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Salisbury International Arts Festival (founded in 1974) is an annual multi-arts festival that delivers over 150 arts events each year in and around the city of Salisbury, England. Events include concerts, comedy, poetry, dance, exhibitions, outdoor spectacles, and commissioned works.
The festival makes use of the surrounding landscape, hosting events in settings including the ancient circles of Stonehenge, Old Wardour Castle, the Wiltshire chalk downs, and Salisbury Cathedral. Every four years a new director is chosen to deliver the annual festival.
In 2018 the festival organisers amalgamated with Salisbury Playhouse and Salisbury Arts Centre to form Wiltshire Creative.
2016
Festival director: Toby Smith
Festival dates: 27 May – 11 June 2016
This year there was a focus on Aotearoa New Zealand described as 'a distant land defined by Māori culture and its fusion with European and contemporary Pacific island traditions'. Featured artists included Trygve Wakenshaw, Corey Baker Dance, writers Witi Ihimaera and Fiona Farrell, theatre performances of Beards! Beards! Beards! (Show Pony), The Bookbinder (Trick of the Light) and The Pianist (Thomas Monckton). The music line up was the Modern Maori Quartet, New Zealand String Quartet, Benjamin Baker (violinist) and Jonathan Lemalu. Visual art was represented by Benjamin Work, The Glorious Children of Te Tumu and Caro Williams, Call and Response.
2015
Festival director: Toby Smith
Festival dates: 22 May – 6 June 2015
In his second year as Festival Director, Toby Smith continued a four-year journey tracing the passage of the sun from night to day. Focusing on the glorious Eastern dawn, the arts and culture of the Middle East took centre stage this year. Some of the finest Middle-Eastern artists brought music, poetry, film and photography inspired by their rich cultural history, as well as the usual variety of brilliantly talented UK artists.
2014
Festival director: Toby Smith
Festival dates: 23 May – 7 June 2014
The 2014 Ageas Salisbury International Arts Festival marked the start of a four-year journey that will go on to track the passage of the Sun across night and day, from an eastern sunrise to a western sunset. This was the year of the midnight sun, inspired by the theme of contrast in lightness and dark, in particular the fire and ice of Nordic lands.
2013
Festival director: Maria Bota
Festival dates: 24 May – 8 June 2013
In 2013 Ageas Salisbury International Arts Festival celebrated the arts of Catalonia with powerful, feisty and witty work from the area around Barcelona.
2012
Festival director: Maria Bota
Festival dates: 25 May – 9 June 2012
The themes for the 2012 festival were Brazil's rich cultural heritage, the Olympics and fire. Celebration was in the air as 2012 marked both the 40th anniversary of the festival and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. Salisbury International Arts Festival staged the Fire Garden at Stonehenge in July 2012 as part of the Cultural Olympiad, attracting 10,000 visitors. Ageas became principal sponsor of the festival and its full name was amended to Ageas Salisbury International Arts Festival.
2011
Festival director: Maria Bota
Festival dates: 20 May – 4 June 2011
The main themes for the 2011 festival were China, dance and physical form and air, with birds and kites flying high throughout the festival.
2010
Festival director: Maria Bota
Festival dates: 21 May – 5 June 2010
The main themes for the 2010 festival were Russia, stories, stone and chalk. Inspired by the Wiltshire White Horses cut into the landscape, the theme of the horse also appeared throughout the programme.
2009
Festival director: Maria Bota
Festival dates: 22 May – 6 June 2009
Salisbury International Arts Festival 2009 was named 'Tourism Event of the Year' at South West Tourism's 'Tourism Excellence Awards'. The first year of new festival director, Maria Bota, saw a series of themes—'India’, ‘spirit’ and ‘water’—woven throughout the programme. East met West in a programme of events from the festival's featured artist Kuljit Bhamra—composer, producer and virtuoso tabla player. 2009 also saw an expanded programme of outdoor events with activities scattered throughout the city, enabling audiences to stumble upon the festival in unexpected and unanticipated ways.
2008
Festival director: Jo Metcalf
Festival dates: 23 May – 8 June 2008
2007
Festival director: Jo Metcalf
This festival focused on the themes of Latin America, movement and water. There were many acts from many countries in Central and South America including Mexico, Guatemala, Paraguay, Chile and Venezuela. Also, in this year, the festival formed a partnership with the Living River Project to bring water-themed events to Salisbury.
2006
Festival director: Jo Metcalf
The 2006 festival programme reflected the theme of 'Relate': how people connect with one another locally and as a global community. There was a strong artistic emphasis on storytelling, recurring motifs relating to the environment and atmosphere, and images of wings, clouds, birds, fairytales, myths, and dreams. These themes were exemplified in the Aboriginal Cultural Showcase, which featured a wide range of indigenous Australian artists, many of whom were visiting the UK for the first time.
2005
Festival director: Jo Metcalf
This was Jo Metcalf's first festival. Memorable events from the 2005 festival include the making of a sand mandala in the Cathedral Close and a performance by Tibetan monks at Stonehenge. There was also a strong literature programme this year.
References
External links
The Living River Project
Music festivals in Wiltshire
Salisbury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury%20International%20Arts%20Festival |
Paul Reid may refer to:
Paul Reid (footballer, born 1968), English football player
Paul Reid (soccer, born 1979), Australian soccer player
Paul Reid (footballer, born 1982), English football player
Paul Reid (writer), American writer for Cox Newspapers and a biographer
Paul Reid, pianist with the Arthur Lyman Group
Paul Dennis Reid (1957–2013), American serial killer
Paul Reid (artist) (born 1975), Scottish painter
Paul Reid (actor), New Zealand actor
Paul Reid (HSE), director-general of the Irish Health Service Executive
See also
Paul Read (disambiguation)
Paul Reed (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Reid |
James Stuart Rossiter (born 25 August 1983) is a British former professional racing driver, British motorsport executive and Team Principal of Maserati MSG Racing in Formula E.
He was a Test Driver for BAR, Honda, Super Aguri and Force India in Formula One and was due to drive for the proposed US F1 Team in the 2010 season. Before joining Maserati, Rossiter was the Sporting Director and Reserve Driver for DS Techeetah and raced for Peugeot Sport in the FIA World Endurance Championship.
Career
Karting
Born in Oxford, England, Rossiter started his motor racing career in karting at the age of 14. Competing in TKM and Rotax Max karts, he stepped up to single-seater competition after only three years, testing a Formula Palmer Audi at the Bedford Autodrome in 2001.
Formula Renault and Formula 3
Rossiter took the first steps in his professional career in 2002 by joining Falcon Motorsport to compete in the Formula Renault UK championship. Securing a best finish of fourth at Thruxton, he finished 13th in the Drivers’ Standings with 103 points but returned for the 2003 season, switching to Fortec Motorsport.
Hitting his competitive stride immediately, Rossiter finished third behind Mike Conway and Lewis Hamilton at the season opener at Snetterton and scored a further nine podiums, including one win, over the remainder of the season. He finished third overall behind Hamilton and Alex Lloyd and was recognised by a leading journalist as “the only driver to take the fight to Lewis Hamilton”.
In 2004, Rossiter continued his relationship with Fortec Motorsport but graduated to the British Formula 3 championship. He scored three victories and 12 podiums during the season to finish third in the Drivers’ Championship behind Nelson Piquet Jr. and Adam Carroll, while also receiving the Rookie of the Year Award.
With further performances at the Macau Grand Prix and Masters of Formula 3 events in 2004, Rossiter received the BRDC John Cooper Award and was selected as the winner of the BAR young F1 driver search from a group of upcoming racing drivers.
In 2005, Rossiter graduated to international competition, racing in the Formula 3 Euro Series for Signature-Plus. He finished the season in seventh in the Drivers’ Championship with one win and three podiums before switching to Formula Renault 3.5 for 2006, in which he was 14th.
Formula One
After being selected as the winner of the BAR young F1 driver search in 2004, Rossiter continued to perform development work for the team throughout the 2005 season. He was retained for 2006 following Honda’s acquisition of the team and in 2007, worked primarily with the Super Aguri F1 team, spearheaded by Aguri Suzuki and Mark Preston.
In 2008, Rossiter was again retained by Honda as the team’s primary test and development driver for its Formula One program. Working in Japan, he played a key role in the development of the Honda RA109 which would become Jenson Button's World Championship-winning Brawn BGP 001 in 2009.
Following Honda’s withdrawal from Formula One, Rossiter focussed on securing a drive with one of four new teams entering the sport for the 2010 season. He was signed by the US F1 Team to partner José María López but was not officially confirmed prior to the team’s collapse.
Rossiter was instead poised to join the IndyCar Series, driving for KV Racing Technology after testing for the team at Barber Motorsports Park although the team re-signed Mario Moraes, which left him without a drive. He subsequently joined Sky Sports as a commentator for their IndyCar coverage.
After three years away from Formula One, Rossiter returned in 2012 by joining Force India as a test and simulator driver. He drove the team’s 2013 car, the VJM06, at the first pre-season test at Jerez and was set to make his first practice appearance at the British Grand Prix to replace Adrian Sutil, although this was cancelled due to wet weather.
Super GT and Super Formula
In 2013, Rossiter joined TOM'S to race full-time in the Super GT championship. As team-mate to ex-F1 driver Kazuki Nakajima, he won the second race of the season at Fuji and the penultimate race at Autopolis. He finished third in the standings, nine points behind champions Kohei Hirate and Yuji Tachikawa and also ran a part-time campaign in Super Formula, taking a best result of sixth.
Rossiter ran full-time in both Super GT and Super Formula in 2014 with TOM’S and Kondō Racing. He finished third in Super GT with a pair of wins at Suzuka and Buriam and took a best finish of second at Super Formula’s season opener and was sixth in the standings.
He continued his dual racing program throughout 2015 and 2016 and scored one win and four podiums with TOM’S in Super GT before racing solely in the series in 2017 after leaving Kondō Racing. He secured his final win in the series at Autopolis and finished fifth in the championship.
In 2018, Rossiter ran full-time in Super Formula with TOM’S and part-time in Super GT. He switched to Team Impul to race solely in Super GT in 2019 and scored his final podium at Okayama by finishing third.
World Endurance Championship
Before joining the FIA World Endurance Championship, Rossiter took his first steps in sportscar racing in 2008 by competing part-time in the American Le Mans Series with Andretti Green Racing. He won alongside team-mate Franck Montagny at Belle Isle and later raced at the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans with Jetalliance Racing, driving a Lotus Evora.
In 2012, he joined Lotus in the World Endurance Championship’s LMP2 class. He secured a best finish of ninth at Bahrain and started from pole position at Shanghai. He continued to drive for the team part-time in 2013 and 2014.
Rossiter rejoined the ByKolles operation in 2016 and ran part-time over the next three seasons, making six appearances in LMP1 alongside one LMP2 start for G-Drive Racing in 2017.
On 8 February 2021, Rossiter was named as the simulator and reserve driver for Peugeot Sport's return to the World Endurance Championship in the Hypercar class. He was later promoted to a full-time race seat following Kevin Magnussen's return to Formula One with Haas in 2022.
Rossiter finished fourth on the Peugeot 9X8's debut at Monza and finished fifth at Fuji. On 7 October 2022, Rossiter confirmed his departure from Peugeot and announced his retirement from professional competition to join Maserati MSG Racing in Formula E as Team Principal.
Formula E
In 2017, Rossiter represented Venturi Racing at Formula E pre-season testing at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo in Valencia, Spain, alongside Edoardo Mortara, Maro Engel and Michael Benyahia.
DS Techeetah
After missing out on a drive for the 2017-18 season, Rossiter reunited with former Super Aguri Technical Director, Mark Preston, to drive for DS Techeetah in Formula E’s first Rookie Test, at which he set the fifth-fastest time.
Rossiter was named as Techeetah’s Development Driver for the 2018-19 season and, working with DS Automobiles, played a key role in the development of the team’s championship-winning DS E-TENSE FE19 package. He returned to the cockpit for Formula E’s 2019 Rookie Test and set the second-fastest time behind Nico Müller.
Following Formula E’s fifth season, Rossiter became Techeetah’s Reserve Driver and was also appointed to the role of Sporting Director after the departure of predecessor Pedro de la Rosa. At the 2020 Marrakesh ePrix, Rossiter replaced full-time driver Jean-Éric Vergne for FP1, when the reigning champion was feeling unwell.
The team went on to win both the Drivers’ and Teams’ Championships in the 2019-20 season. Rossiter remained in the position of Reserve Driver and Sporting Director throughout the 2020/21 and 2021/22 campaigns before leaving the team.
Maserati MSG Racing
On 7 October 2022, Rossiter joined Maserati MSG Racing as Team Principal following the departure of former team boss Jérôme d'Ambrosio and confirmed his retirement from professional driving. Under Rossiter's leadership, the Maserati brand scored its first World Championship single-seater pole position, podium and victory since racing in Formula One in 1957.
Racing record
Career summary
Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete American Le Mans Series results
24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Super GT results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.
Complete Super Formula results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
James Rossiter's news
James Rossiter's profile
1983 births
Living people
English racing drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
Super Formula drivers
Super GT drivers
Fortec Motorsport drivers
Signature Team drivers
Pons Racing drivers
Andretti Autosport drivers
Kolles Racing drivers
TOM'S drivers
Kondō Racing drivers
G-Drive Racing drivers
Peugeot Sport drivers
TDS Racing drivers
Team LeMans drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rossiter |
Paul Mark Reid (born 18 February 1982) is an English former professional footballer who was previously Head of Youth Development and Academy Director at Sunderland before leaving the role on 30 June 2020.
He started his career with Carlisle United, where his performances in the 1999–2000 season won him a £1,000,000 move to Rangers. He never played a first-team game for Rangers, and instead spent time on loan at Preston North End and Northampton Town, before he was signed by Northampton for a £150,000 fee in June 2003. He was sold on to Barnsley for a fee of £200,000 in July 2004, and captained the club to promotion out of League One via the play-offs in 2006. He was frozen out of the first-team picture in the 2007–08 season, and was loaned out to Carlisle United before he signed with Colchester United in July 2008. In January 2011, he was sold to Scunthorpe United for a fee of around £150,000.
Club career
Carlisle United
Reid started his career with Martin Wilkinson's Carlisle United, making his debut as a 53rd-minute substitute for Rob Bowman in a 1–0 defeat to Hartlepool United at Victoria Park on 22 January 2000. He started his first game three days later, as the "Cumbrians" beat Wigan Athletic 2–1 in the Football League Trophy at Brunton Park. He kept his first team place for the Third Division clash with Mansfield Town four days later, and went on to finish the 1999–2000 season with 22 appearances to his name. Carlisle narrowly clung onto their Football League status, finishing above last-placed Chester City on goal difference.
Rangers
Having been courted by Arsenal, Liverpool and Leeds United, he was signed by Dick Advocaat, manager of Scottish Premier League champions Rangers, for an initial £1,000,000 fee in June 2000. After Reid joined Rangers, former Carlisle teammate Shaun Teale stated that he "has got everything in his game to go right to the top and become a huge star. He uses the ball well, is very quick and is a tall lad who is excellent in the air." However, he also voiced concerns that moving to a big club at such a young age could stifle his development. Reid never took to the field in a competitive game at Ibrox, and after Alex McLeish was appointed as boss in December 2001, he was allowed to move out on loan.
His first loan spell was with First Division side Preston North End in January 2002. He made his debut on 5 February, and scored a goal in a 4–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday at Deepdale. However manager David Moyes never picked him again, and he ended the 2001–02 season without any further first team appearances.
Northampton Town
In January 2003, Reid joined Northampton Town on loan until the end of the 2002–03 season. He played 19 games as the "Cobblers" were relegated out of the Second Division with a last-place finish. He impressed manager Martin Wilkinson, who took him to Sixfields on a permanent basis for a £150,000 fee in June 2003.
In August 2003 he was appointed as club captain on the field, whilst Paul Trollope served as captain in off the field matters. New boss Colin Calderwood led Northampton to the Third Division play-offs in 2003–04. Northampton drew 3–3 with Mansfield Town in the play-off semi-finals; Reid scored his penalty in the subsequent shoot-out at Field Mill, but a miss from Eric Sabin allowed Mansfield to advance with a 5–4 win.
Barnsley
In July 2004, Reid joined Paul Hart's Barnsley on a two-year contract for a fee of around £200,000. He scored on his debut on 7 August, scoring Barnsley's first goal of the season-opening 1–1 draw with Milton Keynes Dons at the National Hockey Stadium. He played 44 games in the 2004–05 season, helping the club to a 13th-place finish in League One.
New manager Andy Ritchie appointed Reid as club captain in August 2005. He missed five weeks of the start of the 2005–06 campaign after picking up a hamstring injury, this injury coupled with his disciplinary record of seven yellow cards and two red cards limited him to 33 league games throughout the campaign. He managed to take part in the play-offs however, and his headed goal against Huddersfield Town in the second leg of the semi-finals at the Galpharm Stadium helped to take the "Tykes" into the 2006 play-off final. He played all 120 minutes of the final at the Millennium Stadium, helping Barnsley to secure promotion with a penalty shoot-out victory over Swansea City following a 2–2 draw.
He signed a new two-year contract in June 2006. He played 37 Championship matches in the 2006–07 season, and remained a key member of the defense as new boss Simon Davey led the club to eight points above the relegation zone.
Reid signed a new two-year contract in May 2007. On 18 August, he was sent off for an alleged elbow on Colchester United striker Teddy Sheringham. This was his last appearance for the club, aside from a few more minutes as a late substitute a month later. Davey confirmed Reid's time at Oakwell had come to an end when he placed Reid on the transfer-list in January 2008, alongside Nick Colgan and Andy Johnson.
Reid returned to League One with former club Carlisle United on loan on 27 March 2008 until the end of the season as the "Blues" looked for cover in the last eight games of their push for promotion to the Championship. He played just 45 minutes in his loan spell. He was released by Barnsley in June 2008, after having his contract terminated by mutual consent.
Colchester United
In July 2008, he signed a contract with League One club Colchester United. He formed a strong partnership with Pat Baldwin in the 2008–09 season. He was threatened with legal action by manager Jim Gannon in October after a challenge on Matty McNeil left McNeil with concussion; Gannon said that "We are collecting all the evidence and presenting it to the police. It's up to them to take criminal proceedings against the player in question." In the latter half of the campaign, he faced competition for his first team place at the Colchester Community Stadium form fellow defenders Pat Baldwin, Chris Coyne and Matt Heath.
Paul Lambert was replaced as manager by Aidy Boothroyd at the start of the 2009–10 season, who preferred to play a near ever-present Magnus Okuonghae alongside one of Reid, Heath and Danny Batth. Reid played just 14 games throughout the campaign.
He was returned to the starting line-up by new manager John Ward in the 2010–11 season, making 21 appearances before he was sold midway through the season.
Scunthorpe United
In January 2011, Reid joined Scunthorpe United for an undisclosed fee, believed to be in the region of £150,000; he signed a two-and-a-half-year deal. He played 12 games for the "Iron" in what remained of the 2010–11 campaign, as Scunthorpe dropped into League One out of the Championship.
He played 38 games in the 2011–12 season, as Alan Knill's side finished in the lower half of the table after a disappointing campaign.
Reid lost his first team place at Glanford Park to David Mirfin in the 2012–13 season. He made 27 appearances in the 2012–13 campaign, as United were relegated into League Two. Reid was one of seven senior players not to be offered new contracts in the summer.
He had a trial at League One side Port Vale in July 2013.
Return to Northampton Town
On 27 September 2013, Reid returned to former club Northampton Town on a contract until late January 2014.
Eastleigh
On 17 June 2014, Reid signed for newly promoted to the Conference Premier side Eastleigh on a 2-year contract after being released from Northampton Town.
Whitehawk
On 16 September 2016, Reid signed for Brighton-based National League South side Whitehawk, to play under his former boss at Eastleigh, Richard Hill. After Hill left the club to join Aston Villa as a scout in November 2016, Reid was appointed as joint interim manager, while continuing as a player. This appointment was confirmed until the end of the season on 22 December but with the Hawks in the bottom three at the end of January, the club advertised for a new permanent manager, retaining Reid as a player. On 9 March 2017 Whitehawk announced that Reid had left the club by mutual consent. He played his last match for Whitehawk in a 1–0 victory against Welling United on 4 March 2017.
International career
In 2000 Reid represented his country at Under 18 and England under-19 team and was capped against the Netherlands. He was named in the England under-20 squad in March 2002.
Career statistics
Honours
with Barnsley
Football League One play-off winner: 2006
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Carlisle, Cumbria
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Carlisle United F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Eastleigh F.C. players
Whitehawk F.C. players
English Football League players
Whitehawk F.C. managers
English football managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Reid%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201982%29 |
Bernt Sverre Evensen (18 April 1905 – 24 August 1979) was a Norwegian speed skater and racing cyclist who competed in skating at the 1928 and 1932 Winter Olympics.
In 1928 he became the first Norwegian skater to win an Olympic gold medal by winning the 500 m event (first place shared with Clas Thunberg). At the same Olympics, he also won silver in the 1500 m and bronze over 5,000 m. He was in second place in the 10,000 m event, 0.1 seconds behind Irving Jaffee, when the competition was cancelled because the ice had started thawing.
At the 1932 Olympics in Lake Placid, Evensen won a silver medal in the 500 m. Evensen and compatriot Ivar Ballangrud were the only European Olympic speed skating medalists during those games. This can mostly be attributed to the fact that the races were skated in pack-style (having all competitors skate at the same time), a format that most European skaters were not familiar with.
At the World Allround Championships, Evensen finished first in 1927 and 1934, second in 1931, and third in 1926, 1928, and 1932. At the European Allround Championships, Evensen won the gold medal in 1927 and silvers in 1928 and 1935. As a cyclist, he won 11 Norwegian championships. For his achievements in speed skating and cycling, he was awarded the Egebergs Ærespris in 1928. After World War II, he was a speed skating coach for Oslo Skøiteklub (OSK) before the speed skating revolution in 1962–1963. His grandson Stig Kristiansen became an Olympic cyclist.
Medals
An overview of medals won by Evensen at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:
Personal records
To put these personal records in perspective, the last column (Notes) lists the official world records on the dates that Evensen skated his personal records.
Evensen has an Adelskalender score of 194.246 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was a fourth place.
References
External links
Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages
Historical World Records from the International Skating Union
National Championships results from Norges Skøyteforbund (the Norwegian Skating Association)
1905 births
1979 deaths
Norwegian male speed skaters
Norwegian male cyclists
Norwegian speed skating coaches
Olympic speed skaters for Norway
Speed skaters at the 1928 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1932 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Sportspeople from Oslo
Medalists at the 1928 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1932 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
20th-century Norwegian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt%20Evensen |
North West Fijian Urban Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage).
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20West%20Urban%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Lizabeth Cohen is the current Howard Mumford Jones Professor of American Studies in the History Department at Harvard University, as well as a Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor. From 2011-2018 she served as the Dean of Harvard's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Currently, she teaches courses in 20th-century America, with a focus on urbanism, the built environment, and public history. She has also served as the Chair of the History Department at Harvard, director of the undergraduate program in history, and director of the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History, among other administrative duties.
Life and academic career
Born in 1952 in Paramus, New Jersey, Cohen grew up in Bergen County, New Jersey, and in Westchester County, New York. She earned her A.B. degree from Princeton University, and both her M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.
Cohen rose from the position of assistant to associate professor at Carnegie Mellon University between 1986 and 1992 and served as associate professor and full professor at New York University between 1992 and 1997, before joining the faculty at Harvard. She was appointed the Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University for the 2007-08 academic year, and is an honorary fellow of Oxford's Rothermere American Institute.
Cohen authored Making a New Deal, a book about the social history of 20th-century American politics. In that book, a case study of Chicago, Cohen argues that working-class urban residents found a common identity as Americans and as New Dealers as the result of their incorporation into a burgeoning mass culture and especially as the result of the devastating effects of the Depression on urban ethnic stores, businesses, and institutions. Cohen also offers a provocative argument about the rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations during the 1930s. She contends that a working-class "culture of unity" broke down ethnic divisions and animosities and made possible widescale industrial unionization.
Cohen's analysis of working-class popular culture (shopping, movie-going, and radio) during the 1920s was a pioneering effort in the study of vernacular consumerism, a theme that she developed with more of a political focus in her next book, A Consumers' Republic. Through a deeply documented history of urban and suburban New Jersey, embedded in a larger analysis about the transformation of post-New Deal liberalism, Cohen explores the ways that people's identities as consumers shaped their politics after World War II. Building on her interests on architecture, planning, and the built environment, the book is particularly noteworthy for its engagement with earlier work on the politics of suburbanization by scholars like Kenneth T. Jackson. Cohen explores such topics as the rise of shopping malls, the emergence of a consumers' rights movement, and the relationship of consumerism to civil rights activism in the mid-twentieth century. A Consumer's Republic begins with her recollections of growing up in suburban New Jersey and draws from extensive research in archives in the Garden State.
Her most recent book is Saving America’s Cities, which revisits federal urban renewal by following the career of Edward J. Logue, whose shifting approach to the post-World War II urban crisis tracked the changing balance between government-funded public programs and private-sector initiatives. A Yale-trained lawyer and sometime critic of both Robert Moses and Jane Jacobs, Logue saw urban renewal as an extension of the liberal New Deal. He worked to revive a declining New Haven in the 1950s, became the architect of the “New Boston” of the 1960s, and later led the New York State Urban Development Corporation (1968-1975) and the South Bronx Development Organization (1978-1985). Cohen probes the destructiveness of federally funded urban renewal, but also its successes and progressive goals.
Awards and memberships
Cohen has been a Guggenheim Fellow, an American Council of Learned Societies Fellow, a National Endowment for the Humanities grant recipient, a Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and is a Fellow of the Rothermere American Institute, University of Oxford. She is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
She has also served as President of the Urban History Association.
Her 1990 article, "Encountering Mass Culture at the Grassroots: The Experience of Chicago Workers in the 1920s," won the American Studies Association's Constance Rourke Prize for the best article published in the journal American Quarterly. Her 1990 book, Making a New Deal, won the Bancroft Prize in 1991 for the best book published in American history and the Philip Taft Labor History Book Award, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. In March 2020, she was again awarded the Bancroft Prize for the book Saving America's Cities: Ed Logue and the Struggle to Renew Urban America in the Suburban Age.
Cohen’s 1996 American Historical Review article, “From Town Center to Shopping Center: The Reconfiguration of Community Marketplaces in Postwar America,” won the Urban History Association’s Prize for Best Journal Article in Urban History and the Organization of American Historian’s ABC-CLIO, America: History and Life Award for an article that most advances new perspectives on accepted interpretations or previously unconsidered topics.
Cohen is a member of the Board of Directors of the Payomet Performing Arts Center in Truro, Massachusetts, and the Board of Advisors for the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Published works
Saving America’s Cities: Ed Logue and the Struggle to Renew Urban America in the Suburban Age. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019.
A Consumers' Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America. New York: Vintage Books, 2003.
Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Canto Classics, 2014.
References
External links
Personal Website
Lizabeth Cohen faculty page, Department of History, Harvard University
Philip Taft Labor History Book Award
Payomet Performing Arts Center
People from Paramus, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
21st-century American historians
Historians of the United States
Harvard University faculty
Harvard University Department of History faculty
Labor historians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Scarsdale, New York
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American women historians
Scarsdale High School alumni
Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professors of American History
Historians from New York (state)
21st-century American women writers
Bancroft Prize winners
Historians from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizabeth%20Cohen |
Orm and Cheep is a 1980s British children's television series that was aimed at the younger viewers of Children's ITV. It used puppets as the main characters (Orm being a worm and Cheep being a bird) and was narrated by Richard Briers. The show was created by Tony Martin, the puppets created by Mary Edwards. There were a total of 26 episodes, which spanned between the years of 1984–1987, each episode consisting of eleven minutes. The series was aired in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and Iran.
Plot
Cheep was an infant bird who fell from his nest, prior to learning to fly (the theme tune, "If only Cheep could fly", ensured that Cheep's difficulties in learning to fly became a recurring joke throughout the series). He befriends Orm, a worm who inhabits a subterranean home. Their acquaintances include Snail and Mouse, all friends and foes have a single-word, noun name. Their notable foes include Rat and Crow, who often scheme to consume the pair.
Episodes
Series 1
The Fall (10.04.1984)
A Piece of Cake (17.04.1984)
Cat Nap (24.04.1984)
Down to Earth (01.05.1984)
Don't Sneeze Please (08.05.1984)
Eye, Eye! (15.05.1984)
Strawberry Patch (22.05.1984)
Cat and Mouse (29.05.1984)
A House for Mouse (05.06.1984)
What a Rat (12.06.1984)
Silvery Trail (19.06.1984)
Cheep Skate (26.06.1984)
The Search Party (03.07.1984)
Series 2
Water, Water Everywhere (5.03.1987)
Spring Clean (12.03.1987)
Gone with the Wind (19.03.1987)
Buried Treasure (26.03.1987)
The Dark Wood (02.04.1987)
Sports Day (09.04.1987)
Ghosts (16.04.1987)
Falling Leaves (23.04.1987)
The Scarecrow (30.04.1987)
The Terrible Three (07.05.1987)
Cricket Tea (14.05.1987)
Rat Trap (21.05.1987)
Blow Out (28.05.1987)
Cast/Crew
First series
Creator - Tony Martin
Director - Jan Martin
Producer - Jan Martin
Executive Producer - David Hamilton
Artistic Director - Tony Martin
Puppet creator _ Mary Edwards
Writer - Guy Hallifax
Narrator - Richard Briers
Puppeteers - Mary Edwards, Geoff Felix and Ian Thom
Australian VHS releases
Roadshow Entertainment (2000)
DVD release
In 2019, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment (as DreamWorks Classics) announced it would be releasing the entire first series on DVD (Region 2, PAL format).
References
Jedi's Children's TV. Jedi. 10 Feb. 2005.
25 Feb. 2007
Toon Hound. Frazer Diamond. 11 Aug. 2006. 25 Feb. 2007
1984 British television series debuts
1987 British television series endings
1980s British children's television series
British preschool education television series
British television shows featuring puppetry
English-language television shows
ITV children's television shows
Television series by ITV Studios
TVNZ 2 original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orm%20and%20Cheep |
Sampark Kranti Express trains are a series of Superfast express trains operated by the Indian Railways providing quick connectivity to the national capital, New Delhi.
Overview
The words Sampark and Kranti are borrowed from Sanskrit. Sampark(Devanagari:-सम्पर्क) means Contact and Kranti(Devanagari:-क्रान्ति ) means Revolution. The combined name denotes the steps taken by Indian Railways to provide high speed train connections from cities around India with the National Capital through the provision of non-air conditioned express trains with few stops and operating at high speeds. A similar capability had been introduced earlier on the Rajdhani express. However, these trains were completely air-conditioned and hence quite expensive.
The Rajdhani and Shatabdi series are the fastest trains in India in terms of average journey speeds. The Sampark Kranti trains operate at slower average speeds than the Rajdhani and Shatabdi series yet still provide high speed options at normal prices due to their few stops and relatively faster speeds compared with other non-Rajdhani Express express trains and non-Shatabdi Express express trains although initially they ran non stop once they left their respective states.
The Railway Minister (India) at the time Nitish Kumar in the interim Railway Budget of 2004-05 announced the launch of Sampark Kranti Express. The trains in the Sampark Kranti series connect the Indian states to the national capital city of New Delhi. Sampark Kranti trains charge the same fare as regular/superfast trains on the Indian Railways rail network and do not provide any special facilities not available in regular Express trains. The initial decision of non-stop run of this Express series of trains was cut short and was given way to commercial stopping outside the states. The trains aim at reducing travel time without compromising on passenger comfort.
Initially eighteen trains were launched and the count was later increased. The Karnataka Sampark Kranti Express from Delhi Hazrat Nizamuddin to Yesvantpur was the first train which was launched on 8 February 2004.
Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express link from Khajuraho got terminated with the introduction of Gita Jayanti Express and extension of the same to Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh.
List of services
See also
Express trains in India
High-speed rail in India
Rajdhani Express
Shatabdi Express
Duronto Express
References
External links
List of Sampark Kranti Expresses on India Rail Info website
Announcement in the Interim Budget
Description in the Economic Times
Travel article about the Uttar Sampark Kranti Express and the Jammu Tawi - Udhampur section | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampark%20Kranti%20Express |
Penny Streeter OBE (born 1 August 1967) is an English entrepreneur and founder of the A24 Group, comprising Ambition 24hours, Arabella Health Staffing and the NS Health Staffing. Penny Streeter established the medical staffing group in Sutton, England, in 1996, working with her mother Marion.
