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Toyota Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Ontario, California, United States. The arena hosts local sporting events and concerts and is suitable for indoor events, including basketball, ice hockey, ice shows, boxing, graduation ceremonies and concerts. The arena's basketball capacity is 10,832; 9,736 for hockey; and has a full capacity configuration for 11,089 spectators. The venue also has 36 luxury suites on two levels. Construction officially began on March 7, 2007, and the arena was opened on October 18, 2008. It is the largest and most modern arena within the Inland Empire region of Southern California.
The arena's construction cost was US$150 million; however, it was debt free due to the city of Ontario selling different properties throughout the city. It was constructed on the old Ontario Motor Speedway property. The arena is public property and owned by the city of Ontario. From 2008 to 2016 the facility was operated by AEG Worldwide, and has since been operated by successor ASM Global, which took over operations on July 1, 2016. The arena is home to the Ontario Reign of the American Hockey League, the Empire Strykers of the Major Arena Soccer League and the Ontario Clippers of the NBA G League.
Description
Name
The arena was announced as Ontario Community Events Center in October 2006 when the project was approved. On October 20, 2006, Ontario-based Citizens Business Bank bought the naming rights and the arena was called Citizens Business Bank Arena when it opened in 2008.
On June 11, 2019, the arena entered a new naming-rights agreement with the Southern California Toyota Dealership Association and was renamed Toyota Arena.
Tenants
In November 2007, it was announced that a new ECHL franchise would be playing at the arena starting in the 2008–09 season. The arena became home of the Ontario Reign, an affiliate of the Los Angeles Kings. The ECHL Reign played their home games at the arena each season from 2008 to 2015.
In 2012, the arena was home to the Ontario Warriors of American Indoor Football but the team folded before the season ended.
Since 2013, the arena has been home of the Empire Strykers of the Major Arena Soccer League.
In 2008–09, the arena also hosted most home games of the Los Angeles D-Fenders.
On January 29, 2015, the Los Angeles Kings announced that they would be moving their American Hockey League affiliate, the Manchester Monarchs, from Manchester, New Hampshire, to Ontario. The team retained the Ontario Reign nickname from its ECHL predecessor. The ECHL's Reign moved to Manchester, New Hampshire, and became the Monarchs.
Starting in the 2017–18 season the arena became home of the Agua Caliente Clippers, the NBA G League team of the Los Angeles Clippers.
Events
The arena held its grand opening on October 18, 2008.
Basketball
On October 24, 2008, its first event took place in front of a sold-out crowd of 10,316, for an NBA preseason game, where the Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder 105–94. There has been a Lakers' preseason game every year at the arena with the exception of 2011 due to the 2011 NBA lockout.
The arena was host of the inaugural games in the Junior Basketball Association on June 21, 2018, and is the host of the 2018 JBA Championship.
Hockey
The Reign held its first game at the arena on October 25, 2008, against the Las Vegas Wranglers in front of a crowd of 8,832. The Reign won their first game at the arena 4–1.
On January 20, 2010, the arena hosted the 2010 ECHL All-Star Game in front of 7,615 fans.
The arena also hosted a preseason match between the Los Angeles Kings and the San Jose Sharks.
The arena also held the AHL All-Star Classic in January 2020.
Entertainment
Carrie Underwood played the arena's first concert on November 9, 2008, with Little Big Town as her opening act.
American heavy metal band Metallica performed at the arena during their World Magnetic Tour on December 12, 2008, in front of a crowd of 10,959 and filmed part of their music video Broken, Beat & Scarred during the concert and also at the concert at the Save Mart Center in Fresno, California, on December 13, 2008.
The arena has also hosted Bill Gaither, Larry the Cable Guy, Vicente Fernández, Sade, Justin Bieber, Earth, Wind & Fire, Chicago, Elton John, The Eagles, Disney on Ice, Playhouse Disney Live, Sesame Street Live, The Harlem Globetrotters, Bob Dylan, Scorpions, Neil Diamond, André Rieu, American Idol Live!, Trace Adkins, Alan Jackson, Pitbull, Dancing With the Stars, Stars on Ice, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, Trans-Siberian Orchestra,and other events. On September 1, 2013, the arena was the site where Mexican singers Joan Sebastian and Ezequiel Peña sang together for the first time ever.
The American Idols LIVE! Tour 2011 was held on July 16, 2011.
English singer Sade recorded her Bring Me Home Live 2011 DVD at the arena on September 4, 2011.
On October 29, 2012, Katy Perry did a private concert at the arena for the San Manuel Indian Tribe.
During her Blown Away Tour, country music singer Carrie Underwood filmed The Blown Away Tour: Live DVD at the arena on March 3, 2013, the concert also aired live on AXS TV.
During the summer of 2013, Selena Gomez used the arena to rehearse for her Stars Dance Tour.
On July 5, 2014, Cher did a stop here on her Dressed to Kill Tour with her very special guest Cyndi Lauper.
Boxing, Wrestling, and MMA
The arena has hosted many boxing events. The first boxing event was on November 28, 2008, with two fights, Chris Arreola vs. Travis Walker and Paul Williams vs. Verno Phillips. On December 5, 2009, the arena hosted a women's title fight between champion Kina Malpartida and Lyndsey Scragg. On April 24, 2010, the arena was the venue where Tomasz Adamek defeated Chris Arreola to retain the IBF International Heavyweight Title. The arena also hosted ESPN Friday Night Fights on July 2, 2010, headlined by Demetrius Hopkins vs. Mike Arnaoutis. On August 13, 2010, Friday Night Fights returned to the arena with a fight between Chris Arreola and Manuel Quezada. On July 14, 2012, Mexican female boxer Mariana "La Barbie" Juarez defended her flyweight title against Japanese boxer Shindo Go; the bout was broadcast on Mexican channel Televisa Canal 5 series Sábados de Corona. On November 24, 2012, Robert Guerrero successfully defended his interim WBC Welterweight title against Andre Berto at the arena. The arena hosted Andre Ward vs Edwin Rodríguez on November 16, 2013. On March 13, 2015, the first PBC on Spike event was held at the venue with main event being Andre Berto vs Josesito López.
Since 2010, the arena has been the Inland Empire's stop for WWE, replacing the smaller Coussoulis Arena in San Bernardino. The arena has hosted various WWE Live events and various tapings for WWE Raw and SmackDown. The Smackdown/Main Event tapings on February 11, 2014, were the first time WWE televised an event from the Inland Empire since taping four editions of WWE Raw at the Orange Pavilion in San Bernardino on April 1, 1996.
The arena has also been host to many mixed martial arts events, including Bellator Fighting Championships. On August 10, 2013, the arena hosted WSOF 4: Spong vs. DeAnda. The arena also hosts various events of MMA promotion King of the Cage, which has its headquarters in nearby Rancho Cucamonga.
From 2014 to 2017, the arena hosted the annual CIF Southern Section Boys Masters Wrestling Championships. In 2018, the event was moved to Temecula Valley High School, where the event had been previously held, due to scheduling conflicts.
Other events
The venue hosted a PBR Built Ford Tough Series bull riding event in late September 2009 and also hosted another event on August 29 and August 30, 2010.
The arena was the site of the 2011 edition of Skate America from October 21 to the 23rd.
The arena is commonly used for high school graduation ceremonies throughout late May/early June. Most of the high schools originate from the Inland Empire and eastern edge of the San Gabriel Valley. These include the Corona-Norco Unified, Fontana Unified, Rialto Unified, Chino Valley Unified, and Upland Unified School Districts.
Additionally, the arena hosted the California FFA 95th Annual State Conference from March 16 through 19, 2023. This event was attended by 7,000 members and guests.
Hot Wheels Monster Trucks Live comes to the arena every September.
References
External links
2008 establishments in California
Basketball venues in California
Boxing venues in California
Indoor arenas in California
Indoor ice hockey venues in California
Indoor soccer venues in California
Mixed martial arts venues in California
NBA G League venues
Sports in Ontario, California
Sports venues completed in 2008
Sports venues in San Bernardino County, California
Sports venues in the Inland Empire
Wrestling venues in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Arena |
Horon () is a group of traditional folk dances from the Pontus or Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey.
Name
Etymology
The term horon derives from Greek choros (), which means "dance." The earliest instance of its usage in a Turkic language is in Codex Cumanicus from 1303.
Variants
In Ordu and Giresun, the term horan is used instead of horon.
Origin
Horon dances originated from the ancient koron-horon, a form of pagan worship. Over 50 variations of horon have been identified in a single region.
Dance
The horon is typically performed by a group of men or women in a line or semicircle. This dance form involves fast shoulder shimmy (tremoulo), trembling of the entire body, and sudden squats. Horon dances require speed and agility in a dancer.
See also
Khigga
Dabke
Tamzara
Pontic Greek folk dance
References
Greek dances
Turkish folk dances
Circle dances
Pontic Greek dances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horon%20%28dance%29 |
CHAT-TV (analogue channel 6) is a television station in Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada, affiliated with Citytv. Owned by the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group, the station has studios at 10 Boundary Road SE in the nearby town of Redcliff, and its transmitter is located near the Trans-Canada Highway and Range Road 80, northwest of Redcliff.
CHAT also operates rebroadcasters in Pivot (CHAT-TV-1, channel 4) and Maple Creek, Saskatchewan (CHAT-TV-2, channel 6).
History
CHAT-TV began broadcasting on September 14, 1957, on VHF channel 6, with a transmitter power output of 5,700 watts. The station was owned by Monarch Broadcasting Company Ltd., which was operated by J. H. "Hop" Yuill, and was co-owned with local radio station CHAT (1270 AM, now on 94.5 FM). CHAT-TV was the fourth television station in Alberta to sign on the air, and its launch was presided over by then-premier Ernest Manning.
CHAT-TV's first general manager was R.J. "Bob" Buss. The station operated from a modernized studio and office building, and transmitted from a tower located at Redcliff. Sid Gaffney was the first chief engineer, and Merv Stone was the production manager. In the beginning, the station began its daily operations at 5:30 p.m., with the only live programming being the 6 p.m. news bulletin. The remainder of programming arrived via train and consisted of 16 mm kinescope films of CBC programming that had originated one or two weeks earlier. Around 10% of the local commercials were done live, with the announcers having to ad-lib enough to last the full 60 seconds.
Other early CHAT-TV staff members include Bernie Pascall, Gary Buss, George Lund, Mike Darow and Duff Roman. Early local productions of note include Sock-Hop, a teenage dance show, quiz shows such as Teen Challenge and Cartoon Quiz, cooking shows, farming programs, and two music programs, Country Roundup (concentrating on western music), and Music For the Moderns, featuring local musicians.
Later that year, the station joined the Trans Canada Microwave relay, increasing the station's broadcast hours to from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. In 1961, a full-power rebroadcast transmitter was installed near Pivot, near the Alberta–Saskatchewan border, which improved the station's signal reach. In 1967, colour programming from the CBC arrived on CHAT, and local colour programs started in 1972.
In 1981, the main transmitter was relocated to Bowell, Alberta, and its power was increased to 58,000 watts. Other rebroadcasters were added in Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, and at Oyen, Alberta (which was owned by the community).
In 1992, W.H. "Bill" Yuill, son of "Hop" Yuill, became the owner and president of Monarch Communications, which had expanded into other broadcasting and cable properties in Alberta and British Columbia. Over the years, Bob Buss was followed as general manager by Orv Kope, Dwaine Dietrich, Brian Bolli, Brian Ellis, and again by Dwaine Dietrich in 1996. David Sherwood took over in 2007 following the retirement of Dwaine Dietrich.
In 2000, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the sale of Monarch's radio and television holdings (including CHAT-TV) to the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group, a division of the Jim Pattison Group.
On February 28, 2008, the CRTC announced the approval of disaffiliation of CHAT from the CBC effective August 31, 2008. Documents filed with the CRTC indicate the station would then receive programming from CanWest Global. Global's Calgary station CICT-TV is available on cable in Medicine Hat; however, it does not reach the market over-the-air, while CHAT presently airs selected Global programs simultaneously with CICT. On September 1, 2008, CHAT became the market's E! affiliate. Medicine Hat was the only over-the-air market served by E!, where a Global affiliate was not available locally. It was announced that the transmitters of CHAT would not be replaced by the CBC. The market now receives CBC programming through CBRT, which is available on cable and satellite in Medicine Hat, as well as on CBCA-TV-1 12 in Etzikom, which previously rebroadcast CHAT-TV before the affiliation switch. Despite the region's tiny francophone population, Radio-Canada station CBXFT in Edmonton operated a rebroadcaster in Medicine Hat until the CBC shut down all of its analog transmitters on July 31, 2012.
On July 14, 2009, Pattison announced that CHAT and its other E! affiliates would begin receiving programming from Rogers Media's Citytv system starting September 1, although the stations did not begin to utilize any form of "Citytv" branding. Canwest had previously announced it would sell or close its E! stations, leaving the Pattison stations without a programming source.
On May 3, 2012, Rogers announced the renewal of the Citytv affiliation agreement with Jim Pattison Group, originally slated to expire in August 2012; under the agreement, CHAT began carrying 90% of Citytv's prime time schedule and the majority of its morning and daytime lineup (including a simulcast of the Calgary edition of Breakfast Television), largely following CKAL's schedule (with breakaways for CHAT's locally produced midday and evening newscasts) on September 1, 2012.
Historically, CHAT aired Hockey Night in Canada dating back to the days of CBC affiliation. However, when Rogers bought the national rights to the NHL in November 2013, the Pattison affiliates began to air Hockey Night once again in October 2014.
News operation
CHAT-TV presently broadcasts 15 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with three hours each weekday); the station does not produce any weekend newscasts. CHAT-TV's local newscasts are titled CHAT News; the station carries a 30-minute lunch hour newscast at noon with a repeat from 12:30–1:00 p.m., and a two-hour early evening news block from 5:30–7:30 p.m. A half-hour review of the week's news stories airs Saturdays at 6 p.m., with repeat broadcasts at 6 p.m. on Sunday evenings and Monday mornings at 6:30 a.m.
Digital television
As of 2020, CHAT has not yet begun broadcasting a digital signal.
According to a 2009 CRTC decision, CHAT-TV is not required to activate its digital signal, as Medicine Hat is not a mandatory market for digital conversion, which took place in most other markets on August 31, 2011. When CHAT-DT signs on its digital signal, the station will broadcast on UHF channel 40, using PSIP to list CHAT-DT's virtual channel as 6.
Transmitters
References
External links
CHAT TV
HAT-TV
Television channels and stations established in 1957
HAT-TV
Mass media in Medicine Hat
Jim Pattison Group
1957 establishments in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAT-TV |
Infantry Branch may refer to:
Royal Australian Infantry Corps, the organisation to which all Australian infantry regiments belong
Royal Canadian Infantry Corps, the organisation to which all Canadian infantry regiments belong
Infantry Branch (United States), a branch of the United States Army first established in 1775. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry%20Branch |
Richard Patrick Versace (April 16, 1940 – February 25, 2022) was an American basketball coach and executive. He was also the first American of Puerto Rican descent to have coached a National Basketball Association (NBA) team.
Early life
Versace was born in Fort Bragg, North Carolina. His parents were Colonel Humbert Joseph Versace, an Italian American and Marie Teresa Rios, a Puerto Rican-Irish American author. The 1960s television sitcom The Flying Nun was based on one of her books. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, though he did not play basketball.
Versace coached at the high school and collegiate level and in the NBA. Versace coached at St. Joseph High School in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and Gordon Tech in Chicago. Oddly, his first coaching position after college was at Forrest-Strawn- Wing High School in the small Central Illinois community of Forrest during the years of 1964 and 1965. The odd thing being that he was the head football coach. He led the team to an 8-1 record and a Vermilion Valley Conference championship. He coached junior varsity basketball that winter. Versace began his college coaching career at St. Louis University in 1973, after compiling a 204-66 record at the high school coaching level. He then moved to Michigan State University, where he was heavily involved in the recruitment of Magic Johnson. Versace's first head coaching assignment was at the Jackson Community College in 1976. In the early 1980s, he was head men's basketball coach at Bradley University, where he led the team to the 1982 NIT championship. In the 1985-86 season, he was named National College Coach of the Year by the U.S. Basketball Writers' Association. That year, his Bradley Braves went 32-3 and were ranked as high as #7 in the nation during the season. His back court players included future NBA star Hersey Hawkins and future Bradley Head Coach Jim Les.
College
Versace became the head coach at Bradley University in 1978 and remained at Bradley until 1986. In his second season at Bradley the team finished first in the Missouri Valley Conference and qualifying for the NCAA tournament. Losing in the first round to Texas A&M. In 1981-82 Bradley finished first in the MVC but lost in the semifinals of the MVC tournament. They were not selected to the NCAA tournament but won the NIT championship. In Versace’s final season at Bradley they finished 32-3 for the season and 16-0 in the MVC. Losing in the second round of the NCAA tournament to eventual champion Louisville.
Season-by-season results
NBA
He later served as an assistant coach for the Detroit Pistons under head coach Chuck Daly. Versace then became head coach of the Indiana Pacers for two years, from 1988 through 1990. After leaving the Pacers job, Versace became a sportscaster on TNT and on WMAQ TV in Chicago. Versace served as an assistant coach for the Milwaukee Bucks during the 1997-98 season.
In 1999, Versace was named President of Basketball Operations for the then-Vancouver Grizzlies. After Versace's first season in Vancouver, the Grizzlies were relocated and became the Memphis Grizzlies. And in 2002, the Grizzlies hired NBA legend Jerry West as President of Basketball Operations, and Versace assumed the role of General Manager and remained with the team through the end of the 2004-2005 season. Prior to joining the Grizzlies, Versace worked for Michael Heisley's acquisition team as Versace oversaw Heisley's pursuit and ultimate purchase of the Vancouver Grizzlies.
Later years
On October 8, 2007, Versace announced that he would run as a Democratic Party candidate for Illinois' 18th Congressional District seat, then held by Republican Congressman Ray LaHood who was retiring. On December 8, 2007, however, Versace announced that he would not be running due to "unforeseen personal circumstances."
Personal life and death
Versace was the brother of Vietnam War posthumous Medal of Honor recipient Rocky Versace, who was executed by the Viet Cong while a Prisoner of War in 1965. He had two other brothers, Dr. Stephen Versace (his twin) and Michael Versace Rios, and a sister, Trilby Versace. Versace was divorced and had two children, David and Julie. He died on February 25, 2022, at the age of 81.
See also
List of notable Puerto Ricans
Sports in Puerto Rico
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Dick Versace
1940 births
2022 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American sportspeople of Puerto Rican descent
Basketball coaches from North Carolina
Bradley Braves men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Detroit Pistons assistant coaches
High school basketball coaches in Illinois
High school basketball coaches in Wisconsin
Illinois Democrats
Indiana Pacers head coaches
Memphis Grizzlies executives
Michigan State Spartans men's basketball coaches
Milwaukee Bucks assistant coaches
National Basketball Association broadcasters
People from Fort Liberty, North Carolina
Saint Louis Billikens men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Fayetteville, North Carolina
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Versace |
The Air Operations Branch () is a personnel branch of the Canadian Forces (CF). All members of the branch wear air force uniform.
Training
Royal Canadian Air Force Academy
The Royal Canadian Air Force Academy (RCAF Academy) at CFB Borden provides leadership and management training and imparts leadership and management techniques. The role of the RCAF Academy is to broaden awareness of Royal Canadian Air Force heritage and to develop general service knowledge and professional attributes. The school offers the Basic Air Environmental Qualification (BAEQ), Primary Leadership Qualification (PLQ), Primary Air Environmental Qualification (PAEQ), Intermediate Air Environmental Qualification (IAEQ), and Senior Air Supervisor (SAS) courses. The RCAF Academy is also responsible for the design (AEQ) Courses.
Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Control Operations
The Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Control Operations (CFSACO) in Cornwall, Ontario, offers a range of basic and specialty courses and conversion training to aerospace control officers and aerospace control operators. The CFSACO mainly carries out training in military air traffic control, and air defence. Military members are trained to become either air traffic controller/operators or air weapons controller/operators.
Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering
The Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering (CFSATE) at CFB Borden was formed in 1985 when the Canadian Forces School of Aerospace and Ordnance Engineering (CFSAOE), having previously amalgamated the Canadian Forces Aircraft Trade School (CFATS) and the Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers School (RCEME School), was dissolved. CFSATE delivers training to both aerospace engineering officers and military occupation classification (MOC) 500 technicians for both Regular and Reserve Force. The school conducts apprentice-level training for various trades, including avionics systems (AVS), aviation systems (AVN), aircraft structures (ACS), air weapons systems (AWS), and imagery (IMAGE) technicians.
RCAF W/C William G. Barker VC Aerospace College
The RCAF W/C William G. Barker VC Aerospace College (RCAF Barker College) in Winnipeg, Manitoba, was stood up in 2018 to replace the Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Studies (CFSAS), established in 1987. RCAF Barker College offers advanced education and training to some 2000 officers and non-commissioned members annually. RCAF Barker College teaches the Aerospace Studies Programme (ASP), the Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E) course, Advanced Electronic Warfare, Basic Space Operations and Space Operations, Human Performance in Military Aviation (HPMA), the Instrument Check Pilot (ICP), the Modelling and Simulation course, the five-part Air Force Officer Development (AFOD) program, and the RCAF Unit Command Team Orientation Programme. The RCAF Barker College is home to the LGen Lewis Memorial Library which specializes in subjects related to aerospace warfare and technology.
1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School
Formerly called Canadian Forces Air Navigation School, the 1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (1 CFFTS) at CFB Winnipeg selects, develops, and trains commissioned air combat systems officer and non-commissioned airborne electronic sensor operators, who use modern aircraft positioning systems, such as GPSs to direct complex tactical missions.
2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School
The 2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (2 CFFTS), at CFB Moose Jaw trains over 150 pilots every year through the NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC) program for Canada's Air Force.
3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School
The 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (3 CFFTS) in Winnipeg conducts pilot training using a variety of aircraft to accomplish its mission. 3 CFFTS is responsible for the oversight of the primary pilot selection and training of all air force pilots. 3 CFFTS conducts the visual flight rules flight training for all air force air combat systems officers. In addition, 3 CFFTS conducts helicopter pilot training and multi-engine aircraft pilot training.
Order of precedence
References
External links
Canadian Forces Recruiting
Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence
Canadian Armed Forces
Military history of Canada
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Operations%20Branch |
Tan Sri Dato' Haji Mahiaddin bin Md. Yasin (born 15 May 1947), commonly known as Muhyiddin bin Mohd. Yassin (; ), is a Malaysian politician who served as the eighth Prime Minister of Malaysia from 2020 to 2021. Appointed as prime minister amid a political crisis, Muhyiddin served for 17 months and resigned after losing parliamentary support.
Muhyiddin grew up in the state of Johor and joined the state public service after graduating from University of Malaya (UM). He assumed management positions at various state-owned companies. In 1978, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for Pagoh. During this term, he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the minister of foreign affairs, deputy minister of federal territories and later deputy minister of trade and industry. As the Johor UMNO chief, he was the state's Menteri Besar from 1986 to 1995. He returned to federal politics in 1995. He was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Youth and Sports. He was appointed Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs after the 1999 general election and became a vice president of UMNO in 2000. Under the premiership of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Muhyiddin served as Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry from 2004 to 2008, and then as Minister of International Trade and Industry from 2008 to 2009.
In 2008, he contested and won the UMNO deputy presidency and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009. As Minister of Education, Muhyiddin ended the use of English as the medium of instruction for science and mathematics in public schools. He also attracted controversy after describing himself as "Malay first" when challenged by the Opposition to pronounce himself as "Malaysian first". Muhyiddin was a vocal critic of his government and party over the 1MDB scandal; as a result, he was dropped from his position during Najib's mid-term cabinet reshuffle in July 2015, marking the first incumbent UMNO deputy president to be left out of the president's cabinet. In June 2016, he was expelled from UMNO.
He participated in founding the political party Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) under Mahathir in 2016. He returned to the cabinet after his coalition of parties Pakatan Harapan won the 2018 Malaysian general election. In February 2020, BERSATU withdrew from Pakatan Harapan, culminating in a political crisis as the coalition lost its majority in the Dewan Rakyat. Following Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's subsequent resignation, Muhyiddin successfully formed a new coalition Perikatan Nasional by receiving support from enough MPs to form a majority government and was appointed Prime Minister on 1 March.
Much of his premiership was overseeing Malaysia's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which became a major crisis shortly after he took office. This included enacting several iterations of the Movement Control Order (MCO), a vaccination programme and declaring a 2021 state of emergency, where parliament and elections were suspended. Although his government's initial response was praised by the WHO and had high local approval ratings, the worsening of the COVID-19 crisis in 2021 attracted criticism and destabilised the coalition. On 16 August 2021, he resigned after attempts to regain support from MPs were unsuccessful. He remained caretaker Prime Minister until his replacement Ismail Sabri Yaakob was selected on 21 August 2021.
Muhyiddin unsuccessfully ran as the prime ministerial candidate for Perikatan Nasional in the 2022 general election. In March 2023, Muhyiddin was arrested by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission as part of a corruption investigation on several counts of money laundering and abuse of power, making him the second former prime minister after Najib Razak to be prosecuted.
Early life and education
Muhyiddin was born as Mahiaddin bin Md. Yasin in Muar, Johor, Malaysia. His father, Haji Muhammad Yassin bin Muhammad, was a Malay of Bugis descent. Muhammad Yassin was an Islamic theologian and cleric based in Bandar Maharani, Muar, Johor, while his mother, Hajjah Khadijah binti Kassim, was a Malay of Javanese descent.
Muhyiddin received his primary education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Maharani, Muar, Johor, and Sekolah Kebangsaan Ismail, Muar, Johor. He received his secondary education at the Muar High School, Johor. Subsequently, he attended the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. He received Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Economics and Malay studies in 1971.
Early career
After completing his studies, Muhyiddin joined the Johor state public service as the assistant secretary of training and scholarship. In 1974, he was appointed the assistant district officer (ADO) of Muar. He left the civil service to join the corporate sector in the Johor State Economic Development Corporation (PKENJ), managing its subsidiary companies like Sergam Berhad as managing director (1974–1977), Equity Mal (Johore) Sdn Bhd as Director (1974–1978), Sri Saujana Berhad as managing director (1974–1978) and SGS Ates (M) Sdn Bhd as Human Resources Manager (1974).
Early political career (1971–1995)
Early year
Muhyiddin's involvement in politics began when he joined UMNO as an ordinary member at the Muar Dalam division in 1971. He was elected as UMNO youth chief of the Pagoh division and the secretary in 1976. Later he became Youth Chief of Johor state UMNO Youth until 1987.
Muhyiddin occupied the seats of Exco in the national Malaysia UMNO Youth. In 1984, Muhyiddin was elected the UMNO division chief of Pagoh, replacing Othman Saat. Muhyiddin rose the ranks and file of Johor UMNO quickly. From being a state executive council member, he rose to become Johor UMNO's head and later became Menteri Besar of Johor.
Muhyiddin contested and was elected Member of Parliament for the Pagoh constituency in the 1978 general election and kept the seat until 1982. Muhyiddin was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs; subsequently, he was promoted to Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Federal Territories and later the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
In 1984, Muhyiddin contested a UMNO Supreme Council seat but lost. Muhyiddin was later appointed the UMNO Johor state liaison chairman and next appointed a Supreme Council member. In November 1990, he was a candidate for the UMNO vice-presidency but lost again. He attempted again in the November 1993 UMNO party election, successfully this time.
Rise to prominence (1995–2009)
Muhyiddin returned to contest the Pagoh parliamentary seat in the 1995 General Election.
He served several different federal government cabinet posts as Minister of Youth and Sports (1995–1999), Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (1999–2004), Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry (2004–2008) and Minister of International Trade and Industry (2008–2009). He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education by Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2009.
He lost the 1996 election when defending the vice-president post. Eventually, in the election in 2000, he again won the post of vice-president of UMNO, remaining in that post until the October 2008 party election, when Muhyiddin successfully sought the higher post of deputy president, which was left vacant as the incumbent, Najib Razak (who was acting party president after the retirement of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi), became UMNO president.
2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election
Muhyiddin attacked Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's original transition plan as "too long", and some people say that at one point, Muhyiddin was about to ask and force Abdullah to quit, though he never did so directly. During the 2008 general election, Muhyiddin managed to keep his seat and remained as an UMNO leader. Shocked by the election results, he called for reforms.
During the 2009 UMNO General Assembly and party election, Muhyiddin was a candidate for the deputy president post, which was vacated by the incoming prime minister Najib Tun Razak. He was challenged by Mohd Ali Rustam, Malacca chief minister, and Muhammad Muhammad Taib, Rural and Regional Development Minister. Muhyiddin, seen as a supporter of Mahathir Mohamad, was seen to be the front-runner for the race, garnering many nominations by the UMNO divisions. Nevertheless, the competition was tough, as Taib and Rustam gained more ground, especially from the Badawi camp. Political analysts tipped the race to be very tight. However, the UMNO supreme council decided to disqualify Ali Rustam's candidacy after his assistants were caught involved with corruption after an investigation. The election resulted in Muhyiddin's election to the post with 1,575 votes to Muhammad Taib's 916.
Deputy premiership (2009–2015)
Muhyiddin was appointed deputy prime minister on 9 April 2009, when Najib took over from Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and unveiled his first Cabinet.
Continuing as Minister for Education, he announced the decision to return to the teaching of mathematics and science in Malay in all government primary and secondary schools.
Muhyiddin waded into controversy in March 2010 by stating he was "Malay first" rather than "Malaysian first". He also said that there is nothing wrong with other races doing the same; for example, the Chinese could claim themselves to be "Chinese first, Malaysian second" and same for the Indians. On 13 July 2010, he said that anyone was free to form an association, including Chinese or Indian versions of the Malay rights group Perkasa. Prime Minister Najib came to Muhyiddin's defence, denying that his statement was inconsistent with the "1Malaysia" concept promoted by the government.
Sacked from the cabinet
During Najib's mid-term Cabinet reshuffle on 28 July 2015, he was dropped from his position as Deputy Prime Minister. The dismissal came after Muhyiddin had made public and critical remarks about Najib's handling of the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal. Najib stated that Muhyiddin's dismissal, and the contemporaneous dismissals of other Ministers who had been critical of his leadership, was to create a more "unified team". Muhyiddin remained UMNO deputy president, but after keeping up criticism of UMNO, he was eventually sacked by the party's supreme council in June 2016. Muhyiddin remained unrepentant, maintaining that he had never betrayed the party and pledging to continue speaking out.
Post deputy premiership (2015–2018)
Establishment of BERSATU party
In August 2016, Muhyiddin registered a new political party, called Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (PPBM or Bersatu for short) together with former prime minister Mahathir Mohamad. Muhyiddin became the party's president while Mahathir and his son Mukhriz Mahathir became the chairman and deputy president. The new party is focused on Bumiputera – Malays and Orang Asli – in the sense that full membership is only open to Bumiputera. Other races can join the party but cannot vote or contest in party elections.
Minister of Home Affairs (2018-2020)
He was appointed as Malaysian Minister of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad when Pakatan Harapan won the 14th General Election.
On 22 May 2018, Muhyiddin announced The Home Ministry will review seven laws relating to national security that were no longer suitable in today’s landscape. He said these laws were the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984, Sedition Act 1948, Peaceful Assembly Act 2012, Prevention of Crime Act 1959 (Poca), Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (Sosma), Prevention of Terrorism Act 2015 (Pota), and mandatory death sentence.
On September 16th to September 21st, 2019, Muhyiddin visited the United States to boost security ties.
Prime Minister (2020–2021)
On 29 February 2020, a week after the country was thrown into a political crisis, Muhyiddin was appointed Prime Minister by the King of Malaysia, following the abrupt resignation of Mahathir Mohamad five days before. He is the first person appointed to the position while holding both a parliamentary and state seat at the same time.
COVID-19 pandemic and movement control order
During his administration, COVID-19 spread throughout the nation. In response, Muhyiddin implemented the Movement Control Order (MCO) on 16 March 2020 to prevent the disease from infecting more Malaysians. The MCO started nationwide from 18 March and was extended conditionally to 9 June 2020. In response to the economic impact of COVID-19, he introduced an economic stimulus package worth RM 250 billion on 27 March to soften the economic strain during the MCO.
On 1 May, in conjunction with Labour Day, Muhyiddin announced a Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO). Certain economic sectors were allowed to operate gradually as long as SOP are followed. Travel restrictions are partially lifted to allow stranded students staying on their campuses and people who are stuck in other states to return to their respective home. Sports, recreational, and large gatherings are still prohibited under the CMCO.
On 10 May, it was announced that the CMCO will last for another four weeks until 9 June. More sectors will be allowed to operate and fewer restrictions are to be applied. Shopping malls, dine-in and non-contact sports are allowed as long as social distancing is observed.
The CMCO was converted into Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) and ran from 10 June until 31 August. Under the RMCO, more restrictions will be relaxed to allow the public to carry out their daily activities while complying with standard operating procedures. Almost all social, religious, business, and educational activities are allowed to resume. Hair salons, morning and night markets, and sports-related businesses like gymnasiums will open on a staggered basis, as well as religious congregation such as prayers as long as strict SOPs are followed. Reflexology centres, nightclubs, theme parks, karaoke centres, and gatherings such as kenduri (feasts) are still barred during the RMCO.
The government's COVID-19 response had a 93% approval rating in September 2020, with 69% approval for Muhyiddin himself.
Until early September 2020, Malaysia had a low number of COVID-19 cases. Infections rose following the 2020 Sabah state election in September, leading to a surge in Sabah which spread to the Klang Valley area. However, unlike the initial promise to reinstate the Movement Control Order (MCO) if the case returns to 3 digits, the government only imposed the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) under the name of "economy". The government did not impose the MCO until January 2021. Nevertheless, the "MCO 2.0", was criticised for being not as strict as the "MCO 1.0" from March to May 2020.
The government's mismanagement of the second and third waves provoked widespread anger among Malaysians, such as hashtags like "#KerajaanGagal" (means Failed Government) and/or "#MuhyiddinOut" which trended online. During the third wave in the mid 2021, a "Black Flag Campaign (Bendera Hitam)" became a trend, urging Muhyiddin to immediately resign.
On July 31, 2021, hundreds of protesters gathered in Kuala Lumpur calling for Muhyiddin's resignation over his government's response to the pandemic.
Foreign relations
Myanmar
After a bilateral meeting, Muhyiddin and Indonesian President Joko Widodo called for a special meeting of ASEAN on Myanmar after the 2021 coup d'état. After the April 2021 meeting, where representatives from the deposed National League for Democracy did not attend, Muhyiddin announced that Malaysia's three proposals to Min Aung Hlaing were not rejected, including calls to end violence against civilians during the 2021 Burmese protests, release of political detainees, and allow the Chair of ASEAN access to Myanmar.
Proclamation of emergency
On 19 October 2020, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Muhyiddin's request for him to issue a proclamation of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout the country. However, on 21 January 2021, a new request to issue a proclamation of emergency was granted by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and is expected to last until 1 August. Parliament and all elections were suspended while the proclamation was in effect.
Loss of majority support and resignation
On 8 July 2021, UMNO withdrew support for Muhyiddin and called for his resignation in July 2021 over the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. As well as a failure to prevent a record rise in COVID-19 infections and deaths, UMNO President Ahmad Zahid Hamidi cited the management of the severe economic impact, lack of political stability and extension of the Movement Control Order in his call for Muhyiddin to make way for a new interim premier.
On 4 August 2021, Putrajaya, Muhyiddin Yassin submitted a motion of confidence to the Yang di Pertuan Agong of Malaysia stating that he had received numerous declarations which provided that he still had the majority support within the lower house of parliament Dewan Rakyat. Therefore, the action of resignation under the Federal Constitution of Malaysia under section 43(4) is neither valid nor legal. He stated that the motion of no confidence would take place in September if the parliament had doubts about his ruling. However, this statement has been rejected by opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim who claims that 112 or more MPs have rejected Perikatan Nasional. Therefore, Anwar Ibrahim's statement concludes that Muyhiddin's claims are not valid and potentially fraudulent.
Following Anwar Ibrahim's statement, on 6 August 2021, Muhyiddin stated during a press conference in Pagoh, Johor that he is still confident that he still holds majority support within the Parliament.
On 15 August 2021, Mohd Redzuan Md Yusof, the Minister of the Prime Minister's Department (Special Functions), stated that Muhyiddin would resign on the next day. Muhyiddin and his cabinet submitted their resignation to the king on Monday, 16 August 2021.
Post-premiership (2021–present)
Chairman of the National Recovery Council
On 4 September 2021, Chief Secretary to the Government Mohd Zuki Ali announced that Muhyiddin had been appointed as Chairman of the National Recovery Council (NRC), a Cabinet minister-level position and highest position in the important council in charge of the recovery efforts of the COVID-19 pandemic based on confidence of the government in the ability of Muhyiddin in spearheading the COVID-19 pandemic recovery strategies.On 21 December 2022, Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim dissolved NRC due to its redundancy and overlapping of duties, tasks and functions with other government agencies.
15th Malaysian general election
Perikatan Nasional announced Muhyiddin Yassin as its candidate for prime minister ahead of the 15th Malaysian general election, which was held on 19 November 2022. In the election, Perikatan Nasional won 73 seats out of 222 seats, below the 112 seats needed for a majority. After the election, Muhyiddin claimed to have a sufficient majority to be appointed as the prime minister, citing support from Perikatan Nasional, Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah.
On 22 November, the royal palace stated that after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong reviewed the nominations for prime minister, he found that "no member of parliament has the majority support to be appointed prime minister", so he summoned both Muhyiddin and Anwar Ibrahim, the prime minister candidate from the rival coalition Pakatan Harapan, to see him. After the meeting, Muhyiddin said that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong proposed a unity government between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but he rejected it as Perikatan Nasional "will not cooperate" with Pakatan Harapan.
Anwar Ibrahim was later appointed and sworn in as Malaysia's 10th Prime Minister on 24 November 2022, with the consent of Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah, after a consultation with the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia. However, Muhyiddin continued to insist that he had the support of a majority of 115 MPs to form the next government and called on Anwar to prove his majority.
Controversies and issues
Alleged misuse of RMAF helicopter
Muhyiddin, as the Deputy Prime Minister, has used a RMAF Nuri helicopter to attend and open UMNO's divisional assembly in the interior of Sabah, which has nothing to do with his official duties. His actions have been strongly criticized by the federal opposition led by Lim Kit Siang as it was a misuse of his powers as Deputy Prime Minister. Lim even questioned whether the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) would investigate Muhyiddin, as MACC has been conducting various investigations into assemblymen in states controlled by Lim's Pakatan Rakyat.
Racial views
On 31 March 2010, Muhyiddin attracted contr declaring himself as a "Malay first" rather than a "Malaysian first" when responding to Democratic Action Party (DAP) leader Lim Kit Siang's challenge in the parliament for him to state whether he is a Malay or a Malaysian first. However, Muhyiddin retorted although he is Malay first, that doesn't mean he being Malay is not Malaysian. The Prime Minister Najib Razak defended Muhyiddin's "Malay first, Malaysian second" assertion and controversial statement even though it contradicts the 1Malaysia concept which talks of "a nation where, it is hoped, every Malaysian perceives himself or herself as Malaysian first, and by race, religion, geographical region or socio-economic background second".
Muhyiddin attracted criticism again on 12 April 2010 by calling the members of a new inter-faith committee 'small fry', causing strong reaction from the public and uproar from the Malaysian Consultative Council of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Sikhism and Taoism (MCCBCHST) to back off from joining the committee for the time being. Muhyiddin was quick to deny he ever say that and stated he was misquoted. Muhyiddin later doubled down and uttered 'Yes, I am Malay first and no apologies'.
Legal name dispute
On 2 April 2021, the Shah Alam court has reversed a preventive detention order signed by him during his time as the Minister of Home Affairs because he signed the order using his unofficial name, Muhyiddin bin Mohd. Yassin instead of his legal name/birth name, Mahiaddin bin Md. Yasin.
Involvement in the Sheraton Move
Following political infighting within Pakatan Harapan, BERSATU President Muhyiddin Yassin, PAS President Abdul Hadi Awang, PKR Deputy President Azmin Ali, and UMNO leaders Abdul Hadi Awang and Ismail Sabri Yaakob formed the Perikatan Nasional government which led to a loss of parliamentary majority for the ruling Pakatan Harapan coalition, ultimately resulting in Mahathir Mohamad's resignation as Prime Minister. This moment is widely regarded as the start of the Malaysian political crisis. Following its formation, the Perikatan Nasional government was the target of scathing criticism, with many calling its existence "democratically illegitimate" or more colloquially, a "backdoor government".
"Christianisation" claim
During a campaign speech on 17 November 2022, Muhyiddin accused Pakatan Harapan of working with Jews and Christians to "Christianise the country". He backed his claim by saying "I saw a video where a group of Jews were talking about Malaysia and were praying for the country to fall into the hands of the opposition, which has been sponsoring these groups of Jews and Christians. For me this is dangerous. Is a Christianisation process going to happen?". His remarks was condemned as religiously insensitive by the Council of Churches of Malaysia. Muhyiddin defended himself and claimed that he was taken out of context by saying that his speech was 55 minutes long, and that the remark was only 1 minute and 35 seconds long. He also claimed he was merely commenting on a supposed video clip that allegedly showed "foreign religious groups" praying for Pakatan Harapan to win. Such a thing made Bersatu Sabah members leave the party and declare the dissolution of Bersatu Sabah organization because of sensitive religious issues made by the president of the party. Sabah is a multi-racial state just like Sarawak and Hajiji Noor (Chairman of Bersatu Sabah) strongly rejected and protested the statement of the president of Bersatu, Muhyiddin Yassin. Accordingly, Hajiji Noor and members of Bersatu Sabah announced to leave Muhyiddin's party and migrate to existing local parties. They confirmed to migrate to Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah, one of the component parties in GRS and one of the multi-racial parties in Sabah.
2023 corruption charges
On 9 March 2023, Muhyiddin was detained by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission after being questioned over a Covid-19 economic recovery package launched by his government. Muhyiddin denied the allegations. He was accused of sourcing $51m in bribes from companies who hoped to benefit from the emergency government spending program, and charged with gratification and money laundering. He allegedly abused his position for gratification from three entities and an individual for his ally, Bersatu. He pleaded not guilty on the charges. Judge Azura then fixed bail at RM2mil in two sureties and ordered Muhyiddin to surrender his passport. The case is being viewed by many Malaysians as a result of intense political rivalry which emerged after the defeat of Malaysia's incumbent political party, UMNO, in the 2018 Malaysian general election.
On 15 August 2023, the High Court has discharged and acquitted Muhyiddin of four charges involving abuse of power to obtain a RM232.5mil gratification for Bersatu. Justice Muhammad Jamil Hussin said all four charges were defective, baseless and vague. Muhyiddin claimed he knew the aforementioned charges were politically motivated from the very beginning and insisted he has not committed any wrongdoings under the law.
Personal life
Family
He married Noorainee Abdul Rahman in 1972 and has 4 children; 2 sons and 2 daughters, namely Fakhri Yassin Mahiaddin, Nabilah Mahiaddin, and Farhan Yassin Mahiaddin respectively. All of his children are heavily involved in business and corporate, entertainment or writing industries. His son, Fakhri Yassin, was a corporate figure in Malaysia and assumed the position of Executive Chairman. The second child, Nabilah was involved in book writing while Najwa and Farhan Yassin shared the same interest in the entertainment industry.
Sport
He is an avid golf lover.
Health issues
In the aftermath of 2018 general election (GE14), Muhyiddin was diagnosed with an early-stage tumour in the pancreas. He had spent one month in Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore from July to August 2018, during which he underwent a surgery to extract the tumour. The operation was successful and he returned to Malaysia in stable condition. He was scheduled for a series of follow-up chemotherapy treatment after Hari Raya Haji, for up to six months. He told reporters at the Parliament, "for cancer cases such as this, it is normal to go through follow-up treatment including chemotherapy for 12 rounds over the duration of six months."
Based on medical advice, Muhyiddin took a one-month medical leave to recover post-surgery. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad took charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs during Muhyiddin's absence.
On 22 May 2020, Muhyiddin entered into a 14-day quarantine after an officer who attended the post-Cabinet meeting at the Prime Minister's Office on 21 May tested positive for COVID-19. On 4 June 2020, he completed the 14-day quarantine period and was tested negative for COVID-19. Therefore, he was allowed to return to the workplace to discharge his official duties as Prime Minister.
On 9 February 2022, he confirmed that he had tested positive for COVID-19, was experiencing mild symptoms and would be undergoing quarantine.
Election results
Honours
Honours of Malaysia
:
Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1988)
:
Second Class of the Sultan Ibrahim Medal (PIS II) (1974)
Second Class of the Star of Sultan Ismail (BSI II) (1979)
Companion of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SMJ) (1980)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) – Dato' (1991)
:
Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (SHMS) – Dato' Seri Diraja (2014)
:
Knight Grand Commander of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DUNM) – Datuk Seri Utama (2019)
:
Ordinary Class of the Perak Family Order of Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA) – Dato' Seri Diraja (2010)
:
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis (SPMP) – Dato' Seri (2007)
:
Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SUNS) – Dato' Seri Utama (2010)
:
Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (2010)
:
Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Sarawak (PNBS) – Dato Sri (2008)
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP) – Datuk Patinggi (2010)
Honorary degrees
:
2012 International Honorary Doctorate from United States Sports Academy (2013)
:
Honorary Doctor of Letters (Litt.D.) degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University (2014)
Honorary plaque
:
Honorary Plaque of the City of Sarajevo (2016)
See also
Pagoh (federal constituency)
List of international prime ministerial trips made by Muhyiddin Yassin
Notes
References
External links
Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia Official Website
Johor Menteri Besar Office|Menteri Besar Biography|Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin
My KMU Johor|Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin
Johorean Student Society|Persatuan Mahasiswa Anak Johor (PERMAJ)|National University of Malaysia|Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)|Biografi Mantan Menteri Besar Johor
1947 births
Living people
People from Muar
Malaysian people of Bugis descent
Malaysian people of Javanese descent
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian political party founders
Leaders of political parties in Malaysia
Malaysian United Indigenous Party politicians
Former United Malays National Organisation politicians
Independent politicians in Malaysia
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Members of the Johor State Legislative Assembly
Chief Ministers of Johor
Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Deputy Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Government ministers of Malaysia
Agriculture ministers of Malaysia
Education ministers of Malaysia
Home ministers of Malaysia
Industry ministers of Malaysia
Trade ministers of Malaysia
Johor state executive councillors
People charged with corruption
Prisoners and detainees of Malaysia
University of Malaya alumni
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Knights Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu
20th-century Malaysian politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhyiddin%20Yassin |
The Royal Canadian Logistics Service (RCLS, ) is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF).
In April 1997, the CF Armed Forces Council decided to incorporate the Personnel Administration Branch into the Logistics Branch.
From 1968 to 2018 the organization was named the Logistics Branch. On October 16, 2018, on the occasion on its 50th anniversary, the Logistics Branch received its "Royal" designation from Queen Elizabeth II becoming the Royal Canadian Logistics Service.
Unification
When the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged in 1968 to form the Canadian Armed Forces, the administrative corps of the Canadian Army were deactivated and merged with their naval and air force counterparts to ultimately form the Canadian Forces Logistics Branch.
The Royal Canadian Army Service Corps transport and supply elements were combined with the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps to form the Logistics Branch
The Royal Canadian Postal Corps and Royal Canadian Army Service Corps clerical trades were merged to form the Administration Branch (later merged with the Logistics Branch)
Uniform
The officers that belong to the corps wear a metallic embroidered or composite cap badge, while the non-commissioned members (NCM) wear a cloth-like version on berets and Air Force wedge caps; however, Navy NCMs wear a solid-metal version on their service caps and bowlers.
Training
Canadian Forces Logistics Training Centre
Canadian Forces Logistics Training Centre (CFLTC) (formerly known as Canadian Forces School of Administration and Logistics or CFSAL) has an establishment of 181 military and 14 civilian personnel and is organized into a headquarters and six divisions:
Supply and Food Service Training Division;
Financial and Human Resources Training Division;
Transportation and Traffic Training Division;
Postal Training Cadre (CFB Trenton);
Music Training Division;
Explosives Training Division; and
Logistics Leadership Division, which oversees Officer and Advanced Training.
Each year, CFLTC trains approximately 3,000 military members (both Regular and Reserve Force) and civilians. CFLTC provides entry-level training to logistics officers from all three environments. In addition, CFLTC trains the following sub-occupations for logistics officers: supply chain management, financial management, human resources management, fleet management and food services.
CFLTC trains the following occupations for non-commissioned members: human resources administrator, financial service administrator, cook, material management technician, ammunition technician, traffic technician, mobile support equipment operator, and musician.
Order of precedence
References
External links
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Organizations based in Canada with royal patronage
Military logistics of Canada
Military units and formations established in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Canadian%20Logistics%20Service |
Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) Convention (Revised), 1934 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1934:
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the partial revision of the Convention concerning workmen's compensation for occupational diseases adopted by the Conference at its Seventh Session,...
Modification
The convention revised Convention C18 and was subsequently revised in 1964 by Convention C121.
Ratifications and denunciations
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 53 states. Subsequently, the convention has been automatically denounced by 13 states by reason of their acceptance of the revising convention.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Workmen's
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties concluded in 1934
Treaties entered into force in 1936
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of the First Austrian Republic
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Vargas-era Brazil
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of the Comoros
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
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Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of Haiti
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Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
Treaties of India
Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Mauritius
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Treaties of New Zealand
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Treaties of Panama
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of Rwanda
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of the Union of South Africa
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Suriname
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties extended to the Nauru Trust Territory
Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo
Treaties extended to Ruanda-Urundi
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to French Polynesia
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to New Caledonia
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Treaties extended to the Trust Territory of Somalia
Treaties extended to Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
Treaties extended to the Colony of Barbados
Treaties extended to Bermuda
Treaties extended to the Bechuanaland Protectorate
Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to British Guiana
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
Treaties extended to Basutoland
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to Montserrat
Treaties extended to British Saint Lucia
Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)
Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
Treaties extended to Curaçao and Dependencies
Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
1934 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workmen%27s%20Compensation%20%28Occupational%20Diseases%29%20Convention%20%28Revised%29%2C%201934 |
Dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) is a colorless liquid and a pungent odor at high concentration at room temperature. It is primarily used as a beverage preservative, processing aid, or sterilant (INS No. 242) being highly active against typical beverage spoiling microorganisms like yeast, bacteria, or mould.
