja.
In addition, Santiago de las Vegas has three of the most important sanatoriums of Cuba, the Psychiatric Hospital of Mazorra, the "Los Cocos" sanatorium for housing and caring of HIV/AIDS patients, and the Sanatorium of El Rincón for leprosy patients. The presence of these facilities has also increased the necessity of lodging and restaurants in the community.
Tourism
The construction of the José Martí International Airport in Havana brought important opportunities for the development of the tourist industry. Santiago de las Vegas has natural, historical, cultural and religious points of interest. These opportunities have created another possible source of wealth for the city and its surroundings, leading to the construction of hotels, restaurants, and other facilities, as well as created new jobs.
The most massive religious celebration in Cuba is the festivity of San Lázaro, on December 17. On the days before, tens of thousands of devouts, revelers, tourists and curious gather in pilgrimage to the shrine of El Rincón, some of them dressed in sackcloth or purple clothing and carrying bizarre penances to pay gratitude to the miraculous San Lázaro, identified with the yoruba deity of Babalu Aye.
References
External links
Santiago de las Vegas: an illustrated history of a Cuban town, 1882–1959
Virtual Home of Santiago de las Vegas (Blog)
Wards of Havana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago%20de%20las%20Vegas |
Randall Duane Ayers (born April 16, 1956) is an American basketball coach who is currently an assistant coach (through a coaching advisor position) for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association. Ayers grew up in Springfield, Ohio and played college basketball at Miami University in Ohio. He has been a basketball coach since 1979.
He was selected in the third round of the 1978 NBA draft by the Chicago Bulls. He began his coaching career that year as an assistant coach at Miami and played one year of professional basketball for the Reno Bighorns of the World Basketball Association. After four years on the Miami staff, Ayers was an assistant at Army from 1982 to 1984.
From 1984 to 1989, Ayers was an assistant at Ohio State under Gary Williams and was promoted to head coach in 1989. In eight seasons at Ohio State, Ayers had a 124–108 record with three straight NCAA tournament appearances from 1990 to 1992. In 1991 and 1992, Ohio State won back-to-back Big Ten Conference regular season titles and top-five national finishes. However, amidst declining team performance and an ethics violation, Ayers was fired in 1997.
Since leaving Ohio State, Ayers has coached in the NBA, starting as an assistant with the Philadelphia 76ers from 1999 to 2003. Ayers was head coach for the 76ers in the 2003–04 season, the last head coaching job he would hold. Subsequently, Ayers was an assistant for the Orlando Magic from 2005 to 2007, Washington Wizards from 2007 to 2009, the New Orleans Hornets (later Pelicans) from 2010 to 2012 and 2014 to 2015, and then the Phoenix Suns beginning in 2019.
Early life
Ayers was born in Springfield, Ohio, the fourth of eight children of Frank Ayers and Betty Basey. He played basketball at North High School in Springfield, where he was named Ohio high school Class AAA (big-school) player of the year in 1974.
College career
Ayers attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he played basketball. Ayers made his mark more as a defender, rebounder and playmaker than as a scorer, as Miami teammates Archie Aldridge as well as Chuck Goodyear provided much of the offense. As a freshman in 1974–75, Ayers saw significant playing time, averaged 8.5 points per game (ppg) with a .560 field goal percentage as the Redskins, coached by Darrell Hedric, posted a 19–7 record. He was named honorable mention All-Mid-American Conference (MAC)
As a sophomore in 1975–76, Ayers became a starter and averaged 10.9 ppg as the team finished 18–8 and second in the MAC. He was again named honorable mention All-MAC.
As a junior in 1976–77, Ayers increased his scoring average to 12.8 ppg and 8.1 rebounds per game (rpg) as, for the third season, he was named honorable mention All-MAC. The Redskins posted an overall record of 20–6 and were MAC co-champions.
In his senior year of 1977–78, Ayers increased his scoring average for the third straight year with 13.4 ppg and had 7.0 rpg. He was named second-team All-MAC as his teammate, Archie Aldridge, earned MAC Player of the Year. Ayers was also named Miami's Defensive Player of the Year. Miami's record was 19–9 but they earned an outright MAC championship and earned a berth in the NCAA tournament. Miami opened the tournament with a thrilling 84–81 overtime win over defending national champion Marquette, a game in which Ayers had a double-double with 20 points and 10 rebounds plus three assists. In the next round they were defeated by eventual national champion Kentucky, 91–69, although Ayers had another big game with 18 points, eight rebounds and three assists.
Ayers earned a bachelor's degree in Education in 1978 and master's degree in 1981, both from Miami.
Professional playing career
He was drafted in the third round of the 1978 NBA draft by the Chicago Bulls, but was cut from the team and then played professionally in Reno, Nevada for the Reno Bighorns in the fledgling Western Basketball Association. Ayers earned second-team all-league honors, but the WBA folded after one season.
Coaching career
Early coaching career (1979–1989)
In 1979, Ayers returned to Miami University for graduate school and became a graduate assistant for his former coach Hedric. After completing graduate school, Ayers became an assistant coach at Army, where he spent two seasons until 1983. Then from 1983 to 1991, Ayers was an assistant coach at Ohio State, first as a part-time assistant under Eldon Miller until 1986. New head coach Gary Williams retained Ayers on staff and promoted Ayers to full-time in 1987.
Ohio State head coach (1989–1997)
On July 3, 1989, Ohio State promoted Ayers to head coach after Williams left to take the head coaching job at Maryland. Ayers led Ohio State to a 17–13 record in his debut season; Ohio State lost in the second round of the 1990 NCAA tournament to eventual national champion UNLV.
The 1990–91 Ohio State Buckeyes finished 27–4 with a share of the Big Ten regular season title, the program's first conference title in 20 years. In the 1991 NCAA tournament, Ohio State advanced to the Sweet 16. After the season, Ayers was unanimously voted by peer Big Ten coaches as Big Ten Coach of the Year and won the Associated Press College Basketball Coach of the Year award. Then in 1991–92, Ohio State went 26–6, won the Big Ten title outright, and made the Elite Eight round of the 1992 NCAA tournament. This was the first time since 1964 that Ohio State won two consecutive conference titles. Ohio State forward Jim Jackson became the fourth overall pick in the 1992 NBA draft.
However, Ohio State regressed after that early success. In 1992–93, despite peaking at no. 21 in the AP Poll, Ohio State finished 15–13 and exited after the first round of the 1993 National Invitation Tournament with a loss to Miami University. The next season, Ohio State dropped to 13–16, the first losing season in 17 years.
In June 1994, the National Collegiate Athletics Association placed Ohio State on one year's probation after finding that Ayers improperly met with a high school recruit and basketball coach during a restricted time period and paid $60 to the coach. Also that year, Ohio State power forward Lawrence Funderburke was selected in the second round of the NBA draft. However, Ohio State continued to struggle with three straight losing seasons, as low as 6–22 in 1994–95.
On March 10, 1997, Ohio State athletic director Andy Geiger fired Ayers. In eight seasons, Ayers had a cumulative 124–108 record at Ohio State. On April 29 that year, Ohio State reached a nearly $637,000 settlement with Ayers to buy out the remaining two years of his contract.
Philadelphia 76ers assistant and head coach (1997–2004)
Ayers was named head coach of the Philadelphia 76ers on June 20, 2003, after serving as an assistant coach with the team since 1997. He compiled a 21–31 record during the 2003–04 season, but was fired in the middle of the season.
Later NBA career (2005–present)
He then served as an assistant coach for the Orlando Magic. On July 24, 2007, Ayers was hired as an assistant coach for the Washington Wizards. On August 5, 2009, Ayers returned to the Philadelphia 76ers to serve as an assistant coach under Eddie Jordan. Ayers then joined the coaching staff of the New Orleans Hornets (now Pelicans) in 2010, continuing his position until 2012. He returned with the Pelicans for the 2014–15 NBA season before being hired as a scout for the Brooklyn Nets on November 3, 2015.
On June 26, 2019, Ayers was hired as an assistant coach for the Phoenix Suns. On June 28, 2022, Ayers was moved to the team's coaching advisor position, which allows him to take on a smaller role with the coaching staff and spend more time with his family, as well as remain a key part of the Suns' coaching staff.
Head coaching record
College
NBA
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Personal life
Ayers' youngest brother, Tim Ayers, served as mayor and city commissioner of Springfield, Ohio from 1984 to 1990.
Ayers married high school Spanish teacher Carol Denise Peery in 1983. They have two sons. Ryan Ayers (born July 16, 1986) played college basketball at Notre Dame and was later an assistant coach there. Cameron Ayers (born September 18, 1991) played college basketball at Bucknell University and played pro basketball.
He was inducted into the Ohio Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013.
References
External links
Randy Ayers profile on NBA.com
BasketballReference.com: Randy Ayers
1956 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Army Black Knights men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Ohio
Basketball players from Ohio
Chicago Bulls draft picks
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Miami RedHawks men's basketball players
New Orleans Hornets assistant coaches
New Orleans Pelicans assistant coaches
Orlando Magic assistant coaches
Philadelphia 76ers assistant coaches
Philadelphia 76ers head coaches
Phoenix Suns assistant coaches
Sportspeople from Springfield, Ohio
Washington Wizards assistant coaches
Western Basketball Association players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Ayers |
Home Room is an independent film starring Erika Christensen, Busy Philipps and Victor Garber. It premiered in the Taos Talking Pictures Film Festival on 12 April 2002, and made its limited theatrical release on 5 September 2003.
Plot
A school massacre leaves seven students and the shooter's parents dead and one student named Deanna Cartwright (Christensen) seriously injured. The shooter himself is dead, shot by police during the confrontation after the actual shooting, and the only witness (and possible suspect) is Alicia Browning (Philipps), a goth student who is now under the attention of the detective in charge of the case, Det. Martin Van Zandt (Garber).
The school principal asks Alicia to visit Deanna in the hospital. Right away, their differences are evident. Alicia is an outsider from a single-parent family who shuns the society that similarly shuns her, while Deanna is from a wealthy family, gets good grades and is popular with her classmates.
At first, Deanna seems upbeat and cheerful, but soon it becomes apparent that beneath this exterior are psychological scars left behind by the incident. Alicia starts to empathize with her, as she herself is battling her own demons as well, including a previous suicide attempt. Through these similar emotional bonds, the two form an unlikely friendship as they both try to cope with their separate psychological problems.
Cast
Busy Philipps as Alicia Browning
Erika Christensen as Deanna Cartwright
Victor Garber as Det. Martin Van Zandt
Raphael Sbarge as Det. Macready
Ken Jenkins as Police Captain
Holland Taylor as Dr. Hollander
Arthur Taxier as Mr. Browning
James Pickens Jr. as Principal Robbins
Constance Zimmer as Assistant Kelly
Richard Gilliland as Mr. Cartwright
Roxanne Hart as Mrs. Cartwright
Home Room and Columbine
Even though he started writing the script before the event, director Paul F. Ryan later based the film on the Columbine High School massacre; the film was released only three years after the incident. Ryan and Christensen visited Columbine High School before the film's release to speak to students, faculty and parents, who received a private screening of the film. The response was generally positive and Ryan has since returned as a guest of the school twice.
While a large part of the public wishes to figure out why such massacres happen, some have lauded Home Room simply for not explaining why they happen; the film does not place blame on violent video games or movies, and concludes that finding a single reason for these events is impossible.
In addition, the film focuses on what happens to the community long after the news crews have left. In an interview, Ryan explains, "What changed my mind was watching what happened in Littleton afterwards. CNN reported the story for about two weeks, then left. The rest of America moved on, but the people in Littleton didn’t. How do you start living your life again after such a terrible thing?"
Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 55%, based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads "Honorable intentions and some strong performances aren't enough to keep Home Room from occasionally slipping into distractingly didactic messaging". On Metacritic, the film holds 43 out of a 100 based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
References
External links
Official production company site for the film
American independent films
Works about the Columbine High School massacre
Films about school violence
2002 drama films
2002 films
American drama films
2002 independent films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Room%20%282002%20film%29 |
Warrego is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland.
The electorate lies in the extreme southwest of Queensland, running along the western part of the border with New South Wales. It includes the large town of Dalby, as well as the rural centres of Surat, Roma, Tara, Charleville, Augathella, St George and Cunnamulla.
History
The electoral district of Warrego was created by the Additional Members Act of 1864 which introduced six new single-member electorates. A by-election was held to fill the seat. The nomination date was 18 March 1865 and the election was held on 25 March 1865.
Warrego was, as with the rest of the state, held by independents and loose groupings of members around the government of the day until the first years of the twentieth century, when the partisan system took hold. It then became a stronghold of the centre-left Labor Party, which held it without interruption from 1908 to 1974. The decline of the rural working class gradually changed the demographics of the electorate, however, and it fell to the conservative National Party in 1974, at the height of the popularity of the Bjelke-Petersen government. The National Party significantly increased its hold on the electorate thereafter, and it is today one of the party's safest seats. The current member, Ann Leahy, has held the seat since 2015.
Members for Warrego
Election results
References
External links
Warrego | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Warrego |
Girls Under Glass (GUG) is a musical group from Hamburg, Germany, founded in 1986 by Thomas Lücke, Hauke Harms, and Volker "Zaphor" Zacharias. Described as "an indispensable part of the German wave and gothic scene", GUG began as a gothic rock band, but quickly crossed genre boundaries, incorporating metal and electronic music of various kinds. They have generally been classified as a darkwave act, but have ranged across the goth–industrial "dark music" spectrum, including into industro-metal, and their work has integrated elements of pop, techno, and trip hop. Grenzwellen-News wrote of the band: "Even after 20 years, it is almost impossible to define and pin-down Girls Under Glass stylistically." A review in 2001 concluded that "even in its most experimental phases, the band has never lost its identity".
Axel Ermes joined in 1989, and Lücke left the next year, but rejoined in 2016; Harms retired in 2017. The band's lyrical material is sometimes in German, sometimes English, or a mixture of both on some tracks. Trauma, a Zaphor and Harms side project, is primarily trance with new age influences, and Traum-B (Harms and Ermes) produced Goa trance and psy-trance. GUG formed as a replacement for an earlier gothic–wave band, Calling Dead Red Roses, which formed in 1985, produced one album, then splintered.
1980s
Hauke Harms, Thomas Lücke, Torsten Hammann, and Roland Weers formed the gothic-wave band Calling Dead Red Roses in Hamburg in 1985, released the album 1985 (on LP and CD) on Dark Star Records, then split up before the year was out. The album was reissued on the same label in 1991.
Girls Under Glass was founded in Hamburg the spring of 1986 by Thomas Lücke (vocals), Hauke Harms (electronics and keyboards), and Volker Zacharias Zaphor (guitar). They gave their first live performance, in the Hamburg discothèque Kir, in May of the same year, and self-produced a demo tape, The Question - The Answer - Pop, which included early, raw versions of songs they would re-record later, including "Humus" and "Armies Walking".
The following year, Girls Under Glass released a track "Tomorrow Evening" (recorded in March 1987 in a live session at the White Noise Studio in Hamburg) on the compilation album Gore Night Show; this was their first vinyl release. Around this time, they also began recording their first proper album, Humus, which was produced by Christian Mevs of the band Slime, and featured a bassist credited as Dr. Fluch. Since no label was willing to produce the album, the band decided to finance it themselves. Humus was completed in 1987, and released in a limited edition of 500 on the label Supersonic Records in March 1988. It sold out, and within two months had been reissued twice (it has since been reissued by Überschall, Dark Star, and Membran). There followed concerts with The Neon Judgement, Attrition, and Fields of the Nephilim. GUG opened for Red Lorry Yellow Lorry in September 1988 at the Independent Festival in Bremen's Schlachthof. The band put out a second self-produced cassette, Girls Under Glass, that year, a collection of demos recorded at Gas-Rec Studio in February 1988 (including a cover of "Body Electric" by Sisters of Mercy) plus two live tracks; content-wise, it is their rarest release (their original demo tape was re-released as a remastered CD). By 1989, they were becoming well known in the German gothic-wave scene.
GUG released a 12-inch single, "Ten Million Dollars", in January 1989 the Überschall label, but it did not meet with commercial success. Live appearances during this period included two guest musicians: Marcel Zürcher (drummer of the post-punk band Abwärts, as well as Schwansee, and Shanghaid Guts), and Olaf von Ridder AKA Olaf O. (bass, 1988–1989).
Flowers, their second full album, was recorded the same year. Regular members of the band at this time were Lücke (vocals), Zaphor (guitars), and Harms (keyboards). Axel Ermes (bass) joined the band and was integrated into the full-time line-up, after working for some time with Zaphor on another project, the German cult band Cancer Barrack (formed by Torsten Hammann with Ermes and others after the demise of Calling Dead Red Roses). Zaphor began to devote more of his time to GUG, though remained in CB as a vocalist for a while.
1990s
Flowers was released on January 15, 1990, originally on the Hamburg label Collision Records (later on Dark Star and Membran); like the previous releases, it was conventional gothic rock in the style of The Sisters of Mercy and Fields of the Nephilim. Another 12-inch, "Random" (remixed by KMFDM), was released in support of the album.
Zaphor left Cancer Barrack to concentrated on a third GUG album, Positive, beginning a renewed relationship with Dark Star Records (Calling Dead Red Roses's old label) that was to last through GUG's 1995 releases. But vocalist Thomas Lücke left the band, and Zaphor also had to take over the singer's part. Positive was produced by Rodney Orpheus of The Cassandra Complex, beginning a long-term friendship with Zaphor and Ermes, described as "play[ing] a consistent role" in CC starting in 1990, joining that band's live lineup, and worked with Orpheus for many years, until at least 2012. Positive, released in 1991 (along with a 7-inch single, "Never Go", actually released in late 1990), marked the first stylistic turning point for the band, who increasingly used electronics and worked in some harder industrial rock components. The album was described by Glansost Wave-Magazin as a "hybrid between Revolting Cocks, Cassandra Complex, and The Sisters of Mercy" Project Pitchfork played their first gigs as the opening act on the tour for this album. A guitarist, Mark Wheeler, appears to have been working with the band in live shows around this era.
The fourth LP, Darius (1992), is a multi-layered darkwave album with metal influences, but also some tracks that are almost entirely electronic; it is their most stylistically diverse album. Darius featured a new guitarist, Raj Sen Gupta, and two guest musicians: Markus Giltjes as drummer (formerly of Pink Turns Blue, and then in Project Pitchfork); and Peter Heppner from Wolfsheim, who performed guest vocals on the tracks "Gray in Gray" and "Reach for the Stars" (the latter was also released in an alternative version on the compilation 040 - Hamburg Strikes Back!, and a remix of "Gray in Gray" was used on 1993 on the label sampler Electrocity Vol. 3). Despite the band turning toward a notably more electronic sound, Darius was their first studio work with a real drummer instead of a drum machine.
Trauma, a new age-inflected trance music side project of Zaphor and Harms formed in 1993, recorded Fractal 1 immediately after GUG's Darius, and released it that year on the Machinery Records label (and Futurist in the US). Trauma expressed their "passion for cold electronic music of the 70s ... combined with very new, contemporary elements", and has been compared to a cross between Tangerine Dream and Clock DVA. The impetus for splitting off a side project was Harms' shift of interest to "very spherical, cinematic music" lacking typical song structures, combined with a feeling that the band might just go all-electronic if they did not "clarify and process our electronic influences and roots even more", shunting too ethereal or experimental work into another outlet.
On Christus, in 1993, the GUG returned to the harder sound of Positive, again with Giltjes as drummer and Gupta as guitarist. For the following tour, Gupta was replaced by Robert Wilcocks, of Cobalt 60, Deine Lakaien, and Sleeping Dogs Wake who accompanied the band on tour for the next three years. Gupta may have actually left the Christus tour; accounts are conflicting.
Multiple producers, including Peter Spilles of Project Pitchfork, helped the Trauma side-project complete its second album, Construct, and an EP, Silent Mission, both in 1994 and again on the Machinery label (distributed by CBM in the US). Spilles contributed musically as well, on the track "Le Chant de Baleine".
A Girls Under Glass EP, Down in the Park (the lead tracking being a cover of that Gary Numan new wave classic) was released in 1994 also. The release shows the band experimenting with various pop and electronica influences. The EP and the 1995 release of Exitus, a 2-CD "Best of" anthology with a pointed title, signaled the end (at least for a while) of the band's gothic and darkwave approach. Crystals & Stones (1995), its "Die Zeit" single (1995), then Firewalker (1997) were all characterized by an increasing admixture of pop, techno, industrial metal, and even trip hop elements.
By Crystals & Stones, GUG had condensed to a trio again (Zaphor, Harms, and Ermes – which would remain the most stable lineup, the "nucleus" of GUG), recording in the band's own new studio. Die Krupps did a remix of the track "Die Zeit", which became a club hit in Germany and was band's first CD-format single. For the tour in support of Crystals & Stones, the group employed Robert Wilcocks again, and picked up drummer Tippi Agogo (a musician from Vancouver who had worked with The Legendary Pink Dots and Skinny Puppy). GUG played its first shows in France and Spain in 1996 with their new sound. The band's hardest-rock record, Firewalker, was recorded in 1997, and was clearly inspired by the industrial metal and electro-industrial music scene, including such bands such as Gravity Kills, KMFDM, Nine Inch Nails, and Stabbing Westward. It was described as their "toughest, most aggressive and uncompromising album to date". Former KMFDM drummer Rudi Naomi joined the live lineup for the tour, with Deathline International (an American–German electro-industrial act often active in San Francisco) as the opening band.
Zaphor's and Harm's Trauma project produced its third and final album, Phase III, in 1998 on the Synthetic Symphony label. Harms and Ermes formed an alternative side project the same year, Traum-B, which produced a single, self-titled Goa trance and psy-trance album, on the B.E.A.C.H. Muskiverlag label.
GUG's Equilibrium (also 1998) was recorded in a calmer style, a short-term return to their more gothic-wave and electro-industrial roots. As the album's name suggests, there was a re-balancing reason for the shift back, similar to that which had led to the side-project: a concern that their new-found enthusiasm for a particular style would drown out everything else, and end the diversity of their output, by having "opened a certain flow a little too far". In 2006, Zaphor reminisced: "we had more or less consciously gone into a dead end. However, this deadlock also showed us what we definitely do not want and where our true strengths lie. Girls Under Glass would have become a metal band if we'd followed the path of Firewalker and gone further.... And that's not really us."
Hauke Harms, in the same much later interview, also indicated he hadn't been happy with the over-produced quality of Firewalker and the work that led up to it, as if the songs were being suppressed, despite it being their most successful album to date:
Equilibrium was issued by Hall of Sermon records, and re-released in the United States by Van Richter Records in 2006, with three bonus tracks (two unlisted on the liner, and the third a Trauma cover of Kraftwerk's "Radioaktivitat"). The latter label the next year released the anthology Nightmares as both a CD and a digital download, a collection of singles, remixes, B-sides, and covers – many out-of-print and some not previously released, including a dance-oriented cover of the main theme of the 1978 John Carpenter horror film Halloween.
The stylistic veering in this era is thought to have suppressed the band's popularity, while having little effect on GUG's critical reception. Grenzwellen-News wrote in 2006 that Girls Under Glass was "a band which from the beginning was highly praised by critics, and not least by colleagues, but whose image and basic orientation often remained too diffuse and difficult to grasp due to the constant sharp turns."
2000s
Minddiver was recorded, in 2001, as the first album on the band's own label, Aragon Records. It includes a cover of Madonna's "Frozen". This was released with five other tracks (including a "Wings" remix by Bruno Kramm of Das Ich, featuring vocals by Sandra Bammer of the band Sister My Sister) as a CD single by Aragon Records, and by Van Richter in the US. One review of Minddiver called it "quintessence and departure at the same time", and was impressed with its emotional depth, noting the "return to the power of the driving, compressed, melancholy wave song ... that carried personality, warmth, love, anger, and pain". The "Frozen" single was re-released by Van Richter in an expanded version, including some Trauma bonus tracks and the Firewalker track "The Bitter End" (about 30 minutes of music total), to expose American audiences to more of the band's back-catalogue.
GUG made their first appearance in London, UK, co-headlining the 2001 Gotham Festival with Clan of Xymox and The Fair Sex. A 16-track live album, ...In Light & Darkness, was recorded on their 2002 European tour for Minddiver, and released that year, along with a new single "Erinnerung", all on their Aragon label. The band took a bit over a year off, then wrote new material recorded it in 2004, with producer J. P. Genkel in his Impuls Studio in Hamburg. A collaborative single, with Peter Spilles of Project Pitchfork, "Ohne Dich", appeared in that year on the Dependent Records sub-label Cellar Door (its first release), while the album developed from these session, Zyklus, was released in February 2005 by Metropolis Records, the largest "dark music"-focused label in North America, as well as by Cellar Door in Germany, and Irond in Russia. Zyklus has been described as "a testament to GUG's open mindedness. Rock music was forged with electronic programming and a mixture of English and German lyrics to run through a spectrum of metal to electro to pop without losing sight of any type of fluency. Solid songwriting, intense atmospheres, and outstanding vocals".