Early life
Penny Streeter was born in Zimbabwe in 1967 to South African best-selling author Peter Stiff and Marion Hewson. Penny left Zimbabwe in 1979 and was educated at Alberton High in Johannesburg until 1983. She left South Africa for the UK at the age of 12 with her mother Marion. She started work in the recruitment sector through the Youth Training Scheme after leaving school at age 15.
Career
In 1989 Penny Streeter launched her own recruitment business: it failed and she also divorced, which left her homeless and penniless, finding refuge in homeless accommodation with her three young children.
After some years working in other people's recruitment businesses, Streeter tried again in 1995 with a new venture, funded by evenings moonlighting as a children's party entertainer. Ambition 24hours, a nursing staffing agency, was launched in 1996. Following rapid growth, over the next decade, the company expanded the service to cover locum doctors, allied health professionals, carers, social workers and teachers/lecturers, and it opened other UK offices.
In 2013 Streeter purchased and is the developer of the Benguela Cove Lagoon Wine Estate, a wine farm and residential estate in South Africa, located on the lagoon at Walker Bay, Hermanus. Streeter purchased Mannings Heath Golf Club in West Sussex in 2016, buying out the majority share from the Exclusive Group. This was followed in 2017 by her acquisition of Leonardslee Gardens, also in West Sussex.
In October 2018 Streeter opened Restaurant Interlude at Leonardslee House, which won its first Michelin Star in August 2019 under chef Jean Delport, and then developed new hotel accommodation in October 2021.
Personal life
Streeter currently lives in Cape Town, South Africa with her husband, Nick and other family members.
Awards
OBE (Order of the British Empire) 2006 New Years Honours for ‘services to enterprise’
CBI (Confederation of British Industry) Entrepreneur of the Year, 2003
'Management Today' magazine, Top 100 Entrepreneurs: Top woman, and No. 13 overall for two years, 2003, 2004
Fast Track 100 ‘Fastest Growing UK Companies’ 2004, 2003, 2002 - No.1 in 2002
See also
Confederation of British Industry
Locum doctor
Nursing agency
References
External links
Profile at A24 Group
1967 births
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
English chief executives
English women in business | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny%20Streeter |
Bargara is a coastal town and suburb in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the suburb of Bargara had a population of 7,485 people.
The town of Bargara lies north of the state capital Brisbane and just east of Bundaberg. Bargara is considered to be a satellite suburb of Bundaberg, with only sugar cane fields separating the two centres.
Nielson Park is a coastal town in the north of the locality (), only from the town of Bargara.
Geography
The main streets of Bargara are The Esplanade and Bauer Street. The Esplanade runs along the Bargara Beach foreshore, and is lined with several modern holiday homes and units. Bauer Street contains several hotels, restaurants and clothing shops. Bargara is also a popular fishing, swimming and surfing location.
The Mon Repos turtle rookery is located just north of Bargara. A wall in the reserve dating back to the very early days of settlement was constructed using Kanaka labour and rocks taken from the nearby sugarcane fields. Most of the coastline of Mon Repos is part of the Mon Repos Conservation Park, established to protect the nesting areas of sea turtles. Inland of the conversation park, much of the land is state reserves or subject to other restrictions designed to support the wildlife objectives of the conversation park.
Although officially separate towns, Nielson Park and Bargara are effectively a continuous urban area, and Nielson Park is generally regarded just as a picnic ground and beach area of Bargara.
Bargara has the following beaches:
Bargara Beach near the town centre ()
Kellys Beach south of the town centre near the golf course ()
History
The district was originally known as Sandhills, but was renamed Bargara in 1913. The name Bargara is derived from the names of two adjacent localities, Barolin and Woongarra.
Sandhills Provisional School opened in 1893 and was renamed Bargara State School in 1921.
A Primitive Methodist church was built at South Kalkie in 1878. Thirty years later, circa 1908, it was relocated to Seaview Road at Bargara.
Between 1912 and 1948, the Woongarra (Pemberton) railway line connected Bargara to Bundaberg.
In January 1922, the Methodist Church at Sandhlls was relocated to Bargara.
Bargara Post Office opened by 1923 (a receiving office had been open since 1912).
In 1924, the Bargara Golf Club was established and purchased an area of swamps and sand dunes to turn into a golf course. By 1954 the club had achieved its goal of an 18-hole course. In 1988 a new layout for the course was implemented. In 1997 a new club house was built.
In August 1945, the Anglican residents decided to erect a church. St Peter's Anglican Church was dedicated in 1951.
At the , Bargara had a population of 6,893.
In February 2012, the Bargara Lions Club Park for the Disabled was renamed the Bill Fritz Park for the Disabled in honour of the late Bill Fritz, who was a long-time active member of the Lions Club and other community groups.
Bargara has grown significantly over the last decade, becoming a popular tourist and retirement destination.
On Australia Day 2013, Bargara was struck by a tornado spawned by ex-Tropical Cyclone Oswald. The tornado damaged over 150 properties, and injured up to 17 people, 2 seriously.
In the , the suburb of Bargara had a population of 7,485 people. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2.7% of the population. 76.3% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 6.4%, New Zealand 3.2% and South Africa 1.6%. 90.8% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 25.3%, Anglican 21.3%, Catholic 19.9% and Uniting Church 7.6%.
Retirement resorts
Bargara is serviced by two major retirement resorts that cater to a predominantly older demographic: Palm Lake Resort and Carlyle Gardens Retirement Village.
Commerce
The main commercial precincts are the strips on Bauer Street between See Street and The Esplanade, and the section of See Street south of Bauer Street.
Bargara Central Shopping Centre located at the corner of Davidson Street and Bargara Road is the main large-scale shopping centre servicing the town. It has two supermarkets, Woolworths and Aldi. There are several restaurants and fast food stores.
Three other plazas lie adjacent to the Bauer Street commercial precincts, namely Coral Coast Plaza, Bargara Beach Plaza. One more small shopping complex exists at the entrance to the Carlyle Gardens Retirement Village on Woongarra Scenic Drive.
Education
There are no schools in Bargara. The nearest government primary school is Bargara State School in neighbouring Mon Repos to the north-west. The nearest government secondary school is Kepnock State High School in Kepnock, Bundaberg, to the south-west.
Transport
The town is serviced by the main roads of Bargara Road, Bauer Street, See Street, The Esplanade, Miller Street and Woongarra Scenic Drive.
Bus route no. 4 connects Bargara with the City and Sugarland Shopping Centre, running 7 days a week via Bauer Street, The Esplanade, Miller Street and Innes Park North.
Amenities
There is a boat ramp at Bargara Beach off the Esplanade near Burkitt Street (). It is managed by the Bundaberg Regional Council.
Churches
There are a number of churches in Bargara, including:
St Peter's Anglican Church, 19-21 Bauer Street (corner of Tanner Street, )
Bargara Uniting Church, 22 Blain Street (corner of Hughes Road, )
St James' Catholic Church, 38 See Street ()
Sports
Bargara Golf Club is an 18-hole golf course open to members and visitors at 120 Miller Street ().
Other sports clubs include:
Sandhills Sports Club
Bundaberg Surf Lifesaving Club
Bargara Football Club
Parks
There are a number of parks in the area:
Bargara Esplanade Park, also known as Bargara Turtle Playground ()
Bargara Lakes Park ()
Bargara Rotary Park ()
Bauers Lookout ()
Bill Fritz Park for the Disabled ()
Coral Reef Park ()
Crawford Park ()
Davidson Street Park ()
Fairway Drive Park ()
Hansen-Woodhouse Park ()
Ian A Cossart Park ()
Jayteens Park ()
Kelly's Beach Park ()
Mary Kinross Park ()
Moneys Creek Park ()
New Bargara Park ()
Nielson Park ()
Nudibranch Park ()
Parkside Mead Park ()
Paul Petrie Park ()
Settlement Court Park ()
Tiny Tots Park ()
Tom Riley Park ()
Tom Whalley Park ()
Toysons Park ()
Turtle Cove Park ()
Windermere Park ()
Gallery
References
External links
Bargara and Burnett Heads
Towns in Queensland
Coastal towns in Queensland
Bundaberg Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargara%2C%20Queensland |
A convergence center is a central place for information and meeting to serve participants during large and manifold protest or other alternative activities at summits.
They started to be used in the 1990s as a logistic tool to solve communication problems among the large number of people present at varying activities at European Union summits, sometimes also including living quarters.
See also
Protests during the EU summit in Gothenburg 2001
27th G8 summit
Protests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence%20center |
Disc is an experimental group formed by Miguel Depedro (Kid606), Jason Doerck (J Lesser), M. C. Schmidt and Drew Daniel (Matmos). The group was most active between 1997 and 1999.
To produce their sound, digital media (DATs, CDs) were etched and painted, or used in broken players to produce new sounds. In Gaijincd4, a "bonus" nonfunctional CD was included to suggest a multimedia disc. The double LP Transfer consisted entirely of locked grooves.
Discography
Albums
Gaijincd4 – CD album with bonus nonfunctional CD (December 1997, Vinyl Communications)
2xCD – 2×CD album (May 12, 1998, Vinyl Communications)
Nullsonic – CD collaboration album with KK Null(August 11, 1998, Vinyl Communications)
Brave2ep – CD album, (October 27, 1998, Vinyl Communications)
Transfer – 2x12", 10 songs and 105 locked grooves (1999, Delux Recordings)
References
External links
Disc at Discogs
American electronic music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc%20%28band%29 |
Gaven is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created out of the former district of Nerang and the southern segment of Albert in the 2001 redistribution, and encompasses the northern growth corridor of the Gold Coast. The current Member of Parliament is Meaghan Scanlon of the Labor Party. It is currently the only Labor-held seat on the Gold Coast.
History
Gaven was created in 1999, named after the Gaven Way (a section of the Pacific Motorway). When it was created, it was a notionally conservative seat, part of the old South Coast electorate held for 14 years by Russ Hinze (commonly known as Sir Joh's "Minister for Everything"), and was contested for the conservative National Party by the incumbent member for Albert, Bill Baumann, at the 2001 election. However, amid a statewide landslide victory for the Labor Party, the seat fell to union organiser Robert Poole with a 14.6% swing. The National Party agreed to let their coalition partner, the more urban Liberal Party contest the seat at the 2004 election, and though they nominated former Gold Coast mayor Ray Stevens, Poole was returned with only a slight swing against him.
Poole became the subject of increasing controversy during his second term, as he spent much of his term out of the state, living with his family in Thailand. This reached its peak in 2006 when Poole revealed that he intended to spend the first half the year in Thailand while he recovered from surgery. A furious Premier Peter Beattie demanded that Poole return or face having his seat formally declared vacant, and Poole subsequently resigned from the seat in late February.
The Liberal-National Coalition made the decision for the National Party, not the Liberals, to contest the seat at the by-election, which was won by around 1,500 votes by Alex Douglas, the National Party candidate, over Labor’s Phil Gray.
The 2006 state election saw Alex Douglas and Phil Gray once again running against each other. Phil Gray won the seat for Labor by a little under 2,000 votes.
The 2009 state election saw Douglas and Gray pitted against each other for a third consecutive time. On this occasion, Douglas, running under the banner of the newly formed Liberal National Party, narrowly emerged as the victor.
Meaghan Scanlon became the first woman to represent the seat, winning the seat for Labor in 2017 and holding it with a swing in her favour at the 2020 Queensland election.
Members for Gaven
Election results
See also
Queensland Legislative Assembly electoral districts
References
External links
Gaven
Geography of Gold Coast, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Gaven |
The Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) is a nuclear research institute in Karlsruhe, Germany. The ITU is one of the seven institutes of the Joint Research Centre, a Directorate-General of the European Commission. The ITU has about 300 staff. Its specialists have access to an extensive range of advanced facilities, many unavailable elsewhere in Europe.
Mission statement
The Directorate General-Joint Research Centre is the European Commission's science and knowledge service. Its mission is to support EU policies with independent evidence throughout the whole policy cycle. Its work has a direct impact on the lives of citizens by contributing with its research outcomes to a healthy and safe environment, secure energy supplies, sustainable mobility and consumer health and safety. The JRC hosts specialist laboratories and unique research facilities and is home to thousands of scientists working to support EU policy. The JRC has ten Directorates and is located across five EU Member States (Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain).
The Directorate involved in this project is Directorate G – Nuclear Safety and Security within which the JRC's nuclear work programme, funded by the EURATOM Research and Training Programme, is carried out. It contributes to the scientific foundation for the protection of the European citizen against risks associated with the handling and storage of highly radioactive material, and scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation, and monitoring of community policies related to nuclear energy. Research and policy support activities of Directorate G contribute towards achieving effective safety and safeguards systems for the nuclear fuel cycle, to enhance nuclear security then contributing to achieving the goal of low carbon energy production.
The research programmes are carried out at the JRC sites in Germany (Karlsruhe), Belgium (Geel), The Netherlands (Petten) and Italy (Ispra) and consist of research, knowledge management and training activities on nuclear safety and security. They are performed in collaboration and/or in support to the EU Member States and relevant international organizations. Today the Directorate G is one of the leading nuclear research establishments for nuclear science and technology and a unique provider of nuclear data measurements. Typical research and policy support activities are experimental and modelling studies covering nuclear reactor and fuel cycle safety, including current and innovative nuclear energy systems. Fundamental properties, irradiation effects and behaviour under normal and accident conditions of nuclear fuels and structural materials are studied. The activities cover also studies of structural integrity and functioning of nuclear components, emergency preparedness and radioactivity environmental monitoring, nuclear waste management and decommissioning, as well as the study of non-energy technological and medical applications of radionuclides. A dedicated functional entity is devoted to the management and dissemination of knowledge and to facilitate open access to JRC nuclear facilities including training and education.
Security
Normally entry for visitors to the ITU was by prior invitation only for security reasons; a person wishing to enter the site as a visitor will be required to hand over their passport, before passing through a combined metal and radiation detector. The details of the devices used to test visitors for radioactive and nuclear materials are not public knowledge (for security reasons). Also on entry visitors are subject to a search by a security officer. All bags are examined using an x-ray machine similar to that used in an airport.
Activities
The work of the ITU could be divided into a series of smaller activities.
Alpha-immunotherapy
A cancer treatment involving the production of antibodies bearing alpha particle-emitting radioisotopes which bind to cancer cells. The idea is to create a "magic bullet" which will seek and destroy cancer wherever it is hidden within the body. This treatment has reached clinical trials.
Bismuth-213 is one of the isotopes which has been used: this is made by the alpha decay of actinium-225, which in turn is made by the irradiation of radium-226 with a cyclotron.
Basic actinide research
Work has included the superconductivity and magnetic properties of actinides such as plutonium and americium.
Safety of nuclear fuel
The ITU is involved in a range of different areas of research on nuclear safety.
Accidents
The ITU's work includes the study of fuel behaviour during "out of control nuclear-reactor" conditions.
In the 2004 annual report from the ITU some results of the PIE on PHEBUS (FPT2) fuel are reported. PHEBUS is a series of experiments where fuel was overheated and damaged under very strictly controlled conditions, in order to obtain data on what would happen in a serious nuclear power reactor accident.
Waste forms
The long-term performance of waste and the systems designed to isolate it from "man and his environment" are studied here. For instance the corrosion of uranium dioxide is studied at the ITU.
Spent fuel characterisation
The ITU performs Post Irradiation Examination of spent nuclear fuel.
Partitioning and transmutation
Partitioning is the separation of nuclear wastes into different elements, see nuclear reprocessing for more details. The ITU is involved in both aqueous and pyro separation methods. They have published papers on the DIAMEX process.
See nuclear transmutation for details.
Measurement of radioactivity in the environment
The ITU is funded by the European Union, and theoretically has no "pro-" or "anti-nuclear" policy. The ITU is able to examine environmental samples in order to decide if dangerous levels of radioactive contamination are present. For instance hot particles found on a beach in Scotland near Dounreay were examined at the ITU.Page 375 of http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1169_web.pdf
Much of this work is aimed at the measurement of very low levels of radioactivity; the ITU's analytical service uses inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure most radioactive isotopes with greater sensitivity than those possible with direct radiometric measurements.
Nuclear security and safeguards
The ITU has a service which assists police and other law enforcement organisations by examining any seized radioactive or nuclear material. Materials are analysed to discover what they are, where they come from, and what possible use they might have been.
Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart
The ITU manages the various versions and editions of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart.
References
External links
Institute for Transuranium Elements
Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart
Nuclear medicine organizations
International research institutes
Research institutes in Germany
Nuclear reprocessing sites
Nuclear technology in Germany
Nuclear research institutes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Transuranium%20Elements |
The Man from Snowy River is an Australian adventure drama television series based on Banjo Paterson's poem "The Man from Snowy River". Released in Australia as Banjo Paterson's The Man from Snowy River, the series was subsequently released in both the United States and the United Kingdom as Snowy River: The McGregor Saga.
The series follows the adventures of Matt McGregor (Andrew Clarke), a successful squatter, and his family. Matt is the hero immortalized in Banjo Paterson's poem "The Man from Snowy River", and the series is set 25 years after his famous ride. Despite sharing the name, the television series has no link to the two films The Man from Snowy River, and The Man from Snowy River II.
Synopsis
The first season was very much a soap opera with several story arcs. The primary one concerns the arrival of Matt's American nephew, who's bent on revenge, certain that Matt cheated his father out of the station Matt now owns. In subsequent seasons, there were shorter story-arcs, often featuring guest stars over a few episodes, and some episodes stood entirely on their own.
Cast
Stars and guest stars of the series included notable and future notable actors.
Main
Andrew Clarke as Matt McGregor
Brett Climo as Colin McGregor
Wendy Hughes as Kathleen O'Neill/McGregor
Guy Pearce as Rob McGregor
Sheryl Munks as Emily McGregor
Josh Lucas as Luke McGregor
Ben Geurens as Michael O'Neil
Jon Finlayson as James Gleeson
Recurring/guests
Reg Gorman as Mr Fowler (6 episodes)
Hugh Jackman as Duncan Jones (5 episodes)
Victoria Tennant as Anita Hargraves (5 episodes)
Tracy Nelson as Ruth Whitney (5 episodes)
Olivia Newton-John as Joanna Walker (3 episodes)
Lee Horsley as Seamus O'Neil (3 episodes)
Chad Lowe as Sam Taylor (2 episodes)
Frances O'Connor as Rachel McAlister (2 episodes)
Jane Badler as Yvonne Waugh (2 episodes)
Dean Stockwell as Professor Julius Waugh (2 episodes)
Ben Mendelsohn as Dale Banks (1 episode)
Dieter Brummer as Nathan (1 episode)
Matthew Newton as Private Horsefall (1 episode)
John Stanton as Oliver Blackwood
Hélène Joy as Agnes Windsor (1 episode)
Zbych Trofimiuk (1 episode)
Broderick Smith (1 episode)
Jonathan Hardy (1 episode)
Nomination
The Man from Snowy River was nominated for the Logie Award for Most Popular Series in 1995.
International distribution
When the series was distributed to some countries, the title was changed for various reasons.
The series was aired on Family Channel in the US and UK, and on WIC-owned and independent stations in Canada.
Episodes
Season 1 (1994)
The Race (1994)
Pascoe's Principles (23 September 1994)
Kathleen's Choice (23 September 1994)
Partnerships (25 September 1994)
Where There's Smoke (2 October 1994)
Tracks of Gold (9 October 1994)
Plans of Poison (16 October 1994)
Stepping Out (23 October 1994)
The Bushranger (30 October 1994)
The Rustlers (6 November 1994)
The Loneliness of Luke McGregor (13 November 1994)
Love Finds a Way (20 November 1994)
The Stampede (27 November 1994)
Season 2 (1995)
The Hostage (13 August 1995)
The Savage Land (20 August 1995)
The Railroad (27 August 1995)
Fathers and Sons (3 September 1995)
The Manly Art (10 September 1995)
The Dry Argument (17 September 1995)
Servant of the People (1 October 1995)
The Search (8 October 1995)
The Lost Child (15 October 1995)
The Foundling (22 October 1995)
The Long Arm of the Law (29 October 1995)
The Recruit (5 November 1995)
The Reilly Gang (12 NOV 1995)
The Choice (19 November 1995)
Man and Boy (26 November 1995)
Flight of Fancy (11 February 1996)
Code of Ethics (18 February 1996)
The Cutting Edge (25 February 1996)
House of Worship (10 March 1996)
Season 3 (1995)
A Sea of Troubles (1995)
Rough Passage (1995)
The Grand Wedding (1995)
Montana Territory (1995)
High Country Justice (1995)
The Question of Danni (1995)
The Prodigal Father: Part 1 (1995)
The Prodigal Father: Part 2 (1995)
Fire Boy 199
Blind Faith (1995)
Shoshoni Dreaming (1995)
The Trial of Hetti Lewis (1995)
Toy Soldiers (1995)
A Mid-Winter Nights Dream (1995)
In Duty Bound (1995)
The Lion and the Lamb (1995)
Broken Hearts (1995)
Deliverance (1995)
A New Life: Part 1 (1995)
A New Life: Part 2 (1995)
Season 4 (1996)
Comeback (1996)
The Grand Opening (1996)
Black Sheep (1996)
Prince of Hearts (1996)
The Grand Duke (1996)
New Business (1996)
Foundation Day (1996)
The Lovers (1996)
The Claimant (1996)
The Loaded Deck (1996)
Difficult Times (1996)
A Son for a Son: Part 1 (1996)
A Son for a Son: Part 2 (1996)
Video releases
On 27 June 1995, the pilot was released on VHS
On 5 March 2002, a number of single episode videos were released on VHS. These include episodes "New Business", "Grand Opening", "Black Sheep", "Comeback", "The Grand Duke", and "Prince of Hearts"
In 2003, a region 1 DVD of the series pilot was released.
In 2004, season 4 was released as a 3 disk set, this time in region 4. This was followed by season 1 (3 disks) and season 2 (4 disks) in 2005, and season 3 (4 disks) in 2006.
On 25 January 2005, three 2-episode DVDs from the series were released in region 1. These episodes were the same as they had previously released on VHS.
In 2006, a 3-episode DVD was released in region 1, containing episodes previously released on VHS and DVD. In early 2007, a second DVD was released containing the remaining three previously released episodes. Later in 2007, a third DVD was released. Though the DVD case misreports two of the episodes as titles from the previous release, the actual contents are three never-before released episodes.
The DVD case erroneously reports the episodes as "Foundation Day", "The Grand Duke", and "New Business".
In 2008, all three of their previous DVDs was released as a set. The package contained one DVD case for "There was more than one wild west!" and a new double DVD case for the other two. The erroneous episode information for the third volume was corrected on the box and the double DVD case.
In 2010, a combined 2-DVD package was released containing the last two DVDs (Adventure in the Australian Outback and A Different Breed of Cowboy).
In 2010, the entire series was released for region 4, commemorating the 120th anniversary of the poem.
In 2011, season 1 was released for region 2 with Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Finnish subtitles.
Notes
Geoff Burrowes producer of the Snowy River films sued the producers of the series for using the title. The case settled out of court.
See also
Snowy River
Daylesford, the town where the show was filmed
References
The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia – Theatre . Film . Radio . Television – Volume 1 – Ann Atkinson, Linsay Knight, Margaret McPhee – Allen & Unwin Pty. Ltd., 1996.
External links
Snowy River: The McGregor Saga (The Man from Snowy River) – Australian Television Information Archive
Snowy River: The McGregor Saga – TV.com
The Man From Snowy River – at the National Film and Sound Archive (Australian Government website)
Australian adventure television series
Man from Snowy River (TV series), The
Man from Snowy River (TV series), The
Man from Snowy River (TV series), The
Nine Network original programming
1993 Australian television series debuts
1996 Australian television series endings
Television shows set in colonial Australia
Television series about families
Television shows based on poems
Television shows set in Victoria (state)
Television series by MTM Enterprises | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20from%20Snowy%20River%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Ukrainian dance (, translit. Ukrainskyi tanets) mostly refers to the traditional folk dances of the Ukrainians as an ethnic group, but may also refer to dances originating from the multiple other ethnic groups within Ukraine.
A household folk dance is a folk dance that is done in a particular territory and is traditionally done under common circumstances like weddings or festivals, with characteristic movements, rhythms, costumes, etc.
A folk-stage dance, staged by a choreographer in a professional or amateur collective for performance on stage, may be Ukrainian, but is no longer an everyday folk dance.
The main dance genres of Ukrainians' folk dance are round dance, as one of the oldest types of folk dance art, very typical to all Slavic dances, the performance of which is associated with calendar rites, and everyday dance, which includes metelitsa, hopak, kozachok, hutsulka, kolomyika, square dance, and polka.
Pre-modern history
Judging by the figures depicted in motion on Trypillian clay vessels, dance has been performed in the lands of present-day Ukraine since at least the third millennium BC. It has been assumed that up to the introduction of Christianity in Kyivan Rus in 988, dance served a very important ritual function in the lands of present-day Ukraine. Pre-Christian rituals combined dance with music, poetry, and song. A remnant of these ritual dances (, translit. Obryadovi tantsi; see also Khorovody) which survive in limited form today are the Spring Dances, or Vesnianky, also referred to as Hahilky, Hayilky, Hayivky, Yahilky, or Rohulky. Another seasonal event featuring dances was the yearly pre-harvest festival of Kupalo, which to this day remains a favorite theme for Ukrainian choreographers.
These religious ritual dances proved to be so strongly ingrained into the culture of the people prior to the introduction of Christianity, that rather than attempting to eliminate them, Christian missionaries incorporated Christian themes into the songs and poetry which accompanied the dancing, using the dances to spread their religion, as well as enabling millennia-old steps and choreographic forms to continue to be passed down from generation to generation.
At about the time of Ukraine's Kozak uprisings, social dances became more and more popular among the people native to the lands of present-day Ukraine. Ukrainian social dances (, translit. Pobutovi tantsi) can be distinguished from the earlier Ukrainian ritual dances by two characteristics: the prevalence of musical accompaniment without song, and the increased presence of improvisation. The early Hopak and Kozachok developed as social dances in the areas surrounding the River Dnieper, while the Hutsulka and Kolomyjka sprang up in the Carpathian mountains to the west. Eventually, social dances of foreign extraction such as the polka and quadrille also gained in popularity, developing distinct variations after having been performed by native dancers and musicians gifted in improvisation.
The third major type of Ukrainian folk dancing which developed prior to the modern era were the thematic or story dances (, translit. Siuzhetni tantsi). The story dances incorporated an artistically sophisticated level of pantomime and movement which entertained audiences. Thematic story dances told the story of a particular group of people through movements which mimicked their work; such dances included Shevchyky (, "the tailors"), Kovali (, "the blacksmiths"), and Kosari (, "the reapers").
By the turn of the eighteenth century, many of these traditional dances began to be performed, or referred to thematically, by a blossoming theatrical trade. Peasant or Serf Theaters entertained the subjugated native peoples of present-day Ukraine, who remained relegated to lower social classes in their own homelands, while their foreign rulers often lived lavishly in comparison, importing foreign entertainers and their dances. It is within this context that staged Ukrainian folk dances, which depicted the ideals of an agrarian society, gained even more popularity with the native population, which further developed the theater into a thriving occupation.
Modern history
Ukrainian folk-stage dance began the path to transforming into its present incarnation first and foremost through the work of Vasyl Verkhovynets (b. 1880, original surname Kostiv), an actor, choirmaster, and amateur musicologist. Verkhovynets had acquired a professional level of training in the arts as part of Mykola Sadovsky's theatrical troupe, which had itself incorporated a distinguished level of folk dance in its productions of dramas based on Ukrainian folk themes. While touring central Ukraine with the theatrical troupe, Verkhovynets' would take off whenever he could and visit the villages surrounding the cities he was performing in, in order to learn about and record the villages' traditional dances. His landmark book which he based upon this research, Theory of Ukrainian Folk Dance (Teopiя Українського Hapoднoго Taнкa) (1919), brought together for the first time the various steps and terminology now recognized by all contemporary students of Ukrainian dance. It also fundamentally altered the nature of Ukrainian folk dance by setting dances on a stage (with the audience seated at the front, two wings, and a backdrop), and laid out a method of transcribing folk dances, which was later put into use across the Soviet Union. This book has since been reprinted five times (the last time in 1990) and remains a basic instructional text of Ukrainian dance.
The history of Ukrainian dance diverges at this stage of Vasyl Verkhovynets career. Because of the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, it would develop contemporaneously both in Ukraine as well outside of the Iron curtain for more than 40 years. In Ukraine, Verkhovynets remained involved in the training of the next generation of dancers, while outside of Ukraine Vasyl Avramenko, building on Verkhovynets' work, would develop the art form in the Ukrainian diaspora.
Development in Ukraine
Classical choreographers in Ukraine began to turn to Vasyl Verkhovynets for his expertise when incorporating the increasingly popular folk motifs into their works. In addition to established names like V. Lytvynenko and Leonid Zhukov, younger choreographers like Pavlo Virsky, Mykola Bolotov, and Halyna Beryozova were choreographing with folk steps and forms. During this period (between the world wars), the three-part Hopak was developed by Verkhovynets.
In 1937, Pavlo Virsky and Mykola Bolotov founded the State Folk Dance Ensemble of the Ukrainian SSR, with the goal of elevating folk-stage dance to its highest artistic level, and solidifying it as a viable stage art form. Although the group was disbanded during the Second World War, Lydia Chereshnova (who had directed the Ukrainian Song and Dance Ensemble entertaining troops during the war) brought it back into existence in 1951. After Vakhtang Vronsky of the Odesa Opera Theatre directed for a few seasons, Pavlo Virsky returned as artistic director of the State Folk Dance Ensemble of the Ukrainian SSR from 1955 until his death in 1975. During this twenty-year period, Pavlo Virsky demonstrated tremendous creativity in his choreography and propelled Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dance to a world-renowned level.
Other notable Ukrainian choreographers and companies include:
The Ukrainian Folk Choir, founded under the direction of Hryhoriy Veryovka in Kharkiv in 1943, including a contingent of dancers under directors Oleksander Dmytrenko, Leonid Kalinin, and later O. Homyn.
The Chornohora Songs and Dance Ensemble was founded by in 1946, and renamed Halychyna in 1956.
The Dnipropetrovsk Dance Ensemble was founded in Dnipro prior to WWII, and flourished under Kim Vasylenko from 1947. Vasylenko has written numerous times on the topic of Ukrainian folk-stage dance, including the classic Lexicon of Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dance.
The Yatran Dance Ensemble was founded in Kropyvnytskyi in 1949, and gained great renown beginning in 1957 under director Anatoliy Krivokhyzha
Development in North America
Ukrainian immigrants brought their native traditions to the lands they settled, largely in Canada, Australia, the United States, and South America. Many village dances had survived the trip abroad and retained their traditional place at community gatherings (as documented in Andriy Nahachevskyy's book Social Dances of Ukrainian-Canadians). However, it was through the work of Vasyl Avramenko that Ukrainian dance secured a foothold in the West, developing as its own artform.
Vasyl Avramenko (1895–1981), began his career as a dance instructor at a Polish internment camp in 1921, having previously studied the theatrical arts in Kyiv, and later with Mykola Sadovsky's troupe, where he met and received training from Vasyl Verkhovynets. After the war, Avramenko toured western Ukraine, instructing where he could, but eventually setting out to spread Ukrainian dance throughout the world. After travelling through Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Germany, Avramenko came to Canada in 1925.
Avramenko was able to create a dance troupe by enlisting local immigrants in Canada almost immediately upon his arrival. His missionary zeal soon spread a series of dance schools throughout Canada, including the cities of Toronto, Calgary, Oshawa, Hamilton, Fort William, Port Arthur, Kenora, Winnipeg, Edmonton, Yorkton, Regina, Vegreville, Canora, Dauphin, Windsor, and many others.
Eventually, Avramenko would establish schools in the United States, including New York City, Philadelphia, Detroit, Cleveland, Utica, Yonkers, Buffalo, Boston, and others.
Avramenko created many Ukrainian dance groups in his lifetime. A nomad by nature, he would often stay in one area for only 2–3 months at a time, or about as long as it took him to teach his entire set of dances to a new group of students. When he eventually left a town, Avramenko would appoint a leader to continue teaching the dances. Many of these appointed leaders later created their own Ukrainian dance groups. One of these leaders was Chester Kuc, who in 1959 became the first Artistic Director of the Ukrainian Shumka Dancers and founded the Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company in Edmonton in 1969. Because of this "Johnny Appleseed" approach to his artform, Vasyl Avremenko is known in the Ukrainian diaspora as the "Father of Ukrainian Dance", and is credited with spreading this Ukrainian dancing across the world.