Usage
Dimethyl dicarbonate is used to stabilize beverages by preventing microbial spoilage. It can be used in various non-alcoholic as well as alcoholic drinks like wine, cider, beer-mix beverages or hard seltzers. Beverage spoiling microbes are killed by methoxycarbonylation of proteins.
It acts by inhibiting enzymes involved in the microbial metabolism, e.g. acetate kinase and L-glutamic acid decarboxylase. It has also been proposed that DMDC inhibits the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by causing the methoxycarbonylation of their histidine components.
In wine, it is often used to replace potassium sorbate, as it inactivates wine spoilage yeasts such as Brettanomyces. Once it has been added to beverages, the efficacy of the chemical is provided by the following reactions:
DMDC + water → methanol + carbon dioxide
DMDC + ethanol → ethyl methyl carbonate
DMDC + ammonia → methyl carbamate
DMDC + amino acid → derived carboxymethyl
The application of DMDC is particularly useful when wine needs to be sterilized but cannot be sterile filtered, pasteurized, or sulfured. DMDC is also used to stabilize non-alcoholic beverages such as carbonated or non-carbonated juice beverages, isotonic sports beverages, iced teas and flavored waters. DMDC is produced by Lanxess under the trade name Velcorin®
DMDC is added before the filling of the beverage. It then breaks down into small amounts of methanol and carbon dioxide, which are both natural constituents of fruit and vegetable juices.
The EU Scientific Committee on Food, the FDA in the United States and the JECFA of the WHO have confirmed the safe use in beverages. The FDA approved its use in wines in 1988, with the maximum level being permitted set at 200 mg/L, and only if there were fewer than 500 yeast cells/mL at time of dosage. It is also approved in the EU, where it is listed under E number E242, as well as Australia and New Zealand.
See also
Dimethyl carbonate
References
External links
Dimethyl dicarbonate at EPA SRS
Dimethyl dicarbonate technical data at FAO
Dimethyl dicarbonate and microbiological stability
Winemaking
Preservatives
Methyl esters
Methylating agents
Dicarbonates
E-number additives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl%20dicarbonate |
The Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RCEME) () is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CF) that provides army engineering maintenance support. All members of the corps wear army uniform. From the 1980s to 2013 it was called the Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Branch.
History
The Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers came into being officially on 15 May 1944, with the fusion of various elements from the Royal Canadian Engineers, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps and Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps, following the model of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME).
With the increase of mechanized equipment during World War II, the need to have one corps dedicated to service and maintenance thereof was becoming increasingly apparent. Trucks had become the de facto means of transportation and logistic support, armoured vehicles had replaced cavalry, weapons were becoming more complicated, as well as the advent of radios and radar, it was apparent that the previous model of having a different corps for each job was inadequate for a modern, mechanized army.
The majority of RCEME technicians were, and still are, vehicle mechanics, but the original RCEME structure incorporated 25 different trades and sub-trades, employing specialists for each particular job in order to train and deploy them in time to meet the war's demand. While it was somewhat bulky, it was nonetheless a centralized structure for maintaining the Army's everyday equipment which was more efficient than the previous system of having each corps perform its own equipment maintenance, and also allowed for a greater degree of specialization within trades.
RCEME formation and early years
The RCEME Corps badge consisted of a laurel wreath, three shields, the Tudor Crown surmounting, and the letters R.C.E.M.E. on a scroll underneath. Emblazoned on the shields were: on the first, three lightning bolts, which represented the telecommunications trades, three cannons, which represented armament, and a large gear, representing the vehicle mechanics. On the second shield, above the three cannons are three cannonballs, which are larger than the cannons. This came from the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps, which in turn inherited it from its British counterpart, the Royal Army Ordnance Corps. There has been a misconception that its significance goes back to the Crimean War when ammunition shipped to the front was too big to fit in the cannons, and was intended to remind the members of that Corps of how imperative doing their job well was (though it was not really their fault; it was the manufacturer's mistake) however this is untrue. In the first place the Board of Ordnance, adopted the Arms (from which the Ordnance Shield derives) as early as the mid 17th Century, a good hundred years before the Crimean War started. At which time the shield was used by the artillery as well. The Arms were approved by the King in 1806, and the grant of Arms by the College Arms particularly states that they be the same as those previously in use.
Secondly, in good heraldic design, not only to show the charges, which in this case are the guns and shot, symbolically and sometimes exaggerated, but that these charges should fill the shield in which they are placed without losing the balance of the design as a whole.
The placing of the cannonballs in the chief and the guns in the lower two-thirds of the shield illustrate this aspect of recognized heraldic design.
There was some debate as to what the regimental march should be, and several tunes, including "Heigh Ho, Heigh Ho!" from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs were proposed, but the final tune chosen was a medley of "Lillibullero" and "Auprès de ma blonde", just as REME had chosen. However, there were some things that RCEME chose differently from their British counterparts. The regimental slow march of REME was not chosen for RCEME, but rather, the tune chosen was "The Flower of Scotland", and St. Jean de Brébeuf was named the patron saint.
Each division had a central workshop, where major repairs would be conducted, and within the division, RCEME units would be embedded to effectuate certain repairs (1st Line) on the spot. This included light aid detachments, which could deploy quickly to recover or repair equipment on the line, or in transit to the front. The RCEME triage system was divided into three groups: 1st Line, which would be embedded in the operational units, would carry out routine maintenance and minor repairs; 2nd Line, which was located in field workshops back from the front, carried out major overhauls and full component replacements; 3rd Line would be responsible for reconditioning and rebuilding equipment. Though the location of each and various tasks have changed, the structure is still in place today, with 1st Line maintenance platoons / troops embedded in combat units, while 2nd Line is located 20 minutes to 2 hours away, but still in theatre, and the only 3rd Line workshop in service is 202 Workshop in Montreal.
In 1949, the RCEME Corps adopted a new badge, nearly identical to the British one which had been struck in 1947. It consisted of a white horse (a mustang, as opposed to the Arabian horse of the British badge) superimposed over a lightning bolt, with a chain fixed around its neck running down its back, standing on a globe, to which the other end of the chain is attached, which pictured the Western Hemisphere (whereas the British badge pictured Europe, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and Asia). Behind the horse's head was a scroll with the letters R.C. on one side of the head, and E.M.E. on the other, surmounted by the Tudor Crown.
The only modification ever made to this badge was in 1952 when Elizabeth II ascended to the throne, and the Tudor Crown was replaced with St. Edward's Crown.
During the 1950s, the RCEME Corps was reorganized to accommodate the postwar structure of the Army, and many trades were combined, due to the need to have specialists quickly fielded for the war no longer existing. Young craftsmen (as privates in the corps are called) trained in their trade at the RCEME school, titled the Royal Canadian School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, located in Kingston, Ontario, then deployed to the various squadrons and troops of RCEME to perform their trades.
In the mid-1960s, Canadian Army planners were again looking to streamline the structure of the Army, and beginning in 1965, various models were proposed for combining the elements of maintenance, supply and transport for each brigade into one unit. The result was the formation in 1968 of service battalions, each consisting of maintenance, supply and transport companies, while craftsmen who had previously belonged to RCEME squadrons and only attached to the combat unit, were incorporated directly into the unit, and administered through the unit's chain of command rather than the RCEME squadrons and troops, which ceased to exist. RCEME ceased to have its own autonomous chain of command; they worked for a service battalion with Supply and Transport, or a service company or squadron within a combat unit.
RCEME to LORE
1968 also saw the unification of the Canadian Forces, which saw the RCEME Corps disbanded, and replaced with the Canadian Forces Land Ordnance Engineering Branch. Several RCEME trades were shed off and went over to the Air Force, such as machinist and metals technician, the Radio and Radar Techs and the RCEME flag, which consisted of three horizontal stripes of dark blue on top, yellow in the middle, and red on the bottom, received a fourth stripe: light blue, to represent the Air Force personnel now working the LORE workshops. In spite of the RCEME Corps being disbanded, Canada's craftsmen continued to wear the old cap badge until 1973 when a new one was introduced. The new badge was an oval in shape, had a wreath of 10 maple leaves, which represented Canada's ten provinces, and on a blue field, which represented the Air Force, were a lightning bolt, superimposed on two crossed cannons, superimposed on a Wankel-type piston (the symbol the Society of Automotive Engineers) and surmounted by St. Edward's Crown.
The 1970s also saw more trades added to the LORE Branch, and existing trades condensed. For example, all the trades pertaining to repair of vehicles were grouped together into the vehicle technician's trade, all weapon-related trades were combined into the weapons technician trade, and all electrical trades were grouped together into the electro-mechanical technician. All the material-support trades were transferred to the air force.
In the 1980s, it was confirmed that the organization of materials support was inadequate for the army's needs; some trades were performed by vehicle technicians, such as auto-body, others by air force trades, such as machinists, and welding was divided between the air force's metals technician and the army's vehicle technician trades. In 1985, these were all combined into the materials technician's trade, belonging to the LORE Branch. It was also around this time that the LORE title was decided to be inaccurate in its description of the craftsmen's trades. After several proposals (including odd ones such as CREME), the title Land Electrical and Mechanical Engineers was finally settled upon for a new title. The badge did not change.
RCEME today
The concession to adopt the EME letters spurred an interest in reviving tradition, and bringing the horse badge back, which was spearheaded by Brigadier-General Jim Hanson, Chief Warrant Officer John Sloan and Chief Warrant Officer Ron Roy, and led into the early 1990s. The new badge would have to be modelled on the old horse, but at the same time, reflect the changes in the army and in the trades that had occurred since. The new badge had several proposals. It would definitely include the letters EME and GEM () in place of the former RCEME title. The original proposal had the title GEM on one side of the horse's head, and EME on the other, so that it conformed to the pattern of other Commonwealth services (REME (UK), RAEME (Australia), RNZEME (New Zealand)), but it was decided that "GEMEME" would not be used, and it was thus reversed to EME GEM to conform with CF rules on signs. (On documents and other items that include both French and English, the English goes on the left and the French on the right.) There are other subtle differences between the old horse badge and the new one, such as the collar of fleur-de-lis being replaced with four maple leaves, and the horse's nose being shortened to accommodate three letters in front of it instead of two.
The RCEME are charged with the maintenance of all electrical and mechanical equipment in use in the Canadian army today. The branch is broken down into four trades:
Vehicle technicians: whose task is to repair and maintain anything that operates with an internal combustion engine, including heaters, chainsaws and outboard motors, as well as staff cars, Jeeps, trucks and armoured vehicles.
Weapons technicians: are responsible for maintenance of all weapons employed throughout the army, from bayonets to advanced air defence artillery systems, as well as Coleman Company stoves and lanterns, and locks, safes and high security containers.
Electronic-Optronic technicians: the previously named fire control systems technicians were originally a collection of two dozen other trades, but were condensed into three, then into one. They maintain and repair optical systems, electronic targeting systems, laser and infrared ranging and targeting systems, air defence anti-tank systems, night vision equipment, etc.
Materials technicians: have a very diverse job that stretches from being a welder, to repairing tents, to auto-body and carpentry. This is the most recent arrival to the RCEME trade group, added in 1985, and formed from a number of various army and air force trades.
RCEME restored
On April 19, 2013, the Minister of National Defence announced the restoration of the name of Corps of Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.
Training
Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers School
Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers School (RCEME School) () in Borden, Ontario conducts training for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering officers, vehicle, weapons, electronic-optronic (formerly fire control systems) and material technicians. RCEME School conducts individual and specialized training for the Regular and Reserve forces. The school offers 54 different technical courses for approximately 900 students.
The RCEME School was once known as the Royal Canadian School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and has been alternately located in Kingston, Ontario, Canadian Forces Base Borden, Ontario, and the Saint-Jean Garrison, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. In the early years of RCEME, the school alternated between Kingston and Borden, holding both English and French courses, until the General J.F. Allard Megaplex was built in Saint-Jean. This not only served as the recruit school for French-speaking recruits, but also became the home of the (Canadian Forces Technical School), where French-speaking craftsmen () studied in their trades before being posted to their respective units. This changed when the ETFC was merged with RCEME School in the early 1990s, in order to make room for the English-speaking recruits in Saint-Jean when CFLRS Cornwalis was closed. The school is located at Canadian Forces Base Borden, and has five companies: Headquarters Company, Regimental Company, Artisan Company, Weapons Company, and Vehicle Company.
Regimental Company
Upon completing Recruit Training and Soldier Qualification, then being posted to Canadian Forces Base Borden, future craftsmen take a two-week-long course called Common EME Training or CET, which introduces them to the history of their trades, the march past, the badge, unit structure and RCEME traditions, such as Sadie, a statue taken from a garden in Italy during World War II, that accompanied the RCEME craftsmen through the rest of the war, and was finally placed in a glass case in the main hallway of Regimental Company, where she stays, except for occasional excursions for special events. It is at Regimental Company that the trainees are first given the title "craftsman".
RCEME officers begin their Phase III training or occupational course at Regimental Company, where they too are introduced to the history and traditions of the RCEME, as well as undergoing a two-week-long field exercise to apply the technical and tactical skills that they learned in the classroom. Their Phase IV portion is held at both Vehicle Company and Artisan Company in order to familiarize future maintenance officers with various types of workshop and the jobs that are performed in each by the technicians who will be under their command.
Artisan Company
Once they have successfully completed CET, the trainees move to Artisan Company for a month-long course called Common EME Technical Training which focuses on certain technical skills that are universal throughout their four various trades. Once this course is completed, the vehicle technicians, materials technicians, weapons technicians and electronic-optronic technicians stay at Artisan Company to complete their Qualification Level 3 (QL3) or basic trade-qualification courses.
Vehicle Company
Since two-thirds of the RCEME craftsmen are vehicle technicians, a separate company had to be formed to train such a large number of technicians. Once finished CET and CETT, vehicle technician candidates are sent to Vehicle Company for the QL3 phase of their training, which lasts 30 weeks. Upon completion of QL3 training, as with the other three trades, the craftsmen are then posted to various units across Canada to complete about 18 months of apprenticeship before going back to Canadian Forces Base Borden to complete their QL5, or senior technician's courses.
Units of employment
Most craftsmen will end up working in a service battalion, of which the Canadian Army has three that operate in a Regular Force capacity: 1 Service Battalion, based in Edmonton, Alberta, which supplies services for 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group or 1 CMBG; while 2 Service Battalion serves 2 CMBG, based at CFB Petawawa, Ontario; and 5 Service Battalion provides these services for the 5 CMBG based at CFB Valcartier just north of Quebec City.
Trainees are rotated through various units during their apprenticeship in order to gain experience in different types of equipment and environments. Though most will be posted to a service battalion, many will work in the various maintenance platoons and troops that are integrated with combat-arms units, providing integral support to those units in whichever theatre of operations they may be deployed.
RCEME officers will also be typically posted upon completion of their phase training, to a service battalion to familiarize themselves with the challenges and requirements of leading soldiers while simultaneously making administrative and technical decisions relative to a workshop's every day functions. This is where they will combine their university training with their military training, and make decisions, under the guidance of more senior officers and experienced non-commissioned members, to provide a workshop that meets both the technical and tactical needs of the units for whom they provide services. Once they reach the rank of captain, they may then be posted to a combat unit's maintenance platoon / troop, within a combat unit which they will fully command.
The majority of RCEME technicians are craftsmen and corporals, while master corporals, sergeants and warrant officers act as supervisors, and captains, who make up the bulk of RCEME officers, command maintenance platoons / troops in a unit's service company.
Bibliography
RCEME History and Early Years:
CET course material, CFSEME Regimental Coy, CFTSG Borden, CFB Borden, Ontario. Instructor: Beresford, Sergeant T., C.D.;
The Canadian Soldier: D-Day to VE Day by Bouchery, Jean Editions Histoire et Collections Paris, 2003;
EME Journal, Issue 1 - 2005, Department of National Defence Publication, 202 WD Montreal, 2005.
Images Canadian Government copyright.
RCEME to LORE:
CET course material, CFSEME Regimental Coy, CFTSG Borden, CFB Borden, Ontario. Instructor: Beresford, Sergeant T., C.D.;
Image Canadian Government Copyright.
Colonel Johnston and RCEME Today
CET course material, CFSEME Regimental Coy, CFTSG Borden, CFB Borden, Ontario. Instructor: Beresford, Sergeant T., C.D.;
Giffin, Cfn. KDW, 5e Bataillon des Services du Canada, CFB Valcartier, Quebec;
Department of National Defence Recruiting Cell, NDHQ Ottawa;
The EME Journal, Issue 2, 2004, EME Branch Adjutant's Office, CFB Borden, Ontario, 2004;
Image of Colonel Murray C. Johnston receiving the Meritous Service Decoration at Rideau Hall released by the Office of Her Excellency, the Rt. Hon. Adrienne Clarkson, Governor General of Canada. Photo by Master Corporal Paz Quillé, Canadian Forces Imaging Service.
Images of RCEME badge and CFSEME badge Canadian Government Copyright
Image of 5e BNS du C unit slide from Giffin, Cfn. KDW, 5e BNS du C., CFB Valcartier, Quebec. Public Domain
Image of RCEME Maintenance Platoon Deployment Structure Giffin, Cfn. KDW, 5e BNS du C., CFB Valcartier, Quebec. Public Domain
References
External links
RCEME army internet site
The Corps of RCEME
Canadian Forces Recruiting
Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence
Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RCEME) Assn.
RCEME - The Governor General of Canada Heraldry Recognition
RCEME School - The Governor General of Canada Heraldry Recognition
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Corps of the Canadian Army
Military units and formations established in 1944
Army logistics units and formations of Canada
Military maintenance
Army units and formations of Canada in World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps%20of%20Royal%20Canadian%20Electrical%20and%20Mechanical%20Engineers |
The Congregational Union of Australia was a Congregational denomination in Australia that stemmed from the Congregational Church in England as settlers migrated from there to Australia.
Congregational Churches existed in all states and territories of Australia at some time. The oldest Congregational Church was founded in Hobart in 1830 by Frederick Miller.
History
One of the earliest and most influential Congregational ministers in early times was Thomas Q. Stow, who built the first church in South Australia.
Some of the first Congregational Churches established in each Australian state included the Pitt St church in Sydney, Stow Memorial Church (now Pilgrim Uniting) in Adelaide, Collins Street (now St Michael's) church in Melbourne, Trinity (now Trinity Uniting) in Perth, and National Memorial Church (now City Uniting) in Canberra.
The Congregational Church was the first Christian denomination in Australia to ordain women, with the first female ordained being Winifred Kiek in 1927.
Dissolution
The Union dissolved in 1977 when the Uniting Church in Australia was formed. 260 of the congregations that had previously formed the Union joined the new Uniting Church. The Uniting Church union also included the Methodist Church of Australasia and the Presbyterian Church of Australia.
However, 40 other congregations that had previously formed the Union objected to joining the new Uniting Church and formed the Fellowship of Congregational Churches instead. In 1995, there was a split within that Fellowship, with some more ecumenically-minded congregations leaving to form the Congregational Federation of Australia.
Today, there are, therefore, three Christian organizations that can claim to be direct 'descendants' of the Union.
References
Further reading
Congregational Union of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational%20Union%20of%20Australia |
Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1964, with the preamble stating:
Modification
The convention revised:
Convention C12 - Workmen's Compensation (Agriculture) Convention, 1921
Convention C17 - Workmen's Compensation (Accidents) Convention, 1925
Convention C42 - Workmen's Compensation (Occupational Diseases) Convention (Revised), 1934.
Ratifications
As of 2022, the convention had been ratified by 24 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Health treaties
International Labour Organization Conventions
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties concluded in 1964
Treaties entered into force in 1967
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971)
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Japan
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Venezuela
Treaties extended to Aruba
1964 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment%20Injury%20Benefits%20Convention%2C%201964 |
The studies of violence in radio analyzes the degree of correlation between themes of violence in media sources (particularly violence in video games, television and films) with real-world aggression and violence over time.
Many social scientists support the correlation, however, some scholars argue that media research has methodological problems and that findings are exaggerated. Other scholars have suggested that the correlation exists, but can be unconventional to the current public belief.
Complaints about the possible detrimental effects of mass media appear throughout history; Plato was concerned about the effects of plays on youth. Various media/genres, including dime novels, comic books, jazz, rock and roll, role playing/computer games, television, films, internet (by computer or cell phone) and many others have attracted speculation that consumers of such media may become more aggressive, rebellious or immoral. This has led some scholars to conclude that statements made by some researchers merely fit into a cycle of media-based moral panics. The advent of television prompted research into the effects of this new medium in the 1960s. Much of this research has been guided by social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura. Social learning theory suggests that one way in which human beings learn is by the process of modeling. Another popular theory is George Gerbner's cultivation theory, which suggests that viewers cultivate a lot of violence seen on television and apply it to the real world. Other theories include social cognitive theory, the catalyst model, and moral panic theory.
Media effects theories
Social learning theory
Social learning theory originated with Bandura's which suggests that children may learn aggression from viewing others. Modeling of behavior was observed in Bandura's Bobo Doll experiments. Bandura presented children with an Aggressive Model: The model played with 'harmless' tinker toys for a minute or so but then progressed onto the Bobo doll, the model lay the Bobo doll down and was violent towards it; punched its nose, hit it with a mallet, tossed it in the air, and kicked it. In addition, verbal comments were made in relation. They then put the children in a room with a Bobo doll to see if he/she would imitate the behavior previously seen on the video.
The findings of this experiment suggest that children tended to model the behavior they witnessed in the video. This has been often taken to imply that children may imitate aggressive behaviors witnessed in media. However, Bandura's experiments have been criticized on several grounds. First, it is difficult to generalize the aggression toward a bo-bo doll (which is intended to be hit) to person-on-person violence. Secondly, it may be possible that the children were motivated simply to please the experimenter rather than to be aggressive. In other words, the children may have viewed the videos as instructions, rather than incentives to feel more aggressive. Third, in a later study Bandura included a condition in which the adult model was punished for hitting the bo-bo doll by himself being physically punished. Specifically the adult was pushed down in the video by the experimenter and hit with a newspaper while being berated. This actual person-on-person violence actually decreased aggressive acts in the children, probably due to vicarious reinforcement. Nonetheless these last results indicate that even young children don't automatically imitate aggression, but rather consider the context of aggression. Children with aggression have difficulty communicating compassionately.
Overtime, "teen gamers" can become unaware of their surroundings and lack social interaction in real life. According to the article by Hygen Beate in 2019 mention the video game violence can impact an individual's essential social skills such as their emotions, behavior towards others, listening and understanding ability, responding or communicating, knowing verbal and non-verbal cues, sharing their thoughts, and cooperating with others. According to the survey in medical journal JAMA Network Open written by Chang published May 31, 2019, kids who repeatedly played violent video games learned to think viciously that could eventually influence their behavior and cause them to become aggressive in nature.
Given that some scholars estimate that children's viewing of violence in media is quite common, concerns about media often follow social learning theoretical approaches.
Social cognitive theory
Social cognitive theories build upon social learning theory, but suggest that aggression may be activated by learning and priming aggressive scripts. Desensitization and arousal/excitation are also included in latter social cognitive theories. The concept of desensitization has particularly gotten much interest from the scholarly community and general public. It is theorized that with repeated exposure to media violence, a psychological saturation or emotional adjustment takes place such that initial levels of anxiety and disgust diminish or weaken. For example, in a study conducted in 2016, a sample of college students were assigned at random to play either a violent or non-violent video game for 20 minutes. They were then asked to watch a 10-minute video of real life violence. According to the American Psychological Association's report titled technical report on the review of the violent video game literature written by Caldwell in February 2020, the revision to the 2015 resolution, playing video games, is often popularly associated with adolescence. "Children younger than age eight who play video games spend a daily average of 69 minutes on handheld console games, 57 minutes on computer games, and 45 minutes on mobile games, including tablets." The students who had played the violent video games were observed to be significantly less affected by a simulated aggressive act than those who didn't play the violent video games. However, the degree to which the simulation was "believable" to the participants, or to which the participants may have responded to "demand characteristics" is unclear (see criticisms below). Nonetheless, social cognitive theory was arguably the most dominant paradigm of media violence effects for many years, although it has come under recent criticism. Recent scholarship has suggested that social cognitive theories of aggression are outdated and should be retired. Some scholars also argue that the continuous viewing of violent acts makes teenagers more susceptible to becoming violent themselves. Children of young age are good observers; they learn by mimicking and adapting the behavior. Playing violent video games created a fear in everyone's heart of violence in real life, which was only valid for adolescents with underlying psychological problems. According to the journal article written by McGloin in 2015, media violence can trigger aggressive behavioral change in the highly characterized aggressive individual. An individual can face severe consequences with media violence, which can increase "bullying behavior."
Catalyst model
One alternative theory is the catalyst model which has been proposed to explain the etiology of violence. The catalyst model is a new theory and has not been tested extensively. According to the catalyst model, violence arises from a combination of genetic and early social influences (family and peers in particular). According to this model, media violence is explicitly considered a weak causal influence. Specific violent acts are catalyzed by stressful environment circumstances, with less stress required to catalyze violence in individuals with greater violence predisposition. Some early work has supported this view Research from 2013 with inmates has, likewise, provided support for the catalyst model. Specifically, as suggested by the catalyst model, perpetrators of crimes sometimes included stylistic elements or behaviors in their crimes they had seen in media, but the motivation to commit crimes itself was unrelated to media viewing.
Moral panic theory
A final theory relevant to this area is the moral panic. Elucidated largely by David Gauntlett, this theory postulates that concerns about new media are historical and cyclical. In this view, a society forms a predetermined negative belief about a new medium—typically not used by the elder and more powerful members of the society. Research studies and positions taken by scholars and politicians tend to confirm the pre-existing belief, rather than dispassionately observe and evaluate the issue. Eventually the panic dies out after several years or decades, but ultimately resurfaces when yet another new medium is introduced.
Cultivation Theory
This theory was created by George Gerbner as an alternative way to look at the correlation of violence as seen on television and the individual. Gerbner describes the violence seen on television that most of the population was viewing as "happy violence". He called it such because he noticed that most of the violence seen on television was always followed by a happy ending. Gerbner gave this importance as he believed that the world does not contain 'happy violence' as sometimes there is violence for no reason. However, because the violence seen on television is so captivating for viewers. Gerbner believes that the population will think that violence, whether fictional in movies and shows or non-fictional from the news, will directly effect them. Gerbner named this theory the "Magic Bullet Theory". This theory described the violence seen on television as a "magic bullet" that reaches beyond the screen right into every individual viewer. After this occurs, cultivation theory begins when the individual begins to develop a perception of real world violence around them. Over time, consumers of media will cultivate the violence seen on television and will consider this to be how the real world actually is. This leads to assumptions of local and national crime rates increasing when they are actually decreasing. Additionally, this will lead to negative assumptions about certain groups as they are mainly shown to be violent on television. The main example being illegal immigrants coming from Mexico into the United States. Frequent news watcher will view cases of violent crimes conducted by illegal immigrants. This leads them to believe that all illegal immigrants act this way, thus leading to their disapproval of them. Gerbner calls this the "Mean World Syndrome" which is the product of all the previous theories, stating that a viewer will eventually believe that they live in a world full of deviance and aberrancy.
Plato
Plato was a Greek philosopher that contributed many early thoughts on the effects that media had on individuals. In one of his works, he mentions the dangers of inappropriate poetry perverting its audience. He insisted that their perceptions of poetry would later translate to their perceptions of life, fitting in perfectly to George Gerbner's theory of cultivation, which takes from this idea that we assume that what we see in media will then apply to the real world.
Two-Step Flow Theory
Paul Lazarsfeld created this theory in 1944. Two-Step Flow Theory opposes the notion that the effect of mass media is a direct one. Instead, what this theory suggests is that the information and ideas coming from the mass media goes to people named the opinion leaders. Opinion leaders gather the information they hear and make sense of it the way they want to and then develop a narrative that they would like to push. The opinion leaders would then share their views and ideas with the general public, who then take on the role of Opinion followers. Mass media can give information to many different opinion leaders that will disseminate information in their own unique way, and will then gain a following of opinion followers that will believe their specific outlook on the information. This can lead to many different groups that believe similar or vastly different things that all began at the same source. A popular example of this is news outlets that have political biases. A conservative news source will disseminate information that is typically more accepted and followed by a conservative viewership, and the same goes for more liberal news outlets that have a much more liberal following.
Criticisms
Although organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Psychological Association have suggested that thousands (3500 according to the AAP) of studies have been conducted confirming this link, others have argued that this information is incorrect. Rather, only about two hundred studies have been conducted in peer-reviewed scientific journals on television, film, music and video game violence effects. Critics argue that about half find some link between media and subsequent aggression (but not violent crime), whereas the other half do not find a link between consuming violent media and subsequent aggression of any kind.
Criticisms of the media violence link focus on a number of methodological and theoretical problems including (but not limited to) the following:
Failure to adequately control experimental conditions when assessing aggressive outcomes between violent and non-violent games. Traditionally, researchers have selected one violent game and one non-violent game, yet shown little consideration of the potentially different responses to these games as a result of differences in other game characteristics (e.g., level of action, frustration, enjoyment).
Failure to acknowledge the role of social contexts in which media violence is experienced. Within theoretical models explaining the influence of violent video game exposure on aggressive attitudes and behaviour, no acknowledgement is made towards understanding the influence of social gaming experiences and contexts on these outcomes. That is, differential outcomes of gaming arise as a result of different social contexts (online versus offline gaming) and social dynamics involved in social gaming experiences. Existing theoretical models assume that the outcomes of gaming are equivalent, regardless of these different contexts. This is a key limitation of current theory within media violence research
Failure to employ standardized, reliable and valid measures of aggression and media violence exposure. Although measurement of psychological variables is always tricky at best, it is generally accepted that measurement techniques should be standardized, reliable and valid, as demonstrated empirically. However, some scholars argue that the measurement tools involved are often unstandardized, sloppily employed and fail to report reliability coefficients. Examples include the "Competitive Reaction Time Test" in which participants believe that they are punishing an opponent for losing in a reaction time test by subjecting the opponent to noise blasts or electric shocks. There is no standardized way of employing this task, raising the possibility that authors may manipulate the results to support their conclusions. This task may produce dozens of different possible ways to measure "aggression", all from a single participant's data. Without a standardized way of employing and measuring aggression using this task, there is no way of knowing whether the results reported are a valid measure of aggression, or were selected from among the possible alternatives simply because they produced positive findings where other alternatives did not. Ferguson and Kilburn, in a paper in Journal of Pediatrics, have found that poorly standardized and validated measures of aggression tend to produce higher effects than well validated aggression measures.
Failure to report negative findings. Some scholars contend that many of the articles that purport positive findings regarding a link between media violence and subsequent aggression, on a closer read, actually have negative or inconclusive results. One example is the experimental portion of Anderson & Dill which measures aggression four separate ways (using an unstandardized, unreliable and unvalidated measure of aggression, the Competitive Reaction Time Test mentioned above) and finds significance for only one of those measures. Had a statistical adjustment known as a Bonferroni correction been properly employed, that fourth finding also would have been insignificant. This issue of selective reporting differs from the "file drawer" effect in which journals fail to publish articles with negative findings. Rather, this is due to authors finding a "mixed bag" of results and discussing only the supportive findings and ignoring the negative findings within a single manuscript. The problem of non-reporting of non-significant findings (the so-called "file cabinet effect") is a problem throughout all areas of science but may be a particular issue for publicized areas such as media violence.
Failure to account for "third" variables. Some scholars contend that media violence studies regularly fail to account for other variables such as genetics, personality and exposure to family violence that may explain both why some people become violent and why those same people may choose to expose themselves to violent media. Several recent studies have found that, when factors such as mental health, family environment and personality are controlled, no predictive relationship between either video games or television violence and youth violence remain.
Failure to adequately define "aggression." Experimental measures of aggression have been questioned by critics. The main concern of critics has been the issue of the external validity of experimental measures of aggression. The validity of the concept of aggression itself, however, is rarely questioned. Highly detailed taxonomies of different forms of aggression do exist. Whether researchers agree on the particular terminology used to indicate the particular sub-types of aggression (i.e. relational versus social aggression), concepts of aggression are always operationally defined in peer-reviewed journals. However, many of these operational definitions of aggression are specifically criticized. Many experimental measures of aggression are rather questionable. Other studies fail to differentiate between "aggression" aimed at causing harm to another person, and "aggressive play" in which two individuals (usually children) may pretend to engage in aggressive behavior, but do so consensually for the purpose of mutual enjoyment.
Small "effects" sizes. In the research world, the meaning of "statistical significance" can be ambiguous. A measure of effect size can aid in the interpretation of statistical significance. In a meta-analysis of 217 studies by Paik and Comstock, effect sizes for experiments were r = .37 and r = .19 for surveys, which are small to moderate effects. Most of these studies however did not actually measure aggression against another person. Paik and Comstock note that when aggression toward another person, and particularly actual violent crime is considered, the relationship between media violence and these outcomes is near zero. Effects can vary according to their size (for example the effects of eating bananas on your mood could very well be "statistically significant" but would be tiny, almost imperceptible, whereas the effect of a death in the immediate family would also be "statistically significant" but obviously much larger). Media violence studies usually produce very small, transient effects that do not translate into large effects in the real world. Media violence researchers often defend this by stating that many medical studies also produce small effects (although as Block and Crain note, these researchers may have miscalculated the effect sizes from medical research).
Media violence rates are not correlated with violent crime rates. One limitation of theories linking media violence to societal violence is that media violence (which appears to have been consistently and unfailingly on the rise since the 1950s) should be correlated with violent crime (which has been cycling up and down throughout human history). By discussing only the data from the 1950s through the 1990s, media violence researchers create the illusion that there is a correlation, when in fact there is not. Large spikes in violent crime in the United States occurred without associated media violence spikes during the 1880s (when records were first kept) and 1930s. The homicide rate in the United States has never been higher than during the 1930s. Similarly, this theory fails to explain why violent crime rates (including among juveniles) dramatically fell in the mid 1990s and have stayed low, during a time when media violence has continued to increase, and saw the addition of violent video games. Lastly media violence researchers can not explain why many countries with media violence rates similar to or greater than the U.S. (such as Norway, Canada, Japan, etc.) have much lower violent crime rates. Huesmann & Eron's own cross-national study (which is often cited in support of media violence effects) failed to find a link between television violence and aggressive behavior in most of the countries included in the analysis (including America, and even in studies on American boys).
Media violence on TV is a reflection of the level of violence that occurs in the real world. Many TV programmers argue that their shows just mirror the violence that goes on in the real world. Zev Braun, of CBS, in 1990 argued in a debate on the Violence Bill that, "We live in a violent society. Art imitates modes of life, not the other way around: it would be better for Congress to clean that society than to clean that reflection of society."
Culture and Media Violence. The majority of this research derives from American communication and psychological research. Concerns about the 'effect' of media violence is far less prominent in public and academic discourse in Europe and other parts of the developed world. To a large degree, this is because European and Australian scholars, in particular, recognise that the relationship between media and culture is a great deal more complex than is often conceded by psychological and communications research in North America. There is a recognition that culture is critical to our understanding of these complexities, and that there are no clear causal relations between culture, media, politics and human violence. They simply work in complicated ways through and upon one another through social interactions and history.
A small study published in Royal Society Open Science on 13 March 2019 found that "both fans and non-fans of violent music exhibited a general negativity bias for violent imagery over neutral imagery regardless of the music genres."
Response to criticisms
Social science uses randomized experiments to control for possible differences between media conditions, although these must be done with care. In a typical study, children or young adults are randomly assigned to different media conditions and then are observed when given an opportunity to be aggressive. Researchers who argue for causal effects have defended their work that is based on well-established methodological and statistical theory and on empirical data.
Regarding the inconclusive nature of some findings, media researchers who argue for causal effects often contend that it is the critics who are misinterpreting or selectively reporting studies. It may be that both sides of the debate are highlighting separate findings that are most favorable to their own "cause".
Regarding "third" variables, media violence researchers who argue for causal effects acknowledge that other variables may play a role in aggression and that aggression is due to a confluence of variables. These variables are known as "third variables" and if found, would probably be mediator variables (which differ from moderator variables). A mediator variable could 'explain away' media violence effects, whereas a moderator variable cannot. For instance, some scholars contend that trait aggressiveness has been demonstrated to moderate media violence effects, Another issue is the way in which experimental studies deal with potential confounding variables. Researchers use random assignment to attempt to neutralize the effects of what commonly are cited as third variables (i.e. gender, trait aggressiveness, preference for violent media). Because experimental designs employ random assignment to conditions, the effect of such attributive variables on experimental results is assumed to be random (not systematic). However, the same can not be said for correlational studies, and failure to control for such variables in correlational studies limits the interpretation of such studies. Often, something as simple as gender proves capable of "mediating" media violence effects.
Regarding aggression, the problem may have less to do with the definition of aggression, but rather how aggression is measured in studies, and how aggression and violent crime are used interchangeably in the public eye.
Much of the debate on this issue seems to revolve around ambiguity regarding what is considered a "small" effect. Media violence researchers who argue for causal effects contend that effect sizes noted in media violence effects are similar to those found in some medical research which is considered important by the medical community, although medical research may suffer from some of the same interpretational flaws as social science. This argument has been challenged as based on flawed statistics, however. Block & Crain recently found that social scientists had been miscalculating some medical effect sizes. The interpretation of effect size in both medical and social science remains in its early stages.
More recently, media violence researchers who argue for causal effects have acknowledged that societal media consumption and violent crime rates are not well associated, but claim that this is likely due to other variables that are poorly understood. However, this effect remains poorly explained by current media violence theories, and media violence researchers may need to be more careful not to retreat to an unfalsifiable theory – one that cannot be disproven.
Researchers who argue for causal effects argue that the discrepancy of violent acts seen on TV compared to that in the real world are huge. One study looked at the frequency of crimes occurring in the real world compared with the frequency of crimes occurring in the following reality-based TV programs: America's Most Wanted, Cops, Top Cops, FBI, The Untold Story and American Detective. The types of crimes were divided into two categories, violent crimes and non-violent crimes. 87% of crimes occurring in the real world are non-violent crimes, whereas only 13% of crimes occurring on TV are considered non-violent crimes. However, this discrepancy between media and real-life crimes may arguably dispute rather than support media effects theories. Some previous research linked boxing matches to homicides although other researchers consider such linkages to be reminiscent of ecological fallacies. Much more research is required to actually establish any causal effects.
Media violence and youth violence
On average, children in the United States spend six hours a day connected to media. However, several scholars have pointed out that as media content has increased in violence in the past few decades, violent crimes among youth have declined rapidly. Because the violence being portrayed in media especially TV is usually punished, it does not have an effect on producing violent behavior. While it may seem to be evident that reducing exposure to media violence will reduce aggression, it is less clear what sorts of interventions will produce a reduction in exposure. Analysis from this study show that violent media consumption as well as various forms of nonempathetic parental behaviour led to slightly more violent delinquency and to considerably more violence-approving normative beliefs. As children advance into teen years, evidence for violent acts in relation to violent media becomes less consistent. Although most scholars caution that this decline cannot be attributed to a causal effect, they conclude that this observation argues against causal harmful effects for media violence. A recent long-term outcome study of youth found no long-term relationship between playing violent video games or watching violent television and youth violence or bullying. The song "Weißes Fleisch" (German for "White Flesh") by the German band Rammstein, could have inspired Eric Harris, a perpetrator of the Columbine High School Massacre, to have committed such a massacre. It is not clear though, if it inspired Eric Harris to perpetrate said massacre, or if his violent tendencies led to him becoming a fan of the band.
Relationship between media violence and minor aggressive behaviors
Given that little evidence links media violence to serious physical aggression, bullying or youth violence, at present most of the debate appears to focus on whether media violence may influence more minor forms of aggressiveness. An article done in 1987 reviewing a history of court cases dealing with violent acts of youths showed that the courts were hesitant to hold media at fault for the violent acts. At present, no consensus has been reached on this issue. For example, in 1974 the US Surgeon General testified to congress that "the overwhelming consensus and the unanimous Scientific Advisory Committee's report indicates that televised violence, indeed, does have an adverse effect on certain members of our society." However, by 2001, the US Surgeon General's office, The Department of Health and Human Services had largely reversed itself, relegating media violence to only a minor role and noting many serious limitations in the research. Studies have also disagreed regarding whether media violence contributes to desensitization
Media violence and cultural studies
Much of the research on media and violence derives from the United States, particularly the related research fields of psychology and media/communication studies. Research in Europe and Australia on the relationship between media and violence is far broader and is much more clearly embedded in politics, culture and social relationships. Jeff Lewis' book Media Culture and Human Violence challenges the conventional approaches to media violence research. Lewis argues that violence is largely generated through the interaction of social processes and modes of thinking which are constantly refreshed through the media, politics and other cultural discourses. Violence is continually presented as 'authorized' or 'legitimate' within government, legal and narrative media texts. Accordingly, Lewis disputes with the proposition that violence is 'natural' or that violence is caused by media of any sort. Rather, media interacts with culturally generated and inherited modes of thinking or 'consciousness' to create the conditions in which violence can occur. These forms of 'violence thinking' are embedded in historically rooted processes of hierarchical social organization. These hierarchical organizational systems shape our knowledge and beliefs, creating a ferment in which violence is normalized and authorized by governments and other powerful institutions. The link between violence and the media is therefore very complex, but exists within the normative framework of modern culture.
See also
Aestheticization of violence
Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma
For the children (politics)
Graphic violence
Mass shooting contagion
Moral panic
Motion picture rating system
Video game controversy
Footnotes
References
Nehamas, Alexander. “PLATO AND THE MASS MEDIA.” The Monist, vol. 71, no. 2, 1988, pp. 214–34.
Carratalá, Adolfo. “Two-Step Flow Theory.” The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society, 2020, pp. 1804–06.
External links
Cheryl Olson's web-site
Free Expression Policy Project
Website of Brad Bushman
Essential Facts about video games and court rulings, Entertainment Software Association brochure on court cases critical of media violence research
Website of Christopher J. Ferguson
Website of Craig Anderson
Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General
Entertainment Software Industry's info on video game effects
Psychology experiments
Mass media issues
Influence of mass media
Criminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20violence%20in%20mass%20media |
The Royal Canadian Chaplain Service () is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces that has approximately 264 Regular Force chaplains and 135 Reserve Force chaplains representing the Christian, Muslim and Jewish faiths. From 1969 to 2014 it was named the Chaplain Branch. It was renamed on October 16, 2014.
Mission and vision
The mission of this branch is to "support and enhance the effectiveness of the CF as a whole – its leadership, the individual men and women who serve and their families – through the provision of comprehensive religious and spiritual support, advice, and care."
The vision of the Chaplaincy is to "be an operationally relevant Chaplaincy that supports and cares for all CF personnel and their families, wherever they live and serve, empowering them spiritually and morally to meet the demands of military service."
Role
Foster the religious, spiritual and moral well-being of members and their families
Offer a ministry of presence in a multitude of environments (at home and abroad)
Participate in the life of the worshipping community
Officiate at special functions
Advise the commanding officer regarding the spiritual and ethical well-being and morale of their unit
Liaise with civilian religious faith groups
Collaborate with other care providers
Provide directed care after critical incidents
Leading prayer
In accordance with their role, chaplains offer prayer services at home and abroad. Some services are inherently religious, such as Sunday worship, baptisms or religious funerals and burial at sea ceremonies. Other times, chaplains may offer a prayer for secular occasions such as base divisions, changes of command, mess dinners or ship commissioning ceremonies. Before offering prayers during parades and ceremonies, it is customary that the order to remove headdress be given to those on parade. In November 2004, Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada ruled that this order was "not lawful" since it unjustifiably required all attendees to show participation in a prayer that they may not believe. Following this ruling, non-Christians are now permitted to retain their headdress, just like Jews and Sikhs do in accordance with their faith.
Training
Canadian Forces Chaplain School and Centre
The Canadian Forces Chaplain School and Centre (CFChSC) in Borden, Ontario, is responsible for the training of all chaplains (Regular and Reserve, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Muslim and Jewish). CFChSC provides training in operational and static ministry.
The training is provided with an operational focus and an interfaith approach. Courses are available in both official languages English and French. Courses include Chaplain Basic Officer Training, Ethics, Pastoral Counselling, Chaplains in Deployed Operations, Intermediate, Advanced, Chapel Life Coordinator (Protestant and Roman Catholic), and Ministry in a Pluralistic Environment. CFChSC prepares military chaplains for service in times of peace and times of conflict. The Resource Centre contains a library relating to ministry, religion and related areas. The Chaplains provide ministry to Canadian Forces personnel and their families.
Annual Royal Canadian Chaplain Service Exercise
Since the amalgamation of the former Protestant and Roman Catholic Chaplaincies in the mid-1990s into a single multi-faith Canadian Forces Chaplaincy, a joint exercise. Consisting of seminars, business meetings and worship services, the annual exercise provides opportunities for the professional and spiritual development of chaplains and for fellowship as a Branch. The Annual Protestant Chaplain Branch Retreat and Seminar was held annually at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario in the late 1980s and 1990s.
Noncombatant status
Badges
On 24 September 2006, the Department of National Defence issued a press release indicating that, "[i]n order to better represent the diversity of Canadian society, and reflect the multi-faith nature of today’s chaplaincy", the current branch cap badge would be replaced with three new badges. The new badges would retain the crowned wreath of red maple leaves and central blue circle; the Maltese Cross behind the circle would be removed. On the circle would be "a different symbol for each faith tradition: for Christian chaplains, the Maltese cross, which has long been associated with Christian chaplaincy. Jewish chaplains will wear the symbol of the tablets of the Law and the Magen David (the star of David) and Muslim chaplains will wear the crescent." A scroll with the motto would be placed below the circle. These badges were approved by the Canadian Heraldic Authority on 15 March 2006.
Chaplain general
The current Chaplain General is Brigadier-General J.L.G Bélisle.
Order of precedence
See also
Armed Forces Chaplaincy Center (U.S. chaplain training)
Military Ordinariate of Canada
Royal Canadian Army Chaplain Corps
Royal Military College of Canada chapels
Gallery
Footnotes
External links
Canadian Forces Recruiting
Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence
History of Chaplain Branch
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Canadian Armed Forces
Religion in Canada
Military history of Canada
1969 establishments in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Canadian%20Chaplain%20Service |
Matthew Barber (born January 10, 1977) is a Canadian singer-songwriter. His music has been classified as indie pop and pop rock with folk and alternative country influences.
Barber was born and grew up in Port Credit, which is part of Mississauga, Ontario, just west of Toronto, attending Lorne Park Secondary School before moving to Kingston, Ontario to attend Queen's University, where he volunteered at campus radio station CFRC-FM and performed at campus pubs. While at Queen's, he released his debut album A Thousand Smiles An Hour... independently in 1999.
After graduating from Queen's, he went to McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario for his master's degree in philosophy, and here he began to take his performing more seriously. Gaining support from the small but committed Hamilton music community, he released his breakthrough album Means and Ends independently in 2002.
The album soon caught the attention of Paper Bag Records, who re-released it to a wider audience in 2003. After two years in Hamilton, Barber moved to Toronto.
Barber has been a featured guest on >play, Go and Open Mike with Mike Bullard. He has toured extensively with artists including Buck 65, BOY, Joel Plaskett, Emm Gryner and Matt Mays and El Torpedo.
Barber's sister, Jill Barber, is also a noted Canadian musician.
Career
Signed to Warner Music Canada, he released the EP title The Story of Your Life in 2004 and the full-length album Sweet Nothing on September 27, 2005.
Sweet Nothing'''s debut single and music video, "Soft One," became a major hit in Canada, reaching number one among most-added tracks and the top 20 tracks overall at hot adult contemporary radio in Canada, and receiving regular play on music video channels including MuchMusic, MuchMoreMusic and MusiMax.
On March 4, 2008, Barber released his fourth album on Outside Music, Ghost Notes. Numerous guest musicians are featured on the 10-track album, including Sarah Harmer and Barber's sister Jill. His fifth album, True Believer, was released on February 23, 2010. The self-titled album Matthew Barber was released June 7, 2011, on Outside Music. In the same year, Jill and Matthew Barber collaborated on a cover of The Hardship Post's "Your Sunshine", which appeared on the charity compilation album Have Not Been the Same – Vol. 1: Too Cool to Live, Too Smart to Die.
In 2014, he released Big Romance. Barber returned to work in 2018 with Phase of the Moon, his first solo LP in four years.
DiscographyA Thousand Smiles An Hour (1999)Means & Ends (2003)The Story of Your Life (2004) (EP) (Released as "Matthew Barber & The Union Dues")Sweet Nothing (2005)Ghost Notes (2008)True Believer (2010)Matthew Barber (2011)Songs for the Haunted Hillbilly (2012)Big Romance (2014)The Family Album (2016), with Jill BarberPhase of the Moon'' (2018)
References
External links
Matthew Barber, official site
1977 births
Living people
Canadian indie pop musicians
Canadian rock singers
Canadian pop singers
Canadian pop guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
McMaster University alumni
Musicians from Mississauga
Paper Bag Records artists
Canadian male singer-songwriters
21st-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Barber |
The Personnel Selection Branch (PSEL; ) is a personnel branch of the Canadian Forces (CF).
The PSEL was created in the Canadian Army on 18 September 1941. Later on the Royal Canadian Air Force and Royal Canadian Navy followed suit. Officers of the PSEL provide behavioural science services to enable the Canadian Forces (CF) to effectively assess, acquire, integrate, and maintain personnel for operational and support roles.
Mission
The primary tasks of a personnel selection officer (PSO) require the application of professional behavioural science knowledge and procedures in the assessment of people and human factors that affect working relationships. Through interviews, psychological testing, and other sources of information, PSOs assess the suitability of individuals for military service and recommend subsequent assignment to an appropriate military occupation for training. They also assess and recommend the suitability of military personnel for special training or employment.