A performance and documentary film about the band, Focus: 20 Years, was produced in 2005 and released on DVD in 2006. The new live performances were filmed at the 2005 Wave-Gotik-Treffen (WGT) in Leipzig, one of the world's largest dark music and arts festivals, with around 20,000 annual attendees. A chance meeting backstage between GUG and filmmaker/photographer Jeffrey Delannoy through their common friend Carsten Clatte (frontman of La Casa del Cid and guitarist for Wolfsheim and Goethes Erben) led to the film idea. Delannoy, having seen the band a few times over the years, was enthusiastic about producing the work in such an atmosphere as WGT. The DVD is mostly live performances of material from the album Zyklus, (with Peter Spilles as a guest for a performance of "Ohne Dich"). GUG also provided archival material for production (after putting out a request to fans for footage they shot), and the release includes a retrospective of their work, interviews with band members, reactions from other artists like Spilles, Ronan Harris (VNV Nation), Rodney Orpheus (The Cassandra Complex), and departed co-founder Thomas Lücke, plus backstage footage, and other bonus materials, running to a total of over three hours. The new live footage is their entire WGT show, in 5.1 surround sound. In a Grenzwellen-News interview the same year, Zaphor was philosophical about the band's lack of great commercial success, but consistent fan-base and critical reception:
Throughout the rest of the 2000s and into the 2010s, Girls Under Glass made sporadic live appearances at various festivals, often as a different trio of Zaphor, Ermes, and Baumgardt. MusicMight reports that a female vocalist named Jenny Kähler was also working with the band, probably some time in this era.
2010s until recent years
Both Zacharis and Ermes were working as of 2012 with Rodney Orpheus and Andy Booth on a post-Cassandra Complex project. Together they released a new Cassandra Complex album "Plague" in May 2022.
In 2016, 30 years after the band was founded, Girls Under Glass included all members of its original line-up for the first time in more than two decades. This appears to have begun spontaneously at a live show on 7 May 2016 in the Markthalle in Hamburg, when original co-founder Tom Lücke, in the audience, was invited onto the stage – 26 years after the singer left the band – to sing a Humus through Flowers-era block of songs. This re-formed crew released a vinyl-only remaster of their original demo, for old-time fans, and performed additional, planned shows in 2016 and 2017, including at WGT 2016 and at NCN Festival 2017, with the line-up consisting of Volker Zaphor Zacharias, Ermes, Harms, and Lücke, plus the band's longtime companion Lars Baumgardt on electric guitar.
At the end of 2017, co-founding member Hauke Harms left the band with two farewell concerts, in Bremen and Berlin. GUG played the Amphi Festival on 29 July 2018, after releasing an online-only single on 13 July, "Endless Nights" (produced by Benjamin Lawrenz and Chris Harms of Lords of the Lost) – their first brand-new material since Zyklus and "Touch Me" in 2005. A complete and remastered collection of Trauma tracks was also released in 2018 as a downloadable album, Digital Anthology, on the Van Richter label. German music news site MonkeyPress described the work as "punchy, dark rock that let's your feet rock right away". After playing a few festivals show with the original singer Tom Luecke, focussing on the early (80s) period the band is now back on the floor with brandnew material! The new album "Backdraft" will by released by Dependend Records by end of 2022 as Vinyl and 2CD Artbook.
Other work
Volker "Zaphor" Zacharias (under a variety of names, including V.Z., V. Zaphor, Zacharias, and others) has also been involved with The Cassandra Complex (since 1990), Still Silent (with Mindy Kumbaleks of Goethes Erben), Rec (with Peter Spilles of Project Pitchfork and York Eysel of Love Like Blood), Seasurfer, and a parody band, Hilfsorganisation Eigener Label Promotion (H.E.L.P.). Axel Ermes has also recorded with The Cassandra Complex, Nefkom (with Markus Reinhard of Wolfsheim), Neustart (with Christoph from the band Stalin), Rec, and Bhambhamhara. Short-term member and later return-collaborator Lars Baumgardt has long worked with De/Vision both as a tour guitarist and a studio session musician, though is not a formal band member.
Although both Ermes and Zaphor were early members of Cancer Barrack, their involvement ended before that band's first album was recorded in 1991.
Discography
1986 – The Question – The Answer – Pop (demo, cassette)
1988 – Humus (LP, CD)
1989 – "Ten Million Dollars" (12″ single)
1990 – Flowers (LP, CD)
1990 – "Random" (12" single)
1991 – Positive (LP, CD)
1991 – "Never Go" (7″ single)
1991 – Live at Soundgarden (live; LP, CD)
1992 – Darius (LP, CD)
1993 – Christus (LP, CD)
1994 – Down in the Park (EP; CD)
1995 – Exitus: 1986–1995 (anthology; 2-CD)
1995 – "Die Zeit" (CD single)
1995 – Crystals & Stones (CD)
1997 – Firewalker (CD)
1999 – Nightmares (anthology; CD)
1999 – Equilibrium (CD)
2001 – Minddiver (CD)
2001 – "Frozen" (promo CD single)
2002 – "Erinnerung" (CD single)
2003 – ...In Light & Darkness (live; 2-CD)
2004 – "Ohne Dich" (feat. Peter Spilles) (CD single)
2005 – Zyklus (CD)
2005 – "Touch Me" (CD single)
2006 – Focus: 20 Years (live and documentary DVD)
2006 – Traumatized (joint GUG/Trauma remastered anthology; digital album)
2014 – Frozen (joint GUG/Trauma anthology; digital EP)
2016 – The Question – The Answer – Pop (remastered re-release; LP)
2018 – "Endless Nights" (digital single)
Trauma releases
1993 – Fractal I (CD)
1994 – Construct (CD)
1994 – Silent Mission (EP, CD)
1998 – Phase III (LP, CD)
2006 – Girls Under Glass, Traumatized (joint GUG/Trauma remastered anthology; digital album)
2014 – Girls Under Glass, Frozen (joint GUG/Trauma anthology; digital EP)
2018 – Digital Anthology (remastered anthology; digital album)
Traum-B releases
1999 – Traum-B (CD)
Calling Dead Red Roses release
1985 – 1985 (LP, CD)
References
External links
Official GUG Facebook page
Official page at Metropolis Records
German rock music groups
German dark wave musical groups
German gothic rock groups
Musical groups from Hamburg
Musical groups established in 1986
1986 establishments in West Germany
Metropolis Records artists
Dependent Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%20Under%20Glass |
Melvin Junius Gray (born March 16, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a kickoff returner in the National Football League (NFL). He played with the New Orleans Saints, Detroit Lions, Houston/Tennessee Oilers and Philadelphia Eagles. He began his professional career for the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL), following his college football career as a running back at Purdue. Gray attended Lafayette High School in Williamsburg, Virginia, where he was teammates with future NFL players Lawrence Taylor and Ron Springs.
Gray is widely considered to be one of the greatest return specialists of all time in the NFL. He holds the record for being the first, second, and third-oldest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown (33 years, 276 days; 33 years, 235 days; and 33 years, 221 days).
Early life and college career
Gray was a standout athlete at Lafayette High School in Williamsburg, Virginia. He was named to the All-Peninsula District Track Team for the 200 meter dash as a senior and tied his school record in the 100 meter dash as a sophomore.
Upon graduation, Gray enrolled at Coffeyville Community College. In his freshman season, he was part of a backfield that helped lead the team to an 11–0 record and a #2 ranking in the NJCAA poll. He shared the backfield with future Heisman Trophy winner and NFL Pro Bowler Mike Rozier. In his sophomore season, Gray became the feature back and rushed for 1,397 yards and scored 20 touchdowns. He was the leading scorer in Junior College football and third in rushing. He was nominated first-team all-Jayhawk Conference and all-American.
Gray then chose to attend Purdue over Pittsburgh who was also heavily recruiting him. He made an immediate impression on the staff and the previous season's top 2 tailbacks were moved to other positions to accommodate for Gray becoming the feature back. Gray rushed for nearly 1,000 yards in each of the two seasons with the Boilermakers and was named 2nd team all- Big Ten in 1983. He only returned two kicks during his time at Purdue.
Professional career
Gray was selected by the Chicago Blitz in the 7th round (133rd overall) of the 1984 USFL Draft and immediately moved from tailback to wide receiver. He was later traded to the Los Angeles Express. In 1984, Gray scored the game-winning touchdown in the divisional playoffs against the Michigan Panthers. Gray broke his arm on the touchdown. The game lasted 4 hours, 3 minutes, went to 3 overtimes and became the longest pro football game in football history.
After the USFL folded in August 1986, Gray joined the New Orleans Saints who drafted him in the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players.
Gray is most recognized for his time with the Detroit Lions. The Lions were in contention for the NFC Central title each season during the early 1990s—teams that featured the running back Barry Sanders. However, Gray was an integral part of a dominant Lions' special teams group that proved to be instrumental to the team's success during that era. In six seasons with the Lions (1989–94), Gray played in 84 games and returned 216 kickoffs for 5,478 yards (25.4 avg) and registered five touchdowns, and he returned 132 punts for 1,427 yards (10.8 avg) and had two touchdowns.
Gray is the franchise's all-time leader in career kickoff returns (216), career kickoff return yards (5,478), career kickoff returns for touchdowns (5), most kickoff returns for touchdowns in a season (3, 1994), highest kickoff return average in a season (28.36, 1994) and career punt return yards (1,427). His seven total returns for touchdowns (5 kickoff return and 2 punt returns) ranks third all-time in team history. Gray was a four-time Pro Bowl selection in Detroit (1991–93, 1995), and he was named All-Pro by numerous publications in each season from 1990 to 1994. In 1994, he returned his longest kickoff for a touchdown as a Lion with a 102-yard return for a score against Chicago on October 24. That season, he also returned 98-yard and 91-yard kickoffs for touchdowns.
Gray played the 1995 and 1996 seasons for the Houston Oilers. In Week 6 of 1996 against the Cincinnati Bengals, he returned 5 kickoffs for 177 yards and 3 punts for 86 yards; the 263 total return yards remains tied with Billy "White Shoes" Johnson for the franchise record as of 2019. When he left the game in 1997, after 12 seasons in pro football, Gray was atop several all-time NFL kick return lists. Gray was ranked fifth as one of greatest return specialists on NFL Network's NFL Top 10 Return Aces.
Personal life
After retirement, Gray continued to work on finishing his degree as well as substitute taught for a short period. He is currently in real estate in the Houston area.
References
1961 births
Living people
American football return specialists
American football running backs
New Orleans Saints players
Detroit Lions players
Houston Oilers players
Los Angeles Express players
Philadelphia Eagles players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Purdue Boilermakers football players
Sportspeople from Williamsburg, Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%20Gray%20%28return%20specialist%29 |
In baseball, a batboy or batgirl is an individual who carries baseball bats to the players on a baseball team. Duties of a batboy may also include handling and preparing players’ equipment and bringing baseballs to the umpire during the game. During games, a batboy remains in or near a team's dugout and the area around home plate.
A batboy should not be confused with ball boys, who are stationed down the foul lines to retrieve foul balls. As batboys are stationed on the field, albeit in foul territory, they can occasionally interfere with play; such events are governed by Rule 6.01(d), the main point of which is that if the interference is unintentional, any live ball remains alive and in play.
History
Mascots and batboys had both been part of baseball since the 1880s. Perhaps the most famous mascot/batboy was Eddie Bennett, who was supposedly hired as a mascot by the Chicago White Sox at the urging of Happy Felsch in 1919, a tale Eddie told often but no White Sox player ever corroborated. After the 1919 World Series scandal, he was hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1920. When the Dodgers lost the 1920 World Series to the Cleveland Indians, some suggested the four straight losses on the road were due to leaving Bennett behind. He then served for almost 12 years as mascot/batboy for the New York Yankees.
Calvin Griffith served as a batboy for the Washington Senators, which was owned by his uncle Clark Griffith, including during the World Series of and . The younger Griffith became the principal owner of the franchise upon the death of the elder Griffith in 1955, and orchestrated the relocation of the franchise after the 1960 season; the team has competed as the Minnesota Twins since 1961.
Uniforms
Batboys typically wear the same uniform design as their associated team. They will also usually wear a batting helmet to protect them from flying balls or bats.
During any given major league game, both the home and visiting team batboys will be drawn from the city where the game is taking place (batboys typically do not travel on the road with their team, unless they are relatives of a player). Home batboys often have regular jobs with a team, and thus may wear their first names on their uniforms; visiting teams, on the other hand, usually do not know who will be serving as their batboys on the road, and thus will send uniforms of various sizes to accommodate batboys of varying heights and weights.
A batboy may be provided his own number, but will usually wear 00 or 'BB' in its place. If a batboy uniform does not have a first name on it, it will usually have the term 'BAT BOY' or no name at all.
In the news
In the 2002 World Series, a batboy (Darren Baker, the 3½ year old son of San Francisco Giants manager Dusty Baker) was involved in an incident when he went out to get a bat while play was still in progress. J. T. Snow, while in the act of scoring a run for the Giants, grabbed the young boy at home plate, avoiding the batboy possibly being involved in a collision with other baserunners or players from the opposing team. After the incident, MLB set a minimum age of 14 for batboys.
Matthew McGough described his batboy experiences with the New York Yankees in Bat Boy: My True-Life Adventures Coming of Age with the New York Yankees, a book published by Doubleday in 2005. McGough's book served as the basis for Clubhouse, a prime-time television show that aired on CBS in the fall of 2004.
On April 27, 2007, former New York Mets batboy (1985–1995) Kirk Radomski pleaded guilty in United States district court to money laundering and illegal distribution of anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, Clenbuterol, amphetamines and other drugs to "dozens of current and former Major League Baseball players, and associates, on teams throughout Major League Baseball." He faced a maximum sentence of 25 years in prison and a $500,000 fine, but he was sentenced to 5 years probation and ordered to pay a fine of $18,575 due to his cooperation with the federal government and the Mitchell Report.
In a pregame ceremony on May 5, 2007, Stan Bronson Jr. received recognition by Guinness World Records as the "Most Durable Batboy" ever. Bronson, known as "Stan The Man", had served as the batboy for the University of Memphis baseball team since the 1958 season. His 50 years of service was recognized in the 2008 edition of the Guinness book.
Dominick Ardovino wrote about his batboy experience with the New York Mets in The Bat Boy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967).
Batboys who became MLB players
Examples of batboys who went on to play in Major League Baseball include Drew Storen, who served as a batboy for the Montreal Expos when the team visited Cincinnati, and Jesse Litsch, who was a batboy for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2001 and 2002.
In popular culture
The batboy, Bobby Savoy, is a supporting character in the 1984 film, The Natural. At the finale, Bobby gives the main character, Roy Hobbs, a bat that he's made with Hobbs' help after Hobbs has broken his own personally made childhood bat.
Two Warner Brothers cartoons, Porky's Baseball Broadcast and Baseball Bugs, feature sight-gags involving batboys who fly in on bat wings to deliver bats.
See also
Water boy
References
External links
"A Boy and His Job.” 1969-06-04. Elliott Ashley, bat boy for the New York Yankees, explains his duties in this documentary produced by National Educational Television, preserved in the American Archive of Public Broadcasting.
Morris, Peter Eddie Bennett via baseball biography project
Excerpt from Matthew McGough's book Bat Boy (Part 1)
Excerpt from Matthew McGough's book Bat Boy (Part 2)
Grossfeld, Stan (April 27, 2005). Batboy finds it tough to pick up his life. Boston Globe
ESPN (August 25, 2005). Suspended batboy mulling two offers.
Baseball occupations
Baseball terminology
Baseball bats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batboy |
The Alte Nationalgalerie ( Old National Gallery) is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin, Germany. The gallery was built from 1862 to 1876 by the order of King Frederick William IV of Prussia according to plans by Friedrich August Stüler and Johann Heinrich Strack in Neoclassical and Renaissance Revival styles. The building's outside stair features a memorial to Frederick William IV. Currently, the Alte Nationalgalerie is home to paintings and sculptures of the 19th century and hosts a variety of tourist buses daily. As part of the Museum Island complex, the gallery was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 for its outstanding architecture and its testimony to the development of museums and galleries as a cultural phenomenon in the late 19th century.
History
Founding
The first impetus to founding a national gallery came in 1815. The idea gained momentum during the 1830s, but without an actual building. In 1841 the first real plans were created. These plans never made it out of the planning stages, but finally in 1861 the National Gallery was founded, after banker Johann Heinrich Wagener donated 262 paintings by both German and foreign artists. This donation formed the basis of the current collection. The collection was first known as Wagenersche und Nationalgalerie (Wagener and National Gallery) and was housed in the buildings of the Akademie der Künste. The current building, shaped like a Roman temple with an appended apse, was designed by Friedrich August Stüler and after his death, realised in detail under Carl Busse.
Building and related developments
Friedrich August Stüler began working on a design for the building in 1863, based on a sketch by King Frederick William IV of Prussia. Two years and two failed plans later, his third proposal was finally accepted. Stüler died before planning was completed and Carl Busse handled the remaining details in 1865. In 1866, by order of the king and his cabinet, the Kommission für den Bau der Nationalgalerie (Commission for the construction of the national gallery) was created. Ground was broken in 1867 under the supervision of Heinrich Strack. In 1872 the structure was completed and interior work began. The opening took place on 22 March 1876, in the presence of the Kaiser.
Because of the building's modern construction using brick and iron, it was widely believed to be fireproof. The exterior and outer staircase were constructed of Triassic sandstone from Nebra. At the opening the collection was still relatively small. Next to Wagener's collection, originally, was a display of cartoons by Peter von Cornelius that had been bequeathed to the Prussian government. The initial objective of the gallery was to collect contemporary, primarily Prussian art, as Berlin did not then have any repository of modern art.
In 1874 Max Jordan became the first director of the National Gallery. In 1896 he was succeeded by Hugo von Tschudi, who acquired Impressionist works, risking conflict with the Kaiser because this ended the collection's focus on German art. The German National Gallery thus became the most important museum for modern French Art at the turn of the century.
20th century
In 1909, Ludwig Justi assumed the post of director, and added Expressionist works to the collection. Following the German Revolution of 1918–19 that ended Imperial rule, he moved the modern art to the Kronprinzenpalais at the end of Unter den Linden, which became known as National Gallery II.
In 1933, the new Nazi authorities dismissed Justi, who was followed by Eberhard Hanfstaengl. He remained until 1937, when he too was dismissed. His successor, Paul Ortwin Rave, remained until 1950, although because of World War II the building was closed during much of that time. It was heavily damaged in Allied air raids. It was partly reopened in 1949, but reconstruction continued until 1969. Between 1998 and 2001, the museum was renovated thoroughly by German architect HG Merz. Some extra halls were added on the uppermost floor and now contain the Romantic works. The three-year, $62 million renovation of the Alte Nationalgalerie was part of a refurbishment of Museum Island and the energetic effort by government and private institutions to re-establish Berlin as Germany's political and cultural heart.
Architecture
The Alte Nationalgalerie, together with the Altes Museum, the Neues Museum, the Bode Museum, the Pergamon Museum, the Berlin Cathedral and the Lustgarten, make up the Museum Island complex in Berlin. It is situated in the middle of the island, between the rails of the Berlin Stadtbahn and Bode Street on the eastern banks.
It is connected to the Pergamon Museum to the north, and to the Neues Museum, the Altes Museum, and the Berlin Cathedral to the south. The building was designed by Friedrich August Stüler with details by Carl Busse, in an architectural style that is a mix between late Classicism and early Neo-Renaissance, and realised by Heinrich Strack. It was intended to express "the unity of art, nation, and history", and therefore has aspects reminiscent of a church (an apse) and a theatre (the grand staircase) as well as a temple. An equestrian statue of Frederick William IV tops the stairs, and the inside stairs have a frieze by Otto Geyer depicting German history from prehistoric times to the 19th century. The exterior of the building still retains its original appearance, whereas the interior has been renovated many times in order to suit the exhibits.
Collection
The collection contains works of the Neoclassical and Romantic movements (by artists such as Caspar David Friedrich, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, and Karl Blechen), of the Biedermeier, French Impressionism (such as Édouard Manet and Claude Monet) and early Modernism (including Adolph von Menzel, Max Liebermann and Lovis Corinth). Among the most important exhibits are Friedrich's Der Mönch am Meer (The Monk by the Sea), von Menzel's Eisenwalzwerk (The Iron Rolling Mill) and sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow's Prinzessinnengruppe, a double statue of princesses Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Frederica of Prussia.
The Alte Nationalgalerie houses one of the largest collections of 19th-century sculptures and paintings in Germany. In addition, it belongs to the Berlin National Gallery, which in turn is part of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. It is the original building of the National Gallery, whose holdings are now housed in several additional buildings.
In October 2021 the Alte Nationalgalerie restituted the Camille Pissarro painting, "A Square in La Roche-Guyon" (1867) to the heirs of Armand Dorville, a French Jewish art collector whose family was persecuted by the Nazis and whose paintings had been sold at a 1942 auction in Nice that was overseen by the Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives. The museum then purchased the Pissarro back.
Gallery
See also
List of art museums
List of museums in Berlin
List of museums in Germany
List of national galleries
Neue Nationalgalerie
References
Further reading
External links
Online collections database
360° Panorama at the Alte Nationalgalerie
Some paintings from museum collection
Art museums and galleries in Berlin
Museum Island
Art museums established in 1861
1861 establishments in Prussia
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
Frederick William IV of Prussia
Neoclassical architecture in Berlin
Renaissance Revival architecture in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alte%20Nationalgalerie |
Richard 'Ricky' Barham (born 28 November 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Recruited from South Warrnambool, Barham had a successful career early with Collingwood Football Club as a quick wingman. He could find the ball and his skills were sound, but his pace was his main asset. He debuted in 1977 against Hawthorn and kicked five goals from the wing against Rodney Eade. Ultimately while Barham played in five grand finals, including both 1977 Grand Finals he never won a premiership. Barham played 151 VFL games over 10 seasons before retiring in 1986 to tour Australia with then partner Wendy Freer, who he later married and had two children, Jaxson and Charlie.
Later Barham worked for 15 years as the National Recruiting Manager for the Sydney Swans. During his time at the Swans Barham drafted a majority of the club's most successful players, including Adam Goodes, Brett Kirk, Barry Hall, Jude Bolton and Tadgh Kennelly. In the Swans Grand Final victory, 21 of the team's 28 listed players were drafted under Barham's recruitment.
Son Jaxson followed in his father's footsteps to Collingwood, being drafted in 2007 AFL draft under the father–son rule.
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
South Warrnambool Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Barham |
Sunshine Dream is the third double-album compilation of the Beach Boys' music to be compiled by their former label, Capitol Records (following the earlier Endless Summer and Spirit of America). Released in 1982, the album features singles and album tracks ranging from 1964 to 1969, and it is the first time "The Beach Boys Medley" appears on an album; it reached number 12 in 1981 as a single. The album was compiled and released while the Beach Boys were contracted with CBS Records.
Due to the appearance of more recent compilations, Sunshine Dream has long since been out of print.
Track listing
All songs by Brian Wilson and Mike Love, except where noted.
Singles
"The Beach Boys Medley" b/w "God Only Knows" (Capitol A-5030), October 1981 US number 12
Sunshine Dream (Capitol SVBB 12220) hit number 180 in the US.
References
1982 greatest hits albums
The Beach Boys compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine%20Dream |
Charles Anderson Wolverton (October 24, 1880 – May 16, 1969) was a Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives for nearly 32 years, from 1927 to 1959.
Career
Born in Camden, New Jersey, Wolverton graduated from Camden High School in 1897 and receiving a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1900, began practicing law in his native Camden. He was Camden County prosecutor from 1906 to 1913 and special assistant attorney general of New Jersey in 1913 and 1914.
Wolverton was then elected to the New Jersey State House of Assembly (1915–1918) becoming speaker in 1918. Wolverton first ran for a Congressional seat in 1926, winning that election and eventually serving 16 terms as a representative.
Wolverton eventually became chairman of the influential Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. During his tenure in the US House Wolverton crossed the aisle, voting for a number of FDR's New Deal programs. In 1933 he voted for the National Industrial Recovery Act. In 1935 he voted for the Social Security Act. In 1947-8, he served on the Herter Committee. Wolverton voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
A resident of Merchantville, New Jersey, Wolverton retired from political office in 1958 to resume his legal practice.
Death
Charles A. Wolverton died at age 88 and was interred in Harleigh Cemetery in Camden.