Avramenko's students toured much of North America, performing to tremendous acclaim at important venues such as World's Fairs, and the White House. He once even gathered over 500 dancers to appear on stage with him in a lavish evening of Ukrainian dance performed at New York's Metropolitan Opera House, in 1931. Avramenko eventually moved into film production in the United States, producing film versions of the Ukrainian operas Natalka Poltavka and Cossacks in Exile, as well as other Ukrainian dramas, starring Ukrainian immigrants, and always featuring Ukrainian dancing.
In 1978, the Ukrainian Dance Workshop was started in New York by several leading teachers of Ukrainian dance in North America, including Roma Pryma-Bohachevsky. Trained in Lviv, Vienna, and later Winnipeg, Pryma-Bohachevsky had toured the world before settling in the United States and becoming the country's most prolific teacher and choreographer of Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dance. For over twenty-five years, her direction of the Ukrainian Dance Workshop, and her Syzokryli Ukrainian Dance Ensemble, not only developed some of the finest Ukrainian dancers of North America, but also attracted already-established dancers. This combined pool of talent allowed Roma Pryma to try ever more innovative choreography, evoking modern Ukrainian themes such as the murder of outspoken musician Volodymyr Ivasiuk and the Chernobyl disaster. After developing the next generation of Ukrainian folk-stage dance instructors, establishing numerous schools and instructional intensives, choreographing hundreds of dances, and teaching thousands of students, Pryma-Bohachevsky died in 2004.
Development in Australia
One of the leading figures in the instruction of Ukrainian dance in Australia was Vladimir Kania, who organized his first adult dance ensemble in Perth in 1951, and ran that ensemble and others for decades. Kania had been trained in Ukrainian dance in his hometown of Jarosław.
Another early innovator in Australia was Natalia Tyrawski, who founded the Ukrainian National Ballet (later renamed "Veselka") in 1952 in Sydney. Tyrawski had studied and performed professionally in Ukraine, and continued to teach Ukrainian dance in Australia for almost fifty years.
In the 1960s, Vasyl Avramenko visited Australia and experienced similar successes in developing dancers on yet another continent and promoting the Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dance style which he and Vasyl Verkhovynets had pioneered. Most of Avramenko's influence in Australia stemmed from his massive workshops, which were attended by students of various ages.
Marina Berezowsky moved to Perth, Australia with her husband in 1949, after having performed with numerous dance companies in Ukraine. After working extensively with the West Australian Ballet and the Australian Ballet School, she founded and became artistic director and resident choreographer of the Kolobok Dance Company in Melbourne in 1970, in the wake of successful Australian tours by various international folk dance companies. Kolobok's goal was to give artistic expression to the varied dance traditions brought to Australia by Ukrainians and other immigrants.
The "Kuban Cossacks" dance troupe was formed in 1956 in Melbourne, and led by Wasyl and Lilly Kowalenko, achieved international success for their performances of Ukrainian cossack dances and songs. By 1989 the troupe had appeared in 13,000 live shows in 30 countries, and had appeared on 160 television shows.
Regional styles of dance
Ukrainian folk dance was fundamentally altered when it began to be performed on stage, as it was transformed into a new art form: Ukrainian folk-stage dance. Once dance masters such as Verkhovynets and Avramenko began gathering a repertoire of dances and touring Ukrainian lands with their troupes, teaching workshops in the villages as they went, the inherent regional variations which stemmed from the improvisational nature of pre-modern Ukrainian folk dances began to slowly fade. The types of dances one would see in one part of the country began to be performed in other parts of the country, and "Ukrainian dances" became a more homogeneous group.
Ukraine has many ethnocultural regions, many with their own music, dialect, form of dress, and dance steps. The scholarship of Verkhovynets and Avramenko, however, was mostly limited to the villages of central Ukraine. Gradually, others began filling in the gaps of this research, by researching the dance forms of the various ethnic groups of western Ukraine, publishing this scholarship, and founding regional dance ensembles. Most of this research, however, occurred after Verkhovynets' and Avramenko had already toured Ukraine, which limited the available sources of "traditional dance" knowledge to isolated villages or the immigrant communities who left their native territories before Verkhovynets and Avramenko began touring.
Because of the spread and influence of Verkhovynets and Avramenko's early work, most of the dances representing these ethnocultural regions, as performed by modern-day Ukrainian folk-stage dance ensembles, still incorporate the basic steps of bihunets and tynok, although new variations between "regional" styles of dance have developed as a result of more and more advanced instruction and choreographies becoming prevalent. Story (character) dances, such as pantomimed fables, and staged ritual dances are not necessarily linked to particular regions.
The stage costumes adopted by modern-day Ukrainian dance ensembles are based on traditional dress, but represent an idealized image of village life, with dancers identically dressed in vibrant colors untarnished by time or nature. While the dance-steps, costumes, and music differ from dance to dance, it is important to realize that many of these variations are modern-day choreographic constructs, with changes having been made to advance the art more than to preserve cultural traditions.
The "regional dances" of Ukrainian dance include:
Central Ukrainian or Kozak (Cossack) Dances, representing the culture and traditions of the Ukrainian Kozaks (Kozaky), Poltava and other central Ukrainian lands surrounding the River Dnieper; these are the dances most commonly associated with Ukrainian dance. The culture of central and eastern Ukraine developed under many foreign influences, due to both trade and foreign invasion. The greatest indigenous cultural influence was the semi-military society of the Kozaks, whose love of social dances spawned the Hopak (), the Kozachok (), the Povzunets (), the Chumaky (), and many others. The men's costumes for these dances are styled after Kozak dress, with boots, a comfortable shirt, a sash (poyas) tied around the waist, and loose, billowy riding trousers (sharovary); common accessories include overcoats, hats, and swords. The women's costumes have subtler variations since the woman's blouse generally displays more embroidery than the men's shirt, the skirt (plakhta) is woven with various geometric and color patterns, and they wear a headpiece of flowers and ribbons (vinok). All of these pieces can vary from village to village, or even based on a family tradition, although most professional ensembles dress their performers with identical costumes, for aesthetic reasons. The style of these dances is acrobatic and physically demanding for the men, who are often showcased individually; women have traditionally played secondary roles, displaying grace and beauty while often dancing in technically demanding unison.
Hutsul Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Hutsulshchyna. While Vasyl Avramenko's Hutsul dances are notoriously inaccurate depictions of the dances of the Hutsuls, the highlanders who inhabit the Carpathian Mountains, the demand for additional research to fill in the gaps of Verkhovynets initial work eventually brought about a revived interest in Hutsul customs and traditions, and soon Hutsul and Carpathian dance ensembles had developed the second most-recognizable style of Ukrainian dance. The well-known dances of the region of Pokuttia is the Kolomyika () which is named after the biggest city of the region, Kolomea; the Hutsulka (, ). The mountainous Hutsul region of Ukraine, Hutsulshchyna, is adjacent to the Romanian regions of Bukovina and Maramureş, and the regions are ethno-culturally linked. In depicting Hutsuls dances, dancers traditionally wear leather moccasins known as postoly, and decorated vests known as keptari. Men's pants are not as loose as the kozak dress, and women wear a skirt composed of front and back panels, tied at the waist. Hutsul costumes traditionally incorporate orange, brown, green, and yellow embroidery. Hutsul dances are well known for being lively and energetic, characterized by quick stamping and intricate footwork, combined with swift vertical movements. A well-known Hutsul dance is the arkan ('lasso', cf. Romanian arcan), in which men dance around a fire.
Transcarpathian Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Ukrainian Zakarpattia. Dances from this region are known for their large sweeping movements and colourful costumes, with the general movement being "bouncy". A signature dance from this region is bereznianka.
Bukovinian Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Bukovina, a transitional highland between Ukraine and Romania, historically ruled by the Romanian Principality of Moldavia, as well as the Habsburg Empire and the Tatars. Ukrainian dances depicting Bukovinian music and dance is peppered with dichotomies and contrapuntal themes, perhaps reflecting the political histories of the region. In these dances, both men and women perform a variety of foot-stamps. Usually, the girls' headpieces are very distinctive, consisting of tall wheat stalks, ostrich feathers, or other unique protuberances. The embroidery on the blouses and shirts is typically stitched with darker and heavier threads, and women's skirts are sometimes open at the front, revealing an embroidered slip.
Volyn' Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Volyn'. This region is located in north-western Ukraine. The representative costumes worn by Ukrainian dancers are bright and vibrant, while the dance steps are characterized by energetic jumping, high legs, and lively arms. The dances representing this region have been influenced by the traditional dances of Poland, due to Volyn's geographical proximity with Poland, and Poland's extended rule over the area.
Polissian Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Polissia. The steps of Polissian dance as depicted by Ukrainian dancers are characteristically very bouncy and with emphasis on high knee movement. The costumes often incorporate white, red, and beige as the main colors, and girls often wear aprons. A popular Polissian dance is called mazurochky.
Lemko Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Lemkivshchyna. The ethnographic region of the Lemkos lays mainly in Poland, with a small part falling within current Ukrainian borders. Relatively isolated from ethnic Ukrainians, the Lemko people have a unique lifestyle and ethnography, like that of the Hutsuls, which Ukrainian dance choreographers enjoy depicting. The dance costumes typically depict the men and women with short vests, with the style of dance being light-hearted as well as lively.
Podillian Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Podillia. Podillian dances are oftentimes accompanied with the traditional custom of welcoming with bread and salt, in addition to singing ritual greetings alongside high-energy and colourful dances. Podillian dances share some similarities with those of Central Ukraine.
Boiko Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Boikivshchyna. Boiko customs, including traditional dances & folk clothing differ from that of the Lemkos & Hutsuls.
Polissian Dances, representing the cultures and traditions of Polissia. The dances in Polissia are reflective of the region’s natural geography (marsh & woodlands), performing elastic, jump-like movements softly, in a lively manner, with a gradual advance. Though Polissia also encompasses parts of Poland & Belarus, dances from Ukrainian Polissia are uninfluenced by either neighbouring country. Polissian dances place emphasis on knee movement & typically feature bouncing movements.
Romani Dances, representing the culture and traditions of Ukrainian Tsyhany: The Romani people have lived in Ukraine for centuries. Those inhabiting the Carpathian Mountains have even developed their own dialect of the Rom language, as well as customs and traditional dances limited to their own villages. Many Ukrainian folk-stage dance ensembles have incorporated stylized Tsyhans'ky ("Gypsy") dances into their repertoire (, ).
Crimean Dances, representing the culture & traditions of Crimea. Crimean dances encompasses that of Crimea’s indigenous inhabitants, the Crimean Tatars, Krymchaks & Crimean Karaites. Dances from this region heavily feature body turns, with sharp hand movements being absent. Features commonly presented in Crimean men’s dances include a slender body, arms outstretched in multiple directions and elbows bent in half. In Crimean women’s dances, majestic & graceful movements are featured, variable steps of the toes & soft hand movements. Notable Crimean dances include Haytarma, Tym-Tym, Çobani & Ağir Ava.
See also
Ukrainian dancers, 1890s and early 1900s painting series by Edgar Degas
List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin
References
In English:
Lawson, Joan (1953). European Folk Dance: Its National and Musical Characteristics, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd. .
Lawson, Joan (1964). Soviet Dances (selected and translated from the book, Folk Dances of the U.S.S.R. by T. Tkachenko), Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing.
Shatulsky, Myron (1980). The Ukrainian Folk Dance, Kobzar Publishing Co. Ltd. .
Zerebecky, Bohdan (1985). Ukrainian Dance Resource Booklets, Series I-IV, Ukrainian Canadian Committee, Saskatchewan Provincial Council.
In Ukrainian:
Avramenko, Vasyl (1947). Ukrainian National Dances, Music, and Costumes (Українські Національні Танки, Музика, і Cтрій), National Publishers, Ltd.
Humeniuk, Andriy (1962). Ukrainian Folk Dances (Українські Hароднi Танцi), Academy of Sciences Ukrainian of the SSR.
Humeniuk, Andriy (1963). Folk Choreographic Art of Ukraine (Hароднe Xореографiчнe Mиcтeцтвo України), Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
Nahachevskyy, Andriy (2001). Social Dances of Ukrainian-Canadians (Пoбytoвi Танцi Кaнaдськиx Українцiв), Rodovid. .
Pihuliak, Ivan (1979). Wasyl Avramenko and the Rebirth of Ukrainian National Dancing, Part 1 (Василь Авраменко та Відродження Українського Танку, Частина Перша), published by the author.
Poliatykin, Mykola. Folk Dances of Volyn’ and Volyn’-Polissia (Hароднi Танцi Вoлинi i Вoлинського Пoлiccя y зaпиcax Mиkoли Пoляткiнa), Volyn' Oblast Publishers.
Stas'ko, Bohdan (2004). Choreographic Arts of Ivano-Frankivs’k (Xореографiчнe Mиcтeцтвo Iвaнo-Фpaнкiвщини), Lyleya NV. .
Vasylenko, Kim (1971). Lexicon of Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dance (Лeкcикa Українського Hapoднo-Cцeнiчнoго Taнцю), Art.
Verkhovynets’, Vasyl’ (1912). Ukrainian Wedding (Українськe Вeciлля).
Verkhovynets’, Vasyl’(1919). Theory of Ukrainian Folk Dance (Teopiя Українського Hapoднoго Taнкa).
Verkhovynets’, Vasyl’ (1925). Vesnyanochka (Becнянoчкa) State Publishers of the Ukraine.
Zaitsev, Evhen (1975). Fundamentals of Folk-Stage Dance (Ocнoви Hapoднo-Cцeнiчнoго Taнцю), Books 1 and 2. Library of Amateur Art, Nos. 1 & 4
In Polish:
Harasymchuk, Roman (1939). Hutsul Dances (Tance Huculskie).
In Russian:
Vasylenko, Kim (1981). Ukrainian Folk Dance (Украинский нapoдньiй тaнeц), Samodeatelniy teatr: Repertuar i metodyka.
Tkatchenko, T. (1954). Folk Dance (Hapoдньiй Taнeц), Art.
Online:
Regions of Ukraine/Costuming:
Boiko Region
Bukovina
Dnipropetrovsk Region
Hutsul Region
Volyn’
Zakarpattia
Central Ukrainian: Hopak Costume
Bukovinian Costume
Notes
External links
Canada's National Ukrainian Festival
Alberta Ukrainian Dance Association
Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company
Canada’s Ukrainian Shumka Dancers
New York City based Syzokryli Ukrainian Dance Ensemble
Ukrainian Cultural Festival at Soyuzivka Heritage Center (NY)
Folk!, Trailer for a documentary film about the U.S. Ukrainian Folk Dance community
European dances
Ukrainian-Canadian culture
Ukrainian folk dances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20dance |
The Deadly Snakes were a Canadian indie rock band influenced by garage rock, folk rock, and early R&B.
History
Formed in Toronto in 1996, the band's final line-up consisted of André Ethier on vocals and guitars, Matthew Carlson on guitar, trumpet and bass, Chad Ross on guitar, bass and mandolin, Jeremi Madsen on guitar, bass, saxophone and percussion, Max McCabe-Lokos (using the stage name Age of Danger) on piano, organ and percussion, and Andrew "Gunn" Moszynski on guitar and drums. Earlier versions of the band included Carson Binks (now of San Francisco's Genghis Khan) on saxophone, and - at different times - Yuri Didrichsons, James Sayce (both later of Toronto-based indie band Tangiers) and Randy Ray on bass. Greg Cartwright, of The Oblivians and The Reigning Sound, produced the band's first two albums. He briefly joined The Deadly Snakes, playing guitar and singing several songs on the album I'm Not Your Soldier Anymore, and touring as a member of the band in support of that album.
Originally formed as a one-off band for a friend's birthday party, the Snakes kept performing together and soon became a popular draw on Toronto's live music scene. After releasing several 7" singles, the Deadly Snakes released their full-length debut album, Love Undone, in 1999 on the Sympathy for the Record Industry label.
The band toured both Canada and internationally, and released three further albums via In the Red Records. Their 2005 single "Gore Veil", from the album Porcella, was named the fifth best song of the year by CBC Radio 3. The album Porcella was subsequently shortlisted for the 2006 Polaris Music Prize.
The Deadly Snakes announced their amicable breakup in August 2006, and played their last show on August 26, 2006 at the Silver Dollar Room.
In September 2009, rumours of a full-fledged reunion began to circulate following the announcement of a one-off reunion show at the free-of-charge Scion Garage Fest on October 17 in Portland, Oregon.
Ethier has released numerous albums as a solo artist. He is also a painter whose work has been exhibited internationally. Ross and Gunn formed the band Quest for Fire, who released their self-titled debut on Tee Pee Records in 2009. McCabe-Lokos is an actor and filmmaker who has appeared in Land of the Dead, Lars and the Real Girl, and The Incredible Hulk.
Discography
Love Undone (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1999)
I'm Not Your Soldier Anymore (In the Red, 2001)
Ode to Joy (In the Red, 2003)
Porcella (In the Red, 2005)
See also
Music of Canada
Canadian rock
List of Canadian musicians
List of bands from Canada
:Category:Canadian musical groups
References
External links
2006 article about the band and its demise from NewYorkNightTrain.com
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
Canadian indie rock groups
Musical groups from Toronto
Canadian garage punk groups
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists
Paper Bag Records artists
1996 establishments in Ontario
2006 disestablishments in Ontario
Canadian garage rock groups
In the Red artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Deadly%20Snakes |
David Adam (1936 – 24 January 2020) was a British Anglican priest and writer.
Adam was born in Alnwick, Northumberland. When he left school at 15, he went to work underground in the coal mines for three years before training for ordained ministry at Kelham Theological College. He was vicar of Danby-Castleton-Commondale in North Yorkshire for over 20 years, where he began writing prayers in the Celtic pattern. He later became rector of Holy Island, Lindisfarne, where he ministered to thousands of pilgrims and other visitors. He was made a canon of York Minster in 1989. He lived on the coast near Lindisfarne.
Writings
Adam's first book in the Celtic vein, Edge of Glory, achieved immediate popularity. He published several collections of art, reflections, prayers and meditations based on the Celtic tradition. His books have been translated into various languages, including Finnish and German, and have appeared in American editions.
Adam's books include:
The Cry of the Deer: Meditations on the hymn of St Patrick known as The Deer's Cry.
A Desert in the Ocean: Meditations based on St Brendan's Prayer on the Mountain – God's call to adventurous living.
The Eye of the Eagle: Meditations on the hymn Be Thou My Vision
The Edge of Glory: Collection of modern prayers in the Celtic tradition
Flame In My Heart: The life of St Aidan
Fire of the North: The life of St Cuthbert
On Eagles' Wings: The life of St Chad
The Open Gate: Celtic-style prayers for spiritual growth
The Road of Life: Reflections on Searching and Longing
The Rhythm Of Life: Morning, Midday, Evening and Night liturgies for each day of the week, SPCK
Tides and Seasons: A further collection of modern prayers in the Celtic tradition
Walking the Edges: Living in the Presence of God. Drawing on the stories of St Martin of Tours, St Ninian, St Patrick, St Oswald of Northumbria and St Cuthbert, this is an invitation to journey to the "borderlands"
The Awesome Journey: Life's pilgrimage
References
1936 births
2020 deaths
People from Alnwick
20th-century English Anglican priests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Adam%20%28priest%29 |
Malha is a neighborhood in southwest Jerusalem, between Pat, Ramat Denya and Kiryat Hayovel in the Valley of Rephaim. Before 1948, Malha was an Arab village known as al-Maliha ().
History
Antiquity
Excavations in Malha revealed Intermediate Bronze Age domestic structures. A dig in the Rephaim Valley carried out by the Israel Antiquities Authority in the region of the Malha Shopping Mall and Biblical Zoo uncovered a village dating back to the Middle Bronze Age II B (1,700 – 1,800 BCE). Beneath this, remains of an earlier village were found from the Early Bronze Age IV (2,200 – 2,100 BCE).
According to the archaeologists who excavated there in 1987–1990, Malha is believed to be the site of Manahat, a Canaanite town on the northern border of the Tribe of Judah (). Remains of the village have been preserved at the Biblical Zoo.
Byzantine- to Late Ottoman-period Georgian presence
Malha was a Georgian village in the fifth century, in the time of King Vakhtang I Gorgasali, who was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church. There was a connection to the nearby Georgian Holy Cross Monastery and other Georgian religious establishments around Jerusalem, with travellers noticing distinct habits among Malha's residents for centuries. Eventually they adopted Islam and integrated into the surrounding Arab society. By the 18th and 19th centuries, little more than the faint traces of a church, the few remaining locals naming themselve "Gurjs", Georgians, and their right of working the lands of the Holy Cross Monastery remained as witness of the Georgian past.
Ottoman period
In the 1596 tax records al-Maliha, (named Maliha as-Suqra), was part of the Ottoman Empire, nahiya (subdistrict) of Jerusalem under the Liwa of Jerusalem. It had a population of 52 Muslim households, an estimated 286 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on wheat, barley, and olive and fruit trees, goats and beehives; a total of 8,700 akçe. 1/3 of the revenue went to a waqf.
In 1838 it was noted by Edward Robinson as el Malihah, a Muslim village, part of the Beni Hasan district.
An Ottoman village list from about 1870 showed Malha with a population of 340, in 75 houses, though the population count included men, only.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as being of moderate size, standing high on a flat ridge. To the south was Ayn Yalu.
In 1896 the population of Malha was estimated to be about 600 persons.
British Mandate period
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Malhah had a population 1,038, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 1,410; 1,402 Muslims and 8 Christians, in a total of 299 houses. Georgian researcher, B.V. Khurtsilava, connected the steep population rise between 1868 (c. 200), to 1896 (some 600) and the 1920s-30s (c. 100-1400) with a strong influx of people of various ethnic backgrounds.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Malha was 1,940; 1,930 Muslims and 10 Christians, and the total land area was 6,828 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of the land, a total of 2,618 dunams were plantations and irrigable land and 1,259 were for cereals, while a total of 328 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
1948 war
In the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the village of al-Maliha, with a population of 2,250, was occupied as part of the battle for south Jerusalem. In the early part of the war, Al-Maliha, along with al-Qastal, Sur Baher and Deir Yassin, signed non-aggression pacts with the Haganah. On April 12, 1948, in the wake of the Deir Yassin Massacre, villagers from al Maliha, Qaluniya and Beit Iksa began to flee in panic. The Irgun attacked Malha in early morning hours of July 14, 1948. Several hours later, the Palestinian Arabs launched a counter-attack and seized one of the fortified positions. When Irgun reinforcements arrived, the Palestinians retreated and Malha was in Jewish control, but 17 Irgun fighters were killed and many wounded. The Arab inhabitants fled to Bethlehem, which remained under Jordanian control. The depopulated homes were occupied by Jewish refugees from Middle Eastern countries, mainly Iraq. Some of the land in Malha had been purchased before the establishment of the state by the Valero family, a family of Sephardi Jews that owned large amounts of property in Jerusalem and environs.
Israel
The first Palestinian fedayeen raid in Israel took place in November 1951 in Malha when a woman, Leah Festinger, was killed by infiltrators from Shuafat, at the time part of Jordan.
Recent development
Under the aegis of the Jerusalem Municipality, the neighborhood was modernised and a large housing development was established on the nearby hill and its eastern slopes. At the bottom of the hill are the Malha Shopping Mall, Teddy Stadium, Pais Arena Jerusalem, Jerusalem Biblical Zoo and the Jerusalem Malha Railway Station. Malha is now considered an upscale neighborhood. Schools include a vocational high school (ORT) and an elementary school, the Shalom School. The Jerusalem Technology Park houses many companies, including some high-tech start-ups as well as international media offices. In 2019, plans were approved for the construction of 30-floor towers in the technology park. A line of the Jerusalem Light Rail is being built from Jerusalem's Central Bus Station to the Malha sports complex.
See also
Jerusalem Malha Railway Station
Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
References
Bibliography
(pp. 760 ff)
Khurtsilava, B. (2022). "Gurjis" from Palestine. pp. 17-39 https://www.academia.edu/83562888/BESIK_KHURTSILAVA_GURJIS_FROM_PALESTINE_TBILISI_2022_in_English_
External links
Photos of the neighborhood
Al-Maliha village at palestineremembered.com
al-Maliha, Zochrot
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Al-Maliha
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
District of Jerusalem
Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malha |
R v Coney (1882) 8 QBD 534 is an English case in which the Court for Crown Cases Reserved found that a bare-knuckle fight was an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, despite the consent of the participants. This marked the end of widespread public bare-knuckle contests in England.
The case also found that voluntary attendance as a spectator was evidence that could be put to the jury to support a charge of aiding and abetting the assault. It was found however that an ordinary citizen is not under any duty to prevent an offence being committed and that failing to prevent it does not create liability as an accomplice.
Application
The principles laid down have been applied or nuanced (distinguished) in consensual crime precedents. See R v Brown for a selection of scenarios in which the prohibition of actual bodily harm applies and where, for example in running the risk of ABH in less risky sports, it does not.
Judges
John Coleridge, 1st Baron Coleridge
See also
English criminal law
R v Clarkson (David) [1971]
External links
Pugilistic Prosecutions: Prize Fighting and the Courts in Nineteenth Century Britain by Jack Anderson
Bare-knuckle boxing
C
Coney
1882 in England
1882 in British law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20v%20Coney |
Calico Light Weapons Inc. (CLWS) is an American privately held manufacturing company based in Elgin, Oregon, that designs, develops and manufactures semiautomatic firearms. It was established in 1982 in Bakersfield, California, and released its first production weapon in 1985. In 1998 its operations were moved to Sparks, Nevada, where replacement parts for existing weapons were produced.
In 2006, it was sold once again and moved to Hillsboro, Oregon, where full firearm production resumed. It implemented a CNC machining process and upgraded materials used in manufacture. There were also minor redesigns of some production models to increase durability and reliability.
Products
CLWS produces a line of pistols and pistol-caliber carbines that feature a top-mounted helical-feed 50- or 100-round magazine that ejects spent shells from a bottom port, making a brass catcher practical in various situations. Nine millimeter pistols, carbines and submachineguns use the roller-delayed blowback principle used in the Heckler & Koch series of firearms.
At the 2012 SHOT Show, Calico exhibited a prototype 12-gauge shotgun with top-mounted helical magazine.
Projects and operations
Calico is working to secure military and law enforcement and export contracts. Its firearms have appeared in several action and science fiction films, including Spaceballs, I Come in Peace and some James Bond films, due to their futuristic appearance. The company's motto is A Revolution in Firepower!
Calico is one of the largest manufacturers of large (50- and 100-round) magazines for automatic and semi-automatic weapons.
Products
Current
.22 LR pistols
Calico M110
.22 LR rifles
Calico M100S & M-100 tactical
M-100FS & M-100FS tactical
9 mm pistols
Calico Liberty III & Liberty III tactical
9 mm rifles
Liberty I and II
Liberty I and II tactical
Calico M960 (military and law enforcement only)
Calico M960A
Discontinued
.22 LR pistols
M-100P
9 mm pistols
M950
Carbines
M-900
M-951
Sub-machineguns
M-750
M-900A
M-950A
Cancelled
Shotgun
Calico 12-gauge shotgun
See also
List of companies based in Oregon
References
External links
Calico Official Web Site
Modern Firearms Calico SMGs site
Firearm manufacturers of the United States
Companies established in 1982
Privately held companies based in Oregon
Union County, Oregon
1982 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico%20Light%20Weapons%20Systems |
Lielvārde (; ), population 5885, is a town in Ogre Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia, on the right bank of the Daugava river, 52 km southeast of Riga.
History
The area was a contact zone between the Finnic Livonians and the Balts, and many prehistoric artifacts have been uncovered there. A Baltic hill-fort named Lennewarden being taken in fief by Albert of Buxhoeveden in 1201 is mentioned in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. This site is called Dievukalns (Hill of the Gods) in Latvian. A stone castle was constructed by the Riga diocese in 1229; its ruins are still accessible today.
A parochial school was established when the area was part of Swedish Livonia, but ca. 70% of the population perished in the Great Plague of 1710. The opening of the Riga–Daugavpils Railway in 1861 led to the expansion of the town around the railway station Ringmundhofa later named Rembate. The town was entirely destroyed in World War I but was swiftly rebuilt after Latvia achieved independence.
After the occupation of Latvia and its incorporation into the Soviet Union as the Latvian SSR, Edgars Kauliņš (1903–1979), the local Communist Party secretary, was able to save all of the farmers in the district from deportation during the period of forced collectivization, declaring that there were no kulaks in the area and he would rather be deported himself. In 1948 Kauliņš became the founding chairman of the kolkhoz Lāčplēsis ("The Bear Slayer"), now part of Lielvārde. The kolkhoz became famous for its beer, still brewed by AS Lāčplēša alus, part of the Scandinavian Royal Unibrew brewing group since 2005. Beer is no longer brewed in Lielvārde, the company has only kept the brand. Lielvārde air base was built by the Soviets in 1970; the largest in the Baltic States, it was taken over by the Latvian Air Force in 1994.
Cultural traditions
Lielvārde is renowned as the area that inspired the prominent Latvian poets Auseklis and Andrejs Pumpurs, author of the epic Lāčplēsis (The Bear Slayer, 1888), and for the Lielvārdes josta, a traditional woven belt with 22 ancient symbols. Portions of the belt's design are featured on Latvian banknotes, and its symbolism has inspired many artists and folklore enthusiasts, especially those associated with the pagan revival, dievturība.
Schools
Edgara Kauliņa Lielvārdes Vidusskola
Lielvārdes Pamatskola
PII Pūt Vējiņi
See also
Lielvārde Castle
References
Arveds Švābe, ed.: Latvju enciklopēdija. Stockholm: Trīs Zvaigznes, 1952-1953.
Guntis Zemītis, Ornaments un simbols Latvijas aizvēsturē. Rīga: Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds, 2004.
Ogres rajona pašvaldību vortāls. Retrieved 25. II. 2006.
James A. Brundage, The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961.
External links
Towns in Latvia
Populated places established in 1992
Castles of the Teutonic Knights
Kreis Riga
Ogre Municipality
Vidzeme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielv%C4%81rde |
Etar () is a Bulgarian sports football club based in Veliko Tarnovo, that plays in the First League, the top level of Bulgarian football.
Etar is the official successor of Etar 1924, which was dissolved for financial reasons after the 2012–13 season. The current Etar was established after the former folded and quickly ascended from the amateur leagues, eventually promoting to the Bulgarian First League at the end of the 2016–17 season. The club's home ground has been Ivaylo Stadium since 2013. Etar plays in all-violet kits and their nickname is 'The Bolyars'.
History
Foundation and Amateur League (2013–2016)
The club was founded as OFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo in 2013 with the license of FC Botev Debelets. In their first season they finished in 5th position in V Group.
In January 2016, Boncho Genchev became the new manager of the team which was in 3rd place at the halfway point in the season, only two points behind the 1st place team. The selection included Lyubomir Genchev coming from A Group team Montana, Stefan Hristov from Spartak Pleven and the leading goalscorer in the first part of 2015–16 season in B Group, Petar Dimitrov. The team eventually won all its matches, winning the league and being promoted to B Group.
Professional Football (2016–present)
On 9 June 2016 Etar were officially approved for the new 2nd division — Second League, with the club changing its abbreviation to "SFC Etar". Ferario Spasov remains in his position as manager and with a good selection team made promotion to First League. Etar were promoted as champions of the 2016–17 Second League, sealing their title on the final day of the season with a 2–2 away draw against Nesebar, coupled with Septemvri Sofia's 2–0 away defeat to Oborishte.
Etar's first season into the elite was difficult. The team finished 13th in the regular phase, with only four wins. This placed Etar as one of the candidates for relegation. In the relegation phase, Etar finished last in their group and had to play playoff/play out matches in order to remain in the elite. In the first round, Etar beat Pirin Blagoevgrad 3-1 aggregate and advanced to the second round. There, the violets faced Dunav Ruse. Two strong matches resulted in a 4-1 aggregate win, and Etar secured their status as a member of the top tier.
On 4 January 2018 Krasimir Balakov was announced as the new manager in the club with Stanislav Genchev, Iliyan Kiryakov and Kaloyan Chakarov as first team coaches.
After 4 seasons in the First League, Etar was relegated to the Second League at the end of the 2020-21 season. Back into the second tier, Etar managed to finish in fourth place during the 2021–22 season, qualifying for promotion playoffs. Etar, however, lost against Botev Vratsa and did not manage to return to the First League immediately.