Personnel selection officers
PSOs assist CF members with their professional development, accreditation and transition to civilian life, and provide second-career assistance in the form of workshops and counselling to CF members transitioning to a second career. To enable the CF to meet its training and personnel requirements, PSOs provide professional advice to military commanders at all levels and conduct personnel applied and advanced behavioural research at the Director General Military Personnel Research Analysis (DGMPRA) at National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ). They conduct occupational analyses at the Director Personnel Generation Policy at NDHQ. PSOs also teach military leadership, management and behavioural sciences at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) and at the Canadian Forces Management Development School (CFMDS). They train and monitor PSOs and military career counsellors (MCCs) in the use of interview, personnel assessment and counselling techniques, either at a base or in recruiting centres. They manage and administer military personnel resettlement programs such as the Second Career Assistance Network (SCAN) at NDHQ, command headquarters (CHQs), formations and bases.
On 5 November 2007, the chief of military personnel announced that the PSEL was to merge with the Training Development Branch along with some unspecified elements of the Logistics Branch to form a new human resources branch. This proposed plan was ultimately abandoned with both branches remaining their own autonomous entities.
References
External links
Canadian Forces Recruiting
Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence
Canadian Forces BMQ (Basic Military Qualification)
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Canadian Armed Forces
Military history of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel%20Selection%20Branch |
Hawthorne High School is a public high school located in Hawthorne, California, within the Centinela Valley Union High School District. It opened in 1951 with 9th and 10th grades. The first graduating senior class was that of 1954. It is most notable for its association with The Beach Boys, whose original members Brian, Carl, and Dennis Wilson, and Al Jardine attended the school. Coincidentally, Olivia Trinidad Arias, who later became Olivia Harrison (George Harrison’s wife), also attended; she graduated in 1965.
Hawthorne High School is a cross-town rival with Leuzinger High School.
Notable alumni
Athletes
Ron Mix, San Diego Chargers and NFL Hall Of Famer
Scott Laidlaw, running back, Stanford, Dallas Cowboys
Mike Scott, pitcher New York Mets, Houston Astros (1986 Cy Young Award Winner)
Curtis Conway, wide receiver, Chicago Bears, San Diego Chargers
Michael Marsh, 1992 Olympic gold medalist, 200 Meters, 4 x 100 Meter relay; U.S. High School National Record holder in 4 X 400 Meter Relay (3:07:40) on April 6, 1985
Henry Thomas youth record sprinter; U.S. High School National Record holder in 4 X 400 Meter Relay (3:07:40) on April 6, 1985
Mark Lee, 70s relief pitcher for the San Diego Padres Major League team
Cameron Stephenson, offensive lineman for the Green Bay Packers
Carl Boenish, US Parachuting Association Achievement award winner
Adimchinobi Echemandu, running back for the Oakland Raiders
April Jace, former wife of Michael Jace
Treamelle Taylor, Canadian Football League player
Mike Colbern, catcher Chicago White Sox
Musical artists
The Beach Boys - Brian Wilson / Al Jardine / Dennis Wilson / Carl Wilson / David Marks
Emitt Rhodes multi-instrumentalist singer/songwriter
John Dust - rapper known as Pigeon John
Chris Montez
Jeff McDonald and brother Steve McDonald founding members of Redd Kross
Greg Hetson of Circle Jerks / Bad Religion
Tyler Okonma - rapper and musician known as Tyler, the Creator
Casey Jones - rapper and songwriter known as Casey Veggies
Omar Banos - singer-songwriter known as Cuco
Other
Olivia Harrison née Olivia Trinidad Arias - widow of Beatle George Harrison (Class of 1965)
Ted Coombs - World record breaking roller skater (Class of 1972)
On-campus violence
The school has dealt with issues of race- related as well as gang-related fighting on campus in the past. In March 2007, gang-related fighting during lunchtime resulted in police officers from several law enforcement agencies entering the school with riot helmets and pepper spray. The school was subsequently shut down for the remainder of the day. Other gang-related issues continue to plague the school with sporadic on-campus fighting more recently.
References
External links
Official Website
Cougartown (Alumni site)
High schools in Los Angeles County, California
Public high schools in California
Hawthorne, California
1951 establishments in California
Educational institutions established in 1951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne%20High%20School%20%28California%29 |
Government House is the official residence of the governor of Bermuda. It is located on Langton Hill, overlooking the North Shore in Hamilton, Pembroke. Government House is also the official residence of the Bermudian head of state (currently King Charles III) when staying in Bermuda.
History, architecture and grounds
Built in the Italianate style, Government House was designed by architect William Cardy Hallet and built in 1892. It replaced an earlier residence called "Mount Langton" (after a Scottish estate belonging to Sir James Cockburn, 9th Baronet, of Langton, Berwickshire, Governor of Bermuda from 1811 to 1812, from 1814 to 1816 and from 1817 to 1819) which had served as Government House from 1815 when the seat of government was moved from St. George's. Built with stone imported from France, it is a landmark which is visible from the road or water with its off-white stone towers and arches. The house's grounds consist of , making them one of the largest open spaces left in Bermuda.
Government House has more than 30 rooms, including a large drawing room and dining room for formal entertaining, both of which open onto a long enclosed glass sun terrace overlooking the pool and garden. All the paintings are of Bermuda images, and the theme continues upstairs through the corridors and upstairs in The Royal Suite, and the private quarters of the governor which overlook the North Shore towards Hamilton Harbour, and the four guest bedrooms whose verandah offers views of Hamilton. Some of the artwork is part of the Government Collection, the rest is on loan from Masterworks Foundation and local artists and these are always changing.
Outside the main entrance to the house are three cannons, which have been in their present position since 1919. On either side of the cannons are two Washingtonia filifera (Petticoat Palms) planted by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in February 1975. From the terrace opposite there used to be steps down into the garden; it was close to these that on the night of March 10, 1973, the then governor Sir Richard Sharples was murdered, together with his aide-de-camp, Captain Hugh Sayers, and his dog.
To the left are the West Gates and on the terrace is a Podocarpus macrophyllus (Japanese yew tree), planted by Governor Sir Alexander Hood and Lady Hood to commemorate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. On the next terrace there is a Juniperus bermudiana (Bermuda cedar) planted by Winston Churchill in 1942 after his visit to the United States to meet President Franklin Roosevelt and address a joint session of the United States Congress. On the same level there is a Dictyosperma (princess palm) planted in 1963 by Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, a Roystonea regia (royal palm) planted by Princess Margaret in 1975 and a Thrinax parviflora (thatch palm) planted by Margaret Thatcher in 1981. On the terrace below, on either side of the path, are a pair of Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palms) planted by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip in 1994. Near to the next flight of steps is another Podocarpus macrophyllus planted by Queen Elizabeth II in November 1953.
Down the steps there is an avenue of Bermuda cedars, the first on the left planted by Sir Edward Richards, the first black Bermudian to head the government of the Island. Two others bear the names of Princess Alexandra and Princess Margaret. Just to the left of the bottom of the path there is a royal poinciana planted by the Duke of Windsor on in 1940, and back towards the house a royal palm planted by Prince George, Duke of Kent, in 1928.
Across the lawn towards the garage and outbuildings or Government House takes is a Delonix regia planted by Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, in 1970. Behind is the old drive lined with Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palms). Sloping down to the right are woodlands with a paddock and a meadow. Beyond the site of the old house, the flat area to the right of the cottage, there is a semi circular area of grass on which stands a Mangifera indica (mango tree) planted by Prince George, later King George V, and Bermuda's first Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree), planted by Governor Lt. Colonel William Reid in 1840. On either side of the cutting leading to the entrance to the grounds are evergreen shrubs, and large bougainvillea vines over 100 years old cover the walls.
Opposite the cottage there is a flight of steps leading down into the Marsh Folly Gardens. In this sheltered and well-wooded area there some of the oldest white cedars on the island. On the other side of the road is a rock garden. Back towards the terrace is a collection of Arecaceae (palms) planted by British prime ministers and US presidents: John Major (1991), George H. W. Bush (1990 and 1991), Margaret Thatcher (1990), Harold Macmillan (1961), Edward Heath (1972) and Richard Nixon (late 1960s).
As the largest open green area in Pembroke Parish, it has every endemic and native species of vegetation that existed before the colonisation of Bermuda. These are crucial to ward off erosion and wind damage from hurricanes. The grounds of Government House were severely damaged by Hurricane Fabian on September 5, 2004, and there is underway a long-term programme of clear-up, re-landscaping and planting. Five gardeners from the Parks Department of the Bermuda government maintain the grounds.
Government House today
Government House is used for national and ceremonial functions, as well as receptions and meetings with foreign dignitaries and heads of state. As well as being the official residence of the governor's family, it is also a working office employing executive, secretarial and domestic staff for the governor and the deputy governor (who resides elsewhere).
Although the governor is King Charles III's representative, appointed by the British government, the upkeep of Government House (and the governor's own salary, staff and other expenses) is the responsibility of the Government of Bermuda.
See also
Governor of Bermuda
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
References
External links
Further information on Government House
Official residences in Bermuda
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
British colonial architecture
Houses completed in 1892
Government buildings completed in 1892
Italianate architecture
Gardens in Bermuda
Hamilton, Bermuda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Bermuda |
Millicent is a town in the Australian state of South Australia located about south-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about north of the regional centre of Mount Gambier. In the , the population was 5,024.
The town is home to the Millicent National Trust Museum, Millicent Library & Gallery, Millicent Civic & Arts Centre, the South East Family History Group, and more attractions where locals commonly go to. Millicent is also nearby to the Tantanoola Caves Conservation Park and the Canunda National Park.
Close by is Lake Bonney SE which is home to South Australia's largest wind turbine farm. Millicent is also home to a constructed lake, Lake McIntyre, home to many bird and wildlife species. Lake McIntyre takes approximately 20 minutes to walk around, and the lake also hosts over 50 species of water birds and waders.
History
Millicent was proclaimed in 1870 after a township developed on the limestone ridge in the centre of the newly drained Millicent flats. It is named after Millicent Glen (née Short), wife of one of the early pioneers and daughter of the first Anglican Bishop of Adelaide, Augustus Short.
Millicent is also home to a Kimberly Clark Australia paper mill which is located 10 km away from the town; it is the largest employer in the area with approximately 400 employees. The factory produces Kleenex, Cottonelle and Viva product lines for the Australian and some regional overseas markets.
Millicent is also well known for its primary production, which include many varied crops. Pine and blue gum plantation cover large areas. It is also home to the only seaweed harvesting and processing plant in South Australia.
Heritage listings
Millicent has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
48 George Street (rear): 1874 Police Lockup
Mayurra Road: Mayura Homestead
Plunkett Terrace: South East Drainage Scheme Powder Magazine
Frontage Road: Lake Bonney Woolwash and Fellmongery Sites
Transport
The Princes Highway (B1) passes through Millicent from the north in a south-easterly direction towards Mount Gambier and into Victoria. The south-east end of the Southern Ports Highway (B101) terminates at Millicent.
Millicent was on the route of the Mount Gambier and Rivoli Bay railway, which was constructed in 1879. The railway was shortened to Millicent in 1959, after the section between Millicent and Mount Gambier was converted from narrow to broad gauge in the mid-1950s. It has not been used for freight since the broad gauge line was isolated in April 1995 (when the main line between Adelaide and Melbourne was converted to standard gauge) then to Limestone Coast Railway passenger tourist services in 1998 briefly until 21 March 1999. https://www.westonlangford.com/images/photo/123318/
Sport
The Millicent Bandits baseball club, comprising both junior and senior teams, are a part of the Mount Gambier and District Baseball League. Bandits baseball club has produced junior players that have competed at state level and also in the national Little League competition.
The Millicent football and netball clubs play in the Western Border Football League. The nickname of the clubs is the Saints, and the teams share the same red, white and black colours as the St Kilda Football Club in the AFL. The town also has strong links with the Mid-South Eastern League, a league made up of teams representing the smaller towns in the district. Many Millicent residents play for teams from the neighbouring towns of Mount Burr (green and gold, the Mozzies), Tantanoola (red and white, the Tigers) and Hatherleigh (blue and gold, the Eagles). The town's basketball team is called the Magic. (colours: silver, red, black). There is a Soccer club in Millicent Called the Millicent United Soccer Club (green, gold).
The Millicent racecourse last held official meetings in the 1960s, but is still used daily by local horse trainers for trackwork gallops.
Popular culture
Geltwood Festival
Millicent hosts a festival that is held once a year in late March and early April which is called the Geltwood Festival. The Geltwood Festival is about a ship that was wrecked in the late 1800s. The festival is known for arts and crafts, the shops of Millicent put quilts in the front windows. George Street is closed for the public to walk on to do various of activities, stalls and a small car Show 'N Shine. The festival has been running for over nine years and every year attracts crowds from neighbor towns of Millicent and Western Victoria.
Pines Enduro
Millicent also hosts the Teagle Excavations ARB Pines Enduro 400 at Teagle's Quarry just outside Millicent in late September or early October once a year. On Saturday's at the Pines Enduro they have the qualifying's and the Dash for Cash, on Sunday the big race is held from the Quarry and then they go into the Mount Burr Pines until they come back to the quarry to finish.
Radio station
Millicent has a community radio station broadcasting from the former railway station in Millicent, 5THE (107.7 FM). 5THE FM has won the national award of Most Outstanding Small Station award in the nation, a personal national award of Most Outstanding Contribution in Australia and has been a finalist in the National Awards 7 times in recent years in varying categories including Most Outstanding Station 4 times. 5THE FM was awarded the MBCA Most Outstanding Community Spirit Award in 2016 for outstanding contribution to community which includes Radio Courses run for local schools each spanning a 26-week period and is celebrated with an Outside Broadcast from the station's mobile studio in the school yard and features all students from the course.
5THE FM is the only radio station in Wattle Range, broadcasts on 107.7 and live streams.
Recreation
Millicent has access to all forms of recreation other than snow. It boasts access to beach fishing off the expansive coastline from Beachport, Southend, Canunda and through to Carpenters Rocks. Four wheel driving is popular as is trail bike riding. Surfing, sailing and small boat fishing are also very popular and bush walking trails are also available in the national parks along with well equipped camp sites for basic getaways. The reclaimed lake Bonney is now open to sailing and canoeing and borders the national park of Canunda. Cave exploring is nearby at the Tantanoola caves and cave diving in the areas water filled limestone caves is nearby. Millicent is also within half an hours travel of the Coonawarra wine region and the city of Mount Gambier, home to the Blue Lake and its picnic grounds.
Education
There are three reception to Year 7 (R-YR7) primary schools in Millicent.
Millicent North Primary School
Newbery Park Primary School
St. Anthony's Catholic Primary School
There is one high school in Millicent called Millicent High School.
There is a Millicent Community Learning Centre, across from the high school for students aged 15–21 years old who have trouble with education in high school.
Media
Newspapers
The local newspaper for Millicent and rural areas of the South East was the South Eastern Times. Daily newspapers from Melbourne (Herald Sun and The Age) and Adelaide (The Advertiser) as well as national newspapers such as The Australian and The Australian Financial Review Sunday Mail are also available in Millicent and the southeast SA region. Some newspapers from nearby towns such as Mount Gambier and Penola.
Television
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) – ABC1, ABC2, ABC3, ABC News 24 (digital channels)
The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) – SBS One, SBS Two (digital channels)
The National Indigenous Television (NITV) NITV (digital channels)
WIN Television (7, 7two, 7mate, 9, Gem, GO, 10, 11, One) as SES-8 – SES-8 relays the programming from Seven Network (Seven SA, 7two, 7mate), Nine Network (WIN SA, GEM, GO) & Network Ten (Ten SA, 11, One).
Foxtel – Subscription Television service Foxtel is also available via satellite.
WIN Television broadcasts Nine Network programming, Channel Seven broadcasts Seven Network programming & Channel Ten broadcasts Network Ten programming. The programming schedules for these channels is the same as Channel Nine, Channel Seven and Channel Ten in Adelaide, with local commercials inserted and some variations for coverage of Australian Football League or National Rugby League matches, state and national news and current affairs programs, some lifestyle and light entertainment shows and infomercials.
Radio
ABC
ABC South East SA (1476 AM)
ABC Triple J (102.5 FM)
ABC Radio National (103.3 FM)
ABC Classic FM (104.1 FM)
ABC NewsRadio (105.7 FM)
Commercial
Radio TAB
Triple M Limestone Coast (963 AM)
SAFM (96.1 FM)
5GTR FM (100.1 FM)
5THE FM (107.7 FM)
Lime FM (104.9 FM) (Formerly Rhema FM, Mount Gambier)
References
Towns in South Australia
Limestone Coast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent%2C%20South%20Australia |
The Legal Branch () is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). It primarily deals with the Canadian Forces' legal affairs. Legal officers are primarily accepted through the Direct-Entry Training Program, and must have a degree in law as well as be a member of a Canadian provincial or territorial bar. However, the CAF also selects a few currently serving members each year to attend law school and join the Legal Branch through the Military Legal Training Plan.
Training
Military Law Centre
The Military Law Centre on the grounds of the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario, which is staffed with nine military lawyers, oversees the education of officers and troops in legal matters ranging from the Forces' own code of conduct to the laws of war. It trains military lawyers and advises Ottawa on matters of policy and doctrine. The centre integrates legal education into the regular training that Forces members undergo and establishes its growing importance within the military hierarchy.
Selected RMC cadets participate in Law of Armed Conflict international competitions each fall with cadets from the United States Air Force Academy, the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy and the United States Coast Guard Academy. In spring 2008, RMC cadets were selected to participate in a competition on the Law of Armed Conflict at the International Institute of Humanitarian Law in Sanremo, Italy.
See also
Law of the Sea
Law of Armed Conflict
Law of land warfare
Law of occupation
Command responsibility
International law
International Humanitarian Law
Just war
External links
Canadian Forces Recruiting
Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence
Order of precedence
References
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Canadian Armed Forces
Military history of Canada
Legal occupations in the military | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20Branch |
Stephanie "Steph" Scully (also Hoyland) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Carla Bonner. She made her first screen appearance during the episode that was broadcast on 20 October 1999. Following Bonner's decision to quit the show after eleven years, Steph departed on 24 November 2010. In November 2012, it was announced that Bonner would be reprising the role for a two-month guest stint and Steph returned on 15 April 2013. Bonner reprised the role permanently in July 2015 and made her on-screen return on 2 October 2015. On 17 May 2018, it was confirmed that Bonner would be departing the show imminently and Steph made her final appearance on 7 June 2018. Bonner made a cameo in the show's final episode broadcast on 28 July 2022.
Steph is the eldest daughter of Joe (Shane Connor) and Lyn Scully (Janet Andrewartha). Steph's storylines have included marrying Max Hoyland (Stephen Lovatt), becoming a stepmother to his children Boyd (Kyal Marsh) and Summer (Marisa Siketa), battling breast cancer, pregnancy, being the victim of a stabbing and infidelity. Upon her return, Steph revealed that she had suffered a breakdown in prison and became determined to win back her former boyfriend, Lucas Fitzgerald (Scott Major). After kidnapping Lucas's son, Steph was sectioned. Following her release, she returned to Erinsborough to rebuild her life and reconnect with her son. Steph has proven popular with critics and viewers, who named her their favourite Neighbours character in 2010.
Creation and casting
The Scully family were created and introduced to Neighbours following the departure of Martin family. Stephanie was introduced along with her parents Lyn (Janet Andrewartha) and Joe (Shane Connor) and her younger sisters Felicity (Holly Valance) and Michelle (Kate Keltie). Reporters for eBroadcast said Stephanie was twenty years old and preferred leathers and motorbikes to the hobbies of her peers. In September 1999, Jason Herbison of Inside Soap reported that Emma Roche had joined the cast of Neighbours as Stephanie. However, Roche unexpectedly quit the role after three weeks.
When Carla Bonner dropped by to see her agent, she was on the phone to the Neighbours casting director, Jan Russ. Russ asked to see Bonner straightaway for an audition for the part of Stephanie. Bonner had little acting experience, having appeared in television bit parts, but she went over to Russ' office and was given a script for a cold read. She was asked to go to the studio the next day, where she auditioned again. She then received a call to say she had got the part. Bonner had to learn nineteen scenes by the next day and develop the character of Stephanie quickly. Four days after her audition with Russ, she began filming. Bonner had to shoot three weeks worth of scenes in one week.
Development
Characterisation
Steph is the only original member of the Scully family to have remained on the street. Steph is a tomboy with a passion for mechanics and motorbikes. Holy Soap said Steph is "one of the most dependable characters on the street." TV Week describe Steph as being "more into Grand Prix racing than girly stuff, but that hasn't stopped her from having her fair share of weddings and more than her fair share of romantic dramas". They also add that she has proven to be a loyal friend, a great mother to Charlie and a great stepmother.
Relationships
Steph's later relationships with Max Hoyland (Stephen Lovatt) and Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney) were main focal points in her storylining. Steph is strong, but the breakdown of her marriage nearly destroyed her. Of Max's departure and the effect it has on Steph, Bonner stated during an interview with television magazine What's on TV: "Torn. She still loves him but she's also angry with him. I think she wants to move on because she knows she has to prepare herself for the fact he might never come home." Steph's best friend Toadie gives her a shoulder to cry on, they later start a relationship. Bonner further discusses their relationship in the same interview adding: "Steph and Toadie have been friends for years, but it’s never extended beyond friendship. Until now [...] I think it's inevitable when you start spending so much time with someone that after a while they just fit into your life. Toadie’s been a fantastic support to Steph, there every step of the way."
Describing the developments in Steph and Toadie's relationship during 2008, Dan Bennet speaking for Network Ten states: "Steph has already agreed to a long engagement with Toadie, but she's not ready to marry. This relationship will reach a massive fork in the road early in the new year. Toadie will force Steph to decide what she wants from this relationship."
Breast cancer
One of the biggest storylines for Steph saw her being diagnosed with breast cancer. Bonner wanted to play the scenes with honesty and said that "it was important that Steph went through the whole thing". Bonner prepared for the storyline by researching the condition. She said "It wasn't something I was going to take lightly it was something very serious. It was important to raise awareness and important not to offend anybody". Bonner also turned to a family friend who had survived breast cancer and asked her questions about the condition. However, with other aspects of the condition, like hair loss, Bonner had to find her "own truth". The storyline was exhausting for Bonner, but it gave her a chance to show a different side to her character and it became a "rewarding personal challenge". On Steph's reaction to the cancer, Bonner said "It's just a huge learning curve and it's a huge life experience".
Bonner called the reaction to the storyline and the amount of publicity the condition gained "amazing". She revealed that she had received letters from members of the public complimenting her performance. She said "People seem to be so appreciative of the awareness that I seem to have raised". Bonner's doctor back home in Australia also told her that she would be amazed at the amount of awareness the storyline would raise. Executive producer Ric Pellizzeri revealed that a female viewer had sent in a letter of thanks for the cancer storyline, after she copied a breast examination that Steph had done and found a cancerous lump. Viewers watched Steph going through treatment for the cancer and it eventually went into remission. The cancer becomes active when Steph is pregnant and she almost died after deciding to give birth before resuming treatment.
Departure
In June 2010, it was announced that Bonner was to leave Neighbours after 11 years on the show. On her departure, Neighbours executive producer, Susan Bower, said "I'm very sad that Carla is leaving us and she knows the door is always open for Steph to return to Ramsay Street". Bonner began filming her last scenes in September and she said that she was feeling "very emotional" about leaving. Bonner said Steph's exit storyline was not what viewers would have imagined. She said "It's so out of the character, however the storyline is so strong and supports the outcome". Bonner added that Bower has made it possible for her to return in the future.
Return (2013)
On 4 November 2012, it was confirmed that Bonner would be returning to Neighbours. She began filming her scenes from January 2013 and would be on-screen for two months. Bonner stated that she was "elated" to revisit the role of Steph and explained "We always knew when I left they would revisit her. When they contacted me and said it was time, there was no question of if I wanted to do it – of course I did!" Bonner said that she had received many emails and tweets from fans asking for Steph to come back to Neighbours, so she was happy to be able to please them. Steph returned during the episode broadcast on 15 April 2013.
Bonner revealed that due to having a rough time in prison and losing custody of her son Charlie (Alexander McGuire), Steph is "a bit damaged". She returns to Erinsborough to settle a score with someone and Bonner said "There's a bit of anger that has brewed while she's in prison and she's definitely had a bit of time to think things over." TV Week's Erin Miller proclaimed that there would be plenty of scenes between Steph and her former partner, Lucas Fitzgerald (Scott Major), with Bonner commenting that Steph might be looking for comfort and familiarity with him. In April, further details of Steph's return were released. Bonner told TV Week's Jackie Brygel that Steph wants rehabilitation and to get her life in order. Steph's reappearance is met with "some bewilderment" from Toadie, while Lucas is happy to see her again. Steph has become hopeful that Lucas has waited for her, but she soon learns that Lucas is in a relationship with Vanessa Villante (Alin Sumarwata).
When Steph announces that she is going to run Harold's Store, where Vanessa works, she tries to reassure her that she no longer has any interest in Lucas. However, Steph is "visibly shaken" when she learns that Lucas and Vanessa have a child. Bonner explained "Steph is floored by the baby news – it was the last thing she expected. She realises now that Lucas is a totally different person from whom he once was (before she began her prison sentence) and she is rocked to her core." Sergeant Matt Turner (Josef Brown) becomes curious about the reasons for Steph's return and he questions her about failing a previous parole application. Bonner told Brygel that Steph is not willing to reveal any details about her time in prison, although the audience knows something has happened in there.
Weeks later, Steph kidnapped Lucas's infant son Patrick (Basquait Voevodin-Knack). Major said that the situation was "scary" for Lucas and he had finally realised "just how unhinged" Steph had become. Vanessa also blamed Lucas for bringing Steph into their lives, as she had seen that Steph was unstable before he did. Finding Steph and Patrick initially proved difficult as Steph turned off her phone, but she got in contact with Lucas again to tell him that she was at a place that was special to them both. Major said, "Lucas works out that Steph is referring to the last night they spent together before she went to jail – in the men's shed." Lucas and the police raced to the shed, where they found Steph with Patrick.
Reintroduction
On 19 July 2015, Neighbours teased Bonner's return on their Twitter page. The Herald Sun confirmed her return later that day and reported that Bonner had begun filming the previous week. Bonner admitted that she felt like she was "coming home" and added "It's an institution for fans and it's a reliable place. The producers had discussed potential storylines, which reignited my passion for Steph, and I was ready to bring back the character. It just felt right." Steph would return to Erinsborough under "a cloud of suspicion" following her arrest for kidnapping Patrick Villante in 2013. Series producer Jason Herbison explained, "her return to Ramsay Street will be explosive and her presence will divide the residents." Steph made her on-screen return on 2 October 2015.
Bonner explained that Steph had been sectioned following her arrest in 2013 and had spent the past two years in a mental institution. Her return to Erinsborough came as part of her day-release programme and Steph hoped to be discharged from the hospital eventually. Bonner told TV Choice's Clyde McGarrigle, "Doctors have advised her to return to a place where she has a support network/ Despite all the trouble she caused, Steph believes she needs to return to Erinsborough so she can rebuild her life." Steph found employment at the garage again and she bonded with the manager Tyler Brennan (Travis Burns), who was unaware of her past. When other Erinsborough residents learned of her return, they were not so welcoming. Bonner commented that Steph knew she had "a lot of making up to do."
In September, it was announced that Steph would also be in a same-sex relationship upon her return. Steph has been dating a woman named Belinda Bell (Nikki Shiels), who later follows her to Erinsborough. Their relationship will be tested when Belinda does not agree with the ways in which Steph tries to make amends with her neighbours. Of the storyline, Bonner said "The way that it has been written, it's very sensitive and certainly not smutty. I'm very happy with how it plays out. If it contributes to normalising same-sex relationships in some way, that's great." It later emerged that Belinda was Steph's psychiatric nurse, who helped her through her time at the hospital. Bonner said the women fell in love and it would become clear that they had a "beautiful, deep connection".
Relationship with Mark Brennan
In March 2016, Steph was paired with Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor). The relationship starts when Mark asks Steph to help him with his motorbike repairs. She enjoys his company and Bonner pointed out that he was different from most of the men Steph had been around before. She explained, "I think for the first time in ages she finds a man that she feels comfortable with." Steph kisses Mark, but he is reluctant to take things further, which leaves her feeling embarrassed and she orders him to leave. When Charlie comes to visit Steph, Mark spends the day with them and gives Charlie a ride in his police car. Steph is "touched" by his kindness and when she goes to thank him, they end up kissing again and have sex. However, Mark is unsure where he stands, while Steph is worried that her previous relationship with Belinda will be an issue. Their romance is also tested by Mark's former fiancée Paige Smith (Olympia Valance), who tells Mark that Steph is just using him to gain custody of Charlie. Mark confronts Steph, and they initially agree to remain friends, but soon realise that they want to be a couple. When Paige once again tells Mark that Steph is using him, Steph confronts Paige and they get into a physical fight. The following day, Paige comes to apologise to Steph and soon realises Mark has stayed the night.
Steph and Mark's relationship is put under strain when they try to have a child via surrogacy. Steph finds herself attracted to Victoria Lamb (Claudia Greenstone) and an Inside Soap columnist noted their chemistry was "sizzling". When Steph sees Victoria has been stood up on a date, she offers her support. The women spend the evening talking and laughing together, which leads to Victoria kissing Steph. Steph feels guilty about cheating on Mark and immediately admits what happened. She also tells him she has doubts about the surrogacy.
Departure (2018)
In March 2018, Bonner replied to a fan's query about Steph's lack of storylines by saying they were being "weaned" off her character, leading to speculation that she was leaving the show. On 17 May, Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy confirmed that Bonner had exited Neighbours, and her last scenes aired on 7 June. The actress thanked fans for their support. On-screen, Steph decides to leave Erinsborough for a fresh start in Sydney, where she can be closer to her son.
Bonner reprised the role for a cameo appearance in the show's final episode, which was broadcast on 28 July 2022.
Storylines
Steph arrives in Ramsay Street with her family. The move helps her get over her failed relationship with Larry "Woody" Woodhouse (Andrew Curry), who is in jail for armed robbery. Steph immediately attracts the attentions of Toadfish Rebecchi and Lance Wilkinson (Andrew Bibby), but she falls for Drew Kirk (Dan Paris). Steph becomes good friends with Drew's girlfriend, Libby Kennedy (Kym Valentine). Steph and Libby are knocked off Steph's bike by Brendan Bell (Blair Venn). Steph comes away with torn ligaments, but Libby is left in a critical condition, which causes Steph to become depressed. Libby and Drew break up, but Steph is upset when Drew admits he still loves Libby. Steph then briefly dates Daniel Fitzgerald (Brett Tucker). Steph agrees to run away with Woody after he is released from prison. While she is getting drinks for them, Woody suddenly takes off in the car and crashes. Steph is prevented from pulling Woody out of the resulting fire. Steph begins dating Woody's friend, Mitch Foster (Hugh Sexton). However, Woody returns, having been in hiding, and Steph tells them both to leave. Mitch later robs her workplace and Steph is investigated by the police for the crime.
Steph begins a relationship with Marc Lambert (David Karakai) and they become engaged. During the wedding, Marc looks at Felicity and Steph realises that he loves her sister. Steph refuses to forgive Felicity and goes to stay with Libby and Drew. Steph befriends Summer Hoyland (Marisa Siketa) and her father, Max. Steph and Max agree to be friends and she starts dating Alex Argenzio (Marco Pio Venturini). However, Steph realises that she loves Max and they begin a relationship. After finding a lump in her breast, Steph is told that she has cancer. Steph struggles to cope with the news and ends her relationship with Max. They later reunite and Steph proposes to Max, who accepts. The couple get married in a park. Steph helps her brother, Jack (Jay Bunyan), through his drug problem. Steph sits with her grandfather, Charlie (Cliff Ellen), until he dies. Steph adjusts his pillow, just as Lyn and her brother, Michael (David Paterson), walk in. Michael accuses Steph of murder and she is arrested. Steph is found guilty and given a suspended sentence.
Max and Steph decide to adopt and they meet Kayla Thomas (Virginia Ryan), who decides to give them her unborn child. Kayla later decides to keep her baby. Steph discovers that she is pregnant. She starts having dreams about Drew and realises that her cancer has returned. Steph refuses treatment for her child's health. Steph gives birth to a son, who she and Max name Charlie (Aaron Aulsebrook-Walker; Jacob Brito). Steph then undergoes treatment for cancer and after radiotherapy, she is given the all clear. Max accidentally kills Cameron Robinson (Adam Hunter) and his behaviour changes. He admits himself to a psychiatric ward and later leaves town. Steph kisses Toadie and after he is shot, she confesses to Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) that she loves him. Max returns and Steph decides to give their marriage another chance, but they realise that things can not go back to how they were and Max leaves.
Toadie and Steph begin a relationship and Steph takes over Max's bar, renaming it Charlie's. Steph also wins a place on the local council. Toadie proposes, but Steph turns him down. She later changes her mind. During the wedding, Steph stumbles over her vows and Toadie calls the whole thing off. Steph then asks Libby and Ty Harper (Dean Geyer) to move in with her. Steph begins dating Jay Duncan (Charlie Clausen). During a picnic in a national park, a bush fire is started. Toadie becomes suspicious of Jay and he discovers that Jay had previously saved a few young mothers from fires. Jay takes Steph and Charlie to a cabin in the country and Steph discovers that Jay was responsible for the fires. She manages to sneak Charlie out of the house and Toadie rescues Steph. Jay is later arrested.
Steph decides that she wants to spend more time with her son and she sells Charlie's to Elle Robinson (Pippa Black), who installs Rebecca Napier (Jane Hall) as manager. Steph later returns to working at the garage with Lucas Fitzgerald. Steph dates Greg Michaels (Nick Farnell), after meeting him online, but they break up when Steph discovers he is married and he becomes jealous of her friendships with other men. Lyn returns to Ramsay Street and persuades Steph to buy Number 26. Steph develops feelings for Lucas. After seeing Libby kiss Lucas, Steph goes to Charlie's and runs into Dan. Dan kisses Steph and they have sex, which leaves them both feeling guilty. Lucas is involved in an accident and Steph supports him and encourages him to attend rehab. Lucas tells her that he loves her, but Steph rejects him. After Lucas professes his love for her again, Steph tells him she loves him too.
Steph suddenly leaves Ramsay Street and she tells Toadie that she is pregnant with Dan's child. Toadie agrees to help Steph and they tell their friends and family that they are back together. Steph's pregnancy is later revealed. Steph finds a lump in her breast and fears that her cancer has returned. She goes to the hospital for a biopsy. When Lyn tries to take control, Toadie suggests to Steph that they get married. Steph notices how upset Toadie is after he learns that his former girlfriend, Sonya (Eve Morey), is leaving. Steph tells Sonya to stay and reveals the truth about the wedding and the baby. Steph discovers that Dan has been involved in an accident and tells him about the baby. Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis) records the conversation and plays it at Charlie's, just as Libby walks in. Libby is devastated and tells Steph to stay away from her. During an argument, Steph collapses from high blood pressure. She decides to stay with her father for a while and she gives birth to a baby boy. Steph hands the baby over to Dan, who names him Adam.
Steph runs into Woody and they catch up. Lyn worries that Steph is suffering from post-natal depression and tries to stage an intervention. Libby goes to find her and they talk, but Steph becomes angry and leaves on her motorbike. She hits Ringo Brown (Sam Clark) and he dies. Steph is charged with driving in a dangerous manner, driving under the influence of alcohol and culpable driving. Charlie goes missing during Halloween and he is found by Samantha Fitzgerald (Simone Buchanan). Sam reveals that she is the prosecutor for Steph's case. Toadie becomes her lawyer and she asks him to keep her out of jail and to arrange joint custody of Adam. The jury find Steph guilty. Lucas asks Steph to run away with him, but she turns him down. She is sentenced to six years in prison, with a minimum non-parole period of two years. Steph is later moved to a low security prison in Bendigo.
Upon her release two and a half years later, Steph returns to Erinsborough to take over as manager of Harold's Store. Steph reconnects with Lucas and meets his partner, Vanessa. Steph reveals that Charlie is with Max in Fiji, after he won full custody. Steph meets with Sergeant Matt Turner to discuss her parole and psychiatrist appointments. He asks her why she was initially turned down for parole and Steph tells him that she was not ready. It later emerges that she suffered a breakdown and is on medication. When she learns that Lucas has cancer, Steph supports him and encourages Lucas to keep the news from Vanessa. Steph tells Toadie that she will never forgive him for botching her defence causing her to lose everything she had. Steph moves in with Karl and Susan. She tries to win Lucas back by causing tension within his relationship. Steph learns that Vanessa was once married and Lucas does not know, so she sends him a message pretending to be Vanessa's ex-husband. Lucas calls off his wedding to Vanessa. Steph stops taking her medication and suffers a psychotic break. She kidnaps Lucas and Vanessa's son, Patrick, believing that he is Adam. Lucas manages to talk Steph into handing Patrick back and she is arrested. After receiving treatment, Steph feels guilty about what she has done. She apologises to Lucas, Vanessa and Toadie, before she is formally charged and taken away.
Steph returns to Erinsborough to apply for a job at the garage, initially unaware that Lucas has repurchased it. She is interviewed by Tyler Brennan (Travis Burns), who offers her the job after a trial. Steph helps Amy Williams (Zoe Cramond) carry some timber and they bond over lunch. Karl stops by the garage and upon seeing Steph, he tells Tyler that she used to work there. Steph reveals that she is on day release from a psychiatric hospital and that a change in medication means she is unlikely to suffer another psychotic break. She visits Toadie, who is now in a wheelchair, and they agree to support each other. Lucas returns to confront Steph. He agrees to give her a three-month trial at the garage, and asks that she does not contact him or Vanessa directly. Steph tells Toadie that she needs to prove to Max that she is better, so she can see Charlie again. Steph befriends Amy's young son Jimmy (Darcy Tadich) and when he goes missing, she finds him at the school. When she goes to call Amy, Steph is arrested for kidnap, until Jimmy admits that she tried to help him. Steph runs into Belinda Bell, who expresses her worry about Steph being back in Erinsborough. When Steph gets a pass from the hospital to attend a sleep-out protest at Erinsborough High, Belinda talks to Toadie about her worries and he tells Steph not to stay. She later sees the school on fire and helps Sonya to pull Toadie out of the building. When a Fitzgerald Motors jerry can is found at the scene, Steph becomes a suspect and is questioned by Mark Brennan, but a mobile phone call gives her an alibi.
Toadie sees Steph and Belinda kissing and Steph reveals that Belinda was her nurse and that they were in a relationship. Steph catches Belinda going through her bag to find her medication and they argue. Steph opens up to Amy about her condition and how she used to hear "Greensleeves" before an episode. She begins to hear the music at the garage and later receives a phone call from a child, who she believes is Charlie. Vanessa agrees to meet with Steph, but her behaviour following the phone call worries Vanessa. She and Lucas end Steph's trial at the garage. Toadie finds a speaker at the garage and realises that somebody is trying to make Steph think she is having an episode. After taking her medication, Steph starts to suffer hallucinations and believes she is having a relapse. Paul offers to drive her to her doctor in Bendigo. During the drive, Steph receives a text telling her that Paul has switched her medication. Before she can confront him, they crash after Paul swerves to avoid another car. Steph finds the drugs in his pocket and refuses to help him until he explains his actions. Paul tells her that he has been trying to trigger a relapse so she will leave Erinsborough, as he is worried she will harm Jimmy. Steph tapes his confession and admits that she already called an ambulance. At the hospital, Steph tells Paul that she will keep his secret if he gives her a job at The Waterhole. Sonya also invites Steph to move in with her and Toadie. Steph tells Belinda that they will never get back together, as she knows Belinda gave Paul details about her condition. Belinda leaves town as she finds it hard to be around Steph.
Max's wife, Philippa (Wendy Bos) tells Steph that she is planning to adopt Charlie. Lyn visits to offer her support. After learning she has some shares worth $70,000, Steph goes into business with Paul and they purchase a local motel. Lyn brings Charlie to Erinsborough, but Toadie warns Steph that she could jeopardise her chance of custody if she has any contact with him. Charlie learns where Steph is and comes to see her. She explains to him that she has been very ill and did not want him to see her that way. She also gives him some letters she wrote to him, but never posted. Charlie later returns on his own and they spend the day together, until Philippa arrives to take him home, having tracked his phone. Philippa tries to get Steph to sign the consent forms for the adoption, but Steph rips them up. On the first day of mediation, Steph runs out of medication and heatstroke causes a relapse. Charlie tells Steph that he does not want to see her again. Steph spends the day with Mark and some of her old biker friends. She and Mark later kiss, but agree that they should remain friends. At a second mediation hearing, Phillippa calls Lucas as a witness, but Lucas is sympathetic to Steph, and Phillippa agrees to allow Steph shared custody. Paul is blamed following an explosion at Lassiter's, but Steph believes he is innocent and agrees to help him clear his name, causing problems in her relationship with Mark, who believes Paul is guilty.
Steph tells Mark that she cannot have another child due to her mental health. When Charlie returns to Fiji, Steph decides not to contest custody. She and Mark are saddened by Charlie's absence, and Sonya offers to be their surrogate, but they reject her offer. Steph arranges to meet Adam (Archie Campbell), her son with Dan, and Lucas brings him to Erinsborough. Steph is hospitalised after she crashes her motorbike. She and Mark accept Sonya's offer to be their surrogate. Steph, Mark, Toadie and Sonya meet with Victoria Lamb (Claudia Greenstone), a consultant, to discuss their feelings about the surrogacy. Victoria later informs Steph and Mark that Steph has low ovarian reserves. She urges them to think about whether they want to continue, and Steph breaks up with Mark. They later make up and agree to try one round of IVF, but Victoria informs them that they were not able to collect any viable eggs, ending their chance of conceiving a child together. Sonya then offers to be an egg donor and Steph agrees. The fertilisation goes ahead, but when Victoria and Paul warn Steph that Sonya might become attached to the baby, she asks Mark and Sonya to end the process. Steph also asks Sonya to take the morning-after pill, but she refuses. Mark proposes to Steph and she accepts. Sonya announces she is pregnant. Mark starts to spend more time around Sonya, which makes Steph feel left out. She forms a close relationship with Victoria, who develops feelings for Steph and later kisses her. Steph ends her relationship with Mark when she kisses Victoria. Steph's motorbike is damaged and she initially suspects Victoria's daughter Josie Lamb (Madison Daniel), who warns her to stay away from her mother. Steph soon learns that Victoria's former partner Ellen Crabb (Louise Crawford) was responsible. She and Victoria end their relationship.
Steph works with Jack Callahan (Andrew James Morley) on an application for the Most Liveable Suburb competition. After a night out, they kiss. They initially agree to a casual relationship. While looking after his son Gabriel Smith (Kian Bafekrpour), Steph has a flashback to the time she kidnapped Patrick and she thinks she hears Gabe call her "mama". David Tanaka (Takaya Honda) suggests that she might be fatigued or her medication needs adjusting, but she later learns she is drinking too much caffeine. Paige asks Steph to stay away from Gabe, but changes her mind after they bond while stuck in a lift together. Steph takes Adam out for the afternoon, but has to rescue him when he wanders off and is almost hit by a car. Steph decides to buy Paul and Leo Tanaka's (Tim Kano) share of the motel to open a cancer wellness centre with Amy. Steph and Amy struggle to attract donors for the centre, but Amy suddenly announces that an anonymous donor has given them the money they need to finish the motel's conversion. Steph soon learns the donor is Lyn, and tells Amy that she is no longer part of the wellness centre, as Steph cannot trust her. The wellness centre is renamed the Flame Tree Retreat and with Lyn's help, the launch is a success. Steph leaves Amy in charge when she decides to spend Christmas with Lyn, who admits to feeling lonely without her children around.
Upon her return, Steph tells Jack that she loves him. The couple win a glamping competition in a raffle, along with Paige and Mark, who are staying at the same site. Steph overhears Paige and Jack talking about their one-night stand and she breaks up with Jack. She refuses to accept his apology and later vandalises his room at the Backpackers'. Steph admits to trashing the room and her travel visa to Fiji is revoked, meaning she cannot see Charlie. Steph spends time with Ben helping to do up Drew's old car, and she later takes him to Oakey to visit Drew's family. Steph starts to feel that her life is too empty, so she decides to move to Sydney to be closer to Adam. She agrees to let Gary manage the retreat in her absence. During a visit from Charlie, Steph learns that Philippa is having an affair and asked Charlie to keep it from Max. Steph suggests that Philippa returns to Fiji to sort out her marriage, while Charlie stays in Erinsborough with her. Steph falls out with Toadie when a drafted legal letter about joint custody is sent to Max. Philippa returns to collect Charlie, but Sonya intervenes and Philippa agrees to let Charlie stay with Steph while she sorts out her marriage. Steph is disappointed that Toadie is not around to say goodbye. However, he soon turns up with Adam and explains that he flew up to Sydney to collect him, so Steph, Charlie and Adam can drive back together. Steph thanks Toadie and Sonya for all their help and they say goodbye, before she drives herself and her boys out of Erinsborough.
Four years later, Steph sends Toadie a video message congratulating him at his wedding to Melanie Pearson (Lucinda Cowden).
Other appearances
To coincide with the character's return to Neighbours in April 2013, the serial released six webisodes that feature Steph talking to a psychiatrist (Trudy Hellier) before her release from jail. Steph talks about a variety of issues and explains that there is someone in Erinsborough that she is going back for. The webisodes also provide an insight into Steph's actions upon her return. The webisodes were directed by Bonner's co-star Scott Major. He told a writer for Channel 5's Neighbours website that being part of Steph's exit storyline did not influence his approach to directing the webisodes. Major stated that he shot the webisodes differently from Neighbours, to show what it is like in Steph's head. He explained "I wanted viewers to be a little uncomfortable, make them feel they were intruding on these private conversations."
Reception
In June 2002, Steph came first in a poll run by Newsround to find viewers' favourite Neighbours character. She received 34.85% of the vote. At the 2008 Inside Soap Awards, Bonner earned a nomination for Best Actress and the storyline that saw Steph getting jilted at the altar by Toadie was nominated for Best Storyline. The following year, Bonner was nominated for "Sexiest Female". The episode in which Steph and Toadie fabricate a reconciliation to cover story up Steph's infidelity won the Australian Director's Guild Award in 2010. That same year saw Steph voted viewers favourite Neighbours character in a survey carried out by website Yahoo!. Yahoo!'s TV editor, Paul Johnston said: "Steph has beaten some classic soap favourites to take the lead spot as the nation's favourite Neighbours character". Johnston also added "By witnessing her develop from the tomboy with a passion for motorbikes to a loving mother she has been a regular in people's living rooms for over a decade".
A reporter for the Herald Sun placed Steph's discovery of her fiancé and sister's affair at number four on their list of Neighbours Top Ten moments. They said "Steph and Marc had a quick engagement, but in the meantime Marc fell in love with Flick. Flick tried but couldn't hide the fact that she also loved her sister's betrothed. Steph and Marc made it all the way to the altar, but after she said "I do", he replied: "I can't, I'm in love with your sister." Priceless". Robin Oliver writing for The Sydney Morning Herald said he was compelled to watch Steph and Max's wedding, because it was twenty minutes of "good fun". In a feature by Virgin Media dedicated to television "yummy mummies", Steph was placed fifth on the list. Virgin Media said "After several ups and downs and a battle with illness, Neighbours''' glam mummy Steph (played by Carla Bonner), gave birth to baby Charlie in 2006".
Ruth Deller of television website Lowculture was negative towards the character, saying "She used to be awesome, way back when the Scully family arrived, but the departure of her whole family, her not-that-convincing relationships with Max and Toadie and her lack of useful storylines have meant she’s felt like a spare part on the street for ages". In July 2010, Deller placed Steph at number five on her list of worst characters of the last seven months. She said "Steph's decline over the past few years has been pretty heartbreaking for those of us who remember the sassy, pretty, smart young woman that she was when the Scully family first arrived on Ramsay Street. Since then, she's had a tedious love life, been miraculously cured of cancer (which in true Neighbours-style could definitely return if she had a baby and could then definitely return again if she had an abortion), been ruined by marriage to the insufferable Max Hoyland (who we still haven't forgiven for murdering CamRob), had an unbelievable romance with best mate Toadie and an even more unbelievable friendship with Libby (when clearly the characters hate each other, and it's more of a 'frenemy' thing)".
In April 2013, a Newcastle Herald reporter commented "As independent Steph Scully, Bonner was a fan favourite, leaving a gaping hole when she was bundled off to jail." They continued that Toadie should watch out because Steph has "a bone to pick with him about how he represented her in court." Ben Pobjie of The Sydney Morning Herald praised the character, saying she was the Scully sister "who most won our hearts". Pobjie enjoyed her 2015 return scenes, commenting So Steph is back, and she is back in the classic style in which we demand all our soap opera favourites return to the fold: a close-up shot of unidentified boots dismounting a motorbike. The scene truly is a classic of the genre, and actress Carla Bonner proves herself a formidable performer from the knees down. Not that there's anything wrong with her from the knees up, of course: indeed, when that familiar face is revealed, all Neighbours fans will be overwhelmed with the ineffable Stephness of it all."
A Sunday Mail contributor later observed "Steph's return to Erinsborough hasn't been a happy one." Melinda Houston, writing for The Sydney Morning Herald, called Steph "one of the suburbs' more interesting villains" due to her history as a "drunkard, murderer, kidnapper and psychotic". However, Houston pointed out that those events were not really Steph's fault and added "there's no question she's about to liven things up." A TVNZ included Steph in their list of the top 30 Neighbours' characters, and stated "Steph made her mark as a tomboy with a zest for life. Heartache and loss saw her lose her fun-loving attitude, but she managed to regain it." Steph was placed at number eighteen on the Huffpost's "35 greatest Neighbours characters of all time" feature. Journalist Adam Beresford described her as "a big fan favourite", "the coolest biker chick to ever rev up Ramsay Street" and assessed that she had a "torrid time" during her storylines. Owing to her mental health issues and fluid sexuality, Beresford believed that Steph was one of "the most intriguingly complex characters the show has ever had".
References
External links
Stephanie Scully at the Official AU Neighbours'' website
Neighbours characters
Fictional bartenders
Fictional mechanics
Television characters introduced in 1999
Fictional politicians
Fictional kidnappers
Fictional bisexual women
Fictional couriers
Female villains
Female characters in television
Fictional characters with cancer
Fictional LGBT characters in television
Fictional female murderers
Fictional prisoners and detainees
LGBT villains
Scully family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20Scully |
The Training Development Branch () is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). It primarily deals in training and development of both new recruits and experienced officers, airmen and -women, sailors and soldiers of the CAF.