References
External links
Charles A. Wolverton
Charles A. Wolverton from The Political Graveyard
1880 births
1969 deaths
Camden High School (New Jersey) alumni
Republican Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
Speakers of the New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey lawyers
People from Merchantville, New Jersey
Politicians from Camden, New Jersey
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Burials at Harleigh Cemetery, Camden
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20A.%20Wolverton |
Bookless in Baghdad is a 2005 book by author Shashi Tharoor that consists of a collection of previously published articles, book reviews and columns on writers, books and literary musings.
In the title story, "Bookless in Baghdad", Tharoor writes about his experience when he visits Baghdad on a UN initiative soon after the Gulf War. The book contains five parts: Inspirations, Reconsiderations, The literary life, Appropriations and Interrogations.
2005 books
Indian non-fiction books
Books by Shashi Tharoor
21st-century Indian books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookless%20in%20Baghdad |
Charles Wolverton is the name of:
Charles A. Wolverton (1880-1969), U.S. Representative from New Jersey
Charles E. Wolverton (1851-1926), 18th Chief Justice on the Oregon Supreme Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Wolverton |
Invalidity Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1933:
Modification
The concepts included in the convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C128, Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967.
Ratifications
Prior to its being shelved, the convention had been ratified by ten states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Health insurance
Health treaties
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1933
Treaties entered into force in 1937
Agricultural treaties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invalidity%20Insurance%20%28Agriculture%29%20Convention%2C%201933%20%28shelved%29 |
The siege of Delhi was one of the decisive conflicts of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
The rebellion against the authority of the East India Company was widespread through much of Northern India, but essentially it was sparked by the mass uprising by the sepoys of the Bengal Army, which the company had itself raised in its Bengal Presidency (which actually covered a vast area from Assam to Peshawar). Seeking a symbol around which to rally, the first sepoys to rebel sought to reinstate the power of the Mughal Empire, which had ruled much of the Indian subcontinent in the previous centuries. Lacking overall direction, many who subsequently rebelled also flocked to Delhi.
This made the siege decisive for two reasons. Firstly, large numbers of rebels were committed to the defence of a single fixed point, perhaps to the detriment of their prospects elsewhere, and their defeat at Delhi was thus a very major military setback. Secondly, the British recapture of Delhi and the refusal of the aged Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II to continue the struggle deprived the rebellion of much of its national character. Although the rebels still held large areas, there was little co-ordination between them, and the British were able to overcome them separately.
Outbreak of the rebellion
After several years of increasing tension among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) of the British East India Company's Bengal Army, the sepoys at Meerut, northeast of Delhi, openly rebelled against their British officers. The flashpoint was the introduction of the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle. The cartridges for this were widely believed to be greased with a mixture of cow and pig fat, and to bite them open when loading the rifle (as required by the drill books) would defile both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
Eighty-five men of the 3rd Bengal Cavalry stationed at Meerut refused to accept their cartridges. They were hastily court martialled, and on 9 May 1857 they were sentenced to long periods of imprisonment and were paraded in irons before the British and Bengal regiments in the garrison. On the evening of the following day, soldiers of the Bengal regiments (3rd Light Cavalry, 11th and 20th Infantry) rebelled, releasing the imprisoned troopers and killing their British officers and many British civilians in their cantonment.
The senior Company officers at Meerut were taken by surprise. Although they had ample warning of disaffection among the Bengal Army after earlier outbreaks of unrest at Berhampur, Barrackpur and Ambala, they had assumed that at Meerut, where the proportion of European to Indian troops was higher than anywhere else in India, the Bengal units would not risk open revolt. They were fortunate that they did not suffer disaster. The Bengal regiments broke into rebellion on Sunday, when European troops customarily attended evening church parade without arms. Due to the increasingly hot summer weather, the church services on 10 May took place half an hour later than on previous weeks, and when the outbreak occurred, the British troops had not yet left their barracks and could quickly be mustered and armed.
Other than defending their own barracks and armouries, the Company's commanders at Meerut took little action, not even notifying nearby garrisons or stations. (The telegraph had been cut, but dispatch riders could easily have reached Delhi before the sepoys, had they been sent immediately.) When they had rallied the British troops in the cantonment and prepared to disperse the sepoys on 11 May, they found that Meerut was quiet and the sepoys had marched off to Delhi.
Capture of Delhi by the rebels
Delhi was the capital of the Mughal Empire, which had been reduced to insignificance over the preceding century. The emperor, Bahadur Shah II, who was 82, had been informed by the East India Company that the title would die with him. At the time, Delhi was not a major centre of Company administration, although Company officials controlled the city's finances and courts. They and their families lived in the "Civil Lines" to the north of the city.
There were no units of the British Army or "European" units of the East India Company forces at Delhi. Three Bengal Native Infantry regiments (the 38th, 54th and 74th) were stationed in barracks north-west of the city. They provided guards, working parties and other details to a "Main Guard" building just inside the walls near the Kashmiri Gate on the northern circuit of walls, the arsenal in the city and other buildings. By coincidence, when the regiments paraded early in the morning of 11 May, their officers read out to them the General Order announcing the execution of sepoy Mangal Pandey, who had attempted to start a rebellion near Barrackpur earlier in the year, and the disbandment of his regiment, the 34th Bengal Native Infantry. This produced much muttering in the ranks.
Later in the morning, the rebels from Meerut arrived quite unexpectedly, crossing the bridge of boats over the Jumna River. The leading sowars (troopers) of the 3rd Light Cavalry halted under the windows of the Palace and called on the Emperor to lead them. Bahadur Shah called for them to go to another palace outside the city, where their case would be heard later. Company officials then tried to close all the city gates, but were too late to prevent the sowars gaining entry through the Rajghat Gate to the south. Once inside, the sowars were quickly joined by mobs which began attacking Company officials and looting bazaars.
Some Company officers and civilians tried to take refuge in the Main Guard, but the sepoys there joined the revolt, and they were slaughtered. Other officers arrived from the barracks, accompanied by two field guns and several companies of sepoys who had not yet joined the rebellion, and recaptured the Main Guard, sending the bodies of the dead officers to the cantonments in a cart. In the city meanwhile nine British officers from the Ordnance Corps, led by George Willoughby were conducting the Defence of the Magazine, which contained artillery, stocks of firearms and ammunition. They found that their troops and labourers were deserting, using ladders provided from the palace to climb over the walls. The officers opened fire on their own troops and the mobs to prevent the arsenal falling intact into the rebels' hands. After five hours, they had run out of ammunition and blew up their magazine, killing many rioters and onlookers, and badly damaging nearby buildings. Only three of them escaped and received the Victoria Cross: John Buckley, George Forrest and William Raynor.
Shortly after this, the troops at the Main Guard were ordered to withdraw. The sepoys there, who had hitherto remained aloof from the revolt, turned on their officers, a few of whom escaped after the sepoys left to join the looting.
About half the European civilians in Delhi and in the cantonments and Civil Lines were able to flee, first to the Flagstaff Tower on the ridge to the north-west of Delhi where telegraph operators were trying to warn other British stations of the uprising. After it became clear that no help could arrive from Meerut or elsewhere, and the cart carrying the bodies of the officers killed at the Main Guard in the morning arrived at the tower by mistake, most of the Europeans fled to Karnal, several miles west. Some were helped by villagers on the way, others fell prey to plunderers.
Mughal restoration
On 12 May, Bahadur Shah held his first formal audience in several years. It was attended by several excited sepoys who treated him familiarly or even disrespectfully. Although Bahadur Shah was dismayed by the looting and disorder, he gave his public support to the rebellion. On 16 May, sepoys and palace servants killed 52 British who had been held prisoner within the palace or who had been discovered hiding in the city. The killings took place under a peepul tree in front of the palace, despite Bahadur Shah's protests. The avowed aim of the killers was to implicate Bahadur Shah in the killings, making it impossible for him to seek any compromise with the Company.
The administration of the city and its new occupying army was chaotic, although it continued to function haphazardly. The Emperor nominated his eldest surviving son, Mirza Mughal, to be commander-in-chief of his forces, but Mirza Mughal had little military experience and was treated with little respect by the sepoys. Nor did the sepoys agree on any overall commander, with each regiment refusing to accept orders from any but their own officers. Although Mirza Mughal made efforts to put the civil administration in order, his writ extended no further than the city. Outside, Gujjar herders began levying their own tolls on traffic, and it became increasingly difficult to feed the city.
News of the rebellion at Meerut and the capture of Delhi spread rapidly throughout India. Rumours and envoys from the rebels spread the tidings fast and precipitated widespread rebellions and uprisings, but the Company learned of the events at Delhi even more quickly, thanks to the telegraph. Where the commanders of stations were energetic and distrustful of their sepoys, they were able to forestall some of the most dangerous revolts.
Company moves
Although there were several Company units available in the cool "hill stations" in the foothills of the Himalayas, it took time before any action could be taken to recapture Delhi. This was partly due to lack of transport and supplies. After the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Bengal Army's transport units had been disbanded as an economy measure, and transport had to be improvised from scratch. Also, many of the senior British officers were widely regarded as dotards, far too senile to act decisively or sensibly.
Nevertheless, a Company force under General George Anson, the commander-in-chief in India, was able to move from Ambala to Karnal starting on 17 May. On 7 June, they were joined at Alipur by a force from Meerut, which had fought several skirmishes en route. The Meerut force was led by Brigadier Archdale Wilson, who had conspicuously failed to prevent the rebel sepoys' move to Delhi on 11 May. Anson died of cholera at Karnal on 27 May. Under his successor, Major General Henry Barnard, the combined force advanced on Delhi.
On 8 June, they found the mutineers had entrenched themselves outside the city. They drove the large but disorganised rebel force from the field at the Battle of Badli-ki-Serai west of Delhi, and captured Delhi ridge north of the city and the Bengal infantry barracks to the west of it. As a gesture of defiance and contempt, they set fire to the barracks. This was a senseless act, as it condemned the besiegers (and all their sick and wounded and noncombatants) to live in tents through the hot weather and monsoon rain seasons.
The ridge was of hard rock, about high, and ran from a point only east of the Kabul Gate on the city walls to the Yamuna River north of the city. Fortunately for the besiegers, a canal ran from the Yamuna west of their encampments, protecting the rear of their camp and also providing drinking water. The besiegers occupied various fortified posts along the top of the ridge. The nearest to the city and the most exposed was known as "Hindu Rao's house", defended by the 60th Rifles and Gurkhas of the 8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion. South of it was a maze of villages and walled gardens, called the Subzi Mundi, in which the rebel forces could gather before launching attacks on the British right.
The siege: June through July
It was quickly apparent that Delhi was too well-fortified and strongly held to fall to a coup de main. Barnard ordered a dawn assault on 13 June, but the orders were confused and failed to reach most of his subordinates in time. The attack had to be called off, amidst much recrimination. After this, it was accepted that the odds were too great for any assault to be successful until the besiegers were reinforced.
Large contingents of rebellious sepoys and volunteers continued to arrive in Delhi. The majority of no less than ten regiments of cavalry and fifteen of infantry of the Bengal Army rebelled and made their way to Delhi during June and July, along with large numbers of irregulars, mainly Muslim mujahaddin. As each new contingent arrived, the rebels made attacks on Hindu Rao's house and other outposts on several successive days. A major attack was mounted from three directions on 19 June, and nearly forced the exhausted besiegers to retreat, but the rebels did not know how close they came to success. Another major attack was made on 23 June, the centenary of the Battle of Plassey. (It was believed that the presence of East India Company in India would end one hundred years after this famous battle).
Although all these attacks were beaten off, the besiegers were ground down through exhaustion and disease. Conditions on the ridge and in the encampment were extremely unhealthy and unpleasant. General Barnard died of cholera on 5 July. His successor, Reed, was also stricken with cholera and forced to hand over command to Archdale Wilson, who was promoted to major general. Although Wilson made efforts to clear the unburied corpses and other refuse from the ridge and encampment and reorganise the outposts and reliefs, he himself was scarcely capable of exercising command, and in every letter he wrote, he complained of his exhaustion and prostration. Brigadier Neville Chamberlain, a much younger officer who might have provided better leadership, was severely wounded repelling a sortie on 14 July.
Meanwhile, in Delhi, there had been some loss of morale due to the failures of Mirza Moghul and Bahadur Shah's equally unmilitary grandson, Mirza Abu Bakr. A large party of reinforcements arrived from Bareilly under Bakht Khan, a veteran artillery officer of the Company's army. (In the British Indian artillery, North Indian Muslims were generaIIy preferred and had been the majority of the establishment.) Pleased with the loot they brought with them, Bahadur Shah made Bakht Khan the new commander-in-chief. Bakht Khan was able to replenish the city's finances and inspire the rebel soldiers to renewed efforts. Bahadur Shah however, was growing discouraged, and turned away offers of assistance from other rebel leaders.
The siege: August to September
In one vital area of India, the Punjab, which had been annexed by the East India Company only eight years before, the Bengal Native units were quickly disarmed to prevent them rebelling or were defeated when they did rebel. Most of the available Company units were stationed there, along with units of the Punjab Irregular Force, which were formed from Sikhs and Pakhtuns who had little in common with the high caste Hindus of the Bengal Native Infantry.
As the situation in the Punjab stabilised, units could be dispatched to reinforce the besiegers at Delhi. Also, the rulers of the states of Patiala, Jhind and Nabha were induced to support the East India Company, sending contingents of their armies to secure the lines of communication between the besiegers and the Punjab.
The first reinforcements to arrive at Delhi, the Corps of Guides, made an epic forced march of several hundred miles through the hottest season of the year, which also coincided with the month of Ramadan, during which their Muslim soldiers could neither eat nor drink during the day. They nevertheless went into action almost immediately when they arrived at the ridge.
The major force dispatched from the Punjab to Delhi were a "Flying Column" of 4,200 men under Brigadier John Nicholson and a siege train. Nicholson himself arrived on 14 August. The rebels had heard of the imminent arrival of the siege train and sent a force out of the city to intercept it. On 25 August, Nicholson led a force against their position at the Battle of Najafgarh. Although the monsoon had broken and the roads and fields were flooded, Nicholson drove his force to make a rapid march and gained an easy victory, raising European morale and lowering that of the rebels.
The siege train arrived at the beginning of September, comprising six 24-pounders, eight 18-pounder long guns, six 8 inch howitzers and four 10 inch mortars, with almost 600 ammunition carts. On 8 September a further four guns arrived. With the guns already present, the besiegers had a total of 15 24-pounder guns, 20 18-pounder guns and 25 mortars and howitzers.
The capture of Delhi
The bombardment
By early September, the British had assembled a force of some 9,000, which consisted of 3,000 regular troops and 6,000 Sikhs, Punjabis, and Ghurkas.
Wilson's chief Engineer Officer, Richard Baird Smith, had drawn up a plan to breach the city walls and make an assault. Wilson was unwilling to risk any attack, but was urged by Nicholson to agree to Baird Smith's plan. There were moves among the British officers, in which Nicholson was prominent, to replace Wilson as commander if he failed to agree to make the attack.
As a preliminary step, on 6 September the Company forces constructed "Reid's Battery", or the "Sammy House Battery", of two 24-pounder and four 9-pounder guns, near the southern end of the ridge, to silence the guns on the Mori Bastion. Under cover of Reid's Battery, on 7 September the first siege battery proper was established, from the Mori Bastion. Opening fire on 8 September, four of its guns engaged the artillery on the Kashmir Bastion, while six guns and a heavy mortar silenced the rebels' guns on the Mori Bastion after a long duel. The direction of this attack also deceived the rebels into believing that the storming attempt would be made from the east, rather than the north.
A second battery, consisting of nine 24-pounder guns, two 18-pounder guns and seven 8-inch howitzers, was set up near a flamboyantly designed house known as "Ludlow Castle" in the Civil Lines, and opened fire against the Kashmir Bastion on 10 September. A third battery of six 18-pounder guns and 12 Coehorn mortars was set up near the old Custom House less than from the city walls, and opened fire against the Water Bastion near the Yamuna next day. A fourth battery of ten heavy mortars was set up in cover near the Khudsia Bagh, opening fire on 11 September. Because the element of surprise had been lost and these batteries were being enfiladed from across the river, the Indian sappers and pioneers who carried out much of the work of constructing the second and third batteries and moving the guns into position suffered over 300 casualties, but the batteries quickly made breaches in the bastions and walls. Fifty guns continued to fire day and night, and the walls began to crumble away.
The opening of this phase of the siege seems to have coincided with the exhaustion of the ammunition the rebels had captured from the magazine, as the rebel fire became suddenly much less effective. By this time also, the rebels had become depressed through lack of supplies and money and by defeatist rumours which were spread by agents and spies organised by William Hodson.
Preparation for the assault
The attack was scheduled for 3 a.m. on 14 September. The storming columns moved into position during the night of 13 September. The future Field Marshal Lord Roberts, then a junior staff officer, recorded their composition:
1st Column – Brigadier General Nicholson
75th Foot – 300
1st Bengal Fusiliers – 250
2nd Punjab Infantry (Greene's Rifles) – 450
Total – 1000
2nd Column – Brigadier Jones
8th Foot – 250
2nd Bengal Fusiliers – 250
4th Sikhs – 350
Total – 850
3rd Column – Colonel Campbell
52nd Foot – 200
Kumaon Battalion (Gurkhas) – 250
1st Punjab Infantry (Coke's Rifles) – 500
Total – 950
4th Column – Major Reid
Sirmur Battalion (Gurkhas)
Guides Infantry
Collected picquets
Total – 850
Plus Kashmir contingent in reserve – 1000
5th Column – Brigadier Longfield
61st Foot – 250
4th Punjab Infantry (Wilde's Rifles) – 450
Baluch Battalion (one "wing" only) – 300
Total – 1000
Detachments of the 60th Rifles, totalling 200, preceded all the columns, as skirmishers.
Engineers and sappers were attached to lead each column.
There was also a cavalry brigade in reserve under James Hope Grant, which probably consisted of:
6th Carbineers (one "wing" only)
9th Lancers
Guides Cavalry
1st Punjab Cavalry (one squadron)
2nd Punjab Cavalry (one squadron)
5th Punjab Cavalry (one squadron)
Hodson's Horse (irregular levies)
The assault
The first three columns, under Nicholson's overall command, gathered in and behind a building known as the Khudsia Bagh, a former summer residence of the Mughal Kings, about a quarter of a mile from the north walls. The fourth column was intended to attack only when the Kabul Gate on the west of the city walls was opened from behind by the other columns. The fifth column and the cavalry were in reserve.
The attack was supposed to be launched at dawn, but the defenders had repaired some of the breaches overnight with sandbags, and further bombardment was required. Eventually, Nicholson gave the signal and the attackers charged. The first column stormed through the breach in the Kashmir Bastion and the second through that in the Water Bastion by the Jumna River, but this was not without difficulty, as most of the scaling ladders were broken before they could be emplaced.
The third column attacked the Kashmiri Gate on the north wall. Two sapper officers, Lieutenants Home and Salkeld (both of whom subsequently won the Victoria Cross), led a suicidal mission, a small party of British and Indian sappers which placed four gunpowder charges and sandbags against the gate under fire from just away. Several of them were wounded or killed trying to light the fuse. The explosion demolished part of the gate, a bugler with the party signalled success and the third column charged in.
Meanwhile, the fourth column encountered a rebel force in the suburb of Kishangunj outside the Kabul Gate before the other columns attacked, and was thrown into disorder. Major Reid, its commander, was seriously injured, and the column retired. The rebels followed up, capturing four guns from the Kashmiri troops, and threatened to attack the British camp, which had been emptied of its guards to form the assault force. The artillery batteries at Hindu Rao's House (directed by Chamberlain from a doolie) stopped them until Hope Grant's cavalry and horse artillery could move up to replace Reid's column. The cavalry remained in position under fire from guns on the Kabul Gate and suffered heavy casualties, until relieved by infantry.
In spite of this reverse, Nicholson was keen to press on into the city. He led a detachment down a narrow lane to try to capture the Burn Bastion, on the walls north of the Kabul Gate. Rebel soldiers held most of the flat rooftops and walled compounds, and guns mounted on the bastion fired grapeshot down the lanes between the houses. After two rushes were stopped with heavy casualties, Nicholson led a third charge and was mortally wounded.
Temporarily repulsed, the British now withdrew to the Church of Saint James, just inside the walls of the Kashmir Bastion. They had suffered 1,170 casualties in the attack. Archdale Wilson moved to the Church, and faced with the setback, he wished to order a withdrawal. When he heard of Wilson's indecision, the dying Nicholson threatened to shoot him. Eventually, Baird Smith, Chamberlain and other officers persuaded Wilson to hold on to the British gains.
The capture of the city
The British and Company forces were disordered. Many British officers had been killed or wounded, and their units were now in confusion. The British foothold included many of the liquor stores and over the next two days, many British soldiers became drunk and incapacitated on looted spirits. However, the rebel sepoy regiments had become discouraged by their defeats and lack of food, while the irregular mujahhadin defended their fortified compounds with great determination, but could not be organised to make a coordinated counter-attack.
Wilson eventually ordered all liquor to be destroyed, and discipline was restored. Slowly, the attackers began to clear the rebels from the city. They captured the magazine on 16 September. Another Victoria Cross was earned here, by Lieutenant Thackerey for extinguishing a fire in the magazine whilst under musket fire. Bahadur Shah and his entourage abandoned the palace on 18 September, and a British force captured the great mosque, the Jama Masjid, and the abandoned palace the next day. They also captured the Selimgarh Fort, attached to the palace and dominating the bridge of boats over the River Yamuna. Most rebels who had not already left the city now did so before the Company forces captured all the gates and trapped them.
The city was finally declared to be captured on 21 September. John Nicholson died the next day.
Aftermath
The cost to the British, Company, and loyal Indian armies in besieging Delhi from the start of the siege to the capture of the city was 1,254 killed, and 4,493 wounded, of which 992 were killed, 2,795 were wounded and 30 missing in action during the last six days of brutal fighting in the city during the final assault. Of that total of 3,817 casualties during the capture of the city, 1,677 were loyalist Indian soldiers. It is almost impossible to say how many rebels and their supporters were killed during the siege, but the number was far greater. Unofficial sources place the rebel casualties at over 5,000.
It is also impossible to estimate how many civilians died during the fighting in Delhi, which included those killed by the rebels, the British, or in the cross-fire. After the siege, many civilians were subsequently expelled from the city to makeshift camps in the nearby countryside, as there was no way of feeding them until order was restored to the entire area. The British, Sikh and Pakhtun soldiers were all fairly callous with regard to life. For four days, after the fall of the city, there was extensive looting, although many British soldiers were more interested in drink than material possessions. Prize agents later moved into the city behind the troops, and organised the search for concealed treasure on a more systematic basis.
The British, eager to avenge the killing of several hundred of their countryfolk in Delhi, Cawnpore, and elsewhere in India, were in no mood to take prisoners. Several hundred rebel prisoners as well as suspected rebels and sympathisers were subsequently hanged without trial or much legal process. In many cases, the officers of the "Queen's" Army were inclined to be lenient, but East India Company officials such as Theophilus Metcalfe were vengeful.
Bahadur Shah and three of his sons had taken refuge at Humayun's Tomb, south of Delhi. Although he was urged to accompany Bakht Khan and rally more troops, the aged Emperor was persuaded that the British were seeking vengeance only against the sepoys they regarded as mutineers, and he would be spared. On 20 September, a party under William Hodson took him into custody on promise of clemency and brought him back to the city. The next day, Hodson also took prisoner two of Bahadur Shah's sons and a grandson, but with no guarantee of any sort. On the pretext that a mob was about to release them, Hodson executed the three princes at Khooni Darwaza (Bloody Gate). Their heads were later presented to Bahadur Shah, who was subsequently put on trial by the British Military Commission. He was exiled to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma in 1858, after being convicted on several charges.
By recapturing the Indian capital city, the British and Company forces dealt the Indian Army mutineers a major military and psychological blow, while releasing troops to assist in the relief of Lucknow, thus contributing to another British victory.
A total of 29 Victoria Crosses were awarded to recipients for bravery in the Siege of Delhi. A Delhi clasp was authorised for the Indian Mutiny Medal.
Footnotes
References
External links
Memoirs of an Indian translator for the East India Company
Battles of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Sieges involving the United Kingdom
1857 in India
Military history of Delhi
19th century in Delhi
1857 in the Mughal Empire
Sieges involving Nepal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Delhi |
The Shahrud (, from , DMG šāh-rūd or šāh-i-rūd) was a short-necked lute, illustrated in the Surname-i Hümayun, resembling an oud or barbat, but being much larger. The larger size gave the instrument added resonance and a deeper (bass) range, like the modern mandobass, mandolone or Algerian mandole.
The word also referred to a type of zither written about by Al Farabi and illustrated in his book Kitāb al-mūsīqī al kabīr. That illustration has led scholars to speculate the instrument was a box-zither, or a harp combined with a psaltery. The šāh-rūd was introduced to Samarkand in the early 10th century and spread to Middle Eastern Arabic music.