League positions
Nickname, shirt and colors
Their main nicknames are the Bolyars and the Violets, the latter in reference to the colour of their home kit, which is often mistaken for purple.
Honours
Domestic
First League:
Winners (1): 1990–91
Second League:
Winners (1): 2016–17
Runners–up (1): 2022–23
Third League:
Winners (1): 2015–16
Runners–up (1): 2014–15
Bulgarian Cup:
Semifinals (4): 1959-60, 1989-90, 1990-91, 1992-93
Players
Current squad
For recent transfers, see Transfers summer 2023.
Foreign players
Up to five non-EU nationals can be registered and given a squad number for the first team in the Bulgarian First Professional League however only three can be used in a match day. Those non-EU nationals with European ancestry can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim Bulgarian citizenship after playing in Bulgaria for 5 years.
EU Nationals
EU Nationals (Dual citizenship)
Chano
Non-EU Nationals
Martín Morán
Javier Betegón
Luis Córdova
Reserve team
Etar II () is a Bulgarian football team based in Veliko Tarnovo. It is the reserve team of Etar Veliko Tarnovo, and currently plays in Third League, the third level of Bulgarian football.
Current squad
Notable players
The footballers enlisted below have international caps for their respective countries or more than 100 caps for Etar. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries.
Bulgaria
Ivan Petkov
Stanislav Genchev
Ivan Stoyanov
Ventsislav Vasilev
Georgi Sarmov
Hristo Ivanov
Georgi Pashov
Daniel Mladenov
Ivaylo Dimitrov
Ivan Ivanov
Georgi Angelov
Europe
Artjom Artjunin
CONCACAF
Romeesh Ivey
Josecarlos Van Rankin
Africa
Alioune Badará
Alasana Manneh
Gaëtan Missi Mezu
Goalscoring and appearance records
Players in bold are still playing for Etar.
Past seasons
Seasons in First League: 4
Seasons in Second League: 3
Seasons in V Group (now Third League''): 3
Managers
Club officials
Board of directors
Current technical body
References
External links
bgclubs.eu
Association football clubs established in 2013
2013 establishments in Bulgaria
Football clubs in Veliko Tarnovo
Phoenix clubs (association football) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFC%20Etar%20Veliko%20Tarnovo |
Gallup Municipal Airport is three miles (5 km) southwest of Gallup in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States.
The airport is on Historic Hwy 66. The FBO is Gallup Flying Service; Gallup Med Flight operates Critical Care Air Transport Air Ambulance service.
Facilities
The airport covers at an elevation of 6,472 feet (1,973 m); its one runway, 6/24, is 7,316 by 100 feet (2,230 x 30 m) asphalt.
In the year ending March 31, 2009 the airport had 4,643 aircraft operations, average 12 per day: 58% air taxi, 26% general aviation, 12% airline and 4% military. 23 aircraft were then based at this airport: 57% single-engine and 43% multi-engine.
Historical airline service
Gallup has been served by many airlines since the late 1940s. The first was Monarch Airlines which provided Douglas DC-3 flights to Albuquerque and to Salt Lake City with several stops. In 1950 Monarch Airlines merged with two other carriers to become Frontier Airlines. Frontier added flights to Denver and Phoenix, each making several stops en route, and upgraded to larger 50-seat aircraft during the 1960s with the Convair 340 followed by the Convair 580. Frontier's service continued until 1981 when the carrier went to an all jet aircraft fleet and ended service to all their smaller cities. Meanwhile, several commuter carriers began serving Gallup; Cochise Airlines came in 1979 followed by Desert Airlines in 1980, each with flights to Phoenix making several stops. Sun West Airlines began service later in 1980 with flights to Albuquerque as well as Phoenix using Piper Navajo aircraft and later upgrading with Beechcraft 99s. Their service continued into 1985 at which time Mesa Airlines began operating on the same routes also using Beech 99's. Mesa ended their Albuquerque flights in 1989 and the Phoenix flights became America West Express in 1992 operating as a feeder for America West Airlines using Beechcraft 1900D airliners. The Phoenix service thrived with the major airline code-share and as many as seven flights per day were operated. Mesa/America West Express also added a larger 30-seat Embraer 120 Brasilia aircraft to its schedule for a brief time in 1994. In the late 1990s commuter airline traffic suffered a major downturn nationwide and the Phoenix flights ended in 1999. Flights to Albuquerque were reinstated under the Mesa Airlines brand but ended three years later. In 2005 Westward Airways provided flights to Phoenix using Pilatus PC-12 aircraft but the airline shut down after a few months. Gallup then went two years without airline service until an agreement was made with Great Lakes Airlines in 2007 to provide flights to Phoenix and Denver (via Farmington) using Beech 1900Ds. This service lasted a little under a year, ending in 2008. Gallup did not see airline service for fourteen years until Advanced Air began a single daily flight to Phoenix on August 1, 2022. The Phoenix flight was made possible by a 3.5 million dollar Rural Air Service Enhancement grant through the State of New Mexico.
Airline and destination
Advanced Air operates Raytheon King Air 350 turboprop aircraft on all flights. The aircraft has eight seats arranged in an executive configuration.
Statistics
External links
Gallup Municipal Airport at City of Gallup website
Gallup Med Flight
References
Airports in New Mexico
Gallup, New Mexico
Buildings and structures in McKinley County, New Mexico
Transportation in McKinley County, New Mexico
Former Essential Air Service airports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%20Municipal%20Airport |
New Zealand Māori can refer to:
Māori people
Māori culture
Māori language
New Zealand Māori rugby union team
New Zealand Māori rugby league team
New Zealand Māori cricket team
Language and nationality disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20M%C4%81ori |
South West Fijian Urban Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage).
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 and 2006 elections, Ratu Jone Kubuabola won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20West%20Urban%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
A used note is a banknote that has been in circulation (as opposed to a freshly printed, uncirculated banknote). Blackmailers and people demanding ransoms are often heard in movies to ask for a sum of money "in used notes". Used banknotes are preferred by criminals because they are more difficult to trace. Blocks of new banknotes will be in sequentially numbered order.
Collectibility
Used bank notes are less desired by collectors in comparison to uncirculated bank notes. However, many old, rare bank notes are valuable to collectors when uncirculated notes are not available at an affordable price.
Removal from circulation
In the United States, when the quality of a used note becomes sufficiently degraded, it is removed from circulation by the Federal Reserve. Each Federal Reserve Bank operates numerous count rooms, in which at least two employees process banknotes that were received on deposit from a bank. Used banknotes are fed into a large counting machine, which verifies the amount of the deposit and also identifies degraded banknotes. Any banknotes not meeting certain quality standards are immediately shredded by the machine. The shredded remains of used banknotes are sometimes offered for purchase as a novelty item.
References
Currency production
Banknotes
Bank robbery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used%20note |
La Péri (English: The Peri) is a 1912 ballet in one act by French composer Paul Dukas, originally choreographed by Ivan Clustine and first performed in Paris, about Iskender (the name of Alexander the Great in Persian) searching for immortality and his encounter with a mythological Peri. It was premiered on April 22, 1912.
Synopsis
At the end of his days of youth, the Magi having observed that his star had faded, Iskender travels throughout Iran in search of the Flower of Immortality. After three years of looking and wandering, he finally arrives at the Ends of the Earth, a place of utmost tranquility and calm. Iskender finds a temple to Ormuzd, and on its steps is a Peri. With a star flashing above her head and a lute in one hand, the Peri carries the Flower of Immortality, a lotus decorated with emeralds, in the other.
Later, as the Peri is sleeping, Iskender steals the Flower, careful to avoid making noise so that she does not wake up. Immediately the Flower sparkles brightly in his hands, and when the Peri wakes up, she strikes her hands against each other and lets out a great cry, because without the Flower she cannot enter into the presence of the light of Ormuzd. Upon this realization, Iskender delights at the power he now seemingly has over the Peri.
While in his hand, however, the Flower is transformed by Ormuzd to Iskender’s earthly and material desires. This is a sign to the Peri that possession of the Flower is not intended for Iskender, and so she performs a dance, gradually coming closer and closer until she is able to wrest the Flower from him. As the Peri slowly disappears in the light and returns to Paradise, Iskender realizes with calmness that he has been stranded and left to die.
Music
The original music to La Péri was written in 1911 by Paul Dukas as a Poème dansé en un tableau ("dance poem in one scene"), his last published work. Although not as well known as his famous symphonic poem The Sorcerer's Apprentice, the ballet has been considered to be one of his most mature and skilled pieces. The music's style can best be described as a mixture of Romantic tonal harmony and orchestration techniques with Impressionism, and is distinctly French. The ballet itself is preceded by a brilliant fanfare that uses the orchestra's brass section, and which is often performed separately.
Dukas scored La Péri for one piccolo (doubling third flute), two flutes, two oboes, one English horn, two clarinets in A, one bass clarinet in B flat, three bassoons; four horns in F, three trumpets in C, three trombones, one tuba; a percussion section that includes timpani, bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, triangle, tambourine and xylophone; one celesta; two harps and strings.
Performances
Dukas had been commissioned to write the music for the Ballets Russes with designs by Léon Bakst, with Natalia Trouhanova as the Peri and Vaslav Nijinsky as Iskender. However, because Serge Diaghilev did not feel that Trouhanova was enough of a skilled dancer to be a partner to Nijinsky, the production was cancelled.
Trouhanova eventually commissioned Ivan Clustine to choreograph the music, and the work was premiered at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, on April 22, 1912, with Trouhanova in the title role, Alfred Bekefi as Iskender, designs by René Piot. The Concerts Lamoureux were conducted by the composer, and the other ballets on the programme (also all conducted by their composer) were Istar, La Tragédie de Salomé, and Adélaïde ou le langage des fleurs.
The ballet entered the Paris Opera's repertoire in 1921, with Anna Pavlova and Hubert Stowitts dancing as the Peri and Iskender and designs by René Piot, and Philippe Gaubert conducting.
The ballet was performed in 1931 by the Ballet Rambert at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate in London, to choreography by Frederick Ashton and costume design by William Chappell. Ashton himself danced the role of Iskender, with ballerina Alicia Markova as the Peri. This production was short-lived, lasting only until 1932, but the same company performed the ballet again in 1938 to choreography by Frank Staff, and Ashton in 1956 designed a new version for The Royal Ballet. In this latter version, the two roles were played by Margot Fonteyn and Michael Somes with scenic design by Ivon Hitchens and costume design by André Lavasseur. In Britain it has also been performed at the Lyric Theatre Hammersmith and the Palace Theatre, Manchester.
Vladimir Malakhov staged a production of the ballet for the Staatsballett Berlin in 2010. In 2012 Ivan Putrov used the score to choreograph his first major creation for the stage, at Sadler's Wells Theatre, entitled Ithaca.
Though not common, excerpts from the ballet are still sometimes performed in student competitions.
See also
La Péri (Burgmüller)
Notes
References
Sources
Dukas, Paul. La Péri - Poème dansé en un Tableau Paris: M.M. Durand & Cie, 1911. (synopsis, instrumentation)
The Rambert Dance Company. Archive - La Péri. Retrieved February 25, 2006. (production information)
External links
Entry in the Ballet Rambert Archive
Fanfare from La Péri, performed by the Boston Civic Symphony on YouTube
Ballets by Paul Dukas
Ballets by Ivan Clustine
Ballets designed by Léon Bakst
1912 ballet premieres | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20P%C3%A9ri%20%28Dukas%29 |
The Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China (), also known as the Second Republic of China or simply as the Republic of China, refers to the government of the Republic of China from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party).
After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution on 10 October 1911, revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was elected Provisional President and founded the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. To preserve national unity, Sun ceded the presidency to military strongman Yuan Shikai, who established the Beiyang government. After a failed attempt to install himself as Emperor of China, Yuan died in 1916, leaving a power vacuum which resulted in China being divided into several warlord fiefdoms and rival governments. They were nominally reunified in 1928 by the Nanjing-based government led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, which after the Northern Expedition governed the country as a one-party state under the Kuomintang, and was subsequently given international recognition as the legitimate representative of China. The Nationalist government would then experience many challenges such as the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War and World War II. The government was in place until it was replaced by the current Government of the Republic of China in the newly promulgated Constitution of the Republic of China of 1948.
History
The oldest surviving republic in East Asia, the Republic of China was formally established on 1January 1912 in mainland China following the Xinhai Revolution, which itself began with the Wuchang Uprising on 10October 1911, replacing the Qing dynasty and ending nearly three thousand years of imperial rule in China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–28), Japanese invasion (1937–45), and the Chinese Civil War (1927–49), with central authority strongest during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the Kuomintang (KMT) under an authoritarian one-party state.
At the end of World War II in 1945, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan and its island groups to the Allies, and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control. The legitimacy of this transfer is disputed and is another aspect of the disputed political status of Taiwan.
After World War II, the civil war between the ruling Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) resumed, despite attempts at mediation by the United States. The Nationalist Government began drafting the Constitution of the Republic of China under a National Assembly, but was boycotted by the CCP. With the promulgation of the constitution, the Nationalist Government abolished itself and was replaced by the Government of the Republic of China. Following their loss of the Civil War, the Nationalist Government retreated and moved their capital to Taipei while claiming that they were the legitimate government of the mainland.
Founding
After Sun's death on 12 March 1925, four months later on 1 July 1925, the National Government of the Republic of China was established in Guangzhou.
The following year, as Generalissimo of the National Revolutionary Army, Chiang Kai-shek became the de facto leader of the Kuomintang (KMT), or Chinese Nationalist Party. He especially headed the right-wing of the Nationalist Party, while the Communists formed part of the Party's left-wing. Chiang led the Northern Expedition through China with the intention of defeating the warlords and unifying the country. The National Revolutionary Army received significant aid from the Soviet Union; Chiang himself was surrounded by Soviet military advisors. Much of the Nationalist Party, however, became convinced, not without reason, that the Communists, under recent orders from the Comintern, wanted to break from the United Front and get rid of the KMT.
Chiang decided to strike first and purged the Communists, killing thousands of them. At the same time, other violent conflicts took place in the south of China where peasant associations supported by the CCP were attacking landlords and local gentry, who formed a base of political support for the KMT right-wing and recruitment for Nationalist soldiers. These events eventually led to the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalist Party and the CCP. Chiang Kai-shek pushed the CCP into the interior as he sought to destroy them, and moved the Nationalist Government to Nanjing in 1927. Leftists within the KMT still allied to the CCP, led by Wang Jingwei, had established a rival Nationalist Government in Wuhan two months earlier, but soon joined Chiang in Nanjing in August 1927. By the following year, Chiang's army had captured Beijing after overthrowing the Beiyang government and unified the entire nation, at least nominally, marking the beginning the Nanjing Decade.
Nanjing Decade and War with Japan
According to Sun Yat-sen's "Three Stages of Revolution" theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: the first stage was military unification, which was carried out with the Northern Expedition; the second was "political tutelage" which was a provisional government led by the KMT to educate people about their political and civil rights, and the third stage would be constitutional government. By 1928, the Nationalists claimed that they had succeeded in reunifying China and were beginning the second stage, the period of so-called "tutelage". In 1931, they promulgated a provisional constitution that established the one-party rule of the KMT and promised eventual democratization. In practice, this meant that Chiang Kai-Shek was able to continue authoritarian rule.
Even had it been the KMT's intention, historians such as Edmund Fung argue that they may not have been able to establish a democracy under the circumstances of the time. Despite nominal reunification, the Chiang's Nationalist Government relied heavily on the support of warlords such as Ma Hushan, Yan Xishan, and Chang Hsueh-liang to exert control on the provinces. The loyalty of these figures was often highly suspect, and they frequently engaged in acts of open defiance, as in the Xi'an Incident of 1936, or even rebellion. In alliance with local landlords and other power-brokers, they blocked moderate land reforms that might have benefits the rural poor. Instead, the poor peasants remained a consistent source of recruits for the Communist Party. While weakened by frequent massacres and purges—historian Rudolph Rummel estimated that 1,654,000 people were killed by the KMT in anti-Communist purges during this period—the Communists were able to survive and posed a major latent threat to the regime. However, perhaps the biggest challenges came from within the administration itself. As Chiang Kai-Shek told the state council: "Our organization becomes worse and worse ... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read newspapers and still others sleep." Corruption was endemic at all levels of government. The tension between Chiang's centralizing tendencies and the warlords who supported him led to friction and inconsistent direction. Even the KMT itself was disunified, with the pro-Chiang factions of the CC Clique, Political Study Clique, and fascist-inspired Blue Shirts Society opposed by a left-wing faction under Wang Jingwei and a right-wing faction influenced by Hu Hanmin. To control the opposing KMT factions, Chiang relied increasingly on the National Revolutionary Army.
Economic growth and social improvements were mixed. The Kuomintang supported women's rights and education, the abolition of polygamy, and foot binding. The government of the Republic of China under Chiang's leadership also enacted a women's quota in the parliament with reserved seats for women. During the Nanjing Decade, the spread of education increased the literacy rate across China and promoted the ideals of Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People of democracy, republicanism, science, constitutionalism, and Chinese Nationalism based on the Political Tutelage of the Kuomintang. However, periodic famines continued: in Northern China from 1928 to 1930, in Sichuan from 1936 to 1937, and in Henan from 1942 to 1943. In total, these famines cost at least 11.7 million lives. GDP growth averaged 3.9 per cent a year from 1929 to 1941 and per capita GDP about 1.8 per cent. Among other institutions, the Nationalist Government founded the Academia Sinica and the Central Bank of China. In 1932, China for the first time sent teams to the Olympic Games.
The Nationalists faced a new challenge with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, with hostilities continuing through the Second Sino-Japanese War, part of World War II, from 1937 to 1945. The government of the Republic of China retreated from Nanjing to Chongqing. In 1945, after the war of eight years, Japan surrendered and the Republic of China, under the name "China", became one of the founding members of the United Nations. The government returned to Nanjing in 1946.
Post-World War II
After the defeat of Japan during World War II, Taiwan was surrendered to the Allies, with ROC troops accepting the surrender of the Japanese garrison. The government of the ROC proclaimed the "retrocession" of Taiwan to the Republic of China and established a provincial government on the island. The military administration of the ROC extended over Taiwan, which led to widespread unrest and increasing tensions between local Taiwanese and mainlanders. The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered an island-wide unrest, which was brutally suppressed with military force in what is now known as the February 28 Incident. Mainstream estimates of casualties range from 18,000 to 30,000, mainly Taiwanese elites. The 28 February Incident has had far-reaching effects on subsequent Taiwanese history.
From 1945 to 1947, under United States mediation, especially through the Marshall Mission, the Nationalists and Communists agreed to start a series of peace talks aiming at establishing a coalition government. The two parties agreed to open multiparty talks on post-World War II political reforms via a Political Consultative Conference. This was included in the Double Tenth Agreement. This agreement was implemented by the Nationalist Government, who organized the first Political Consultative Assembly from 10 to 31 January 1946. Representatives of the Kuomintang, CCP, Chinese Youth Party, and China Democratic League, as well as independent delegates, attended the conference in Chongqing. However, shortly afterward, the two parties failed to reach an agreement and the civil war resumed. In the context of political and military animosity, the National Assembly was summoned by the Nationalists without the participation of the CCP and promulgated the Constitution of the Republic of China. The constitution was criticized by the CCP, and led to the final break between the two sides. The full-scale civil war resumed from early 1947.
After the National Assembly election, the drafted Constitution was adopted by the National Assembly on 25 December 1946, promulgated by the National Government on 1 January 1947, and went into effect on 25 December 1947. The Constitution was seen as the third and final stage of Kuomintang reconstruction of China. Chiang Kai-shek was also elected as the 1st President of the Republic of China under the constitution by the National Assembly in 1948, with Li Zongren being elected as vice-president. The Nationalist Government was abolished on 20 May 1948, after the Government of the Republic of China was established with the presidential inauguration of Chiang. The CCP, though invited to the convention that drafted it, boycotted and declared after the ratification that not only would it not recognize the ROC constitution, but all bills passed by the Nationalist administration would be disregarded as well. Zhou Enlai challenged the legitimacy of the National Assembly in 1947 by accusing the KMT of hand-picking the members of the National Assembly 10 years earlier; claiming they thus could not legitimately represent the Chinese people.
Government
The National Government governed under a dual-party state apparatus under the ideology of Dang Guo, effectively making it a one-party state; however, existing parties continued to operate and new ones formed. After the end of the Second World War, and particularly after the passage of the constitution in 1946, the National Government was reconstituted to include multiple parties, in preparation for a full democratic government to come.
In February 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 2nd Kuomintang National Congress held in Nanjing passed the Reorganization of the National Government Act. This act stipulated the national government was to be directed and regulated under the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, with the Committee of the National Government being elected by KMT Central Committee. Under the national government was seven ministries – Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Transport, Justice, Agriculture and Mines, and Commerce. There were also additional institutions such as the Supreme Court, Control Yuan, and the General Academy.
With the promulgation of the Organic Law of the National Government in October 1928, the government was reorganized into five different branches or Yuan, namely the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan as well as the Control Yuan. The Chairman of the National Government was to be the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army. Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the first Chairman of the National Government, a position he would retain until 1931. The Organic Law also stipulated that the Kuomintang, through its National Congress and Central Executive Committee, would exercise sovereign power during the period of political tutelage, and the KMT's Political Council would guide and superintend the National Government in the execution of important national affairs and that the council has the power to interpret or amend the organic law.
Authority within the Nationalist government ultimately lay with Chiang Kai-shek. All major policy changes on military, diplomatic, or economic issues required his approval. According to historian Odd Arne Westad, "no other leader within the GMD had the authority to force through even the simplest decisions.The practical power of high-ranking officials like ministers or the head of the Executive Yuan was more closely tied to their relationship with Chiang than with the formal authority of their position. Chiang created multiple layers of power in his administration which he sometimes played off each other to prevent individuals or cliques from gathering power that could oppose his authority.
Military
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (), pre-1928 sometimes shortened to or Revolutionary Army and between 1928 and 1947 as or National Army was the Military Arm of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1925 until 1947, as well as the national army of the Republic of China during the KMT's period of party rule beginning in 1928.
Originally organized with Soviet aid as a means for the KMT to unify China against warlordism, the National Revolutionary Army fought major engagements in the Northern Expedition against the Chinese Beiyang Army warlords, in the Second Sino-Japanese War against the Imperial Japanese Army, and in the Chinese Civil War against the People's Liberation Army.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the CCP were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army (while retaining separate commands), but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the Constitution of the Republic of China in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the Republic of China Armed Forces (), with the bulk of its forces forming the Republic of China Army, which retreated to Taiwan in 1949.
Forced conscription campaigns were conducted by the military; they are described by Rudolph Rummel as such:
"Then there was the process of conscription. This was a deadly affair in which men were kidnapped for the army, rounded up indiscriminately by press-gangs or army units among those on the roads or in the towns and villages, or otherwise gathered together. Many men, some the very young and old, were killed resisting or trying to escape. Once collected, they would be roped or chained together and marched, with little food or water, long distances to camp. They often died or were killed along the way, sometimes less than 50 percent reaching camp alive. Then recruit camp was no better, with hospitals resembling Nazi concentration camps like Buchenwald. Probably 3,081,000 died during the Sino-Japanese War; likely another 1,131,000 during the Civil War – 4,212,000 dead in total. Just during conscription."Because of the Nationalist government's increasing inability to fund the military, especially after Japan's success in Operation Ichigo, Nationalist authorities overlooked military corruption and smuggling. The Nationalist army increasingly turned to raiding villages to press-gang peasants into service and force marching them to assigned units.
Economy
After the Kuomintang reunified the country in 1928, China entered a period of relative prosperity despite civil war and Japanese aggression. In 1937, the Japanese invaded and laid China to waste in eight years of war. The era also saw additional boycott of Japanese products.
Chinese industries continued to develop in the 1930s with the advent of the Nanjing decade in the 1930s when Chiang Kai-shek unified most of the country and brought political stability. China's industries developed and grew from 1927 to 1931. Though badly hit by the Great Depression from 1931 to 1935 and Japan's occupation of Manchuria in 1931, industrial output recovered by 1936. By 1936, industrial output had recovered and surpassed its previous peak in 1931 prior to the Great Depression's effects on China. This is best shown by the trends in Chinese GDP. In 1932, China's GDP peaked at US$28.8 billion, before falling to $21.3 billion by 1934 and recovering to $23.7 billion by 1935. By 1930, foreign investment in China totaled $3.5 billion, with Japan leading ($1.4 billion) and the United Kingdom at 1 billion. By 1948, however, the capital stock had halted with investment dropping to only $3 billion, with the US and Britain leading.
However, the rural economy was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s, in which an overproduction of agricultural goods lead to massive falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, imports of rice in China amounted to 21 million bushels compared with 12 million in 1928. Other goods saw even more staggering increases. In 1932, 15 million bushels of grain were imported compared with 900,000 in 1928. This increased competition leads to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices (which were cheaper) and thus the income of rural farmers. In 1932, agricultural prices were 41 percent of 1921 levels. Rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels by 1934 in some areas. Under this peculiar context for rural China, the Chinese Rural Reconstruction Movement was implemented by some social activists who graduated as professors of the United States with tangible but limited progress in modernizing the tax, infrastructural, economical, cultural, and educational equipment and mechanisms of rural regions. The social activists actively coordinated with the local governments in towns and villages since the early 1930s. However, this policy was subsequently neglected and canceled by the Nationalist government due to rampant wars and the lack of resources following the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second Chinese Civil War.
In 1937, Japan invaded China and the resulting warfare laid waste to China. Most of the prosperous east China coast was occupied by the Japanese, who carried out various atrocities such as the Rape of Nanjing in 1937 and random massacres of whole villages. In one anti-guerrilla sweep in 1942, the Japanese killed up to 200,000 civilians in a month. The war was estimated to have killed between 20 and 25 million Chinese and destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. Development of industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20 percent capacity and had 25 percent of the output of pre-war China.
One effect of the war was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries in order to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to control and supervise firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70 percent of the capital of Chinese industry was owned by the government.
Following the war with Japan, Chiang acquired Taiwan from Japan and renewed his struggle with the Communists. However, the corruption of the KMT, as well as hyperinflation as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists. Nearly all studies of the collapse of the Nationalist government identify hyperinflation as a major factor in the government's failure.
The communist land redistribution movement was an important factor in the Nationalists' defeat, particularly because it linked the interests of peasants in the north and northeast to the Communists' success.
In 1949, the People's Liberation captured Beijing and later Nanjing as well. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed in Beijing on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China central government relocated to Taipei on 7 December 1949, to Taiwan where Japan had laid an educational groundwork.
Former sites
Almost all of the former sites of the nationalist government are headquartered in the city of Nanking, the capital at the time, with only one exception.
When the city of Nanking was not captured by the Nationalist Government, they chose the following buildings as their headquarters.
See also
Government of the Republic of China
Kuomintang
Republic of China (1912–1949)
Beiyang government (1912–1928)
Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)
Tibet (1912–1951)
Mongolian People's Republic
Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)
Diplomatic history of World War II
Nanjing Decade
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Bergere, Marie-Claire. Sun Yat-Sen (1998), 480 pages, the standard biography
Boorman, Howard L., et al., ed. Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. (Vol. I-IV and Index. 1967–1979). 600 short scholarly biographies excerpt and text search. Also online at Internet Archive.
Boorman, Howard L. "Sun Yat-sen" in Boorman, ed. Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (1970) 3: 170–89, complete text online
Dreyer, Edward L. China at War, 1901–1949. (1995). 422 pp.
Eastman Lloyd. Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937– 1945. (1984)
Eastman Lloyd et al. The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 (1991)
Fairbank, John K., ed. The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 12, Republican China 1912–1949. Part 1. (1983). 1001 pp.
Fairbank, John K. and Feuerwerker, Albert, eds. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 13: Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 2. (1986). 1092 pp.
Fogel, Joshua A. The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography (2000)
Gordon, David M. "The China-Japan War, 1931–1945," The Journal of Military History v70#1 (2006) 137–182; major historiographical overview of all important books and interpretations; online
Hsiung, James C. and Steven I. Levine, eds. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945 (1992), essays by scholars
Hsi-sheng, Ch'i. Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945 (1982)
Hung, Chang-tai. War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937–1945 (1994) complete text online free
Lara, Diana. The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937–1945 (2010)
Rubinstein, Murray A., ed. Taiwan: A New History (2006), 560pp
Shiroyama, Tomoko. China during the Great Depression: Market, State, and the World Economy, 1929–1937 (2008)
Shuyun, Sun. The Long March: The True History of Communist China's Founding Myth (2007)
Taylor, Jay. The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. (2009)
Westad, Odd Arne. Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950. (2003). 413 pages.
External links
Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Government of the Republic of China
1927 establishments in China
1948 disestablishments in China
1920s in China
1930s in China
1940s in China
Second Sino-Japanese War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist%20government |
Como West is a locality in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located in the western part of the suburb of Como. The postcode is 2226, the same as Como.
Como West is located on the north eastern bank of the Woronora River. It features its own primary school – Como West Public School and sports fields. There is a small shopping area with a motor repair shop, wine cellar, a Chinese restaurant, a veterinarian, doctor, chemist, cafe, butcher, hairdresser and a corner shop. Henry Lawson Park celebrates the name of that great Australian poet.
History
In early 1884, James Frederick Murphy (Manager of the Holt-Sutherland Company Estate) is attributed as being responsible for the renaming of the postal locality previously known as "Woronora" – to "COMO".
Thirty years later on 19 June 1914, the elevated portion of "Como" lying west of the Illawarra Railway line & extending west to the Woronora River is first referred to as "Como Heights" in a local tourism advertisement published in numerous papers around New South Wales.
Six years later on 10 September 1920, the term "Como Heights Estate" appears in a Land Sale advertisement in The Propellor, Hurstville
A further six years elapsed, then on 5 June 1926, an article referring to the "West Como Progress Association" is published by the Evening News, Sydney, newspaper.
Thirteen more years elapse, then finally on 9 November 1939 the term "Como West" first appears publicly, via an advertisement by the proprietor of the Como West Post Office which is published in The Propellor, Hurstville.
Many houses and the historic Como West Public School were burnt down during the devastating notable 1994 bushfires.
References
Sydney localities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como%20West |
Minutes is Celcom's brand of postpaid mobile service for 2G and 3G network in Malaysia.
About
Customers are able to choose between the option of postpaid or prepaid plans. Celcom offers three different plans: Prime, Premier, or Elite. Celcom's voice revenue in the first half of 2012 grew 6.2% to RM2.31 billion from the previous corresponding period.
See also
Celcom
Xpax
References
External links
Celcom Bhd Official Website
Celcom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celcom%20Minutes |
André Hossein, born Aminulla Huseynov, also known as Aminollah Hossein (; 1905, in Samarkand – 9 August 1983, in Paris) was a French composer Iranian Azerbaijani origin and a tar soloist. Hossein was the first Persian composer who was able to present his works in international concerts.
Life and education
His son, Robert Hossein, has written that André Hossein studied in Moscow, Russia and later in Germany where he attended a music academy in Stuttgart and the Berlin Conservatory from 1934 to 1937. His fascination with ancient Persia led him to convert to Zoroastrianism. His newfound religion immensely influenced his musical works such as "Persian Miniature", "I love my Country", and "Symphony Persepolis". He married Anna Mincovschi, a Jewish comedy actress from Soroca (Bessarabia), who had immigrated to Paris with her parents after the October Revolution. He spent the rest of his life in France. He also studied privately under Paul Antoine Vidal in Conservatoire de Paris.
Works
In 1935 Hossein wrote his first ballet, Towards the Light. He also composed numerous pieces for the piano, including some études. Aminollah's love for his native Persia/Iran is evident in many of his works, especially The Symphony of Persepolis (also known as The Rubble of the Forgotten Empire), which he finished in 1947. Aminollah Hossein also made a symphony on Khayyám poems in 1951.
Other works by him include three piano concertos, Persian Miniature, Scheherezade (Shahrzad), and Arya Symphony. He also composed some film scores, including films directed by his son Robert Hossein, the Paris-born actor and director.
Various works by Hossein have been performed and recorded on LP discs by Orchestre du National de l'Opera de Paris (conducted by Jean-Claude Hartemann), Orchestre National de l'Opera de Monte-Carlo (conducted by Pierre Dervaus) and Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra (conducted by Ali Rahbari) in the collection "Symphonic Poems from Persia", supported by the Ministry of Culture and Art in Tehran in late 1970s.