Training
Canadian Forces Training Development Centre
The Canadian Forces Training Development Centre (CFTDC) in Borden, Ontario is the Centre of Excellence for training and training development for the Department of National Defence DND and the Canadian Forces.
Mission
The CFTDC mission is to provide training in instructional methods and training development, e-Learning development services, and training development support to the CF. The CFTDC also provides advice and guidance on instructional design and delivery of training to CF training establishments across the country. In addition, CFTDC is active in the evaluation, research and development of training methods and technologies.
References
External links
Canadian Forces Recruiting
Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence
Canadian Forces BMQ (Basic Military Qualification)
Canadian Forces website (forces.ca)
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Military history of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training%20Development%20Branch |
The Public Affairs Branch () is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CF).
Mission
The mission of the Public Affairs Branch is to inform Canadians of the policies, programs, services, activities, operations and initiatives of the Canadian Armed Forces in a manner that is accurate, complete, objective, timely, relevant, understandable, open and transparent within the law. Public Affairs Officers are assigned to Commands, Formations, and Bases across Canada and are often deployed overseas.
Public Affairs Officers are both line and staff officers who provide advice and professional services to commanders and staffs at the tactical, operational and strategic levels in the areas of:
Public Affairs planning as part of the operational planning process
Media operations including media relations services to local, national and international journalists and media outlets, the management of media embedding programs, the conduct of media escorts and the provision of still and video imagery
Internal communications using a variety of platforms
Community relations
Recent history
An initiative to improve and enhance military Public Affairs and military strategic communications more broadly began in 2015. This effort sought to have public affairs officers become directly involved in information activities including the possibility of deception and psychological operations against Canadians and Allies, with positions created for information operations and psychological operations staff reporting to Jay Janzen - a brigadier-general, now retired - the senior military public affairs officer at the time. The Military Public Affairs Enhancement and Employment Concept (MPAEEC) set out the reasons for change and vision for the Branch, explaining that the current construct "lacks the proper readiness to effectively support overseas operations", and noted five deficiencies of the public affairs function and officers within: insufficient military culture, expertise and readiness; reactive, rather than strategic-driven engagement; ineffectual management of visual communications; lack of innovation; and insufficient [Canadian Armed Forces] capacity and mindsets.
The situation was described as a consequence of structural changes over time within the Assistant Deputy Minister Public Affairs organization that put emphasis on civilian rather than military practitioners, and "led to a dilution of military culture and a lack of focus on martial imperatives. In recent years it has been difficult to distinguish the difference in roles between the civilian and CAF communications, leading to a corporate mindset among some [Public Affairs Officers] and Image Techs." The initiative was stood down in December 2020 by the Chief of the Defence Staff General Jonathan Vance, and its personnel re-assigned.
In June 2021, then-acting Chief of the Defence Staff General Wayne Eyre and Deputy Minister Jody Thomas, determined that "the effort to expand the formal range of duties of Public Affairs Officers into the [Information Operations/Influence Activity] domain, including the draft [MPAEEC] paper, were incompatible with Government of Canada Communications Policy, and the DND/CAF vision, mission and principles of Public Affairs." The senior leaders also acknowledged "it is clear that the development of the various information-related capabilities have suffered from a lack of institution-wide strategic level direction and guidance ... governed by appropriate authorities and oversight."
In May 2022, a history of the initiative titled "The Rise and Fall of Military Strategic Communications at National Defence 2015-2021: A Cautionary Tale for Canada and NATO, and a Roadmap for Reform" was published by the Canadian Global Affairs Institute.
Order of precedence
External links
Canadian Forces Recruiting
Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence
References
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Affairs%20Branch%20%28Canadian%20Forces%29 |
William Robert "Slick" Leonard (July 17, 1932April 13, 2021) was an American professional basketball player, coach and color commentator. He played college basketball for the Indiana Hoosiers, where he was a two-time All-American and a member of their national championship squad in 1953. After playing professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA), Leonard coached the Indiana Pacers to three American Basketball Association (ABA) championships. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 2014.
Early life
Leonard was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, on July 17, 1932. He attended Gerstmeyer High School. There, he played high school basketball as a , guard, and also excelled as a tennis player. He went on to play collegiate basketball at Indiana University Bloomington, where he hit the game winning free throw to give the Hoosiers the 1953 NCAA championship. While at Indiana, he became a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. He was named a third-team All-American in 1953 and selected to the second team the following season.
Professional career
Playing career
Leonard was selected by the Baltimore Bullets with the first pick of the second round (tenth overall) of the 1954 NBA draft. He spent most of his seven-year professional playing career with the Lakers (four years in Minneapolis, and one year following the team's move to Los Angeles), followed by two years with the Chicago Packers/Zephyrs). He led the NBA in games played (72) in 1956–57. His best season came in 1961–62, in which he finished sixth in the NBA in assists per game (5.4) and eighth in assists (378). In his final season as a player, he also coached the Zephyrs. The team moved to Baltimore the following year; Leonard coached them for one more year.
Coaching career with the Pacers
Five years after coaching the Bullets, Leonard became the coach of the ABA's Indiana Pacers, a position he held for nearly 12 years – the last four after the franchise moved to the NBA. For a time, he also served as general manager. Leonard led the Pacers to three ABA championships before the ABA–NBA merger in June 1976. However, the Pacers were nearly gutted in order to meet the financial burdens imposed by the merger, and he was never able to put together a winning team during the Pacers' first four years as an NBA team.
Color commentary
Leonard returned to the Pacers in 1985 as a color commentator, first for television with Jerry Baker, then on radio with Mark Boyle on WFNI 1070 AM. His trademark phrase is "Boom, baby!" for a successful three-point field goal by a Pacers player. According to an interview Leonard gave to Carmel Monthly magazine,“BOOM BABY” was hatched when Leonard was coaching the Pacers in the seventh game of the semi-finals of the 1975 American Basketball Association (ABA) playoffs. Denver held a 2-point lead with seconds left, and the Pacers got the ball to George McGinnis in the low post for a potential tying basket. But McGinnis kicked the ball out to a wide-open Billy Keller in the far corner. Game, set, Boom Baby. “Billy drilled it, and I shouted “BOOM BABY,” Leonard recalled.
Later life
Leonard suffered a heart attack on March 13, 2011, shortly after a Pacers' road victory over the New York Knicks. He was later said to be in good condition, but was given an indefinite time to recover, and was filled in for by Pacers TV analyst and former player Austin Croshere.
Leonard was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 2014. He became the first individual to be inducted into the Indiana University Sports Hall of Fame. He was also a member of the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame and Indiana Sports Writers and Broadcasters Hall of Fame.
Leonard sustained three falls in 2018. The first in January shattered his left hip, while the second in June resulted in a broken left wrist. After his third fall in late December, he took a hiatus from calling games, before coming back on February 28, 2019. He died on April 13, 2021, at the age of 88.
Head coaching record
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 42||13||29|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Western||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Baltimore
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 80||31||49|||| style="text-align:center;"|4th in Western||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|1968–69
| 69||42||27|||| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Eastern||17||9||8||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in ABA Finals
|- style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|1969–70
| 84||59||25|||| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Eastern||15||12||3||
| style="text-align:center;"|Won ABA Championship
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|1970–71
| 84||58||26|||| style="text-align:center;"|1st in Western||11||7||4||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Division finals
|- style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|1971–72
| 84||47||37|||| style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Western||20||12||8||
| style="text-align:center;"|Won ABA Championship
|- style="background:#FDE910;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|1972–73
| 84||51||33|||| style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Western||11||12||6||
| style="text-align:center;"|Won ABA Championship
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|1973–74
| 84||46||38|||| style="text-align:center;"|2nd in Western||14||7||7||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in Division finals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|1974–75
| 84||45||39|||| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Western||16||9||9||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in ABA Finals
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|1975–76
| 84||39||45|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in ABA||3||1||2||
| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in first round
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||36||46|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Midwest||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||31||51|||| style="text-align:center;"|5th in Midwest||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||38||44|||| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Midwest||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Indiana
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||37||45|||| style="text-align:center;"|4th in Central||—||—||—||—
| style="text-align:center;"|Missed playoffs
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 1,107||573||534|||| ||116||69||47||||
Source:
References
External links
Basketball-Reference.com: Slick Leonard (as coach)
Indiana Pacers bio
1932 births
2021 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Baltimore Bullets (1944–1954) draft picks
Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973) head coaches
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball players from Indiana
Chicago Packers expansion draft picks
Chicago Packers players
Chicago Zephyrs head coaches
Chicago Zephyrs players
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
Indiana Pacers announcers
Indiana Pacers head coaches
Los Angeles Lakers players
Minneapolis Lakers players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Player-coaches
Point guards
Sportspeople from Terre Haute, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Leonard |
The Intelligence Branch () is a personnel branch of the Canadian Forces (CF) that is concerned with providing relevant and correct information to enable commanders to make decisions.
The branch works in a variety of challenging positions, at home and abroad, meeting the needs of commanders and operational planners of the Canadian Forces at all levels and in all environments. Since the branch's inception, members have deployed overseas to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Somalia, Rwanda, Timor-Leste, Latvia, Ukraine, Mali, Kuwait, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Branch members have also deployed domestically on a number of operations. These include tasks related to the ice storms in Quebec, floods in Winnipeg, fires in British Columbia and the Canadian military's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
History
The first intelligence guides unit in Canada was the "4th Troop of Volunteer Cavalry of Montreal (or Guides)", formed on 7 February 1862. Renamed "The Royal Guides or Governor General's Body Guard for Lower Canada", and later "The Guides", the unit was disbanded in 1869 after helping to repel Fenian raiders.
During the North-West Rebellion (1885), various irregular cavalry units were used as scouts. One of these scout units, drawn from the Dominion Land Survey, was called the "Intelligence Corps". With a strength of three officers and 30 men performing long-range reconnaissance and light cavalry functions, it was the first unit to be designated an intelligence unit in the British Empire. These scout units, the forerunners of the Fort Garry Horse and North Saskatchewan Regiment, were disbanded by 18 September 1885.
During the Boer War in South Africa, Canadian mounted troops gathered information of intelligence value with Strathcona's Horse and British scout units. Canadian intelligence efforts in South Africa led to the appointment on 6 February 1901 of Lieutenant-Colonel Victor Brereton Rivers, RCA, as the first intelligence staff officer of the Canadian Militia. Shortly after, on 1 April 1903, the Corps of Guides was created in the Canadian Militia. Under the new structure, a district intelligence officer responsible to director general of military intelligence (DGMI) was appointed to oversee Corps of Guides units established in each of Canada's 12 military districts. The first DGMI, Lieutenant-Colonel W.A.C. Denny, had a very small staff overseeing information collection and mapping, and approximately 185 militia officers serving the Canadian Corps of Guides.
By 1914, the Canadian Corps of Guides totalled some 500 all ranks. Given that their mounted scout role appeared inappropriate for war in Europe, many of the personnel serving with the Corps of Guides were absorbed into existing units and formations in the Canadian Militia and Canadian Expeditionary Force. Others became intelligence staff officers and non-commissioned officers serving with the British Intelligence Corps. Some continued to serve in Canada with the Canadian Corps of Guides. The intelligence system created within the First Canadian Division prior to its deployment to France in 1915 served as the basis for the development of intelligence structures generally throughout the Canadian Corps.
After the war, a position for a director of military operations and intelligence was maintained in the Canadian Militia. Corps of Guides units in Canada were converted to cyclist companies charged with protecting the main force form surprise during time of war. After disbandment of these companies on 31 March 1929, a small staff in Ottawa and some districts performed intelligence duties. In 1932, intelligence staffs of the Royal Canadian Air Force and Militia were amalgamated.
When Canada mobilized in September 1939, intelligence structures based on British organizations were rapidly developed and intelligence analysts were given new challenges. As of 16 December 1940, there were about 60 all ranks posted to Canadian intelligence duties. Foreseeing the need for 200 intelligence personnel, Major John Page proposed that field security (FS) functions be separated from the Canadian Provost Corps. Moreover, he worked to have an Intelligence Corps, formed in a manner similar to that of the British Intelligence Corps formed on 25 June 1940, recognized.
Establishment of the First Canadian Army in April 1942 led to a tremendous demand for intelligence specialists, and on 29 October 1942 the Canadian Intelligence Corps (C Int C) was officially recognized as a corps. Canadians from universities, colleges, businesses and industries joined the C Int C to participate in a great variety of intelligence duties; a number became casualties at the Dieppe Raid, in Northwest Europe and the Adriatic. Army Intelligence sections or staffs were represented at army, corps, division, and district levels, with seven field security sections in existence as well. By 1943, for the first time in Canadian history, Canadian personnel filled all intelligence appointments within Canada's Army formations and units.
In 1948, the Canadian Militia was authorized six intelligence training companies: No. 1 in Montreal, No. 2 in Toronto, No. 3 in Halifax, No. 4 in Vancouver, No. 5 in Winnipeg, and No. 6 in Edmonton. The basic aim of these companies was to provide a pool of trained intelligence personnel to augment the Regular Force when needed.
During the 1950s and 1960s, members of the C Int C were engaged in a variety of intelligence duties in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Cyprus. Following unification of the Canadian Forces in the late 1960s, the C Int C, the clerk-intelligence trade, the Canadian Provost Corps, and the Air Force Police were united to become the CF Security Branch, and the Canadian Forces School of Intelligence and Security (CFSIS) was formed.
In 1981, the CF Security Branch was divided into two separate branches: one for intelligence and the other for security. Sir William Stephenson ("A Man Called Intrepid") accepted the appointment as first colonel commandant of the Intelligence Branch, which was formed 1 October 1982. The actual re-badging occurred on 29 October 1982, the 40th anniversary of the birth of the C Int C.
In 2000, a further split with the Security Branch occurred, with intelligence training moving from CFSIS at CFB Borden to the newly formed Canadian Forces School of Military Intelligence (CFSMI) at CFB Kingston. This ended the formal affiliation of the Intelligence Branch with the former CFSIS.
During the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) the Intelligence Branch fielded the first Canadian All Source Intelligence Centres, which have today become the gold standard for intelligence support to the Canadian Army on deployed operations.
Branch cap badge
When the Intelligence Branch was formed on 1 October 1982 the branch had a new badge. The colours scarlet, dark green and white denote the evolution of the branch from the Canadian Corps of Guides, the Canadian Intelligence Corps, and the Canadian Forces Security Branch, respectively. The North Star symbol embodied in the Canadian Intelligence Corps badge is also found in the branch badge, further preserving historic ties. The compass rose shape of the badge draws notice to the worldwide scope of branch responsibilities.
Branch today
The Canadian Forces School of Military Intelligence (CFSMI) in Kingston, Ontario, is the home of intelligence training for the Army, Navy and Air Force. Identical training is provided to both Regular Force and Reserve members. The CFSMI mission is to provide core and specialist intelligence training to officers and non-commissioned members of the Intelligence Branch and other military branches.
Army reservists, employed at 6 Intelligence Company (Edmonton, Vancouver and Winnipeg), 2 Intelligence Company (Toronto) and 7 Intelligence Company (Ottawa), 4 Intelligence Company (platoons in Montreal and Quebec City), 3 Intelligence Company (Halifax, Nova Scotia), make an important contribution to the Intelligence Branch for overseas deployments. As a result, individual movement between Regular and Reserve components is relatively fluid compared with other branches in the CAF.
In December 2016, the Canadian Intelligence Corps was restored, and army-uniformed members of the Intelligence Branch resumed the use of this designation. Prior to this, the shoulder titles on army uniforms (navy and air force uniforms do not use shoulder titles) in English was "INT" and in French "". The current shoulder title is (English) or (French).
Naval reservists are also employed as both intelligence officers and intelligence operators across the country at naval reserves units.
See also
Signals Intelligence
Canadian Security Intelligence Service
Communications Security Establishment
RCMP Security Service
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
References
External links
Canadian Military Intelligence Association
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Organizations based in Canada with royal patronage
Military intelligence agencies
Canadian intelligence agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence%20Branch |
Erich Kempka (16 September 1910 – 24 January 1975) was a member of the SS in Nazi Germany who served as Adolf Hitler's primary chauffeur from 1936 to April 1945. He was present in the area of the Reich Chancellery on 30 April 1945, when Hitler shot himself in the Führerbunker. Kempka delivered the petrol to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where the remains of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned.
Early life
Kempka was born on 16 September 1910 in Oberhausen to a coal miner with ten children. Kempka's family were Ruhr Poles. He worked as a mechanic for the automotive manufacturer DKW.
SS career
Kempka joined the Nazi Party on 1 April 1930 as member #225,639. Kempka served as chauffeur for Josef Terboven until 29 February 1932, when, based on Terboven's recommendation, he was tasked as a reserve driver for Adolf Hitler's personal entourage.
He became one of the original members of an eight-man squad known as the SS-Begleitkommando des Führers (SS Escort Command of the Führer), which later was known as the Führerbegleitkommando (FBK). The unit was assigned with protecting the life of Hitler. In 1934, he was present at the arrest of Ernst Röhm. In 1936, with the death of Julius Schreck, Kempka became Hitler's primary chauffeur. He was also appointed by Hitler as Chef des Kraftfahrwesens beim Führer und Reichskanzler (Chief of the Führer's and Reich Chancellor's Fleet of Cars).
As his chauffeur, Kempka usually drove one of Hitler's black Mercedes cars from a fleet of six to eight that were stationed in Berlin, Munich, and other places. Unless in the company of an important person, Hitler would sit in the front, next to Kempka, with a valet behind him. When travelling in motorcades, Hitler's car would be followed by two cars to the left and right, one with FBK men and the other with a detachment of Reichssicherheitsdienst (Reich Security Service; RSD) men. Further behind would be a car with his adjutants and physician, and more cars for press agency representatives, stenographers, and provisions. Later in July 1938, upon Kempka's directive a fully armor-plated Mercedes was built and delivered in time for Hitler's 50th birthday of 20 April 1939. The car had 18 mm steel plate and 40 mm bullet-proof glass.
On 1 December 1937, Kempka joined the Lebensborn society. He was awarded a Totenkopfring and the SS Honor Sword from Heinrich Himmler. At one time, Kempka had been engaged to Gerda Daranowski, a private secretary of Hitler's. She later married Luftwaffe officer Eckhard Christian on 2 February 1943.
Berlin 1945
In 1945, as the end of Nazi Germany drew near, Kempka accompanied Hitler to the Reich Chancellery and later the Führerbunker. By then, Kempka oversaw a fleet of 40 vehicles, 60 drivers and mechanics. On 20 April, ten days before Hitler's suicide, he briefly wished the Führer a happy birthday and spent about fifteen minutes with him.
Kempka was one of those responsible for the burning of Hitler and Eva Braun's corpses after they committed suicide together on the afternoon of 30 April 1945. Otto Günsche had telephoned Kempka and told him to obtain as much petrol as he could and bring it to the emergency exit of the Führerbunker. Kempka and his men brought over eight to ten army petrol cans, which contained an estimated 180 to 200 litres (about 50 U.S. gallons) of petrol and deposited them where they had been told to do so. The lifeless bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were burned. Later, SS guards brought over additional cans of petrol to further burn the corpses.
Kempka left the bunker complex on the following night of 1 May along with SS-Hauptscharführer Heinrich Doose, a driver who was part of his staff. His group went down through the underground railway tunnels and made it to Friedrichstrasse station. At around 2:00 am, another group approached, which included Martin Bormann and Ludwig Stumpfegger. The group followed a Tiger II tank which spearheaded the first attempt to storm across the Weidendammer Bridge, but it was destroyed. Bormann and Stumpfegger were "tossed into the air" when the tank was hit. Kempka was knocked down and knocked out. After he came to, Kempka came across the badly wounded SS-Obersturmbannführer Georg Betz (Hitler's personal co-pilot and Hans Baur's substitute) and left him in the care of Kaethe Hausermann, a dental surgeon who had been on Hitler's staff working with Dr. Hugo Blaschke. Kempka went on to state that he learned that Betz died from his injuries a short time later.
Kempka and several others followed the rail tracks hoping to reach the Lehrter station. They came across some foreign workers hiding out in a shed where the Germans got rid of their uniforms and changed into civilian clothes. A group of Soviet soldiers discovered them. A Yugoslav girl who had given him civilian clothes told the Soviet soldiers that Kempka was her husband. The soldiers insisted the group join them and drink vodka in celebration of victory. Later the Soviet troops left the area. The Yugoslav girl led him through the Soviet checkpoints and on 30 May, Kempka made it to Wittenberg. In Munich, he obtained some new identification papers from a German girl who was employed by the Allies as an interpreter. He continued on from there to Berchtesgaden. On 20 June, Kempka was captured by U.S. troops at Berchtesgaden and held until 9 October 1947. He was the first witness the Americans captured who could confirm the death of Hitler.
Historical reliability
Despite claims made to the contrary during his interrogation, Kempka later admitted that when Hitler and Eva Braun locked themselves in a room of the Führerbunker to commit suicide, he was not nearby; he was present only after the event had occurred. By that time, Hitler and Braun's bodies had already been carried out of the study-office of the Führerbunker. There, Kempka took Braun's lifeless body from Martin Bormann and carried it halfway up the exit stairs before handing it over to Günsche, who carried it outside from the bunker exit and placed it on the ground of the Chancellery garden next to Hitler's corpse to be burned.
Kempka also admitted to interviewer James P. O'Donnell that after his capture he told interrogators whatever they wanted to hear to save his neck. Despite his questionable reliability on certain points, many interviewers quote Kempka in their accounts of Hitler's suicide because of his colorful (and raunchy) language. For example, O'Donnell recounted the following quips in his book, The Bunker:
He referred to SS General Hermann Fegelein as having "his brains in his scrotum" (Fegelein was executed by Hitler for trying to desert Berlin with his mistress).
He remarked that when Magda Goebbels was around Hitler, you could "hear her ovaries rattling" (Magda Goebbels was said to be quite attached to Hitler psychologically).
When Martin Bormann carried Eva Braun's corpse from the study-office in the bunker, Kempka took the body from him and insisted on carrying it himself, remarking that Bormann was carrying Braun "like a sack of potatoes" (Bormann and Braun had a mutual dislike).
Post-war period
He was released from captivity on 9 October 1947. Kempka died on 24 January 1975, aged sixty-four, in Freiberg am Neckar.
His memoirs first appeared in 1951 under the title Ich habe Adolf Hitler verbrannt (I cremated Adolf Hitler). In 1975, it was reissued with a foreword by author and former member of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Erich Kern under the title Die letzten Tage mit Adolf Hitler (The Last Days with Adolf Hitler). An English edition of the book was published in 2010 by Frontline Books-Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., under the title I was Hitler's Chauffeur: The Memoirs of Erich Kempka, with an introduction by historian Roger Moorhouse.
At the 2008 military trial for Osama bin-Laden's driver, Salim Hamdan, the defense argued for his innocence, noting that Kempka was not tried as a war criminal for being a chauffeur for Hitler.
See also
Glossary of Nazi Germany
List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
List of SS personnel
Downfall, 2004 film where he was portrayed by actor Jürgen Tonkel
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Memoir of Kempka
1910 births
1975 deaths
People from Oberhausen
SS-Obersturmbannführer
People from the Rhine Province
German people of Polish descent
Chauffeurs of Adolf Hitler
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Kempka |
Lady Paname was a 1950 French comedy film directed and written by Henri Jeanson and starring Louis Jouvet, Suzy Delair, Henri Guisol and Henri Crémieux. It tells the story of a young female singer who tries to become a star in the music hall world of the 1920s and falls in love with a composer. It was shot at the Boulogne Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jean d'Eaubonne with costumes by Georges Annenkov.
Cast
Louis Jouvet as Gambier, dit Bagnolet - un photographe anarchiste
Suzy Delair as Raymonde Bosset, dite Caprice - une chanteuse de music-hall
Henri Guisol as Jeff - un compositeur de chansons
Henri Crémieux as Milson - le directeur de l'Olympia
Raymond Souplex as Arsène Marval - un chanteur célèbre et cabotin
Jane Marken as Madame Gambier
Claire Olivier as Léa Bosset - la mère de Caprice et de Marcel
Camille Guérini as Auguste Bosset
Véra Norman as La môme Oseille - l'amie de Caprice
Monique Mélinand as Costa - l'accompagnatrice
Germaine Montero as Mary-Flor - une chanteuse finie mais capricieuse
Huguette Faget as Janine
Georges Douking as Le parlementaire - un ami de Fred
Maurice Régamey as Fred
Odette Laure as La grue
Odette Barencey as La dame des toilettes
Jane Helly as Madame Marval - la femme du chanteur
Maurice Nasil as Chacaton
Albert Valsien as Le chef d'orchestre
Sylvain as Un ami
Jean Berton as Le régisseur
Mag-Avril as L'habilleuse
References
Bibliography
Crisp, Colin. French Cinema—A Critical Filmography: Volume 2, 1940–1958. Indiana University Press, 2015.
External links
Official Website
1950 films
French black-and-white films
French comedy films
1950 comedy films
1950s French-language films
Films set in Paris
Films set in the 1920s
Films shot at Boulogne Studios
1950s French films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Paname |
Possession Street () is a street in Sheung Wan, from Queen's Road West to Hollywood Road, on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. The street marks the boundary of Queen's Road West and Queen's Road Central.
Name
The original Chinese name was (Po Se Son Kai), based on the pronunciation of English name. It was later renamed to (Sui Hang Hou Kai) after a nullah beside.
History
The area was the site of Possession Point, a former point of land on the northwestern coast of Hong Kong, before land reclamation moved the spot further inland. The area is where Commodore Gordon Bremer, commander-in-chief of British forces in China, took formal possession of Hong Kong on 26 January 1841, and this date is considered as the founding of Hong Kong.
Captain Edward Belcher, who surveyed the island in 1841, wrote: "We landed on Monday, the 25th, 1841, at fifteen minutes past eight A. M., and being the bona fide first possessors, Her Majesty's health was drank with three cheers on Possession Mount." Accompanied by officers of the naval squadron the next day, Bremer took formal possession, under a feu de joie from the Royal Marines and a royal salute from the men-of-war ships. The hoisting of the Union Jack was possibly done by either William Dowell, who was a midshipman during the ceremony, or Mohammed Arab, who served in either the Bengal Volunteers or 37th Madras Native Infantry.
The area was kept as an open space, and used for recreation by the local Chinese, who called it Tai Tat Tei (大笪地). It was developed in the 1980s and formed into a hotel and commercial complex, which is also the site of the Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal.
The point has now disappeared from the coastline, but Possession Street and the sudden turn of Queen's Road West reveals its original location. In maps of the 1980s and before, Hollywood Road Park is marked as Possession Point.
At the end of the 19th century, the street was full of brothels, until 1903, when they were relocated to Shek Tong Tsui and the premises was replaced with housing. It resulted in the golden period of Shek Tong Tsui, tong sai fung yuet (), where wealthy Chinese merchants gathered.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
Flagstaff Hill, Tai Po
References
Sheung Wan
Roads on Hong Kong Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession%20Street |
The Postal Branch was a personnel branch of the Canadian Forces (CF).
History
During both World Wars, the Canadian Forces Postal Service mobilized many Post Office employees. The Canadian Forces Postal Service provided "mail from home" for the Canadian Forces by forwarding mail to restricted military zones in Canada and Europe, as well as other areas where Canadians serve in United Nations peacekeeping operations.
On January 1, 2001, the branch was integrated into the Logistics Branch.
Recognition
On 9 May 1986 Canada Post issued 'Canadian Forces Postal Service, 1911-1986' as part of the Canadian Forces series. The stamps were designed by Jacques DesRosiers, based on a wartime photograph of military personnel handling letters and parcels. The 32¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 mm and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited.
References
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal%20Branch |
The Jefferson–Hemings controversy is a historical debate over whether there was a sexual relationship between the widowed U.S. President Thomas Jefferson and his slave and sister-in-law, Sally Hemings, and whether he fathered some or all of her six recorded children. For more than 150 years, most historians denied rumors that he had a slave concubine, Sally Hemings. Based on his grandson's report, they said that one of his nephews had been the father of Hemings's children. In the 21st century, most historians agree that Jefferson is the father of one or more of Sally's children.
In the 1850s, Jefferson's eldest grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, told historian Henry Randall that the late Peter Carr, a married nephew of Jefferson's (the son of his sister), had fathered Hemings' children; Randolph asked Randall to refrain from addressing the issue in his biography. Randall passed on this information to James Parton, another historian. Parton published the Carr story, and major historians of Jefferson generally denied Jefferson's paternity for nearly 150 years. In 1953, new documentation related to this issue was published and studied by historians. In the 1970s, biographer Fawn M. Brodie suggested Jefferson had been the father of Hemings' children. In 1997, the controversy was reopened when Annette Gordon-Reed published an analysis of the historiography on this issue, deconstructing previous versions and detailing oversights and bias. That year Ken Burns released his documentary on Jefferson as a PBS series, highlighting the debate and conflicting viewpoints. A changed consensus emerged after a Y chromosome DNA analysis was done in 1998, which showed a match between a descendant of the Jefferson male line, a descendant of Field Jefferson, and a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally's youngest son. It showed no match between the Carr line and the Hemings descendant.
In the majority view, the DNA evidence is consistent with Jefferson being the father of Eston Hemings, plus the historical evidence favors Jefferson's paternity for all of Hemings' children. In June 2018, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, with introduction of the new exhibit on Sally Hemings, asserted the relationship is "settled historical matter".
Background
Jefferson became a widower at age 39 in 1782. He never remarried and died in 1826. Sally Hemings, a "quadroon" ( white), was his much younger slave and a likely half-sister of his wife. In 1787, when Hemings was 14, she accompanied his daughter Maria to France, where Jefferson was serving as the American ambassador to France. Hemings and Jefferson are believed to have started a sexual relationship at sometime before 1789 when she returned with him to Monticello. Most historians now believe that this relationship lasted nearly four decades, until Jefferson's death, and that he fathered six children by Hemings.
Four of Hemings' children survived to adulthood. In the antebellum period, hers would have been called a shadow family. Sally Hemings was also the child of a shadow family. Historians believe her father to have been John Wayles, Jefferson's father-in-law, who as a widower had a 12-year liaison with his mulatto slave Betty Hemings and fathered six children with her. These children had three-quarters European, one-quarter African ancestry, and were half-siblings to Jefferson's wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Sally Hemings was the youngest child of this shadow family. Jefferson former slave Issac Jefferson described Sally as "mighty near white ... very handsome, long straight hair down her back."
Of the four Hemings children who survived to adulthood—William Beverley, Harriet, Madison, and Eston Hemings—all but Madison Hemings eventually identified as white and lived as adults in white communities. Under the Virginia law of partus sequitur ventrem, because Sally Hemings was a slave, her children were also born enslaved. But the children were seven-eighths European, one-eighth African by ancestry. If free, they would have been considered legally white in Virginia of the time.
Controversy
Early claims
In 1802, the journalist James T. Callender, after being refused an appointment to a postmaster position by Jefferson and issuing veiled threats of "consequences," reported that Jefferson had fathered several children with a slave concubine named Sally. Others privately or publicly made the claim. Elijah Fletcher, the headmaster of the New Glasgow Academy (Amherst County, Virginia) visited Jefferson in 1811 and wrote in his diary:
Jefferson made no public comment on the matter, although most historians interpret his cover letter from 1805 to Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith as a denial alluding to a fuller reply, which has been lost.
The Jefferson-Wayles descendants and most historians denied for nearly 200 years that he was the father of Hemings' children. Since the mid-20th century, there have been challenges to that denial, as historians have reexamined some of the evidence and thought to interpret it differently. Disagreements have arisen since the late 20th century over how to interpret historical evidence related to the issue. According to an 1868 letter by Jefferson's biographer Henry S. Randall to the historian James Parton, Jefferson's grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, said that Jefferson's surviving daughter Martha stated on her deathbed that Jefferson had been away from Monticello for 15 months before one of Hemings' children was born, so could not be the father. But historian Dumas Malone later documented that Jefferson had been at Monticello nine months before the birth of each of Hemings' children.
Randolph also said:
Randolph told Randall that the late Peter Carr, Jefferson's nephew by his sister and a married man at the time, had fathered Hemings' children, as an explanation for the "startling" close resemblance that every visitor to Monticello could see. According to legal professor Annette Gordon-Reed, by this act, he was violating a strong social taboo against naming a white man as the father of slave children, to explain the strong physical resemblance seen by visitors. She suggested he would only have done so for the more compelling reason of protecting his grandfather.
Because of the social taboos about this topic, Randolph requested, and Randall agreed, to omit any mention of Hemings and her children in Randall's three-volume biography, Life of Thomas Jefferson (1858). But Randall passed on the Randolph oral history in a letter to the historian James Parton. He also suggested that he had personally seen records supporting it – but no such record has been found. Randall's 1868 letter relating Randolph's family account of the Peter Carr paternity was a "pillar" of later historians' assertions that Carr was the father of Hemings' children, and Jefferson was not.
Ohio reports and Madison Hemings
In November 1845, Ohio newspapers reported that one of Jefferson's sons by Sally Hemings living in a central Ohio county was not allowed to vote or testify in court due to Ohio laws regarding his race. The story was subsequently reported by William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper, The Liberator.
On July 7, 1870, Chillicothe, Ohio census taker William Weaver made a note in his official census book beside the entry for "Hemmings, Madison": "This man is the son of Thomas Jefferson."
In 1873, the issue received renewed, widespread attention after the publication of an interview with Madison Hemings, who asserted that Jefferson was his father. He was interviewed about his life as a slave at Monticello, and his account was published in an Ohio newspaper. Then age 68, Hemings claimed Jefferson as his and his siblings' father. He said that when Jefferson and Sally Hemings were still in Paris, she became pregnant with his child. Slaves could petition for their freedom in France, and Hemings initially showed reluctance when Jefferson asked her to return with him to Virginia. Based on Jefferson's promise to free her children when they came of age, she returned with him to the United States from France. Israel Jefferson, also a former slave of Monticello, confirmed the account of Jefferson's paternity of Hemings' children in his own interview published that year by the same Ohio newspaper. Critics attacked the newspaper account as politically motivated and the former slaves as mistaken, or worse.
In 1874, James Parton published his biography of Jefferson, in which he attributed the content of Madison Hemings' memoir to the political motives of a journalist who interviewed him. He and other critics essentially discounted Madison's memoir, while attributing to him a range of negative motives for telling his story. In his work, Parton repeated the Jefferson family's oral history about a Carr paternity and the claim that Jefferson was absent during the conception period of one of Hemings' children.
Modern historians
Succeeding 20th-century historians, such as Merrill Peterson and Douglass Adair, relied on Parton's book as it related to the controversy. In turn, Dumas Malone adopted their position. In the 1970s, as part of his six-volume biography of Jefferson, Malone was the first to publish a letter by Ellen Randolph Coolidge, Randolph's sister that added to the Carr paternity story. But she claimed that the late Samuel Carr, brother to Peter and also a nephew of Jefferson's through his sister, had fathered Hemings' children. Like Peter, Samuel was married when Hemings' children were born. Neither of the Randolphs named Jefferson's nephews as putative fathers of Hemings' children until after the men had died.
The above 20th-century historians and other major biographers of the late 20th century, such as Joseph Ellis and Andrew Burstein, "defended" Jefferson based on the Jefferson/Randolph family testimony: saying that he was absent at the conception of one Hemings child, and the family identified Peter or Samuel Carr as the father(s) of Hemings' children. Also, the historians concluded from their interpretations of Jefferson's personality and views that he would not have had such a relationship. They noted he had expressed antipathy to blacks and miscegenation in his writings, and he was thought to have a "high" moral character.
The manuscripts for Thomas Jefferson's Farm Books were rediscovered and published for the first time in 1953, edited by Edwin M. Betts. They provided extensive data about slaves and slave births, including all of Sally Hemings' children, and have been used extensively by researchers.
Black oral history preserved the account of the Jefferson-Hemings relationship and the place of African Americans at the center of United States history. Black historians began to publish material related to the mixed-race Hemings descendants. Lerone Bennett, in his article, "Thomas Jefferson's Negro Grandchildren," published in Ebony in November 1954, examined the current lives of individuals claiming descent from this union.
In 1961, historian Pearl M. Graham published an article in the Journal of Negro History on Jefferson and Hemings. It was based on material from the Farm Books, as well as a detailed timeline of Jefferson's activities developed by historian Dumas Malone in his extensive biography. This was published in several volumes beginning in the 1940s. Graham noted that Hemings conceived her children only when Jefferson was in residence at Monticello, during a time when he traveled frequently and was away for lengthy periods. Graham also provided biographical information on Sally's children; she supported accounts that Hemings and Jefferson had several children together.
In 1972, Fawn M. Brodie published "The Great Jefferson Taboo" in American Heritage magazine. She addressed the rumors of Jefferson's relationship with Sally Hemings, his quadroon slave, conducted extensive research, and concluded that they had a long relationship. Anticipating "inevitable controversy", the magazine broke with its usual practice and published Brodie's extensive footnotes for her article.
Evidence
In 1953, Thomas Jefferson's Farm Book was published in an edited version, after having been rediscovered. Its records of slave births, deaths, purchases, and sales, and other information has provided researchers with considerable data about the lives of slaves at Monticello, including the births of all of Sally Hemings' known children.
Dumas Malone documented Jefferson's activities and residencies through the years. His documentation in his multi-volume biography (published 1948–1981) provided the details that Pearl Graham analyzed to show Jefferson was at Monticello for the conception of each of Hemings' children. She never conceived when he was not there. Martha Randolph, Jefferson's daughter with Martha Wayles Jefferson, had made a deathbed claim that Jefferson was away for a 15-month period during which one of the Hemings children was conceived. Gordon-Reed shows this claim is not supported by Malone's documentation; Jefferson was at Monticello at the time of conception of each child.
In 1968 the historian Winthrop Jordan said that Jefferson was at Monticello "nine months prior to each birth" of Hemings' children, during a 13-year period when he was often away for months at a time. He acknowledged that the relationship was possible. Fawn Brodie also used this information in her biography of Jefferson, which contributed to her conclusion that he had fathered Hemings' children. The source for the birth dates of the children is Jefferson's Farm Book.
In 2000, a statistical analysis of the conception data and Jefferson's residencies concluded it was 99 percent likely that he was the father of her children, and that there was only a 1 percent chance that he was not the father of all her children. This analysis, commonly referred to as a Monte Carlo simulation, was done by Fraser D. Neiman, head of archaeology at Monticello. In 2001, the Scholars Commission Report of the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society criticized the study, as they said Neiman had not accounted for the possibility of multiple fathers.
The Hemings children were named for people in the Randolph-Jefferson family or who were important to Jefferson, rather than for people in the Hemings family. When mixed-race children were sired by the master, they were frequently named after people from his family. Jefferson gave the Hemings family special treatment: the three boys while young had very light household duties. At working age, they were each apprenticed to the master carpenter of the estate, the most skilled artisan, who was also their uncle. This would provide them with skills to make a good living as free adults.
According to Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson's treatment of Sally Hemings' children is a good indication that he could have fathered the children. Harriet Hemings did not begin working as a weaver until she was fourteen years old. Many of Jefferson's slaves would have started at ten. Another example is that unlike other slaves, Madison Hemings stated that until they were put to work, they would run errands with Sally. This was very uncommon.
Most importantly, Gordon-Reed notes that Jefferson freed all the Hemings children. Theirs was the only slave family to all go free from Monticello; they were the only slaves freed in their youth and as they came of age, and Harriet Hemings was the only female slave he ever freed. He allowed Beverley (male) and Harriet to "escape" in 1822 at ages 23 and 21, although Jefferson was already struggling financially and would be $100,000 (US$ in dollars) in debt at his death. He gave his overseer money to give to Harriet for her journey. Jefferson avoided publicity this way, but the gentry at the time noted the Hemingses' absences.
Monticello's overseer Edmund Bacon (1785–1866) noted in his memoir (published after Jefferson's death) that people were talking about Harriet's departure. In the memoir, Bacon stated that in all the years he had worked there, he never saw Jefferson and Sally Hemings together in any capacity that would suggest a sexual liaison, and on several occasions witnessed another man leaving Sally's room early in the morning. In an interview Bacon maintains:
In his 1826 will, Jefferson freed the younger brothers Madison and Eston Hemings, who were approaching the age of 21. To enable them to stay in Virginia, Jefferson's will petitioned the legislature for permission for them to stay in the state with their families. (Such legislative approval was required by laws related to manumission and free blacks.) Jefferson also freed three older males from the extended Elizabeth Hemings family; they had each served him for decades. His will also requested that they be allowed to stay in the state. Jefferson's daughter Martha Randolph gave Sally Hemings "her time" after Jefferson's death, an informal freedom, and the former slave lived with her two younger sons, Madison and Eston, in nearby Charlottesville for nearly a decade before her death.
1998 DNA study
According to an initial report on the findings of a 1998 DNA study which tested the Y-chromosome of direct male-line descendants of Eston Hemings, and other related tests, there is a high probability that Thomas Jefferson was the biological father of Eston Hemings, with a nearly perfect match between the DNA of Jefferson's paternal uncle and the descendants of Eston Hemings. These initial claims were later relativised by the lead researcher in the case, acknowledging that the DNA was compatible with the paternity of some of Jefferson's relatives and that it was inconsistent with paternity by one of the Carr brothers.
In his reply to questions on the study, the authors of the DNA study made clear:
In the Monticello Commission's report on the paternity question, Dr. David Page, one of the committee's scientific case reviewers, recommended that additional research needed to be done into "the local population structure around Monticello two hundred years ago, as respects the Y chromosome," before entirely ruling out the possibility of the paternity of any of the other 7 potential paternity candidates.
Historical consensus
With the Eston Hemings descendant found consistent with the Jefferson male line, and inconsistent with the Carr male line, formerly skeptical biographers, such as Joseph Ellis and Andrew Burstein, publicly said they had changed their opinions and concluded that Jefferson had fathered Hemings' children. As Burstein said in 2005,[T]he white Jefferson descendants who established the family denial in the mid-nineteenth century cast responsibility for paternity on two Jefferson nephews (children of Jefferson's sister) whose DNA was not a match. So, as far as can be reconstructed, there are no Jeffersons other than the president who had the degree of physical access to Sally Hemings that he did.In 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which operates Monticello, issued a report of its own investigation, which concluded by accepting Jefferson's paternity. Dr. Daniel P. Jordan, president of the foundation, committed at the time to incorporate "the conclusions of the report into Monticello's training, interpretation, and publications." This included new articles and monographs on the Hemings descendants reflecting the new evidence, as well as books on the interracial communities of Monticello and Charlottesville. New exhibits at Monticello show Jefferson as the father of the Sally Hemings children. In 2010, the Monticello website noted the new consensus that has emerged on Jefferson's paternity of Hemings' children in the decade since those major studies.
In its January 2000 issue, the William and Mary Quarterly published Forum: Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Redux, a total of seven articles noting the changed consensus and the developing new views on Jefferson. One article had the results of an analysis by Fraser D. Neiman, who studied the statistical significance of the relationship between Jefferson's documented residencies at Monticello and Hemings' conceptions. He concluded that there was a 99 percent chance that Jefferson was the father of Hemings' children.
In May 2000, PBS Frontline produced, Jefferson's Blood, a program about the issues related to the DNA test and historical controversy. It stated in its overview:
More than 20 years after CBS executives were pressured by Jefferson historians to drop plans for a mini-series on Jefferson and Hemings, the network airs Sally Hemings: An American Scandal. Though many quarreled with the portrayal of Hemings as unrealistically modern and heroic, no major historian challenged the series' premise that Hemings and Jefferson had a 38-year relationship that produced children.
In the fall of 2001, the National Genealogical Society published a special issue of its quarterly devoted to the Jefferson–Hemings controversy. In several articles, its specialists concluded that, as the genealogist Helen M. Leary wrote, the "chain of evidence": historical, genealogical, and DNA, supported the conclusion that Thomas Jefferson was the father of all of Hemings' children.
Dissenting views
The Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society (TJHS) was formed with the purpose to dissent the shifting opinion of the newly forming consensus on the controversy, commissioned a report on the matter and asked a group of scholars to look at the evidence and make a public report detailing their conclusions. The TJHS Scholars Commission included Lance Banning, Walter E. Williams, Robert F. Turner, and Paul Rahe, among others. On May 26, 2000, John H. Works, the President of TJHS sent a letter to the Chairman of The Scholars Commission, Professor Robert Turner explaining to him that "you have our assurance that the work of The Scholars Commission will be completely independent of efforts to influence your methodology or conclusions by The Heritage Society or its members." The members of this commission included a diverse group of senior scholars, most having either chaired professorships or served as departmental chairs at prominent universities. Several had written highly respected books about Jefferson. They worked independently of the TJHS, were not compensated for their work, and spent nearly a year examining the arguments and evidence regarding paternity.
The group published its report in 2001. In it they unanimously agree that the allegations were "by no means proven", and also state that they find it "regrettable that public confusion about the 1998 DNA testing and other evidence has misled people." The scholars on the Commission concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine that Jefferson was the father of Hemings' children.
The report states that it is a matter about which reasonable people can disagree but by a margin of 12 to 1 their final views "ranged from 'serious skepticism' about the charge to a conviction that it is 'almost certainly false'." Their report suggested that his younger brother Randolph Jefferson, or one of his sons, was the father, and that Hemings may have had multiple partners. They emphasized that more than 20 Jefferson males lived in Virginia, eight within 20 miles of Monticello. Their report summary goes on to state "The most important results from the DNA testing may well have been the determination that Thomas Woodson, long thought by many to be the Tom
referred to by James Callender in 1802 as having been conceived by Sally Hemings in Paris, and having a strong physical resemblance to the President could not have been the son of Thomas Jefferson. Subsequent DNA testing of descendants of a third Woodson son confirmed the earlier results. Most of us believe this goes far towards undermining any remaining credibility of the original Callender allegations." Paul Rahe published a minority view, saying he thought Jefferson's paternity of Eston Hemings was more likely than not.
The founder and Director Emeritus of the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society Herbert Barger, a family historian, had assisted Eugene Foster by finding descendants of the Jefferson male line, Woodsons and Carrs for testing for the DNA study. Foster later said that Barger was "fantastic" and "of immense help to me".
The Monticello Jefferson-Hemings Report found that from its "research it was determined that, other than Thomas Jefferson, twenty-five adult male descendants of his father Peter (1707-1757) and his uncle Field (1702-1765) lived in Virginia during the 1794-1807 period of Sally Hemings's pregnancies." Of this number, in examining Randolph Jefferson as a candidate, it found that he made four recorded visits to Monticello (in September 1802, September 1805, May 1808, and sometime in 1814), though none coincided with possible dates of Sally Hemings' conceptions. In August 1807, a probable conception time for Eston Hemings, Thomas Jefferson wrote to his brother about visiting, but there is no evidence that the younger man arrived. Similarly, no documentation of a Randolph visit appears at the probable conception time for Madison Hemings.
John H. Works, Jr., a Jefferson-Wayles descendant and a past president of the Monticello Association, a Jefferson lineage society, wrote that DNA tests indicated that any one of eight Jeffersons could have been the father of Eston. The team had concluded that Jefferson's paternity was the simplest explanation and consistent with historic evidence, but the DNA study could not identify Thomas Jefferson exclusively of other Jefferson males because no sample of his DNA was available.
In the fall of 2001, articles in the National Genealogical Society Quarterly criticized the TJHS Scholars Commission Report for poor scholarship and failure to follow accepted historical practices of analysis, or to give sufficient weight to the body of evidence. In the same year, historian Alexander Boulton wrote that Randolph Jefferson had never been seriously proposed as a candidate by historians before the 1998 DNA study. He noted "previous testimony had agreed" that Hemings had only one father for her children, and criticized the idea that she had multiple partners for her children. Jeanette Daniels, Marietta Glauser, Diana Harvey and Carol Hubbell Ouellette conducted research and in 2003 concluded that Randolph Jefferson had been an infrequent visitor to Monticello.
Monticello Association
In 1999, Lucian Truscott IV, a Wayles-Jefferson descendant and member of the Monticello Association, the Jefferson lineage society, invited Hemings' descendants to that year's annual meeting. The Association decided to commission its own report to determine whether it would admit Hemings' descendants to the lineage society (termed the MAC report or Membership Advisory Committee Report). The report was to determine whether the Hemings descendants could satisfy the society's requirements for documentation of lineage. The 2002 report to the Monticello Association concluded the evidence was insufficient to establish Jefferson's paternity. The majority of members voted against admitting the Hemings descendants as members of the group.
Truscott noted in American Heritage magazine that the Association had not had such strict documentation standards before the DNA study results were published in 1998. He checked the previous membership rules and found the following:
ARTICLE III — Membership . . . Any lineal descendant of Thomas Jefferson who applies for membership, and annually pays dues as stated in the By-Laws of this Association, shall be a Regular Member of the Association. . . ." Only those 33 of the 93 words in that section of the article address membership criteria; the rest of the paragraph was largely concerned with the payment of dues.
Monticello Community
In 2010, Shay Banks-Young and Julia Jefferson Westerinen (descended from Sally Hemings' sons Madison and Eston, respectively; they identify as African American and white), and David Works (brother of John H. Works, Jr., and descended from Martha Wayles), were honored with the international "Search for Common Ground" award for "their work to bridge the divide within their family and heal the legacy of slavery." The three have spoken about race and their extended family in numerous appearances across the country. After organizing a reunion at Monticello in 2003 of both sides of the Jefferson family, they organized "The Monticello Community", for descendants of all who lived and worked there during Jefferson's lifetime. In July 2007, the three-day Monticello Community Gathering brought together descendants of many people who had worked at the plantation, with educational sessions, tours of Monticello and Charlottesville, and other activities.
Shay Banks-Young, a descendant of Madison Hemings, had grown up with a family tradition of descent from Jefferson. David Works had originally resisted the new DNA evidence, but after he read the commissioned reports, he became convinced of Jefferson's paternity. Julia Jefferson Westerinen is descended from Eston Hemings. After Hemings moved his family to Madison, Wisconsin in 1852, they took the surname Jefferson and entered the white community. His descendants married and identified as white from then on.