Another writer who referred to the instrument was Abd al-Qadir in his work Maqasid al-Alhan (Persian for: purports of Music)(مقاصد الحان). al-Qadir was interested in the restoration and improvement of stringed musical instruments, and his work provides information about numerous musical instruments, including the shahrud.
Etymology
The Persian word šāh-rūd is made up of šāh , "king" (shah) and rūd, which, like tār, contains the basic meaning "string". Rūd is a historical oriental lute instrument , while the long-necked lute tār is still played in Iranian music today. The Azerbaijani musician Abd al-Qadir (Ibn Ghaybi; † 1435) from Maragha in northwestern Iran mentioned the lute rūd chātī (also rūd chānī) alongside rūdak and rūḍa. Two centuries later, the Ottoman travel writer Evliya Çelebi (1611 – after 1683) described the lute rūḍa as similar to the čahārtār, a nominal four-stringed instrument. The Arab historian al-Maqqari (c. 1577–1632) refers to a 13th-century source that the rūḍa was found in Andalusia.
The šāh-rūd, "the king of the lutes", may have given its name to the North Indian shell-necked sarod lute developed in the 1860s from the Afghan rubāb. However, the Persian word sarod in several spelling variants has been used for much longer to describe lute instruments and generally stands for "music". In Balochistan, the bowed sounds surod and sorud, which are similar to the Indian sarinda, are known.
A stringed instrument called şehrud in the Ottoman period, which frequently appears in 15th and 16th century Ottoman miniature paintings and Persian miniatures during the Timurid Empire (1370–1507) as an oversized pot-bellied variant of the short-necked lute Oud, is named with the medieval šāh- rūd-, but obviously not related in form. The extent to which this instrument was widespread in Arabic music is unclear. Miniatures of the 1582 Ottoman manuscript Surname-i Hümayun show court musicians playing alongside the şehrud, which according to its oversized depiction was probably a bass lute, playing the historical angle harp çeng, the plucked lute kopuz, the bowed lute kemânçe, the pan flute mıskal, the long flute ney and the frame drum daf.
Design
A published account of the šāh-rūd comes from a 13th-century manuscript preserved in the National Library in Cairo, the only other from what is believed to be a 12th-century manuscript in the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid. The Madrid depiction is more closely surrounded by writing, executed less carefully and without compasses; structurally, the two do not differ. The Cairo drawing, on the other hand, is carefully constructed with compass and ruler. It is unclear whether both drawings are based on the same or a different template, or whether the later Cairo drawing was copied from the earlier one in Madrid. From archaeologically excavated clay figures, Sassanid rock-reliefs or Persian book miniatures often give a rough idea of the appearance of historical musical instruments, only the number of strings is usually adapted to artistic requirements and is rarely realistic. This also applies to the generally more reliable representations in musicological works. For example, the ornamental embellishments of an angular harp (čang) in a 13th-century drawing belong more to artistic license than to actual appearance. Harps are often depicted without any strings at all or with strings leading out into the void. Sometimes the musician might not be able to hold his instrument in the manner shown or he might not be able to grip the strings.
In the illustration of the šāh-rūd, the parallel strings run across the top like a box zither, but end somewhere outside on the right side. The six shorter (highest) strings are snapped off at their ends. A second bundle of strings leading upwards at right angles to it is enclosed in a curved wooden frame resembling the yokes of a lyre or the frame of a harp. These strings also end outside the construction. One explanation for why both string systems protrude beyond the instrument could be that the draftsman continued to draw the string ends, which hang down after their point of attachment and were often provided with an appendage and left for decoration, as a straight line. The Madrid instrument has 40 strings, 27 of which run across the closed body and 13 perpendicular to the frame; the drawing from Cairo shows a šāh-rūd with 48 strings, 29 strings across the body and 19 to the frame.
The musicologist and orientalist Rodolphe d'Erlanger (1872-1932), whose six-volume work edition La musique arabe contains a translation of al-Fārābī's Kitāb al-Mūsīqā al-kabīr in the first two volumes, classified the šāh-rūd as a zither in 1935. Henry George Farmer (1882–1965) previously called it an 'archlute or zither' in A History of Arabian Music (1929), adding that it was "certainly an archlute by the early 15th century," twice the length of a lute. Influenced by d'Erlanger, others wanted to see a harp or psaltery, which is why Farmer in The Sources of Arabian Music (1940) turned it into a "Harp Psaltery". In the first edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (1934), Farmer had mentioned the šāh-rūd in the article ʿŪd, i.e. with the oriental lute instruments. This Farmers section was included unchanged in the 2000 reissue, as Farmer later reverted to his original view. Accordingly, one set of strings should be thought of as melody strings over a fretboard and the other set of strings as drone strings leading to separate pegs. This view is reinforced by al-Fārābī, who distinguished this particular instrument from the angular harps (Persian čang, Arabic ǧank) and from the lyres (Arabic miʿzafa). Pavel Kurfürst agreed with Farmer's interpretation as a “Harp Psaltery”. The kanun player and music historian George Dimitri Sawa, on the other hand, speaks of a zither. Al-Fārābī gave a pitch range of four octaves in the 10th century. According to Abd al-Qadir, the šāh-rūd had ten double strings in the 15th century and was twice as long as the oud .
In addition to the two depictions of the Kitāb al-Mūsīqā, a differently drawn šāh-rūd is depicted in the incunabula from 1474 of the work Quaestiones in librum II sententiarum written by Johannes Duns Scotus. The incunable is in the Ethnographic Museum in Brno kept in the Czech Republic and probably originated in Brno. The stringed instrument, depicted as a colored pen drawing in a decorative border between plant ornaments, is held in the hand of a standing musician. This instrument with a different body shape, but also with inwardly curved edges and without sound holes, as in the Arabic manuscripts, is shown in perspective in the playing position and thus allows an estimation of its size. On the other hand, the number of strings remains unclear here, since only as many strings were drawn in parallel as was possible in the 25 millimeter long illustration. In the Arabic drawings, the corpus has six edges, in the Brno depiction there is one more, which may be due to inaccuracy. Judging by the coloring, parchment would have been possible as a soundboard.
Distribution
The šāh-rūd goes back to a musician named Ḫulaiṣ ibn al-Aḥwaṣ (also called Ḥakīm ibn Aḥwaṣ al-Suġdī), who introduced this instrument to Samarkand in 918/19 A.D. and traveled with it in Central Asian Sogdia. It later spread to Iraq, Syria and Egypt.
Arabic instrumental music seems to have changed considerably around this time, according to the Kitāb al-Mūsīqā al-kabīr. In the 19th century the slender, solid form of the barbaṭ developed into the form of the short-necked lute known today with a round body made of glued lathes of wood, which since then has been the most popular Arabic stringed instrument under the name oud. Also developed was the Tuhfat al-'Oudwas, a lute half the size of the oud. The “perfect lute” (ʿūd kāmil) with five double strings was the benchmark. During the rule of the Abbasids , as stated by al-Fārābī, there were two distinct long-necked lutes, the older ṭunbūr al-mīzanī (also ṭunbūr al-baghdādī) and the ṭunbūr al-churasānī, both named after their areas of distribution, Baghdad and Khorasan, respectively. In addition, there were the rarer plucked-stringed instruments, of which the lyre (miʿzafa) was used more frequently than the harp (ǧank), and the trapezoid box-zither (qānūn). Singers accompanied themselves on lute instruments, and no account is known of a singer playing a lyre or harp himself.
The šāh-rūd is documented up to the 15th century. For the 16th century its existence is no longer verifiable. A similarly complicated stringed instrument is an archlute built by Wendelin Tieffenbrucker (German luthier, active 1570–1610) with parallel strings attached to the side of a harp-like frame (a harp lute). This exceptional, unique piece, made no later than 1590, had a pitch range of 6.5 octaves and could be a successor to the šāh-rūd, which the lute maker Tiefenbrucker may have known.
Literature
Al-Fārābī : Kitāb al-Mūsīqi al-Kabīr. Translated into Persian by A. Azarnush, Tehran 1996, p. 55.
Henry George Farmer : Islam. ( Heinrich Besseler , Max Schneider (eds.): History of Music in Pictures. Volume III. Music of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Delivery 2). German music publisher, Leipzig 1966, pp. 96, 116.
Henry George Farmer: A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century . Luzac, London 1973, p. 154, p. 209; archive.org (1st edition: 1929).
Henry George Farmer: ʿŪd. In: The Encyclopedia of Islam. new edition . Volume 10. Brill, Leiden 2000, p. 769.
Pavel Kurfürst: The Šáh-rúd. In: Archives for Musicology . Volume 41, issue 4. Steiner, Stuttgart 1984, pp. 295-308.
See also
Persian traditional music
Turkish music
Azerbaijani music
Cobza
Rud
References
External links
Wayback Machine
Necked bowl lutes
Turkish musical instruments
Azerbaijani musical instruments
Iranian musical instruments
Persian words and phrases
Iranian inventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrud |
Clem Jones AO (16 January 191815 December 2007), a surveyor by profession, was the longest serving Lord Mayor of Brisbane, Queensland, representing the Labor Party from 1961 to 1975. He was chair of the Darwin Reconstruction Commission from 1975 to 1978. He was a successful businessman and philanthropist.
Public life
During Jones' 15 years in office as the head of the Brisbane City Council, assisted by the Town Clerk J. C. Slaughter, Brisbane underwent considerable change.
In 1961, Brisbane was a city with no town planning, many unpaved streets, limited water supply and few areas with sewers—relying instead on outhouses or septic tanks. Through the 1960s Jones successfully led the council to develop a town plan, seal roads, improve drainage and connect sewers to most of the city. The city council, under his stewardship, purchased city properties to build underground car parks, which were then topped with public parks and gardens. In the suburbs, land was acquired for open space and parkland. Work started on the development of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha.
In 1968, to considerable public dismay, and some protest, Jones announced that Brisbane's extensive tramway routes would be replaced by diesel buses.
In 1971, Jones chose to promote Brisbane as host city for the 1978 Commonwealth Games. Without support from the Queensland Government and due to a lack of preparation, the bid was unsuccessful. Convinced of the benefits and suitability of Brisbane to host the event, Jones completed a winning bid in 1974 for the next games in 1982.
By 1974, early graves at the South Brisbane and Toowong cemeteries had fallen into disrepair. The Brisbane City Council under Jones' stewardship, wished to convert portions within these cemeteries into parkland. Instructions were given by Jones to the health department to remove untidy graves, resulting in the destruction of at least 2,500 memorials.
After completing his duties as Lord Mayor in 1975, Jones was briefly the curator at the Brisbane Cricket Ground (the Gabba) and even prepared the wicket for a test match. Jones was also appointed chairman of the Darwin Reconstruction Commission in 1975 to guide the rebuilding of the city of Darwin after its near destruction by Cyclone Tracy.
Jones stood for the Labor Party for the state seat of Yeronga in 1972 and, at Gough Whitlam's request, the federal seat of Griffith in 1974 – both unsuccessfully. He was involved in the opposition to the attempted federal takeover of the Queensland State Branch of the Party in the early 1980s, being one of several senior members of the Queensland branch to challenge the takeover in the courts. Briefly expelled for his involvement, he was later reinstated to the party and given life membership in recognition of his achievements in Brisbane.
Jones was also chairman of the Brisbane Strikers, which won the National Soccer League title in 1997.
Jones was a delegate in 1998 to the Australian Constitutional Convention as the head of the Clem Jones Constitutional Republic Team. He favoured the republican model of government in which the head of state is directly elected rather than being chosen by Parliament.
Jones also established FoodBank Queensland in 1995, which helps to fund the school breakfast program.
Personal life
Jones was born in Ipswich, Queensland in 1918. His father was a master at the Anglican Church Grammar School in East Brisbane, Queensland, where Jones was also a student. He displayed an interest in tennis and cricket. Jones went on to attend the University of Queensland, taking a BSc in mathematics and geology. His wife, Sylvia, died in 1999. They had no children.
Honours
Officer (AO) of the Order of Australia in 1976
Queenslander of the Year in 1990
Honorary doctorate from the University of Queensland (1996)
Australian Sports Medal in 2000
Centenary Medal in 2001
Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame (2009)
In popular culture
Prior to the redevelopment of the Brisbane Cricket Ground the grandstand was known as the "Clem Jones Stand".
The nickname of former Australian cricketer Terry Alderman was "Clem", as Clem Jones was both an alderman and a cricket fan
The Clem Jones Tunnel, more commonly known as the Clem 7, was named in his honor and opened in Brisbane in 2010.
The Leukaemia Foundation of Queensland was a beneficiary of the generous support of Clem Jones who made a significant donation to the Foundation in 2005 and as a result the Foundation named their latest Accommodation and Support Village at Coopers Plains in Brisbane in his honour.
Since his death his Estate and Foundation have funded medical research in his name including the Clem Jones Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research at UQ's Queensland Brain Institute, the Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research at Griffith University and the Clem Jones Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine at Bond University. A scholarship has been provided at the University of Queensland - the Clem and Ted Jones Memorial.
See also
List of mayors and lord mayors of Brisbane
References
External links
Woolloongabba Cultural Mapping Oral History, State Library of Queensland (includes Clem Jones recalling his involvement in cricket at the Gabba)
Clem Jones oral history project, State Library of Queensland
1918 births
2007 deaths
Australian republicans
Australian Labor Party mayors
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Brisbane
Officers of the Order of Australia
Delegates to the Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
People educated at Anglican Church Grammar School
20th-century Australian politicians
Q150 Icons
Queensland Greats
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem%20Jones |
Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, phytón = "plant" and γεωγραφία, geographía = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see species distribution) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras. Geobotany, by contrast, focuses on the geographic space's influence on plants.
Fields
Phytogeography is part of a more general science known as biogeography. Phytogeographers are concerned with patterns and process in plant distribution. Most of the major questions and kinds of approaches taken to answer such questions are held in common between phyto- and zoogeographers.
Phytogeography in wider sense (or geobotany, in German literature) encompasses four fields, according with the focused aspect, environment, flora (taxa), vegetation (plant community) and origin, respectively:
plant ecology (or mesology – however, the physiognomic-ecological approach on vegetation and biome study are also generally associated with this field);
plant geography (or phytogeography in strict sense, chorology, floristics);
plant sociology (or phytosociology, synecology – however, this field does not prescind from flora study, as its approach to study vegetation relies upon a fundamental unit, the plant association, which is defined upon flora).
historical plant geography (or paleobotany, paleogeobotany)
Phytogeography is often divided into two main branches: ecological phytogeography and historical phytogeography. The former investigates the role of current day biotic and abiotic interactions in influencing plant distributions; the latter are concerned with historical reconstruction of the origin, dispersal, and extinction of taxa.
Overview
The basic data elements of phytogeography are occurrence records (presence or absence of a species) with operational geographic units such as political units or geographical coordinates. These data are often used to construct phytogeographic provinces (floristic provinces) and elements.
The questions and approaches in phytogeography are largely shared with zoogeography, except zoogeography is concerned with animal distribution rather than plant distribution. The term phytogeography itself suggests a broad meaning. How the term is actually applied by practicing scientists is apparent in the way periodicals use the term. The American Journal of Botany, a monthly primary research journal, frequently publishes a section titled "Systematics, Phytogeography, and Evolution." Topics covered in the American Journal of Botany's "Systematics and Phytogeography" section include phylogeography, distribution of genetic variation and, historical biogeography, and general plant species distribution patterns. Biodiversity patterns are not heavily covered.
A flora is the group of all plant species in a specific period of time or area, in which each species is independent in abundance and relationships to the other species. The group or the flora can be assembled in accordance with floral element, which are based on common features. A flora element can be a genetic element, in which the group of species share similar genetic information i.e. common evolutionary origin; a migration element has a common route of access into a habitat; a historical element is similar to each other in certain past events and an ecological element is grouped based on similar environmental factors. A population is the collection of all interacting individuals of a given species, in an area.
An area is the entire location where a species, an element or an entire flora can occur. Aerography studies the description of that area, chorology studies their development. The local distribution within the area as a whole, as that of a swamp shrub, is the topography of that area. Areas are an important factor is forming an image about how species interaction result in their geography. The nature of an area’s margin, their continuity, their general shape and size relative to other areas, make the study of area crucial in identifying these types of information. For example, a relict area is an area surviving from an earlier and more exclusive occurrence. Mutually exclusive plants are called vicarious (areas containing such plants are also called vicarious). The earth’s surface is divided into floristic region, each region associated with a distinctive flora.
History
Phytogeography has a long history. One of the subjects earliest proponents was Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, who is often referred to as the "father of phytogeography". Von Humboldt advocated a quantitative approach to phytogeography that has characterized modern plant geography.
Gross patterns of the distribution of plants became apparent early on in the study of plant geography. For example, Alfred Russel Wallace, co-discoverer of the principle of natural selection, discussed the Latitudinal gradients in species diversity, a pattern observed in other organisms as well. Much research effort in plant geography has since then been devoted to understanding this pattern and describing it in more detail.
In 1890, the United States Congress passed an act that appropriated funds to send expeditions to discover the geographic distributions of plants (and animals) in the United States. The first of these was The Death Valley Expedition, including Frederick Vernon Coville, Frederick Funston, Clinton Hart Merriam, and others.
Research in plant geography has also been directed to understanding the patterns of adaptation of species to the environment. This is done chiefly by describing geographical patterns of trait/environment relationships. These patterns termed ecogeographical rules when applied to plants represent another area of phytogeography.
Floristic regions
Floristics is a study of the flora of some territory or area. Traditional phytogeography concerns itself largely with floristics and floristic classification,.
China has been a focus to botanist for its rich biota as it holds the record for the earliest known angiosperm megafossil.
See also
Biogeography
Botany
Geobotanical prospecting
indicator value
Species distribution
Zoogeography
Association (ecology)
References
Bibliography
External links
Biogeography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography |
Sidney Feller (December 24, 1916 – February 16, 2006) was an American conductor and arranger, best known for his work with Ray Charles. He worked with Charles on hundreds of songs including Georgia on My Mind and worked as Charles' conductor while on tour. Ray Charles once said of him "if they call me a genius, then Sid Feller is Einstein." [739.ece]
Early career
Feller learned how to play the trumpet while a member of the Boy Scouts of America and also played the piano. He started playing as a member of local bands around New York City in the late 1930s and his career as an arranger started around that time. Feller worked with Jack Teagarden in 1940 before joining the US Army as a musician.
After the war, he worked with Teagarden again before joining Carmen Cavallaro's band in 1949. He joined Capitol Records where he worked as a conductor and arranger. During this period, he worked on records by Elvis Presley, Dean Martin, Peggy Lee, Matt Monro, Mel Tormé, Sandler and Young, Dakota Staton, Donna Hightower, Nancy Wilson and Jackie Gleason.
Feller joined a new record label, ABC-Paramount, in 1955, where he worked with Paul Anka, Eydie Gorme and Steve Lawrence. He also recorded three albums of his own: Music for Expectant Mothers, Music to Break a Lease By and More Music to Break a Lease By.
Work with Ray Charles
Feller met Ray Charles when Charles left Atlantic Records for ABC-Paramount. Their first album together was The Genius Hits the Road featuring "Georgia on My Mind". He also played a significant role in developing Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music. Charles recalled: 'Sid researched the hell out of it and came up with 250 tunes. I picked the ones I liked, and of the ones I picked, they were all new to me except "Bye Bye, Love".' Amongst the songs they recorded was "I Can't Stop Loving You" which would become Charles' biggest hit. Ironically, Feller was skeptical about the market for a pop singer covering country songs. Feller worked with Charles for 30 years, both on record and on tour as a conductor.
Subsequent career
In 1965, Feller moved his wife and 4 children to California where he worked as a freelancer. He was conductor/arranger on Doris Day's The Love Album, recorded in 1967. He worked as the musical arranger for The Flip Wilson Show in the early 1970s and on specials for John Denver, Andy Williams, Sandler and Young and Pat Boone amongst others. He also produced Broadway soundtrack albums. He finally retired after a heart attack in the late 1990s and moved to Ohio to be near one of his daughters.
Feller died in 2006. He was survived by his wife Gert; his daughters Lois, Debbie, and Jane; and son Bill.
References
San Jose Mercury News, "Sidney Feller, produced and arranged Ray Charles hits, dies at 89"
Big Band database
Space Age Pop article on Sid Feller
[ Allmusic.com Sid Feller article]
1916 births
2006 deaths
American record producers
American music arrangers
Orchestra leaders
ABC Records artists
20th-century American musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20Feller |
WVKO-FM (103.1 MHz, "La Mega 103.1") is a Spanish language radio station playing Spanish adult contemporary and some regional Mexican music. WVKO-FM is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to serve the community of Columbus, Ohio. The station was first licensed, as WWWJ, on July 29, 1975.
According to filings with the FCC, the station ceased broadcasting on May 5, 2006 as the license holder was in bankruptcy. In January 2007, the station license was transferred to Bernard Ohio LLC. The FCC granted permission to resume operations on June 19, 2007.
Bernard Radio is a company that operates several radio stations on behalf of the D.B. Zwirn investment fund. The Zwirn hedge fund was attempting to sell off the radio stations in its portfolio in order to terminate the fund.
WVKO-FM and WVKO were sold to TSJ Radio, LLC effective December 19, 2014 at a price of $743,750.
On March 4, 2019, WVKO-FM was sold to Lazo Media LLC.
On-air staff
Marisela Juarez
Gil Garcia
Gustavo Aguilar
References
Further reading
External links
VKO-FM
VKO-FM
Radio stations established in 1975
1975 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVKO-FM |
Wilhelm "Will" Decker (13 December 1899 in Rostock – 1 May 1945 near Berlin) was a German publicist, and in the time of the Third Reich the General Labour Leader.
After his Abitur, he served at the front in 1917-1918 in the First World War and afterwards studied history and Germanistics between 1919 and 1922.
By 1919 he was working as a journalist, and as of 1926, he was a freelance writer. Quite early on, Decker joined the NSDAP and as of 1929 functioned as a Gau speaker. In 1930, he was elected a member of the Reichstag.
From 1931, at the Voluntary Labour Service, Nazi leaders appointed him as "Inspector for Education and Training" in the Reich leadership.
As of 1934, Decker published the Nazi magazine "Volk an der Arbeit", whose content was so well liked by the Nazi leadership that it earned him an appointment as General Labour Leader in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service).
Alongside this, Decker had a teaching job at the University of Berlin, and was appointed an honorary professor in June 1937.
Decker kept publishing many writings having to do with the Labour Service, among them:
1933: "Der deutsche Weg" ("The German Way")
1935: "Die politische Aufgabe des Arbeitsdienstes" ("The Labour Service's Political Function")
1939: "Mit dem Spaten durch Polen" ("With the Spade through Poland")
Will Decker died on 1 May 1945 – the day after Adolf Hitler's death – as he tried to get himself out of Berlin, which by now lay under the Red Army's siege. Whether he killed himself or was wounded is to this day unknown.
1899 births
1945 deaths
People from Rostock
People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
German civilians killed in World War II
Reich Labour Service members
German Army personnel of World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Decker |
Five Hundred Pounds is an album by Canadian rock band Big Sugar, released in 1993 on Hypnotic Records.
Based on Big Sugar's burgeoning reputation as a live band, the album sold 10,000 copies solely by word of mouth before it garnered any significant radio airplay.
In 1995 the album was released in the United States as 500 Pounds, with an alternate album cover and an alternate track listing.
Track listing
"Ride Like Hell" – 4:48
"Standing Around Crying" – 3:56
"I'm a Ram" – 3:31
"Sugar in My Coffee" – 5:12
"All Over Now" – 3:41
"AAA Aardvark Hotel" – 2:13
"How Many Times" – 4:05
"Deliver Me" – 4:16
"Still Waitin'" – 5:31
"Wild Ox Moan" – 5:41
"Ride On" – 6:49
References
1993 albums
Big Sugar (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20Hundred%20Pounds |
Survivors' Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1933:
Modification
The concepts included in the convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C128, Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967.
Ratifications
Prior to it being shelved, the convention was ratified by ten states.
References
External links
Text of the convention
List of countries that ratified the convention
Agricultural insurance
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Agriculture in society
Treaties concluded in 1933
Treaties entered into force in 1949
Agricultural treaties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivors%27%20Insurance%20%28Agriculture%29%20Convention%2C%201933%20%28shelved%29 |
Daniel Charles Kucan (born October 16, 1970) is an American carpenter, artist, interior designer, actor, writer, and television personality on the Emmy Award-winning TV series Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.
Early life
Kucan was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada, and then attended New York University. He has two older brothers, Michael and Joseph. His parents, Ken and Genevieve, worked as public school teachers. He began acting in community and semi-professional theater at the age of 7 and was a member of a theater training conservatory from then until he graduated at the age of 18. After NYU, he toured Japan with a circus type show based on the movies of George Lucas. After which, he returned to New York and worked as a performer until 1999, when he moved to Los Angeles.