References
External links
André Hossein article at Encyclopædia Iranica
Israeli pianist Pianist Amiram Rigai plays Aminollah Hossein's Persian Fable (audio)
Arya Symphony by A. Hossein (audio)
Aminollah Hossein's memorial
100th anniversary of Aminollah Hossein
1905 births
1983 deaths
People from Samarkand
People from Samarkand Oblast
Iranian classical musicians
Iranian composers
Iranian film score composers
Iranian tar players
White Russian emigrants to France
Converts to Zoroastrianism
French film score composers
French male film score composers
Iranian Zoroastrians
French people of Iranian descent
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century French composers
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
20th-century French male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Hossein |
Rear Admiral Walter L. McLean (1855 – March 21, 1930) was the American commander of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard from November 25, 1915, until February 4, 1918. Under his command, the Shipyard was the holding area for various German vessels which had put into port during World War I, and stayed in a somewhat limbo status—the United States had not entered the war and so could not commandeer the ships, but then neither could the ships be allowed to depart and resume attacks on Allied shipping. The course of action was therefore to keep the foreign ships and their crews as "guests" of the United States for years.
Biography
He was born on July 30, 1855, in New York or New Jersey.
During World War I, McLean was commander of the Fifth Naval District, and also commandant of the Navy Base at Hampton Roads. According to the New York Times, he was with Admiral George Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, during the Spanish–American War.
He was named commander of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard from November 25, 1915.
In 1915 he detained , a German passenger liner which had had guns installed and been turned into a commerce raider for the Imperial German Navy. When the United States entered the war in 1917, the ship was renamed as USS Von Steuben and turned into a troop transport.
He resigned as commander of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on February 4, 1918.
McLean maintained friendly relations with some of the detained crew. When the second-in-command of Kronprinz Wilhelm, Alfred Niezychowski, got married in 1927, McLean was best man. McLean also encouraged Niezychowski to write a book about the journey, and McLean wrote his own forward to it when it was published in 1928 as The Cruise of the Kronprinz Wilhelm.
He died on March 21, 1930, of a stroke at the Navy Hospital in Annapolis, at the age of 75.
References
Further reading
Norfolk Navy Yard list of commanders
Alfred Niezychowski, The Cruise of the Kronprinz Wilhelm, 1928
The New York Times, December 27, 1927, Niezychowski/Ulman wedding announcement
United States Navy admirals
1855 births
1930 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20McLean%20%28United%20States%20Navy%20officer%29 |
St. Ulrich's Priory in the Black Forest (St. Ulrich im Schwarzwald) was a priory of Cluny Abbey (in Burgundy) founded in the valley of the River Möhlin in the Black Forest in about 1083. St. Ulrich is now part of the municipality of Bollschweil, in the district of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
History
The origins of the Cluniac priory of St. Ulrich lie in the time of the Investiture Controversy, when Ulrich of Zell (d. 1093), a monk of Regensburg and Cluny, founded a priory of the latter house on the western edge of the Black Forest. In the process, Ulrich took over an already existing monastic community, founded before 1072 on the Tuniberg (near Ober- and Unterrimsingen), which had moved between 1077 and 1080 to Grüningen near Oberrimsingen. Ulrich was considerably helped in this matter by the strong links with Cluny which had already been built up by the founder of the existing monastery, the nobleman Hesso of Eichstetten and Rimsingen, and by Hermann I, Margrave of Baden (d. 1074). At Ulrich's instigation, the community moved yet again in about 1087, this time to Zell in the Möhlin valley, where in 868 there had been a cell of the Abbey of St. Gall. Burkhard of Hasenburg (or of Fenis), Bishop of Basle from 1072 to 1107, obtained possession for the priory of the surrounding land, which was in need of clearance.
This, the only Cluniac house on the right bank of the Rhine, developed very satisfactorily. The priory's estates included possessions in the Breisgau, Alsace and in the Ortenau; it owned inter alia the rectories of Grüningen, Wolfenweiler, Bollschweil and Hochdorf, and in 1315 exchanged the contested rectory of Achkarren for that of Feuerbach. The Vögte (lords protectors) were: the Counts of Nimburg; the Bishops of Strasbourg (1200); the Hohenstaufen kings (1236); the Counts of Freiburg im Breisgau; and the Dukes of Further Austria (1445).
The priory and settlement were referred to both as "Zell" and as "St. Ulrich's" until the 14th century, when St. Ulrich's became the established name.
The monastic community declined in the 13th century. Repeated visitations from Cluny bear witness to a drastically reduced community, of four to seven monks and the prior. There was some revival under Prior Paulus von Kůnheim (1448–1489), but the community lost all independence during the Reformation. St. Ulrich's became in 1547 a priory of St. George's Abbey in the Black Forest, and then in 1560 of St. Peter's Abbey in the Black Forest, into which it was fully incorporated in 1578.
In 1806, during secularisation, it was dissolved at the same time as St. Peter's.
Buildings
The Baroque church of St. Ulrich retains some traces of the preceding medieval buildings, in respect of which there are records of altar dedications, demolitions, repairs and new construction. There is a great font of the 11th or 12th century and a 13th-century Madonna.
Priors of St. Ulrich's
Burials
Ulrich of Zell
References
Buhlmann, M., 2004. Benediktinisches Mönchtum im mittelalterlichen Schwarzwald. Ein Lexikon. Vortrag beim Schwarzwaldverein St. Georgen e.V., St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, 10. November 2004, Teil 2: N-Z (= Vertex Alemanniae, H.10/2), pp. 85f. St. Georgen.
Müller, Wolfgang (ed.), 1976. St. Ulrich, in: Die Benediktinerklöster in Baden-Württemberg (= Germania Benedictina, vol. 5; ed. Franz Quarthal), pp. 615–620. Ottobeuren.
Stülpnagel, Wolfgang (ed.), 1980. St. Ulrich, in: Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands, vol. 6: Baden-Württemberg (= Kröner Tb 276), 2nd. ed., p 262 f. Stuttgart: Kröner.
Cluniac monasteries in Germany
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Baden-Württemberg
1083 establishments in Europe
Christian monasteries established in the 11th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Ulrich%27s%20Priory%20in%20the%20Black%20Forest |
The Manial Palace and Museum is a former Alawiyya dynasty era palace and grounds on Rhoda Island on the Nile. It is located in the Sharia Al-Saray area in the El-Manial district of southern Cairo, Egypt. The palace and estate has been preserved as an Antiquities Council directed historic house museum and estate, reflecting the settings and lifestyle of the late 19th- and early 20th-century Egyptian royal prince and heir apparent. The residence compound, composed of five separate and distinctively styled buildings, is surrounded by Persian gardens within an extensive English Landscape garden estate park, along a small branch of the Nile.
History
The Manial Palace was built by Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik (1875—1955), the uncle of King Farouk, between 1899 and 1929. He had it designed in a style integrating European Art Nouveau and Rococo with many traditional Islamic architecture styles including Cairine Mamluk, Arab Andalusian Revival, Persian, European creating inspired combinations in spatial design, architectural and interior decorations, and sumptuous materials. It housed his extensive art, furniture, clothing, silver and art objects collections, and medieval manuscripts dating back to the Middle Ages. The ceramic tile work of the entryway and the mosque were created by the Armenian ceramist David Ohannessian, originally from Kutahya.
Museum
The Palace, furnishings, and Prince's collections were given to the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities in 1955. The Manial Palace and estate are a public art and history museum, with historical gardens, and forested nature park. There is also Hunting Lodge Museum, that belonged to the late King Farouk.
Prince Muhammad Ali Palace (Manial Palace)
See also
Muhammad Ali Dynasty
Old Cairo - adjacent historic district to east
References
External links
Supreme Council of Antiquities: Manial Palace and Museum website
Museums in Cairo
Gardens in Egypt
Palaces in Cairo
History museums in Egypt
Historic house museums in Africa
Muhammad Ali dynasty
Old Cairo
Art Nouveau architecture in Egypt
Art Nouveau houses
Houses completed in 1929
20th-century architecture in Egypt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manial%20Palace%20and%20Museum |
The Court for Crown Cases Reserved or Court for Criminal Cases Reserved was an appellate court established in 1848 for criminal cases in England and Wales. to hear references from the trial judge. It did not allow a retrial, only judgment on a point of law. Neither did it create a right to appeal and only a few selected cases were heard every year.
History
The Court for Crown Cases Reserved was created by the Crown Cases Act 1848, introduced in the House of Lords by Lord Campbell. Under the act, after a conviction, the trial judge in a criminal case could refer the case by way of case stated to the new court. A case that was reserved would then be heard at Westminster Hall at least five judges of the superior courts of common law (from 1875 High Court judges) including at least one among the Lord Chief Justice, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, or Chief Baron of the Exchequer. The court could only hear appeals on a point of law; it could quash a conviction, but not order a retrial or alter a sentence. It was superseded in 1907 by the new Court of Criminal Appeal.
Notable cases referred to the court
R v Prince (1875)
R v Coney (1882)
Irish court
The Crown Cases Act 1848 also applied in Ireland. The Irish Court for Crown [or Criminal] Cases Reserved sat in the Four Courts in Dublin and included at least one of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, and Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer. The 1907 abolition in England did not affect the Irish court. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 created new jurisdictions of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland with separate court systems, and a new High Court of Appeal for Ireland with appellate jurisdiction over both systems, including under the 1848 act. This court was abolished by the Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 and its powers in Northern Ireland given to the Court of Appeal of Northern Ireland, with the 1848 powers passed to a separate Court of Criminal Appeal in 1930. A Court of Criminal Appeal for the Irish Free State was established by the Courts of Justice Act 1924.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales
Legal history of England
English criminal law
1848 establishments in England
1907 disestablishments in England
Courts and tribunals established in 1848
Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20for%20Crown%20Cases%20Reserved |
Osthofen () is a town in the middle of the Wonnegau in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Since 1 July 2014 it is part of the Verbandsgemeinde (a kind of collective municipality) Wonnegau. Osthofen was raised to town on 24 October 1970.
Geography
Location
The town lies in Rhenish Hesse where the river Seebach, a very short river that rises in neighbouring Westhofen and flows for only 9 km, empties into the Rhine.
History
Archaeological finds have established that the Osthofen municipal area was already settled at least four thousand years ago. The town had its first documentary mention in the Lorsch codex as Ostowa in a document dated to 784. It is believed that Osthofen was founded by people from either the now amalgamated village of Mühlheim or the Merovingian royal palace that once stood in Worms-Neuhausen.
On Osthofen's Goldberg (mountain), a chapel to Saint Remigius might have been built as early as the 6th century. This is where the first major estate was, which by 1195 had grown into an Imperial castle. In Mühlheim, the Knights Templar likewise built a castle in 12/15.
From 1933 to 1934, the city was home to a concentration camp which provides the subject for the novel The Seventh Cross by Anna Seghers.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 24 honorary council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayors
Wendelin Best (1822–1831)
Johann Weißheimer II. (1831–1843)
Georg Friedrich Knierim I. (1843-1850)
Peter Berger (1851-1853)
Friedrich Knierim I. (1853-1862)
Nikolaus Nagel (1862-1864)
Georg Friedrich Best II. (1864-1867)
Jakob Beckenbach (1867-1870)
Johann Rißler III. (1870-1883)
Simon Friedrich Schill (1883-1892)
Johann Rißler III. (1892-1897)
Georg Jakob Konrad (1897-1912)
Wilhelm Schmitt (1912-1923)
Carl Brenner (1924-1933)
Dr. Wilhelm Fuhrländer (1933-1935)
Dr. Kurt Mildner (1935-1944)
Heinrich Hundsdorf (1944-1945) (provisional)
Heinrich Rhein (1945-1946)
Ludwig Knobloch (1946-1948)
Walter Aßmann (1948-1956)
Albert Fischer (1956-1972)
Günter Metzler (1973–1987)
Klaus Hagemann (1987–1994)
Bernd Müller (1994–2012)
Wolfgang Itzerodt (2013–2014)
Thomas Goller (2014–present)
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Sable a lion rampant Or armed, langued and crowned gules, issuant from dexter chief the sun and in an arc from dexter to middle base three mullets, all of the second.
The town's earliest seals come from the 14th century, but they show a crane under a cross, a composition of unknown meaning. The current arms are first found on seals from the 16th century, and the composition has not changed since. The arms were officially granted the town in 1651, and once again in 1959. The sun and stars (or heraldically, mullets) are canting charges, as they are meant to suggest the direction “east”, which is the first part of the town's name, the German word being Ost(en). The lion is the Palatine Lion, recalling the town's long history under Electoral Palatinate’s rule.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The Evangelical Bergkirche (“Mountain Church”) is believed to have stemmed from a chapel to Saint Remigius built in the 6th century beside which grew into an estate fortified with a castle over the course of the ages. Today's church grew out of the castle and the chapel, with the churchtower, it is further believed, standing on the old keep’s foundations. The castle was converted many times, acquiring its current shape after a fire in the 19th century.
Saint John’s Catholic Church (Johanniskirche) had its beginnings in a temple of the Order of Saint John, and in 1713 it was transferred to the Catholic parish (the Order is Protestant), which radically converted the building in 1792. The church’s altar was originally to be found in the Carmelite church in Worms.
The Town Hall (Rathaus) was built in 1902 as a financial office.
The Old Town Hall (Altes Rathaus) was built in 1739 as the town’s second town hall.
Into the so-called “Little Church” (Kleine Kirche), which directly neighbours the Old Town Hall, parts of the first town hall from 1581 have been incorporated.
The Waterworks (Wasserwerk) from 1906 has a striking façade with Art Nouveau and Baroque Revival elements.
The Jewish graveyard on Mettenheimer Chaussee was laid out in 1832 and is a memorial to the town's Jewish community.
Regular events
From 1949 to 2013, the Wonnegauer Winzerfest (“Wonnegau Winemakers’ Festival”) was held yearly in Osthofen. Among this days-long event's highlights were a great parade, the crowning of the Wonnegau Wine Queen and the traditional Monday wine tasting.
Economy and infrastructure
Osthofen is a state-recognized tourism centre, and under state planning also identified as a lower centre.
Transport
Osthofen has at its disposal a railway station with a connection to the Mainz–Ludwigshafen line. The line S 6 from the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn operates in a half-hourly interval. Formerly there were connections to the Osthofen–Rheindürkheim–Guntersblum line (on which there is still goods traffic as far as Worms-Rheindürkheim), the Osthofen–Westhofen line (locally known as the Gickelche) and the Osthofen–Gau-Odernheim line. The last two have since been torn up.
Nearby is also an Autobahn interchange onto the A 61, and towards the Rhine lies Bundesstraße 9.
Winegrowing
Osthofen belongs to the Wonnegau winegrowing zone in Rhenish Hesse. Within the town, 35 winegrowing businesses are active, and the planted vineyard area amounts to 465 ha. Some 68% of the wine made here is from white wine varieties (as at 2007). In 1979, there were still 116 such active businesses, but the planted vineyard area amounted to only 429 ha.
Established businesses
Osthofen is headquarters of the malting firm GlobalMalt.
Public institutions
The town is the location of the former Osthofen concentration camp, and a memorial site is found there today.
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Johann Georg Lehmann (b. 1744, d. 1817 in Frankenthal)
Johann Weißheimer II. (b. 1797, d. 1883 in Osthofen)
Chief building director Friedrich August von Pauli (b. 1802, d. 1883 in Bad Kissingen)
Wendelin Weißheimer (b. 26 February 1838, d. 10 June 1910 in Nuremberg)
Dr. Georg Wander - Creator of Ovaltine (b. 1841, d. 1897 in Bern, Switzerland)
Dietrich Grün - Watch pioneer and founder of the “Gruen Watch Company” (b. 1847, d. 1910)
Prelate Adam Schreiber (b. 1849, d. 1929 in Worms)
Karl Heinrich Berger (b. 1861, d. 1933 in Kandern, Baden)
Conductor Friedrich Best (b. 1876, d. 1936 in Heidenau, Saxony)
Heinrich Beckenbach (b. 5 February 1880, d. 31 March 1964)
Christian Filips (b. 22 November 1981)
Famous people associated with the town
Johannes Grun (b. 1646 in Alzey, d. 1718 in Osthofen)
Church adviser Philip Gerhard Pauli (b. 1750 in Alzey, d. 1816 in Osthofen)
Professor Friedrich Magnus Schwerd (b. 1792 in Alzey, d. 1871 in Speyer)
Professor Dr. Peter Muth (b. 1860 at the Neumühle above Mühlheim, d. 1909 in Osthofen)
Klaus Hagemann former mayor and since 1994 SPD Member of the Bundestag
Further reading
See also
List of Nazi-German concentration camps
References
External links
Town’s official webpage
Alzey-Worms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osthofen |
Suva City Fijian Urban Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the central part of Suva City.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 and 2006 elections, Mataiasi Ragiagia won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva%20City%20Urban%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Vagamon () is an Indian hill station and a revenue village primarily located in Peerumedu Taluk of Idukki district (majority area including Vagamon town), and also Meenachil taluk and Kanjirappally taluk of Kottayam district in the state of Kerala, India. Located in the Western Ghats east of Erathupetta on the border of Kottayam-Idukki districts, Vagamon is famous for its natural beauty. The Vagamon glass bridge is the longest cantilever glass bridge in India.
History
Vagamon remained unexplored for centuries. Though the British had plantations here, it was only in 1926, when Walter Duncan and Company started their tea plantations, that it became well-known. In the 1930s, more tea plantations were set up in the area. After 1940, people from Travancore, and people from Madras (Tamil Nadu), migrated to Vagamon. Later, after the formation of Kerala State, people from various parts of Kerala migrated there.
In 1955, the Trappist monastery Kurisumala Ashram was founded in Vagamon.
Geography
Vagamon is located in the Western Ghats at above sea level. It has a cool climate with summer temperatures reaching 10-23°C at midday.
Demographics
As of 2011 Census, Vagamon had a population of 14,641 with 7,212 males and 7,429 females. Vagamon village has an area of with 3,816 families residing in it. The average sex ratio was 1030 lower than the state average of 1084. In Vagamon, 9% of the population was under 6 years of age. Vagamon had an average literacy of 90.9%. higher than the national average of 74%, and lower than the state average of 94%.
Economy
The primary economy is ecotourism including hiking to explore the many waterfalls, rock climbing and paragliding. National Geographic Traveler has listed Vagamon in their directory of the "50 most attractive places to visit in India". In addition, many people work in as laborers in tea and coffee plantations.
Education
Vagamon has two colleges: DC School of Management and Technology (DCSMAT) and DC School Of Architecture And Design, both promoted by DC Kizhakemuri Foundation and co-promoted by DC Books. One of the leading management colleges in Kerala, DCSMAT has an additional campus in Thiruvananthapuram. DCSMAT offer programs such as Master of Business Administration (MBA), Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), Bachelor of Business Administrati (BBA), Certified Management Accountant (CMA) and Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). DC School Of Architecture And Design provides courses such as Bachelor of Arts in Interior Design (BA Interior Design) and Bachelor of Architecture (BArch). The College of Dairy Sciences kolahalamedu Vagamon, offering courses for the B Tech Dairy Sciences, affiliated to Veterinary University.
Issues
In August 2008, the Kerala Police began investigations into a training camp organized in December 2007 by the banned SIMI activists.
On 18 August 2014, two tourists from Kozhikode died in Vagamon, after lightning struck them. Others who were with them sustained minor injuries. The incident happened at around 4:30 PM when the tourists were hanging around the barren hilltops. Both fell after the lightning hit them and their clothes were burned. Though both were taken to hospital, they died by the time they arrived.
Biodiversity
Vagamon, due to its elevation and climate, has a unique ecosystem, leading to the emergence of rich natural vegetation, plant species, shola forests etc. From the early 20th century plantation grew crops like tea and coffee. Vagamon hills are home to less explored flora and fauna. A diversity study conducted by Dr Pratheesh Mathew recorded 112 species of moths from 16 families under eight superfamilies and has become the prominent faunal diversity study in this area. The author also recorded sightings of many species of insects, annelids, amphibians, lizards, snakes, birds and mammals. A wide variety of flowering and non-flowering plants, including rare Cycas species, has also been noted. The ongoing faunal and floral surveys are expected to shed light on the richness of biodiversity at this location. The flourishing tourism and related developments are predicted to have a negative impact on the flora and fauna of this region.
Culture
Vagamon has a rich history of religious diversity with Hindu, Christian and Muslim populations. There are several religious buildings to visit including:
Kurisumala Ashram, Vagamon, Indian-Catholic monastery
Thangal para, a Muslim pilgrimage center outside of Vagamon.
Sree Arundhathi Vasishta Temple, Vasishtagiry, Vagamon.
Sree Subramanya Swami Temple
St Sebastian's RC Church Vagamon
St Antony's Church Vagamon
Emmanuel CSI Church Vagamon
Books
The Story of Peermade by George Thengummoottil ()
Gallery
See also
References
Hill stations in Kerala
Populated places in the Western Ghats
Villages in Kottayam district
Paragliding in India
Geography of Kottayam district
Tourist attractions in Kottayam district
Tourism in Kerala
Tourism in Idukki district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagamon |
Guillaume Pierre Beuzelin (born 14 April 1979) is a French professional football coach and former player. He played in France for Le Havre and AS Beauvais, in Scotland for Hibernian and Hamilton Academical, in England for Coventry City and in Cyprus for Olympiakos Nicosia.
Playing career
Hibernian
Beuzelin joined Hibernian in 2004, having been released by his previous club Le Havre. He quickly became a favourite of the Hibs fans. He was part of the team who won the 2007 Scottish League Cup final. Following an impressive couple of season in the SPL, Beuzelin drew attention from a number of English clubs in the Championship. Chief amongst them were Tony Mowbray's West Brom team, Mowbray having previously worked with the Frenchman at Hibs. However West Brom's promotion to the Premier League in 2007-08 meant that their interest waned, as Beuzelin's contract reached its expiry date, leaving room open for other Championship sides to sign him on a free.
Coventry City
Beuzelin signed for Coventry after his contract with Hibs expired at the end of the 2007–08 season. He signed a one-year deal, with a club option for a further year. Beuzelin arrived with a big reputation following his impressive spell in Scottish football but failed to live up to expectations, and becoming the subject of vocal criticism from the club's fans. He ended up making 35 league appearances and scoring once against Blackpool during the 2008–09 season. However his level of performance was disappointing as the first year of his contract drew to a close. During the summer of 2009 Coventry and Beuzelin reached an impasse in their contract negotiations and the Frenchman left the club during the close season.
Hamilton Academical
After leaving Coventry, Beuzelin started training with Celtic, and he played in a friendly match against Cork City. After a trial with MK Dons, Beuzelin started training with Hamilton, and signed for the club on 29 September.
Olympiakos Nicosia
After being released by Hamilton at the end of 2009, he signed in early January for Cypriot team Olympiakos Nicosia. Beuzelin was released at the end of the 2009–10 season.
Beuzelin then began training with SPL side Kilmarnock, who were managed by Mixu Paatelainen, who had previously worked with Beuzelin at Hibs. Beuzelin agreed a one-year contract with Kilmarnock, but he failed a medical to complete the transfer.
Coaching career
A succession of injuries forced Beuzelin to formally retire from playing football in 2011. As of 2011, he was employed by Falkirk as a coach in their youth academy system. In January 2012, Beuzelin was appointed to a role with the University of Stirling as the institution's 2nd team head coach.
Hibernian appointed Beuzelin to coach their under-14 team in September 2012. He also worked for the Scottish Football Association. In July 2014, Beuzelin was appointed assistant manager of Dumbarton.
He moved to Hamilton Academical in January 2015 as assistant to new manager Martin Canning. Beuzelin was caretaker manager in January 2019 after Canning left the club and until Brian Rice was appointed head coach later that week.
References
External links
Living people
1979 births
Footballers from Le Havre
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Le Havre AC players
AS Beauvais Oise players
Hibernian F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Olympiakos Nicosia players
Ligue 2 players
Scottish Premier League players
Cypriot Second Division players
English Football League players
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Hibernian F.C. non-playing staff
Hamilton Academical F.C. non-playing staff
Falkirk F.C. non-playing staff
Dumbarton F.C. non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume%20Beuzelin |
Drysdale is a Scottish familial lineage belonging to the Douglas clan, and may refer to:
People and fictional characters
Drysdale (surname)
Places
Drysdale, Buenos Aires, a Scottish place name in Argentina
Drysdale, Victoria, Australia, a town
Electoral division of Drysdale, Northern Territory, Australia
Drysdale Island, Northern Territory
Drysdale River, Western Australia
Mount Drysdale, New South Wales, Australia
Drysdale, Ontario, Canada, a community
Mount Drysdale, British Columbia, Canada
Drysdale, Arizona, United States, a census-designated place
Other
Drysdale sheep, a breed of sheep developed by Dr Francis Dry in 1931 in New Zealand
Drysdale Football Club, an Australian rules football and netball club based in Drysdale, Victoria, Australia
Drysdale railway station, Victoria, Australia
Drysdale V8, an Australian brand of motorcycle with a V8 motorcycle engine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drysdale |
Ectokid is a superhero comic book series published by Marvel Comics' Razorline imprint that ran from 1993 to 1994. Created by filmmaker and horror/fantasy novelist Clive Barker as one of the imprint's four interconnected series, it starred teenaged Dexter Mungo, the child of a mortal and a ghost, who is able to see and interact with the dangerous, interdimensional Ectosphere.
Publication history
Ectokid was one of Clive Barker's four Razorline titles, all set in the newly introduced "Barkerverse", as it was called unofficially. Razorline published a preview comic in July 1993 called "First Cut", which covered the four titles, each one having a written introduction by Barker, a short prequel comic strip, and a description by the series writer (in the case of Ectokid, written by Lana Wachowski, credited as Larry Wachowski).
The main series ran for nine issues (cover-dated Sept. 1993 – May 1994) before being discontinued with the rest of the Razorline titles. All art was by penciller Steve Skroce and inker Bob Dvorak. The first three issues were written by James Robinson, with issue #3 set up as a cliffhanger and joint credit given to Wachowski, who wrote the remaining six issues. Wachowski's sister Lilly co-wrote with her, uncredited.
The final Razorline release was the one-shot Ektokid Unleashed (Oct. 1994), written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, with artwork by penciler Hector Gomez and inker John Strangeland. It included a prose short story by Elaine Lee about another Razorline character, Saint Sinner.
Fictional character biography
Ectokid is about 14-year-old Dexter Mungo, whose father was a ghost. Dex, as he is called, sees the world as it normally is through his right eye, but through his left he can see into the Ectosphere, a dimension similar to Earth but with a number of crucial differences. All the regular-Earth buildings are in the same places, but have a crusted and coral-covered appearance, and this world is populated by creatures and races out of myths, legends, and nightmares.
As Barker described, "Ectokid, which is perhaps the second weirdest of the bunch, is a kind of dream story for the 15-year-old that's still alive to me — the tale of an adolescent who lives in two worlds and has access to a whole other sphere of reality".
Other media
A game based on the series, called Ectosphere, was planned during the initial run of the comic, though never produced. After the cancellation of Razorline, Barker sold the television and film rights to Nickelodeon Movies and Paramount Pictures in 2001. The film was set to have Barker, Don Murphy, and Nickelodeon's Albie Hecht and Julia Pistor as producers, Joe Daley as executive producer, and Karen Rosenfelt overseeing development at Paramount. Barker would also act as executive producer of the television series, with Daley and Murphy as producers. Talking to Daily Variety, Barker explained that his aim was to create "a franchisable world" for the studio, "of great, transcendent beauty; one that reconfigures people's expectations of what ghosts are, of what comes after death".
References
External links
Ectokid at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015.
Ectokid at An International Catalogue of Superheroes. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015.
Ectokid at CliveBarker.com (unofficial site). Archived from the original on October 23, 2015.
1993 comics debuts
Science fantasy comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectokid |
Alzey-Land is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Alzey-Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is located around the town Alzey, which is the seat of Alzey-Land, but not part of the Verbandsgemeinde.
Alzey-Land consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Notable residents
William Heilman, born in Albig, United States Congressman from Indiana
Hildegard von Bingen
References
Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzey-Land |
Casey J. FitzRandolph (born January 21, 1975) is an American speed skater.
In 1997, FitzRandolph won the bronze medal at the World Sprint Championships in Hamar. He won another bronze medal in 2001 at the World Single Distance Championships on the 500 m.
His best year so far was 2002. He won silver at the World Sprint Championships in Hamar and went on to become Olympic Champion on the 500 m at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. This made him the first American to win the 500 m since fellow Madison native Eric Heiden won the event in 1980. Heiden was in attendance as the team orthopedist. He and his family now live in Cross Plains Wisconsin.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, FitzRandolph finished 12th on the 500 m and 9th on the 1,000 m.
External links
PB's and a link to International Results Casey FitzRandolph at Speedskatingbase.eu
Casey FitzRandolph at Team USA
1975 births
Living people
American male speed skaters
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in speed skating
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
People from Verona, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from Dane County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%20FitzRandolph |
Lee Bodimeade (born 12 February 1970 in Warwick, Queensland) is a former field hockey player from Australia, who was part of the team that won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
A member of Australia's men's national team from 1991 to 1998, Bodimeade also won the bronze medal at the 1994 Men's Hockey World Cup in Sydney, and earned a pair of medals in Champions Trophy competitions, including a silver medal in 1992 and a gold medal in 1993.
In 2005, Bodimeade was named head coach of the U.S. women's national team.
He was honored as USA Field Hockey's 2006 National Coach of the Year.
References
External links
Profile on AOC-site
1970 births
Australian male field hockey players
Australian field hockey coaches
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Living people
People from Warwick, Queensland
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic coaches for the United States
Sportsmen from Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Bodimeade |
"The Boy Who Ran Away" is the fifth single by Mystery Jets, released in February 2006. The track is featured on their debut album, Making Dens. The single gained them their only appearance on Top of the Pops. It peaked at #23 on the UK Singles Chart.
Track listings
7" vinyl (679L122)
"The Boy Who Ran Away" – 2:57
"Sandy Drake" – 3:58
CD (679L122CD)
"The Boy Who Ran Away" – 2:57
"Yellow Springs" – 5:59
Limited Edition 7" vinyl (679L115X)
"The Boy Who Ran Away (Riton re-dub)" – 3:56
"The Boy Who Ran Away (The Noisettes pic'n'mix lobotomy mix)" – 2:45
External links
Official website
2006 singles
Mystery Jets songs
2006 songs
679 Artists singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Boy%20Who%20Ran%20Away |
Adil Kamil Abdullah Al Wadi is a citizen of Bahrain who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba.
Al Wadi's Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 60.
American intelligence analysts estimate that Al Wadi was born in 1964, in Muharraq, Bahrain.
Adil Kamil Abdullah al Wadi was captured near the Pakistan-Afghan border and was transferred to Bahrain on November 4, 2005.
Combatant Status Review Tribunal
Initially the Bush administration asserted that they could withhold all the protections of the Geneva Conventions from detainees from the war on terror. This policy was challenged before the Judicial branch. Critics argued that the USA could not evade its obligation to conduct competent tribunals to determine whether detainees are, or are not, entitled to the protections of prisoner of war status.
Subsequently, the Department of Defense instituted the Combatant Status Review Tribunals. The Tribunals, however, were not authorized to determine whether the detainees were lawful combatants—rather they were merely empowered to make a recommendation as to whether the detainee had previously been correctly determined to match the Bush administration's definition of an enemy combatant.
Al Wadi chose to participate in his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.
Allegations
The allegations Al Wadi faced, in the "Summary of Evidence" presented to his Tribunal were:
Administrative Review Board hearing
Detainees who were determined to have been properly classified as "enemy combatants" were scheduled to have their dossier reviewed at annual Administrative Review Board hearings. The Administrative Review Boards weren't authorized to review whether a detainee qualified for POW status, and they weren't authorized to review whether a detainee should have been classified as an "enemy combatant".
They were authorized to consider whether a detainee should continue to be detained by the United States, because they continued to pose a threat—or whether they could safely be repatriated to the custody of their home country, or whether they could be set free.
The factors for and against continuing to detain %s were among the 121 that the Department of Defense released on March 3, 2006.
The following primary factors favor continued detention:
The following primary factors favor release or transfer:
Transcript
Al Wadi chose to participate in his Administrative Review Board hearing.
Release
Al Wadi, and the other five Bahrainis, are represented by Joshua Colangelo-Bryan.
The Gulf Daily News announced on November 5, 2005, that Adel had been released, and was one of three Bahraini detainees on their way home.
On Thursday August 23, 2007, the Gulf Daily News reported that
Bahraini Member of Parliament Mohammed Khalid had called for the Bahrain government to provide financial compensation to the released men.
Op-ed
Kamel Abdulla wrote an op-ed about his experiences in Guantanamo in The Media Line, on December 28, 2006.