In the 1940s, Julia's father and his brothers changed the family oral tradition and told their children they were descended from an uncle of Jefferson, as they were trying to protect them from potential racial discrimination related to their descent from Sally Hemings. In the 1970s, a cousin read Fawn McKay Brodie's biography of Jefferson and recognized Eston Hemings' name from family stories. She contacted Brodie and learned the truth about their descent. Their family was later contacted to recruit a male descendant for the 1998 DNA testing. Julia's brother, John Weeks Jefferson, was the Eston Hemings descendant whose DNA matched that of the Jefferson male line.
Changing scholarship
In his last book before the DNA test results were published, Andrew Burstein wrote that Jefferson could not have been the father of Hemings' children. Since then he published Jefferson's Secrets: Death and Desire at Monticello (2005), in which he concluded that Jefferson did have a long-term sexual relationship with Sally Hemings.
Burstein said in an interview about his 2005 book,
On Jefferson's isolated mountaintop, sex took place as part of a hierarchy that everyone involved understood. Jefferson, and those of his class, did not share our current understanding of sexual morality. Sally Hemings was his servant, and had little power. She was dependent economically, though this does not mean her feelings were irrelevant. But it does mean that he had extraordinary power, and she very little, and so, as his concubine, she had probably replicated her mother's relationship with Jefferson's father-in-law; for she was, in fact, Jefferson's late wife's half-sister, and I have described the Hemings family as a parallel, subordinate family to the all-white Jeffersons.
In 2005 Christopher Hitchens published a new biography of Jefferson, whom he had always admired and praised. While continuing that praise, he assessed the president and his views. In an interview on NPR about the book, Hitchens discussed Jefferson's pessimistic views of the possibility of the co-existence of whites and blacks in the United States. He said,
Then there's the odd, of course, fact that he had a very long love affair with a woman who he owned, who he inherited from his father-in-law, who was his wife's half-sister, and produced several children by her, whose descendants have mainly been brought up on the white side of the color line. So in a strange way, his own patrimony disproves his own belief that there couldn't be coexistence between black and white Americans.
In her Pulitzer Prize-winning The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (2008), Annette Gordon-Reed recounts the history and biography of four generations of the enslaved Hemings family, focusing on their African and Virginian origins and interrelationships with the Jefferson-Wayles families, until the death in 1826 of Thomas Jefferson. She discusses Jefferson's complex relationships as the family's master, Sally Hemings' partner, and the father of her children.
Gordon-Reed is frequently asked about the emotional relationship between Jefferson and Hemings when giving talks. She writes, "In all the venues I have visited, from Houston to Stockholm, one question always arises: Did they love each other?" The question brings up many thorny issues in the context of a master-slave relationship. "Rape and the threat of it blighted the lives of countless enslaved women," she notes. "At the same time, some black women and white men did form bonds quite different in character than from those resulting from sexual coercion."
In 2012, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (which operates Monticello as a house museum and archive) and the Smithsonian Institution collaborated on a major exhibit held at the National Museum of American History, Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty (January–October 2012). Described as a "groundbreaking exhibit", it was the first on the National Mall to address Jefferson as slaveholder and the family lives of slaves at Monticello. Members and descendants of six families, including the Hemings, were documented and the strength of the enslaved families was shown. The exhibit also noted that "evidence strongly support[s] the conclusion that Jefferson was the father of Sally Hemings' children." More than one million visitors saw the exhibit. Following the Washington run, the exhibit toured the US, being held at museums in Atlanta, St. Louis and other venues. Both the United States National Park Service and the University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs note in their online biographies that Jefferson's paternity of Hemings' children has been widely accepted.
Representation in media
In 1979, Barbara Chase-Riboud published a novel on Hemings that gave her a voice, portraying her as both an independent woman and Jefferson's concubine. Jefferson historians succeeded in suppressing a planned CBS television film based on this novel. In 1995, the film Jefferson in Paris was released, which portrayed a Jefferson-Hemings liaison. CBS aired the television film Sally Hemings: An American Scandal (1999), also portraying this relationship; it was not challenged by any major historian.
While historians have discussed the issue, numerous artists, writers and poets have grappled with the meaning of Jefferson's paternity in American history, as in these selections from a list of resources listed in a Lehigh University student project of "History on Trial": The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy:
Bolcom, William, composer. From the Diary of Sally Hemings. Perf: Alyson Cambridge, Lydia Brown. Audio CD. White Pine Music, 2010. Setting of text by Sandra Seaton (18 pieces)
Hartz, Jill. Siting Jefferson: Contemporary Artists Interpret Thomas Jefferson's Legacy. Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, 2003. The record of a University of Virginia Art Museum exhibit, Hindsight/Fore-sight: Art for the New Millennium (2000), in which performance works, such as Todd Murphy's "Monument to Sally Hemings" (on the cover), were site-specific. A chapter is devoted to "Thomas Jefferson: Race and National Identity."
Hindsight/Fore-Site: Art for the New Millennium (2000), University of Virginia Art Museum, some images from installations
Mion, Tina. Half Sisters (2002 painting). Of Martha Jefferson and Sally Hemings, Mion wrote: "I feel that the real story is being overlooked. Most people don't know that Sally was Martha's half-sister and that, by written accounts, she looked like Martha. Sally moved into the White House after Martha's death. How strange it must have been for Jefferson to be constantly reminded of his dead wife."
Monteith, Sharon. "Sally Hemings in Visual Culture: A Radical Act of the Imagination?" Slavery and Abolition 29.2 (2008): 233–46. Explores the representation of the Jefferson-Hemings relationship in visual culture.
Park, Gloria Toyun. "Thomas Jefferson." (1998), Fiber Scene. In a public art installation at Columbia University, Park placed wigs she had made on historical public statues sited on the campus. She said, "Thomas Jefferson wore a slave bonnet and a wig, alluding to his alleged relationship with his slave mistress of forty years, Sally Hemings."
Saar, Lezley. Harriet Hemings: Slave Daughter of Thomas Jefferson (1999), All-Art.org
Salter, Mary Jo. "The Hand of Jefferson," in A Phone Call to the Future: New and Selected Poems, New York: Knopf, 2008. pp. 124–38. Excerpt: "His time is over. / He'll take the answer to his grave / whether he fathered children with his slave, / Sally Hemings; what words he'll offer / to cover himself are buried in a drawer, / meant for his tombstone."
Seaton, Sandra. "From the Diary of Sally Hemings", Michigan Quarterly Review 40.4 (2001). (See William Bolcom above, who set several of these texts to music.)
Taylor, Tess. "A Letter to Jefferson from Monticello", Common-Place, Vol. 13 No. 4, Poetry. See also poet's note: Research Notes. Taylor is a descendant from the Jefferson-Wayles marriage.
"Virginia is for Lovers" , The Hook, 19 April 2007. Article reports on the Committee for Jeffersonian Traditions, a "new secret society" at the University of Virginia, running a "Tommy Heart Sally" campaign "to knock school founder Thomas Jefferson off his pedestal and bolster the recognition of his African American slave and mistress, Sally Hemings."
See also
Clotel or The President's Daughter an 1853 novel by William Wells Brown
Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson
List of haplogroups of historic people
Randolph Jefferson § Suggested paternity of Sally Hemings' children
Children of the plantation
African heritage of presidents of the United States
List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves
Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States
List of federal political sex scandals in the United States
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
"The History of a Secret: A chronology of how the Jefferson-Hemings story was long dismissed by historians as legend, lie or worse", Jefferson's Blood, PBS Frontline, May 2000
"Web resources on the Hemings Controversy", Monticello Website (Thomas Jefferson landmark)
The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy (16 episodes, 2009–2012), History on Trial project, Lehigh University
Herbert Barger, Thomas Jefferson – Sally Hemings: the truth about a founding father/ "The DNA Study", n.d., Thomas Jefferson – Sally Hemings blog, articles cited on first page, 2002–2003
"Famous DNA", at the International Society of Genetic Genealogy
Jefferson in Paris (1995) – a James Ivory film dramatizing some episodes of the Jefferson-Hemings story; produced before results of DNA study.
Sally Hemings, An American Scandal (2001) – a TV mini-series written by Tina Andrews dramatizing the Jefferson-Hemings story. Released on DVD as Sally Hemings: An American Love Story (2011)
Did John Adams Out Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings?, article on Smithsonianmag.com
Hemings controversy
1790s in the United States
1800s in the United States
1873 in the United States
1874 in the United States
18th-century controversies in the United States
19th-century controversies in the United States
Genetic genealogy
Historical controversies
Interracial relationships
Multiracial affairs in the United States
Presidents of the United States and slavery
Sally Hemings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings%20controversy |
Greensborough College is a school in the Greensborough and Watsonia district in the suburbs of Melbourne, Australia.
Greensborough College currently caters for approximately 450 students and is a co-educational government secondary school. Students range from Year 7 to Year 12. the college accepts enrolments from across Melbourne, including but not limited to: Greensborough, Watsonia, Montmorency, St Helena, Mill Park, South Morang and Doreen.
History and information
Greensborough College occupies the site formerly known as the Watsonia Technical School. The nearby Watsonia High School and the Watsonia Technical School were merged to form Greensborough Secondary College for the beginning of the 1990 school year, with the high school campus serving as a senior school for years 11 and 12, and the larger technical school used as a junior campus. It was renamed Greensborough College when the former high school campus was closed in 1992. It is currently a co-educational school.
Curriculum
Greensborough College offers its Year 10, 11 and 12 students a choice between the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) and Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL).
Year 7, 8 and 9 students follow the Victorian Curriculum as set by the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Students complete core subjects of English, Mathematics, Science, Physical Education, Humanities, Pastoral Care (CONNECT), Health and are introduced to subjects in Music, STEM, Drama, Studio Arts, Media, Visual Communication and Design, Italian, Automotive, Woodwork and Food Technology.
Campus
As at December 2020, Greensborough College is undertaking Stage 2 of upgrades and modernisation via the Victorian School Building Authority. In the 2019-20 Victorian State Budget, the school received $994,700. In 2020, the school received $8.95 million.
As part of the North East Link Project, the Victorian School Building Authority and Banyule City Council are currently upgrading Sporting Facilities at Greensborough College. This includes a new multi-use sports pavilion, Australian Rules/Cricket Oval, soccer pitch, running track, electronic scoreboards and light towers. This project is scheduled for completion in June 2021.
Notable alumni
Gabby Newton (Graduated 2019)
Matthew Temple (Graduated 2017)
Further reading
Greensborough College, A History. Written in 1967, revised in 1984. By Edward Arthurson.
References
Public high schools in Melbourne
Buildings and structures in the City of Banyule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensborough%20College |
The Fellowship of Congregational Churches is a conservative Congregational denomination in Australia. It was formed by the forty congregations of the Congregational Union of Australia who chose not to join the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977.
The Fellowship of Congregational Churches was declared to be the legal successor in New South Wales of the Congregational Union of Australia by Act of the New South Wales Parliament.
Some ecumenically minded congregations left the Fellowship of Congregational Churches in 1995 and formed the Congregational Federation of Australia.
The Rev. Fred Nile, a long-term member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, served as the President of the Fellowship of Congregational Churches for the years 2007 to 2012, and again for the 2013/2014 year.
In 2021, 28 Congregations were listed on the official website.
References
External links
Official website of the Fellowship of Congregational Churches
Uniting Church in Australia
Christian organizations established in 1977
Christian denominations in Australia
Reformed denominations in Oceania
Congregational denominations established in the 20th century
1977 establishments in Australia
Congregationalist denominations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship%20of%20Congregational%20Churches |
Trichostema lanatum, the woolly bluecurls, is a small evergreen shrub or sub-shrub native to arid coastal chaparral regions of California and the northern parts of Baja California.
Trichostema lanatum is many-branched and grows to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall, with narrow, pointed green leaves. The smooth-petaled blue flowers are borne in dense clusters, with the stem and calyces covered in woolly hairs of blue, pink, or white. Flowers are present from March to June.
Spanish explorers in California called the plant romero, the Spanish term for rosemary, and that common name is still sometimes used.
Uses
Trichostema lanatum is cultivated as an ornamental plant, and several cultivars have been developed. It attracts hummingbirds and bumblebees.
It is aromatic and glandular. Native Americans used it for a variety of medicinal and other purposes.
It makes a flavorful tea.
References
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment — Trichostema lanatum
Trichostema lanatum — U.C. Photo gallery
lanatum
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Bird food plants
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichostema%20lanatum |
Lawrence Joseph Staverman (October 11, 1936 – July 12, 2007) was an American professional basketball player and coach. A 6' 7" forward from Villa Madonna College (now known as Thomas More College), Staverman was drafted in the 9th round of the 1958 NBA draft by the Cincinnati Royals. He had a five-year career as a player in the NBA, with the Royals, the Chicago Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets, and the Detroit Pistons.
Staverman was the first coach of the American Basketball Association's Indiana Pacers. He coached the team for its first season (where they went 38–40 and lost in a three game sweep in the playoffs) and the first nine games of the next season before being replaced by Bobby Leonard. He later served as an interim coach for the Kansas City Kings in the 1977–78 season after they had won just thirteen of 37 games to start the year. He went 18–27 as the Kings finished dead last in the Western Conference. He was replaced by Cotton Fitzsimmons as head coach for the next season, although he stayed with the Kings until May 1981, when he resigned organization to join the Cleveland Browns as an assistant to the team president.
References
External links
Larry Staverman – National Basketball Association official website
Larry Staverman (player) – Basketball-Reference.com
Larry Staverman (coach) – Basketball-Reference.com
1936 births
2007 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973) players
Basketball coaches from Kentucky
Basketball players from Kentucky
Cincinnati Royals draft picks
Cincinnati Royals players
Chicago Zephyrs players
Indiana Pacers head coaches
Kansas City Kings head coaches
Kansas City Steers players
Newport Central Catholic High School alumni
People from Newport, Kentucky
Power forwards (basketball)
Thomas More Saints men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Staverman |
The National Association for Chiropractic Medicine (NACM) was a minority chiropractic association founded in 1984 that described itself as a "consumer advocacy association of chiropractors". It openly rejected some of the more controversial aspects of chiropractic, including a basic concept of chiropractic, vertebral subluxations as the cause of all diseases. It also sought to "reform the chiropractic profession away from a philosophical scope of practice and towards an applied science scope of practice." It stated that it was "dedicated to bringing the scientific based practice of chiropractic into mainstream medicine" and that its members "confine their scope of practice to scientific parameters and seek to make legitimate the utilization of professional manipulative procedures in mainstream health care delivery." "While the NACM is focused on furthering the profession, its primary focus is on the rights and safety of the consumers." The NACM was the object of much controversy and criticism from the rest of the profession. It quietly dropped out of sight and its demise apparently occurred sometime between May 30, 2008 and March 6, 2010.
Background
Representing a minority viewpoint among chiropractors that is shared by those known as reform chiropractors, the NACM advocated a highly limited use of spinal manipulative procedures "only for the treatment of some neuromusculoskeletal conditions of musculoskeletal origin," for example the treatment of "sore backs and other musculo-skeletal problems." By openly rejecting some of the more controversial aspects of chiropractic, including a basic concept of chiropractic, vertebral subluxations as the cause of all diseases. NACM members claimed to receive mainstream approval more so than practitioners of straight or mixing chiropractic.
The NACM was a private organization that accepted members by invitation only and did not release membership data, however the neutral Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the antagonistic ICA estimated its membership to be in the low hundreds or less.
Groupings within the chiropractic profession have been studied and categorized in various ways and the placement of the NACM within that spectrum has been mentioned in the literature. A 2005 study made with support from the chiropractic community had this to say:
"At the risk of oversimplification, chiropractors can be viewed as falling into three groups based on their usage of evidence, diagnosis, and philosophy: evidence based chiropractors, traditional straight chiropractors, and super straight chiropractors. Evidence based chiropractors make use of the best available scientific literature and accumulated clinical knowledge to establish diagnosis, refer or co-manage when necessary, devise and revise treatment plans. The evidence based chiropractor would most closely align with the AACP."
That statement referenced the NACM as a subgroup of evidence-based chiropractors:
"Another subgroup represented by the National Association for Chiropractic Medicine (NACM) takes a more narrow view. Whereas the AACP believes in a wide variety of treatment measures, the NACM restricts members to NMS conditions and manipulation by hand only."
In 1998, the AMA's Council on Scientific Affairs used communications from NACM's vice-president as a basis for some of the content in their "Report 12".
In 2002, the Journal of Controversial Medical Claims<ref name=JCMC_Aspen>Journal of Controversial Medical Claims. Aspen Publishers</ref> published a paper submitted by the NACM entitled "NACM and its argument with mainstream chiropractic health care." In 2005, chiropractic leader Anthony Rosner had some strong words for the paper:
"The history of anti-chiropractic invectives labeling the profession as "unscientific" unfortunately fills volumes, from the days of Morris Fischbein's crusades against chiropractic as editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, to a mind-numbing invective published in 2002 by Timothy Mirtz which I have rebutted in considerable detail elsewhere."
Position on spinal manipulation for children and adults
In 2006 the Maryland Health Care Commission examined and briefly compared the positions of the three chiropractic groups "with policies on spinal manipulation services for children: American Chiropractic Association (ACA); International Chiropractor's Association (ICA – with its specialty department, The Council on Chiropractic Pediatrics; ); and National Association for Chiropractic Medicine (NACM)." It then noted that the NACM position differed from the positions of the other groups, both for adults and children:
"NACM differs from ACA and ICA not only in the chiropractic treatment of children, but in the treatment of adults as well. NACM emphatically renounces subluxation as the root of disease or even as a scientifically valid term or condition. Their members believe that spinal manipulation is only useful for affecting joint dysfunctional disorders that result from normal or excessive 'wear' on the joints. As such, they restrict their practices to the treatment of neuromusculoskeletal conditions and do not believe that DCs are sufficiently trained to serve as PCPs for either adults or children. The basis for NACM's position on children and spinal manipulation comes from the 1993 Report to the Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations -- CHAMPUS Chiropractic Demonstration. In this demonstration, only children 16 years and older were eligible for participation 'based on review of chiropractic literature that efficacy of chiropractic treatment of young children had not been established and to present more risk than benefit.'"
Opposition from chiropractic profession
The NACM met with strong disapproval from the American Chiropractic Association (ACA), the International Chiropractor's Association (ICA)"Chiropractic Advisory Committee Named by U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs." International Chiropractors Association: "The inclusion of a representative from the National Association for Chiropractic Medicine is an unwelcome though not unexpected development, since the DVA had sought their participation from the very beginning of the discussion about possible legislation." and other chiropractic organizations, and sparked controversy within the chiropractic profession in 1986 by coming out in favor of chiropractors using pharmaceuticals.
It was often the object of attack and comments in the magazine Dynamic Chiropractic, as a search of the website will show. In 2002, the Department of Veterans Affairs chose to add Charles DuVall Jr., DC, to the VA "Chiropractic Advisory Committee" to help institute chiropractic care for veterans. At the time, DuVall was president of the NACM, board chairman of The National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF), and also the chiropractic member of the editorial group running the website Chirobase, a website skeptical of traditional chiropractic beliefs and practices. The website still promotes the reform position advocated by the NACM and contains a list of chiropractors it recommends. Dynamic Chiropractic showed its opposition to DuVall's appointment by calling for an organized attempt to remove DuVall from the committee, and by creating a banner and button to use:
"We are asking every chiropractic association, college, company and individual that has a publication or website to add this banner on the front page of their publications, and on every page of their websites. To make it easy, we are offering the banner in various file types on our website at www.chiroweb.com/noduvall."
It failed to have him removed, and his role and influence in getting legislation passed which gave chiropractors access to the VA system was singled out for commendation by James Edwards, DC:
"And finally, Charles DuVall Jr., DC, who also served on both VA committees. That's right, Chuck DuVall of NACM fame! While Dr. Duvall's committee appointment was opposed initially by both the ACA and Dynamic Chiropractic,3 my private conversations with him totally convinced me that he was much more interested in veterans than his own agenda or the agenda of his organization. As a result of those conversations, a "gentleman's agreement" was reached in that I would work to stop opposition to his appointment if Dr. DuVall would not do any media interviews while a member of the VA committee. While colleagues warned me that Dr. DuVall could not be trusted and would not keep the agreement, he did. More importantly, I want you to know that during the three-year advisory process, Dr. DuVall represented mainstream chiropractic admirably and voted with the majority each and every time."
Demise
The exact time and nature of the demise of the association is not published, but in the April 9, 2010 issue of Dynamic Chiropractic'', the editorial staff wrote:
Notes and references
External links
, archived copy from May 30, 2008
Chiropractic organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Texas
Defunct organizations based in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Association%20for%20Chiropractic%20Medicine |
Steve Badger is a former professional poker player and World Series of Poker bracelet winner. He also owned Playwinningpoker.com until he sold it to PokerStars in 2010.
Career
Badger has had $300 buy-in tournament wins at the 1993 California State Lowball Championship and the 1995, 1997 and 1999 Legends of Poker Omaha championships.
In 1999, he won five Omaha tournaments: a $500/with rebuys buy-in tournament at the Commerce Casino's Los Angeles Poker Classic, two $100 buy-in tournaments at Hollywood Park Racetrack, the $1,000 Legends of Poker at the Bicycle Casino, and the $2,500 buy-in Omaha championship at the World Series of Poker.
In 2000, Badger established his PlayWinningPoker.com website, which included his Omaha, Texas hold 'em, and other poker strategy articles. At one time he was a columnist for Cardplayer Magazine.
As of 2013, his total live tournament winnings exceed $590,000, with 18 career wins and 90 tournament cashes.
World Series of Poker bracelets
Notes
External links
Official site
Poker Update interview
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
American gambling writers
American male non-fiction writers
People from Outagamie County, Wisconsin
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Badger%20%28poker%20player%29 |
Longdé (, ) is the name of one of three scriptural divisions within Dzogchen, which is itself the pinnacle of the ninefold division of practice according to the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The name "longdé" is translated as "Space Division" or "Space Series" of Dzogchen and emphasises the emptiness () or spaciousness () aspect of the Natural State.
Due to the different approaches of various Dzogchen lineages, three series of teachings have developed, of which longdé is one. The other two divisions or series are semde and menngagde. Penor Rinpoche attributes longdé to Dorje Zampa, Sri Singha and Vairotsana's lineage.
History
The series of Space reflects the developments of the 11th–14th centuries and emphasizes "space" or "expanse" (klong). According to Sten Anspal this class of texts "is difficult to define or characterize uniformly" and "were not unified into a single system". Because of this, it has been seen either as nearly identical with the earlier Semde (Mind) Series, or as "occupying doctrinally a position between Mind and lnstruction Section."
According to Anspal, "Space" in these texts "is used to describe aspects in which the individual's true nature of mind is analogous to space. For example, space is present everywhere and no effort is needed to reach it; it cannot be transcended: it is immense. encompassing everything: it is devoid of characteristics and cannot be apprehended; it is without center or periphery; it is eternal and uncaused; there is no support in space and nothing to focus on: and so forth." One of the central themes of these texts is the doctrine of "the Nine Spaces" (The Spaces of View, Behavior, Mandala, Initiation, Commitment, Activity, Accomplishment, Levels - Paths, and Fruition). Each of these practices which refer to features of Buddhist tantra, is said to be spacious and complete within one's true nature and thus gradualist and tantric practices are seen as unnecessary for those who understand their mind's true nature. So, for example, there is no need to create a mandala in one's mind to practice, since when one realizes the true nature of mind, all perceptions are the mandala. Likewise, there is no need to go through ritual initiation, since realizing one's nature is already an initiation. In this sense, Dzogchen is seen as transcending tantra.
As noted by Anspal, some Space Series tantras like Equal to the End of Sky (Nam-mkha'i mtha'-dang mnyam-pa) "do not prescribe any particular techniques for the practitioner, such as physical postures or movements, structured meditative exercises, etc." In this sense, they are similar to Mind Series Tantras.
Another tradition which is often grouped as part of the Space Series is the Vajra Bridge (rdo rje zam pa) tradition. These texts include numerous tantric rites connected with Heruka and three Dakinis. However, the commentaries on Vajra Bridge texts indicate that these tantric rituals are auxiliary practices that "are secondary to the main practice that is Great Perfection contemplation of the nature of mind, and which is not here practiced in the formalized context of Tantric sadhana." A key figure in this tradition is 'Dzeng Dharmabodhi (1052-1168). His student, Kun-bzang rdo-rje, wrote numerous commentaries on Vajra Bridge. The key Tantra of this tradition was entitled Secret Wisdom (Ye-shes gsang-ba). The following verse "was interpreted as the essential summary of the way of contemplation in the rDo-rje zam-pa":
In the Vajra Bridge tradition, contemplation of the true nature of mind, which was also referred to as "non-meditation", was introduced through the use of "four signs", which "are the experiences of non-conceptuality (mi-rtog-pa), clarity (gsal-ba), bliss (bde-ba) and the inseparability (dbyer mi-phyed-pa) of the first three as the fourth." Some of the Vajra Bridge texts also make use of subtle body yogas of winds (vayus), though they are relatively simple and "effortless" (rtsol-bral) in comparison to the wind yogas of the completion stage found in the Sarma tantras, which are seen as inferior and coarse by the Vajra Bridge authors such as Kun-bzang rdo-rje.
Texts
"Samantabhadra’s Royal Tantra of All-Inclusive Vastness" (; ) is renowned as the “king” of tantras belonging to the Space Section. list the tantric texts belonging to the Space Division thus:
'King of Infinite Vast Space' or 'Longchen Rabjam Gyalpo' () Skt: mahāvartta prasāraṇi rāja tantra
'Total Space of Samantabhadra' or 'Kunto Zangpo Namkhache' () Skt: samanta bhadra mahā gagana mūla saṃgraha tantra
'Manifestation of the Creative Energy of Spiritual Awareness' or 'Rigpa Rangtsal Sharwa' () Skt: bodhicitta samantabhadra vidyā parākramodaya tantra
'Wheel of Key Instructions' or 'Dam-ngag Natshog Khorlo' () Skt:
'Array of the Exalted Path' or 'Phaglam Kodpa' () Skt: ratnārya patha vyūha tantra
'Vajrasattva Equal to the Limits of Space' or 'Dorje Sempa Namkha'i Thatang Nyampa' () Skt: vajra satvākāśānta sama mahā tantra
'Secret Pristine Awareness' or 'Lamp of Secret Pristine Awareness' or 'Yeshe Sangwa Dronma' () Skt: jñāna guhya dīpa ratnopadeśa tantra
'Wheel of Precious Gems' or 'Rinpoche Khorlo' () Skt: ratna cakra nāma tantra
'Secret Pristine Awareness' or 'Yeshe Sangwa' () Skt: jñāna guhya nāma tantra
'Perfect Pristine Awareness' or 'Yeshe Dzogpa' () bodhicittāti jñāna sandhi tantra
'Total Revelation of the All-Pervasive Mind of Enlightenment' or 'Changchub Kyi Sems Kunla Jugpa Namtag Tonpa' ()
'Radiant Vajra of the Mind of Enlightenment' or 'Changchug Kyi Sem Dorje Odthro' () Skt: bodhicitta vajra prabhā spharaṇa tantra paṭala
According to Thondup & Talbott (1997: p. 48) there are only seven extant texts of the Space Class and they are collected in the Nyingma Gyubum.
Additionally, there is one terma text in the Space Class, which is contained in the Chokling Tersar cycle of Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa. Tulku Urgyen writes,
See also
Menngagde (Secret instructions series)
Semde (Mind series)
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Three Sections of Dzogchen
Dzogchen
Nyingma texts
Tibetan words and phrases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longd%C3%A9 |
415 was an American hip hop group formed in Oakland, California in 1988. The group was composed of rappers Richie Rich and D-Loc, and producers DJ Daryl and J.E.D.
History
The group takes its name from area code 415, which served Oakland at the time of the group's formation. The group was noted by the media as one of the key players in the early West Coast hip hop scene. Their debut album 41Fivin was released in 1990. Richie Rich and D-Loc then released solo albums, with the various members of 415 all collaborating on each.
Later in 1990, the group attracted the interest of Priority Records and nearly signed a deal, but the deal fell through temporarily when Richie Rich was arrested for cocaine possession. Rich later claimed that his groupmates signed with Priority behind his back. Rich was sentenced to two years in prison, and 415 recorded their second album Nu Niggaz on tha Blokkk without him. That album was released in 1991 and reached the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
The group then broke up. After Richie Rich's release from prison, he embarked on a successful solo career with significant contributions from 415's DJ Daryl. Their 1990 song "Side Show" was the subject of a copyright lawsuit against Apple TV+ in 2020.
Discography
Studio albums
41Fivin (1990)
Nu Niggaz on tha Blokkk (1991)
Compilation albums
Big League Records Greatest Hits (1999)
References
Hip hop groups from California
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups from Oakland, California
Priority Records artists
1986 establishments in California
Gangsta rap groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/415%20%28group%29 |
James Mario Brovelli (born April 15, 1942) is the former men's basketball head coach of the University of San Francisco (USF) Dons and hall of fame player.
Biography
As a player Brovelli was a three-year letterman for USF, helping lead the Dons to the NCAA Western Regional in 1963 and 1964. He earned All-WCC honorable mention honors in 1964. Later, he was named the 1965 AAU Athlete of the Year.
He became the Dons head coach in 1984. Starting from scratch after USF's self-imposed three-year hiatus stemming from various NCAA recruiting violations incurred during the Quintin Dailey era, Brovelli led the Dons for ten seasons, including a 19-win campaign in 1993. His greatest victory as USF head coach came in 1988 when USF achieved a stunning upset of Digger Phelps and Notre Dame in front of a sellout crowd in USF's Memorial Gymnasium. He finished with 131 career victories at USF.
Prior to his USF stint he was the head coach for the University of San Diego Toreros from 1973 to 1984, successfully guiding their transition from NCAA Division II power to the Division I ranks. He took the Division II program to three NCAA Western Regionals, winning the championship in 1977–1978 and advancing to the Final Four while earning District VIII Coach of the Year honors. His final three years of coaching the Division II program saw the teams go 20–7, 22–7, and 19–7. Brovelli guided USD's move to the Division I West Coast Conference in 1979. His programs improved each year in the win column, and during his final year (1983–1984) at USD, he directed the Toreros to the program's first WCC championship and first appearance in the NCAA Division I Tournament. That season the Toreros finished 18–10 overall and 9–3 in league play, and Brovelli earned WCC Coach of the Year honors. At the time of his departure from San Diego he had 160 career victories and was the winningest men's basketball coach in USD history (since surpassed by Brad Holland).
After departing USF he was named director of player development with the Denver Nuggets on February 1, 1996. Later that following season he added assistant coach duties for the Nuggets.
Brovelli joined long-time friend, Bernie Bickerstaff, in 1998–99 as assistant coach, and on April 6, 1999, was named interim head coach of the Washington Wizards. He coached the final 18 games of the 1999 lockout-shortened season.
He next coached the Sioux Falls Skyforce in the Continental Basketball Association from 1999–2000, where he led the 'Force to a record of 30–26 and a playoff appearance.
Brovelli then signed on as a scout with the NBA's Charlotte Bobcats.
He has also coached the Japanese National Team and was a volunteer coach for the Minnesota Timberwolves for a season, in addition to serving as a member of the NCAA Recruiting Committee and Academic Committee.
More recently he was named director of athletics at College of Marin, while simultaneously providing radio color commentary for the USF Dons men's basketball home games.
Personal life
Brovelli received his degree in Business Administration from the University of San Francisco in 1964 and his master's from the University of the Pacific in 1966.
Brovelli is a long-time resident of San Rafael, CA with his wife, Nada. Their son, Mike (USF '95), was a Dons basketball standout, and their daughter, Michele (USD '96), was a Toreros basketball standout.
References
1942 births
Living people
American basketball scouts
American men's basketball players
Charlotte Bobcats scouts
College basketball announcers in the United States
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Continental Basketball Association coaches
Junior college athletic directors in the United States
San Francisco Dons men's basketball coaches
San Francisco Dons men's basketball players
Washington Wizards head coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Brovelli |
The finest colonial structure in Belize City, Government House (now the House of Culture Museum) is said to have been built to plans by the illustrious British architect Sir Christopher Wren with a combination of Caribbean vernacular and English urban architecture.
Erected in 1814, it was first the residence of the governor of British Honduras and later the residence of the governor general, the monarch's representative in Belize. After the rest of the government moved to Belmopan in the wake of Hurricane Hattie (1961), the house later became a venue for social functions and a guest house for visiting VIPs.
Eventually, the house was converted into a historical museum. The museum features exhibits of colonial glassware, silverware, and furniture. It also houses a collection of archival records.
Belize House in Belmopan became the official residence of the governor general in 1984. Built in 1981, it was the former British High Commission.
See also
Government Houses of the British Empire
Governors General of Belize
References
Government House, Museum of Belize & Houses of Culture.
Buildings and structures in Belize City
Official residences in Belize
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
Politics of British Honduras
Monarchy in Belize | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Belize |
Randy Holland (born 1951 in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian poker player.
Holland has won two World Series of Poker events: razz in 1996 and seven card stud high low in 2000. In addition to his success at the WSOP, he was won other events, including at the Bicycle Casino, Commerce Casino, and Foxwoods casino.
As of 2013, his total live tournament cashes exceed $3,275,000. His 37 cashes as the WSOP account for $604,077 of those winnings.
World Series of Poker bracelets
References
1951 births
Sportspeople from Calgary
Canadian poker players
Canadian expatriates in the United States
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
American poker players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Holland |
Spirit bear refers to any white-coated (leucistic) American black bear. It also specifically refers to the Kermode bear, a subspecies of American black bear in coastal British Columbia, which has a high prevalence of white-coated bears.
It can also refer to:
Spirit Bear: The Simon Jackson Story, a 2005 Canadian film
Touching Spirit Bear, a children's book by Ben Mikaelsen
See also
Bear worship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit%20bear |
Robert John Staak (born December 22, 1947 in Darien, Connecticut) is a former American college basketball and professional basketball coach.
Early life
Staak attended Darien High School in Darien, Connecticut, where he played basketball and became the all-time leading scorer with 1,166 points, a mark that still stands. He graduated in 1966, and he was recruited by about 100 universities.
College career
Staak attended St. John's University as a freshman, taking business courses. However, living off-campus didn't provide the atmosphere he was looking for, and when he decided that he wanted to someday be a basketball coach and St. John's didn't offer the academic concentration he sought, he transferred to the University of Connecticut. Due to transfer rules, he had to sit out a year before playing basketball for UConn. He played three years of varsity basketball for the Huskies, ending his career as the school's fourth all-time leading scorer. He was named All-New England and All-Yankee Conference. A two-year co-captain, he was named UConn's Most Valuable Player his senior year and he earned the UConn Club Award as the Outstanding Senior Athlete. He graduated in 1971.
Professional career
After graduating, he signed to play professional basketball with the Pittsburgh Condors of the American Basketball Association (ABA), but was cut in preseason. He returned to Connecticut and played in the New York State Pro League on weekends for a year while also coaching at East Hartford High School. The following year, he was invited to tryout for the ABA's Kentucky Colonels, but they had a contract dispute and Staak decided to end his playing career.
Coaching career
Staak became an assistant coach at UConn for two years under his college coach Dee Rowe. He then served as an assistant for one season at the College of William and Mary in Virginia. He then served as an assistant at the Ivy League's University of Pennsylvania under future Hall-of-Famer Chuck Daly. In 1979, the Quakers advanced to the NCAA Final Four.
After their tournament run, Staak got his first college basketball head coaching job when he was named head coach/athletic director at Xavier University in Cincinnati, where he coached from 1979 to 1985. Staak compiled an 88-86 record (.506) in six seasons as the Musketeers head coach. He worked to rebuild, compiling a 28-54 (.341) record in his first three years and a 60-32 (.652) record in his final three years.
He then became head coach at Wake Forest University from 1985 to 1989, where his teams posted a 45-69 record in four seasons.
For the next 12 seasons he was an assistant coach and/or scout in the National Basketball Association (NBA), for the Los Angeles Clippers, Miami Heat, Washington Bullets, Golden State Warriors, and Memphis Grizzlies. He spent two years (2003–05) as a referee observer with the NBA followed by one season as a scout for the Boston Celtics. He then spent seven-plus seasons with the Orlando Magic from January 2005 to July 2012.
Personal life
Staak was inducted into the Xavier Athletic Hall of Fame in 1990, the Greater Cincinnati Basketball Hall of Fame in 2002, the New England Basketball Hall of Fame in 2009, and the UConn Fairfield County Sports Hall of Fame in 2010.
He is married to Donna (Durant) and Staak has a grown son and stepdaughter.
References
External links
Career coaching statistics from Basketball-Reference.com
1947 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Connecticut
Basketball players from Connecticut
Golden State Warriors assistant coaches
Los Angeles Clippers assistant coaches
Memphis Grizzlies assistant coaches
Miami Heat assistant coaches
Penn Quakers men's basketball coaches
People from Darien, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Fairfield County, Connecticut
Shooting guards
Small forwards
UConn Huskies men's basketball coaches
UConn Huskies men's basketball players
Vancouver Grizzlies assistant coaches
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball coaches
Washington Bullets assistant coaches
Washington Bullets head coaches
William & Mary Tribe men's basketball coaches
Xavier Musketeers athletic directors
Xavier Musketeers men's basketball coaches
Darien High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Staak |
Like We Care is an MTV news program in the early 1990s, debuting in Spring 1992, that was geared towards high school students.
Through research using focus groups MTV found that a narrator reading the news turned the youngsters off, so the programme was voiced by people of a similar age to the target audience. Similarly, the show was presented using slang that would make viewers more comfortable, and topics were of interest to teenagers.
The theme song was performed by Pop's Cool Love.
References
MTV original programming
1992 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20We%20Care |
Cameron Cloke (born 20 December 1984) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club, Carlton Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is the son of former and Collingwood player, David Cloke and the brother of Jason and Travis Cloke.
AFL career
Cloke was drafted under the father-son rule in the 2002 National draft. Like his older brother Jason, Cloke was given time to develop at Williamstown in his first year at Collingwood. Cloke made his debut against Essendon in 2004 and played mostly as a tall forward. He played most of the first half of the 2005 AFL season as a ruckman and used his size well, however Cloke's season was ended by shoulder injury. More shoulder injuries occurred for Cloke in 2006 and managed only two senior games for the year.
Cloke and his brother Jason were delisted by Collingwood at the end of the 2006 season but Cloke was given a second chance at AFL level when he was selected in the pre-season draft by Carlton with their second round selection (ninth pick overall). He enjoyed a great start to his career at Carlton, which saw him play a key second ruck role during the Blues' successful 2007 NAB Cup campaign.
On 9 May 2007, during a routine training drill, Cloke sustained a season-ending injury by dislocating his shoulder. Upon return in 2008, Cloke resumed his place in the Carlton ruck line-up, often playing as the first ruckman for the team or floating forward to provide a marking option.
On 6 February 2009 during an intra-club match at Visy Park, Cloke was punched and kicked in an off the ball incident by teammate Setanta Ó hAilpín. Ó hAilpín was suspended by the club for about a month as a result of the incident.
In 2009 Cloke moved out of the main ruck position, playing more exclusively as a tall forward who would take ruck tap-outs in the forward line. He struggled to maintain a regular position in the Carlton lineup, playing 10 games with the Blues and half of the season with Carlton's , the Northern Bullants, where he scored 39 goals in 13 games, including five in a losing grand final, to be the Bullants' leading goalkicker for the year. On 24 August 2009, Cloke was suspended by Carlton for one game for being late to a recovery session. Cloke was delisted by Carlton on 13 November 2009.
There were talks that AFL clubs Hawthorn, Port Adelaide and Richmond were interested in recruiting Cloke in the 2010 pre-season draft. Cloke was ultimately recruited in the Rookie Draft by Port Adelaide with its third round pick (41). His first and only match for Port was against Brisbane in round 3, 2010, and spent most of the season allocated to the Port Adelaide Magpies in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). Cloke was delisted at the end of the 2010 season.
Cloke played the following decade with success at suburban level. He played for Bundoora in the Northern Football League (NFL) from 2011 until 2014, winning Division 1 premierships there in 2011 and 2013. In 2013, he won the Frank Rosbrook Trophy as the best and fairest in the NFL top division; in an unusual case, Cloke was initially announced as the joint-winner with Mark Lynch (Heidelberg) when the award was counted in September 2013; but in February 2014, an administrative error which incorrectly credited Lynch three extra votes was uncovered, leading the NFL to amend its records and award Cloke the trophy outright. He later played for Craigieburn in the Essendon District Football League in 2015 and 2016; Jacana (EDFL) in 2017 and 2019, where he won a Division 2 premiership in 2017; Hurstbridge (NFL) in 2018 and 2021; Barooga (Murray Football League) also in 2018; and Templestowe (Eastern Football League) in 2022 and 2023, before retiring. He also made two guest appearances for the Burnie Dockers Football Club in the TSL in 2015.
References
External links
Carlton Blues official website; Cloke's player profile
Cameron Cloke's Footy Wire Profile
Cameron Cloke's Player Profile
1984 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Carlton Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Eastern Ranges players
Williamstown Football Club players
Port Adelaide Magpies players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Preston Football Club (VFA) players
Bundoora Football Club players
Palmerston Football Club players
Burnie Dockers Football Club players
Jacana Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%20Cloke |
The Men's normal hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Pragelato, Italy. It began on 11 February, and concluded on 12 February.
Lars Bystøl of Norway won his country's first gold and his second international victory of the season, beating Matti Hautamäki to the title by only one point.
Dmitry Vassiliev could have won Russia's second ski jumping gold medal ever because he had the best jump in the first round. But as the last starter in the second round, he failed and finished tenth
This was the last highly ranked official event participated by Masahiko Harada - who won 2 Olympic medals in Nagano and 1 in Lillehammer - and it was after a break of over 3 years from participating in Ski jumping World Cup. Unfortunately for him, he was disqualified in the qualifying and did not compete in the final. Later he started only in FIS Cup event in Sapporo.
Results
Qualifying
Fifteen skiers were pre-qualified, on the basis of their World Cup performance, meaning that they directly advanced to the final round. These skiers still jumped in the qualifying round, but they were not included with non-pre-qualified skiers in the standings. The fifty-four skiers who were not pre-qualified competed for thirty-five spots in the final round.
Final
The final consisted of two jumps, with the top thirty after the first jump qualifying for the second jump. The combined total of the two jumps was used to determine the final ranking.
References
Ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski%20jumping%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Normal%20hill%20individual |
The Warner Bros. Studio Store was a chain of retail stores selling Looney Tunes, DC Comics, and other merchandise based on Warner Bros. films, similar in style to The Disney Store. They first opened in 1991. In 1996, Warner Bros. owner Time Warner merged with Turner Broadcasting, which owned Hanna-Barbera and the pre-1986 MGM library, and merchandise based on Hanna-Barbera and other Turner properties were added to the product lines.
In 2001, all Warner Bros. Studio Stores went out of business, although some independently owned locations in Australia continued to operate until 2008. In 2006, Warner Bros. Consumer Products partnered with PMW Retail and reopened the stores in China. Hutchison Harbour Ring's subsidiary the PMW Retail Group Ltd., owned an operated the Chinese store locations from 2006 to 2014.
History
The first Warner Bros. Studio Store was opened on Friday, September 20, 1991, at the Beverly Center in Los Angeles, California by Time Warner. The chain had 130 locations at its peak. In October 1993, a location opened at the corner of 57th St. and 5th Ave. in New York City, the first ever Studio Store in the city. Some of the store's attractions included a glass elevator carried by Superman and the 4D experience Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension, the first ever 3D computer-animated movie produced in the world. In 1996, the chain signed a long-term lease for a three-story building at 1 Times Square and six of its billboards and opened a store on all three floors in 1997.
Closure
In January 2001, the AOL-Time Warner merger was completed, at which time the chain was placed up for sale with plans to close if not sold. In February 2001, the flagship location on New York's Fifth Avenue was closed, and on September 11th, 2001, the store at the World Trade Center was destroyed when the Twin Towers collapsed. High-profile stores in Los Angeles and Palo Alto were also closed. In July, AOL Time Warner announced that the chain, then consisting of 85 stores, would be shut down by October as the company moved out of the owned and operated retail business. Its three-story, 40,000-square-foot Times Square location started liquidation in July and closed in October. Warner Bros. then placed the building up for rent without the billboards. The last stores closed by December 31, 2001.
International locations
From 1997 to 2008 several stores operated in Australia with the flagship location being in Crown Casino Melbourne. These stores, however, were owned by now defunct Paradise Retail Holdings and were run completely independently from stores of the same name internationally.
In January 2004, Warner Bros. announced they were opening the first Chinese Studio Store location, after agreeing on a licensing deal with Hutchison Harbour Ring. On March 25, 2006, a grand opening celebration was held for the grand opening of the first Studio Store location in China. In October 2006, the second Chinese Warner Bros. Studio Store location opened in Macau.
In 2016, Warner Bros., with the Thinkwell Group opened a new entertainment center in Macau, which featured a new Warner Bros. Studio Store location.
Locations
Warner Bros. Studio Store is currently used as the name of various theme park stores around the world, including at the Warner Bros. World theme park and at the Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank.
External links
References
Warner Bros.
Defunct retail companies of the United States
American companies established in 1991
Retail companies established in 1991
Retail companies disestablished in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner%20Bros.%20Studio%20Store |
"I Got the Fire" is a song written by American musician Ronnie Montrose and originally recorded by his band Montrose in 1974. It was later covered by Axe in 1982 and Iron Maiden in 1983.
Recorded versions
Montrose version
The song was originally released by Montrose on their 1974 Paper Money album. The guitar solo was the result of a fortunate accident. As AllMusic noted, it was the result of "a studio screwup which resulted in the bottom-heavy reverberating noise in its intro." The song was one of the last the band recorded with original vocalist Sammy Hagar before he left Montrose to start a solo career.
Iron Maiden version
With a slight title change to "I've Got the Fire", the song was covered by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden as the B-side of their "Flight of Icarus" single in 1983. The band had earlier released a live version of the song as the B-side of their "Sanctuary" single in 1980. The 1983 version was a studio recording.
Axe version
The song was also covered in 1982 by US hard rock band Axe for their album Offering. Axe featured former Blackfoot vocalist Bobby Barth.
Rest in Pieces version
The song was also covered in 1990 by New York hardcore/metal band Rest in Pieces on their album Under My Skin.
References
Montrose (band) songs
1974 songs
Song recordings produced by Ted Templeman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Got%20the%20Fire |
Government House, located in Road Town, Tortola, is the official residence of the governor of the British Virgin Islands.
The original structure, dating back to 1899, was destroyed by a hurricane in 1924. The present structure was built on the same site in 1925-26 and was the home of commissioners, presidents, administrators and governors until 1999, when it was deemed unsuitable. The Island Sun published an editorial against the demolition of the historic building and members of the public expressed their disagreement with the official decision. In 2003, a new Government House was built on adjacent land while the old structure has been transformed into a museum.
In November 2003, Governor Thomas Macan moved into the new residence located at Tortola. The project included the construction of the new Government House and a reception hall, as well as the restoration of the old Government House, which is now a museum. The structure was built by Meridian Construction and designed by OBM and FCO Estates.
See also
Governor of the British Virgin Islands
Government Houses of the British Empire
External links
Old Government House Museum, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Official residences
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
Buildings and structures in Road Town | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20British%20Virgin%20Islands |
John Richard Wardley (born 6 June 1950) is a British developer for theme parks in the UK and Europe: an innovator of special effects, dark rides and roller coasters in the themed attraction industry.
Career
Wardley started his career as a stage manager at Windsor's Theatre Royal, then moved on to the film industry creating special effects, including several of the James Bond movies. He was later hired by the Tussauds Group due to his experience in designing animated figures and rides for amusement parks. His first project with Tussauds was the development of animatronics for the 'Royalty and Empire' exhibition at Windsor, Berkshire.
After this he was employed by the Tussauds Group to transform the declining Chessington Zoo in London to become the Chessington World of Adventures theme park. There, Wardley oversaw the production of attractions including The Vampire suspended coaster and the Dragon River log flume. Wardley collaborated with attraction developer Keith Sparks to produce the popular Prof. Burp's Bubble Works dark ride at Chessington World of Adventures in 1990 and The Haunted House at Alton Towers in 1992.
Continuing as a development director of the Tussauds Group, John produced roller coasters such as Nemesis, Oblivion and Air at Alton Towers. He also produced several rides at Thorpe Park after its acquisition by Tussauds in 1998.
One of his other projects at this time was producing the Mystique show at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, with leisure developer Geoffrey Thompson, which ran for nearly 20 years.
Wardley also worked with Chris Sawyer and Frontier Developments for RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, a game about amusement park management. His name is also a secret cheat code in the game – when visitor's title is named after him all height restrictions are removed, alluding to the severe height restrictions that his most well-known work at Alton Towers was required to comply with.
Having completed Air in 2002, Wardley left Tussauds due to its acquisition by Charterhouse. However, Merlin Entertainments took over the company in May 2007 and invited Wardley back as a ride design consultant. He has consulted on various rollercoaster projects, such as SAW - The Ride and The Swarm at Thorpe Park, TH13TEEN and The Smiler at Alton Towers, and Raptor at Gardaland.
On 22 January 2013, Wardley announced his retirement. In April 2013, he published an autobiography entitled Creating My Own Nemesis.
Despite retirement, he consulted on the design for Flug Der Dämonen at Heide Park in 2014 and the Wicker Man at Alton Towers in 2017, among others. As of 2023, he remains a consultant exclusively for Alton Towers Resort.
Video games
RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 – consultation
NoLimits Coaster 2 – technical adviser
Publishing history
Creating My Own Nemesis – print edition (April 2013) – author
Creating My Own Nemesis – audiobook (December 2017) – author & narrator
Creating My Own Nemesis – kindle edition (December 2017) – author & narrator
Attraction projects
Further reading
Interview with John Wardley ahead of his retirement
Interview with John Wardley in Park World magazine
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
Amusement ride manufacturers
Animatronic engineers
People from Eastcote
Roller coaster designers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wardley |
The Methodist Church of Australasia was a Methodist denomination based in Australia.