Career
Design
After graduating, Kucan moved back to California and became the lead designer for Hollywood's Mortise and Tenon and founded the Raw City Home Lounge design team.
From 2005-2006, Daniel was the resident carpenter on Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, and was known for building in recycled and renewable materials, often resulting in unique compositions of off-beat character.
Subsequently he hosted the Home & Garden Television series "Desperate Spaces" along with Lise Simms.
From 2012 to 2013 he co-hosted the A&E networks "Sell this House: Extreme" along with Tanya Memme.
He has produced television for Bravo, A&E, HGTV, and OWN.
Acting
Daniel appears alongside his brother, Joseph D. Kucan, in Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun, as GDI officer Jake McNeil as well as a series of other characters.
Daniel has appeared in some form in every installment of the Command & Conquer series. In Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath, Daniel appears in a video clip as a GDI general who briefly taunts the player. He also appears in a cutscene of Emperor: Battle for Dune, portraying a Fremen soldier.
In Los Angeles, he has starred in several small independent feature films, including Schooled, as well as made television appearances in guest starring roles. He also appeared alongside Carol Kane at the Geffen theater in the play "He Hunts". He is currently on the board of directors for the Veteran's Center for the Performing Arts.
Kucan appeared on Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura on truTV, where he was enlisted by Ventura as "the resident skeptic."
Writing
Kucan is the author of the novel Full Contact: The Collected Stories. He has also written blogs for his theater company A Public Fit, as well as The Huffington Post, The Discerning Brute, and Mortise & Tenon.
Personal life
He is currently living with his wife and his two dogs in Los Angeles, California, and is an expert in at least two different Chinese martial arts, and occasionally fights competitively.
He is well known in the Los Angeles area as a kickboxing and MMA teacher in various gyms including Equinox.
Daniel Kucan is the brother of video game developer and actor Joseph D. Kucan.
References
1970 births
American interior designers
Living people
People from Las Vegas
American video game actors
American wushu practitioners
American male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing wushu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Kucan |
"When I Get Where I'm Going'" is a song written by George Teren and Rivers Rutherford, and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in October 2005 as second single from his album Time Well Wasted and is his 14th career single (not counting album cuts). The song features harmony vocals from Dolly Parton. The song was Parton's 25th Billboard No. 1 (and her first since 1991's "Rockin' Years"), and Paisley's fifth.
Music video
The video of this song was directed by Jim Shea, and features footage of Paisley singing in a forest, as well as home movies of himself with his grandfather, Warren L. Jarvis. He also holds up photos of himself with Jarvis and his aunt Rita Takach. The video was filmed in Northern California. The extended version of the video ends with Jarvis in a home movie saying "Come on in and rock a while!" and Paisley smiling when he looks up from his guitar playing and sees this. It also features many different people holding photographs of loved ones who have presumably died. Two notable people featured in this video are Michael Reagan, who is shown holding a photograph of his father Ronald Reagan, and Teresa Earnhardt, who is shown sitting in front of a painted portrait of her husband, NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt. Although she does vocals on the song, Dolly Parton is off camera singing in the video. However, she is shown holding a picture of her grandfather, Rev. Jake Owens, who'd died a few years earlier. She kisses her hand then touches the photograph in this scene. Figure Skater Scott Hamilton is shown holding a picture of his mother. John Carter Cash is featured holding a photo of his parents, Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash. Also in the video is Pixar director John Lasseter holding up a picture of co-director and fellow CalArts alumnus Joe Ranft who suddenly died in 2005 in a car accident. Various unknown people hold up photos of relatives who have passed on throughout as well. In 2007, after the Virginia Tech massacre, the last slide was dedicated to those lost with the VT emblem shining brightly. On tour in 2008, Paisley also added a picture of late actor Heath Ledger.
Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a negative rating. He says that Dolly Parton helped "get this song across the finish line" and states that Paisley is "essentially Bob Saget in a cowboy hat." Dan MacIntosh of Country Standard Time was more positive, calling the song a "certified inspirational winner".
Awards
The song was nominated for a Dove Award for Country Recorded Song of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards.
It won 2 Academy of Country Music Awards for Video of the Year, Vocal Event of the Year and was nominated for Song of the Year.
The song also won a Country Music Association Award for Vocal Event of the Year and was nominated for Single and Video of the Year.
Cover versions
This song was covered by contemporary Christian music artist Geoff Moore in 2007 on his album Speak to Me. Moore's version was a Top 15 hit on the Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian Adult Contemporary charts. In 2007, Christian contemporary trio 33Miles covered "When I Get Where I'm Going" on their self titled debut album. This song was also covered by Susie McEntire on her latest album Passages in 2010. In 2015, Chris Crump and Krista Hughes make a song choice selected covered the battle song in The Voice (U.S. season 9).
Chart performance
Brad Paisley and Dolly Parton version
The song debuted at number 50 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week ending October 8, 2005. It has sold 1,021,000 digital copies in the US as of October 2015.
Year-end charts
Geoff Moore version
Certifications
References
External links
"When I Get Where I'm Going" lyrics at Dolly Parton On-Line
Reuters Music Article
2005 singles
Brad Paisley songs
Dolly Parton songs
Geoff Moore songs
Male–female vocal duets
Songs written by George Teren
Songs written by Rivers Rutherford
Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers (record producer)
Arista Nashville singles
2005 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20I%20Get%20Where%20I%27m%20Going |
One to Grow On is an educational public service announcement that broadcast during NBC's Saturday morning line-up from 1983 to 1989, when the network ran cartoons. The name is taken from the custom of putting an extra candle on a birthday cake as "one to grow on". One to Grow On focused on ethical and personal safety dilemmas and attempted to teach viewers how to solve them. The public service announcement appeared immediately after the end credits of NBC cartoons, such as ABC did with Schoolhouse Rock! and CBS with In the News.
The public service announcements began with an animated sequence that leads into an animated TV on which an actor appears. After the actors introduced themselves (which, until 1986, was followed by a 30-second commercial), live-action sequences followed, in which a child faced an ethical dilemma. One to Grow On then cut back to the actor, who explained to the viewer how to solve the problem. The child then either had to own up to the consequences of the action or make an effort to rectify the situation. The actor ended the segment by saying, "And that's One to Grow On."
One to Grown On received an Emmy Award in 1987. The programming segment was replaced by The More You Know in September 1989.
Segment hosts
The segments were hosted by the stars of NBC primetime series, including from:
227: Marla Gibbs and Jackée Harry
A Different World: Kadeem Hardison
Amazing Stories: Kristine Blackburn
Diff'rent Strokes: Todd Bridges
Family Ties: Michael J. Fox, Michael Gross, Justine Bateman and Tina Yothers
Highway to Heaven: Michael Landon
Knight Rider: David Hasselhoff
Miami Vice: Michael Talbott
Night Court: Richard Moll
Punky Brewster: Soleil Moon Frye and Cherie Johnson
Real People: Bryon Allen and Sarah Purcell
Riptide: Perry King and Thom Bray
Silver Spoons: Rick Schroder, Alfonso Ribeiro and Joel Higgins
The A-Team: Mr. T and Dwight Schultz
The Cosby Show: Malcolm-Jamal Warner and Tempestt Bledsoe
The Facts of Life: Kim Fields, Nancy McKeon, Lisa Whelchel, and Charlotte Rae
The Golden Girls: Estelle Getty and Betty White
Valerie: Valerie Harper and Jason Bateman
Although many of the celebrities featured were from sitcoms or shows that kids were familiar with, René Enríquez from the adult-oriented prime time show Hill Street Blues also hosted a segment specifically on how children should not be watching his TV show since it was broadcast too late, past a typical child's bedtime on a school night. Another special move was when pro athlete Ozzie Smith hosted a segment which revolved around the issue of usage of snuff, where Smith explained in his segment that he is not a user of snuff and it has nothing to do at all with baseball playing ability or the "image of the big leagues", and then-First Lady Nancy Reagan likewise hosted a 1986 segment encouraging kids to "Just Say No" to drugs and alcohol. A few segments featured a young Jaleel White as one of the child actors.
References
External links
1983 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
Public service announcements of the United States
NBC original programming
English-language television shows
1983 neologisms
American advertising slogans
Interstitial television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20to%20Grow%20On |
Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors' Benefits Convention, 1967 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1967, with the preamble stating:
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the revision of the Old-Age Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933, the Old-Age Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933, the Invalidity Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933, the Invalidity Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933, the Survivors' Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933, and the Survivors' Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933,...
Modification
The convention is a revision of:
Convention C35 – Old-Age Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933 (shelved).
Convention C36 – Old-Age Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933 (shelved).
Convention C37 – Invalidity Insurance (Industry, etc.) Convention, 1933 (shelved).
Convention C38 – Invalidity Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933 (shelved).
Convention C40 – Survivors' Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1933 (shelved).
Ratifications
As of 2023, the convention has been ratified by 17 states.
References
External links
Text.
List
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Disability law
Retirement
Treaties concluded in 1967
Treaties entered into force in 1969
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
1967 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invalidity%2C%20Old-Age%20and%20Survivors%27%20Benefits%20Convention%2C%201967 |
The 6th Micronesian Games were held on Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands from June 23-July 2, 2006. The Games featured competition in 15 different sports/disciplines.
In February 2006, the Games were canceled by the Governor of the Northern Marianas, Benigno R. Fitial, due to a financial crisis and a lack of planning. However, after pleas from athletes, coaches and parents, and the creation of a financial plan, the Games were allowed to go on.
On June 23, 2006, the games were officially opened by the Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands, Benigno R. Fitial. The torch lighter was swimmer Xenavee Torwal.
Participating countries
Sports
Slow Pitch Softball was withdrawn.
Athletics
Baseball
Basketball
Beach Volleyball
Fast Pitch Softball
Golf
Micro All Around
Spearfishing
Swimming
Table Tennis
Tennis
Triathlon
Va'a Canoe
Volleyball
Wrestling
Overall medal standings
References
External links
Official site
Results
2006 Micronesian Games webpage
2006 in multi-sport events
2006 in Northern Mariana Islands sports
2006
2006 in Oceanian sport
International sports competitions hosted by the Northern Mariana Islands
June 2006 sports events in Oceania
July 2006 sports events in Oceania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Micronesian%20Games |
Broadspectrum, formerly known as Transfield Services, was an Australian and New Zealand company that provided infrastructure maintenance services. Formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange, and later owned by Ferrovial, it was then acquired by Ventia who integrated Broadspectrum alongside Visionstream.
Overview
Broadspectrum operated across diverse industries, including property and facilities management, defence, transport (including road, rail and public transport), utilities (including water, power, and telecommunications), and mining and chemical processing and hydrocarbons. Its clients included major national and international companies, as well as all levels of government.
History
In May 2001, Transfield Holdings spun-off its maintenance contracting division along with power, transportation and water assets and listed it on the Australian Securities Exchange as Transfield Services. Transfield Holdings had an initial 45% shareholding.
In July 2004, Transfield Services acquired the New Zealand operations of Serco. In February 2005, Transfield Services purchased instrumentation, electrical and mechanical service group Broadspectrum. In June 2007, Transfield Services Infrastructure Fund (that later became RATCH-Australia) was spun-off, comprising seven former Transfield Services power station and water storage assets.
In December 2010, well-servicing business Easternwell was purchased. Easternwell provides services to the mining, oil and gas and infrastructure sectors in Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. In July 2011 Transfield Services sold its North American based facilities management business USM to Emcor for US$255 million, and also announced the sell down of 80 percent of its share in the Transfield Services Infrastructure Fund to Ratchaburi Australia, a subsidiary of Thai company Ratchaburi Electricity General.
In October 2012, Transfield Services was contracted to manage the Australian government's offshore immigration detention centre on Nauru. In March 2014, following the death of Iranian asylum seeker Reza Barati, it took over the running of the detention centre on Manus Island from G4S. A group of artists participating in the Sydney Biennale that year threatened a boycott of the festival (whose chairman was Luca Belgiorno-Nettis, managing director of Transfield Holdings) unless the festival ended a sponsorship deal with Transfield. Belgiorno-Nettis resigned his chairmanship of the Biennale.
In September 2014, ahead of a review established by immigration minister Scott Morrison, Transfield Holdings sold its remaining shareholding in Transfield Services, marking the end of its involvement. In November 2015 Transfield Services was rebranded as Broadspectrum after Transfield Holdings gave 12 months notice of termination of the right to use the name Transfield and logo.
Having made an unsuccessful takeover attempt in 2014, in May 2016 Ferrovial acquired the business. In December 2019, Ferrovial agreed terms to sell the business to Ventia. The transaction was completed in June 2020 after being cleared by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission.
Transport operations
Between 1999 and 2010, Transield Services held a 50% shareholding with Transdev in Transdev TSL that operated bus services in Sydney (Shorelink), ferry services in Brisbane (TransdevTSL Brisbane Ferries) and tram services in Melbourne (Yarra Trams). Transfield Services again partnered with Transdev to operate Harbour City Ferries from 2012 until 2016. From 2011 until 2018, Transfield Services also operated bus services in its own right under contract to the Department of Planning, Transport & Infrastructure in Adelaide (Light-City Buses).
Controversy
The appointment of Transfield Services to provide welfare services at the detention centres on Manus and Nauru was criticised by refugee advocacy groups on the grounds that the duty to shareholders conflicted with the interests of asylum seekers. In February 2014, this led to calls for an artist and audience boycott of the 19th Biennale of Sydney, which Transfield Services supported through the Transfield Foundation, providing approximately six per cent of the Biennale's total funding. Following protests and widespread criticism on social media, Executive Director of Transfield Holdings Luca Belgiono-Nettis subsequently resigned from his position as Chairman of the Biennale Board, and the Biennale severed its 41-year sponsorship relationship with Transfield Holdings. This decision itself led to debate, with boycott organisers saying the boycott was successful, while their opponents claimed it had jeopardised the future of corporations and businesses funding the arts in Australia.
References
2001 establishments in Australia
Companies based in Sydney
Companies formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Ferrovial | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadspectrum |
Fee-Charging Employment Agencies Convention (Revised), 1949 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1949, with the preamble stating:
Modification
The convention is a revision of ILO Convention C34, Fee-Charging Employment Agencies Convention, 1933 (shelved).
Ratifications
As of 2023, the convention has been ratified by 42 states. Of the ratifying states, 20 have subsequently denounced the convention, some by an automatic process that denounces the 1949 convention when another superseding convention is ratified by the same state.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Employment agencies
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties entered into force in 1951
Treaties concluded in 1949
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Bangladesh
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
Treaties of Eswatini
Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–1963)
Treaties of Turkey
1949 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee-Charging%20Employment%20Agencies%20Convention%20%28Revised%29%2C%201949 |
Hit & Run is a greatest hits album by the Canadian rock band Big Sugar, released in 2003.
The album comprises two discs. The first, Hit, compiles the studio versions of the band's singles, along with three previously unreleased songs. The second, Run, is a live concert performance by the band.
Track listing
Hit
Run
"Goodbye Train / Hammer in My Hand"
"Skull Ring / Joe Louis / Nashville Grass"
"I'm a Ram / Rambo"
"Groundhog Day / Armagideon Time"
"Where I Stand / In My Time of Dying"
References
Big Sugar (band) albums
2003 live albums
2003 greatest hits albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit%20%26%20Run%20%28Big%20Sugar%20album%29 |
Fred Akers (March 17, 1938 – December 7, 2020) was an American college football player and coach. He served as head football coach at the University of Wyoming (1975–1976), the University of Texas at Austin (1977–1986), and Purdue University (1987–1990), compiling a career college football record of 108–75–3.
Coaching career
Akers' notable accomplishments as head coach at Texas include national title chances in 1977 and 1983. In both of those years, Texas went undefeated in the regular season only to lose in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Akers coached Earl Campbell in his Heisman Trophy-winning 1977 season.
Akers received criticism from those who believed he failed to match the standard set by previous head coach Darrell Royal. Twice in his tenure was the team undefeated and ranked in the top 2 of the AP Poll and twice they lost in the ensuing bowl game. However, much of that was mitigated by an impressive overall record and a winning mark against Barry Switzer of the Oklahoma Sooners, who was 3–0–1 against Texas before Akers came along. However, in Akers' last five years he struggled against Oklahoma, going 1–3–1, and against Texas A&M, losing his last three games to the Aggies by an average margin of 23 points. Akers drew ire from the Texas faithful for losing bowl games at the end of four consecutive seasons (1982–1985). During his tenure in 1978, Akers was lampooned by future Bloom County creator Berke Breathed, whose student strip The Academia Waltz appeared in the school newspaper.
In 1986, after notching Texas' first losing record in 30 years, Akers left to become the head football coach at Purdue University, replacing Leon Burtnett. The Akers' hiring caused starting quarterback Jeff George to transfer, due to Akers' running style offense as compared to Burtnett's passing offense. At Purdue, Akers was not nearly as successful as he had been at Texas; his teams only won 12 games in four years, and after the worst season in Purdue's history in 1990 amidst discipline problems, Akers was asked to resign. Akers was rumored as a candidate for the Baylor University job in 1993, that ultimately went to Chuck Reedy, but the Purdue post proved to be his final college coaching post.
In 1999, Akers served as head coach of the Shreveport Knights in the short-lived professional Regional Football League.
Personal life
Akers was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. In August 2008, Akers lived in Horseshoe Bay, Texas. Fred Akers died on December 7, 2020. He was 82 years old.
Head coaching record
College
RFL
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
Purdue Boilermakers football coaches
Texas Longhorns football coaches
Wyoming Cowboys football coaches
High school football coaches in Texas
People from Blytheville, Arkansas
People from Horseshoe Bay, Texas
Coaches of American football from Arkansas
Players of American football from Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Akers |
Kitsilano Secondary School is a public secondary school in the Kitsilano neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The school has several district programs including French immersion and on-site pre-employment. Advanced Placement courses are also offered.
The school
The first students selected royal blue and gold as the school colours, based on those at Aberdeen University (the Alma Mater of one of their teachers); the first Latin classes chose "Fiat Lux" (Let there be light) as the school motto. The original school crest was designed by Mr. S. P. Judge, the first art teacher at Kitsilano, and although the crest has undergone some slight changes over the decades, it still proudly displays the colours and motto.
The school is particularly well known for the numerous television and film productions which have been filmed there. Disturbing Behavior, Big Bully, Anything for Love, The Santa Claus 2, 21 Jump Street, and Party of Five used Kitsilano as a filming location. The school also counts a number of former alumni who went on to careers in film and television, notably Ryan Reynolds and Joshua Jackson.
The school song "Hail Kitsilano" was composed in 1936 by Mr. Ivor Parfitt.
The school's mission statement is:
"Kitsilano
A place where you find
Safety, energy, respect
Passion for Learning!
Fiat Lux!"
The main foyer is home to a portrait of Chief August Jack Khahtsahlano, the school's namesake. The auditorium houses a Tanu totem pole, carved by Don Yeomans in 1986 in honour of Vancouver's centennial anniversary.
Kits sports
In addition to its distinguished academic record, Kitsilano has been highly successful in a number of sports, most prominently, basketball, rugby, soccer, ice-hockey, and cheer. It won provincial basketball championships in 1997, were the City and District Champions and went to the Provincial finals in 1977, and more recently the HSBC Vancouver basketball tournament in 2007. In addition, the Kits cheerleading team went to the world championships held at the ESPN World Wide Sports Centre in Florida in 2017 and 2018.
Concluding the 2020-2021 school year, the Kitsilano Athletics department shifted away from the "Blue Demon" name and logo toward a culturally appropriate new name and logo.
History and facilities
Kitsilano Secondary School was founded in 1917, when overflow classes from King Edward High School were moved to Cecil Rhodes School. The first temporary wooden structures for the new school were built in 1920 at Trafalgar and 12th Avenue. The current building was designed by Vancouver VSB staff architect Frank A.A. Barrs and opened in 1927. In 1958, a Modernist-style addition designed by school architect Allan B. Wilson was added to the south side of the original building. In 1973 a single storey concrete structure was added on the southeast corner of the site.
In 2010 the school board approved a concept plan for the seismic upgrades to the facility. In October 2011 the provincial government announced a $57.8 million restoration project that will include seismic upgrades and new construction meeting Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Standards. In 2012 three design-build partners, each comprising a general contractor and an architectural firm, were shortlisted for the project. In August 2013 it was announced that the Bouygues Building Canada team were selected to design and build the renovation and expansion.
Construction began on the south east corner in 2014. This involved the removal of the tennis and volleyball courts. The new academic wing was completed in the summer of 2015 and the school's renovations were finished by fall 2017.
Incidents
On April 5, 2013 students, parents and staff were informed that an incident involving two students and a staff member may have occurred during a school trip two years earlier. The teacher involved was placed on paid leave. Neither the Vancouver School Board or Vancouver Police Department will discuss the specifics of the allegations. No charges have ever been filed.
On January 31, 2018 a groping incident between students occurred at a school dance. The incident was under investigation as of February 3, 2018 according to a Vancouver School Board spokesman. Parents were also informed by administration about the incident.
Notable alumni
Kathleen Heddle, Olympic rower, 3-time Gold medallist
Josh Holmes, Video game designer
Joshua Jackson, actor
Levon Kendall, professional basketball player
Boris Malagurski, film director, producer, writer, political commentator, and television host
Justin Mensah-Coker, professional rugby player, currently playing with Plymouth Albion R.F.C. (UK)
Ryan Reynolds, television/movie star
Sarah Strange, television/movie actor
Julian Clarke, film editor, specifically nominated for a Academy Award for his role editing the movie District 9
References
External links
School history webpage
Kitsilano SS renewal project
Kitsilano SS renewal project schedule
Canada's Historic Places, Kitsilano Secondary School webpage
Kitsilano Secondary School Alumni Association
1918 establishments in British Columbia
Educational institutions established in 1918
French-language schools in British Columbia
High schools in Vancouver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsilano%20Secondary%20School |
The Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions (TDFI) is a Cabinet-level agency within Tennessee state government, currently led by Greg Gonzales, Commissioner of Financial Institutions. The department is responsible for regulating Tennessee's banking system, including state-chartered banks and credit unions, and handling consumer complaints involving state regulated financial institutions. The department is divided into the Administrative/Legal Division, Bank Division, Compliance Division, Consumer Resources Division, and the Credit Union Division - each of which is led by an Assistant Commissioner.
The Banking Department, created in 1913, was headed by the Superintendent of Banks when it was first established, ten years later credit unions were added to its responsibilities. Over the next eighty-five years, the department made a final name change and increased regulatory responsibilities to cover trust companies, licensed business and industrial development corporations (BIDCOs), industrial loan and thrift offices, insurance premium finance companies, mortgage companies, check cashers, deferred presentment services companies, money transmitters, and title loan companies.
See also
Tennessee Department of Revenue
External links
The website of the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions
State of Tennessee Blue Book
An article from Governor Phil Bredesen's website on the appointment of Greg Gonzales
State agencies of Tennessee
Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Department%20of%20Financial%20Institutions |
The Moscow Mathematical Journal (MMJ) is a mathematics journal published quarterly by the Independent University of Moscow and the HSE Faculty of Mathematics and distributed by the American Mathematical Society. The journal published its first issue in 2001. Its editors-in-chief are Yulij Ilyashenko (Independent University of Moscow and Cornell University), Michael Tsfasman (Independent University of Moscow and Aix-Marseille University), and Sabir Gusein-Zade (Moscow State University and the Independent University of Moscow).
External links
Academic journals established in 2001
Mathematics journals
Higher School of Economics academic journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow%20Mathematical%20Journal |
Kirsten Emmelmann ( Siemon; born 19 April 1961 in Warnemünde, Bezirk Rostock) is a German former track and field athlete who represented East Germany in the 1980s in the 400 meter sprint. Her biggest success came as a member of the 4 × 400 meter relay: in 1987 she was world champion, and at the 1988 Summer Olympics her team was third. Her biggest individual success came at the World athletics championship in 1987 when she was third.
Results
1982, European Championship: 1st place with the 4 × 400 meter relay (under the name Kirsten Siemon; World record: 3:19.05 min, with Sabine Busch, Marita Koch und Dagmar Neubauer-Rübsam)
1986, European championship: 4th place in the 400 meter (50.43 s); 1st place with the 4 × 400 meter relay (3:16.87 min, with Sabine Busch, Petra Müller, Marita Koch)
1987, World championship: 3rd place in the 400 meter (50.20 s); 1st place in the 4 × 400 meter relay (3:18.63 min, with Sabine Busch, Dagmar Neubauer and Petra Müller)
1988, Olympic Games: 3rd place in the 4 × 400 meter relay (3:18.29 min, with Sabine Busch, Dagmar Neubauer and Petra Müller)
Emmelmann represented sport club Empor Rostock (trainer Wolfgang Meier) and after she got married she went to sport club Magdeburg (trainer Klaus Wübbenhorst). During her sporting career she was 1.73 meters tall and weighed 63 kilograms. She was married in 1984 to Frank Emmelmann, a 100-meter sprinter. After the end of her career she worked in a sporting goods store.