He wrote:
The prison was under the control of Psychiatrists who tried their best to drive the captives crazy.
The captives weren't allowed sunlight. Their cells were under constant illumination from artificial light.
McClatchy News Service interview
On June 15, 2008, the McClatchy News Service published a series of articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo detainees.
Adil Kamil al Wadi
was one of the former detainees who had an article profiling him.
In his McClatchy interview, Adil Kamil al Wadi reported
religious persecution in the Kandahar detention facility and in Guantanamo.
He gave a detailed account of Koran desecration.
The McClatchy article quoted Mark Sullivan, Adil Kamil al Wadi's habeas corpus attorney, who had seen the classified allegations against him:
There was an absolute lack of evidence that would disprove anything he said. There was no credible evidence.
You have stories like Adil's: It sounds plausible, but if you were of a suspicious mind you could say it's vague ... and we don't have any corroboration. But what we keep coming back to is what does the government have in the way of proof?
See also
Juma Mohammed Al Dossary
Essa Al Murbati
Salah Abdul Rasool Al Blooshi
Shaikh Salman Ebrahim Mohamed Ali Al Khalifa
Abdulla Majid Al Naimi
References
External links
'Help me' plea by Bay detainee, Gulf Daily News, September 5, 2005
'Nightmare' for freed Bay Three, Gulf Daily News, November 9, 2005
McClatchy News Service - video
Bahraini extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Living people
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released
1974 births
Bahraini expatriates in Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil%20Kamil%20al-Wadi |
Daniel Schneidermann (born 5 April 1958, Paris) is a French journalist who focuses on the analysis of televised media. He is mainly active in weekly columns—in the past in Le Monde and presently in Libération and on a video channel: Arrêt sur images (Freeze-frame), formerly broadcast by the public TV channel France 5, but currently financed by subscription. The television show was canceled in 2007 by France 5 direction, an incident that led to the creation of the Arret Sur Images web site.
Biography
After his studies at the Centre de formation des journalistes, Daniel Schneidermann joined the newspaper Le Monde in 1981, where he was made a foreign correspondent in 1983. In 1992, he began writing daily columns on television for Le Monde, critiquing the way in which TV presents information and influences viewers, continuing the tradition of television criticism begun thirty years earlier by writers like François Mauriac or Morvan Lebesque (see, on this subject, the book The Critical Eye - The Television Critic (L'œil critique - Le journaliste critique de télévision) by Jérôme Bourdon and Jean-Michel Frodon.)
In 1995, the success of his written columns allowed him to create a weekly program on France 5 called "Arrêt sur images" ("Freeze-Frame"), which he both produced and moderated. The journalist Pascale Clark anchored the show with him during the first year. The objective of Arrêt sur images is to "decode" television's images and talk, and with the help of diverse columnists and journalists, to analyze the sources and the effectiveness of the narrative use of media. The program tries to use the Internet for the purposes of self-criticism. Each month, an internet "forum-master," who is responsible for following the viewer debates in the internet forum for Arrêt sur images, comes on the show to question Daniel Schneidermann about remarks submitted by the contributors to the site.
Schneidermann wrote weekly columns for Le Monde until October 2003, when he was fired, after the publication of his book The Media Nightmare (Le Cauchemar médiatique), in which he deplored the fact that the management of Le Monde had not responded to criticism directed at them by the authors of the book The Dark Side of Le Monde. In his last column (A Column at Sea or Une chronique à la mer ), he related how disappointed and surprised he was by the sanctions of a paper, which vaunts its transparency.
He became a media columnist for the daily newspaper Libération, whose publisher, Serge July, he had derided in 1989 in his book Where are the cameras? (Où sont les caméras ?) ; notably, July rebuked Schneidermann for having "changed sides."
Schneidermann shows an equal interest in analysis of the internet as a source of data, notably in regard to the development of blogs, and of the Wikipedia website. In 2006, for example, he stated that he considered the development of anonymous biographers and encyclopedists a terrifying prospect.
Criticism
As a media critic, Schneidermann has become the target of criticism, either directed at himself personally or at his show, Freeze-Frame.
Pierre Bourdieu
A January 20, 1996 Freeze-Frame episode focused on criticism by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, who was invited to join journalists Jean-Marie Cavada and Guillaume Durand. Bourdieu believed that the show had not actually allowed him to express himself and confirmed his original idea that "television can’t be criticized on television;" Daniel Schneidermann responded that Bourdieu's criticism showed a misunderstanding of how television actually worked. In 1996, Bourdieu published the book "On Television" ("Sur la télévision"), while Schneidermann, in 1999, brought out "About Journalism After Bourdieu" ("Du journalisme après Bourdieu.")
The film Enfin pris? (Caught at last?), directed by the journalist Pierre Carles, who worked with Schneidermann for a short period, features Schneidermann as its protagonist, a character Carles seems to suspect of partiality and denial. The movie is based on scenes from the episode with Pierre Bourdieu, and refers to the fact that, at a later time, the CEO of Vivendi Universal, Jean-Marie Messier was invited to a "Freeze-Frame" show, by himself, where Schneidermann challenged Bourdieu to appear on the program in debate format.
Dismissal from Le Monde
Besides the controversy surrounding the book The Dark Side of Le Monde (La Face cachée du Monde) by Pierre Péan and Philippe Cohen, Daniel Schneidermann criticized, in his own book The Media Nightmare (Le Cauchemar médiatique) the reaction of the management of the daily paper, stating that they did not respond to the arguments presented in the book. The directors of Le Monde fired him in October 2003 on the grounds of "legitimate and serious cause": according to the paper, a passage in Schneidermann's book was "detrimental to organization for which he works." The journalist took the paper to labor arbitration in Paris, which decided in his favor in May 2005. Le Monde has appealed this decision.
On the other hand, in 2003 Schneidermann himself fired a freelance employee of Arrêt sur images and a moderator of the Internet forum, whom he accused of behavior contrary to the principles of the program. This dismissal was condemned by the courts on May 20, 2005 as abusive because it did not have sufficient cause.
Quotes
On the subject of media frenzy:
"In the maelstrom, all the protagonists get confused, those who speak and those who listen, journalists and readers, witnesses and participants, all spread the same message. The surging river doesn't let anyone get to the shore." (Le Cauchemar médiatique, 2003)
Bibliography
Tout va très bien, monsieur le ministre ("Everything's just fine, Mr. Minister"), Belfond, 1987, .
Où sont les caméras ? ("Where are the cameras?"), Belfond, 1989, .
Un certain Monsieur Paul, l'affaire Touvier ("A Certain Mr. Paul: the Touvier Affair"), Fayard, 1989 (avec Laurent Greilsamer), .
Les Juges parlent ("The Judges Speak"), Fayard, 1992 (avec Laurent Greilsamer), .
La Disparue de Sisterane ("The Woman who Disappeared from Sisterane"), Fayard, 1992, .
Arrêts sur images ("Freeze-Frames"), Fayard, 1994, .
Anxiety Show, Arléa, 1994, .
Nos mythologies ("Our Mythologies"), Plon, 1995, .
L'Étrange Procès ("The Mysterious Trial"), Fayard, 1998, .
Du journalisme après Bourdieu ("Journalism After Bourdieu"), Fayard, 1999, .
Les Folies d'Internet ("Internet Follies"), Fayard, 2000, .
Où vont les juges ? ("Where are the Judges going?), Fayard, 2002 (avec Laurent Greilsamer), .
Le Cauchemar médiatique ("The Media Nightmare"), Denoël, 2003, .
Berlin, 1933: la presse internationale face à Hitler, Editions du Seuil, 2018, .
Documentary:
Kosovo, des journalistes dans la guerre ("Kosovo, journalists in the war") (Arte, 2000, running time: 90 minutes)
External links
Ciel, j’ai ma notice dans Wikipedia! : Daniel Schneidermann talking in his blog about Wikipedia. ("Wow! I got my article in Wikipedia!")
Arrêt sur Images about television, on television.
www.lemonde.fr "Daniel Schneiderman, The Televised Image" (conference) June 30, 2004.
Notes and references
The above began as a translation of the French Wikipedia article :fr:Daniel Schneidermann.
1958 births
Living people
French journalists
Journalists from Paris
French male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Schneidermann |
Tom Spring (born Thomas Winter) (22 February 1795 – 20 August 1851) was an English bare-knuckle fighter. He was champion of England from 1822 until his retirement in 1824. After his retirement he became landlord of the Castle Inn at Holborn in London, where he arranged the patronage and contracts of many of the major boxing events of the period while overseeing fair play in the ring.
Early years
Spring was born at Witchend in Fownhope, Herefordshire on 22 February 1795. His true surname was "Winter", which he changed to Spring when he became a professional boxer. His first career was as a butcher, the trade in which he was employed when he had his first known fight in 1812, against John Hollands. He had been encouraged to box from a young age by his father, who had constructed a sand bag for him to train with. Later his father was jailed for debt, which destroyed Spring's relationship with him. In 1814 Spring met the legendary champion Tom Cribb who was staying nearby. Cribb was impressed by Spring's prowess, and persuaded him to go to London under his patronage; this was the beginning of Spring's boxing career. That year, Spring travelled to Mordiford and won a fight in 11 rounds, after which he won a £3 stake.
Boxing
Spring is considered one of the most scientific of the early English boxers, an approach that set him apart from most of his contemporaries. Not possessing a strong punch he honed a fine defense, and a powerful left hook.
Spring's first fight in the Prize Ring was with a Yorkshireman named Stringer, the bout taking place on 9 September 1817 at Moulsey Hurst. After 29 rounds in 39 minutes, Spring won by knocking out his opponent.
Aged 23 Spring twice fought the very experienced Ned Painter, winning the first bout and losing the second. His defeat of Jack Carter in 1819 earned him some notoriety, and he toured the country giving exhibition matches with the reigning English champion Tom Cribb. On Cribb's public retirement at the Fives Court on 15th May 1822 he handed over the championship title to Spring. To defend the title Spring offered to fight anyone in England. No one challenged him until 1823, when he fought Bill Neat. Neat referred to Spring as a "lady’s maid fighter" because of his weak punch. The fight lasted just 37 minutes, with Spring victorious after knocking Neat down in the first round and cutting him severely in the second. This victory ensured that Spring was recognized as the champion of England.
In January 1824 at Pitchcroft, Worcester Spring fought against the Irish fighter Jack Langan. The fight was for a purse of 300 sovereigns (about £25,000 in 2010), and drew a crowd of some 40,000 and lasted 77 rounds.
The two boxers had very different styles – Spring was light on his feet and fast, while Langan was slower and heavier. Spring was victorious against Langan on a second occasion.
In 1824 Spring decided to retire from boxing, his hands, never strong and always easily damaged, were now weakened. Throughout his career Spring had often managed to avoid damage with his fast hits and what became known as his Harlequin Step; this was a technique he developed of putting himself just within reach of his opponent, then avoiding the instinctive punch while simultaneously delivering one himself.
Retirement
On his retirement he purchased the Castle Inn at Holborn (previously owned by the pugilist Bob Gregson), which under his management became the unofficial headquarters of English boxing; fights were arranged and contacts signed under his supervision. On 25 September 1828 an organization known as the Fair Play Club was formed to try and clean up boxing's image, "to ensure fair play to the combatants" and "to preserve peace and order in the outer ring"; this was in addition to the London Prize Ring rules, which had been devised by Jack Broughton almost a century earlier. Spring was elected as the club's first treasurer, and was also authorised to employ officials to enforce the new rules and prevent invasions of the ring by supporters.
Spring, however, was not immune from criticism himself. Vast amounts of money were bet on the outcome of fights and inside knowledge could make the holder enormous sums. Spring twice arranged fights for, and personally seconded, the Irish heavyweight champion Simon Byrne. In 1831 he put Byrne in the ring against the heavyweight champion Jem Ward, knowing that Byrne was unfit and out of condition; Ward was known to be corrupt, having once thrown a fight for £100. Spring finally pulled Byrne out of the fight in the 33rd round, allowing Ward to retire and retain his title. The boxing commentator Gilbert Odd described this fight as a "disgraceful affair".
On the second occasion he seconded for Byrne, in 1833, Byrne was fighting James Burke for the heavyweight title. This was the longest fight in boxing history until the famous bout between Andy Bowen and Jack Burke in 1893, which went 111 rounds. It was brutal and bloody, but vast sums were riding on the fight. In the 99th round Spring had to carry the barely conscious Byrne to the mark to fight. Byrne was quickly knocked unconscious and died three days later. The death finally led to a reform in the rules governing English boxing.
In retirement Spring became very wealthy. He is known to have married and had two children. He split from his wife, and, in spite of the wealth Spring later acquired, she died destitute in the Holborn workhouse. But Spring remained well respected for his kindness and good manners outside of the boxing ring. His reputation was in itself an achievement for a fight promoter of this era.
After his death on 20 August 1851 his funeral was well attended, with many neighbours from The Castle, Holborn, walking with his coffin to West Norwood Cemetery. Spring was buried under his real name of Thomas Winter.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a short story, "The Lord of Falconbridge", with Spring as the protagonist.
See also
List of bare-knuckle boxers
References
Further reading
"Tom Spring: Bare-Knuckle Champion of All England" by Jon Hurley (The History Press, 2005)
External links
Chapter on Spring in Pugilistica, the History of British Boxing, volume 2, Henry Downes Miles, 1906
Link to the page in Dowling's 1841 Fistiana, or The Oracle of the Ring which indicates the exact date upon which Cribb publicly resigned the championship and passed it to Spring
1795 births
1851 deaths
Bare-knuckle boxers
English male boxers
Spring aka Winter, Tom
Boxers from Greater London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Spring |
Youssouf Fofana may refer to:
Youssouf Fofana (Ivorian footballer) (born 1966), Ivorian footballer
Youssouf Fofana (born 1980), French murderer (The Affair of the Gang of Barbarians)
Youssouf Fofana (French footballer) (born 1999), French footballer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssouf%20Fofana |
The World Wide Web ("WWW", "W3" or simply "the Web") is a global information medium which users can access via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as email and Usenet do. The history of the Internet and the history of hypertext date back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web while working at CERN in 1989. He proposed a "universal linked information system" using several concepts and technologies, the most fundamental of which was the connections that existed between information. He developed the first web server, the first web browser, and a document formatting protocol, called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). After publishing the markup language in 1991, and releasing the browser source code for public use in 1993, many other web browsers were soon developed, with Marc Andreessen's Mosaic (later Netscape Navigator), being particularly easy to use and install, and often credited with sparking the Internet boom of the 1990s. It was a graphical browser which ran on several popular office and home computers, bringing multimedia content to non-technical users by including images and text on the same page.
Websites for use by the general public began to emerge in 1993-94. This spurred competition in server and browser software, highlighted in the Browser wars which was initially dominated by Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. Following the complete removal of commercial restrictions on Internet use by 1995, commercialization of the Web amidst macroeconomic factors led to the dot-com boom and bust in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
The features of HTML evolved over time, leading to HTML version 2 in 1995, HTML3 and HTML4 in 1997, and HTML5 in 2014. The language was extended with advanced formatting in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and with programming capability by JavaScript. AJAX programming delivered dynamic content to users, which sparked a new era in Web design, styled Web 2.0. The use of social media, becoming common-place in the 2010s, allowed users to compose multimedia content without programming skills, making the Web ubiquitous in every-day life.
Background
The underlying concept of hypertext as a user interface paradigm originated in projects in the 1960s, from research such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) by Andries van Dam at Brown University, IBM Generalized Markup Language, Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu, and Douglas Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's microfilm-based memex, which was described in the 1945 essay "As We May Think". Other precursors were FRESS and Intermedia. Paul Otlet's project Mundaneum has also been named as an early 20th-century precursor of the Web.
In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to experiment with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to another page.
When Berners-Lee built ENQUIRE, the ideas developed by Bush, Engelbart, and Nelson did not influence his work, since he was not aware of them. However, as Berners-Lee began to refine his ideas, the work of these predecessors would later help to confirm the legitimacy of his concept.
During the 1980s, many packet-switched data networks emerged based on various communication protocols (see Protocol Wars). One of these standards was the Internet protocol suite, which is often referred to as TCP/IP. As the Internet grew through the 1980s, many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and use information. By 1985, the Domain Name System (upon which the Uniform Resource Locator is built) came into being. Many small, self-contained hypertext systems were created, such as Apple Computer's HyperCard (1987).
Berners-Lee's contract in 1980 was from June to December, but in 1984 he returned to CERN in a permanent role, and considered its problems of information management: physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet they lacked common machines and any shared presentation software. Shortly after Berners-Lee's return to CERN, TCP/IP protocols were installed on Unix machines at the institution, turning it into the largest Internet site in Europe. In 1988, the first direct IP connection between Europe and North America was established and Berners-Lee began to openly discuss the possibility of a web-like system at CERN. He was inspired by a book, Enquire Within upon Everything.
1989–1991: Origins
CERN
While working at CERN, Tim Berners-Lee became frustrated with the inefficiencies and difficulties posed by finding information stored on different computers. On 12 March 1989, he submitted a memorandum, titled "Information Management: A Proposal", to the management at CERN. The proposal used the term "web" and was based on "a large hypertext database with typed links". It described a system called "Mesh" that referenced ENQUIRE, the database and software project he had built in 1980, with a more elaborate information management system based on links embedded as text: "Imagine, then, the references in this document all being associated with the network address of the thing to which they referred, so that while reading this document, you could skip to them with a click of the mouse." Such a system, he explained, could be referred to using one of the existing meanings of the word hypertext, a term that he says was coined in the 1950s. Berners-Lee notes the possibility of multimedia documents that include graphics, speech and video, which he terms hypermedia.
Although the proposal attracted little interest, Berners-Lee was encouraged by his manager, Mike Sendall, to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation. He considered several names, including Information Mesh, The Information Mine or Mine of Information, but settled on World Wide Web. Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in his colleague and fellow hypertext enthusiast Robert Cailliau who began to promote the proposed system throughout CERN. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision.
Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested to members of both technical communities that a marriage between the two technologies was possible. But, when no one took up his invitation, he finally assumed the project himself. In the process, he developed three essential technologies:
a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere, the universal document identifier (UDI), later known as uniform resource locator (URL);
the publishing language Hypertext Markup Language (HTML);
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
With help from Cailliau he published a more formal proposal on 12 November 1990 to build a "hypertext project" called World Wide Web (abbreviated "W3") as a "web" of "hypertext documents" to be viewed by "browsers" using a client–server architecture. The proposal was modelled after the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration.
At this point HTML and HTTP had already been in development for about two months and the first web server was about a month from completing its first successful test. Berners-Lee's proposal estimated that a read-only Web would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to achieve "the creation of new links and new material by readers, [so that] authorship becomes universal" as well as "the automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him/her has become available".
By December 1990, Berners-Lee and his work team had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a web editor), the first web server (later known as CERN httpd) and the first web site (http://info.cern.ch) containing the first web pages that described the project itself was published on 20 December 1990. The browser could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files as well. A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the web server and also to write the web browser.
Working with Berners-Lee at CERN, Nicola Pellow wrote a simple text browser that could run on almost any computer, the Line Mode Browser, which worked with a command-line interface.
1991–1994: The Web goes public, early growth
Initial launch
In January 1991, the first web servers outside CERN were switched on. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup alt.hypertext, inviting collaborators.
Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on the IBM mainframe as a way to host the SPIRES-HEP database and display SLAC's catalog of online documents. This was the first web server outside of Europe and the first in North America.
The World Wide Web had several differences from other hypertext systems available at the time. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones, making it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn, presented the chronic problem of link rot.
Early browsers
The WorldWideWeb browser only ran on NeXTSTEP operating system. This shortcoming was discussed in January 1992, and alleviated in April 1992 by the release of Erwise, an application developed at the Helsinki University of Technology, and in May by ViolaWWW, created by Pei-Yuan Wei, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation. ViolaWWW was originally an application for HyperCard. Both programs ran on the X Window System for Unix. In 1992, the first tests between browsers on different platforms were concluded successfully between buildings 513 and 31 in CERN, between browsers on the NexT station and the X11-ported Mosaic browser. ViolaWWW became the recommended browser at CERN. To encourage use within CERN, Bernd Pollermann put the CERN telephone directory on the web—previously users had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers. The Web was successful at CERN and spread to other scientific and academic institutions.
Students at the University of Kansas adapted an existing text-only hypertext browser, Lynx, to access the web in 1992. Lynx was available on Unix and DOS, and some web designers, unimpressed with glossy graphical websites, held that a website not accessible through Lynx was not worth visiting.
In these earliest browsers, images opened in a separate "helper" application.
From Gopher to the WWW
In the early 1990s, Internet-based projects such as Archie, Gopher, Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data. Gopher was a document browsing system for the Internet, released in 1991 by the University of Minnesota. Invented by Mark P. McCahill, it became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet. While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext, they were not commonly perceived in that way. In less than a year, there were hundreds of Gopher servers. It offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web in the early 1990s and the consensus was that Gopher would be the primary way that people would interact with the Internet. However, in 1993, the University of Minnesota declared that Gopher was proprietary and would have to be licensed.
In response, on 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due, and released their code into the public domain. This made it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this spurred the development of various browsers which precipitated a rapid shift away from Gopher. By releasing Berners-Lee's invention for public use, CERN encouraged and enabled its widespread use.
Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA "What's New" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines.
After 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines, which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace. As its popularity increased through ease of use, incentives for commercial investment in the Web also grew. By the middle of 1994, the Web was outcompeting Gopher and the other browsing systems for the Internet.
NCSA
The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC) established a website in November 1992. After Marc Andreessen, a student at UIUC, was shown ViolaWWW in late 1992, he began work on Mosaic with another UIUC student Eric Bina, using funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program initiated by US Senator Al Gore. Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993. The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia, and the authors' rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features. Historians generally agree that the 1993 introduction of the Mosaic web browser was a turning point for the World Wide Web.
Before the release of Mosaic in 1993, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages, and the Web was less popular than older protocols such as Gopher and WAIS. Mosaic could display inline images and submit forms for Windows, Macintosh and X-Windows. NCSA also developed HTTPd, a Unix web server that used the Common Gateway Interface to process forms and Server Side Includes for dynamic content. Both the client and server were free to use with no restrictions. Mosaic was an immediate hit; its graphical user interface allowed the Web to become by far the most popular protocol on the Internet. Within a year, web traffic surpassed Gopher's. Wired declared that Mosaic made non-Internet online services obsolete, and the Web became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet.
Early growth
The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularising use of the Internet. Although the two terms are sometimes conflated in popular use, World Wide Web is not synonymous with Internet. The Web is an information space containing hyperlinked documents and other resources, identified by their URIs. It is implemented as both client and server software using Internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP.
In keeping with its origins at CERN, early adopters of the Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as SLAC and Fermilab. By January 1993 there were fifty web servers across the world. By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online, including some notable websites.
Practical media distribution and streaming media over the Web was made possible by advances in data compression, due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Following the introduction of the Web, several media formats based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) were introduced for practical media distribution and streaming over the Web, including the MPEG video format in 1991 and the JPEG image format in 1992. The high level of image compression made JPEG a good format for compensating slow Internet access speeds, typical in the age of dial-up Internet access. JPEG became the most widely used image format for the World Wide Web. A DCT variation, the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) algorithm, led to the development of MP3, which was introduced in 1991 and became the first popular audio format on the Web.
In 1992 the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed by David Williams, withdrew support of Berners-Lee's work. A two-page email sent by Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, with the goal of creating a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he continued to develop HTTP.
The first Microsoft Windows browser was Cello, written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. Cello was released in June 1993.
1994–2004: Open standards, going global
The rate of web site deployment increased sharply around the world, and fostered development of international standards for protocols and content formatting. Berners-Lee continued to stay involved in guiding web standards, such as the markup languages to compose web pages, and he advocated his vision of a Semantic Web (sometimes known as Web 3.0) based around machine-readability and interoperability standards.
World Wide Web Conference
In May 1994, the first International WWW Conference, organized by Robert Cailliau, was held at CERN; the conference has been held every year since.
World Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in September/October 1994 in order to create open standards for the Web. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet. A year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University.
W3C comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted by anyone. Netscape and Microsoft, in the middle of a browser war, ignored the W3C and added elements to HTML ad hoc (e.g., blink and marquee). Finally, in 1995, Netscape and Microsoft came to their senses and agreed to abide by the W3C's standard.
The W3C published the standard for HTML 4 in 1997, which included Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), giving designers more control over the appearance of web pages without the need for additional HTML tags. The W3C could not enforce compliance so none of the browsers were fully compliant. This frustrated web designers who formed the Web Standards Project (WaSP) in 1998 with the goal of cajoling compliance with standards. A List Apart and CSS Zen Garden were influential websites that promoted good design and adherence to standards. Nevertheless, AOL halted development of Netscape and Microsoft was slow to update IE. Mozilla and Apple both released browsers that aimed to be more standards compliant (Firefox and Safari), but were unable to dislodge IE as the dominant browser.
Commercialization, dot-com boom and bust, aftermath
As the Web grew in the mid-1990s, web directories and primitive search engines were created to index pages and allow people to find things. Commercial use restrictions on the Internet were lifted in 1995 when NSFNET was shut down.
In the US, the online service America Online (AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser, using a dial-up Internet connection. In January 1994, Yahoo! was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo, then students at Stanford University. Yahoo! Directory became the first popular web directory. Yahoo! Search, launched the same year, was the first popular search engine on the World Wide Web. Yahoo! became the quintessential example of a first mover on the Web.
Online shopping began to emerge with the launch of Amazon's shopping site by Jeff Bezos in 1995 and eBay by Pierre Omidyar the same year.
By 1994, Marc Andreessen's Netscape Navigator superseded Mosaic in popularity, holding the position for some time. Bill Gates outlined Microsoft's strategy to dominate the Internet in his Tidal Wave memo in 1995. With the release of Windows 95 and the popular Internet Explorer browser, many public companies began to develop a Web presence. At first, people mainly anticipated the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information. By the late 1990s, the directory model had given way to search engines, corresponding with the rise of Google Search, which developed new approaches to relevancy ranking. Directory features, while still commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines.
Netscape had a very successful IPO valuing the company at $2.9 billion despite the lack of profits and triggering the dot-com bubble. Increasing familiarity with the Web led to the growth of direct Web-based commerce (e-commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. Many dot-com companies, displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web. Over the next 5 years, over a trillion dollars was raised to fund thousands of startups consisting of little more than a website.
During the dot-com boom, many companies vied to create a dominant web portal in the belief that such a website would best be able to attract a large audience that in turn would attract online advertising revenue. While most of these portals offered a search engine, they were not interested in encouraging users to find other websites and leave the portal and instead concentrated on "sticky" content. In contrast, Google was a stripped-down search engine that delivered superior results. It was a hit with users who switched from portals to Google. Furthermore, with AdWords, Google had an effective business model.
AOL bought Netscape in 1998. In spite of their early success, Netscape was unable to fend off Microsoft. Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely replaced it.
Faster broadband internet connections replaced many dial-up connections from the beginning of the 2000s.
With the bursting of the dot-com bubble, many web portals either scaled back operations, floundered, or shut down entirely. AOL disbanded Netscape in 2003.
Web server software
Web server software was developed to allow computers to act as web servers. The first web servers supported only static files, such as HTML (and images), but now they commonly allow embedding of server side applications. Web framework software enabled building and deploying web applications. Content management systems (CMS) were developed to organize and facilitate collaborative content creation. Many of them were built on top of separate content management frameworks.
After Robert McCool joined Netscape, development on the NCSA HTTPd server languished. In 1995, Brian Behlendorf and Cliff Skolnick created a mailing list to coordinate efforts to fix bugs and make improvements to HTTPd. They called their version of HTTPd, Apache. Apache quickly became the dominant server on the Web. After adding support for modules, Apache was able to allow developers to handle web requests with a variety of languages including Perl, PHP and Python. Together with Linux and MySQL, it became known as the LAMP platform.
Following the success of Apache, the Apache Software Foundation was founded in 1999 and produced many open source web software projects in the same collaborative spirit.
Browser wars
After graduating from UIUC, Andreessen and Jim Clark, former CEO of Silicon Graphics, met and formed Mosaic Communications Corporation in April 1994 to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to Netscape, and the browser was developed further as Netscape Navigator, which soon became the dominant web client. They also released the Netsite Commerce web server which could handle SSL requests, thus enabling e-commerce on the Web. SSL became the standard method to encrypt web traffic. Navigator 1.0 also introduced cookies, but Netscape did not publicize this feature. Netscape followed up with Navigator 2 in 1995 introducing frames, Java applets and JavaScript. In 1998, Netscape made Navigator open source and launched Mozilla.
Microsoft licensed Mosaic from Spyglass and released Internet Explorer 1.0 that year and IE2 later the same year. IE2 added features pioneered at Netscape such as cookies, SSL, and JavaScript. The browser wars became a competition for dominance when Explorer was bundled with Windows. This led to the United States v. Microsoft Corporation antitrust lawsuit.
IE3, released in 1996, added support for Java applets, ActiveX, and CSS. At this point, Microsoft began bundling IE with Windows. IE3 managed to increase Microsoft's share of the browser market from under 10% to over 20%. IE4, released the following year, introduced Dynamic HTML setting the stage for the Web 2.0 revolution. By 1998, IE was able to capture the majority of the desktop browser market. It would be the dominant browser for the next fourteen years.
Google released their Chrome browser in 2008 with the first JIT JavaScript engine, V8. Chrome overtook IE to become the dominant desktop browser in four years, and overtook Safari to become the dominant mobile browser in two. At the same time, Google open sourced Chrome's codebase as Chromium.
Ryan Dahl used Chromium's V8 engine in 2009 to power an event driven runtime system, Node.js, which allowed JavaScript code to be used on servers as well as browsers. This led to the development of new software stacks such as MEAN. Thanks to frameworks such as Electron, developers can bundle up node applications as standalone desktop applications such as Slack.
Acer and Samsung began selling Chromebooks, cheap laptops running ChromeOS capable of running web apps, in 2011. Over the next decade, more companies offered Chromebooks. Chromebooks outsold MacOS devices in 2020 to become the second most popular OS in the world.
Other notable web browsers emerged including Mozilla's Firefox, Opera's Opera browser and Apple's Safari.
2004–present: The Web as platform, ubiquity
Web 2.0
Web pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon HTML. They could include images, video, and other content, although the use of media was initially relatively limited and the content was mainly static. By the mid-2000s, new approaches to sharing and exchanging content, such as blogs and RSS, rapidly gained acceptance on the Web. The video-sharing website YouTube launched the concept of user-generated content. As new technologies made it easier to create websites that behaved dynamically, the Web attained greater ease of use and gained a sense of interactivity which ushered in a period of rapid popularization. This new era also brought into existence social networking websites, such as Friendster, MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter, and photo- and video-sharing websites such as Flickr and, later, Instagram which gained users rapidly and became a central part of youth culture. Wikipedia's user-edited content quickly displaced the professionally-written Microsoft Encarta. The popularity of these sites, combined with developments in the technology that enabled them, and the increasing availability and affordability of high-speed connections made video content far more common on all kinds of websites. This new media-rich model for information exchange, featuring user-generated and user-edited websites, was dubbed Web 2.0, a term coined in 1999 and popularized in 2004 at the Web 2.0 Conference. The Web 2.0 boom drew investment from companies worldwide and saw many new service-oriented startups catering to a newly "democratized" Web.
JavaScript made the development of interactive web applications possible. Web pages could run JavaScript and respond to user input, but they could not interact with the network. Browsers could submit data to servers via forms and receive new pages, but this was slow compared to traditional desktop applications. Developers that wanted to offer sophisticated applications over the Web used Java or nonstandard solutions such as Adobe Flash or Microsoft's ActiveX.
Microsoft added a little noticed feature in 1999 called XMLHttpRequest to MSIE. Developers at Oddpost used this feature in 2002 to create the first Ajax application, a webmail client that performed as well as a desktop application. Ajax apps were revolutionary. Web pages evolved beyond static documents to full-blown applications. Websites began offering APIs in addition to webpages. Developers created a plethora of Ajax apps including widgets, mashups and new types of social apps. Analysts called it Web 2.0.
Browser vendors improved the performance of their JavaScript engines and dropped support for Flash and Java. Traditional client server applications were replaced by cloud apps. Amazon reinvented itself as a cloud service provider.
The use of social media on the Web has become ubiquitous in everyday life. The 2010s also saw the rise of streaming services, such as Netflix.