History
On 1 January 1902, five Methodist denominations in Australia – the Wesleyan Methodist Church, the Primitive Methodists, the Bible Christian Church, the United Methodist Free and the Methodist New Connexion Churches came together to found a new church. Its organisational structure mainly followed the Wesleyan Methodist Church. This Methodist Church of Australasia established a General Conference, meeting triennially, for Australasia (which then included New Zealand) in 1875, with Annual Conferences in the states.
The church ceased to exist in 1977 when most of its congregations joined with the many congregations of the Congregational Union of Australia and the Presbyterian Church of Australia to form the Uniting Church in Australia.
Missions
The Sydney-based Methodist Missionary Society of Australasia (MMS; 1916–1930s), later named the Methodist Overseas Mission (MOM; 1930s–?) was run by the Methodist Church of Australasia of Australia. From around 1916 it established missions in Arnhem Land in northern Australia, moving across the islands from west to east, including Goulburn Island, Milingimbi Island, and Elcho Island, before planning missions on the mainland at Yirrkala (founded 1935) and Caledon Bay. Around this time, MOM was encouraging their senior staff to study anthropology under A. P. Elkin at Sydney University, to learn more about Aboriginal Australian culture, in particular the Yolngu people who lived in Arnhem Land.
Superintendents at Yirrkala included founding superintendent Wilbur Chaseling, Harold Thornell, and Edgar Wells, who wrote about their experiences there. The residents were free to come and go as they wished and the interaction was on the whole positive in those early days, with a lack of dogmatism by the missionaries, and the Yolngu people accommodating Christianity within a version of their own beliefs.
Mitchell Library in Sydney holds records of the Methodist Overseas Mission, including more than 300 boxes of manuscripts; photographs; slides; negatives; and 159 reels of film. The films include the master copy of the documentary film Faces in the Sun (1064), directed by Cecil Holmes for MMS. Others include Man Dark No More (1953) and Man of Two Worlds (1965). These films provide insight into the Stolen Generations brought about by the policies of cultural assimilation pursued by the government of the day.
Other Methodist congregations
There are still independent Methodist congregations in Australia, including congregations formed or impacted by Tongan immigrants. The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia is derived from the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America and did not join the Uniting Church in Australia.
Presidents-General
The triennial conference was led by the President-General. There were a total of 25 Presidents General over the life of the Methodist Church of Australasia, from its formation in 1902 until the Uniting Church in 1977.
See also
Rupert Grove
Freer Helen Latham
Coralie Ling
Laura Francis (missionary)
References
Methodism in Australia
Uniting Church in Australia
Australia
Religious organizations disestablished in 1977
1902 establishments in Australia
1977 disestablishments in Australia
Mission stations in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist%20Church%20of%20Australasia |
General elections were held in Thailand in April 2006. Elections for the lower house of the Thai National Assembly, the House of Representatives, were held on 2 April 2006 and elections for the upper house, the Senate, were held on 19 April 2006. The Constitutional Court later invalidated the House of Representatives election results and ordered a new round of voting.
The ruling Thai Rak Thai (TRT) party of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra won a majority seats in the House of Representatives, partly as a result of the decision by the major opposition parties to boycott the elections. Nearly complete results showed that TRT won 61% of the valid vote and about 460 of the 500 seats. Despite this, Thaksin announced his resignation two days after the election.
Although TRT easily won the election in terms of both votes and seats, the results were seen by Thaksin's opponents and media critics as a rejection of his call for an overwhelming mandate. In parts of Bangkok and in southern Thailand, most TRT candidates were elected on minority votes after the majority of voters used the "abstain" option on their ballot papers. In a number of southern seats TRT candidates failed to poll the required 20% of registered voters, rendering these southern seats invalid and resulting in party dissolution charges against Thai Rak Thai and Democrat Parties. TRT won all the seats in the Northern and North-Eastern (Isan) regions, and also in the Central region apart from Bangkok.
Due to the election result, King Bhumibol Adulyadej took the unprecedented step of calling the elections undemocratic, and soon later the election was declared invalid by the Constitutional Court. New elections were scheduled for October 2006, but were canceled when the military overthrew the government.
Background
The elections followed the decision by Prime Minister Thaksin to dissolve the House of Representatives. King Bhumibol Adulyadej granted Thaksin a dissolution even though the last election was held only in February 2005, and even though Thaksin's party had a huge majority in the House. At the February 2005 election, the TRT won 375 seats out of 500, with its former coalition partner, the Thai Nation Party taking 26 seats. The opposition Democratic Party of Thailand won 96 seats.
Thaksin's decision to call early elections followed a mounting campaign of criticism of his personal financial dealings. In January the government changed regulations for telecommunications companies allowing an increase in foreign ownership from 24% to 49%, and within the same month he and his family sold its stake in Shin Corporation, a leading communication company, for 73 billion baht (about $US1.88 billion), an enormous profit on which the Shinawatras legally paid no tax, even though family members bought and sold shares in the company in a 24-hour period. This sparked a series of angry demonstrations in the capital. Nevertheless, Thaksin's parliamentary position was under no threat.
The English-language newspaper the Bangkok Post reported Thaksin as saying, "I cannot allow mob rule to supersede the law," and citing intelligence reports of "instigators of violence" seeking to exploit the divisive situation as a reason for dissolving the House of Representatives. The country could not suffer a new round of "bruises" when it was still suffering from the violent events of May 1992, with relatives of victims still to be healed, Thaksin said.
Thaksin also cited the impact on the economy of the political situation, pointing to the questions it had raised about the future of megaprojects and the ups and downs on the stock market. "I am ready to accept the decisions of the people. But I will never accept those outside the system who claim to be deciding for the people," he said.
Opposition boycott
On 25 February the Post reported Democrat party leader Abhisit Vejjajiva as saying he was "ready to become a prime minister who adheres to the principles of good governance and ethics, not authoritarianism." The next day, however, it was announced that the Democratic Party, along with other opposition parties, were considering boycotting the elections. At a press conference Abhisit joined the Thai Nation Party's Banharn Silpa-archa and the Mahachon Party's Sanan Kachornprasart and said that the three parties would consult with party members before making a final decision.
Abhisit said that the elections "lacked legitimacy' and were an attempt by Thaksin to "divert public attention." from the Shin Corp scandal. "Boycotting the poll is one option but the parties still have to explore other possibilities allowed by the constitution," he said. Thaksin's behaviour was "exposing the country to a new political system, the Thaksin system, which bent the constitution,". Abhisit said. "The charter was once the people's charter. Now it has been hijacked."
Banharn said the sudden dissolution left opposition political parties "no time to prepare a list of constituency candidates and list candidates." Only Thai Rak Thai was well equipped with wealth, people and power," he said.
On 27 February, the three opposition parties announced a boycott of the election after Thaksin reportedly refused to sign a pledge to implement constitutional reforms. The Bangkok Post reported Abhisit as saying that "under the current circumstances" a fair general election was unlikely. What was likely, he said, "was an election that would yield the outcome Mr Thaksin was expecting."
"The prime minister does not respond to the intention of the three political parties," Abhisit said. "He is diverting from the heart of the solution and creating the process that sees only uncertainties and complications. That does not assure us that there will be serious political reform."
Deputy Thai Rak Thai leader Khunying Sudarat Keyuraphan said that the government was doing its best to find a way out of the political crisis. "Dissolving the House to return power to the people is the best way out under this constitution and democracy," she said. "But you do not accept it. What better choice could Thai Rak Thai make?"
The decision by the Democratic Party and the Thai Nation Party to boycott the elections meant that almost the whole of southern Thailand lost its previous political representation, since at the 2005 election, Thaksin's party won only one seat in the south.
Results
Unofficial results published by Bangkok newspapers showed that TRT polled over 61% of all valid votes (about 53% of all votes cast), and won about 460 of the 500 seats. Voters in the Central, Northern and North-Eastern regions voted overwhelmingly for TRT candidates, who were unopposed in the great majority of seats in these regions. But the majority of voters in Bangkok and in the Southern region rejected the government. In many constituencies in these areas voters used the "abstain" option on their ballot papers to reject TRT candidates, even when they were running unopposed. TRT received fewer votes than the number of abstention votes in 28 of 36 Bangkok constituencies. In 2005, TRT won 30 of the Bangkok seats.
Aftermath
On 3 April 2006 the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) petitioned the Administrative Court to suspend the results of the election and accused the Election Commission of violating voter privacy. The EC repositioned voting booths so that voters' backs were to the public, whereas in previous elections, voters faced the public, with a board one-half meter tall at the front of the booth separating the voter from the public. The EC claimed the new arrangement was designed to prevent various forms of poll fraud including the use of cameras by voters to take photographs of their ballots. After the 2005 election, cameras and cameraphones had been banned from voting stations due to fears that canvassers would demand ballot photographs in return for money. However, the PAD claimed that this allowed onlookers to peek over voters' shoulders and see who they voted for.
After unofficial voting results became public, the PAD declared that it would ignore the results of the election. He further said that the "PAD will go on rallying until Thaksin resigns and Thailand gets a royally-appointed prime minister".
The elections were finally declared invalid by Thailand's Constitutional Court, which found that the positioning of the voting booths violated voter privacy. The Constitutional Court later pressured the Election Commission to resign for its management of the April elections. The Court was unsuccessful in pressuring the EC head to resign; however, it did prevent the Senate from appointing a replacement for commissioner Jaral Buranapansri who had died. This prevented the EC from having a quorum. It later found the remaining Commissioners guilty of malfeasance and jailed them.
On 30 May 2006 the Cabinet decided to hold new elections on 15 October 2006.
References
General elections in Thailand
Thailand
General
Annulled elections
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Thai%20general%20election |
The agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao, Sama-Bajau and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles. The agung is also ubiquitous among other groups found in Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Mindanao, Sabah, Sulawesi, Sarawak and Kalimantan as an integral part of the agung orchestra.
Description
The agung is a large, heavy, wide-rimmed gong shaped like a kettle gong. of the agung produces a bass sound in the kulintang orchestra and weighs between 13 and 16 pounds, but it is possible to find agungs weigh as low as 5 pounds or as high as 20 or 30 pounds each, depending on the metal (bronze, brass or iron) used to produce them.
Though their diameters are smaller than the gandingan's, at roughly to in length, they have a much deeper turned-in takilidan (rim) than the latter, with a width of 12 to 13 inches (330 mm) including the knob.
They are hung vertically above the floor at or a bit below the waist line, suspended by ropes fastened to structures like strong tree limb, beam of a house, ceiling, or gong stand.
The larger, lower pitched gong of the two is called the pangandungan by the Maguindanao and the p'nanggisa-an by the Maranao. Played on the musician's right, it provides the main part, which it predominantly played on the accents of the rhythmic structure.
The smaller, higher pitched gong, the thicker of the two, is called the panentekan by the Maguindanao and the p'malsan or pumalsan by the Maranao. Found on the player's left, it is mainly played on the weaker double and triple beats of the rhythmic structure, in counterpoint to the pangandungan's part.
Origins
Scholars seem to agree that the origins of the agung are in Indonesia, noting that the word agung/agong is derived from the Malay agong and Indonesian/Javanese ageng.
Further evidence of this comes from a British explorer, Thomas Forrest, who in the 1770s wrote Filipinos were "fond of musical gongs which came from Cheribon on Java and have round knobs on them".
Technique
The agung is usually performed while standing beside the instrument, holding the upper edge of its flange between the thumb and other fingers with the left hand while striking the knob with the right hand. The mallets, called balu, are made from short sticks about half a foot in length and padded with soft but tough material such as rubber at one end. Using these balus, players handle the agung similar to the way a brass tom-tom is played.
A series of solid, fast decaying sounds are produced using dampening techniques. The desired effect is produced after striking the knob, by leaving one's hand or knee or the mallets themselves on it. When one player is using two gongs, the assistant holding the lower-pitched gong positions it at an angle and dampens its surface using their hands.
Recently, new ways of handling the agung have emerged, including grasping a portion of the boss rather than the flange to dampen or using regular strokes upon the busel while striking the surrounding gong surface with the opposite, wooden end of the beater. The latter technique, called katinengka, is used by downriver musicians to produce metallic sounds during kulintang performances.
Different combinations of players, gongs and mallets can be used for playing the agung: two players with each assigned their own gong or just one. When playing alone, the agung player could either play both gongs with the player holding the higher-pitched gongs face-to-face, with the lower one held at an angle by an assistant for stability, or just one gong. The latter style, common among downriver Maguindanaos in Simuay, who consider this style an old one, uses only the higher-pitch gong for it, unlike the lower-pitched gong, is considered the lead gong, therefore having primary importance. An example of this is when single gong agungs are used during a tagunggo piece.
The number of mallets used by the player could also vary as well. For most occasions, only one mallet is used but for other techniques, the player could use two mallets, one in each hand. An even more interesting technique uses only one balu but requires the player to play the agung in reverse order of pitches. Called patuy, this technique and the one with two mallets are normally reserved only for competition and exhibition instances.
Uses
Kulintang ensemble
The main use for the agung in Maguindanao and Maranao society is as a supportive/accompanying instrument of an orthodox kulintang ensemble. Using basic patterns and interlocking rhythms, a player would use the agung to complement the melody played by the kulintang. The patterns players use are normally considered freer than either the babendil or the dabakan; players could manipulate the patterns freely as long as they conform, reaffirm, reinforce and even generate the rhythmic mode of the piece. The length of the patterns themselves may vary depending on how they fit into the melodic improvisation. Rapid style is useful especially during exhibition of playing skills.
Among both the Maguindanao and the Maranao, the agung embodies all that is masculine and thus the agung is traditionally considered a masculine instrument. To be considered a good player, one must possess strength, stamina (playing extremely fast tempos with no mistakes) and endurance. Players must also exhibit improvisation skills for different patterns to be considered as having quality musicianship—lest the audience considers the patterns played repetitions and mundane.
Because of the highly skilled nature required for playing the agung, it is not uncommon to see agung players have friendly rivalries during a performance, using tricks in an attempt to throw others off-beat. For instance, if the p’nanggisa's elaborations are so elusive that the p’mals has a hard time ornamenting or if the reversed happens and the p’mals ornaments to the point the p’nanggisa's performance is engulfed, the player that cannot keep up is usually embarrassed, becoming the butt of jokes. Normally agung players switch off after each piece, but during instances like this where one player cannot handle the part being played, players either remain at their gongs or switch during the performance. It is also possible for agung players to switch places with the dabakan after two pieces. Even though the players compete, they still understand they are a single entity, closely accompanying the melody, employ different variations without destroying the music's basic patterns.
Interactions with the opposite sex
There was also a secondary motive for men, especially young males, for learning the agung: the ability to interact with young, unmarried women. Both Maranao and Maguindanao cultures traditionally adhere to Islamic customs which prohibit dating or causal conversation between the opposite sexes (unless married to or related to by blood) and therefore performances such as kulintang music provided the opportunity for such a connection. Among the Maguindanao, the rhythmic modes of duyog and sinulog a kamamatuan allowed agung players to serenade the young, unmarried women on the kulintang. Tidto, the other rhythmic mode, could also be used but players rarely use this for serenading since the kulintang player is usually an older woman.
Contest
The latter mode actually is reserved specifically for solo agung contest. Unlike other Southern Filipino groups who participate in group contest, the Maguindanao are unique in that they also hold solo agung contest to find out who in the community is the best papagagung (expert agung player). Tidto is prefect for such contest since the agung is often the focus of attention, the focal point during the ensemble during this mode. Players normally perform two or more versions playing the three types of techniques discussed above.
Signaling and the supernatural
Other than its use in the kulintang ensemble, the agung also had other non-ensemble uses among the Maguindanao and Maranao. The agung has been used to warn others of impending danger, announcing the time of day and other important occasions. For instance, long ago the sultan would beat the agung repeatedly to announce the onset of a meeting or during the fasting month of Ramadhan, the agung would ring either at three in the morning to indicate the signal to eat (sawl) or at sunset, to mark the end for fasting that day. And supposedly due to the deep, loud sound the agung produces, people believed that it possessed supernatural powers. For instance, during an earthquake, the locals of Maguindanao would strike the agung in a fast, loud rhythm called baru-baru, believing its vibrations would either lessen or even halt the jolt of an earthquake.
Similar agung instruments
Kulintang ensembles
In the Sulu Archipelago, the kulintang orchestra uses not two but three low-sounding agungs, which serve as accompaniment in Tausug, Samal and Yakan ensembles. For the Tausug and Samal, the largest of the agungs with a wide turned-in rim is called the tunggalan or tamak , which provides slow, regular beats, similar to the Maguindanaon pangandungan and Maranao p’nanggisa-an. The smaller pair of agungs, the duahan, syncopate with the tunggalan/tamak. These are further classified: the wider-rimmed duahan is called the pulakan and the narrower one is called the huhugan or buahan by the Tausug and bua by the Samal.
In agung ensembles
Agungs also play a major role in agung orchestras—ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, knobbed gongs which act as drones without any accompanying melodic instrument like a kulintang. Such orchestras are prevalent among Indigenous Philippine groups (Bagobo, Bilaan, Bukidon, Hanunoo, Magsaka, Manabo, Mangyan, Palawan, Subanun, Suludnon, T’boli, Tagakaolu, Tagbanwa and the Tiruray), regions in Kalimantan and Indonesia (Iban, Modang, Murut) and Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia (Bidayuh, Iban, Kadazan-Dusun, Kajan, Kayan), places where agung orchestras take precedence over kulintang-like orchestras. The composition and tuning of these orchestras vary widely from one group to another. For instance, the Hanunoo of Mindoro have a small agung ensemble consisting of only two light gongs played by two musicians on the floor in a simple duple rhythm while the Manobo have an ensemble (called an ahong) consisting of 10 small agungs hung vertically on a triangular frame. It includes three musicians: one standing up, playing the melody, and the rest sitting. The ahong is divided by purpose, with the higher-pitched gongs (kaantuhan) carrying the melody, three to four lower-pitched gongs (gandingan) playing melodic ostinato figures, and the lowest-pitched gong (bandil) setting the tempo.
The Tiruray call their agung ensemble a kelo-agung, kalatong, or karatung. It is made up of five shallow bossed gongs of graduating size, each played by one person. The smallest, the segaron, is used as the lead instrument, providing a steady beat. The Manobo sagabong ensemble follows a similar format, consisting of five small gongs, each held by one musician playing a unique pattern with rubber mallets, interlocking with other parts. The T’boli and Palawan have similar agung ensembles: the T’boli ensemble is composed of three to four agungs with two to three of them collectively called semagi which play variations, and the other agung, tang, providing a steady beat. The Palawan call their ensemble, composed of four gongs, a basal. It includes one to two large humped, low-sounding agungs and a pair of smaller humped, higher-pitched sanangs which produce metallic sounds. The Subanon also have an agung ensemble similar to the Tiruray karatung, called a gagung sua.
Both the Bagabo and the B’laan refer to their agung ensemble as a tagunggo, a set of eight metal gongs suspended on a harness, which is played by two, three, or more people. Seven of the smaller-sized gongs produce a running melody with the eighth, largest gong playing syncopation with the other gongs to produce a particular rhythm. The Manabo also have an agung ensemble similar to the tagunggo, called a tagungguan.
The Kadazan-Dusun, located on the western coast of Sabah, refer to their agung ensemble as a tawag or bandil, which consists of six to seven large gongs in shoreline groups and 7–8 large gongs for those in interior valleys. In southwestern Sarawak, Bidayuh agung ensembles consist of nine large gongs divided into four groups (taway, puum, bandil, and sanang), while among the Iban of Sawarak, Brunei, Kalimantan, agung ensembles are smaller in comparison.
Such ensembles can either perform alone or with one or two drums, played with the hands or wooden sticks, as accompaniment. They play either homophonically or in an interlocking fashion with the gongs. These agung orchestras often perform at many types of social events, including agriculture rituals, weddings, victory celebrations, curing rites, rituals for the dead, entertainment for visitors, and other community rituals.
References
Agung
Gong and chime music
Indigenous music
Indonesian musical instruments
Malaysian musical instruments
Philippine musical instruments
Gongs
Asian percussion instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agung |
Xpax, launched in 2004, is Celcom Axiata Berhad’s line of prepaid mobile plan. As of December 2017, it served over 6.72 million subscribers, it comprises the majority of Celcom’s 9.56 million total subscriber base
Services
Xpax offers prepaid and mobile internet plans through the Celcom network. It is the first prepaid service to offer 4G LTE connectivity in Malaysia.
Brand
Xpax features two sub-brands. S.O.X. (School of X) is aimed at school children and teens aged 13–17 years. U.O.X. (University of X) is aimed at university and college students aged 17–23 years.
Since 2013, the brand has employed the tagline “Got 4G LTE Time!”.
References
External links
Celcom
Xpax
2004 establishments in Malaysia
Celcom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xpax |
Alfred Roger Adam (4 April 1908 – 7 May 1982) was a French stage and film character actor, who usually played weak or villainous roles.
Selected filmography
Speedway (1929) - Doctor (uncredited)
La Kermesse Héroïque (1935) - Josef Van Meulen, le boucher
In the Service of the Tsar (1936) - Ossip
Life Dances On (1937) - Fred
People Who Travel (1938) - Le médecin (uncredited)
La Glu (1938) - Raoul
Je chante... (1938) - Alfred
The Duraton Family (1939) - Le docteur
Sur le Plancher des Vaches (1940) - Le journaliste (uncredited)
Le briseur de chaînes (1941) - Guillaume
La femme que j'ai le plus aimée (1942) - Charles, le fondé de pouvoir
Croisières sidérales (1942) - Le décorateur (uncredited)
At Your Command, Madame (1942) - Ferdinand - le chauffeur de Palureau
Port d'attache (1943) - Bertrand
Farandole (1945) - Le marlou
Boule de Suif (1945) - Cornudet
La Vie de Bohème (1945m) - Alexandre Schaunard
La Ferme du Pendu (1945) - Louis Raimondeau dit 'Grand Louis'
Le Bateau à soupe (1946) - Le Hénaff
The Fugitive (1947) - Bank
Chinese Quarter (1947) - Léo Seller
Les beaux jours du roi Murat (1947) - Le roi Murat
The Lost Village (1947) - Gustave Boeuf
Woman Without a Past (1948) - Pierre Lorin
Passeurs d'or (1948) - Gueule en or
Jo la Romance (1949) - Stoff
L'homme aux mains d'argile (1949) - Lucien Roupp dit Monsieur Lucien - le manager
The Farm of Seven Sins (1949) - Symphorien Dubois
Le sorcier du ciel (1949) - Samson
The King (1949) - Bourdier
My Friend Sainfoin (1950) - Guillaume de Puycharmois - le mari d'Eugénie
The Straw Lover (1950) - Gaston Sarrazin de Fontenoy
Darling Caroline (1951) - Jules, le postillon
My Wife Is Formidable (1951) - Dr. Gaston Rival
The Case Against X (1952) - Le vendeur de boutons (uncredited)
Capitaine Pantoufle (1953)
The Fighting Drummer (1953) - Favrol
The Drunkard (1953) - Georges Lamarche
The Most Wanted Man (1953) - Le shérif
Il cavaliere di Maison Rouge (1954) - Dixmaire
Service Entrance (1954) - Le cousin Albert
Cadet Rousselle (1954) - Ravignol
Caroline and the Rebels (1955) - Le général de Lasalle
La Famille Anodin (1956) - Armand Vignaud
Les Sorcières de Salem (1957) - Thomas Putnam
A Kiss for a Killer (1957) - L'inspecteur de police Malard
Maigret Sets a Trap (1958) - Emile Barberot - le boucher (uncredited)
The Tiger Attacks (1959) - Le colonel - chef de la D.S.T.
Les Naufrageurs (1959) - Le commissaire
The Gendarme of Champignol (1959) - M. Grégoire 'Grégorio' - le maire
125 rue Montmartre (1959) - Phillipe Barrachet
Rue des prairies (1960) - Loutrel le manager de Louis
La main chaude (1960) - Jean Lécuyer
Women Are Like That (1960) - Pascal Girotti
Love and the Frenchwoman (1960) - Judge (segment "Divorce, Le")
Le Président (1961) - François - le chauffeur
La Belle Américaine (1961) - Alfred
All the Gold in the World (1961) - Alfred
My Life to Live (1962) - (uncredited)
Tartarin of Tarascon (1962) - Prince Gregori de Montenegro
Carom Shots (1963) - Hubert Beaumanoir
Mort, où est ta victoire? (1964) - Detrerrieux
Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Jean-Marc (1964) - Fernand Aubry
Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Françoise (1964) - Fernand Aubry
The Lace Wars (1965) - Le sergent Bel-Oeil
Le caïd de Champignol (1966) - Antoine
The Gardener of Argenteuil (1966) - L'homme en robe de bure
Maigret a Pigalle (1966) - L'ispettore Lognon
The Stranger (1967) - L'avocat général
How to Kill 400 Duponts (1967) - Serg. Saval
A Little Virtuous (1968) - Marcel dit 'Lajoie' - l'homme du bar
Under the Sign of the Bull (1969) - Vacher - le ferrailleur
Mon oncle Benjamin (1969) - Le sergent
Le Prussien (1971, TV Movie) - Victor
Ursule et Grelu (1974) - Le capitaine
Juliette and Juliette (1974) - M. Rozenec - le père d'une Juliettte
Que la fête commence (1975) - Le maréchal de Villeroy
The Porter from Maxim's (1976) - Le patron de chez Maxim's
Nous maigrirons ensemble (1979) - Le producteur Blangenstein
References
External links
1908 births
1982 deaths
French male film actors
Troupe of the Comédie-Française
20th-century French male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Adam |
The Men's large hill individual ski jumping competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Pragelato, Italy. It began on 17 February, and concluded on 18 February.
Results
Qualifying
Fifteen skiers were pre-qualified, on the basis of their World Cup performance, meaning that they directly advanced to the final round. These skiers still jumped in the qualifying round, but they were not included with non-pre-qualified skiers in the standings. The fifty-one skiers who were not pre-qualified competed for thirty-five spots in the final round.
Final
The final consisted of two jumps, with the top thirty after the first jump qualifying for the second jump. The combined total of the two jumps was used to determine the final ranking.
References
Ski jumping at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski%20jumping%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Large%20hill%20individual |
Carlos José Retegui (born 19 December 1969) is an Argentine retired field hockey player, who is nicknamed Chapa. He was a member of the National squad from 1989 to 2006 and competed in three Summer Olympics (1996, 2000 and 2004). In 2006 he was dismissed from the national team by his former teammate and head coach, Sergio Vigil.
Between 2008 and 2009 he coached the Argentina men's national field hockey team. In 2009 he succeeded Gabriel Minadeo as coach of the Argentina women's national field hockey team until 2012 when his contract was not renewed. In early 2013 he took up the men's team again, and after the resignation of Emanuel Roggero in late 2013 as the women's coach, he took care of both teams until the 2014 World Cups. In the men's tournament, the national squad won the bronze medal, the best result in their history and also won the bronze medal in the women's tournament. After losing the women's semifinal, he confirmed that the bronze medal match would be his last as coach, and that he would continue only with the men's team.
Retegui coached the women's team to gold medals at the 2010 World Cup, 2009, 2010 and 2012 Hockey Champions Trophy. Under his guidance, Las Leonas also won the silver medal at the 2011 Champions Trophy, 2011 Pan American Games and 2012 Summer Olympics and the bronze medal at the 2014 World Cup.
With the men's team he won the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics making Los Leones the only team in the Americas to ever win this tournament, both in the men and women's tournament. He also coached the team to a silver medal at the 2016–17 Hockey World League, a bronze medal at the 2008 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy and 2014 World Cup, and gold medals at the 2015 Pan American Games, 2013 and 2017 Pan American Cup.
At the beginning of 2018 he resigned as coach of the national team, but ultimately came back as head coach for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. And in 2019, he became once again the coach of the women's national team.
Personal life
Retegui's son, Mateo, is a professional footballer and his daughter, Micaela, has been called to take part of Las Leonas at the beginning of 2019.
References
External links
Profile on Athens 2004 website
1969 births
Living people
Argentine field hockey coaches
Argentine male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Argentina
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
People from San Fernando de la Buena Vista
Pan American Games gold medalists for Argentina
Pan American Games silver medalists for Argentina
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 1995 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 2003 Pan American Games
1990 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Coaches at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine sportsperson-politicians
Coaches at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Coaches at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Argentine people of Basque descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Retegui |
Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1952, with the preamble stating:
Modification
The convention revised Convention C3 on definition of women, to be also irrespective of race and creed, not only of age, marriage status and nationality, and was subsequently revised in 2000 by Convention C183 on minimum condition of maternity leave (from 12 weeks to 14 weeks) and no
Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention had been ratified by 41 states. Subsequently, the treaty has been denounced by 17 of the ratifying states, some automatically due to ratification of conventions that trigger automatic denunciation of the 1952 treaty.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Maternity
Motherhood
Women's rights instruments
Treaties concluded in 1952
Treaties entered into force in 1955
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Bolivia
Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
Treaties of Ghana
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of San Marino
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties of Zambia
Treaties of Yugoslavia
1952 in labor relations
1952 in women's history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity%20Protection%20Convention%20%28Revised%29%2C%201952 |
Elizam Escobar (May 24, 1948 – January 15, 2021) was a Puerto Rican art theorist, poet, visual artist and writer. He served a lengthy prison sentence after being convicted while a member of the FALN.
Early years
Escobar was born in Puerto Rico's second largest city, Ponce, Puerto Rico, on the southern part of the island. There he received his primary and secondary education. As a child, he always enjoyed drawing and painting. After Escobar graduated from high school he enrolled and attended the University of Puerto Rico to pursue his artistic studies.
Political activist
During his years as a student, he became actively involved in the Puerto Rican independence movement. He became a member of the underground group called Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN). After he earned his bachelor's degree in Visual Arts, he moved to New York City. In New York he attended the City College of New York. Escobar also taught art at the Museo del Barrio's School of the Arts from 1979 to 1980.
On 4 April 1980, Escobar was among eleven FALN members arrested by the FBI in Evanston, Illinois, under the suspicion of plotting to bomb Federal installations. They were charged with seditious conspiracy and related charges. During and after the trial he maintained his position that he and the others were prisoners of war. Escobar was sentenced to a prison term of 68 years which was to be served in the federal prison of El Reno, Oklahoma. On 7 September 1999, Escobar and the ten other prisoners who were arrested with him were granted clemency by President Bill Clinton. Escobar returned to Puerto Rico immediately upon his release.
Artistic work
During his incarceration, Escobar used his free time to produce much of his art work. He also wrote about art and his theories about art were published in journals like Rethinking Marxism, Third Text and Left Curve. Escobar argued against the use of art as political propaganda and was in favor of artistic autonomy. While serving his prison term, a series of his art work, which he titled Art as an Act of Liberation, was exhibited in the following galleries:
The Axe Street Arena
Galeria Kalpulli
Polvo, Chicago
Casa de Arte y Cultura/Calles y Sueños, Chicago
Rafael Cintrón-Ortiz Cultural Center, Chicago
ABC No Rio Gallery, New York City
The Dissident Voices Gallery, Philadelphia
Museo de Arte de Ponce
Among his better known works are Los sepultureros (1985), El velorio (1991), and El embalsamador y la viuda (2001).
Among the magazines which have published his works are: Beginnings, Currents, Left Curve, De Pie y En Lucha and Polvo''. His poems have been published in the Anthology of Latino Poets in New York. In 2013, he presented his new book "Anti-diario de Prisión: El beso del pensamiento" and displayed at Centro Cultural Carmen Solá de Pereira.
Later years
Escobar was the Dean of the Painting Department at the Escuela de Artes Plásticas de Puerto Rico in San Juan, Puerto Rico. His paintings have been exhibited in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and at the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture. He has authored two books, "Speech in the Night" and "Sonia Semenovena", published by Quinera editors.
Honors
Elizam Escobar is honored at Ponce's Park of the Illustrious Ponce Citizens. In 2016 "La Campechada", celebration in honor of Jose Campeche, Puerto Rican painter of the 18th century, considered one of the most important painters of his era, was dedicated to Elizam Escobar. He was also honored at the 2021 Feria de Artesanías de Ponce "for having, for decades, left the mark of revolutionary ideals in his works."
See also
Oscar López Rivera
List of Puerto Rican writers
List of Puerto Ricans
Puerto Rican literature
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
References
External links
Not Enough Space
1948 births
2021 deaths
Puerto Rican painters
Puerto Rican poets
Puerto Rican male writers
Recipients of American presidential pardons
Puerto Rican people convicted of seditious conspiracy
Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
Painters from Ponce
Deaths from cancer in Puerto Rico
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizam%20Escobar |
Juan Pablo Hourquebie (born May 3, 1976 in Quilmes, Buenos Aires Province) is a field hockey defender from Argentina, who is nicknamed Juanpi. He is a member of the national squad since 1997, and competed in two Summer Olympics, starting in 2000. Hourquebie was on the side that won the golden medal at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, and won the 2005 Champions Challenge tournament in Alexandria, Egypt.
External links
Profile on Athens 2004-website
People from Quilmes
1976 births
Living people
Argentine male field hockey players
Male field hockey defenders
Olympic field hockey players for Argentina
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Pan American Games gold medalists for Argentina
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 2003 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Pablo%20Hourquebie |
Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 2000, with the preamble stating:
"Noting the need to revise the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952, and the Maternity Protection Recommendation, 1952, in order to further promote equality of all women in the workforce and the health and safety of the mother and child, and in order to recognize the diversity in economic and social development of Members, as well as the diversity of enterprises, and the development of the protection of maternity in national law and practice, and
"Noting the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Equality of Opportunity and Treatment for Women Workers (1975), the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up (1998), as well as the international labour Conventions and Recommendations aimed at ensuring equality of opportunity and treatment for men and women workers, in particular the Convention concerning Workers with Family Responsibilities, 1981, and
"Taking into account the circumstances of women workers and the need to provide protection for pregnancy, which are the shared responsibility of government and society, and
"Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the revision of the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952, and Recommendation, 1952, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and
"Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention;
"adopts this fifteenth day of June of the year two thousand the following Convention, which may be cited as the Maternity Protection Convention, 2000."
History
This Convention revised a 1952 ILO convention (C103), which in turn was a revision of the original 1919 ILO convention (C3). The revision was aimed at gaining more ratification by easing the requirements of the 1952 convention.
Content
The convention addresses the following subjects:
Health protection
Maternity leave (more than 14 week)
Leave in case of illness or complications
Benefits
Employment protection and non-discrimination
Breastfeeding mothers
Ratifications
As of the April 2023, the following 43 states have ratified this Convention:
References
External links
Text.
Ratifications and leave length declarations.
Maternity
Motherhood
Women's rights instruments
Treaties concluded in 2000
Treaties entered into force in 2002
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Belarus
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Benin
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of El Salvador
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Moldova
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Serbia
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Switzerland
2000 in labor relations
2000 in women's history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity%20Protection%20Convention%2C%202000 |
The Meia Ponte Microregion is a statistical region of Goiás state, Brazil created by the IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). It is located south of the state capital, Goiânia, and includes 21 municipalities with a total population of 338,147 inhabitants (2007). The total area is 21,229.00 km2. The region takes in the Meia Ponte River basin. The largest cities are Morrinhos, Goiatuba, Itumbiara, and Caldas Novas. The region has great variety in landscape. The north is hillier while the south is characterized by rolling plains with herds of beef cattle and plantations of corn and soybeans.
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Meia%20Ponte |
Artifice was a nonprofit literary magazine based in Chicago, Illinois, that existed between 2009 and 2017.
History and profile
Artifice was started in 2009. It was co-founded by Rebekah Silverman, who served as Managing Editor, and James Tadd Adcox, who served as editor-in-chief. It was published biannually. Later Peter Jurmu became the editor-in-chief of the magazine replacing James Tadd Adcox in the post.
In 2011 Artifice was awarded a City of Chicago Community Arts Assistance Program (CAAP) Grant. In 2010, the magazine was awarded the Best Submission Guidelines by Philistine Press for the Artifice wishlist," which requests such submissions as "3 of the saddest sentences ever written," "1 geometrical proof," "2 fits, 2 starts," "4 labyrinths created using parentheses, footnotes, endnotes, etc," and "something that includes a Greek chorus."
Artifice was a division of Artifice Books, a small press. Artifice Books' first project, released in 2012, was "EXITS ARE," an e-book by Mike Meginnis (and many players), published in conjunction with Uncanny Valley. Later the magazine began to be published annually by Curbside Splendor Publishing. Artifice folded in 2017.
References
External links
Artifice Books
WorldCat record
2009 establishments in Illinois
2017 establishments in Illinois
Annual magazines published in the United States
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Defunct literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2009
Magazines disestablished in 2017
Magazines published in Chicago
Online literary magazines published in the United States
Online magazines with defunct print editions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifice |
Peter Alan Mueller (born July 27, 1954 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American speed skating coach and former speed skater.
Early life
Mueller attended La Follette High School.
Skating career
Peter Mueller was the first Olympic Champion on the 1,000 m, when this distance was introduced at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck. More international successes followed at the World Sprint Championships, where he won bronze in 1976 and silver in 1977. His last appearance as a speed skater was at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, where he placed 5th in the 1,000 m, 1.93 seconds behind the winning time of Eric Heiden.
Coaching
After ending his speed skating career, Mueller became a very successful skating coach. He was the coach of Bonnie Blair when she won two gold medals at the 1992 Winter Olympics, Dan Jansen when he won gold at the 1994 Winter Olympics, Marianne Timmer (two gold medals) and Jan Bos (silver) at the 1998 Winter Olympics, and Gianni Romme (silver) at the 2002 Winter Olympics. In addition, several speed skaters winning a total of five World Sprint Championships, one World Allround Championships, and one European Allround Championships titles were also coached by him.
Since the 2003/2004 season, Mueller was the coach of the Norwegian team. He quickly added to his list of successes as a coach when, at the World Single Distance Championships of 2005 in Inzell, Even Wetten (on the 1,000 m) and Rune Stordal (on the 1500 m) became World Champions.
Mueller was fired as coach of the Norwegian team in November 2009, due to allegations of harassment of skater Maren Haugli.
Private life
Mueller was married to American speed skater Leah Poulos, two times World Sprint Champion and three times Olympic silver medalist, and had two children. Later, he married Dutch speed skater Marianne Timmer. He and Timmer are now divorced.
An autobiography, called Op dun ijs ("On thin ice"), was published in the Netherlands in 2006.
References
Footnotes
External links
Peter A. Mueller at Team USA
1954 births
Living people
American male speed skaters
American autobiographers
American sports coaches
Speed skating coaches
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in speed skating
Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Mueller%20%28speed%20skater%29 |
Bruce Avery Van Voorhis (January 29, 1908 – July 6, 1943) was a United States Navy aviator who was shot down in the Pacific theater during World War II. For his action on July 6, 1943, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.
Biography
Van Voorhis was born on January 29, 1908, in Aberdeen, Washington, and grew up in Nevada. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in June 1925.
Following graduation from the Academy on June 6, 1929, Ensign Van Voorhis reported for duty aboard the battleship . That assignment lasted until November 1930 when he transferred to the Naval Air Station in Pensacola, Florida, for aviation training.
He received his wings on September 3, 1931, and was assigned to the as a member of Observation Squadron 4B (VO-4B). In June 1934, he transferred to Bombing Squadron 5B on board the aircraft carrier , and soon thereafter, to VB-2B attached to . From July 1935 until May 1937, he served in the Panama Canal Zone and flew patrols from Coco Solo with Patrol Squadron 2F (VP-2F). The following June, Van Voorhis returned to carrier-based aviation and served first in , then in , and finally back to Enterprise. In June 1940, Van Voorhis joined the aviation unit assigned to the light cruiser where he served for a year. In July 1941, he reported for duty at the Naval Air Station, Anacostia, where he served until November 1942.
In December 1942, Van Voorhis, a Lieutenant Commander since July, assumed command of VP-14, but soon thereafter took command of VB-102, which was equipped with the PB4Y-1, the naval version of the B-24 Liberator. While serving in that capacity, LCDR Van Voorhis was killed near Hare Island of the Kapingamarangi Atoll, the southernmost of the Eastern Caroline Islands. After a 700-mile flight alone, LCDR Van Voorhis launched successive bombing and strafing attacks on the enemy ground installations. During his attack, he succeeded in destroying a radio station, anti-aircraft emplacements, and at least one airborne fighter as well as three others on the water. However, the strength of Japanese aerial opposition eventually forced Van Voorhis lower and lower until the anti-aircraft barrage, the fighters, or perhaps his own bomb blasts, caused the aircraft to crash. He was posthumously promoted to Commander and awarded the Medal of Honor.
Van Voorhis is buried in the Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery in St. Louis County, Missouri. He has a headstone at Arlington National Cemetery which reads "In Memory of Bruce Van Voorhis".
Awards and honors
Medal of Honor citation
Namesakes and honors
The U.S. Navy was named in honor of LCDR Van Voorhis. The Van Voorhis was commissioned on April 22, 1957; she was decommissioned on July 1, 1972.
The airfield at Naval Air Station Fallon is also named in his honor.
There is also a United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps unit under his name the Van Voorhis squadron in Las Vegas, Nevada.
See also
Daniel Van Voorhis
List of Medal of Honor recipients
Notes
References
1908 births
1943 deaths
American people of Dutch descent
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel killed in World War II
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Missouri
Military personnel from Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Van%20Voorhis |
Brighton is a coastal northern suburb of Brisbane, in the state of Queensland, in Australia. In the , Brighton had a population of 9,479 people.
Geography
Brighton and its neighbouring suburb Bald Hills are the northernmost suburbs of Brisbane. Brighton is located by road north of the Brisbane CBD.
Nashville is a neighbourhood in the south-west of the suburb ().
Brighton has been mostly developed as suburban housing. In the north of the suburb there is some rural residential development and undeveloped wetlands. In the south-west of the locality are undeveloped wetlands which include Third Lagoon (). The lagoon is so-called as it is one of the three lagoons of the Sandgate area, the first being Einbunpin Lagoon and the second being Dowse Lagoon which are both within the suburb of Sandgate.
History
The Brighton Hotel located along Beaconsfield Terrace was believed to be built by David Rowntree Somerset. An early settler, Captain William Townsend, bought the Brighton Hotel and used it as his home and, once sold in 1893, it was used as an orphanage. It resumed being a hotel in 1912. The suburb takes its name from the hotel, which is believed to be named after Brighton in Sussex, England.
Land for a Methodist church was purchased in 1914. In January 1917, a small Sunday school was opened on the site. In 1919, a Methodist church building was relocated from Killarney (where it had opened in 1902) to the Brighton site, where it was erected and officially opened on Saturday 5 June 1920. On Saturday 2 December 1939, 500 people attended the opening of a new church building by Reverend F. A. Malcolm, the President of the Methodist Conference. The previous church was relocated to the rear of the site to be used as a Sunday school hall. In 1977, the church joined in the amalgamation that created the Uniting Church in Australia becoming the Brighton Uniting Church. The church at 41 Deagon Street () was closed circa 1999, and was later sold and the church and hall (the former church) were converted into a house. It is now within the suburb boundaries of Sandgate. It is listed on the Brisbane Heritage Register.
Brighton State School opened on 27 January 1920.
Since 1935, one or more of three adjacently positioned bridges have connected Brisbane to Redcliffe Peninsula between Brighton at their southern end and Clontarf on the peninsula at their northern end. The first of these to be built, the Hornibrook Bridge, has since been demolished upon completion of the Ted Smout Memorial Bridge in 2010, which now stands alongside the Houghton Highway, which opened in 1979.
Brighton was the site of the Second World War barracks of the RAAF Air Training School between December 1940 and May 1946; it was built on reclaimed land. It later became Eventide, a large nursing home run by the Queensland Government. More than 700 patients were transferred from Dunwich on North Stradbroke Island to the facility. It was announced in late 2012 that the nursing home would close because it was uneconomic to ensure that the aging buildings complied with building codes.
Brighton Baptist church at 77 North Road () opened in 1958. It is now in private ownership and has been converted into a residence.
Nashville State School opened on 25 January 1960.
St Kieran's Catholic School opened on 2 February 1960.
In June 1990 the Uniting Church in Australia congregations of Boondall, Brighton, Sandgate and Shorncliffe decided to amalgamate. Their new Sandgate Uniting Church in Deagon was opened in Sunday 20 November 1994.
The Autism Therapy & Education Centre opened on 27 January 1991.
Demographics
In the , Brighton recorded a population of 9,012 people, 51.1% female and 48.9% male. The median age of the Brighton population was 40 years of age, 3 years above the Australian median. 78.4% of people living in Brighton were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 5.3%, New Zealand 4.3%, Scotland 0.8%, Philippines 0.6%, Ireland 0.5%. 91.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 0.5% German, 0.3% French, 0.3% Italian, 0.2% Tagalog, 0.2% Cantonese.
In the , Brighton had a population of 9,479 people.
Heritage listings
Brighton has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Hornibrook Highway: Hornibrook Bridge (mostly demolished in 2011)
Ex-RAAF barracks (on the site of Brighton Health Campus)
Education
Brighton State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 2 North Road (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 435 students with 32 teachers (27 full-time equivalent) and 21 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent).
Nashville State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls on the corner of Baskerville and Douglas Streets (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 352 students with 26 teachers (23 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent).
St Kieran's Catholic School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 15 Greenwood Street (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 277 students with 23 teachers (17 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent).
Autism Queensland Education & Therapy Centre is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) facility of Autism Queensland Education & Therapy Centre (headquartered at Sunnybank Hills) at 136 North Road ().
Amenities
Brighton is serviced by a fortnightly visit of the Brisbane City Council's mobile library service in the car park at Decker Park on 25th Avenue.
There are a number of parks in the suburb, including:
Beaconsfield Terrace Park (nos. 346 & 344) ()
Brighton Park ()
Decker Park ()
Dianella Reserve ()
Goodenia Reserve ()
Gordon Street Park ()
High Street Park (no.140) ()
High Street Park (nos.132&134) ()
Jill Street Park ()
Massie Street Park ()
North Road Park ()
Pimelea Reserve ()
Pomona Street Park ()
Princess Street Park (no.23) ()
Princess Street Park (nos.8-18) ()
Queens Parade Park ()
Queens Parade Park (no.93) ()
Sandgate Foreshores Park ()
Sandgate Third Lagoon Reserve ()
Saul Street Park ()
Shepherd Street Park (no.2) ()
Stubbs Street Park ()
Tenth Avenue Park ()
Townsend Street Park ()
Townsend Street Park (nos.31&12) ()
Wakefield Park ()
Attractions
Brighton Wetlands
Brighton has a woodland wetland protected by the local government. This natural reserve is made up of three woods; namely Goodenia Woods, Pimelea Woods and Dianella Woods. The land is so called a wetland as it fills with water during heavy rain which flows into a small tidal creek, Copold Creek, that flows under one of the main roads of Brighton, Beaconsfield Terrace, and then leads to Bramble Bay between 15th and 16th Avenues.
Brighton Esplanade
Brighton is a desirable Brisbane suburb due to both the ease of public transport, such as the train service from nearby Sandgate, and also the bayside esplanade. This peaceful parkland esplanade follows the coast between the Houghton Highway bridge and Sandgate. The esplanade is used by walkers, cyclists and families. Brighton's beach is used by kite surfers and also walkers during low tide. The road that follows the esplanade is called Flinders Parade named after the navigator Captain Matthew Flinders who was the first European to discover the area in order to establish a penal colony for Lord Brisbane, Governor of New South Wales.
See also
Redcliffe Peninsula road network
References
Further reading
— full text available online
External links
Suburbs of the City of Brisbane
Queensland in World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton%2C%20Queensland |
Empire Air Force Station is a former United States Air Force Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) long range radar site located south-southeast of Empire, Michigan, in Empire Township. It was closed in 1978 by the Air Force, and turned over to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Today the site is part of the Joint Surveillance System (JSS), designated by NORAD as Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) Ground Equipment Facility.
History
The radar site was operated by the 752d Aircraft Control and Warning (AC&W) squadron, starting in late 1950. The unit operated and maintained an AN/CPS-6B radar at this site, and initially the station functioned as a Ground-Control Intercept (GCI) and warning station. As a GCI station, the squadron's role was to guide interceptor aircraft toward unidentified intruders picked up on the unit's radar scopes. In 1958 this radar was replaced by an AN/FPS-6. A second height-finder radar arrived a year later.
During 1960 Empire AFS joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, initially feeding data to DC-14 at K. I. Sawyer AFB, Michigan. After joining, the squadron was re-designated as the 752d Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 15 July 1960. In 1963, Empire AFS was switched to the SAGE Data Center DC-06 at Custer AFS, Michigan. The radar squadron provided information 24/7 the SAGE Direction Center where it was analyzed to determine range, direction altitude speed and whether or not aircraft were friendly or hostile.
Also during 1960 Empire site began operating an AN/FPS-7 radar, and one of the AN/FPS-6 height-finder radars was supplanted by an AN/FPS-26A in 1963.
The Empire AFS site ID was changed to Z-34 when all SAGE radar squadron designations received the NORAD "Z" prefix on 31 July 1963.
In 1964 Empire site became an ADC/FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) Joint Surveillance System (JSS) site.
In addition to the main facility, Empire operated two AN/FPS-18 gap-filler sites:
Petoskey, MI (P-34A/Z-34A)
Alpena, MI (P-34E/Z-34E)
Control of two more gap-fillers was transferred to the 752d from the 781st Radar Squadron (SAGE) at Custer AFS on 27 January 1965 as the 781st was being inactivated.
Saugatuck, MI (P-67C/Z-67C/Z-34G)
Shelby, MI (P-67D/Z-67D/Z-34H)
Of the four gap-filler radars once under the control of Empire AFS, only the Saugatuck annex still stands basically as it did while in operation. In fact, of all of the radars in the SAGE system, gap-filler or long-range, the Saugatuck annex appears to be the last site in public hands that is nearly completely intact with all of the Cold War era electronic equipment still in place in both the building and tower.
Over the years, the equipment at Empire AFS was upgraded or modified to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the information gathered by the radars. The 752d Radar Squadron (SAGE) was inactivated in April 1978, and the AN/FPS-26A height-finder was decommissioned in this time frame.