References
1961 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rostock
People from Bezirk Rostock
East German female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for East Germany
Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze
World Athletics Championships winners
Olympic female sprinters
SC Empor Rostock athletes
Competitors at the 1984 Friendship Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten%20Emmelmann |
Kirk Samuel Penney (born 23 November 1980) is a New Zealand professional basketball player. He played four years of college basketball for the Wisconsin Badgers between 1999 and 2003, where he was twice named first-team all-conference and an all-American. He became the second New Zealander in the NBA when he appeared briefly for the Miami Heat in 2003 and the Los Angeles Clippers in 2005, and went on to play professionally in Spain, the NBA Development League, Israel, Lithuania, Germany and Turkey. He also played six seasons for the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian National Basketball League (NBL). He was named the NBL MVP in 2009 and won an NBL championship with the Breakers in 2011.
Penney represented New Zealand at the Sydney and Athens Olympics and averaged 16.9 points at the World Championships at Indianapolis in 2002 and 24.7 points at the World Championships at Turkey in 2010.
Early life
Born in the Auckland suburb of Milford, Penney attended Westlake Boys High School and played junior basketball for the North Harbour Basketball Association, joining their New Zealand NBL team, the North Harbour Kings, in 1998 as a 17-year-old. He earned NZNBL Rookie of the Year honours that year and helped the Kings reach the grand final. He also played for the Kings in 1999 and 2000.
College career
As a freshman playing for the Wisconsin Badgers during the 1999–2000 season, Penney had a minimal role under coach Dick Bennett, but still helped his team reach the NCAA Final Four while averaging 3.7 points and 1.4 rebounds in 34 games. As a sophomore in 2000–01, he averaged 11.2 points per game and was the second-leading scorer on the team.
As a junior in 2001–02 playing for coach Bo Ryan, Penney was the team's leading scorer. He averaged 15.1 points and 4.9 rebounds per game while shooting 45.4 percent from the field and teamed with point guard Devin Harris to guide the Badgers to a share of the Big Ten title. Penney subsequently earned first-team All-Big Ten honours in 2001–02.
As a senior in 2002–03, Penney was again the team's leading scorer. He averaged 16.2 points and was second on the team with 6.0 rebounds per game, as Wisconsin won the Big Ten regular-season title outright. For his senior-year efforts, Penney earned first-team All-Big Ten honours again and was named an honorable mention All-American. His 217 career three-point field goals made ranks third in program history.
Professional career
NBA and Europe (2003–2007)
Penney was not drafted in the star-studded 2003 NBA draft but joined the Minnesota Timberwolves in July that year for the Orlando Pro Summer League where he led the league in three-point shooting. On 1 September 2003, he signed with the Timberwolves, but did not make the team's final roster as he was waived on 23 October prior to the start of the 2003–04 NBA season. On 3 November, he signed with the Miami Heat and made his NBA debut that same day, scoring three points in 14 minutes of action against the Dallas Mavericks. Penney became the second New Zealander (after Sean Marks) to play in the NBA. The following day, he made his second appearance for the Heat, but record no stats in just four minutes of action against the San Antonio Spurs. On 7 November, he was waived by the Heat after the team signed Tyrone Hill instead.
Following his release from the Heat, Penney moved to Spain and signed with Gran Canaria for the rest of the 2003–04 season. In 24 Liga ACB games for Canaria, he averaged 10.6 points and 2.1 rebounds per game.
In July 2004, Penney joined the Minnesota Timberwolves for the Minnesota Summer League in Minneapolis, and the Chicago Bulls for the Rocky Mountain Revenue in Salt Lake City. On 4 November 2004, he was selected with the sixth overall pick in the 2004 NBA Development League Draft by the Asheville Altitude. He had an impressive start to the 2004–05 season and earned himself an NBA call-up. On 26 December 2004, he signed with the Los Angeles Clippers. He appeared in four games for the Clippers and scored just two points. He was waived by the Clippers on 3 January 2005 and returned to the Asheville Altitude to play out the season and help the team win the 2005 NBA D-League championship.
On 5 August 2005, Penney signed a two-year deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. He was used sparingly as a shooter off the bench and helped Maccabi qualify for the Euroleague Final Four, eventually losing to CSKA Moscow in the final. Maccabi did, however, win the 2006 Premier League championship. In 19 Euroleague games for Maccabi in 2005–06, Penney averaged 3.3 points per game.
In October 2006, Penney signed with Žalgiris Kaunas as an injury replacement for Marcelinho Machado. After Žalgiris won the Lithuanian Basketball League Cup, Penney parted ways with Žalgiris. On 16 February 2007, he signed with ALBA Berlin of Germany for the rest of the 2006–07 season.
New Zealand Breakers (2007–2010)
In June 2007, Penney signed with the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian National Basketball League. Penney's addition to the previously unsuccessful Breakers proved to be the tonic for the Breakers success, with the team qualifying for their first ever finals series, before eventually finishing in sixth position overall in 2007–08. Individually, Penney was the league's third leading scorer, averaging 24.2 points, 4.8 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 1.3 steals over 31 games, was a starter for the World All-Stars team, and was named to the All-NBL first team.
In the 2008–09 season, Penney led the league in scoring and was the first Kiwi player ever to be named in the All-NBL first team for consecutive seasons. He took home the Andrew Gaze MVP trophy for leading the Breakers to their best season ever, averaging 24.2 points, 4.4 rebounds and 2.8 assists over 28 games, making Penney the first Kiwi to be honoured with the award.
On 21 January 2010, Penney scored a career-high 49 points in a 103–89 win over the Adelaide 36ers in Auckland. During the 2009–10 season, he was once again named to the All-NBL first team.
Skyforce and Spurs (2010)
Following the conclusion of the 2009–10 NBL season, Penney returned to the United States, and on 24 March 2010, he was acquired by the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the NBA Development League. In just his second game for the Skyforce, he scored a game-high 31 points on 12-of-17 shooting from the field, adding four rebounds, three assists and a steal in 43 minutes of game time in a 113–104 win over the Springfield Armor. In the Skyforce's final game of the regular season, he scored 40 points in a win over the Bakersfield Jam. The Skyforce made it to the first round of the playoffs where they lost to the Tulsa 66ers 2–1 in the best-of-three series. In seven total games for the Skyforce, he averaged 22.7 points, 4.4 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.4 steals per game.
On 28 September 2010, Penney signed with the San Antonio Spurs. However, he was later waived by the Spurs on 11 October after appearing in one preseason game and scoring 9 points.
First NBL Championship (2010–11)
On 26 October 2010, Penney returned to the New Zealand Breakers for the 2010–11 NBL season. For the first three games of the season, Leon Henry filled in for Penney, but upon his return, Henry was swiftly moved out of the 10-man roster. In 2010–11, Penney led the Breakers to their first NBL championship as they defeated the Cairns Taipans in the grand final series, 2–1. He was again named to the All-NBL first team after averaging 20.0 points, 4.0 rebounds and 2.3 assists per game.
Return to Europe (2011–2015)
On 29 July 2011, Penney signed with Baloncesto Fuenlabrada of Spain for the 2011–12 season. During the 2011–12 ACB season, Penney was the fifth leading points scorer with 14.4 points per game.
In July 2012, Penney signed with TED Ankara Kolejliler of Turkey for the 2012–13 season. During the 2012–13 TBL season, Penney was the league's third leading points scorer with 18.3 points per game, hitting over 46% of his three-point shots.
In August 2013, Penney signed with Trabzonspor for the 2013–14 season.
In mid-2014, Penney returned to the University of Wisconsin to finish off his degree. On 26 January 2015, he signed with Baloncesto Sevilla of the Spanish Liga ACB. In 16 games for Sevilla, he averaged 11.3 points, 3.3 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game.
Illawarra Hawks (2015–2016)
On 27 July 2015, Penney signed with the Illawarra Hawks for the 2015–16 NBL season. In just the third game of the season on 14 October, he scored a season-high 36 points in a 96–75 win over his former team, the New Zealand Breakers. He didn't miss a game for the Hawks over the team's first 22 contests before a hamstring injury suffered on 17 January 2016 against the Breakers forced him to miss four straight games. He returned to action on 6 February, scoring 28 points in a 104–97 overtime win over the Townsville Crocodiles. He helped the Hawks finish the regular season in third place with a 17–11 win–loss record, booking themselves a semi-final clash with the second-seeded Perth Wildcats. After losing Game 1 in Perth, the Hawks took Game 2 at home to save the series, but went on to lose the deciding Game 3 in Perth, bowing out of the playoffs with a 2–1 defeat. In 27 games for the Hawks in 2015–16, Penney averaged 20.4 points, 3.0 rebounds and 3.1 assists per game.
Return to the Breakers (2016–2018)
On 12 April 2016, Penney signed a three-year deal with the New Zealand Breakers. On 7 October 2016, he played in his first game for the Breakers since 2011, scoring nine points in a 76–71 season-opening win over Melbourne United. On 29 October 2016, he scored 27 points in a 119–93 win over the Adelaide 36ers. On 6 November 2016, he scored 30 points in an 86–70 win over the Brisbane Bullets. He appeared in all 28 games for the Breakers in 2016–17, averaging 17.3 points, 3.4 rebounds and 2.4 assists per game.
The Breakers started the 2017–18 season with a 9–1 record, before dropping to 9–3 with two Round 8 defeats. In the second defeat of Round 8, Penney was held scoreless for the first time in his 174-game NBL career. On 15 December 2017, against the Adelaide 36ers in Auckland, Penney played his 150th game for the Breakers. The Breakers finished the regular season in fourth place with a 15–13 record. On 22 February 2018, with finals only a week away, Penney announced his decision to retire at the end of the 2017–18 season. His final game came in the Breakers season-ending loss to Melbourne United in Game 2 of their semi-finals series; in the 88–86 overtime loss, Penney had 17 points off the bench. In 22 games in 2017–18, he averaged 10.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.
Auckland Tuatara (2022)
In August 2022, Penney came out of retirement to play for the Auckland Tuatara of the New Zealand NBL in their final regular season game of the 2022 season.
Career statistics
NBA
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Miami
| 2 || 0 || 9.0 || .167 || .333 || .000 || .5 || .5 || .5 || .0 || 1.5
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | L.A. Clippers
| 4 || 0 || 3.0 || .333 || .000 || .000 || .4 || .3 || .0 || .0 || .5
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 6 || 0 || 5.0 || .222 || .250 || .000 || .3 || .3 || .2|| .0 || .8
Euroleague
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2005–06
| style="text-align:left;"| Maccabi Tel Aviv
| 19 || 0 || 7.3 || .588 || .478 || .714 || .8 || .1 || .2 || .0 || 3.3 || 2.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2006–07
| style="text-align:left;"| Žalgiris
| 13 || 2 || 18.5 || .514 || .452 || .500 || 2.0 || .8 || .2 || .0 || 7.4 || 5.2
National team career
Penney debuted for the New Zealand national basketball team in 1999 at the age of 18, going on to represent the Tall Blacks at two Olympic Games (in 2000 and 2004) and four world championships (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014).
Penney was part of the Tall Blacks' memorable 2002 World Championships campaign as they surprisingly finished fourth. Penney averaged 16.9 points per game and hit 45.5% of his three-point shots.
Penney led New Zealand to victory in the 2009 FIBA Oceania Championship, beating Australia 177–162 on aggregate, after the two-match tie was drawn 1–1. Penney was influential in both games, with 23 points and 4 assists in Game 1, and a 24 points, 7 rebounds and 10 assists in Game 2, thus winning the Al Ramsay Shield.
In the 2010 World Championships in Turkey, Penney was the second leading scorer with 24.7 points per game. New Zealand also went through to the elimination rounds with a 3–2 record.
Penney participated for New Zealand at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup in Spain and averaged 10.8 points and 4.5 rebounds in six games.
In May 2016, Penney retired from international basketball after a career spanning 15 years (1999–2014).
In May 2022, Penney was inducted into the Basketball New Zealand Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Penney is the brother of Rodd Penney, who is also a professional sportsman, and has played Rugby Union in New Zealand, England and Italy. Penney and his wife, Audra, have a daughter named Olivia.
During the 2019–20 U.S. college season, Penney served as director of player development and coaching staff consultant at the University of Virginia.
Awards and achievements
Individual achievements
1998 New Zealand NBL Rookie of the Year
1999 New Zealand NBL Outstanding Kiwi Guard
2001–02 First Team All-Big Ten
2002–03 First Team All-Big Ten
2002–03 Honorable Mention All-American
2006–07 Baltic Basketball League All-Star
2007–08 All-NBL First Team
2008–09 All-NBL First Team
2008–09 Australian NBL MVP
2009–10 All-NBL First Team
2010–11 All-NBL First Team
2011 Stanković Cup MVP
2012–13 TBL All-Star
2012–13 TBL Three-Point Shootout champion
2013–14 TBL All-Star
2013–14 TBL Three-Point Shootout champion
2015–16 All-NBL Second Team
Team achievements
2001–02 Big Ten Champions (Wisconsin)
2002–03 Big Ten Champions (Wisconsin)
2004–05 NBA Development League Champions (Asheville Altitude)
2005–06 Israeli Basketball Premier League Champions (Maccabi Tel Aviv)
2005–06 Israeli Basketball State Cup Champions (Maccabi Tel Aviv)
2006–07 Lithuanian Basketball League Cup Champions (Žalgiris Kaunas)
2010–11 Australian NBL Champions (New Zealand Breakers)
New Zealand national team
2000 William Jones Cup Champions
2000 Olympic Games, 11th place
2001 Goodwill Games
2002 FIBA World Championship, 4th place
2004 Olympic Games
2006 FIBA World Championship, 16th place
2007 Stanković Cup
2008 FIBA Olympic Qualifying Tournament
2009 FIBA Oceania Championship, 1st place (Gold)
2010 FIBA World Championship, 12th place
2011 Stanković Cup, 1st place (Gold)
2014 FIBA World Championship
References
External links
Illawarra Hawks player profile
NBA D-League profile
Wisconsin bio
Euroleague.net profile
Spanish ACB profile
FIBA.com profile
TBLStat.net profile
Basketball New Zealand profile
"The mysterious case of Kirk Penney's 'possible' NBL fairytale comeback with Tuatara" at stuff.co.nz
1980 births
Living people
2002 FIBA World Championship players
2006 FIBA World Championship players
2010 FIBA World Championship players
2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
Alba Berlin players
Asheville Altitude players
Baloncesto Fuenlabrada players
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Auckland
BC Žalgiris players
CB Gran Canaria players
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
Illawarra Hawks players
Israeli Basketball Premier League players
Liga ACB players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players
Miami Heat players
National Basketball Association players from New Zealand
New Zealand Breakers players
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in Australia
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in Germany
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in Israel
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in Lithuania
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in Spain
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in Turkey
New Zealand expatriate basketball people in the United States
New Zealand men's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for New Zealand
People educated at Westlake Boys High School
Real Betis Baloncesto players
Shooting guards
Sioux Falls Skyforce players
Small forwards
TED Ankara Kolejliler players
Trabzonspor B.K. players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%20Penney |
Fair Park Coliseum was a 7,200-seat, covered, open-sided, multi-purpose arena in Beaumont, Texas. It hosted local sporting events and concerts. It was opened in 1978. At the time of its opening the Fair Park Coliseum was the primary concert venue in the Beaumont area; within a decade, however, demand for concert tickets proved so high that the much larger Montagne Center was built in 1984, only six years after the Coliseum had opened. The Coliseum would then become the Beaumont home of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, Disney on Ice, and Champions on Ice until Ford Arena was built. After significant damage to the coliseum from Hurricane Rita and acquisition of the surrounding property by the Beaumont Housing Authority, the coliseum was demolished. The City of Beaumont awarded a contract for demolition on November 6, 2007.
See also
Beaumont Civic Center
Ford Arena
Ford Park
Montagne Center
References
Sports venues in Beaumont, Texas
Demolished sports venues in Texas
Defunct indoor arenas in Texas
1978 establishments in Texas
Sports venues completed in 1978
Music venues in Beaumont, Texas
Sports venues demolished in 2007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20Park%20Coliseum%20%28Beaumont%2C%20Texas%29 |
"Abbottabad" is a poem by Major James Abbott (1807–1896), who wrote the work about his experience of living in the area before leaving it. He was impressed by beauty of the area. The Pakistani city Abbottabad, which he founded (then capital of the Hazara District of British India), is named after him. A plaque commemorating his poem is displayed at Lady Garden Park within the city. The poem has been criticised as being poorly written, in the manner of William McGonagall's substandard verse.
Poem text
I remember the day when I first came here
And smelt the sweet Abbottabad's air
The trees and the ground covered with snow
Gave us indeed a brilliant show
To me the place seemed like a dream
And far ran a lonesome stream
The wind hissed as if welcoming us
The pine swayed creating a lot of fuss
And the tiny cuckoo sang it away
A song very melodious and gay
I adored the place from the first sight
And was happy that my coming here was right
And eight good years here passed very soon
And we leave you perhaps on a sunny noon
Oh Abbottabad we are leaving you now
To your natural beauty do I bow
Perhaps your winds sound will never reach my ear
My gift for you is few sad tears
I bid you farewell with a heavy heart
Never from my mind will your memories thwart
Criticism
An article by Stephen Moss of the Guardian newspaper refers to the poem as "one of the worst poems ever written". Moss speculates that the poem may sound better in Urdu and he did not read a translation. Moss also states that the version he read includes "oddly garbled" phrases which indicate it may be a badly translated form of the original.
References
English poems
Pakistani poems
Poems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad%20%28poem%29 |
The Beaumont Civic Center, in downtown Beaumont, Texas, is a 6,500-seat arena where concerts, conventions, trade shows and exhibitions are held. Banquet maximum capacity is 2,000. It has of ground-level exhibit space and space on the second level for a combined space of . The building includes four dressing rooms with showers. 850 parking spots are onsite. The venue is part of the Beaumont Civic Center Complex. This complex includes the Civic Center, Julie Rogers Theater and the Jefferson Theatre.
The Civic Center is the temporary home of the Beaumont Children's Museum.
Previous History
Home Court for Lamar Cardinals Basketball Team - 1980-1984
The Beaumont Civic Center was the home court for the Lamar Cardinals basketball men's team for four seasons from 1980-1984. The Cardinals record at the Civic Center was 40-2.
Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament - 1981, 1983, 1984
The Southland Conference men's basketball tournament was held at the Beaumont Civic Center in 1981, 1983, and 1984.
The Streak - End of the 80 Game Home Court Winning Streak
The Lamar Cardinals men's basketball team's eighty (80) game home court winning streak started at McDonald Gym on February 18, 1978. Before the Cardinals moved to their new home at the Beaumont Civic Center, McDonald Gym saw the first thirty-seven (37) straight home wins of the streak. The remaining forty-three (43) straight home court wins of the streak were at the Beaumont Civic Center. When the streak ended on March 10, 1984, the Cardinals were owners of seventh (7th) longest home court winning streak in NCAA history.
See also
Fair Park Coliseum
Ford Park
Ford Arena
Montagne Center
References
External links
Official Site
Convention centers in Texas
Indoor arenas in Texas
Tourist attractions in Beaumont, Texas
Lamar Cardinals and Lady Cardinals basketball
Lamar Cardinals and Lady Cardinals basketball venues
Sports venues in Beaumont, Texas
Music venues in Beaumont, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont%20Civic%20Center |
Personnel branches, in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), are groupings of related military occupations.
Personnel branches were officially established at unification in 1968 to amalgamate the old Canadian Army corps and similar occupational groupings in the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force.
According to Canadian Forces Administrative Orders (CFAOs),
"Personnel Branches were created to enable members of the Canadian Forces in related occupations to identify with each other in cohesive professional groups. These groups are based on similarity of military roles, customs and traditions." –CFAO 2-10
Branches are applicable to all members of the rank of colonel/captain (N) and below; flag and general officers normally do not belong to branches. Exceptions to this rule are the judge advocate general (Legal Branch), the chaplain general (Royal Canadian Chaplain Service), and the surgeon general (Royal Canadian Medical Service).
Military occupations for officers and non-commissioned members are grouped within a particular branch under the coordination of the Director – Military Human Resource Requirements (DMHRR) and the approval of the Chief of Military Personnel.
Uniforms
Assignment of distinctive environmental uniform (i.e. "navy", "army", "air force" or "special operations") is a function of military occupation, not personnel branch. For example, within the Communications and Electronics Branch, all signal operators are uniformed army and all aerospace telecommunication and information systems technicians are designated as air force. On the other hand, within the Royal Canadian Logistics Service, supply technicians may be designated as any environment.
Branch advisors
Each Branch has its own branch advisor — normally a colonel or naval captain — to the Chief of the Defence Staff.
Branch traditions
Branches have carried forward many of the traditions inherited from their corps or service predecessors. They have authorized marches, differences in accessories and accoutrements for full dress and mess dress uniforms, branch-specific toasts, ceremonial commanders such as colonels-in-chief, etc. For example:
The Armoured Branch retained the black beret and resurrected the name of the former Royal Canadian Armoured Corps.
Army Signals officers of the Communications and Electronics Branch are permitted to wear box spurs with mess dress, a tradition inherited from the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals.
The Air Operations Branch uses "RCAF March Past" as its authorized march.
The Naval Operations Branch inherited its cap badge system from the old Royal Canadian Navy: one badge for officers and chief petty officer first classes, one for chief petty officer second classes and petty officers, and another for master sailors and below.
List of personnel branches
The following is a list of CF personnel branches in order of precedence:
Naval Operations Branch
Royal Canadian Armoured Corps
Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
Canadian Military Engineers
Communications and Electronics Branch
Royal Canadian Infantry Corps
Air Operations Branch
Royal Canadian Logistics Service
Royal Canadian Medical Service
Royal Canadian Dental Corps
Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Royal Canadian Chaplain Service
Canadian Forces Military Police
Legal Branch
Music Branch
Personnel Selection Branch
Training Development Branch
Public Affairs Branch
Intelligence Branch
Cadet Instructors Cadre
Special Operations Forces Branch
References
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel%20branch |
Occupational Safety and Health (Dock Work) Convention, 1979 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1979, with the preamble stating:
Modification
The principles contained in the convention are a revision of those contained in ILO Convention C32.
Ratifications
As of 2023, the convention has been ratified by 27 states.
External links
Official ILO site.
Text of the Convention.
Ratifications.
Health treaties
Occupational safety and health treaties
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1979
Treaties entered into force in 1981
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Tanzania
Treaties of Turkey
Admiralty law treaties
1979 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20Safety%20and%20Health%20%28Dock%20Work%29%20Convention%2C%201979 |
The Humble Civic Center Arena is a 7,500-seat multi-purpose arena in Humble, Texas, USA. It hosts local sporting events and concerts.
External links
Official website
Sports venues in Texas
Indoor arenas in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble%20Civic%20Center%20Arena |
Suzy Delair (born Suzette Pierrette Delaire; December 31, 1917 – March 15, 2020) was a French actress, dancer, singer, comedian and star of vaudeville.
Early years
Growing up in Montmartre, Delair was the daughter of a father who upholstered expensive cars' interiors, and a seamstress mother. She studied music at La Scala.
Film
Born in Paris, she acted in films directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot, Jean Dréville, Jean Grémillon, Marcel L'Herbier, Christian-Jaque, Marcel Carné, Luchino Visconti, René Clément and Gérard Oury.
In 1947, Delair had a supporting role in The Murder Lives at Number 21, which had its American premiere in New York City. Today's audiences probably know her best as the feminine lead in the Laurel and Hardy comedy Atoll K (also known as Utopia), filmed in France and released in 1951.
Music
Before Delair began performing in films, she starred in operettas. On 28 February 1948 she sang C'est si bon at the Hotel Negresco during the first Nice Jazz Festival. Louis Armstrong was present and loved the song. On 26 June 1950 he recorded the American version of the song (English lyrics by Jerry Seelen) in New York City with Sy Oliver and his orchestra. When it was released, the disc was a worldwide success and the song was then performed by the greatest international singers.
Personal life
For 12 years, Delair was the companion of French film director, producer and screenwriter Henri-Georges Clouzot.