In spite of the success of Web 2.0 applications, the W3C forged ahead with their plan to replace HTML with XHTML and represent all data in XML. In 2004, representatives from Mozilla, Opera, and Apple formed an opposing group, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), dedicated to improving HTML while maintaining backward compatibility. For the next several years, websites did not transition their content to XHTML; browser vendors did not adopt XHTML2; and developers eschewed XML in favor of JSON. By 2007, the W3C conceded and announced they were restarting work on HTML and in 2009, they officially abandoned XHTML. In 2019, the W3C ceded control of the HTML specification, now called the HTML Living Standard, to WHATWG.
Microsoft rewrote their Edge browser in 2021 to use Chromium as its code base in order to be more compatible with Chrome.
Security, censorship and cybercrime
The increasing use of encrypted connections (HTTPS) enabled e-commerce and online banking. Nonetheless, the 2010s saw the emergence of various controversial trends, such as internet censorship and the growth of cybercrime, including web-based cyberattacks and ransomware.
Mobile
Early attempts to allow wireless devices to access the Web used simplified formats such as i-mode and WAP. Apple introduced the first smartphone in 2007 with a full-featured browser. Other companies followed suit and in 2011, smartphone sales overtook PCs. Since 2016, most visitors access websites with mobile devices which led to the adoption of responsive web design.
Apple, Mozilla, and Google have taken different approaches to integrating smartphones with modern web apps. Apple initially promoted web apps for the iPhone, but then encouraged developers to make native apps. Mozilla announced Web APIs in 2011 to allow webapps to access hardware features such as audio, camera or GPS. Frameworks such as Cordova and Ionic allow developers to build hybrid apps. Mozilla released a mobile OS designed to run web apps in 2012, but discontinued it in 2015.
Google announced specifications for Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP), and progressive web applications (PWA) in 2015. AMPs use a combination of HTML, JavaScript, and Web Components to optimize web pages for mobile devices; and PWAs are web pages that, with a combination of web workers and manifest files, can be saved to a mobile device and opened like a native app.
Web 3.0 and Web3
The extension of the Web to facilitate data exchange was explored as an approach to create a Semantic Web (sometimes called Web 3.0). This involved using machine-readable information and interoperability standards to enable context-understanding programs to intelligently select information for users. Continued extension of the Web has focused on connecting devices to the Internet, coined Intelligent Device Management. As Internet connectivity becomes ubiquitous, manufacturers have started to leverage the expanded computing power of their devices to enhance their usability and capability. Through Internet connectivity, manufacturers are now able to interact with the devices they have sold and shipped to their customers, and customers are able to interact with the manufacturer (and other providers) to access a lot of new content.
Web3 (sometimes also referred to as Web 3.0) is an idea for a decentralized Web based on public blockchains, smart contracts, digital tokens and digital wallets.
Historiography
Historiography of the Web poses specific challenges including, disposable data, missing links, lost content and archived websites, which have consequences for web historians. Sites such as the Internet Archive aim to preserve content.
See also
History of email
History of hypertext
History of the Internet
History of telecommunication
History of web syndication technology
List of websites founded before 1995
References
Further reading
External links
Web History: first 30 years
"A Little History of the World Wide Web: from 1945 to 1995", Dan Connolly, W3C, 2000
"The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future", Tim Berners-Lee, August 1996
The History of the Web
Web Development History
A Brief(ish) History of the Web Universe, Brian Kardell
Web History Community Group, W3C
The history of the Web, W3C
info.cern.ch, the first website
World Wide Web
World Wide Web
World Wide Web | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20World%20Wide%20Web |
This page details the uniforms and insignia of the Israel Defense Forces, excluding rank insignia. For ranks, see Israel Defense Forces ranks and insignia.
Uniforms
The Israel Defense Forces has several types of uniforms:
Service dress (Madei Aleph) - "Class A" uniform; everyday wear, worn by enlisted soldiers.
Field dress (Madei Bet) - "Class B" uniform; worn into combat, training, work on base.
Officers service dress / Ceremonial dress (Madei Keva) - "Class A" uniform; worn by non-commissioned officers, by commissioned officers from the rank seren (Captain) and above or by other ranks during special events/ceremonies.
Dress uniform (Madei Srad) and Mess dress (Madei Gala) - Worn only during very important ceremonies and abroad by high-ranking officers. There are several dress uniforms depending on the season and the branch. Dress uniforms follow the American model and Mess Dress uniforms follow the British and Commonwealth pattern.
The service uniform for all ground forces personnel is olive green, navy and air force uniforms are beige. The uniforms consist of a shirt, trousers, beret neatly placed under epaulet, belt and boots. Additionally a bomber jacket and sometimes a sweater are issued to optionally be worn during cold weather. Sailors are additionally issued all-white dress uniform for ceremonies. Field dress consist of olive green fatigues, the same uniform is used for winter and summer, and heavy winter gear is issued as needed. Women's dress parallels the men's but a woman may choose to substitute a skirt for the trousers, or sandals for boots. NCOs and Officers with the rank of Captain or above wear different dress uniforms depending on the branch. Ground forces wear light teal shirts and dark green pants, in the Air Force light blue shirts and navy blue pants, and in the Navy white shirts and navy blue pants. Depending on position Officers with the rank of Captain and above may additionally substitute their boots for oxford dress shoes.
Some corps or units have small variations in their uniforms - for instance, military policemen wear a white belt and white police hat. Similarly, while most IDF soldiers are issued black leather boots, some units issue reddish-brown leather boots for historical reasons- The Paratroopers, Nahal and Kfir brigades, as well as the Border Protection Infantry and some SF units (Sayeret Matkal, Oketz, Duvdevan, Maglan, Lotar (Counter-Terror School)). Additionally, certain special operations units are issued canvas hiking boots for wear during missions.
Berets
Each corps in the Israel Defense Forces has a beret of a different color and/or a different beret pin worn by its soldiers, independent of rank and position. Israel Defense Forces soldiers wear berets on their heads only on formal occasions, such as ceremonies and roll calls. The beret is placed beneath the left shoulder strap while wearing the service uniform (alef), but not while wearing the combat/work (bet) uniform in the field. On base it is left to the unit's discretion whether to wear berets or field hats. Air force and navy officers, military orchestra soldiers and military police law enforcement soldiers wear combination caps. Formerly, male soldiers of all ranks wore combination caps, while female soldiers wore the garrison cap. In the 1950s, the beret was adopted as the default headgear for the service uniform. The color of the air force beret was blue-gray; armored corps, artillery, and special operations personnel wore a black beret. Paratroopers, following the pattern of the British Army, wore maroon, all other infantry wore olive drab. Combat engineers wore a gray beret. For all other army personnel, except combat units, the beret for men was green and for women, black. Women in the navy wore a black beret with gold insignia while men wore the traditional white sailor cap like that of the US Navy.
Beret pins
All berets in the Israel Defense Forces, other than general corps berets (when worn by recruits), have pins attached to their front, which represent the symbol of the corps. While soldiers may wear the beret of another corps due to serving at that corps' base, they will always wear the pin of their native corps. Each pin consists of the corps symbol as well as a certain ornament which also contains the name of the corps. Soldiers serving a term in military prison must wear a blank beret with no pins attached.
Shoulder tags
Typically, each IDF unit (yehida) has its own shoulder tag (tagei katef). Shoulder tags consist of a long section and a tip, which can be one of four shapes: a circle (commands, directorates and air force units except anti-aircraft), a square (Golani Brigade), a diamond, or a shield-like shape (most common). Shoulder tags are only worn on dress uniforms, on the left shoulder attached to the shoulder strap.
Some of the IDF shoulder tags:
Commands
Branches
Corps
Insignia
Aiguillettes, Srochim in Hebrew are worn on the left shoulder* of the uniform to indicate a soldier's specific role a unit:
Black/ Green: Commanders in the Section/ Squad Commanders’ Course
Black/ Yellow: Instructor in Chemical Warfare
Black: Commanders in the Officer Courses/ Advance Courses
Blue/ Red: Military Police
Blue/ White: Chief Sergeant of a Base
Brown: Behavioral Sciences Analyst
Cerulean/ Orange: Search and Rescue
Dark Blue: Navy Instructors
Gold: Discipline Attaché
Green: Section/ Squad Commander
White/ Green: Military Intelligence Commander
Grey: Education Attaché
Claret: Multimedia Producer or Officer in an Educational Course
Purple: Service Rights Attaché
Red: IDF Orchestra (*Right Shoulder), Navy Instructor (Left Shoulder)
White: Security Guards
Yellow/ White: Field Intelligence Personnel
References
External links
Unit tags of the IDF
Bibliography
Israel Defense Forces
Military insignia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%20Defense%20Forces%20insignia |
Shion is a Japanese given name, and may refer to:
Sportspeople
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese figure skater
, Japanese footballer
Musicians
, a R&B singer
, a pop singer
, a singer-songwriter
Shion Tsurubo (鶴房 汐恩, born 2000), Japanese idol, member of JO1
Other people
, Japanese filmmaker
Shion Takeuchi (born 1988), American television writer and creator of the Netflix series Inside Job
, Japanese voice actresses
Fictional characters
Aries Shion, a character from the manga and anime Saint Seiya
Shion Yorigami, a character from the Touhou series of games.
Shion, one of the two main characters of the novel, manga, and anime No. 6.
Shion, a hidden scenario character from the yaoi visual novel Enzai.
Shion, a character from the manga and anime Nana
Shion (Naruto), a character in Naruto Shippūden the Movie
Shion (The King of Fighters), a sub-boss in The King of Fighters XI video game
Shion (Wonder Boy), a Legendary Hero from the Genesis game Wonder Boy in Monster World
Shion Kozakura, a character from the Kagerou Project.
Shion Karanomori, a character from the anime series Psycho Pass.
Shion Pavlichenko, a character from season 2 of the anime Darker than Black.
Shion Sonozaki, a character from the Higurashi no Naku Koro ni video games, anime and manga
Shion Uzuki, a character from Xenosaga video games
Shion Yasuoka, the female protagonist of the manga and anime Shion no Ō
Sion Eltnam Atlasia, one of the main characters from the Melty Blood graphic novel, video games, and manga
Shion, a character of the novel, manga, and anime That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime.
Other uses
, an album by MUCC
The Japanese pronunciation of Zion
See also
Xion (disambiguation), which is pronounced Shion
Sion (disambiguation)
Zion (disambiguation)
References
Japanese unisex given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shion |
Eich may refer to:
Places
Eich, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Eich (Verbandsgemeinde), a collective municipality in Alzey-Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Eich, Switzerland
Eich, Luxembourg
People
Eich (surname), a list of people with this surname
Ray Eichenlaub (1892/1893 – 1949), American gridiron football player, nicknamed "Eich" or "Iron Eich"
See also
Aich (disambiguation)
Eiche (disambiguation)
Ike (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eich |
Tamavua Laucala Fijian Urban Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered the Tamavua and Laucala suburbs of Suva City.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 and 2006 elections, one candidate won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamavua%20Laucala%20Urban%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Sally Clark (1964–2007) was an English victim of a miscarriage of justice who was falsely convicted and imprisoned for the murder of her two infant sons.
Sally Clark may also refer to:
Petula Clark (born 1932), British singer, actress, and songwriter
Sally Clark (equestrian) (born 1958), New Zealand equestrian
Sally Clark (playwright) (born 1953), Canadian playwright and filmmaker
Sally J. Clark, Seattle City Council member | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%20Clark%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Nizhniye Sergi () is a town and the administrative center of Nizhneserginsky District in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on a rolling plain surrounded by the Ural Mountains, on the Serga River from Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:
History
It was founded in 1743.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of the administrative divisions, Nizhniye Sergi serves as the administrative center of Nizhneserginsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with eleven rural localities, incorporated within Nizhneserginsky District as the Town of Nizhniye Sergi. As a municipal division, the Town of Nizhniye Sergi is incorporated within Nizhneserginsky Municipal District as Nizhneserginskoye Urban Settlement.
Economy
The town is an industrial center. The basis of its economy is mainly a plant that produces nails, wires, and other products of ferrous metallurgy. Most of the production output is exported.
Tourism
Nizhniye Sergi, with its Lake Montayevo health resort, is a popular destination in the Ural region. The health resort is known for its mineral water that includes thirty-seven chemical elements.
References
Notes
Sources
Cities and towns in Sverdlovsk Oblast
Krasnoufimsky Uyezd
Populated places established in 1743
1743 establishments in the Russian Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhniye%20Sergi |
William Street is a major street in the Melbourne central business district, Victoria, Australia. It runs roughly north–south from Flinders Street to Victoria Street, and was laid out in 1837 as part of the original Hoddle Grid. The street is located in-between King Street and Queen Street.
Notable landmarks on William Street include the Queen Victoria Market, the Flagstaff Gardens, Immigration Museum, Supreme Court of Victoria, AMP Square, Australian Club and 140 William Street.
History
2007 shooting incident
On 18 June 2007, a shooting incident occurred on the corner of Flinders Lane and William Street when an unknown man shot and killed a pedestrian and wounded two others. Christopher Hudson later pleaded guilty to the shootings.
2017 car attack
On 20 January 2017, a car was driven into pedestrians in the central business district of Melbourne, killing 5 and injuring over 20. The driver was stopped when police shot him in the arm and subsequently pulled him from his vehicle on William Street (at the corner of Bourke Street).
Notable buildings
Several buildings and structures on William Street are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and/or classified by the National Trust of Australia. These include:
140 William Street
Australian Club Building
Court of Appeal
Goldsborough Mort Building
Hume House
Prometheus Mural in Monash House
Queensland Building
Royal Melbourne Mint (former)
Royal Standard Hotel
Scottish House
Shell Corner (former)
Supreme Court of Victoria
Western House
Law Courts precinct
William Street's junction with Lonsdale Street forms the legal precinct of Melbourne. This junction is the location of the Supreme Court of Victoria, Melbourne Magistrates' Court and County Court. The Federal Court building, housing the High Court and other Federal courts, is located one block further north on the corner of William Street and [La Trobe Street]]. The Law Institute of Victoria is located one block south of Lonsdale Street at the corner of Bourke Street.
Transport
Flagstaff railway station is situated on William Street. Besides that, William Street is also served by a tram route. Tram route 58 runs along William Street between Peel Street and Flinders Lane.
See also
References
Streets in Melbourne City Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Street%2C%20Melbourne |
Sergio Pascual Vargas Parra (Villa Altagracia, Dominican Republic, March 15, 1960) is a performer of merengue and bolero, who was very popular in the 80s and 90s, during the "golden age of merengue" and today remains active as one of the leading figures in Dominican merengue. His brothers, Kaki and Johnny, are also interpreters of the genre and have been by his side for much of their respective musical careers.
Vargas was a deputy for the Dominican Liberation Party representing his people Villa Altagracia in the period 2006–2010.
Career
Known as El negrito de Villa, Vargas participated in the Festival of the Voice organized by the Dominican musician Rafael Solano, where he finished second. Two years later in 1982, he became part of the Dionis Fernández orchestra. In this orchestra, Sergio came to perform great hits like "The designers", "To the rhythm of the night", "A man and a woman", among others. After this, Sergio went on to reinforce the orchestra "Los Hijos del Rey" as lead vocalist. This orchestra in its beginnings was led by Fernando Villalona and Raulín Rosendo. It was in this group that its popularity began to grow, so much so that the group had fan clubs in Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Panama and the East Coast of the United States.
In 1986 Sergio released his first LP under the Karen Records label. This LP includes the single "La quiero a morir" (I Love Her to Death), which is the Spanish version of "Je l'aime à mourir" by the French singer Francis Cabrel. In 1987 he recorded another album with Los Hijos del Rey titled "the earth quaked", with which he achieved great success. At the moment Sergio launched as a soloist, most of the musicians left with him, except for Diómedes Nuñez and shortly after Orvis García. The arrangements for this production are by Sonny Ovalles and his pianist Juan Valdez. The singles of this production are "Ciclón (indoor party)", "Marola", "On the other side of the sun", "Bamboleo", "This humble house", "Days of June" and "Black Pearl".
Albums / LP
I love her to death (1986)
The Earth Trembled (1987)
Cyclone (Festa do interior) (1988)
The unconditional (1989)
This is my country (1991)
Bullfighter (1992)
By H or by R (1993)
The meringue is danced and danced (1994)
Like a bolero (1994)
Love Fraud (1995)
Just Meringue (1995)
My proposal (1996)
Time of love (1997)
Together (1998)
On-time (1999)
Once Upon a Meringue (1999)
Another era (with Los Panchos) (1999)
From Sergio Vargas to José Feliciano (2000)
Go and tell him (2001)
Bohemian Live (2003)
Bohemian (2004)
His successes in bachata (2004)
New, old and half-used loves (2009)
Compilations
The Golden Years (1994)
The Best (1994)
Brilliant (with Johnny Ventura) (1994)
Musical history (1995)
Success Story (1995)
Face to face (with Johnny Ventura) (1997)
The man and its meringue (1998)
Big hits (1999)
Meringue gold (2000)
Series 2000 (2000)
Between friends (with Fernando Villalona) (2000)
Meringue (2001)
22 Ultimate Hits (2002)
Together (2002)
Gold Collection: 15 Successes (2002)
Tropical Blue Series (2003)
15 Favorite Songs (2003)
Diamond Collection (2004)
Sabrosonas of the memory (2005)
20 years are nothing (2005)
20 original hits (2005)
2 great voices of Quisqueya the beautiful (with Eddy Herrera) (2007)
Collectible 10 (2007)
A singer, 3 facets, a great artist (2008)
My favorites (2010)
Face to face (with Toño Rosario) (2013)
Great voices of the century collection
Songs
With the Children of the King
For her
My pride
A Man and a Woman
Je l'aime à mourir (I love her to death)
Oh Mariana
The earth quaked
Let's leave it
If you ever see her
With Dionis Fernández & Orquesta
The designers
To the rhythm of the night
With The Singer Arena
Is not easy
As soloist
Marola (written by Luis Días)
The earth quaked
The vampires
Girlfriend
Too bad for so much love
Ragdoll (salsa)
The little window
Heart of stone
The pill
tell him
Sorrows to the wind
Magic
A cigarette, the rain and you
Like a bolero
Women
Neither you nor I
Bad memory
Oh my god
What have you believed
Lost bullet
Go and tell
What's up sweetheart
It is going to hurt you
Last night we talked about love
Tell me where
My brunette
Covers
Je l'aime à mourir , (by the French singer Francis Cabrel)
Bamboléo (from the Spanish flamenco group Gipsy Kings)
This humble house (by the Brazilian singer Roberto Carlos)
Black Pearl (from the Venezuelan singer Yordano)
The unconditional (from singer Luis Miguel)
I try to forget you (played by Nicaraguan Hernaldo Zúñiga); composed by Manuel Alejandro.
Bullfighter (with José Alberto "El Canario"; original song by Julio Iglesias and José Luis Rodríguez)
Until you forget me (performed by Luis Miguel and written by Juan Luis Guerra)
Oh! woman (originally performed by Juan Luis Guerra)
Scandal (played by Javier Solís)
Forgive me, forget it (with Gisselle; originally performed by [[Juan Gabriel and Rocío Dúrcal)
To say goodbye (with Gisselle; originally performed by José Feliciano and Ann Kelly)
That which you gave me (interpreted by Alejandro Sanz)
El negrito del Batey (played by Alberto Beltrán)
The Broken Cup (originally performed by José Feliciano)
After you what? (originally performed by José Feliciano)
Why do I have to forget you? (originally performed by José Feliciano)
Tell Me Heart (originally performed by Amaury Gutiérrez)
What once was will not be (originally performed by José José)
I live for her (originally performed by Andrea Bocelli and Marta Sánchez]])
To live (composed and performed by Pablo Milanés)
Achievements
In 2018 he received the Great Sovereign during the celebration of the 2018 Sovereign Awards, where he thanked his award with a speech in favor of education for Dominican musicians.
In 1988 he was awarded by the Association of Art Writers of the Dominican Republic with a Cassandra (nowadays known as sovereign awards) for his concert titled Sergio. This concert was awarded as a show of the year. Sergio Vargas also won the Casandra award for the best video clip for the song "Las vampires" by the composer Luis Días.
In 1989 CBS International offered him a record deal. After much contemplation, he left Karen Records and signed with CBS.
In 1991 it was a very productive year for Sergio Vargas' career; after participating in the television program "This is my country" he was awarded the Casandra (today called sovereign awards) award. He also received the Casandra award for his international projection and singing in places like New York's Madison Square Garden in front of 20,000 spectators at the Merengue Carnival. Under the direction of producer and director Jean Louis Jorge. Sergio shot a special program for Sony Music International.
In 1993 he received a gold record, and was also one of the singers who participated in the famous Eight Street Festival in the city of Miami.
In 2018 in the largest demonstration held to artists in the Dominican Republic called awards Cassandra (nowadays known as sovereign awards). Sergio Vargas had a special participation in the awards. After the participation, they gave him the recognition as THE GREAT SOVEREIGN (artist of greatest importance in the Dominican Republic and internationally).
In 2021, Vargas won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Merengue/Bachata Album.
Today Sergio is known and recognized as the artist of the Homeland and his group one of the most active orchestras in the field. Countries such as Colombia, Cali, Bogota, Santa Marta, Cucuta, Ocaña, Medellin, among others, recognize Sergio as the favorite merengue of all time. His fame is so great that even in the city of Cali in the town of (Chipichapi) there are hotels that bear his name in his main suid.
Golden Congos
Awarded at the Barranquilla Carnival Orchestra FestivalFestival de Orquestas del Carnaval de Barranquilla:
Activism
During the term of Hipólito Mejía (2000–2004), Sergio Vargas decided to stop cutting his hair in protest until the government fixed all the streets of his hometown Villa Altagracia. To this day, Sergio still has his long hair, for Sergio, not cutting his hair is a symbol of a Revolutionary and he always has his roots in mind and the constant struggle for Villa Altagracia to be recognized as what he is today.
References
20th-century Dominican Republic male singers
Dominican Republic male songwriters
Male songwriters
Latin music songwriters
Bolero singers
Merengue musicians
Living people
21st-century Dominican Republic male singers
1960 births
Latin Grammy Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20Vargas |
Eich is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies in Rhenish Hesse, and is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde of Eich. It lies roughly 15 km north of Worms, and 25 km southwest of Darmstadt.
History
In 782, Eich had its first documentary mention. It has developed itself from a fishing village to a municipality based on agriculture that also serves as a residential community for workers in nearby cities and towns.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 20 council members who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayors
1946-1966 Rudolf Becker (SPD)
1966-1979 Hans Ludwig Menger (FWG), Bearer of the Ring of Honour of the Municipality of Eich
1979-1994 Günter Reich (SPD)
1994–present Klaus Willius (SPD)
Klaus Willius was reëlected on 7 June 2009 with 75.05% of the valid votes, beating the CDU candidate Christine Müller.
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Argent a bend azure surmounted by a fish of the field, in a chief gules an acorn palewise and two oakleaves, one bendwise, the other bendwise sinister, conjoined on one stem Or.
The fish refers to the village's history as a fishing settlement. The blue bend (diagonal stripe) stands for the Rhine. The acorn is a canting charge, referring to the municipality's name (“acorn” is Eichel, and “oak” is Eiche in German).
Culture and sightseeing
Church
The Evangelical parish church came into being in 1839 under Grand-Ducal Hessian provincial master builder from Mainz Ignaz Opfermann's (1799–1866) building plans.
Music
Eichers are always glad to sing: Besides the Evangelical church choir, there are also the men's singing club, Sängerbund, and Saint Michael's Choir (St. Michaelischor). Furthermore, there is the Goldklang mandolin club.
Buildings
In the village heart is found a stone, vaulted cowshed. However, nowadays this historic groin-vaulted space is used as a winery's wine-tasting parlour.
Sport
With the Altrheinhalle (“Old Rhine Hall”), Eich has had at hand since 1974 a sport facility with 6,000 seats that is also used for concerts and television programmes. In the field around the hall are competition sites for track and field athletics and a tennis court (since 1977). On the Eicher See (lake) are a sailing club and two boules courts. On the Altrheinsee (another lake), a bathing beach has been set up. Furthermore, there are also the Turnverein von 1888 Eich (gymnastic club), FC Germania 07 Eich, the Tennisclub Blau-Weiß and two angling clubs, AC Rheinlust 1954 Eich and ASV Eich.
Regular events
Each year on the second Saturday after Easter, the so-called Motorradsegnung (“Motorcycle Blessing”) is held in Eich. This is attended by more than 15,000 motorcyclists from all over Germany who have themselves and their motorcycles blessed to take part in an excursion through the whole region. In 2006 the blessing was carried out by Karl Cardinal Lehmann, the Catholic Bishop of Mainz.
The three-day Altrheinfest (“Old Rhine Festival”) is staged each year by the volunteer fire brigade on the last weekend in June.
Economy and infrastructure
The village's economic mainstay is still farming, but sand quarrying and petroleum recovery have grown into important branches of industry.
Education
Since the 1998/1999 schoolyear, Eich has had at its disposal a “regional school” (Regionale Schule, a school type found in some parts of Germany that combines the Hauptschule and Realschule concepts, but not the Gymnasium concept).
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage
Rhenish Hesse
Alzey-Worms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eich%2C%20Rhineland-Palatinate |
Monsheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Location
Monsheim lies in the southern Wonnegau in Rhenish Hesse on the river Pfrimm, which rises in the southern Donnersbergkreis and empties into the Rhine at Worms, which is roughly 10 km from the municipality. It is also the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde of Monsheim.
History
Prehistory
The Pfrimm valley has long been settled. In the Monsheim municipal area there have been many archaeological finds. Important are the finds made in the rural area known as Hinkelstein. Here, in 1866, while a field was being cleared to make way for a vineyard, a burial ground was discovered. Originally standing here was a menhir some 2 m tall, known in the local speech as the Hinkelstein; this is now kept in the Monsheim Castle grounds. The discovery was investigated by the Mainz prehistorian Ludwig Lindenschmit the Elder (1809–1893) who described it in 1868. The Worms physician and prehistorian Karl Koehl (1847–1929) put forth the name “Hinkelstein type” as a description for the culture whose artifacts had been unearthed in Monsheim, and today the term “Hinkelstein culture” is customary. This culture existed roughly from 4900 to 4800 BC. It was spread mainly over parts of what are now Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse.
Recorded history
In the 8th century, Monsheim had its first documentary mention in the Lorsch codex.
Some of the first German settlers in North America, who founded Germantown Township, Pennsylvania in 1683, were from Monsheim's outlying centre of Kriegsheim (then spelled Cresheim). The Cresheim Creek, Cresheim Road, and Cresheim Valley Drive in northwestern Philadelphia are named after the village.
Today’s municipality came into being through the merger on 7 June 1969 of the two formerly separate municipalities of Kriegsheim and Monsheim.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayors
1958–1994: Gerd Heinz Schilling (FWG)
1994–2019: Michael Röhrenbeck (FWG)
2019–present: Kevin Zakostelny (SPD)
Coat of arms
The municipality’s arms might be described thus: Azure an eagle displayed, wings elevated argent, armed gules, in a chief of the third a cross Or.
Monsheim’s oldest known seal dates from 1523, but the oldest one still in existence is from 1598. This showed an escutcheon charged with a cross and with the field semé of crosses (that is, strewn with little crosses). The cross came from the arms borne by the Lords of Westerburg, who held the village at that time. The next seal, which is known from 1690, was quarterly (that is, divided into four fields vertically and horizontally) with the eagle in the first and fourth quarters and five crosses each in the other two. The former came from the arms borne by the Counts of Leiningen, and the latter from the Westerburg arms. This new composition was borne by the Counts of Leiningen-Westerburg, as the fiefholders were now called. There was also a supporter in these arms, the local patron saint, Pirmin, who also held a small model of the local church in his free hand. Later seals show either Pirmin or the current armorial composition.
Another coat of arms was proposed in 1956, which might have been described thus: Azure semé of crosses pattée Or a church with a tower in sinister charged with a cross pattée of the same, in chief above the nave an eagle displayed, wings elevated argent, armed and langued of the second.
Finally, the arms shown in this article are slightly different from the ones shown in the source (Heraldry of the World). The ones there show the eagle with a red (gules) tongue and claws, but with silver (argent) legs and beak.
The current arms have been borne since 28 December 1957.
Culture and sightseeing
Cultural monuments
Castle: In the 17th century, the old castle was converted into a Renaissance château.
On the castle grounds is found the “Hinkelstein”, a menhir which may well be from the New Stone Age.
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
In Monsheim, Bundesstraßen 271 and 47 cross each other. Monsheim station lies on the Rheinhessenbahn (railway), which runs from Bingen am Rhein to Worms. Moreover, the Zellertalbahn begins in Monsheim, running to Langmeil, an outlying centre of Winnweiler, on which excursion trains go to Hochspeyer in the summer. The Pfälzische Nordbahn also begins in Monsheim. On summertime weekends and holidays, journeys on the Elsass-Express (“Alsace Express”) to Wissembourg are possible. There is also a bus route beginning in Monsheim, number 921, that goes to Kirchheimbolanden.
Education
Heinrich-von-Gagern-Grundschule (primary school)
Famous people
David Möllinger (1709–1786), German agrarian reformer
Ernst von Gagern (1807-1865), important priest in the Diocese of Speyer.
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage
Alzey-Worms
Rhenish Hesse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsheim |
Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton (16 November 1836 – 27 October 1905) was an English-born New Zealand scientist who applied the theory of natural selection to explain the origins and nature of the natural history of New Zealand. Whilst an army officer, he embarked on an academic career in geology and biology, to become one of the most able and prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand.
Early life
Frederick Hutton's biographical accounts assert that he was born at Gate Burton, Lincolnshire, on 16 November 1836, and by parish records was baptised there on 27 January 1837; the second son of the Rev. Henry Frederick Hutton and his wife Louisa Wollaston, daughter of the Rev. Henry John Wollaston. Paternal grandfather, William Hutton, was the owner of the Gate Burton estate. His signed military statement of services, however, records that he was born at Bracknell, Berkshire, England, on 16 November 1836.
He received his early education through Southwell Grammar School, Notinghamshire, and, with a view to entering the Royal Navy, the Royal Naval Academy at Gosport, Hampshire. After brief service as a midshipman in Green's Merchant Service, with three voyages to India in the Alfred, he went on to civil engineer studies at the applied science department of King's College London in 1854–55.
Career
Military
At the age of 18.5 years, Hutton purchased a commission as ensign in the 23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot on 18 May 1855. Stationed at Malta, November 1855–8 March 1856, he moved on to take part in the Crimean War, 9 March–21 July 1856, and Indian Mutiny, 28 September 1857–22 May 1858. Following Crimea, and having advanced to rank of lieutenant by purchase on 27 March 1857, the regiment embarked for the war in China but as with other forces, was diverted at Singapore to Calcutta for the mutiny in India. Joining the army at Lucknow on 14 November, Hutton was present at the second relief of Lucknow, the defeat of the Gwalior Contingent in the second battle of Cawnpore and the retaking of Lucknow in March 1858, under the command of General Sir Colin Campbell. He was issued the Indian Mutiny Medal with two clasps—Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow.
Transferred to 2nd Battalion of his regiment on 22 May 1858, he returned home in June 1858 to help raise it. After passing, through the School of Musketry, Hythe, Kent, he was appointed Instructor of Musketry to his battalion on 2 November 1858, and accompanied his regiment to Malta.
Back in England in 1860, and having devoted some study to geology, Hutton was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London (FGS). Over the next few years he completed military training at Staff College, Sandhurst, and Woolwich. He'd also taken a six month chemistry course in inorganic analysis with Professor George Downing Liveing, Cambridge, then teaching at Sandhurst.
In 1862, he was attached first to the Royal Horse Artillery and thereafter to the 9th Lancers. Following elevation to rank of captain by purchase on 2 December 1862, he married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, at Holy Trinity, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863. He re-joined his regiment at Malta but was appointed to the staff of Ireland from 11 September 1863, as Brigade Major, 2nd Infantry Brigade, at the Curragh. That year he published the paper, The Importance of a Knowledge of Geology to Military Men, in the Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. After some nine months at the Curragh, Hutton moved to head quarters in Dublin as Deputy Assistant Quarter Master General from 1 July 1864, then, in November 1865, resigned and sold out of the army.
During those years he had "geologised, more or less, in the British Isles, parts of Germany, France, Italy, Sicily, Crimea, Gibraltar, and Switzerland in Europe; Madeira, St. Vincent (one of the C de Verde Isls) and Cape Colony in Africa; and in some parts of the Province of Bengal as far north as Lucknow and Futteghur". His latest work on Malta, "Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Maltese Islands", was published by The Geological Magazine in April 1866, following his service.