The FAA assumed control of the radar operations area except for the AN/FPS-6 height-finder radar (now modified to the AN/FPS-116 variant). The National Park Service assumed control of the rest of the property, which is now part of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. Circa 1980 or 1981, the AN/FPS-7 search radar was replaced by an FAA model ARSR-3 search radar. The AN/FPS-116 height-finder radar was removed c. 1988. The ARSR-3 was replaced by an ARSR-4 in the late 1990s.
Many of the veterans of this site still reside in the area and in Traverse City, Michigan, approximately east of Empire. The museum in Empire has a full history of the air station, including a historical marker and the original rock marker for the Dining Hall on display. Reunions are held annually for the veterans of Empire AFS.
Air Force units and assignments
Units
Constituted as the 752d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on 14 November 1950
Activated on 27 November 1950
Redesignated as the 752d Radar Squadron (SAGE) on 15 July 1960
Redesignated as the 752d Radar Squadron on 1 February 1974
Inactivated on 1 April 1978
Assignments
541st Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 27 November 1950
30th Air Division, 6 February 1952
4708th Defense Wing 16 February 1953
4706th Air Defense Wing, 1 March 1956
37th Air Division, 8 July 1956
30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
Sault Sainte Marie Air Defense Sector, 1 April 1960
Detroit Air Defense Sector, 15 July 1963
34th Air Division, 1 April 1966
29th Air Division, 14 November 1966
23d Air Division, 19 November 1969 - 1 April 1978
See also
List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations
List of United States Air Force aircraft control and warning squadrons
References
Cornett, Lloyd H. and Johnson, Mildred W., A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 - 1980, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson AFB, CO (1980).
Winkler, David F. & Webster, Julie L., Searching the Skies, The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program, US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Champaign, IL (1997).
Information for Empire AFS, MI
External links
Photos of Empire AFS, MI
Documents relating to Empire AFS, MI
Recent Photos of Empire AFS
Map of Empire AFS
Empire AFB Site History
Installations of the United States Air Force in Michigan
Aerospace Defense Command military installations
Buildings and structures in Leelanau County, Michigan
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment sites
Military installations established in 1950
Military installations closed in 1978
1950 establishments in Michigan
1978 disestablishments in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire%20Air%20Force%20Station |
Hays Inlet is a saltwater inlet off Bramble Bay in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. The Brisway map reference is 420 L19. A mangrove forest is found in the inlet.
Geography
The slender inlet forms the shape of the south-western Redcliffe suburb of Clontarf and the suburbs of Mango Hill and Griffin. Hays Inlet turns into Saltwater Creek at Rothwell, carrying the city boundary along it.
South of Hays Inlet is Pine River which flows into Bramble Bay. The Houghton Highway and the Ted Smout bridges span Bramble Bay, just east of Hays Inlet.
The original Hornibrook Bridge has been removed with the sections of each end retained as recreational fishing areas.
Water quality
Green algae blooms have developed in Hays Inlet due to high nutrient concentrations.
References
External links
Pine Rivers Shire Waterways
Inlets of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays%20Inlet |
Don Michael Farmer (born September 26, 1936) is a retired American basketball player and coach. A 6'7" forward, he was selected with the third pick in the 1958 NBA draft by the New York Knicks after a college career at the University of San Francisco.
Farmer played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for a total of seven seasons with New York, the Cincinnati Royals, and the St. Louis Hawks. In 1966, he coached nine games for the Baltimore Bullets.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Mike Farmer (as player)
BasketballReference.com: Mike Farmer (as coach)
1936 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973) head coaches
Basketball coaches from Oklahoma
Cincinnati Royals players
New York Knicks draft picks
New York Knicks players
Richmond High School (Richmond, California) alumni
San Francisco Dons men's basketball players
San Francisco Saints players
Small forwards
Basketball players from Oklahoma City
St. Louis Hawks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Farmer%20%28basketball%29 |
Lucas Rey (born 11 October 1982) is an Argentine field hockey midfielder, who plays club hockey in his native country for San Fernando. He is a member of the Men's National Team since 2002, and finished in 11th position at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Rey was also on the side ended up fifth at the 2003 Champions Trophy in Amstelveen, and won the 2005 Champions Challenge tournament in Alexandria, Egypt. Lucas has also won the bronze medal at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup, two medals at the Pan American Games and two Champions Challenge. He now works as a physical education teacher at Cardenal Pironio’s school, in Nordelta, Buenos Aires.
External links
Profile on Athens 2004-website
1982 births
Living people
Argentine male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Argentina
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players from Buenos Aires
Pan American Games gold medalists for Argentina
Pan American Games silver medalists for Argentina
Olympic gold medalists for Argentina
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
Hockey India League players
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
2010 Men's Hockey World Cup players
2014 Men's Hockey World Cup players
21st-century Argentine people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20Rey |
The South Pine River is a minor river in South East Queensland, Australia. It rises on the D'Aguilar Range and passes through the Samford Valley in the City of Moreton Bay local government area.
Location and features
The South Pine River rises in the D'Aguilar Range below Mount Glorious near , northwest of Brisbane, and flows generally east, to form its confluence with the North Pine River at Lawnton, where the river forms the Pine River. The river flows mostly through the City of Moreton Bay; it is joined by Dawson Creek, Creek and Cedar Creek before snaking through the outer northwestern suburbs of Brisbane where it divides the suburbs of and to the north and to the south. Meeting with Albany Creek in the suburb of the same name, it carries the city council boundary between the Moreton Bay City Council and the Brisbane City Council down to its confluence. To the northwest of the South Pine River are the Pine Rivers suburbs of Strathpine and Lawnton, while on the southeast are Brisbane City Council suburbs Bridgeman Downs and Bald Hills. The river descends over its course. A sewage treatment plant is located at Brendale.
On early maps the river was called Eden River. The Pine Rivers Shire draws its name from the South Pine, North Pine and Pine Rivers. Small steamships traversed the river to deliver molasses from local mills.
Fauna
The river is home to the platypus.
See also
References
External links
Moreton Bay Regional Council Waterways Management
Rivers of Queensland
Shire of Pine Rivers
South East Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Pine%20River |
The Catholic Church in Singapore is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. In 2016, the Catholic Foundation of Singapore reported the Catholic population in Singapore to be over 373,000.
According to the 2020 census, 18.9% of Singaporeans identify as Christians – 37.1% of which identified as Catholic and the 62.9% as 'Other Christians' (chiefly Protestants).
It is currently led by Cardinal William Goh, the 4th Archbishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Singapore.
History
Catholicism in Singapore has its roots from the Portuguese presence in Asia. It is believed that the first Catholic priest set foot in Singapore in 1821, two years after Stamford Raffles' landing, to attend to the needs of the growing community consisting largely of British colonialists and some Chinese; however, it is probable that there had been Portuguese missionaries operating out of Malacca in Singapore during the Portuguese period, 1511–1641, prior to the British conquest.
Founder
Acknowledged as the founder of the Catholic Church here, Father Jean-Marie Beurel was notable for initiating the building of several Catholic churches, such as the Cathedral of the Good Shepherd and for establishing the first Missionary schools in Singapore. Of the initial Missionary schools, Saint Joseph's Institution, founded in 1852, was in the care of the Lasallian Brothers while the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus, founded in 1854, was in the care of the Sisters of the Infant Jesus. These institutions catered to students of all faiths and backgrounds and many of the non-Catholics subsequently became converts.
Subdivisions
Historically (prior to independence in 1965), Catholic communities were divided along racial lines – centred along the entire length of Queen St in town:
The vast majority of Catholics in the early years of Singapore would comprise the Eurasians, who were chiefly located in the Waterloo St and Serangoon Road areas and were members of St Joseph's Church (143 Victoria St, rear of Queen St), the former Portuguese Mission church, along with two schools, St Anthony's Boys School and St Anthony's Convent.
The British and other Europeans congregated at the Cathedral of the Good Shepherd. (1A Queen St)
Tamil Catholics, added the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes on Ophir Road, at the other end of Queen St.
Chinese Catholics in the city area were found at Sts Peter and Paul (Queen St), and the Sacred Heart Church (Tank Road).
Conversion to Catholicism among the Chinese community in the 19th century was met with disdain among Chinese immigrant societies in Singapore. Many of these Chinese Catholic converts, a large number of whom were wealthy plantation owners, were frequently subjected to harassment from fellow Chinese and working class organised gangs. These were mainly located in the Upper Serangoon and Hougang areas where the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary is located in what was traditionally a Teochew speaking heartland.
Japanese occupation
During World War II, in an attempt to manage the growing needs of the local people in Singapore, many Catholics of Eurasian and Chinese ethnicity were deported to Bahau, also aptly called "Fuji Village" at that time, to be self-sufficient in their own food supply.
Contemporary era
In 2005, Singapore held an exhibition, dubbed Journey of Faith, on artefacts from Vatican City in the Asian Civilisations Museum at Empress Building, Catholic-oriented artifacts, focusing on art and history, were put on display from June to October 2005.
The Catholic Church in Singapore was under dual jurisdiction for most of its history, one tracing authority from the Vicariate Apostolate of Siam down to the present Archdiocese of Singapore and the other with the authority from the Portuguese Mission first from the Archdiocese of Goa and then the Diocese of Macau. This was a legacy of the padroado pronouncement in the 16th century. Dual jurisdiction was ended in 1981, when the Portuguese Mission handed over St Joseph's Church to the Archdiocese of Singapore and, thus, the whole island of Singapore was brought under the Archdiocese of Singapore.
On May 29, 2022, Pope Francis announced that Archbishop of Singapore William Goh would be appointed as a cardinal in August of that year, making him the first native Singaporean cardinal in history.
List of Catholic churches in Singapore
Cathedral of the Good Shepherd
Church of Sts. Peter and Paul
Church of Our Lady of Lourdes
Church of St. Joseph (Victoria Street) (Kallang)
Church of Divine Mercy
Church of St. Bernadette
Church of St. Michael the Archangel
Church of St. Teresa
Church of the Sacred Heart
Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Succour
Church of Saint Alphonsus (Novena Church)
Church of the Holy Family
Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace
Church of St. Stephen
Church of the Holy Trinity
Blessed Sacrament Church
Church of St. Francis of Assisi
Church of St. Mary of the Angels
Church of the Holy Cross
Church of St. Anthony
Church of Christ the King
Church of St. Ignatius
Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea
Church of the Holy Spirit
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Church of the Risen Christ
Church of St. Francis Xavier
Church of St. Vincent de Paul
Church of St. Joseph (Bukit Timah)
Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
Church of St. Anne
Church of the Transfiguration (COTT)
List of foreign Catholic communities in Singapore
Indonesian Catholic Community in Singapore (KKIS - Keluarga Katolik Indonesia di Singapura)
Indonesian Charismatic Catholic Holy Spirit Prayer Group (KKIHS - Karismatik Katolik Indonesia Holy Spirit)
German-speaking Catholic Parish of Saint Elisabeth in Singapore (Deutschsprachige Katholische Gemeinde Sankt Elisabeth)
Education
The Catholic Church operates kindergartens, primary schools, secondary schools and a junior college, Catholic Junior College. Some schools are operated by the archdiocese and others are under the trusteeship of various religious orders such as the Lasallian Brothers and the Sisters of the Infant Jesus.
See also
Archdiocese of Singapore
List of Catholic churches in Singapore
Christianity in Singapore
Further reading
One hundred years' history of the Chinese in Singapore, by Song Ong Siang
Journey of Faith: Art and History from the Vatican Collections by Asian Civilisations Museum
Syonan: My story the Japanese occupation of Singapore
References
External links
The official Website of the Archdiocese of Singapore
The Website of the French-speaking catholic community of Singapore
The Catholic Church in Singapore by GCatholic.org
Vatican treasures
Catholic Church in Asia
Catholic Church by country | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Singapore |
Gilbert Balibaseka Bukenya is a Ugandan politician and physician who was the seventh vice president of Uganda from 23 May 2003 until 23 May 2011. He has represented the constituency of Busiro County North in the Ugandan Parliament since 1996. His autobiography, Intricate Corridors to Power, was published in 2008.
Background
Gilbert Bukenya was born on 5 August 1949, in the village of Lwantama in Kakiri sub-county, in Busiro County, in present-day Wakiso District, about , by road, northwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.
Education
He was educated by the Brothers of Christian Instruction order in Uganda. He had his early education at St. Savio Primary School, Kisubi, St. Mary's College Kisubi, St. Edward Secondary School, Bukuumi and Old Kampala Secondary School.
Later, he joined Makerere University School of Medicine in 1971, graduating in 1976 with the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB). He worked as a Medical Officer at Mbale Hospital up to 1982 when he left Uganda for Papua New Guinea.
While outside Uganda, he obtained a Diploma in Public Health from the Royal Institute of Public Health, in London, in 1982. He also attained the degrees of Master of Science (MSc) from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine UK, and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from the University of Queensland, with a thesis topic of The Epidemiology of Under-Five Childhood Diarrhoeas in a Peri-Urban Population of Papua New Guinea.
Work experience
Gilbert Bukenya returned to Uganda as a Professor of Medicine and was appointed dean of Makerere University School of Medicine, a position he held from 1994 until 1996. In 1996 he entered politics and was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Busiro North constituency. He also served as chairman of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) parliamentary caucus. During this period he is credited for having managed to defuse the tension that was boiling up between President Yoweri Museveni and other historical leaders of the ruling NRM. He was chairman of the NRM in the Buganda region. Bukenya subsequently became Minister of State for Trade and Industry before being elevated to the post of Minister of the Presidency. He became Vice President in 2003 replacing Specioza Kazibwe, who at the time was grappling with a failed marriage. He later stood for the post of Secretary General of the NRM and lost to Amama Mbabazi. In May 2011, he was replaced as Vice President of Uganda by Edward Ssekandi.
Personal details
He is married to Dr. Margaret Bukenya, a classmate at Makerere Medical School in the early 1970s. He is a member of the Catholic Church. In 2005 Dr. Bukenya surprised political watchers when he alleged that the government was being controlled by a mafia clique. In an interview with the Daily Monitor, he said that the mafia was plotting his downfall. This was attributed to his ever-increasing popularity and his closeness to the powerful Catholic Church in Uganda. He is reported to enjoy swimming and farming. He is credited with the introduction of the cultivation of upland rice, also known as NERICA in Uganda.
Published works
See also
References
External links
Website of the Parliament of Uganda
Gilbert Bukenya Has Announced his Retirement From Politics
1949 births
Living people
Ganda people
People from Wakiso District
Vice presidents of Uganda
Members of the Parliament of Uganda
Makerere University alumni
Ugandan public health doctors
National Resistance Movement politicians
Academic staff of Makerere University
Ugandan Roman Catholics
People educated at St. Mary's College Kisubi
Fellows of Uganda National Academy of Sciences
21st-century Ugandan politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Bukenya |
Loc'd Out is rapper Goldie Loc's second solo album which was released by 33rd Street Records on March 15, 2005
Track listing
"Gangstas Keep Bumpin They Head" (featuring Kokane and Lebo)
"New Dice City" (featuring Lebo)
"Hood Treasury" (featuring Lebo)
"Future Before Funeral"
"Railroading"
"Bang to Da Boogie" (featuring Tray Deee)
"Glitter Ain't Gold" (featuring Tray Deee, E-White & Delano)
"Die for You" (featuring J Girl and Bokie Loc)
"Take You for a Ride" (featuring Bokie Loc)
"You Don't Know Me Like That" (featuring Lebo)
"The After Party"
"Kill a Holiday" (featuring Seven and Boo-Ru)
"Freak Illusions" (featuring Young Sagg)
"Keep It Gangsta" (featuring Young Duz and T-Sagg)
"Bonus Track" (featuring Bokie Loc and Jayo Felony)
2005 albums
Goldie Loc albums
33rd Street Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loc%27d%20Out |
Juan Manuel Vivaldi (born 17 July 1979) is an Argentine field hockey goalkeeper who played club hockey for Club Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. He was a member of the men's national team from 2001 to 2021 with over 300 caps.
He was the stand-in for first choice goalie Pablo Moreira at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where the South Americans finished in 11th position. Vivaldi was also on the side that ended up fifth at the 2003 Champions Trophy in Amstelveen and won the 2005 Champions Challenge tournament in Alexandria, Egypt.
He was part of the Argentine team that finished in 10th position at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He played for the Argentine team that won the bronze medal at the 2014 Men's Hockey World Cup, beating England in the bronze medal playoff.
He was the starting goalie in the 2016 Summer Olympics where he won the Gold medal after defeating Belgium 4-2 in the Final.
Juan Manuel has also won three medals at the Pan American Games and two Champions Challenge. In July 2019, he was selected in the Argentina squad for the 2019 Pan American Games. They won the gold medal by defeating Canada 5-2 in the final.
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Field hockey players from Buenos Aires
Argentine male field hockey players
Male field hockey goalkeepers
Argentine people of Italian descent
Olympic field hockey players for Argentina
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2014 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games gold medalists for Argentina
Pan American Games silver medalists for Argentina
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Argentina
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
South American Games medalists in field hockey
South American Games gold medalists for Argentina
Competitors at the 2014 South American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Manuel%20Vivaldi |
Eoghan Corry (; born 19 January 1961) is an Irish journalist and author. He is the lead commentator on travel for media in Ireland, having edited travel sections in national newspapers and travel publications since the 1980s. A former sportswriter and sports editor he has written books on sports history, and was founding story-editor of the Gaelic Athletic Association Museum at Croke Park, Dublin, Ireland.
Awards
For service to tourism Cory has been designated a Kentucky Colonel and a freeman of the city of Baltimore. Corry was awarded a lifetime "contribution to the industry" award at the Irish Travel Industry Awards in Dublin on 22 January 2016. He received the Business Travel Journalist of the year award in London in October 2015. Previous awards include Irish sportswriter of the year, young journalist of the year, Seamus Kelly award, MacNamee award for coverage of Gaelic Games and short-listing for sports book of the year.
Early life
Corry was born in Dublin, the third of four children of Patrick Corry (1916–1971) from Kilmacduane, Cooraclare and Anne Corry née MacMahon (1929–2009) from Clahanmore, Milltown Malbay, both from County Clare. He grew up in Ardclough, Straffan, County Kildare, Ireland.
Career
Corry was educated at Scoil Mhuire, Clane, at the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) and University College Dublin (UCD). His first published work, as a teenager, was poetry in English and the Irish language in literary magazines and the New Irish Writing section of The Irish Press.
He began his journalistic career as a sportswriter with The Irish Times and Sunday Tribune where he won several awards and became sports editor. Determined to pursue a career outside of sports journalism, he joined The Sunday Press as a feature writer in 1985 and became features editor of The Irish Press in 1986, bringing younger writers and a more contemporary, polemical and literary style to the paper.
He revived the literary and travel sections of the paper and was an adjudicator of the Dublin Theatre Festival awards.
When The Irish Press closed in 1995 he became Features Editor of the short-lived Evening News, storylined the GAA museum in Croke Park in 1998 and was founding editor of High Ball magazine. Since then he has been a columnist, first with The Sunday Business Post and then with the Evening Herald and Irish Independent. As a journalism lecturer in the Dublin Institute of Technology he told students that "journalism is about p-sing people off".
Television
Eoghan Corry has fronted travel shows broadcast in Ireland and the Middle East and is a regular commentator on travel affairs to Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) and TG4, and an occasional guest contributor to BBC Northern Ireland. He wrote the ten-part series GAA@125, screened on Irish television station TG4 in 2009.
Ciarán Corry
His brother Ciarán Corry (21 July 1956 – 26 April 2011) was the author of the "Last Corncrake" column in the Donegal News.
Select bibliography
"Kildare GAA: A Centenary History", CLG Chill Dara, 1984,
"Barry McGuigan: The Unauthorised Biography, Magill 1985,
"Malachar Misnigh: Rogha Dánta – ó Iriseoir Fánach (Selected Poems in the Irish Language) Cló Morainn 1985
"Kelloggs Book of Gaelic Games", CLG, 1986.
"Kingdom Come", Poolbeg 1989.
"Catch and Kick", Poolbeg 1989,
"Viva: World Cup 1990", Poolbeg 1990,
"Gaelsport GAA series," eleven volumes annually 1981–1991.
"Dr JKL and Mr Doyle: How James Warren Doyle invented Irish Catholicism, Old Ross Press 1992
"Oakboys: Derry’s Football Dream Come True", Torc, 1993,
"Going to America World Cup Poolbeg 1994",
"Goal", Merlin Publishing 2002 (co-author),
"God and the Referee: Unforgettable GAA Quotations", Hodder Headline, 2005,
"GAA book of Lists", Hodder Headline, 2005,
"Illustrated History of the Gaelic Athletic Association", Gill & MacMillan, 2005,
"The Nation Holds its Breath", Hodder Headline, 2006.
"I'm Glad You Asked Me That: Irish Political Quotations", Hodder Headline, 2007.
"The History of Gaelic Football", Gill & MacMillan, 2009
"The Irish at Cheltenham", Gill & MacMillan, 2009
The Savvy Traveller: How the Travel Business Works and How to Make it Work For You. Londubh, 2010
"The Top Ten of Ireland: 250 Quintessentially Irish Lists, Hamlyn, 2010
"Deadlock: The Match Made in Hell" Gill & MacMillan 2011
"The GAA & Revolution in Ireland 1913–1923 Collins Press 2015 (co-author)
"ThePress Gang New Island Press 2015 (co-author)
Further reading
"Around the World in 365 Days", Evening Herald, 6 January 2009
Bradley, Lara (2004). "Sports Writer May Sue Over Accusation of Sectarianism". Sunday Independent. 31 October.
Corry, Eoghan (2007). "As Croker goes ecumenical, the real enemy now facing the GAA . . ." Irish Times. 10 April.
McWeeney, Myles (2007). "Gossamer wings, Fenian conspiracies and questions about the effin' peace process." Irish Independent. 14 May.
Corry, Eoghan (1996). "The signs of trouble were visible as the tooth fairy ran out of money." The Irish Times. 10 September.
References
External links
Eoghan Corry's broadcasts on travel on The Today Show on RTÉ Radio 1 and in the Irish Language on Ghlóir an Óir on Raidió na Gaeltachta can be accessed on www.rte.ie/travel
Travel Extra
Travel Extra News Stream
"The Last Corncrake by Ciaran Corry"
1961 births
Living people
Alumni of University College Dublin
Alumni of Dublin Institute of Technology
Business Post people
Gaelic games writers and broadcasters
The Herald (Ireland) people
Broadcasters from County Kildare
Irish columnists
Irish Independent people
Irish magazine editors
Irish newspaper editors
Irish sports journalists
Journalists from Dublin (city)
Writers from County Kildare
RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta presenters
Sunday Tribune people
The Irish Press people
The Irish Times people
20th-century Irish travel writers
21st-century Irish travel writers
20th-century Irish journalists
21st-century Irish journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoghan%20Corry |
The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure as a part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery, which supplies blood to the kidneys.
The afferent arterioles later diverge into the capillaries of the glomerulus.
Regulation
When renal blood flow is reduced (indicating hypotension) or there is a decrease in sodium or chloride ion concentration, the macula densa of the distal tubule releases prostaglandins (mainly PGI2 and PGE2) and nitric oxide, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure and increase reabsorption of sodium ions into the bloodstream via aldosterone.
The macula densa cell can also increase the blood pressure of the afferent arterioles by decreasing the synthesis of adenosine or ATP.
If the efferent arterioles are constricted then the blood pressure in the capillaries of the kidneys will increase.
See also
Efferent arteriole
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Macula densa
Additional images
References
External links
- "Renal Vasculature: Efferent Arterioles & Peritubular Capillaries"
- "Mammal, renal vasculature (EM, Low)"
Kidney anatomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent%20arterioles |
SEQ or seq may refer to:
Sequence (disambiguation), a word commonly abbreviated as "seq."
South East Queensland, a place in Australia
Seq, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
SEQ, the former callsign of a TV station in Maryborough, Queensland, Australia
ShowEQ, a protocol analyzer for the video game, EverQuest.
seq (Unix), a program in the GNU Core Utilities and Plan 9 from Bell Labs that outputs a sequence of numbers
Schrödinger equation, a defining equation of quantum mechanics
Sequence data (or .seq), a file that stores MIDI sequences that are compatible with sound cards integrated into the Sony PlayStation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEQ |
John Joseph McMahon (December 3, 1928 – June 11, 1989) was an American professional basketball player and coach. A 6'1" guard from St. John's University, McMahon was selected by the Rochester Royals in the 1952 NBA draft. He played eight seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), for Rochester and the St. Louis Hawks.
McMahon became a successful coach in the American Basketball League, the NBA and the American Basketball Association (ABA), with eleven seasons as a head coach in the three leagues. His first coaching stint was with the Kansas City Steers of the ABL (1961–62 season). The following season, he began coaching in the NBA with the Chicago Zephyrs in the 1962–63 season. He would also coach the Cincinnati Royals, the San Diego Rockets, and the ABA's Pittsburgh Condors.
Career statistics
NBA
Source
Regular season
Playoffs
References
External links
BasketballReference: Jack McMahon (as player)
BasketballReference: Jack McMahon (as coach)
1928 births
1989 deaths
American Basketball League (1961–62) coaches
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
Chicago Zephyrs head coaches
Cincinnati Royals head coaches
Philadelphia 76ers assistant coaches
Pittsburgh Condors coaches
Point guards
Rochester Royals draft picks
Rochester Royals players
San Diego Rockets head coaches
Shooting guards
Basketball players from Brooklyn
St. John's Red Storm men's basketball players
St. Louis Hawks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20McMahon |
Swanley Village is a village in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It is located 1 mile north east of Swanley & 4.7 miles south west of Dartford.
History
Swanley Village was originally known as Swanley but with the arrival of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway line, specifically the junction between the Chatham Main Line and the Maidstone East Line to the west of the village, a new settlement grew up. This was called "Swanley Junction", but soon grew and became known as "Swanley", with the village thus becoming known as "Swanley Village". Its church is dedicated to St Paul. The local pubs are "The Lamb" and "The Red Lion".
Transport
Rail
The nearest National Rail station is Swanley, located 1.4 miles away.
Buses
Whilst no buses serve Swanley Village directly, the Arriva Kent Thameside route 477 passes the west of the village boundary, connecting it with Bluewater, Dartford, Orpington & Swanley.
External links
St Pauls church
Villages in Kent
Swanley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanley%20Village |
Toowoomba West was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created with the 1960 redistribution and removed by the 1972 redistribution.
The seat was based in the City of Toowoomba.
The member for North Toowoomba, Jack Duggan successfully stood for election in Toowoomba West in 1960 after his previous seat was lost in the redistribution.
The sitting member, Ray Bousen, successfully stood for election in the new seat of Toowoomba North in the 1972 election.
Members for Toowoomba West
Election results
See also
Historical Seats of Toowoomba
Electoral districts of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
:Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
References
Darling Downs
Toowoomba
Toowoomba West | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Toowoomba%20West |
Imagine Me & You is a 2005 romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Ol Parker and starring Piper Perabo and Lena Headey with Matthew Goode, Celia Imrie, and Anthony Head. It centers on the relationship between Rachel (Perabo) and Luce (Headey), who meet on Rachel's wedding day.
The film takes its title from the first line of the song "Happy Together". Writer and director Parker reveals on the DVD audio commentary that the film was originally titled Click, after the French term for love at first sight, but conflicts with the 2006 Adam Sandler film Click necessitated the name change.
Plot
The film opens on Hector "Heck" (Matthew Goode) and Rachel's (Piper Perabo) wedding day in North London, England which Rachel's overbearing mother, Tess, (Celia Imrie), is in charge of planning. Rachel's father Ned (Anthony Head) and her younger sister Henrietta, nicknamed "H" (Boo Jackson), are supportive. Flower shop owner Luce (Lena Headey) and Henrietta are chatting with Hector and Cooper "Coop" (Darren Boyd). Henrietta takes an immediate liking to her, and she asks if Luce can sit by her during the wedding. Rachel arrives with her father and the ceremony begins. During the ceremony, as Rachel walks down the aisle, she makes eye contact with Luce and does a double-take. At the reception afterwards, Luce introduces herself to Rachel. As Luce tries to get a drink, Rachel admits that her wedding ring fell in the punch, and the two fish it out before going their own ways.
Sometime later, Rachel goes to Luce's shop and invites her and Hector to dinner, with Rachel planning to set Luce up with Coop. Luce confides to Heck that she's a lesbian and is bemused as Coop attempts to seduce her. During the meal, Luce espouses her belief in love at first sight, while Rachel counters that it takes time to find the right person. Later on that night, Rachel and Luce share a moment together on the balcony as it rains.
The next day while grocery shopping, Hector and Rachel run into Luce and a female friend, Edie (Eva Birthistle). Hector then tells Rachel that Luce is gay. Hector inquires as to the relationship of Luce and Edie, but they assure Rachel and him that nothing is going on. Edie says Luce "loves another."
Hector sets Luce and Rachel up to spend some time together as friends despite Rachel attempting to avoid Luce. The two spend an evening together, visiting a football match and an arcade. At the end of the night, Luce walks Rachel back to her flat. Rachel leans forward to kiss Luce but withdraws at the last moment and goes inside her home.
Rachel continues to resist her growing attraction to Luce. Unable to deny what she is feeling, Rachel eventually confronts Luce directly at her flower shop. The two discuss the state of their relationship in a back room, concealed from any potential customers. She tells Luce that a romance between them cannot happen, turns to leave, and returns seconds later to kiss Luce. Their foreplay gets interrupted by Hector, who has stopped by to pick up flowers for Rachel, feeling guilty about the distance growing between them. Later, Rachel and Luce agree that they cannot betray Hector. Hector quits his job and when he returns home drunk, she confesses all to him as he sleeps, but does not say who her love is. Hector, who was feigning sleep, calls Coop for support. Coop confronts Luce after deducing that she is the one Rachel loves. Luce decides that being near Rachel without being with her is too hard. She makes plans to go on an extended trip out of the country, leaving care of her shop to her mother.
Days later, while Rachel and Hector are celebrating her birthday, Rachel finds out about Luce's trip, and Hector realizes who Rachel is in love with. Wanting Rachel to be happy, he leaves. Rachel confesses to her parents that she is in love with a woman, and she tracks down Luce. Rachel gets stuck in traffic and tries to call Luce, who ignores her. However, Rachel realizes Luce is in the same traffic jam when she hears the same man on a bicycle singing "Happy Together" and comments, "I've heard that song before." Rachel proceeds to climb on the roof of her car. She then uses the lessons Luce taught her at the football match about how to yell loudly to call to her. The two women reunite and kiss each other in the middle of a crowded London street.
During the end credits, we see the characters sometime later. Heck is on a plane, all set to write his travel book, when he discovers a young woman with whom he has instant chemistry (Angel Coulby) will be sitting next to him for the long flight. The scenes continue with H and her young boyfriend playing at a playground, Coop holding a baby, and Luce and Rachel enjoying each other's company.
Cast
Reception
Box office
On 27 January 2006 the film opened in 106 theaters in the United States. In its opening weekend, the film made US$51,907. It stayed eight weeks on theaters in the US and made US$672,243 in total. In the Netherlands, the film grossed over €97,470, debuting at #10 in its second week. Worldwide the film grossed over US$2,635,305.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Imagine Me & You holds an approval rating of 35%, based on 98 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Aside from its lesbian theme, Imagine Me & You can only offer more of the same generic rom-com cliches." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Common Sense Media stated: "Thank heaven for British romcoms; less crude than their American counterparts and more witty and charming, they show the joy in falling in love, and this one's a worthy addition to the pantheon. What's refreshing about this movie is that every character is interesting and lovable – even the womanizing Cooper (Daren Boyd)." BBC wrote, "Love at first sight is the subject of debut director Ol Parker's Imagine Me & You, a witty and immensely enjoyable British romantic comedy."
The critical response from gay-friendly sites, however, has been extremely positive: Autostraddle ranked the film at 18 on its list of the 103 best lesbian films of all time. Luce and Rachel were both included on AfterEllen.com's "Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters" list.
References
External links
Imagine Me & You at the British Film Institute
2005 films
2005 directorial debut films
2005 LGBT-related films
2005 romantic comedy-drama films
2000s British films
2000s English-language films
2000s German films
BBC Film films
British LGBT-related films
British romantic comedy-drama films
Ealing Studios films
English-language German films
Female bisexuality in film
Fictional LGBT couples
Films about weddings in the United Kingdom
Films set in London
Films shot in London
Films directed by Ol Parker
Films scored by Alex Heffes
Focus Features films
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
German LGBT-related films
German romantic comedy-drama films
Lesbian-related films
LGBT-related romantic comedy-drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine%20Me%20%26%20You |
The Electoral district of Toowoomba East was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created with the 1960 redistribution and removed by the 1972 redistribution.
The seat was based on the City of Toowoomba.
The member for Toowoomba, Mervyn Anderson successfully stood for election in Toowoomba East in 1960 after his previous seat was lost in the redistribution.
The sitting member, Peter Wood, successfully stood for election in the new seat of Toowoomba South in the 1972 election.
Members for Toowoomba East
The members for Toowoomba East were:
Election results
See also
Electoral districts of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
:Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
References
Darling Downs
Toowoomba
Toowoomba East
Toowoomba East
Toowoomba East
Constituencies established in 1960
Constituencies disestablished in 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Toowoomba%20East |
Resi Stiegler (
(born November 14, 1985) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from the United States. She primarily raced in the technical events and specialized in slalom.
Born and raised in Jackson, Wyoming, Stiegler is the daughter of Olympic champion Josef "Pepi" Stiegler of Austria. She began skiing at age two and racing at six at Jackson Hole. Junior Olympic and Nor-Am success while still a teenager led to a berth on the U.S. Ski Team; she made her World Cup debut at age 17 in December 2002 at a slalom in Lenzerheide, Switzerland, where she finished a remarkable eleventh. At the 2003 Junior World Championships in France, she won bronze medals in slalom and combined, to which she added a tenth-place finish in combined at the "grown-up" World Championships that year in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
Through March 2016, Stiegler has 21 World Cup top-ten finishes, with one podium. She finished sixth in combined at the 2005 World Championships in Santa Caterina, Italy. Stiegler made her Olympic debut at the 2006 Torino games at age 20, placing eleventh in the combined and twelfth in the slalom.
Stiegler's trademark is the tiger ears she usually wears atop her helmet. She won a well-publicized battle with the International Olympic Committee, allowing her to compete with the ears at the Torino Olympics.
After a series of injuries, Stiegler made her first World Cup podium in March 2012, a runner-up finish at a slalom in Ofterschwang, Germany. It was her first top ten finish in over four years. In a November, 2012 interview, Stiegler had recovered on schedule and was set to compete in the season as planned.
World Cup results
Season standings
Standings through 4 February 2018
Top tens
1 podium – (1 SL)
23 top tens – (1 GS, 17 SL, 2 PS, 3 SC)
World Championship results
Olympic results
Video
You Tube – Jackson Hole Dreams – Resi Stiegler
References
External links
Resi Stiegler World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation
U.S. Ski Team – profile – Resi Stiegler
Rossignol.com – alpine skiing – Resi Stiegler
Stiegler Q&A, update on recovery – Stio, clothing sponsor
1985 births
Living people
American people of Austrian descent
American female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for the United States
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Wyoming
People from Jackson, Wyoming
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resi%20Stiegler |
Jeroen Petrus Maria Delmee (born March 8, 1973 in Boxtel) is a field hockey player from the Netherlands. Delmee was an Olympic champion for the Netherlands in the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics. After working as head coach of Dutch field hockey club Tilburg and head coach of the France men's national team (2017-2021), he started as the head coach of the Netherlands men's national team in september 2021.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Dutch male field hockey players
Dutch field hockey coaches
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1998 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic field hockey players for the Netherlands
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
People from Boxtel
Sportspeople from North Brabant
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
HC Den Bosch players
Oranje Zwart players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen%20Delmee |
Down to the Bone may refer to:
Down to the Bone (album), a 1995 album by Quiet Riot, and its title track
Down to the Bone (film), an independent film made in 2004
Down to the Bone (band), a British jazz funk band active since 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20to%20the%20Bone |
Rafael Dolnick Sorkin (born c. 1945) is an American physicist. He is professor emeritus of physics at Syracuse University and the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, and a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He is best known as initiator and main proponent of the causal sets approach to quantum gravity.
Biography
Sorkin grew up in Chicago, Illinois, and was educated at the New Trier Township High School (valedictorian, 1963), Harvard University (A.B., Summa Cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa, 1966), and California Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1974). He is the son of the American violinist Leonard Sorkin.
Research interests
Sorkin believes that the successful solution of quantum gravity will involve both a reevaluation of gravity in terms of a discrete structure underlying continuous spacetime, and also a reformulation of quantum mechanics. He also hypothesises that the phenomena of topology change and the thermodynamics of the black hole structure provide important clues to the formation of the final synthesis. In this framework he has examined the quantum properties of topological geons (particles created directly from the spacetime topology). His findings include that the topological geons can exhibit remarkable statistical properties. He also discovered evidence that topology change is a required feature of any consistent quantum gravity theory. He has hunted the origin of a black hole's entropy to discover more about how it relates to the synthesis of quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity.
He also introduced anhomomorphic logic, a new interpretation of quantum theory.
See also
Causal sets
External links
Sorkin's homepage at the Perimeter Institute
Sorkin's preprints at arXiv
Geometry from order: causal sets
Non-technical text by Sorkin on Einstein Online.
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Theoretical physicists
21st-century American physicists
New Trier High School alumni
Harvard University alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Syracuse University faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Sorkin |
Down to the Bone is a 2004 American independent drama film, directed by Debra Granik and written by Granik and Richard Lieske. It stars Vera Farmiga, who received a Best Actress Award from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association for her role as the drug addicted Irene. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 15, 2004, where it won the Director's Award (Granik) and the Special Jury Prize for Acting (Farmiga). The film received a limited release in the United States on November 25, 2005.
Plot
Irene Morrison (Vera Farmiga), a working class mother of two boys, lives in Upstate New York and works as a supermarket cashier. She also harbors a cocaine addiction. Her eldest son, Ben (Jasper Daniels), whose birthday is approaching, asks Irene to buy a snake for him; she suggests Lego instead. On the night of Halloween, Irene takes her kids trick-or-treating and, at one of the houses they visit, she meets Bob (Hugh Dillon), a nurse.
Later that night, her husband Steve (Clint Jordan) arrives home with a toilet, announcing he's going to build them a second bathroom. In bed, Steve tries to initiate sex, but Irene says she doesn't feel very sexy. She changes the subject back to decorating their bathroom. The next day, Irene takes the kids to a reptile store to buy a snake, but finds that they don't have enough money for one. While her boys wait in the car, Irene visits her dealer, asking him for another fix, but he refuses since she hasn't been paying for the last couple of weeks.
At work, Irene contemplates taking money from the cash register. She then goes back to her dealer with Ben's birthday check from her mother-in-law, but the dealer refuses to take it. Afterwards, Irene checks herself into a drug rehabilitation center. At a meeting about cravings, she meets fellow addict Lucy (Caridad de la Luz), and befriends her. While at the facility, Irene again encounters Bob. Before she leaves, Bob visits with a book that helped him during his quitting phase, and offers her his support.
At Irene's first Narcotics Anonymous meeting, a man celebrates one year of abstinence. In the following weeks, Irene finds it difficult to stay clean when her friends use drugs around her recreationally. One day at work, she is called into the manager's office. She admits her past drug use and is subsequently fired. Lucy suggests they start a cleaning business in order to gain money, to which Irene agrees. On the way to her next NA meeting, Irene offers to give Bob a ride. However, in the car, she instigates an affair with him. Bob then takes her to a snake breeder so she can purchase one for Ben. Later on, the two become intimate, but Bob excuses himself to the bathroom. Irene then walks in to find him shooting up. Furious at his hypocrisy, she argues with him but ends up using his drugs.
Irene and Steve attempt to play a sexual game with one another while using coke, but Irene soon stops it. After taking drugs in Bob's car one night, the two are pulled over by the police. They are both arrested and detained when an officer finds a drug burner on the dashboard and a half-ounce of heroin. A lawyer briefs Irene on her best sentencing option: if she pleads guilty, she must commit to 50 individual counselling sessions, 100 group counselling sessions, and 250 NA meetings a year; he informs her that if she screws up, she'll be sentenced to several years incarceration in a state prison. When she arrives home, she admits her affair to Steve, who tells her to move out.
Lucy gives her a place to crash, although she's angry with Irene for flaking out on a job. Irene eventually finds herself a house and gets some custody of her kids. After another of Irene's Narcotics meetings, Bob shows up to apologize for getting her caught up in his mess and subsequently avoiding her calls. Irene forgives him and he begins to stay at her house. Meanwhile, Bob is using, but intends to start going to support meetings again. His dealer tries to persuade him to sell some pills, but he refuses. Irene realizes he's been getting high by combining his prescribed methadone and other drugs, and as a result could endanger her kids; she confronts him and silently asks him to leave.
Cast
Vera Farmiga as Irene Morrison
Hugh Dillon as Bob
Clint Jordan as Steve Morrison
Caridad de la Luz as Lucy
Jasper Daniels as Ben Morrison
Taylor Foxhall as Jason Morrison
Terry McKenna as Gene
Richard Lieske as Richard
Hector Vasquez as Hector
Joel Saeks as Lars
Walt Bolde as Walt
Edward Crawford as Kevin
Production
The film, which addresses the effects of drug addiction, was directed and co-written by Debra Granik. The film takes place in upstate New York and was filmed in and around Saugerties, New York. Down to the Bone is Granik's first feature film and was filmed on digital video. Granik went on to direct Oscar-nominated film Winter's Bone in 2010.
Reception
Box office
Down to the Bone was given a limited release in the United States on November 25, 2005. The film made a total of $7,352 in its opening weekend from two theaters (in New York City and Los Angeles). It made an additional $22,889 from film screenings, for a total domestic gross of $30,241. With international takings, the film made a total of $43,674 worldwide.
Critical response
The film has received critical acclaim from film critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Down to the Bone holds a 94% approval rating, based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's consensus reads, "A vivid portrayal of the effects of drug abuse that avoids cinematic clichés, Down to the Bone is a winning effort by first-time director Debra Granik and features a breakout performance by Vera Farmiga." On Metacritic, the film scored a rating of 76 out of 100, based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
San Francisco Chronicle critic G. Allen Johnson gave a positive review, writing, "Rarely is a shoestring-budget movie as maturely directed and well-acted as Down to the Bone, an intriguing film about a normal working woman trying to kick a cocaine habit. The film is so pitch perfect and realistic, it seems you are there with these people, watching their lives unfold before you as it happens." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly also praised the film, stating, "From movies, you'd never guess the degree to which drug addiction is a small-town pastime. Vera Farmiga, the star of Down to the Bone, has the face of the world's saddest Madonna, and she's flat-out remarkable as Irene, a financially strapped mother of two who works as a cashier at a megamart-style superstore and snorts cocaine to get through the day. Irene's long straight hair has begun to turn stringy, and she rarely wears makeup, but beneath her sallow skin and dead eyes, you can glimpse the carefree, pretty, slightly hip party girl she once must have been."
Accolades
References
External links
2004 films
2004 drama films
American drama films
American independent films
Films about drugs
Films directed by Debra Granik
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in New York (state)
Sundance Film Festival award-winning films
2004 directorial debut films
2004 independent films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20to%20the%20Bone%20%28film%29 |
The Hannahville Indian Community is a federally recognized Potawatomi tribe residing in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, approximately west of Escanaba on a reservation. The reservation, at , lies mostly in Harris Township in eastern Menominee County, but a small part is located in northeastern Gourley Township, also in Menominee County, and another in Bark River Township in adjacent southwestern Delta County.
The 2020 census reported a resident population of 720 persons within its territory, most of whom were of Native American heritage. , the tribe had an enrolled membership of 891 people.
History
The people of Hannahville are descendants of Potawatomi people who refused to leave Michigan in 1834 for Indian Territory during the great Indian removal. For a period, they moved away from Michigan, living with the Menominee in northern Wisconsin, and the Ojibwe and Ottawa peoples in Canada. The Potawatomi, together with the Ojibwe and Odawa, are part of the Council of the Three Fires. In 1853, some Potawatomie returned to Michigan. It was at this time they settled along the mouth of the Big Cedar River at Lake Michigan.
According to the Methodist Church, Peter Marksman was sent to the area as an assistant minister. During this time, he was credited with finding a parcel of land and moving the Potawatomi people to the current location. Some church records report that, as the Potawatomi were very fond of Marksman's wife, Hannah, they named their community after her.
Hannahville Community
The first designation of this area as specifically Potawatomi land was recorded by the US federal government in 1870. The reservation was established by an act of Congress in 1913.
Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the tribe wrote a constitution and organized an elected form of government. It was officially recognized by the federal government in 1937. Members elect a 12-person Tribal Council, which makes decisions for governing the community.
In 1966 the tribe joined with three others in Michigan to establish the Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan, Inc. Other founding members were Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Bay Mills Indian Community, and Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe. These small tribes wanted to work together for joint welfare, to manage joint projects, and to improve relations with the state and federal governments.
Reservation improvements
In 1966 the reservation acquired electricity for the first time. The "Lights for Christmas Project" was a multi-agency sponsored effort. Agencies involved included the Upper Peninsula Committee for Area Progress (UPCAP), the Community Action Agency, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the Marquette Catholic Diocese. In December 1966 linemen from the Alger-Delta Cooperative Electric Association of Gladstone, Michigan began running electrical lines from the Harris area (i.e. West U.S. 2) onto the Hannahville Indian Reservation, a distance of approximately . The cable installation was completed on Dec. 23, 1966.
A team of 40 volunteer electricians from throughout the state began wiring 16 reservation homes to receive electricity. All 40 electricians were members of the International Brotherhood of Electricians. The 16 homes were completed and ready for "flipping the switch" late that evening. On Dec. 23, 1966 at 3 p.m. EST a small handful of local county officials and community members watched as "hotlines" were activated at Hannahville for the first time.
The Marquette Catholic Diocese donated the $6,000 abandonment deposit required by the Alger-Delta Cooperative Electric Association. Each of the 16 households to receive electricity paid the Cooperative membership fee of $5. In this same period, the BIA had approved a housing project for new residences in Hannahville. The cooperative required the deposit against the contingency that the new houses might not be built.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Hannahville Indian Community in 2020 had an area of , all of it land. The community also had of off-reservation trust land. The combined reservation and off-reservation trust land have a total area of .
Demographics
As of the census of 2020, the population of the Hannahville Indian Community and off-reservation trust land was 720. Of these residents, 325 lived within the community, and 395 lived on off-reservation trust land. The population density was . There were 262 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the reservation and off-reservation trust land was 75.1% Native American, 13.1% White, 0.1% Black or African American, 0.1% from other races, and 11.5% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 2.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race.
According to the 1990 Census of Population and Housing for Michigan, the per capita income for the Hannahville community in 1989 was $4,625, whereas the per capita for the state of Michigan was $14,154.
Approximately 100 additional members live nearby and access services on the Reservation. Since the late 20th century, the Tribe has been committed to developing environmental protection programs to ensure a healthy and safe environment for current and future generations.
Education
Hannahville Indian School is the tribal school.
See also
Anishinaabe
Council of Three Fires
Potawatomi
References
Hannahville Community and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Michigan United States Census Bureau
External links
Official Tribe website
Potawatomi Language Vocabulary, Audio & Video, Interactive Language Games, Online Language Courses
Hannahville Indian School - Nah Tah Wahsh PSA
"Recollections of Earl J. Meshigaud, Sr.", Hannahville Potawatomi, hosted by BIA
"Hannahville Potawatomi Indian Community", Inter-tribal Council of Michigan, 2012
Native Americans in Michigan Databases, Mainly Michigan website, includes "Durant Roll of 1908" and "Mt. Pleasant Indian School Register (1893 to 1932)"
1870 establishments in Michigan
American Indian reservations in Michigan
Anishinaabe reservations and tribal-areas in the United States
Anishinaabe communities in the United States
Delta County, Michigan
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Great Lakes tribes
Menominee County, Michigan
Native American tribes in Michigan
Potawatomi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannahville%20Indian%20Community |
FMG Stadium Waikato is a major sporting and cultural events venue in Hamilton, New Zealand, with a total capacity of 25,800. Four areas contribute to this capacity: The Brian Perry Stand holding 12,000, the WEL Networks Stand holding 8,000, the Goal Line Terrace holding 800 and the Greenzone can hold up to 5,000 people. The capacity can be extended, however, by temporarily adding 5,000 seats to the Goal Line Terrace area. The stadium, owned by the Hamilton City Council, regularly hosts two rugby union teams:
The Chiefs in the Southern Hemisphere Super Rugby competition.
The Waikato side in the country's top provincial rugby competition, the Mitre 10 Cup.
History
In 1925, Rugby Park opened. In 1930, a rugby union match between Waikato and Great Britain was first broadcast on the radio in Hamilton. In 1937, South Africa visited Hamilton in front of a then record crowd of 13,000. One of the most memorable games at the ground was in 1956 when Waikato beat the visiting Springboks Rugby team with over 31,000 people in attendance. In 1958, Rugby Park commenced the upgrade of a new grandstand which opened in 1959. In 1981, Rugby Park hosted part of the infamous 1981 Springbok tour where the match was cancelled due to the pitch being invaded by protesters. 1987 saw Rugby Park host its first Rugby World Cup match, Fiji v Argentina.
In 1996, the Waikato Regional Sports and Event Centre Trust were formed as it was decided that the city required a new sports stadium to attract more sports fixtures and events. The city of Hamilton announced plans to replace both Rugby Park and the city's premier cricket venue, Westpac Park, with a single large oval stadium at the Rugby Park site. However, this was reconsidered upon a funding of only NZ$270 million in funding, far short of the estimated NZ$520 million cost. It then decided instead to rebuild and modernise both stadiums on a smaller scale, reducing the total cost to NZ$30 million. In 2000, the construction of Waikato Stadium commenced, and in 2002, Waikato Stadium officially opened with a Super 12 rugby match between the Chiefs and Crusaders.
On 1 October 2015 Waikato Stadium became known as FMG Stadium Waikato after a 10-year naming rights agreement was approved.