Selected filmography
A Caprice of Pompadour (Willy Wolff et Joë Hamman, 1931) – Une soubrette de la Pompadour
Imperial Violets (Henri Roussell), 1932)
La Dame de chez Maxim's (Alexander Korda), 1933)
Let's Touch Wood (1933) – La petite compagne d'amusement
Professeur Cupidon (1933)
Casanova (1934)
Poliche (1934) – Une Danseuse (uncredited)
The Depression Is Over (Robert Siodmak, 1934)
The Crisis is Over (1934) – (uncredited)
Dédé (Abel Gance, 1934) – Poliche (uncredited)
Gold in the Street (K. Bernhardt, 1934) – Madeleine – L'amie de Gaby
Ferdinand the Roisterer (1935) – Madame Alice – Une prostituée de la maison close (uncredited)
The Hortensia Sisters (1935) – Une femme au cabaret (uncredited)
Prends la route (Jean Boyer, 1936)
Trois Six Neuf (Raymond Rouleau, 1937)
The Last of the Six (Georges Lacombe, 1941) – Mila Malou
The Murderer Lives at Number 21 (Henri-Georges Clouzot, 1942) – Mila Malou
Défense d'aimer (Richard Pottier, 1942) – Totte
La Vie de Bohème (Marcel L'Herbier, 1945) – Phémie / Femia
Confessions of a Rogue (Jean Dréville, 1947) – Coralin–
Quai des Orfèvres / Jenny Lamour (Henri-Georges Clouzot, 1947) – Jenny Lamour
Par la fenêtre (Gilles Grangier, 1948) – Fernande
White Paws (Jean Grémillon, 1949) – Odette Kerouan
I'm in the Revue (Mario Soldati, 1950) – La Chanteuse
Lady Paname (Henri Jeanson, 1950) – Raymonde Bosset, dite Caprice
Lost Souvenirs (Christian-Jaque, 1950) – Suzy Henebey (episode "Une couronne mortuaire")
Utopia (Léo Joannon, 1951) – Chérie Lamour
Fly in the Ointment (Guy Lefranc, 1955) – Lucette Gauthier
Fernandel the Dressmaker (Jean Boyer, 1956) – Adrienne Vignard
Gervaise (René Clément, 1956) – Virginie Poisson
The Regattas of San Francisco (Claude Autant-Lara, 1960) – Lucilla
Rocco e i suoi fratelli ("Rocco and his Brothers", Luchino Visconti, 1960) – Luisa
Du Mouron pour les petits oiseaux ("Chicken Feed for Little Birds", Marcel Carné, 1963) – Antoinette – La bouchère
Paris brûle-t-il? (René Clément, 1966) – A Parisienne (uncredited)
The Mad Adventures of "Rabbi" Jacob (Gérard Oury, 1973) – Germaine Pivert
Forget Me, Mandoline (1976) – Mireille
References
External links
1917 births
2020 deaths
French centenarians
French film actresses
French women singers
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Singers from Paris
Actresses from Paris
Women centenarians
Vaudeville performers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy%20Delair |
Children's Hour is a BBC radio programme.
The Children's Hour may refer to:
Games
The Children's Hour (game), a game box containing three games (ABC Fishing, Peanut the Elephant, and Porky the Pig) for children released by Parker Bros in 1961.
Literature
"The Children's Hour" (poem), a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, published in The Atlantic Monthly in September 1860
The Children's Hour, a 16-volume set of books containing stories appropriate for children and youths, published in 1953 and edited by Marjorie Barrows.
The Children's Hour, a novelette by Jerry Pournelle and S.M. Stirling, part of the Man-Kzin Wars series
The Children's Hour, a novel, part of the Man-Kzin Wars series, an expansion of the novelette.
The Children's Hour (Australian magazine), published by S.A. Education Department
The Children's Hour (magazine), a children's magazine published by T. S. Arthur & Son, Philadelphia in the 1870s.
Arthur Mee's Children's Hour (1928), an anthology of poems, stories and pictures by Arthur Mee
Film, TV and theatre
The Children's Hour (play), a 1934 stage play by Lillian Hellman.
Its film adaptations, These Three (1936) starring Miriam Hopkins, Merle Oberon, Joel McCrea, and The Children's Hour (film) (1961), with Audrey Hepburn, Shirley MacLaine, and James Garner.
TV
The Children's Hour (TV program), a long-running American children's television program that aired in Dallas, Texas from 1970 to 1992, hosted by Bill Kelley
Radio
The Children's Hour (later known as just Children's Hour), a BBC radio programme for children, broadcast from 1922 until 1964
The Children's Hour (Australian radio), an ABC program incorporating The Argonauts' Club.
The Children's Hour (radio comedy), a BBC Radio 4 comedy programme
The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour (later known as just The Children's Hour), a radio and, later, a television program of the 1920s-1950s
Music
"The Children's Hour", song for voice & piano, S. 227 (K. 6B38) Charles Ives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Children%27s%20Hour |
Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, 1969 is an International Labour Organization Convention. It was established in 1969 revised Convention C24 Sickness Insurance (Industry) Convention, 1927 and Convention C25 Sickness Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1927.
Content
General provisions
Article 1
There are several terms and words used in this convention with specific meaning.
The term legislation means any social security rules, laws and regulations.
Prescribed means determined by national legislation.
The phrase industrial undertaking implies all activities in the branches of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas and water, and transport, storage and communication.
Residence means any ordinary residence in the territory of the member and a resident is a person living in the territory of the member.
The term dependent means a state which is assumed to exist in prescribed cases.
The term wife is defined as a wife dependent on her husband and the term child covers children under the age of 15 or who left school. Exceptions are people with chronic illness or infirmity disabling them for any gainful activity, apprentices and students.
Standard beneficiary is defined as a married man and wife with two children.
The term qualifying period means a period of contribution, employment, residence or any combination thereof.
Sickness implies any morbid condition.
Article 2
For Articles 1, 11, 14, 20, and 26, a member may request temporary exceptions if medical facilities and economy are inadequate. In doing so, any exception must be justified by the member and limited in time.
Each member agrees, after declaring exceptions, to expand the scope of persons protected, to expand the scope of medical care, and to extend the duration of sickness benefits.
Article 3
Each member can, by an additional declaration to the ratification, exempt workers in the agricultural sector from the application of this Convention under certain conditions.
Any member which has made an additional declaration shall submit to the International Labor Organization (ILO) a report on the application and progress of this convention with respect to workers in the agricultural sector.
Any member which has made an additional declaration shall increase the number of protected workers in the agricultural sector as rapidly as circumstances permit.
Article 4
Any member can, by an additional declaration to the ratification, exclude from this convention seafarers, sea fishermen, and public service employees.
If an additional declaration has been filed, the member may not include the excluded persons in calculating the figures in Articles 5, 10, 11, 19 and 20.
Any Member which has made an additional declaration may at a later date notify the Director-General of the ILO that it accepts the obligations under this convention in respect of the excluded groups of persons.
Article 5
Any member can exclude from the convention casual employees, members of the employer's family who work for and reside with the employer, and other classes of employees, so long as such exclusion does not affect more than 10 percent of the employees.
Article 6
For the purposes of this convention, a member can take into account the protection afforded by insurance under official supervision which covers a substantial proportion of male skilled workers or which is in conjunction with the protection arising from this convention.
Article 7
Cases covered for protection by this convention or insurance include need for medical treatment for curative or preventive purposes and incapacity for work due to illness.
Medical care
Article 8
Each member provides care to the protected persons for the cure or prevention of the covered cases referred to in Article 7.
Article 9
Medical care under Article 8 shall be provided with the intention of restoring or improving the health of the protected persons and their ability to work.
Article 10
Under Article 7, all workers and their wives and children, as well as apprentices, are protected.
Article 11
If an additional declaration has been made, the group of persons included in Article 7 shall comprise at least 25 percent of all employees together with their wives and children. In addition, groups of employees in industrial establishments constituting at least 50 percent of all employees, together with their wives and children, shall be protected.
Article 12
The protected persons under Article 7 also include persons entitled to social security on account of invalidity, old age, death of the person liable for maintenance or unemployment.
Article 13
Under Article 8, medical care includes primary care, specialist care in hospitals, pharmaceutical care, hospitalization, dental care, and medical rehabilitation.
Article 14
In the case of an additional statement, medical care under Article 8 must include primary care, specialist care, pharmaceutical care, and hospitalization.
Article 15
If medical care under Article 8 depends on protected persons fulfilling a waiting period, the conditions shall be fulfilled in such a way that they do not deprive the right to benefits.
Article 16
Medical care referred to in Article 8 shall be ensured during the entire quota.
If a beneficiary ceases to be a protected person, the entitlement to medical care may be limited to a prescribed period, which shall not be less than 26 weeks, as long as sickness benefits are not longer.
The period of medical care for illnesses requiring longer treatment shall be extended notwithstanding the prescribed period.
Article 17
If a member is required to contribute to the cost of medical care referred to in Article 8, the rules for such contribution must be calculated in such a way as to avoid hardship and not to impair the effectiveness of medical and social protection.
Sickness benefit
Article 18
Each member of this convention shall be obliged to provide sickness benefits to the persons protected under article 7.
Article 19
Persons protected under Article 7 include all employees and apprentices, groups constituting at least 75 percent of the total economically active population and all residents who meet the conditions for Article 24.
Article 20
In the case of an additional declaration under Article 2, protected persons under Article 7 include groups of employees constituting at least 25 percent of all employees or at least 50 percent of all employees in industrial establishments.
Article 21
Sickness benefits under Article 18 must be recurring payments calculated to meet the requirements of Article 22 or Article 23 and, in the case of sickness, the conditions of Article 24.
Article 22
In the case of recurrent sickness payments, the benefit rate must be set so that the beneficiary reaches at least 60 percent of the total amount of previous earnings and the amount of family allowances due to a protected person with the same family responsibilities as the standard benefit recipient.
The previous basic earnings of the beneficiary are calculated from the classes to which they previously belonged.
A maximum limit can be prescribed for the benefit rate if it does not exceed the wage of a male worker.
The previous earnings of the beneficiary, wages of the male skilled worker, benefit and family allowance, if any, are calculated on the same time frame.
For the other beneficiaries, the benefit must be in proportion to the benefit for standard beneficiaries.
Male skilled worker means a locksmith or lathe operator in the manufacture of machinery, a person who is considered a typical skilled worker, a person whose annual earnings are equal to or greater than 75 percent of all protected persons, or a person whose earnings are greater than 125 percent of the average earnings.
A typical skilled worker is a person who belongs to the largest major group in the industry and to the department with the largest number of male workers within the establishment.
If the benefit rate differs by area, the male skilled worker can be determined for each area in accordance with Articles 6 and 7.
The wage of the male skilled worker is fixed by collective agreement, domestic legislation or customary law for normal working hours. If the rate varies from region to region, the middle rate is set in accordance with Article 8.
Article 23
In the case of recurrent sickness payments, the benefit rate must be calculated so that the recipient under Article 7 receives at least 60 percent of the total amount of remuneration and the amount of family allowances.
In this case, the pay and family allowance is calculated for the same period of time.
For other beneficiaries, the benefit must be in reasonable proportion to the standard benefits.
An ordinary adult male worker shall be deemed to be a person typically engaged in unskilled work in the manufacture of machinery or a person engaged in the field in which most of the male labor force, protected under Article 7, is engaged. For this purpose, the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities adopted by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations at its Seventh Session on 27 August 1948 is used.
If the benefit rate varies by region, the ordinary adult male worker can be determined for each region.
The wage of an ordinary adult worker must be determined on the basis of the collective agreement, national legislation or customary law. In the case of different rates in different areas, the middle rate is used.
Article 24
In the case of recurring payment, the benefit rate is determined according to a prescribed scale by the competent public authority.
Such rate can be reduced only to the extent that the other resources of the beneficiary's family exceed the determined amounts.
The total amount of the benefit and other resources after reduction shall ensure the family's subsistence in health and morals and must not be less than the benefit calculated in Article 23.
This is satisfied if the total amount of benefits exceeds by at least 30 percent the amount that would result from Article 23 and Article 19.
Article 25
If a protected person is required to fulfill a waiting period under Article 18, the period must be designed in such a way that the protected person does not lose entitlement to benefits.
Article 26
In the event of sickness, the benefits provided under Article 18 shall be fulfilled for the entire duration of the sickness and, in the event of incapacity for work, is limited to at least 52 weeks.
If an additional declaration under Article 2 becomes effective, the entitlement to benefits under Article 18 can be limited to at least 26 weeks.
If the right to remuneration is lawfully suspended during the first period of incapacity for work, it must not exceed three days.
Article 27
In the event of the death of a person entitled to sickness benefits under Article 18, a death grant shall be paid to the survivors or bearers of the funeral expenses.
A member may derogate from the provision if he has assumed obligations on disability, old-age and survivors' benefits, if he is entitled to at least 80 percent of the work allowance in case of sickness under his legislation, and if he is covered by voluntary insurance providing funeral benefits.
Common provisions
Article 28
A benefit to a protected person can be suspended if the affected person is not in the member's territory; if the person is compensated by a third party entity to the same extent; if the person has committed fraud; if the event was caused by the affected person committing a crime; if the insured event was caused by the affected person's willful misconduct; if the person concerned fails to claim the medical benefits or fails to comply with the requirements without any reason; if the sickness benefits under Article 18 are covered by public funds; and if the person concerned receives cash benefits from another social security higher than the standard benefit in case of sickness under Article 18.
In such cases and within the limits, a part of the benefit due will be paid to the persons entitled to maintenance.
Article 29
Every applicant has the right to file a complaint if the quality or quantity of the service is objected to.
If, in the application of this convention, medical care is the responsibility of a state agency, the right of appeal can be reviewed by the competent agency.
Article 30
Each member assumes responsibility for the provision of the guaranteed benefits and shall take all necessary measures for this purpose.
Each Member assumes responsibility for the administration of the application of this convention.
Article 31
If the administration has been delegated to an agency, representatives of the protected persons, and in some circumstances representatives of employers and representatives of the public, can participate in the administration.
Article 32
Each member must assure in its territory to alien and national workers alike the benefits presented.
Article 33
A member can, upon the fulfilment of several conditions and after consultation with representative organizations of employers and workers, derogate temporarily from certain provisions of this convention, provided that such derogation does not affect fundamental guarantees of this convention.
Any Member which has made a derogation must indicate in the reports referred to in Article 22 for the ILO the state of its practice and legislation and the progress made towards the application of the provisions of the convention.
Article 34
This convention does not apply to insured events which occurred before the entry into force of the convention and to insured events whose benefits relate to periods prior to the entry into force.
Final provisions
Article 35
This convention revises the Sickness Insurance (Industry) Convention, 1927, and the Sickness Insurance (Agriculture) Convention, 1927.
Article 36
In accordance with Article 75 of the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952, Articles 18 to 27 and other parts of this convention shall cease to apply from the time this convention becomes binding on a member and no additional declaration under Article 3 is in effect.
If no declaration under Article 3 is in force, the assumption of obligations under the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 shall apply to the fulfillment of Article 2 from the said convention.
Article 37
If the conference accepts a subsequent convention dealing with parts of this convention, the provisions of that convention shall apply to each member, which has ratified it, from the date on which the said convention enters into force.
Article 38
Ratifications of this convention are submitted to the Director General by the ILO.
Article 39
Once a member has been registered by the Director-General, this convention is binding.
The convention enters into force 12 months after the registration of the first two members.
Thereafter, it enters into force 12 months after the registration of each member.
Article 40
After a member is ratified, it can give notice of denunciation ten years after the date of entry into force of this convention. The denunciation takes effect one year after the date of registration.
Any ratified member which does not exercise the right of denunciation is bound by this convention for a further period of ten years.
Article 41
The Director-General of the ILO notifies all members of the ILO of all ratifications and denunciations communicated to him.
When notifying the members, the Director-General indicates the date of entry into force of the convention.
Article 42
The Director-General of the ILO transmits to the Secretary-General of the UN the complete particulars of all ratifications and denunciations for registration under Article 102 of the Charter of the UN.
Article 43
The Governing Body of the ILO submits periodically to the General Conference a report on the implementation and advisability of the convention.
Article 44
When the conference adopts a new convention revising in part or in whole the current convention, ratification of the new convention shall entail denunciation of the old convention.
Once the new convention enters into force, the old convention is no longer available to members.
This convention remains in this form for all members who have ratified it but have not ratified the new convention.
Article 45
The English and French versions of this convention are equally authoritative.
Ratifications
As of 2022, the convention has been ratified by 16 states.
References
External links
Ratifications.
Employee benefits
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1969
Treaties entered into force in 1972
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Occupational safety and health treaties
1969 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20Care%20and%20Sickness%20Benefits%20Convention%2C%201969 |
Avital ( ’Ăḇîṭāl) is a Hebrew given name of Old Testament origin. Traditionally a female given name, its modern usage is unisex.
Avital is also used as a surname.
Etymology
"Abital" translates to dewy (as in, morning dew) or my father is [the] dew (Ab-i means "my father"; -i is possessive pronoun for "my").
The name refers to dew, the phenomenon of water droplets that occur on exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation.
Place name
The surname could potentially be a place name for the Avital moshav in Israel, named in 1953.
Alternatively, Mount Avital/Tall Abu an Nada (Hebrew: הר אביטל, Har Avital, Arabic: تل أبو الندى, Tall Abu an Nada) is a mountain that is part of a dormant volcano in the Golan Heights. It does not appear to have any correlation with the Avital moshav, being over an hour's drive away.
Biblical character
The name was popularized by minor biblical character Abital, who is mentioned in the book of Samuel as one of King David's wives (II Samuel 3:4).
Abital gave birth to David's fifth son, Shephatiah, another minor biblical character.
People
As given name (female)
Avital Sharansky, a Ukrainian activist and public figure in the Soviet Jewry Movement.
Avital Ronell, an American professor.
Avital Leibovich, director of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) in Israel.
Avital Abergel, an Israeli actress.
As given name (male)
Avital Boruchovsky, an Israeli chess player.
Avital Inbar, an Israeli author.
Avital Selinger, an Israeli volleyball player.
Avital Tamir, an Israeli musician.
As surname
Mili Avital, an Israeli actress, writer, and director.
Shay Avital, Major General (Ret.) in the IDF and former head of the Special Operations Forces Command (Depth Corps).
Omer Avital, an Israeli-American jazz bassist, composer and bandleader.
Avi Avital, an Israeli mandolinist.
Tsion Avital, an Israeli philosopher of art and culture.
Eden Avital, an Israeli footballer.
Colette Avital, a Romani-Israeli diplomat and politician.
Dr. Doron Avital, an Israeli politician.
Shmuel Avital, an Israeli politician.
References
Given names
Surnames
Hebrew-language_given_names
Hebrew_unisex_given_names
Hebrew feminine given names
Feminine given names
Hebrew masculine given names
Masculine given names
11th-century BC women
10th-century BC women
Wives of David | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avital%20%28given%20name%29 |
Mt. Carmel High School (MCHS) is a public high school located in Rancho Peñasquitos, a community of San Diego, California, United States. The school is part of the Poway Unified School District and its mascot is the Sundevil.
Mt. Carmel High School is both a California Distinguished School Award winner (1985, 1999, 2005, 2019) and a National Blue Ribbon School (1989, 2000). Mt. Carmel was named a California Gold Ribbon School (replaced Distinguished School Award for a short time) in 2017. Mt. Carmel was named a California Honor Roll School by Educational Results Partnership for the 2017–18, 2016–17, and 2015–16 school years.
History
Mt. Carmel High School was built in 1974, with its first fall semester classes being held at the neighboring Black Mountain Middle School while the rest of construction finished.
In 1999, the movie Bring It On filmed on the campus, with the locker room, weight room and football scoreboard making it into the film.
In the spring of 2004, after the passage of California Proposition U and funds approved by district voters, the school received funding for a major renovation which took place from 2004 to 2007. In addition to modernizing existing buildings, including the practical arts and sciences departments, the project constructed several new buildings, including a new facility for the wrestling and gymnastics teams, and a new band room. The "Theater at the Mount" was the last main building that was under construction, completed in September 2007, along with the choir and drama rooms.
Enrollment
As of 2019-2020, the total number of students enrolled is 1,898 students. Breaking down the number of students by grade level, 438 students in 9th, 480 in 10th, 485 in 11th, and 475 in 12th. The student body is 39.1% White, 24.7% Asian, 18% Hispanic or Latino, 3.3% Black or African American, 0.6% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 0.2% American Indian or Alaska Native.
Stadium
Mt. Carmel's on-campus football field, Sundevil Stadium, is a multi-purpose venue designed for football, soccer, lacrosse, track and field, and the annual Mt. Carmel Tournament of Bands, which is held on the 3rd Saturday of each October. The stadium was designed in 1971 and opened in 1977, with a capacity of 6,000. The Mt. Carmel football team's successes in the late 1980s and early 1990s brought Sundevil Stadium its first, and to date, only major renovation after the 1991 season, adding seats to both the home and visitor sides, raising total capacity to 11,000, making it the largest on-campus high school stadium in the state of California. Following the 2002-2003 school year, and in conjunction with the other major upgrades to the school, the natural grass field was removed and artificial turf installed. Renovations started in August 2009 and completed in July 2010 added handicap accessibility to every section in the stadium, handrails were put on every staircase, plus handicap seating was installed at the top of sections 2, 3, 5, 9, and 11.
In August 2007, the stadium was the host of a Drum Corps International competition featuring Phantom Regiment, Carolina Crown, The Colts, Spirit from JSU, Blue Stars, Madison Scouts, Pacific Crest, and Pioneer.
Instrumental Music Program
Mt. Carmel's two-time Grammy Award-winning band and orchestra, were directed by nationally recognized director Warren Torns (now retired), and are now directed by Garry McPherson. In 1988, under the direction of Tom Cole, the Marching Sundevil Band was featured in the opening scenes of the movie "Little Nikita", starring Sidney Poitier, River Phoenix, and Richard Jenkins. The school's Marching Band, Concert Band, Wind Ensemble II, and Wind Ensemble I, and orchestra are led by Garry McPherson. The school performed in the 2010 Fiesta Bowl, both in the field tournament and parade. The band took 2nd in the field show competition by .05 and 1st place in the parade making them the overall champions of the Fiesta Bowl National Band Championship. Mt. Carmel competes against the top bands in Southern California annually at the Southern California School Band and Orchestra Association (SCSBOA) Championships. They have been Gold Medal Champions for the field show tournament in the 6A Division class multiple times to include 5 consecutive years from 2015-2019. In 2006, the Marching Sundevils performed for the 11th time in the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California. In 2005, Mt. Carmel's Music Department hosted the Holiday Bowl High School Band Competition. The annual Mt. Carmel Tournament of Bands, has been held each October since 1976 and is the most widely attended parade and field competition in San Diego with over 30 bands in attendance.
Notable alumni
Eric Anthony, retired baseball player
Billy Beane, General Manager and minority owner of Oakland Athletics; storyline of 2011 film Moneyball centers around Beane
Darren Balsley, pitching coach, San Diego Padres
Jonathan Blow, video game designer and programmer, known for Braid and The Witness
Eric Chavez, retired baseball player
Jose Chavez, Television and Syndicated Radio Host
Steve Cherundolo, soccer player, Hannover 96 and U.S. National Soccer Team, Los Angeles FC coach
John Hyden, professional volleyball player
Johnny Jeter, professional wrestler
Troy Johnson, food critic, author, and judge for TV Food Network shows
Lars Jorgensen, Olympic Swimmer
Stephen Koehler, United States Navy vice admiral
Adam Lambert, singer, recording artist, American Idol Season 8 finalist
CeCe Moore, genetic genealogist and television personality
Eric Munson, baseball player, 1999 Major League Baseball draft third overall pick
Justin Ponsor, comic book colorist for Marvel Comics
Duke Preston, American football player, Dallas Cowboys
Aodhan Quinn, soccer player
Leigh Ann Robinson, professional soccer player, Philadelphia Independence
Rashid Shaheed, American football player, New Orleans Saints
John Smedley, video game executive and founder of EverQuest, Verant Interactive, and Daybreak Game Company
Scott Speer, film director and author
Kirk Stackle, Olympic Swimmer for the United States of America
Russell Nelson, Olympic Case Manager for the University of California, Berkeley
Chase Ellison, American actor
See also
Primary and secondary schools in San Diego
References
External links
Mt. Carmel High School official website.
The Sun, Mt. Carmel's student newspaper.
The Mt. Carmel Band Boosters Website.
The Mt. Carmel's Band Website
The Mt. Carmel Tournament of Bands Website
Mt. Carmel Choir Website.
High schools in San Diego
Public high schools in California
1974 establishments in California
Educational institutions established in 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt.%20Carmel%20High%20School%20%28San%20Diego%29 |
The National Bicycle League (NBL) was a United States–based Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sports sanctioning body originally based in Deerfield Beach, Florida, but after several moves it was based in Hilliard, Ohio. It was created by George Edward Esser in 1974 as first the bicycle auxiliary of the National Motorcycle League (NML) then set up as an independent non-profit organization unlike the earlier National Bicycle Association (NBA) and the later American Bicycle Association (ABA). George Esser played a major part in establishing Bicycle Motocross racing in Florida and shortly after the East Coast of the United States as Ernie Alexander did in California and the West Coast. The organization that sanctions bicycle motocross races in the United States/Canada is now known as USA BMX.