Facilities
FMG Stadium Waikato is a multi-purpose facility, though used mainly for rugby union. As many sports fields in New Zealand are multi-purpose (namely serving rugby union and cricket), the stadium is often regarded as one of the best pure rectangular stadia for football-based sporting codes in New Zealand. It is the home field of the Waikato Mitre 10 Cup team, the Chiefs team in the Super Rugby competition and, on occasion, has hosted international fixtures for the New Zealand All Blacks. It has also been the home ground for Waikato FC in New Zealand Football Championship (NZFC) and has been used for FIFA age-group World Cups. It has infrequently hosted matches for the New Zealand Warriors rugby league team in the National Rugby League (NRL) competition.
The stadium also caters for private functions and events within its many different facilities. Such services include: Gallagher Lounge, Bronze Lounge, Genesis Energy Lounge, Radio Sport Lounge, Clarke Lounge, Network Lounge, Boardroom and TV Commentary Room.
Notable events
FMG Stadium Waikato (then known as Rugby Park) was host to one of the matches during the 1981 Springbok Tour. However, the game against Waikato was called off in front of a full house at Rugby Park. A pitch invasion by several hundred anti-tour protestors and rumours that a light aircraft had been stolen from Taupo and was headed for Rugby Park proved too much for the authorities.
Since 2002, the stadium has been host to a variety of events ranging from sporting events to cultural events. This includes: Men’s and Women’s International rugby, Super Rugby, Mitre 10 Cup rugby, Kingz and Wellington Phoenix football, Impact World Tour, Habitat for Humanity, Summer Jam, Volcanic Paintball, Crusty Demons, WIPSEC Cultural Concert, Regional/National Marching Championship, NRL New Zealand Warriors, Waikato FC NZFC matches, Kiwi Bowl Gridiron and International football.
On 11 June 2005, Waikato Stadium was host to a historic, first ever win by the New Zealand Māori Rugby Union Team (later renamed Māori All Blacks), over the touring British & Irish Lions.
It was one of four host stadiums of the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, hosting six group matches and two quarter-finals. FMG Waikato Stadium also hosted three pool matches for the Rugby World Cup 2011 – Wales vs. Samoa, Wales vs. Fiji, and New Zealand vs. Japan.
On 4 August 2012, the stadium hosted the 2012 Super Rugby Final between the Chiefs and the Sharks.
In 2017, Waikato Stadium hosted their first ever rugby league test matches with two 2017 Rugby League World Cup Group B games – Samoa vs. Tonga (18,156 spectators), and New Zealand vs. Tonga (24,041 spectators).
In 2018 New Zealand Sevens was held on the 3–4 Feb.
in 2019, the Tongan rugby league team defeated the Great Britain Lions 14–6 in the 2019 Great Britain Lions tour at the ground.
In 2023, it will be used as one of the venues for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, hosting five matches. Waikato Stadium was also one of two venues to host the inter-confederation play-offs.
References
External links
Official website
Sports venues completed in 2002
Sports venues in Hamilton, New Zealand
Rugby union stadiums in New Zealand
Association football venues in New Zealand
2002 establishments in New Zealand
2000s architecture in New Zealand
World Rugby Sevens Series venues
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup stadiums
Moana Pasifika | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato%20Stadium |
The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms. Efferent (from Latin ex + ferre) means "outgoing", in this case meaning carrying blood out away from the glomerulus. The efferent arterioles form a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus, and carry blood away from the glomerulus that has already been filtered. They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure.
In the mammalian kidney they follow two markedly different courses, depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise.
In the mammalian kidney about 15% of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla and are known as juxtamedullary glomeruli. The rest are simply undifferentiated cortical glomeruli.
In undifferentiated cortical glomeruli
The efferent arterioles of the undifferentiated cortical glomeruli are the most complex. Promptly on leaving the glomerulus they break up into capillaries and become part of a rich plexus of vessels surrounding the cortical portions of the renal tubules.
In juxtamedullary glomeruli
The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary glomeruli are much different. They do break up, but they form bundles of vessels (arteriolae recti) that cross the outer zone of the medulla to perfuse the inner zone.
Vessels returning from the inner medulla (venulae recti) intersperse themselves in a highly regular fashion among the descending arteriolae recti to form a well-organized rete mirabile.
This rete is responsible for the osmotic isolation of the inner medulla from the rest of the kidney and so permits the excretion of a hypertonic urine when circumstances require. Since the rete also isolates the inner medulla from gaseous exchange, any metabolism in this area is anaerobic, and red cells, which would serve no purpose there, are ordinarily shunted from the arteriolae recti by an unknown mechanism into the capillary plexus surrounding the tubules of the outer zone of the medulla.
Blood in this plexus and returning from the inner medulla finds its way to the renal vein and the general circulation by pathways similar to those providing drainage for the rest of the cortex.
Regulation of glomerular filtration rate
When angiotensin II levels are increased due to activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, most of the arteries in the body experience vasoconstriction, in order to maintain adequate blood pressure. However, this reduces blood flow to the kidneys. To compensate, the efferent arterioles constrict to a greater degree than the other arteries, in response to increased levels of angiotensin II. Pressure in glomerular capillaries is therefore maintained and glomerular filtration rate remains adequate. However, in a state of very high angiotensin II for a prolonged period of time, the colloid oncotic pressure of the capillaries will increase, counteracting the increased hydrostatic pressure from the efferent constriction. This will decrease the glomerular filtration rate, depending on the level of oncotic increase in the capillaries, resulting in a decreased filtration fraction.
See also
Afferent arteriole
Additional images
External links
- "Mammal, renal vasculature (EM, Low)"
Kidney anatomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent%20arteriole |
Calgon Carbon Corporation is a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania based company that manufactures and markets products that remove contaminants and odors from liquids and gases, both for industrial, municipal, and consumer markets. Calgon Carbon's product lines typically use activated carbon in various forms,
Originally formed as the Pittsburgh Coke & Chemical Company in the 1940s, the company's main operations are currently centered in North America. The company has its presence overseas such as Chemviron Carbon in Europe, Calgon Carbon Japan KK in Japan, Calgon Carbon Thailand Ltd. in Thailand, and Hyde Marine, Inc. As of 2015 Calgon Carbon operates fifteen facilities for manufacturing, reactivation, and equipment in the US, Asia, and Europe, and employs around 1,100 people. In early 2015 the company moved their headquarters from the Pittsburgh suburb of Robinson to nearby Moon Township.
History
Formation and government contract (1940s–1950s)
Calgon Carbon Corporation was founded as the Pittsburgh Coke and Chemical Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which later merged with the Hillman Coal and Coke Company. Initially the company manufactured products such as coke fuel in support of the local steel industry. Owned in part by the Pittsburgh "steel tycoon" J. Hartwell Hillman, Jr., in 1940 the company began operating a manufacturing plant on Neville Island. In 1956, Fortune Magazine ranked Pittsburgh Coke & Chemical as No. 488 on the Fortune 500.
Pittsburgh Activated Carbon (1960s–1980s)
In the early 1960s the Neville Island facility became the formation site of Pittsburgh Activated Carbon Company, the next evolution of the company. In 1965 the Calgon Corporation acquired Pittsburgh Activated Carbon.
Going public (1980s–1990s)
Calgon Carbon was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991, and throughout the 1990s it bought a number of subsidiaries, with Calgon Carbon's executive Colin Bailey overseeing many of the acquisitions.
In 1997 Calgon Carbon Asia was formed as a marketing subsidiary in Singapore, serving much of Asia, India, Australia and New Zealand. Calgon Carbon Corporation's CEO resigned in February 1998, reportedly over differences with the board of directors over company direction, and Calgon Carbon hired the firm Morgan Stanley for advice on a possible company sale.
UV products and expansion (2000–2013)
Calgon Carbon acquired the firm Zwicky Denmark and Sweden in 2010, which had long been a distributor for Chemivron Carbon, and Calgon Carbon also purchased the stock of Hyde Marine, a company that manufacturers equipment using filtration and UV disinfection to treat marine ballast water.
Randy Dearth became Calgon Carbon's CEO in June 2012, after his predecessor John Stanik retired. Dearth had previously worked at Bayer Corporation and as a CEO of Lanxess Corporation. In May 2013 Dearth announced the company would be working to cut annual expenses by $30 million by the end of 2014. The company, which had recently closed a plant in China, reduced their number of products by 45 percent early in the cost-cutting cycle. Calgon Carbon also did an early retirement program and restructured their business units.
Growth and new headquarters (2013–2015)
As of September 2013 Calgon Carbon was "one of the top three suppliers of activated carbon for the mercury removal market and supplies 32 electric generating units that produce 14.2 gigawatts of electricity." That summer the EPA's pending Mercury and Air Toxins Standards required all power plants to filter the mercury emitted by burning coal. At the time, the EPA recommended activated carbon as the best available "control technology for mercury removal." Calgon Carbon predicated that when the policies are implemented in April 2015, the demand for activated carbon might double. Calgon Carbon products are distributed by Brenntag Canada in Canada, and in September 2013 they signed a near $30 million contract for Calgon Carbon's FLUEPAC product, which is a powdered activated carbon that can filter mercury.
As of February 2014 the company sold 50 million pounds of GAC annually to municipalities to be used for treatment of drinking water. Continuing to branch into Asia, that month the company signed a contract with DaeWoo Engineering and Construction to supply 5.6 million pounds of GAC to a drinking water plant that provides water for about 600,000 residents in Seoul, South Korea. Also at that time the company signed a 10-year contract to treat drinking water for the Palmdale Water District in California, which serves around 115,000 people.
In late 2012 the stock was around $12 a share, before hovering around $20 in 2014. The U.S. Department of Commerce imposed tariffs in November 2014 on activated carbon imports from China, doubling the average import tax. Calgon Carbon announced it would be affected by fluctuating market prices. In February 2015 the company announced a 10% increase in fourth quarter profits, citing increased demand for activated carbon for mercury removal and industrial water treatment. After the announcement, shares rose 7%.
In early 2015 the company moved their headquarters from the Pittsburgh suburb of Robinson to nearby Moon Township. The new building combined the main research laboratory and corporate staff, which had previously been in separate facilities.
Acquisition of CECA - Carbonisation Et Charbons Actifs (2016)
Calgon Carbon Corporation announced on February 2016 that it completed its acquisition of the wood-based activated carbon, reactivation and mineral-based filtration media business from CECA (Carbonisation Et Charbons Actifs), a subsidiary of Arkema Group.
Calgon Carbon acquired by Kuraray (2018)
Calgon Carbon was acquired by Kuraray Co., Ltd. in March of 2018.
See also
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
Activated carbon
References
Further reading
External links
Calgon Carbon
Chemviron Carbon, the European Operations of Calgon Carbon Corporation
Chemical companies established in 1942
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Chemical companies of the United States
1942 establishments in Pennsylvania
Companies based in Pittsburgh
Kuraray
2018 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgon%20Carbon |
Klaas Willem Veering (born 26 September 1981) is a field hockey goalkeeper from the Netherlands, who won the silver medal with the Dutch national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. There he was the stand-in for first choice Guus Vogels.
The goalie made his debut on 23 February 2003 in a friendly match in and against Australia. He played for Amsterdam, with whom he won the title in the Dutch League (Hoofdklasse)four times (2003, 2004, 2011 and 2014).
External links
Profile on Athens 2004-website
1981 births
Living people
Dutch male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Leiden
Field hockey players from South Holland
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
20th-century Dutch people
21st-century Dutch people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaas%20Veering |
Gil Stein may refer to:
Gil Stein (archaeologist), American archaeologist and current director of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago
Gil Stein (ice hockey) (1928–2022), former president of the National Hockey League
See also
Jill Stein (born 1950), US Green politician
Jill Stein (restaurateur), British restaurateur for The Seafood Restaurant, and interior designer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%20Stein |
Operation Opera (), also known as Operation Babylon, was a surprise airstrike conducted by the Israeli Air Force on 7 June 1981, which destroyed an unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor located southeast of Baghdad, Iraq. The Israeli operation came after Iran's partially successful Operation Scorch Sword had caused minor damage to the same nuclear facility a year prior, with the damage having been subsequently repaired by French technicians. Operation Opera, and related Israeli government statements following it, established the Begin Doctrine, which explicitly stated the strike was not an anomaly, but instead "a precedent for every future government in Israel". Israel's counter-proliferation preventive strike added another dimension to its existing policy of deliberate ambiguity, as it related to the nuclear weapons capability of other states in the region.
In 1976, Iraq purchased an Osiris-class nuclear reactor from France. While Iraq and France maintained that the reactor, named Osirak by the French, was intended for peaceful scientific research, the Israelis viewed the reactor with suspicion, believing it was designed to produce nuclear weapons that could escalate the ongoing Arab–Israeli conflict. On 7 June 1981, a flight of Israeli Air Force F-16A fighter aircraft, with an escort of F-15As, bombed the Osirak reactor deep inside Iraq. Israel called the operation an act of self-defense, saying that the reactor had "less than a month to go" before "it might have become critical." The airstrike reportedly killed ten Iraqi soldiers and one French civilian. The attack took place about three weeks before the 1981 Israeli legislative elections for the Knesset.
At the time of its occurrence, the attack was met with sharp international criticism, including in the United States, and Israel was rebuked by the United Nations Security Council and General Assembly in two separate resolutions. Media reactions were also negative: "Israel's sneak attack ... was an act of inexcusable and short-sighted aggression", wrote The New York Times, while the Los Angeles Times called it "state-sponsored terrorism". The destruction of Iraq's Osirak reactor has been cited as an example of a preventive strike in contemporary scholarship on international law. The efficacy of the attack is debated by historians, who acknowledge that it brought Iraq back from the brink of nuclear capability but drove its weapons program underground and cemented Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's future ambitions for acquiring nuclear weapons.
Iraq's nuclear program
Iraq had established a nuclear program sometime in the 1960s, and in the mid-1970s looked to expand it through the acquisition of a nuclear reactor. After failing to convince the French Government to sell them a gas cooled graphite moderated plutonium-producing reactor and reprocessing plant, and likewise failing to convince the Italian government to sell them a Cirene reactor, the Iraqi government convinced the French government to sell them an Osiris-class research reactor. The purchase also included a smaller accompanying Isis-type reactor, the sale of 72 kilograms of 93% enriched uranium and the training of personnel. The total cost has been given as $300 million (equivalent to $1.62 billion in ). In November 1975, the countries signed a nuclear cooperation agreement and in 1976, the sale of the reactor was finalized.
Construction for the 40-megawatt light-water nuclear reactor began in 1979 at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Center near Baghdad. The main reactor was dubbed Osirak (Osiraq) by the French, blending the name of Iraq with that of the reactor class. Iraq named the main reactor Tammuz 1 (Arabic: تموز) and the smaller Tammuz 2. Tammuz was the Babylonian month when the Ba'ath party had come to power in 1968. On 6 April 1979, Israeli agents sabotaged the Osirak reactor awaiting shipment to Iraq at La Seyne-sur-Mer in France. On 14 June 1980, Mossad agents assassinated Yahya El Mashad, an Egyptian nuclear scientist who headed the Iraqi nuclear program, in a hotel in Paris. In July 1980, Iraq received from France a shipment of approximately 12.5 kilograms of highly enriched uranium fuel to be used in the reactor. The shipment was the first of a planned six deliveries totalling 72 kilograms. It was reportedly stipulated in the purchase agreement that no more than two HEU fuel loadings, 24 kilograms, could be in Iraq at any time.
Iraq and France claimed that the Iraqi reactor was intended for peaceful scientific research. Agreements between France and Iraq excluded military use. The American private intelligence agency STRATFOR wrote in 2007 that the uranium-fueled reactor "was believed to be on the verge of producing plutonium for a weapons program". In a 2003 speech, Richard Wilson, a professor of physics at Harvard University who visually inspected the partially damaged reactor in December 1982, said that "to collect enough plutonium [for a nuclear weapon] using Osirak would've taken decades, not years". In 2005, Wilson further commented in The Atlantic: "The Osirak reactor that was bombed by Israel in June 1981 was explicitly designed by the French engineer Yves Girard to be unsuitable for making bombs. That was obvious to me on my 1982 visit". Elsewhere Wilson has stated that contrary to claims that the bombing of the Iraqi Osirak reactor delayed Iraq's nuclear bomb program, the Iraqi nuclear program before 1981 was peaceful, and the Osirak reactor was not only unsuited to making bombs but was under intensive safeguards.
In an interview in 2012, Wilson again emphasised: "The Iraqis couldn't have been developing a nuclear weapon at Osirak. I challenge any scientist in the world to show me how they could have done so."
Iraq was a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, placing its reactors under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. In October 1981, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists published excerpts from the testimony of Roger Richter, a former IAEA inspector who described the weaknesses of the agency's nuclear safeguards to the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Richter testified that only part of Iraq's nuclear installation was under safeguard and that the most sensitive facilities were not even subject to safeguards. IAEA's Director-General Sigvard Eklund issued a rebuttal saying that Richter had never inspected Osirak and had never been assigned to inspect facilities in the Middle East. Eklund claimed that the safeguards procedures were effective and that they were supplemented by precautionary measures taken by the nuclear suppliers. Anthony Fainberg, a physicist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, disputed Richter's claim that a fuel processing program for the manufacturing of nuclear weapons could have been conducted secretly. Fainberg wrote that there was barely enough fuel on the site to make one bomb, and that the presence of hundreds of foreign technicians would have made it impossible for the Iraqis to take the necessary steps without being discovered.
Strategy and diplomacy
In Israel, discussions on which strategy to adopt in response to the Iraqi reactor development were taking place as early as Yitzhak Rabin's first term in office (1974–1977). Reportedly, planning and training for the operation began during this time. After Menachem Begin became Prime Minister in 1977 the preparations intensified; Begin authorized the building of a full-scale model of the Iraqi reactor which Israeli pilots could practice bombing. Three Israeli pilots died in accidents while training for the mission.
Israel's Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan initiated diplomatic negotiations with France, the United States and Italy (Israel maintained that some Italian firms acted as suppliers and sub-contractors) over the matter but failed to obtain assurances that the reactor program would be halted. In addition Israel was not able to convince the French governments of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and François Mitterrand to cease aiding the Iraqi nuclear program. Saddam Hussein consistently maintained that Osirak was intended for peaceful purposes. Begin considered the diplomatic options fruitless, and worried that prolonging the decision to attack would lead to a fatal inability to act in response to the perceived threat. According to Karl P. Mueller, in the spring of 1979, Begin had reached the conclusion that an anticipatory attack was necessary.
Anthony Cordesman writes that the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad conducted a series of clandestine operations to halt construction or destroy the reactor. In April 1979, Mossad agents in France allegedly planted a bomb that destroyed the reactor's first set of core structures while they were awaiting shipment to Iraq. In June 1980, Mossad agents are said to have assassinated Yehia El-Mashad, an Egyptian atomic scientist working on the Iraqi nuclear program. Shortly afterward, two other Iraqi engineers working on the program, Salman Rashid and Abdul Rasul, fell ill and died on trips to Switzerland and France respectively, with Mossad suspected of having poisoned them. It has also been claimed that the Mossad bombed several of the French and Italian companies it suspected of working on the project, and sent threatening letters to top officials and technicians, causing several French technicians to resign. Following the bombing in April 1979, France inserted a clause in its agreement with Iraq saying that French personnel would have to supervise the Osirak reactor on-site for a period of ten years.
The alleged assassinations caused widespread panic among Iraqi nuclear scientists. Saddam Hussein, worried over the effect on the morale of the project's scientists, awarded cash bonuses and luxury cars to all senior scientists. Meshad's widow was awarded $300,000 and promised that she and her children would receive a lifelong pension. Iraqi scientists were given financial bonuses for international travel, which they had become increasingly fearful of, and received instructions on how to avoid potential Mossad assassinations.
Iranian attack
In an air attack codenamed Operation Scorch Sword, Iran attacked and damaged the site on 30 September 1980, with two F-4 Phantoms, shortly after the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War. At the onset of the war, Yehoshua Saguy, director of the Israeli Military Intelligence Directorate, publicly urged the Iranians to bomb the reactor. The attack was the first on a nuclear reactor and only the third on a nuclear facility in history. It was also the first instance of a preventive attack on a nuclear reactor which aimed to forestall the development of a nuclear weapon.
Due to last minute Iranian concerns that the reactor had been already fueled and could release radioactive fallout if hit, they did not attack the actual reactor dome, but the control room, research/centrifuge facilities, and the adjacent buildings. The targets were struck and the buildings were damaged, along with the plant cooling mechanisms. Two other F-4s simultaneously hit Baghdad's main power plant, knocking the city's electricity out for nearly two days. The Iraqis denied any major damage. The French and Italian technicians promptly left Iraq, and nearly withdrew from the project, but some later returned in February 1981 and began to repair the damage.
Trita Parsi, in the book Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States, writes that a senior Israeli official met with a representative of the Ayatollah Khomeini in France one month prior to the Israeli attack. The source of the assertion is Ari Ben-Menashe, a former Israeli government employee. At the alleged meeting, the Iranians explained details of their 1980 attack on the site, and agreed to let Israeli planes land at an Iranian airfield in Tabriz in the case of an emergency. While the new Iranian government was officially hostile to Israel, due to both nations having a common enemy (Iraq), and Iranian fears that the Iraqis would create an atomic bomb to use on them, they clandestinely worked with Israel to forestall such a development.
Operational planning
The distance between Israeli military bases and the reactor site was significant—over . The Israeli planes would have to violate Jordanian and/or Saudi airspace in a covert flight over foreign territory, making mid-air refueling unfeasible. The Israelis eventually concluded that a squadron of heavily fueled and heavily armed F-16As, with a group of F-15As to provide air cover and fighter support, could perform a surgical strike to eliminate the reactor site without having to refuel.
The decision to go through with the operation was hotly contested within Begin's government. Ariel Sharon, a member of the Security Cabinet, later said that he was among those who advocated bombing the reactor. Dayan, Defense Minister (until late 1980) Ezer Weizman and Deputy Prime Minister Yigael Yadin were among those opposed. According to Mueller, "the principal difference between the hawks and doves on this issue lay in their estimation of the likely international political costs of an air strike". Shai Feldman specifies that "[those opposed] feared that the operation would derail the fragile Israeli-Egyptian peace process, fuel Arab anxieties about Israel's profile in the region, and damage Israel-French relations". Begin and his supporters, including Sharon, were far less pessimistic than their opponents about the political fallout. Yehoshua Saguy argued for continued efforts in trying to find a non-military solution as it would take the Iraqis five to ten years to produce the material necessary for a nuclear weapon. In the end, Begin chose to order the attack based on a worst-case estimate where a weapon could be created in one to two years time. According to Ronen Bergman, Mossad director Yitzhak Hofi told Begin in October 1980 that the Mossad's campaign of assassinations and sabotage could not stop the Iraqi nuclear program and that the only way to put an end to it was an airstrike.
Prime Minister Begin defended the timing of the bombing stating that a later attack, after the reactor had become operational, could cause lethal radioactive contamination doses to reach all the way to Baghdad. An analysis by Warren Donnelly of the United States Congressional Research Service concluded that "it would be most unlikely for an attack with conventional bombs upon the reactor when operating to have caused lethal exposures to radioactivity in Baghdad, although some people at the reactor site might receive some exposure". This was similarly the conclusion of Herbert Goldstein of Columbia University using IAEA release factors, the lethal contamination would be confined to a close proximity to the reactor and small amounts of radiation would be detectable in Baghdad under the assumption that winds were blowing in that direction.
In October 1980, Mossad reported to Begin that the Osirak reactor would be fueled and operational by June 1981. This assessment was significantly aided by reconnaissance photos supplied by the United States, specifically using the KH-11 KENNEN satellite. French technicians installing the reactor later said it was scheduled to become operational only by the end of 1981. Nonetheless, in October 1980, the Israeli cabinet (with Dayan absent) finally voted 10–6 in favor of launching the attack.
Preliminary Israeli/Iranian actions
After the approval for Operation Opera, the Israelis began to plan their mission against Osirak. The basic procedure for the airstrike had been formulated as early as 1979. However, the Israelis needed photographic intelligence about the layout of the plant. That task allegedly fell to the Iranians. Rather than carrying out a follow-up air raid after their September attack, on 30 November 1980, an Iranian F-4 Phantom reconnaissance jet took pictures of the Osirak reactor. The photographs were allegedly placed in a top-secret metal container, and certain elements of the Iranian military delivered them to the Israelis. With these photographs, the Israelis began to plan out Operation Opera.
A team of Israeli pilots using A-4 Skyhawk aircraft began practicing over the Mediterranean Sea for the raid. The Israelis shortly afterwards received their first agreed delivery of F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft (the first batch was originally earmarked for Iran, but because of the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Israeli Air Force received theirs ahead of schedule). The new F-16s would be used for the raid. Israeli F-4 Phantoms also ran reconnaissance missions over areas of southern and western Iraq. While the Iraqi Air Force was busy fighting the Iranians, on one occasion, an Iraqi MiG-21 chased an Israeli F-4; the Iraqi jet ran out of fuel and the pilot was forced to eject. However, in their missions, the Israelis discovered a blind area on Iraqi radar, on the border with Saudi Arabia. While the Iraqis were aware of the blind area, they did not remedy the problem because they did not expect a war with Saudi Arabia.
The Iraqi Air Force was a potential threat to the Israelis (as the MiG-21 interception showed) and it somewhat deterred Israel from attacking yet. However, Israel had an advantage in that Iraq was preoccupied fighting Iran. On 4 April 1981, the Iranian Air Force launched a major attack on Iraq's H-3 airbase in the western part of the country (near Jordan and Israel). Eight Iranian F-4 Phantoms carried out the long range bombing mission and struck the airbase. Iran claimed that 48 Iraqi aircraft were destroyed, although US intelligence concluded that 27 aircraft were destroyed and 11 others damaged (some beyond repair). Among the aircraft hit were two Tu-22 Blinder and three Tu-16 Badger strategic bombers (which could have been used to retaliate against Israel in the event of an attack). The attack was a severe blow to Iraqi airpower, and largely gave Iran air superiority over Iraq. Israeli reconnaissance planes had been monitoring Iraq during the attack, and observed that the Iraqi Air Force had been severely degraded and their retaliatory capacity had been weakened.
Attack
Yehuda Zvi Blum, in a speech to the United Nations Security Council following the attack, claimed that the operation was launched on a Sunday afternoon under the assumption that workers present on the site, including foreign experts employed at the reactor, would have left. Notwithstanding this precaution, there were hundreds of French workers and other nationals at the plant at the time of the raid.
The attack squadron consisted of eight F-16As, each with two unguided Mark-84 delay-action bombs. A flight of six F-15As was assigned to the operation to provide fighter support. The F-16 pilots were Ze'ev Raz, Amos Yadlin, Dobbi Yaffe, Hagai Katz, Amir Nachumi, Iftach Spector, Relik Shafir, and Ilan Ramon. Raz led the attack and was later decorated by the Chief of Staff for his leadership. Ramon, who was the youngest pilot to participate in the operation, later became the first Israeli astronaut and died in the Columbia space shuttle disaster.
The operation started on 7 June 1981, at 15:55 local time (12:55 GMT). The Israeli planes left Etzion Airbase, flying unchallenged in Jordanian and Saudi airspace. To avoid detection, the Israeli pilots conversed in Saudi-accented Arabic while in Jordanian airspace and told Jordanian air controllers that they were a Saudi patrol that had gone off course. While flying over Saudi Arabia, they pretended to be Jordanians, using Jordanian radio signals and formations. The Israeli planes were so heavily loaded that the external fuel tanks that had been mounted on the planes were exhausted in-flight. The tanks were jettisoned over the Saudi desert.
King Hussein of Jordan, vacationing in the Gulf of Aqaba, witnessed the planes overfly his yacht, and noticed their Israeli markings. Taking into account the location, heading, and armament of the jets, Hussein quickly deduced the Iraqi reactor to be the most probable target. Hussein immediately contacted his government and ordered a warning to be sent to the Iraqis. However, due to a communication failure the message was never received and the Israeli planes entered Iraqi airspace undetected. Upon reaching Iraqi airspace, the squadron split up, with two of the F-15s forming close escort to the F-16 squadron, and the remaining F-15s dispersing into Iraqi airspace as a diversion and ready back-up. The attack squadron descended to over the Iraqi desert, attempting to fly under the radar of the Iraqi defences.
At 18:35 local time (14:35 GMT), from the Osirak reactor complex, the F-16 formation climbed to and went into a 35-degree dive at , aimed at the reactor complex. At , the F-16s began releasing the Mark 84 bombs in pairs, at 5-second intervals. At least eight of the sixteen released bombs struck the containment dome of the reactor. It was later revealed that half an hour before the Israeli planes arrived, a group of Iraqi soldiers manning anti-aircraft defenses had left their posts for an afternoon meal, turning off their radars. The Israeli planes were still intercepted by Iraqi defenses but managed to evade the remaining anti-aircraft fire. The squadron climbed to high altitude and started their return to Israel. The attack lasted less than two minutes.
International political reactions
International response at the United Nations took two paths. The United Nations Security Council issued a unanimous and almost immediate response on 19 June 1981, following eight meetings and statements from Iraq and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Security Council Resolution 487 strongly condemned the attack as a "clear violation of the Charter of the United Nations and the norms of international conduct" and called on Israel to refrain from such attacks in the future; the Council recognised the right of Iraq to "establish programmes of technological and nuclear development" and called for Israel to join Iraq within the "IAEA safeguards regime" of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The council also stated its consideration that Iraq was "entitled to appropriate redress for the destruction it has suffered." The United States voted for the resolution and suspended the delivery of four F-16 aircraft to Israel, but blocked punitive action by the UN. The suspension on the delivery of the aircraft was lifted two months later.
The UN General Assembly followed the Security Council with Resolution No. 36/27 on 13 November 1981, expressing deep alarm and condemning Israel over the "premeditated and unprecedented act of aggression," and demanding that Israel pay prompt and adequate compensation for the damage and loss of life it had caused. The resolution also solemnly warned Israel to refrain from taking such measures in the future.
Debate prior to passage of the UN resolution reflected member states' differing positions on issues such as nuclear proliferation in the region and the appropriateness and justifiability of Israel's actions. The Iraqi representative stated that "the motives behind the Israeli attack were to cover up Israel's possession of nuclear weapons and, more importantly, the determination not to allow the Arab nation to acquire scientific or technical knowledge." Syria requested condemnation not only of Israel for terrorism against Arab peoples, but also of the United States, "which continue[s] to provide Israel with instruments of destruction as part of its strategic alliance."
The representative of France stated that the sole purpose of the reactor was scientific research. Agreements between France and Iraq excluded military use. The United Kingdom said it did not believe Iraq had the capacity to manufacture fissionable materials for nuclear weapons. The IAEA Director-General confirmed that inspections of the nuclear research reactors near Baghdad revealed no non-compliance with the safeguards agreement.
The IAEA's Board of Governors convened on 9–12 June and condemned Israel's action. The Board further asked that the prospect of suspending Israel's privileges and rights of membership be considered at the next General Conference held by the organization. On 26 September 1981, the IAEA Conference condemned the attack and voted to suspend all technical assistance to Israel. A draft resolution was introduced to expel Israel from the IAEA, but the proposition was defeated. The United States argued that the attack was not a violation of the IAEA Statute and that punitive action against Israel would do great harm to the IAEA and the non-proliferation regime.
The attack was strongly criticized around the world, including in the United States. Privately, President Reagan wrote in his journal on the day of the attack, "I swear I believe Armageddon is near," adding of Begin's decision, "He should have told us & the French, we could have done something to remove the threat." Jonathan Steele, writing in The Guardian, described the reaction:
The world was outraged by Israel's raid on 7 June 1981. "Armed attack in such circumstances cannot be justified. It represents a grave breach of international law," Margaret Thatcher thundered. Jeane Kirkpatrick, the U.S. ambassador to the UN and as stern a lecturer as Britain's then prime minister, described it as "shocking" and compared it to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. American newspapers were as fulsome. "Israel's sneak attack ... was an act of inexcusable and short-sighted aggression," said the New York Times. The Los Angeles Times called it "state-sponsored terrorism".
Aftermath
Ten Iraqi soldiers and one French civilian were killed in the attack. The civilian killed was engineer Damien Chaussepied, variously described as 24 or 25 years old, who was an employee of Air Liquide and the French governmental agency CEA. In 1981, Israel agreed to pay restitution to Chaussepied's family.
Iraq said it would rebuild the facility and France agreed, in principle, to aid in the reconstruction. Because of a mix of factors, including the Iran–Iraq War, international pressure and Iraqi payment problems, negotiations broke down in 1984 and France withdrew from the project. The Osirak facility remained in its damaged state until the 1991 Persian Gulf War, when it was completely destroyed by subsequent coalition air strikes by the United States Air Force, one of them being the Package Q Strike. During the war, 100 out of 120 members of the Knesset signed a letter of appreciation to Menachem Begin, thanking him for ordering the attack on Osirak. In July 1991, Begin, in a rare interview granted to Israel Army Radio, claimed that the Gulf War, and especially the Iraqi Scud missile attacks on Israel during that war, vindicated his decision to bomb the reactor.
In response to their failures to prevent the Osirak attack (and the earlier H-3 attack), Saddam Hussein ordered the execution of Colonel Fakhri Hussein Jaber, the head of Iraq's Western Air Defense Zone, and all officers under his command above the rank of major. In addition, 23 other Iraqi pilots and officers were imprisoned.
The attack took place approximately three weeks before the Israeli legislative election of 1981. Opposition leader Shimon Peres criticized the operation as a political ploy, which did not go over well with the electorate. Dan Perry writes that "the Osirak bombing—and Peres's poor political judgement in criticizing it—were crucial in turning the tide of what initially had seemed to be a hopeless election campaign for Likud". Begin responded to Peres's accusation at a Likud rally: "Jews, you have known me for forty years, since I lived in the Hassidoff neighborhood of Petah Tikva to fight for the Jewish people (a reference to Begin's incognito days in the Irgun). Would I send Jewish boys to risk death—or captivity worse than death, because those barbarians would have tortured our boys horribly—for elections?" On 30 June, Likud was reelected over Peres's Alignment party, winning by just one seat in the Knesset.
The US government had been caught completely off-guard by the attack. A former senior official in US intelligence told Israeli journalist Ronen Bergman that the failure to detect preparations for the attack was perceived as a grave intelligence failure within the US intelligence community, and that it led to a special team within US intelligence being set up to investigate the failure to detect preparations for an operation of this magnitude within the Israeli Air Force, military intelligence, the Mossad, and political system.
In 2009, the Prime Minister of Iraq Nouri al-Maliki demanded that Israel compensate Iraq for the destruction of the reactor. An Iraqi official asserted that Iraq's right to redress is supported by Resolution 487 adopted by the United Nations Security Council in response to the attack. In early 2010, The Siasat Daily, citing an unnamed Iraqi parliament member, reported that Iraqi officials had received word from the UN Secretariat that the Iraqi government was entitled to seek compensation from Israel for damage caused by the attack.
Assessment
Israel claims that the attack impeded Iraq's nuclear ambitions by at least ten years. In an interview in 2005, Bill Clinton expressed support for the attack: "everybody talks about what the Israelis did at Osiraq, in 1981, which, I think, in retrospect, was a really good thing. You know, it kept Saddam from developing nuclear power." Louis René Beres wrote in 1995 that "[h]ad it not been for the brilliant raid at Osiraq, Saddam's forces might have been equipped with atomic warheads in 1991."
In 2010, squad leader Ze'ev Raz said of the operation: "There was no doubt in the mind of the decision makers that we couldn't take a chance. We knew that the Iraqis could do exactly what we did in Dimona."
As early as the autumn of 1981, Kenneth Waltz discussed the fallout from the strike:
Charles R. H. Tripp, in an interview for the 25th anniversary of the attack, described the bombing of Osirak as a variation of Israeli military doctrine beginning with the premiership of David Ben-Gurion, "advocating devastating pre-emptive strikes on Arab enemies." Tripp asserted, "the Osirak attack is an illegal way to behave—Resolution 487 established that—but it is an understandable way to behave if you are the Israeli military-security establishment."
Following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, American forces captured a number of documents detailing conversations that Saddam Hussein had with his inner sanctum. In a 1982 conversation Hussein stated that, "Once Iraq walks out victorious [over Iran], there will not be any Israel." Of Israel's anti-Iraqi endeavors, Saddam noted, "Technically, they [the Israelis] are right in all of their attempts to harm Iraq."
Tom Moriarty, a military intelligence analyst for the United States Air Force, wrote in 2004 that Israel had "gambled that the strike would be within Iraq's threshold of tolerance." Moriarty argues that Iraq, already in the midst of a war with Iran, would not start a war with Israel at the same time and that its "threshold of tolerance was higher than normal."
Joseph Cirincione, then director of non-proliferation at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, wrote in 2006:
By contrast, Iraqi researchers have stated that the Iraqi nuclear program simply went underground, diversified, and expanded. Khidir Hamza, an Iraqi nuclear scientist, made the following statement in an interview on CNN's Crossfire in 2003:
Similarly, the Iraqi nuclear scientist Imad Khadduri wrote in 2003 that the bombing of Osirak convinced the Iraqi leadership to initiate a full-fledged nuclear weapons program. United States Secretary of Defense William Perry stated in 1997 that Iraq refocused its nuclear weapons effort on producing highly enriched uranium after the raid. Its interest in acquiring plutonium as fissile material for weapons continued, but at a lower priority.
In the Duelfer Report, released by the Iraq Survey Group in 2004, it is stated that the Iraqi nuclear program "expanded considerably" with the purchase of the French reactor in 1976, and that "Israel's bombing of Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor spurred Saddam to build up Iraq's military to confront Israel in the early 1980s."
Bob Woodward, in the book State of Denial, writes:
Richard K. Betts wrote that "there is no evidence that Israel's destruction of Osirak delayed Iraq's nuclear weapons program. The attack may actually have accelerated it." Dan Reiter has repeatedly said that the attack was a dangerous failure: the bombed reactor had nothing to do with weapons research, while "the attack may have actually increased Saddam's commitment to acquiring weapons." In 2011, and basing herself on new Iraqi sources, Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer said that the attack: "...triggered a covert nuclear weapons program that did not previously exist ... a decade later Iraq stood on the threshold of a nuclear weapons capability. This case suggests that preventive attacks can increase the long-term proliferation risk posed by the targeted state." Elsewhere, she wrote:
Following Desert Storm, Dick Cheney, then the United States Secretary of Defense, thanked the Israeli mission commander for the "outstanding job he did on the Iraqi nuclear program in 1981". While many scholars debate the value of the bombing, Iraq did not possess nuclear weapons at the outbreak of the Gulf War, and, according to Cheney, the bombing made Desert Storm easier.
The second use of the Begin Doctrine was Operation Orchard in 2007, an Israeli airstrike on a purported Syrian nuclear target. Like in Operation Opera, the same types of aircraft were involved, although their roles were reversed with the F-15Is carrying bombs while the F-16Is provided escort.
See also
France–Iraq relations
French support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war
Iraq–Israel relations
Nuclear weapons and Israel
Operation Orchard – an Israeli airstrike on a purported Syrian nuclear target
Operation Wooden Leg – the Israeli Air Force's raid on Tunisia
Stuxnet
References
Bibliography
Amos Perlmutter, Michael I. Handel, Uri Bar-Joseph, Two Minutes Over Baghdad,
Geoff Simons, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam,
Gary D. Solis, The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War,
United Nations Staff, Yearbook of the United Nations 1981,
The 1982 World Book Year Book,
Anthony Cordesman, Iraq and the War of Sanctions: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction,
Bennett Ramberg, Nuclear Power Plants as Weapons for the Enemy: An Unrecognized Military Peril,
Sasha Polakow-Suransky, The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa,
Trita Parsi, Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States,
Israel Stockman-Shomron, Israel, the Middle East and the Great Powers,
Henry Shue, David Rhodin, Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification,
Elaine Sciolino, The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the War in the Gulf,
Shirley V. Scott, Anthony Billingsley, Christopher Michaelsen, International Law and the Use of Force: A Documentary and Reference Guide,
Dan Perry, Israel and the Quest for Permanence,
Shlomo Aloni, Israeli F-15 Eagle Units in Combat,
Fred Holroyd, Thinking about nuclear weapons: analyses and prescriptions,
Richard C. Ragaini, International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 29th session,
David Styan, France and Iraq: Oil, Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East,
Leonard Spector, Proliferation Today,
Dan McKinnon, Bullseye Iraq,
Patrick Seale, Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East,
Allan D. Abbey, Journey of Hope: The Story of Ilan Ramon, Israel's First Astronaut,
Trevor Dupuy, Paul Martell, Flawed Victory: Arab-Israeli Conflict and the 1982 War in Lebanon,
Ofira Seliktar, Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process,
Peter A. Clausen, Nonproliferation and the National Interest: America's Response to the Spread of Nuclear Weapons,
David Krieger, The challenge of abolishing nuclear weapons,
Seymour Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy,
Jackson Nyamuya Maogoto, Battling Terrorism: Legal Perspectives on the Use of Force and the War on Terror,
H. H. A. Cooper, Terrorism and espionage in the Middle East: deception, displacement and denial,
Barry Leonard, Technology Transfer to the Middle East,
Sharad S. Chauhan, War on Iraq,
Bob Woodward, State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III,
Imad Khadduri, Iraq's Nuclear Mirage, Memoirs and Delusions,
Karl P. Mueller, Striking First: Preemptive and Preventive Attack in U.S. National Security Policy,
Shai Feldman, Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control in the Middle East,
Further reading
Rodger Claire, Raid on the Sun: Inside Israel's Secret Campaign that Denied Saddam the Bomb,
Steven E. Lobell (2020) "Why Israel launched a preventive military strike on Iraq’s nuclear weapons program (1981): The fungibility of power resources". Journal of Strategic Studies
Timothy L. H. McCormack, Self-Defense in International Law: The Israeli Raid on the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor,
Dan McKinnon (1987), Bullseye One Reactor,
Dan McKinnon (1987), Bullseye Iraq
External links
Attack on Iraq’s Nuke Plant, American Heritage
Osiraq / Tammuz I, Federation of American Scientists
Israel's Air Strike Against The Osiraq Reactor: A Retrospective, Temple International and Comparative Law Journal
Osirak: Over the reactor, BBC News, 5 June 2006 (interview with pilots involved)
Factfile: How Osirak was bombed, BBC News
Operation Opera: the destruction of the Iraqi nuclear Reactor () – Exhibition in the IDF & Defense establishment archives
Operation Opera: An Ambiguous Success, Journal of Strategic Studies
The Israeli aggression against the peaceful nuclear installations in Iraq : statement made by Dr. Sa'adoun Hammadi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq, before the Security Council, 12 June 1981
1981 in international relations
1981 in aviation
1981 in Iraq
1981 in Israel
Conflicts in 1981
Attacks on buildings and structures in 1981
Airstrikes conducted by Israel
Airstrikes in Iraq
Arab–Israeli conflict
Battles involving Israel
Cross-border operations into Iraq
Mossad operations
History of Diyala Governorate
Iraq–Israel relations
France–Iraq relations
France–Israel relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Opera |
PNP Agar is an agar medium used in microbiology to identify Staphylococcus species that have phosphatase activity. The medium changes color when p-nitrophenylphosphate disodium (PNP) is dephosphorylated.
PNP agar is composed of Mueller–Hinton agar buffered to pH 5.6 to 5.8, with the addition of 0.495 mg/mL PNP.
References
Microbiological media
Cell culture media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNP%20agar |
Grant Logan Mattos (born March 12, 1981) is known as a former NFL wide receiver and special teams player who played for three teams over a four-year career, and as a contestant on Survivor: Redemption Island, the 22nd season of U.S. Survivor, where he finished in eighth place.
High school and college career
Mattos went to Saint Francis High School in Mountain View, California. He then played college football at the University of Southern California after transferring from Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, California and graduated in 2003. In 2003, he was part of the team's Orange Bowl triumph. During his time at USC, he received high praise from teammate Carson Palmer, a future NFL star QB who said of Mattos: "Having a guy like Grant Mattos come in has been great, he's really gonna set the tone for the receivers. He's out there working harder than anyone on this team and he'll catch any ball, his hands are unbelievable. He's big and physical too so we can put him at tight end or receiver and he's strong enough to do both. It's gonna be exciting to see what he does this year. His story of how he got here is amazing, I'm not surprised at all that Coach Chow went out and found some guy from some place and brought him in with a chance to start" "He has awesome hands and he doesn't drop anything. He's a lot like (ex-USC receiver) Matt Nickels. Only he has more potential. He's bigger and stronger and capable of more."
NFL career
After his college career, Mattos played for the San Diego Chargers. He earned a spot on the Chargers roster in 2003 with his impressive performances in training camp, despite having not even been initially recruited by a major college. He also was not selected in any round in the NFL draft. He lasted two years with the Chargers, and four years in the League overall, also being signed by the Denver Broncos, and later the Tennessee Titans. Knee problems limited his effectiveness and chances of game action in later years.
Survivor
Grant Mattos appeared on Survivor: Redemption Island, the 22nd season of the reality TV show Survivor. On the Ometepe tribe, Mattos quickly formed a close friendship and strong alliance with the eventual winner Rob Mariano. He was part of the majority alliance of 6 formed early with Rob Mariano, Ashley Underwood, Matthew Elrod/Wyatt Nash, Andrea Boehlke, and Natalie Tenerelli; with Phillip Sheppard then replacing Matt Elrod in the alliance of 6 after Matt Elrod's Day 5 blindside. This alliance became commonly known as both the "Ometepe 6" and also as "Stealth R Us", a term coined by the eccentric Sheppard. Mattos also established himself as one of the physically strongest players in the game, dominating many of the pre-merge challenges to help Ometepe hit the merge with the numbers advantage over the opposing Zapatera tribe. When the tribes merged, the former Ometepe members used their majority to systematically eliminate those outside their alliance. Grant Mattos also won a few individual immunities and a cake reward that he chose to share with Andrea Boehlke and Rob Mariano, his 2 closest allies within the alliance. Mattos was nearly voted out in the first tribal council e merge, but survived 6 votes to 5 against Elrod, fooling Matthew Elrod to vote for proposed target Steve Wright. On Day 35 after intended target Ashley Underwood won the Immunity/Reward Challenge, Grant Mattos was blindsided and voted out, as he was deemed by Mariano and the other tribe mates to be the largest threat of all the games remaining players to win the jury's vote at the end. Rob Mariano would be the deciding vote to eliminate Mattos, electing to vote him out instead of Natalie Tenerelli, another close ally, but one considered far less of a jury or immunity challenge threat. Mattos was then officially eliminated by coming last in the final Redemption Island duel, behind Andrea Boehlke, Mike Chiesl, and Matthew Elrod, dropping his final finish in the game down to 8th.
Mattos holds the distinction of having dropped the most places in Survivor history through the Redemption Island twist (5th to 8th), which was a new twist added in seasons 22 and also used in seasons 23 and 27. Until ex-NFL player Brad Culpepper in Season 34 Survivor: Game Changers taking 2nd place, Mattos had held the record for the most days lasted in a season among all former major league pro athletes by lasting 35 days consecutively on the main island (36 when counting his official elimination after losing in the final Redemption Island duel a day later).
Personal life
During the Survivor: Redemption Island reunion, Mattos confirmed that following his return from competing in the game, he married actress Christina Cox. They were married by eloping. The date of their elopement and marriage was October 1, 2010, only about a week after returning from the airing of that season's Survivor. They now have one daughter, born in December 2013.
Before and in the years after Survivor, Mattos worked as full-time yoga instructor at City Yoga LA. He then became a yoga instructor at Moda Yoga International in Los Angeles, California from mid 2013 onwards, until late April 2015, when he moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He moved to New York City in September 2015 and works at Moda Yoga NYC.
Mattos is a member of Team Gleason, a team that is headed by his friend and ex-NFL player and ALS sufferer Steve Gleason. In February and March 2016 he ran a fundraising campaign for the Steve Gleason team, which was one of many efforts by various team members to raise awareness and money to help research for the ALS disease, and also medical care for the many who suffer with it. As the climax of the campaign Mattos participated in the 10 km fundraising run in New Orleans on March 26, 2016. He was the 2nd highest fundraiser of the large team, raising $1750, and the team collectively went well beyond their $20,000 goal by raising more than $66,000.
References
External links
Grant Mattos at NFL.com
Grant Mattos at TSN
Grant Mattos biography for Survivor: Redemption Island at CBS.com
1981 births
Living people
Survivor (American TV series) contestants
Tennessee Titans players
USC Trojans football players
Sportspeople from Mountain View, California
Players of American football from Santa Clara County, California
Saint Francis High School (Mountain View, California) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Mattos |
Jesse Mahieu (born 12 August 1978) is a Dutch former field hockey player and the current head coach of Hoofdklasse club Pinoké.
Mahieu made a total of 50 appearances for the Netherlands national team from 2002 to 2006. He won the silver medal with the national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Dutch male field hockey players
Male field hockey defenders
Olympic field hockey players for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
People from Best, Netherlands
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Amsterdamsche Hockey & Bandy Club players
NMHC Nijmegen players
Men's Hoofdklasse Hockey players
Dutch field hockey coaches
20th-century Dutch people
21st-century Dutch people
Sportspeople from North Brabant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Mahieu |
The Hopland Band of Pomo Indians of the Hopland Rancheria is a federally recognized tribe of Pomo people in Mendocino County, California, south of Ukiah. The Hopland Band Pomos traditionally lived in the Sanel Valley.
Reservation
The Hopland Pomo's reservation is the Hopland Rancheria. Approximately 700 tribal members live in the area and 50 on the ranchería. The Rancheria was established in 1907 and is large. It is located about east of Hopland, California.
Government
The Hopland Pomo ratified their constitution on August 20, 1981, which established a governing 7-person council.
The tribe conducts business from Hopland, California.
Services and programs
The Hopland Band of Pomo Indians has a tribal education program, EPA office, health department, utility department, police department, court system, and economic development corporation. The tribe owns and operates the Hopland Sho-Ka-Wah Casino, located east of Hopland.
Disenrollment
In 2016, the Hopland Band disenrolled 74 members of the tribe, ostensibly to remedy mistakes stemming from faulty processing of applications.
Notable members
Susan Billy, basket maker
Susan Santiago Billy (1884–1968), basket maker
See also
Pomo people
Notes
References
Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Pomo
Native American tribes in California
Native American tribes in Mendocino County, California
Federally recognized tribes in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopland%20Band%20of%20Pomo%20Indians%20of%20the%20Hopland%20Rancheria |
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