History
George Esser, unlike the creators of the earlier NBA and later ABA, set up a non-profit organization with a very inclusive government including a Competition Congress meetings in which opinions of how the body was being administered would be heard. It is perhaps this input and exercise of corporate democracy kept it in touch with the grassroots and from suffering periodical lost of member track operators and internal rebellions, like what happened to the ABA and NBA, in the NBA's case, fatally. Mr. Esser did not start the NBL for its own sake, but for the sake of his sons Bryan and Greg Esser who were competing in local races at the time before their father knew what BMX was. The elder Esser, being a motorcycle motocross race promoter like Ernie Alexander was on the United States's west coast before him, was dissatisfied with how the sanctionless independent tracks were run and created a bicycle motocross division of his thirty-three-year-old National Motorcycle League (NML).
The NML's Bicycle Division's first race at Miami Hollywood Speedway Park on January 26, 1974. One of George Esser's sons, the aforementioned Greg Esser, won the 14 & over class (there was no proficiency classes as we know them now, just age divisions). Greg Esser would later become the first official NBL pro Number One racer in 1979. In February 1976 Mr. Esser broke the NBL off from the NML to become its own entity. Starting in Florida in these early days its track affiliations were overwhelmingly concentrated east of the Mississippi River with only a few west of that boundary. However, after the 1981 racing season it commenced joint operations with the troubled National Bicycle Association (NBA) that was shrinking both terms of ridership and track operations. From that point on, the NBA handled race promotions, sponsor relations and marketing of NBL races but ceased sanctioning races in its own right. In return, the NBL absorbed the remaining NBA membership and tracks, particularly those west of the Mississippi, making it a truly nation spanning sanctioning body like the rival ABA.
It is associated now with Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) through USA Cycling which it joined in 1997. USA Cycling is the sanctioning body that represents virtually all aspects of Cycling in the United States. It is in turn associated with the UCI which is the sanctioning body that governs international Cycling. The UCI, in turn, is the governing body that deals with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that holds the Olympic Games. The UCI did have previous affiliations with the NBL through the now defunct NBL sister international organization the International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) which the UCI absorbed in 1993 through its amateur Cycling governing body FIAC. In both cases, NBL members were able to participate in the UCI BMX World Championship that the UCI inherited from the IBMXF. However, it was the NBL joining USA Cycling that was the key to BMX being accepted by the IOC as part of the Olympic Summer Games. It was not necessary for the NBL to join USA Cycling for BMX to be part of the Olympic Games, but since it was in the United States that BMX started and most of the best racers are American, it was critical for the USA to have a representative body involved. The NBL was chosen by USA Cycling in part because of its history of being involved with BMX at the international level and it is being a non-profit organization, unlike the ABA. BMX had trouble becoming an Olympic sport in the past, particularly before the 1990s was in part because of the then in place rules against professionals in the Games. However, the professionals (especially the Americans), were the best in the sport and to leave them out of the competition would not be showcasing the best. Much more importantly, this was the realization in other sports which has led to the elimination of the bar against professionals in the Olympic Games in all sports in the 1990s.
BMX is now part of the Olympic Summer Games and the first Olympiad for BMX was the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.
Throughout its history, the NBL had a fierce independent streak. In 2002, its members foiled an attempt by USA Cycling Chief Executive Officer Gerard Bisceglia to sell the NBL its arch-rival, the ABA. This episode elevated "the Sanction Wars" in BMX Racing to a new level, and the bitter rivalry raged on for nearly a decade, until the NBL faltered, following a series of managerial and strategic blunders which played out from 2009-2011.
The New NBL and Final Stand
In August 2010, Managing Director Gary Aragon enacted a laundry list of radical changes to the NBL's programming, membership format and relationship with tracks—in an effort to jumpstart participation and "out-innovate" the ABA. The centerpiece of this was the "All You Can Race" membership. Modeled after a traditional health club membership (where you pay a monthly fee, and enjoy unlimited access to any facility in the system), the All You Can Race membership removed traditional per-race entry fees, in favor of a three-tiered, all-inclusive annual membership fee. For $99, $245 or $395, a member could race an unlimited number of local, regional or national races, respectively. With no per-race entry fees being paid by participants, the NBL announced it would pay tracks a fixed rate of ~US$6 per entry (20" and/or cruiser). Furthermore, tracks would no longer need to pay the NBL any fees at all—but would rely on the central office for nearly 100% of their revenue. Critics quickly hit the message boards with their assertions that the All You Can Race program was mathematically impossible to sustain, and would likely spell the end of the organization before the first season was out (after all, it only required 16.5 local races to put the NBL in the red on a single membership). The 2010 changes also included a spaghetti bowl of changes to the NBL's class structure (effectively doubling the number of classes), points table, proficiency move-up methodology and professional/elite race series. Many members and track operators found it difficult or impossible to follow the new ruleset, which led to uncertainty and inconsistency in how programs were being run and administered.
Part of the "New NBL" program was the so-called "Nations Tour," a four-race elite series, run on a Supercross-style track. The tour would feature "Big Show" production values, and prize purses of nearly US$50,000 per stop (approximately 10x the amount awarded at traditional nationals). The first event was to be run March 4–5, 2011 in Primm Nevada, outside Las Vegas, with stops in Pittsburgh, Louisville and a finale in Sarasota, FL. Again, critics went to work on the granular details of the series, such as the weather in Primm, Nevada, in March, the lack of sufficient medical facilities to serve the frequent-and-predictable injuries that occur at an SX event, how the finale would manage to run time trials and the actual race in one day (which is inconsistent with the SX format), and the nagging question of where the NBL, who was self-admittedly cash-strapped throughout 2010, would come up with the funding to produce the series.
On December 16, 2010, the NBL took things further, with an announcement that they had acquired the exclusive marketing and production rights to the UCI BMX Supercross World Cup series. Considered a coup, even by critics, the World Cup series is a five-stop annual tour and is the gateway to the Olympic Games, via the nation and rider points earned by athlete finishes. The NBL would form a new company, Global SX Events (GSX), of which it would own 51% interest. The remaining 49% would be owned equally by Johan Lindstrom and Tom Ritzenthaler, both of whom worked as staffers for the UCI leading into the rights acquisition. Speculation was that the NBL had to pay UCI a considerable fee (some say as large as US$500,000) for these rights, and the whole affair, from August to December was starting to look (even to NBL loyalists) like an extreme risk, a critical misstep and a textbook example of "biting off more than one can chew" all at once. Pundits opined that it would either revolutionize BMX Racing, or bring the NBL down in a flaming wreck—nothing in-between.
The NBL began accepting membership conversions to the new "All You Can Race" system at the 2010 Grands, and had collected a sizable pool of cash in prepayment of these memberships, by the end of the year.
Almost immediately, cracks in the system were evident, when basic member services such as membership cards being mailed out to new members, started to slip. It was clear that the NBL office had neither the manpower nor the information systems to adequately administer the changes. Observers could also see an organization who had been trained to do business one way, now forced to "write with their left hand," and do things that were outside their zone of comfort (like sending timely checks to tracks each month instead of the other way around). Management struggled to keep a positive face on things, and the first races run under the "All You Can Race" format showed impressive rider counts. But the true test for the system would prove to be once the track payments started coming due.
As big as the fanfare was for the NationsTour, January came and went without a whisper about the race, a marquee sponsor, or who would attend. On February 11, the NBL/GSX announced it has canceled the Primm, NV event in March, citing "unexpected hold ups." To many observers, this was the first sign of serious trouble for the "New NBL." Perhaps the above operational issues, such as membership cards being late, could be chalked up to staff getting accustomed to a new system—but a key event being canceled, with only two-weeks notice (after receiving little-to-no promotion prior to cancelation, which cast doubt on whether it was ever intended to run at all), made the BMX industry very nervous and increasingly skeptical of the NBL's long-term prospects.
The 2011 rulebook was released on March 3, Five months after the 2011 season started. By mid-March, complaints were starting to show up on message boards that the NBL office in Ohio was practically impossible to raise by phone; and that payments to tracks under the "All You Can Race" program were late, inaccurate or nonexistent. The massively-complex points system enacted as part of the "New NBL" required constant babysitting on the part of parents and team managers; and "The Nation" magazine (published by an outside independent publisher) was visibly starting to sputter (with downgrades to paper quality and thready frequency early in 2011).
The granular details of exactly how the NBL's final weeks and days unfolded are not yet publicly known. However it came to be, on the afternoon of May 11, 2011 rumors began leaking that the NBL would layoff its staff and cease operations within two weeks. The following morning, NBL CEO Gary Aragon was interviewed on industry website BMXNews.com and said, famously "The NBL is not going out of business…we are here to stay and will be for a long time." Five days later, on May 17, Aragon appeared in a joint webinar with ABA CEO BA Anderson, and COO John David, to announce the agreement-in-principle and letter of intent (which had been hurriedly approved by the NBL board the previous evening) for the ABA to acquire the assets of the NBL for an undisclosed sum (later estimated at about US$250,000 based on court documents). The combined organization would be renamed USA BMX, and both the ABA and NBL brands would live on as "sub-leagues" (as with the National and American Leagues in Major League baseball, a proposal that was later abandoned). The ABA assumed responsibility for the NBL's ~5,000 members, granting them a complimentary membership to ABA/USA BMX for the balance of 2011, but returning to the pay-as-you-race format of paying race day entry fees. The ABA also brought the NBL tracks into the fold, propping up insurance coverage, and returning the mode of operation to pre "New NBL" methodology. Though tracks were owed a large sum of money by the NBL (for "All You Can Race" payouts), they could now get back to traditional forms of revenue.
After a month of due diligence and negotiations, the final merger documents were signed on June 18, 2011, marking an end to the NBL's 37-year operation, and officially ending the "Sanction War" that had existed, in some form or another in North American BMX racing for as long as the NBL had existed.
On August 10, 2011, the NBL Board of Directors was officially dissolved, as a petition was filed in Franklin County (OH) Court to appoint a receiver to administer the disposal of the NBL's remaining assets (chiefly the cash paid by the ABA to acquire the operating assets, and the NBL's 51% stake in GSX). The receiver would be responsible for disbursing cash held by the estate to persons or entities filing claims with the receiver.
These claimants include suppliers, tracks, pro riders owed purse money, teams owed prize money and other creditors.
On October 12, 2011, the receiver filed a motion with the court to sell the NBL's 51% share of GSX to a Gahanna, OH-based private equity group for US$5,000 in cash.
On November 17, 2011, the receiver filed an update stating that all assets had been converted to cash and that the receiver was prepared to settle the dozens of claims that had been filed. The claims totaled US$673,613.22, and the receiver held $257,907.62 in cash following the asset sales. This meant that each claimant would get 38 cents on the dollar.
Vital statistics
In an interview conducted by former BMX racer Greg Hill at the online BMX discussion website bmxactiononline.com Bob Tedesco revealed his intention of stepping down as Managing Director of the National Bicycle League at the end of 2008 after 33 years involvement with BMX and the NBL, beginning as a track operator and then Northern Regional Commissioner in 1977, his first national post with the NBL. He was the longest-serving head of the NBL (1983–2008).
Operations
Proficiency and division class levels and advancement method
Note: The following classifications are for the 2007 racing season:
Jurisdictions
While the ABA and the USBA was divided up into districts that could be of an entire state or multiple districts within a state; and the NBA was made up of super districts that could be one state or several states, the NBL was divided up into regions about three states each, however, unlike the rival NBA, ABA and USBA that rewarded district number to their racers within the region culminating in a Regional #1 plate at seasons' end there seemed to have been no regional number one plate for the NBL jurisdictions. They seemed to have been strictly administrative. Thus (in 1982 for example [to be updated as more current information is acquired]):
NBL Rule book
NBL National series classifications and age divisions for 2007. PDF file. Need Adobe Acrobat to read
National Bicycle League Rule Book (2006). PDF file.
Link to download the free Adobe Acrobat reader.
NBL National number ones by year
Note: Dates reflect the year the racers *won* their plates, not the year they actually *raced* their No.1 plates. In other words, Anthony Sewell won his No.1 plate in 1980 entitling him to race with #1 on his plate for the 1981 season. Stu Thomsen then won the No.1 plate in 1981 and raced with #1 on his plate during the 1982 racing season.
Elite ("A") Pro Nat.#1
1978 Sal Zeuner**
1979 Greg Esser**
1980 Anthony Sewell
1981 Stu Thomsen
1982 Stu Thomsen
1983 Eric Rupe
1984 Eric Rupe
1985 Greg Hill
1986 Pete Loncarevich
1987 Pete Loncarevich
1988 Greg Hill
1989 Gary Ellis
1990 Terry Tenette
1991 Terry Tenette
1992 Terry Tenette
1993 Eric Carter
1994 Gary Ellis
1995 John Purse
1996 John Purse
1997 Christophe Lévêque
1998 Christophe Lévêque
1999 Danny Nelson
2000 Thomas Allier
2001 Jamie Staff
2002 Kyle Bennett
2003 Randy Stumpfhauser
2004 Kyle Bennett
2005 Mike Day
2006 Donny Robinson
2007 Kyle Bennett
2008 Randy Stumpfhauser
2009 Maris Strombergs
2010 Maris Strombergs
2011 Matt Kelty
Pro Nat.#1 (Elite) Cruiser
1978 CDNE*
1979 CDNE
1980 CDNE
1981 Brent Patterson
1982 Brent Patterson
1983 Brent Patterson
1984 Toby Henderson
1985 Greg Hill
1986 Greg Hill
1987 Eric Rupe
1988 Eric Rupe
1989 Ron Walker
1990 Kenny May
1991 Barry McManus
1992 Barry McManus
1993
1994 Justin Green
1995
1996
1997 Kiyomi Waller
1998 Randy Stumpfhauser
1999 Dale Holmes
2000 Kevin Tomko
2001 Randy Stumpfhauser
2002 Randy Stumpfhauser
2003 Randy Stumpfhauser
2004 Randy Stumpfhauser
2005 Donny Robinson
2006 TD****
2007 TD
2008 TD
2009 TD
2010 ----
2011 ----
* "B" Pro/Super-EX Nat.#1
1978 CDNE
1979 CDNE
1980 CDNE
1981 James Gandy (ca. exp)
1982 James Gandy (ca. exp)
1983 James Gandy (ca. exp)
1984 James Gandy (ca./world)
1985 TDNE
1986 TDNE
1987 TDNE
1988 TDNE
1989 TDNE
1990 Benard Gant
1991 Barry McManus
1992 Brian Foster
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997 Jeff Dein
1998 Steven Spahr
1999 Todd Lyons
2000
2001
2002 Jonathan Suarez
2003 Derek Betcher
2004 Augusto Castro
2005 Derek Betcher
2006 TD****
2007 TD
2008 Kris Fox
2009 Josh Meyers
2010 CJ Mc Guire
2011 ----
"A" Pro Cruiser Nat.#1
1978 CDNE
1979 CDNE
1980 CDNE
1981 CDNE
1982 CDNE
1983 CDNE
1984 CDNE
1985 CDNE
1986 CDNE
1987 CDNE
1988 CDNE
1989 CDNE
1990 CDNE
1991 CDNE
1992 CDNE
1993 CDNE
1994 CDNE
1995 CDNE
1996 CDNE
1997 CDNE
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002 Eric Rupe
2003 Jason Carnes
2004
2005
2006
2007 TD****
2008 TD
2009 TD
2010 ----
2011 ----
Pro Nat. #1 Masters
1978 CDNE
1979 CDNE
1980 CDNE
1981 CDNE
1982 CDNE
1983 CDNE
1984 CDNE
1985 CDNE
1986 CDNE
1987 CDNE
1988 CDNE
1989 CDNE
1990 CDNE
1991 CDNE
1992 CDNE
1993 CDNE
1994 CDNE
1995 CDNE
1996 CDNE
1997
1998
1999
2000 Eric Rupe
2001
2002
2003
2004 Eric Rupe
2005 Dave Bittner
2006 Kiyomi Waller
2007 Jason Carnes
2008 Kenth Fallen
2009 Dale Holmes
2010 Joey Albright
2011 ----
Amateur & Elite Pro Nat.#1 Women
1978 CDNE
1979 CDNE
1980 CDNE
1981 Kathy Schachel(Am)†
1982 Kathy Schachel(Am)
1983 Kathy Schachel(Am)
1984 Debbie Kalsow(Am)
1985 Kathy Schachel(Pro)
1986 Kathy Schachel(Pro)
1987 Gaby Bayhi(Pro)
1988 Stacey Lupfer(Am)
1989 Jennifer Wardle(Am)
1990 Christy Homa(Am)
1991 Melanie Cline(Am)
1992 Marie McGilvary(Am)
1993 Michelle Cairns(Am)
1994 Marie McGilvary(Am)
1995 Marie McGilvary(Am)
1996 Marie McGilvary(Am)
1997 Michelle Cairns
1998 Michelle Cairns
1999 Marie McGilvar
2000 Natarsha Williams
2001 Natarsha Williams
2002 Jill Kintner
2003 Kim Hayashi
2004 Kim Hayashi
2005 Kim Hayashi
2006 Kim Hayashi
2007 Kim Hayashi
2008 Stephanie Barragan
2009 Dominique Daniels
2010 Dominique Daniels
2011 Alaina Henderson
Am Nat.#1 Girls Cruiser
1978 CDNE
1979 CDNE
1980 CDNE
1981 CDNE
1982 CDNE
1983 CDNE
1984 CDNE
1985 CDNE
1986 CDNE
1987 CDNE
1988 CDNE
1989 CDNE
1990 CDNE
1991 Michelle Cairns
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008 TD****
2009 TD
2010 ----
2011 ----
1984 World Championship at Griffith Park Ca., Team Open Air Schwinn #1 of Camarillo Ca.
*'Class Did Not Exist**Until the 1980 season the #1 plate holder was considered #1 overall amateur or professional. The NBL did have a pro class in 1977, 1978 & 1979 but the title of National Number One Professional was not created until the 1980 season when the pros and the 16 Experts were separated and the pros earning separate points (in the form of purse money won) from the amateurs. Prior to 1980 the pros, due to the comparatively small number of them, competed with the 16 Experts and were able to earn amateur titles.***'Title Did Not Exist The class did exist under the title of "B" pro (which was created at the beginning of the 1981 season), but it was not until 1990 when the name was changed to "Superclass" and it became a pro/am division were the racers of that class given an opportunity to win a separate year-end overall National #1 plate title separate from the pure Pro and the pure amateur classes. Amateurs competed for prizes and Pros could compete for a limited amount purses. Also beginning in the 1990 season "Pro Cruiser" was renamed "Super Cruiser" and "A" Pro "All Pro". In 1996 Super Cruiser was renamed "Pro Cruiser" once again and "All" Pro reverted to "Pro Class" This was to harmonize NBL nomenclature with UCI/IBMXF labels. Because of this, the NBL would change the name of its pro Classes many times during the 1990s, They even began calling their senior pro class "AA" and the junior pros "A" just like the ABA beginning in the year 2000. The senior male pro class is now officially known as Elite Men and the junior men were "A" pro. The single level pro females are called Elite Women. Beginning with the 2006 season the NBL ceased offering an independent year-end title for both the "A" pro class and the Pro Cruisers. In the case of Pro Cruiser it was an end of a long era with the Pro Cruiser No.1 title going back to 1981 when Brent Patterson first won the class.
****'Title Discontinued†'(AM)=Amateur. From 1981 to 1984 the girl's National No.1 title was amateur. Between 1985 and 1987 a Women's pro class was established but that division was discontinued between 1988 and 1996 due to lack of participants on a consistent basis. Thus the National No.1 women titles were again amateur. From 1997 to the present the title designation is professional once again.
Special Race Series
Invitational President's Cup.
This is a championship race that was inaugurated in December 1985 in which NBL racers who qualified for their state championships were invited to race this special event held just before the NBL Christmas National. It has been traditionally run during the last week of the year in December in Columbus, Ohio. Unlike the American Bicycle Association (ABA)'s Redline Cup (formerly known as the Gold Cup) which was a championship series for individual glory of the local non sponsored racer, the NBL's President's Cup is geared that the racers from each state is encouraged to represent their state in the form of teams. The state with the greatest representation in the main events win and that state would get the bulk of prize money put up by the national governing body of the NBL. It would be doled out to the winning states NBL governing commission. For instance, if Ohio happens to have the largest numbers of members in the mains, 12 racers as opposed to Alabama's nine or New York's 10, then Ohio would win and its state NBL's commission would get the prize money. In addition to the competition between the states, there are team competitions between bicycle shops and factories in their own divisions.
Also unlike the ABA's Gold Cup no professionals are allowed to compete, only amateurs in the Expert, Girls, and Cruiser classes participating.
See also
American Bicycle Association
National Bicycle Association
National Pedal Sport Association
United Bicycle Racers Association
United States Bicycle Motocross Association
Notes
External links
USA BMX
http://www.bmxnews.com/pdf/nbl_creditor_spreadsheet.pdf - National Bicycle League list of deb-tees.
Cycle racing organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Bicycle%20League |
Nawab Fazal Nawaz Jung Bahadur (-1964) was a noted Hyderabadi politician and financier during the period of the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII.
Birth and Family
He was born Syed Fazlullah in Hyderabad, India to a family of ancient Arab nobility. His father's antecedents traced their lineage to Muhammad, insuring their position in the upper classes of Hyderabadi society. The family were singular for their piety and devotion to the disadvantaged classes, though they were not known for their particular wealth. However, the successful political career of their most famous son would launch the family to a level of prominence in the Raj rivaling that of the Nizam himself.
Marriage, children and early life
Fazal Nawaz Jung married the sahibzadi Habeeba Begum, a lady of an illustrious and prodigiously wealthy Delhi family whose father was known to be one of Hyderabad's richest men. Habeeba's father descended in the male line from Mohammed Fakhruddin Faridi, Prime Minister to the Mughal Emperor, and Baba Farid Shakargunj with his mazaar shareef at Pak Patan Pakistan. The alliance between the two families made Habeeba a noblewoman of Hyderabad, the most important of India's princely states at a time when the Mughal court was in decline. Fazal, on the other hand, received access to an immense fortune with which to further his political ambitions. With the assets of Habeeba, Fazal Nawaz Jung was able to purchase a vast property in Somajiguda (see photographs) and built a large estate in which he housed his own family and several of his sisters. Prominent neighbors included Liaqat Jung, famed owner of "Lal Bangla" and Prince Azam Jah at Bella Vista Palace. Deceased members of his family, including his sisters, are buried at Masjid-e-Subhani in Somajiguda today.
From Habeeba Begum, he had five children including Arif Sajjad, Akther Begum, Asad Mumtaz, Nayyar Begum, and Kishwar Begum. Following her unexpected and unexplained death, Fazal Nawaz Jung remarried: first to a relative of Habeeba Begum, Nasir Jahan Begum from whom he had no issues. He subsequently married Mehboob Bee Saheba, from whom he had one son Mir Ali Hyder. Lastly, he married Asmathunisa Begum, from whom he had three children.
Namely Shakila Begum (Shakila)' Syed shujath Ali (Mazhar) and Fazilath Begum (Queenie).
Political career
About 1910, Syed Fazlullah was appointed to the Hyderabadi Parliament by a royal farman of Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII as Speaker of the Assembly and given rights to title himself as Jung for that period in office. Later, he was made Revenue Minister and granted the style of Nawab Fazal Nawaz Jung. First as Speaker of the House, then as Revenue Minister, Fazal Nawaz Jung led Hyderabad through its own Gilded Age, a time when the princely state's Nizam was counted among the wealthiest men in the world. Notable achievements included establishment of the Hyderabad Co-operative Society.
After Operation Polo and Police Action, he was placed under house arrest as were several of the other ministers of the Nizam's Government. Investigations by the Government of India revealed no criminal activities, and Fazal Nawaz Jung was found innocent.
Death
Following his political career, Fazal Nawaz Jung maintained an active social life and served as the patriarch of his large family. He had vast properties in Somajiguda, Banjara Hills and Shaikpet which underwent disputes following his death in 1964 and remain largely unsettled.
He died from a sudden heart attack at Parade Grounds, Hyderabad on 15 August on Independence Day. He died while the National Anthem of India was playing on Parade Grounds, and the Chief Minister carried the body home with his body covered by the Indian Flag. He is buried in the cemetery of the Sufi saint Yousuf Saab, in Nampally, Hyderabad, India.
Further reading
References
1890s births
1964 deaths
Indian Muslims
Politicians from Hyderabad, India
Indian people of Arab descent
People from Hyderabad State
Salar Jung family
Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India
20th-century Indian businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazal%20Nawaz%20Jung |
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