Science
The Huttons—Frederick, Annie, their children Alice and Gilbert, and two servants—left Gravesend, on the clipper Queen of the North, on 17 January 1866, bound for new opportunities in New Zealand. After a tedious voyage, passing Tristan da Cunha, Cape of Good Hope, Île Saint-Paul, South Cape of Tasmania, Three Kings and North Cape of New Zealand, the clipper came to anchor off Queen Street wharf, Auckland, on Monday, 11 June.
In May 1867, Captain Hutton volunteered to take charge of Auckland Museum, articles of which had been suffering in its Grafton Road cottage, and sought to put the institution in good order with its relocation to the very large basement room of the new Provincial Government offices on the corner of Princes Street and Victoria Quadrant—The Northern Club building. Accepted as Honorary Curator by the Superintendent of Auckland Province, John Williamson, he worked his way through arranging and classifying the confused and inconsistently recorded collections. Additionally, he prepared exhibition of the objects, received further specimens, artefacts etc. and worked towards establishing a museum library.
Hutton and Thomas Gillies initiated the inaugural public meeting of 6 November 1867, held in the Board Room of the Auckland Board of Commissioners, to establish the Auckland Philosophical Society; soon renamed Auckland Institute. The meeting was called immediately following a conversation they'd had in relation to the action taken by the General Assembly of New Zealand in constituting the New Zealand Institute. James Hector, manager of the Institute in Wellington, had recently suggested to Gillies the propriety of establishing branches throughout New Zealand, especially in Auckland. Auckland Institute was formally incorporated with the New Zealand Institute on 10 June 1868. Auckland Museum was transferred to the Auckland Institute in October 1869.
In 1867 he was employed by the Superintendent of Auckland to carry out a geological survey of the lower Waikato. On 8 June 1869, he reported the discovery of substantial coalfields between the Maramarua and Whangamarino rivers, which another settler intended to work for his flax mill. Later in 1869, Hutton and family sold their Epsom home in Auckland and moved to the Waikato, where he'd erected a steam-powered flax mill at Churchill, a station on the western bank of the Waikato River, near Whangape Stream. Hutton's venture, however, proved uneconomic and in consequence his flax mill with 500 acres of flax land, along with a farm of 2,000 acres situated on Lake Whangape, were put up for sale in March 1872.
He'd joined the Geological Survey of New Zealand in 1866, becoming Provincial Geologist of Otago in 1874. At the same time, he was made lecturer in geology at the University of Otago and curator of the museum there. After the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera he wrote one of the official reports and postulated the eruption was due to moltern material reaching the surface in a volcanic dyke. Hutton became professor of biology at Canterbury College in 1880, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1892. The following year, he also took on the curatorship of the Canterbury Museum. Towards the end of his life, Hutton was made president of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1891. He was the first President of the New Zealand Institute (which later became the Royal Society of New Zealand), from 1904 to his death in 1905; he was followed by Sir James Hector. He was one of the inaugural vice-chairmen of the New Zealand Alpine Club, which was founded in July 1891.
He worked successively at the Colonial Museum, Wellington (1871–1873) (now called Te Papa Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand); Otago Museum, Dunedin (1874–1879); and the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (1887–1905).
Hutton died on the return voyage on the SS Rimutaka from England on 27 October 1905, and was buried at sea off Cape Town, South Africa.
He is commemorated in the Hutton Medal and Hutton Memorial Fund, awarded for scientific works bearing on the zoology, botany or geology of New Zealand. Hutton's shearwater (Puffinus huttoni), a sea bird, was named after him and the cave wētā Neonetus huttoni.
Evolution
In 1860, he wrote a supportive review of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species for the journal, The Geologist. In 1861, he wrote an article defending Darwinism in the same journal. Hutton defended Darwin from the objections of creationist Adam Sedgwick, which he described as "gross ironical misrepresentations". He wrote that creationism was a "mere assertion, an evasion of the question, a cloak for ignorance."
Throughout his life, Hutton remained a staunch exponent of Darwin's theories of natural selection, and Darwin himself expressed his appreciation in a letter to Hutton.
Taxa
Taxa described and named by Hutton include:
Cabalus modestus (Hutton, 1872) – the Chatham rail
Callochiton empleurus (Hutton, 1872) – a chiton
Ericentrus rubrus (Hutton, 1872) – the orange clinid
Phosichthys argenteus Hutton, 1872 – a lightfish
Stegnaster inflatus (Hutton, 1872) – a sea star
Bittium exile (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Colistium guntheri (Hutton, 1873) – the New Zealand brill
Comitas trailli (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Dentalium nanum Hutton, 1873
Herpetopoma bella (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Leptonotus elevatus high-body pipefish Leptonotus elevatus (F. W. Hutton, 1872)
Margarella antipoda rosea (Hutton, 1873) – a subspecies of marine snail
Margarella fulminata (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Novastoa lamellosa (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Pterotyphis eos (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Pterotyphis zealandicus (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Pupa kirki (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Rhombosolea retiaria Hutton, 1873 – the black flounder
Scorpis violacea (Hutton, 1873) – the blue maomao
Thoristella chathamensis (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Trichosirius inornatus (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Uberella vitrea (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Xymene plebeius (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Xymene traversi (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Zeacolpus symmetricus (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Zeacolpus vittatus (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875) – a spiny lobster
Paratrachichthys trailli (Hutton, 1875) – the sandpaper fish or common roughy
Bidenichthys consobrinus (Hutton, 1876) – the grey brotula or orange cuskeel
Anomia trigonopsis Hutton, 1877 – a marine bivalve
Notolabrus cinctus (Hutton, 1877) – the girdled wrasse
Eudyptes filholi Hutton, 1879 – the eastern rockhopper penguin
Leuconopsis obsoleta (Hutton, 1878) – a land snail
Proxiuber australe (Hutton, 1878) – a marine snail
Proxiuber hulmei (Hutton, 1878) – a marine snail
Thoristella oppressa (Hutton, 1878) – a land snail
Gallirallus philippensis macquariensis (Hutton, 1879) – the Macquarie Island rail
Pseudaneitea papillata (Hutton, 1879) – a slug
Patelloida corticata (Hutton, 1880) – a limpet
Latiidae Hutton, 1882 – a family of freshwater molluscs
Cytora calva (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail
Cytora pallida (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail
Cytora pannosa (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail
Homalopoma fluctuata (Hutton, 1883) – a marine snail
Lamellaria cerebroides Hutton, 1883 – a marine snail
Rhytida australis Hutton, 1883 – a land snail
Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1883 – a land snail
Rhytida patula Hutton, 1883 – a land snail
Fossarina rimata (Hutton, 1884) – a marine snail
Micrelenchus caelatus (Hutton, 1884) – a marine snail
Otoconcha Hutton, 1884 – a land snail genus
Leuconopsis Hutton, 1884 – a land snail genus
Microvoluta marginata (Hutton, 1885) – a marine snail
Powelliphanta lignaria (Hutton, 1888) – a land snail
Argosarchus Hutton, 1898 – a stick insect genus
Hemideina ricta (Hutton, 1896) – a tree weta
Isoplectron armatus (Hutton, 1896) – a cave wētā
Paprides armillaus (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper
Paprides australis (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper
Paprides torquatus (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper
Exsul singularis Hutton, 1901 – an alpine fly
Publications
Accompanied by Plates VIII and IX, Figures 1–9.
Includes Notes on the Edible Fishes of New Zealand by James Hector.
With appendices by J. G. Black and James McKerrow.
A complete list of all animals recorded in New Zealand.
A popular edition.
A revised and enlarged edition.
Family
Hutton married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, daughter of William Montgomerie and his wife Elizabeth Graham, at Trinity Church, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863; William had been Superintending Surgeon of the HEIC Bengal Medical Service, and had received the Gold Medal of the Society of Arts for introducing gutta percha into Europe as a general utility. Their children included Gilbert Montgomerie Hutton (1865–1911) of the Royal Engineers.
Arms of Frederick Wollaston Hutton
Armorial bearings—Or, on a fesse sable, surmounted by a pale invected of the last, pierced of the field, three stags' heads caboshed counterchanged. Mantling sable and or. Crest—On a wreath of the colours, in front of a fern-brake proper, a stag's head caboshed or. Motto—Post tenebras spero lucem (After darkness, I hope for light)
Crest—A stag's head caboshed or. Motto—Post tenebras spero lucem (After darkness, I hope for light).
References
External links
Various digitised writings of F. W. Hutton held by the Biodiversity Heritage Library
1836 births
1905 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British carcinologists
Critics of creationism
English biologists
English geologists
New Zealand Fellows of the Royal Society
New Zealand biologists
New Zealand zoologists
New Zealand ornithologists
People educated at Southwell Minster Collegiate Grammar School
People from West Lindsey District
People who died at sea
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Academic staff of the University of Canterbury
Academic staff of the University of Otago
Burials at sea
Directors of Canterbury Museum, Christchurch
Presidents of the Royal Society of New Zealand
20th-century New Zealand scientists
19th-century New Zealand scientists
People associated with the Auckland War Memorial Museum
People associated with Otago Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Hutton%20%28scientist%29 |
You Light Up My Life is a 1977 American romantic drama film written and directed by Joseph Brooks and starring Didi Conn, Joe Silver, and Michael Zaslow. Laurie (Conn), a talented singer and songwriter, feels obligated to follow her father's borscht belt comedian career. She struggles to get small time acting work in advertising and children's shows with her fellow acting friends in Hollywood and shows marginal talent in standup comedy (mostly set up using her father's connections). Her happenstance meeting with a young director will set the stage for a series of conflicts with her fiancé, father and career decisions.
Plot
Laurie Robinson (Didi Conn) is a young woman who earns a living by performing in commercials and hosting a children's show on public television, but she would rather concentrate on songwriting and singing than doing comedy with her small-time comedian father Si (Joe Silver). One night, Laurie goes to a restaurant where she meets a young film director, Chris Nolan (Michael Zaslow); she drives him back to his apartment and they spend the night together. The next morning, Laurie confesses to Chris that she is engaged and has to be at her wedding rehearsal. He asks if the previous night was just a final fling before marriage, and she says she cannot see him anymore.
Laurie later meets with her fiancé, Ken Rothenberg (Stephen Nathan), and attends a recording session where she records her song, then sings background vocals and directs the musicians during overdubs. From there, she goes to the wedding rehearsal where Si has arranged an elaborate setup with an old friend who owns the Wedding Palace. The next day, Laurie auditions for a film that needs a singing voice for the leading lady. The director, she discovers, is Chris, who is as surprised as she is. Chris asks to see the songs in her portfolio. Laurie's voice and the orchestra's performance of her song "You Light Up My Life" impresses everyone, and Chris asks her if she would be interested in auditioning for the lead in his movie.
Later, Chris sings "You Light Up My Life" for Laurie at his piano, giving it a more subdued treatment, then takes her for a walk along the beach. Laurie visits her best friend Annie (Melanie Mayron) to confess that she loves Chris, and adds that she may have the lead in his film. Meanwhile, when Laurie meets with Ken to call off the wedding, Chris auditions another girl for his movie and tells her she has the part, then gives his assistant the job of calling Laurie with the bad news. When Laurie asks why Chris did not call himself, the assistant explains that Chris has been in meetings all afternoon, and when she calls Chris's office, the receptionist tells her he is probably at home because he does not have any meetings. Laurie arrives at Chris's apartment as he and his new leading lady are leaving for dinner with friends. He apologizes and tells her she is special enough to get other roles.
Later that night, when Laurie and Si perform at the Family Komedy Hour, her routine falls flat, tears flood her eyes and she walks off. In the dressing room, Laurie tells Si she hates the act because she is not funny, all she wants to do is sing and that Columbia Records is interested in her. She gives Si a cassette tape of her songs and tells him he has to let go of her, because she needs to depend on herself; she is going to New York City alone. They hug and kiss goodbye, and Laurie drives away. Sometime later, Laurie's song "You Light Up My Life" climbs the music charts and reaches number one.
Cast
Didi Conn as Laurie Robinson
Joe Silver as Si Robinson
Michael Zaslow as Chris Nolan
Stephen Nathan as Ken Rothenberg
Melanie Mayron as Annie Gerrard
Jerry Keller as Conductor
Lisa Reeves as Carla Wright
John Gowans as Charley Nelson
Simmy Bow as Mr. Granek
Bernice Nicholson as Mrs. Granek
Ed Morgan as Account Executive
Joseph Brooks as Creative Director (credited as Joe Brooks)
Amy Letterman as Laurie
Marty Zagon as Mr. Nussbaum
Martin Gish as Harold Nussbaum
Ken Olfson as 1st Commercial Director
Production
The film was picked up by Columbia who spent $10,000 on shooting a new, more positive ending, and $2.8 million on marketing.
Reception
The film was widely panned by critics, garnering a 20% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Some cited Didi Conn's sensitive portrayal and the title song as its most worthwhile features.
Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"You Light Up My Life" – Nominated
Soundtrack
The film soundtrack was composed, arranged and produced by Joseph "Joe" Brooks with lead vocals provided by Kasey Cisyk and released in October 1977 by Arista Records.
Originally released on LP, cassette and 8-track tape, the soundtrack album peaked at #17 on the Billboard 200 chart in November 1977, was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special.
The title song "You Light Up My Life", performed by Kvitka Cisyk for the film's soundtrack and later recorded by Debby Boone, received the Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song as well as the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. In the film, the song was lip synched by actress Didi Conn. Kvitka Cisyk also has a small part in the film as a wedding attendant.
Cisyk's original soundtrack recording of "You Light Up My Life" was included on the soundtrack album which was rush-released by Arista Records after Boone included her version on her first solo album (also entitled You Light Up My Life) and within less than three weeks, the soundtrack album was certified Gold by the RIAA, making it one of the fastest-breaking records in the label's history at that time.
Boone's single reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for a then record-setting 10 consecutive weeks while Cisyk's version of the song was released simultaneously as a single to bolster sales of the soundtrack album. Cisyk's single was credited to "Original Cast", not to Cisyk herself, and although Brooks is listed on the A-side, the "Original Cast" B-side charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and only reached #80. Brooks also released an instrumental version of the song from the soundtrack as a promotional single, but that version failed to chart.
Following the huge success of Boone's hit version of the song (which was not included on the soundtrack album) and with sales of over five million copies of the single, "You Light Up My Life" ultimately became the biggest hit of the 1970s.
Track listing
Side 1:
"You Light Up My Life" (Kasey Cisyk) – 3:35
"The Morning Of My Life" (Kasey Cisyk) – 1:50
"It's A Long Way From Brooklyn" (Kasey Cisyk) – 1:38
"Phone Call" – Joe Brooks (1:47)
"You Light Up My Life" (instrumental) (Joe Brooks) – 3:02
Side 2:
"Rolling The Chords" (Kasey Cisyk) – 2:52
"Do You Have A Piano" (Kasey Cisyk) – 3:32
"Ride To Chris' House" (Joe Brooks) – 0:59
"California Daydreams" (Kasey Cisyk and Joe Brooks) – 3:28
"You Light Up My Life" (Kasey Cisyk) – 3:35
Personnel
Composed, Arranged, Produced By – Joe Brooks
Lead Vocalists – Kasey Cisyk, Joseph Brooks
Background Vocalists – Jerry Keller, Lesley Miller, Kenny Karen, Kasey Cisyk, Ron Dante
Recorded At – A&R Recording Studios, New York City
Engineer [A&R Recording Studios] – Malcolm Addey
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Notes
References
External links
1977 films
1970s American films
1970s coming-of-age drama films
1970s English-language films
1977 directorial debut films
1977 romantic drama films
American coming-of-age drama films
American romantic drama films
Coming-of-age romance films
English-language romantic drama films
Films about music and musicians
Films set in Los Angeles
Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Columbia Pictures films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Light%20Up%20My%20Life%20%28film%29 |
The State Art and Sculpture Museum () is a museum dedicated to fine arts and sculpture in Ankara, Turkey. The museum was openend in 1930 upon the direction of Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first President of Turkey. It is located close to the Ethnography Museum and houses a rich collection of Turkish art from the late 19th century to the present day. There are also galleries for guest exhibitions.
History
Originally the building of the museum was used by the organization of the Turkish Hearths, which held activities that were mostly concentrated on Turkish culture and education and on raising the social, economic and intellectual level of the Turkish people. The building was designed in 1927 by architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu and built between 1927 and 1930. When the Turkish Hearths was closed down by the Turkish gouverment, upon the direction of Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk the building was to become a Turkish art museum, which highlighted painting and sculpture.
The museum was established in light of Atatürk's reforms. At the beginning of the Turkish republic fine arts such as painting and sculpture were rarely practised in Turkey due to the Islamic tradition of avoiding idolatry. Due to his modernization efforts, Atatürk wanted to change that. Atatürk sought to create a new sense of national identity through the promotion of the arts. Atatürk believed that culture should be the foundation of the Turkish Republic.
The museum underwent a large restoration in 1980. During the restoration of the building in 1980, and in the following years, another important point on which considerable stress was laid is the construction of workshops of painting, sculpture and ceramics, which serve artists, both amateur and professional. The museum was again restored in 2011 to increase the exhibition spaces, restore the roof as well as other security measures. In the historical hall which has been transformed to its original design during the restorations, different kinds of activities such as concerts, theatrical performances and movie projections take place.
Museum
Today, the museum is a center of art where the most outstanding works of the artists who played important roles in the development of Turkish painting and sculpture are exhibited. In addition to the collections of art works reflecting the formation and development periods of Turkish plastic arts, and its classification, and to the Library of Plastic Arts which fills the gap in this field (enriched every year by the donations of domestic or foreign resources, or by new purchases), the archives of Turkish artists satisfactorily respond to the needs of researchers working in these fields.
Serving to public with its modern cafeteria, sales outlet and audio system, the institution goes beyond an exhibition place for old artwork; comprising all attributes of a modern museum of arts. As for the security measures, the whole building is furnished with closed-circuit TV, ultrasonic and firealarm systems for controlling all parts of the museum.
The protection of the works of fine arts, which is one of the most important responsibilities of the museum beside training, is done by employing a method particularly developed to ensure the most satisfactory results when dealing with the problems arising from temperature, humidity and sorting difficulties. Any damage due to aging which may occur in spite of all protection measures are restored by experts in the special restoration unit which has been set up as a separate division within the museum.
Collection and exhibitions
In addition to the workshop where painting and traditional printing courses are held (and demanded by the public beyond the capacity of the museum), special workshops for Turkish ornamental arts, ceramic, and sculpture will be opened in the near future.
Exhibitions of painting, sculpture, ceramic, printing arts and photography that are programmed to take place in Turkey within the framework of international cultural agreements, are exhibited in the three galleries reserved for periodical exhibitions; thus, the art works of foreign countries are made known to the Turkish public. In addition, exhibitions of Turkish artworks selected from the permanent collection of the museum are organized in foreign countries, within the framework of international cultural agreements. Besides these exhibitions, retrospective exhibitions organized by the General Directorate of Fine Arts; individual exhibitions and competitive exhibitions are among the other activities of the museum.
Gallery
See also
Ethnography Museum of Ankara
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
Çengelhan Rahmi M. Koç Museum
War of Independence Museum
References
External links
Over 200 pictures as well as shots of the museum's interior and exterior
State Art and Sculpture Museum Virtual Tour
Museums in Altındağ, Ankara
Art museums and galleries in Turkey
National museums in Turkey
Buildings and structures completed in 1930
Architecture in Turkey
Art museums established in 1930
1930 establishments in Turkey
First Turkish National architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Art%20and%20Sculpture%20Museum |
Westhofen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Location
Westhofen lies between Worms (roughly 12 km to the southeast), Mainz and Alzey in Rhenish Hesse and is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Wonnegau.
Hydrology
In Westhofen rises the Seebach, Rhenish Hesse's strongest spring. It is also the only spring in the region that rises in a valley. It is fed by groundwater from the Donnersberg area.
History
Westhofen had its first documentary mention as far back as Carolingian times and was granted market rights in 1324. Westhofen's importance in earlier times can be seen in the ring of defences around the village, which are still preserved, and which include a wall and several dykes.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 26 May 2019 yielded the following results:
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Argent six grapeleaves conjoined at the fess point in pale, bend and bend sinister, all vert, growing on which three bunches of grapes azure.
The motif displayed in the charges, of course, symbolizes Westhofen's most important industry, winegrowing. Similar compositions can be seen in municipal seals dating back to the 15th century, although a coat of arms appearing in the Kaffee HAG albums in the 1920s shows a somewhat different composition, although it is the same motif. That showed a full vine, not only leaves, and a small, fourth bunch with only three grapes.
Moreover, beginning in 1615, Westhofen was part of Electoral Palatinate and adopted the Palatine Lion as a charge in its arms. He held a bunch of grapes in his paw. That has not been retained in the modern arms.
The arms were granted in 1929.
Economy and infrastructure
Westhofen is characterized heavily by winegrowing, and with 764 ha of planted vineyards, of which 68.7% grows red wine varieties and 31.3% white, it is Rhenish Hesse's fourth biggest winegrowing centre after Worms (1 490 ha), Nierstein (783 ha) and Alzey (769 ha). The most renowned winemaking appellations – Grosse Lagen (as classified by the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter VDP) – are the Aulerde, Kirchspiel, Brunnenhäuschen and Morstein.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
On one of Rhenish Hesse's loveliest marketplaces are found not only rows of timber-frame houses and monuments, but also the Evangelical and Catholic church, under which a charnel house was discovered on 3 October 1981.
Natural monuments
Westhofen is one of the places in Rhenish Hesse where mammalian remains from some ten million years ago have been found, in the prehistoric Rhine’s Deinotherium Sands, whose name comes from this extinct proboscid’s teeth and bone remnants, which are often yielded up by these deposits.
Regular events
Westhofen holds yearly festivals such as the Traubenblütenfest (“Grape Blossom Festival”, usually on the second weekend after Whitsun), the Westhofener Markt (market; on the third Sunday in August) and the Dreikönigsdreschen (on the first Sunday after Epiphany)
Further reading
Pfarrer J. Ebersmann: Geschichte von Westhofen, Monzernheim und Blödesheim (Westhofen 1909)
Julius Grünewald / Heinrich Stroh, Chronik des Marktfleckens Westhofen (Westhofen 1974)
Julius Grünewald: Von Westhofener Häusern und Leuten (Westhofen 1984)
Julius Grünewald: Rundgang durch Westhofen (Westhofen 1999)
Ernst Probst: Der Ur-Rhein. Rheinhessen vor zehn Millionen Jahren. GRIN, München 2009
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage
Alzey-Worms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhofen |
Wöllstein is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies in Rhenish Hesse roughly 8 km southeast of Bad Kreuznach, and 30 km southwest of Mainz. It is the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde.
History
Postal station on the Dutch Post Route
From the latter half of the 16th century, there was a postal station in Wöllstein on the Dutch Post Route running from Brussels (nowadays in Belgium rather than the Netherlands) by way of Rheinhausen and Augsburg to Innsbruck, Trent and Italy. The postal station had its first documentary mention in Giovanni da l’Herba's 1563 postal travel book as Bilstain ò Vilstain, villa (that is, village). Beginning in 1578, a branch of the Dutch Post Route led from Wöllstein to Cologne. During the time when the postal system was insolvent in the late 16th century and owing to the resulting postal station operators’ strike, both postal station operator Valentin Dill (Till) and his widow, the Postfrau zu Welstein Margarethen, played a decisive rôle as strike leaders, in which they refused to carry any mailbags anywhere beyond Wöllstein. After consolidation and the founding of the Imperial Post (Kaiserliche Reichspost) in 1597, the Wöllstein postal station was still open for business, but beginning in the late 17th century, owing to route changes and cities’ growing influence, it slowly lost its importance.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 20 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairwoman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Per pale gules a wheel spoked of six argent and azure semé of crosses pattée of the second a lion rampant of the second armed, langued and crowned of the first.
The wheel on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side is the Wheel of Mainz, a reference to Wöllstein's former allegiance to Electoral Mainz, and the lion rampant on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side is taken from the arms once borne by the County of Nassau-Saarbrücken, forming another reference to a former territorial allegiance.
In the late 19th century, Otto Hupp showed in one of his Kaffee HAG publications a different coat of arms for Wöllstein showing an abbot with a halo and a small bear springing (similar to “rampant”, but with both hindfeet on the ground). Both charges were predominantly black. The design was taken from old village seals dating back to the 16th century. The abbot figure stood for Saint Maximin of Trier. This was likewise a reference to a former territorial allegiance, as Wöllstein was once held by the abbey named for this saint. The bear is Saint Maximin's attribute.
The current arms have been borne since 1918.
Schultheißen and mayors
Falkenstein domain
1625–16?? N. Seibel
16??–1662 N. Gutenberger
1663–1682 Peter Dreber
1682–1690 Nicel Heuß
Electoral Mainz domain
1689–1709 Andreas Gutenberger
1709–1722 Johannes Ritter
1722–1760 Johann Jacob Schmitt
1760–1762 Carl Anton Wagner
1762–1795 Johann Georg Wagner
Nassau domain
1650–1665 N. Maurer
1666–1691 Caspar Adam
1692–1729 Christian Kern
1729–1768 Balthar Wörth
1768–1772 Johannes Germani
1772–1797 Gerhard Wolf
Wöllstein as a whole
1797–1800 Nicel Klein
1800–1811 Johann Steinmetz
1811–1813 Franz Seiß
1813–1814 Johann Steinmetz
1814–1849 Jacob Jungk
1849–1852 Georg Glod
1853–1854 Philipp Jungk
1854–1860 Philipp Moller I.
1860–1877 Philipp Jungk
1877–1885 Johann Mattes
1886–1904 Johann Hofmann IV.
1904–1931 Julius Moller
1931–1945 Julius Neubrech (NSDAP)
1945–1969 Jacob Werle (CDU)
1969–1979 Johann Rathgeber (SPD)
1979–1989 Heinrich Frohnhöfer (CDU)
1989–1994 Hans Jürgen Piegacki (SPD)
1994–1999 Heinrich Frohnhöfer (CDU)
1999–2009 Hans Jürgen Piegacki (SPD)
2009–2019 Lucia Müller (CDU)
since 2019 Johannes Brüchert (SPD)
Town partnerships
Barsac, Gironde, France
Great Barford, Bedfordshire, England, United Kingdom.
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Running through the Wöllstein municipal area is Bundesstraße 420, coming from Nierstein. To the east, the Justizvollzugsanstalt Rohrbach, a prison, stands at the highway. It also leads by an industrial-commercial area. Right nearby, in Gau-Bickelheim, is the Autobahn A 61.
Local public transport
There are links to bus routes run by Omnibusverkehr Rhein-Nahe (ORN) and the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bad Kreuznach.
Several times daily, buses run the route from Wöllstein by way of Siefersheim, Wonsheim and Wendelsheim to Alzey, and in the opposite direction there is the odd bus to Wörrstadt. The link to Bad Kreuznach is by comparison to the one to Alzey somewhat better. These buses run hourly on weekdays by way of Volxheim and Hackenheim to Bad Kreuznach.
Established businesses
Located in Wöllstein are the JUWÖ Poroton Werke (hollow bricks), Meralux (doors and windows), the institutional kitchen supplier Jomo and a Lidl distribution centre.
Public institutions
Since 2002, there has been the Justizvollzugsanstalt Rohrbach (prison) in Wöllstein. Moreover, there are a Realschule and a primary school. There are also two kindergartens at the municipality's disposal.
Famous people
Georg Heinrich Baron of Langsdorff, nature researcher, b. 18 April 1774 in Wöllstein, d. 9 June 1852 in Freiburg im Breisgau
Helene Fischer, hit singer, b. 5 August 1984 in Krasnoyarsk, grew up in Wöllstein after she moved from Russia with her family.
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage
Wöllstein history page
Alzey-Worms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6llstein |
The Singapore Airshow is a biennial aerospace event held in Singapore, debuted in 2008. It hosts high-level government and military delegations, as well as senior corporate executives around the world, while serving as a global event for leading aerospace companies and budding players (including start-ups) to make their mark in the international aerospace and defence market.
Status
Formerly known as Changi International Airshow, the Singapore Airshow was launched as a partnership between Singaporean agencies Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore and the Defence Science and Technology Agency after the relocation of Asian Aerospace from Singapore. The event offers a unique platform for industry thought leadership through its high-level conferences, forums and co-located events. Leading industry players, government and military chiefs gather here bi-annually to contribute to dialogues, exchange ideas and seek solutions and strategies to advance the interests of the global aerospace and defence sector.
It is cited to be the third largest air show in the world after Le Bourget and Farnborough, as well as Asia's largest air show, although this is disputed by the Dubai Air Show.
Venue
The selected venue for the permanent site of the Singapore Airshow is situated on a plot of land just beyond the northern edge perimeter fencing of Changi Air Base, which was itself located due east of the nearby Singapore Changi Airport. In 2006, a contract worth S$60 million was awarded to Eng Lim Construction to begin the building of the new exhibition site to replace the Changi International Exhibition and Convention Centre, including a main exhibition hall with 40,000 square metres of space.
When completed in September 2007, the New Changi Exhibition Centre boasted a 40,000 square metres of fully air-conditioned exhibition hall, 2,000 parking lots for trade visitors and motorists as well as 100,000 square metres of outdoor space for exhibitions and functions. Upon its completion, the hall was promptly named as the Changi Exhibition Centre to set it apart from the Changi International Exhibition and Convention Centre which had been in use by the Asian Aerospace exhibitions from 1988 to 2006. Note that the old site is a good 2 kilometres due west of the current one.
2008
The inaugural show was held from 19 to 24 February 2008, with the first four days reserved for trade visitors at the purpose-built Changi Exhibition Centre in Changi. Besides the usual exhibits and static displays, the event saw the return of aerobatic flying displays put up by the Airbus A380, Black Knights of the Republic of Singapore Air Force and the Roulettes of the Royal Australian Air Force. Also held concurrently are several seminars and conferences, including the Singapore Airshow Aviation Leadership Summit, the Global Air Power Conference, the International Defence Procurement Conference, the C4I Asia Conference and the Global Space and Technology Convention. The static displays included several themed exhibition pavilions, including the Airport Pavilion and the Integrated Land Defence Pavilion. The ATW Airline Industry Achievement Awards was also held during the Airshow. A minor incident occurred when Airshow organizers required Taiwanese aerospace company Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation to erase Taiwanese symbols displayed on their stand at the request of Chinese government officials.
Aircraft orders
Garuda Indonesia: Conversion of an earlier order for six Boeing 777-200 to ten Boeing 777-300ER, worth US$2 billion.
Korean Air: Three Airbus A380-800 worth US$906 million.
Lion Air: 56 Boeing 737-900ERs with purchase rights for a further 50 aircraft worth US$4.4 billion
BJets: launch of new Singapore-based airline, and a US$500 million deal to purchase twenty Cessna Citation CJ2+ business jets.
Other announcements
Air Caraibes: Selection of Pratt & Whitney PW4000-100 engines for its three Airbus A330-300 aircraft worth over US$180 million.
Grupo Marsans: Selection of Pratt & Whitney PW4000-100 engines for its five Airbus A330 aircraft worth over US$285 million.
Jetstar Asia Airways: Selection of Global Service Partners to maintain V2500-A5 engines.
JAT Tehnika: Selection of Pratt & Whitney to maintain CFM56-3 engines.
Etihad Airways: Addition of four new Indian destinations, namely Chennai, Jaipur, Kolkata and Kozhikode.
Tiger Airways: Selected International Aero Engines to supply V2500 engines for 20 Airbus A320 planes, worth US$580 million.
2010
Singapore Airshow 2010, held at the Changi Exhibition Centre from 2 to 7 February 2010, featured more than 800 exhibiting companies from over 40 countries. More than 60 of the top 100 global aerospace companies participated, including Boeing, EADS, Honeywell, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and Rolls-Royce. Mitsubishi Aircraft, Liebherr-Aerospace, B/E Aerospace and a number of Asian aerospace firms made their first appearances at the show. The show hosted 20 country pavilions, with Switzerland, New Zealand, Russia and Romania making their inaugural presence.
2012
With its theme, 'Big Show, Big Opportunities', Singapore Airshow 2012 was held from 14 to 19 February 2012 and hosted nearly 900 exhibitors from 50 countries, such as Boeing, Airbus, Embraer, and Bombardier. Fully half of the exhibitors represented the defence industry, but representation by the business aviation section grew significantly, including private jet manufacturers Gulfstream, Bombardier and Embraer, in response to rising demand from Asia's growing class of super-rich. The 2012 event also hosted the Aviation Leadership Summit.
2014
The fourth edition of the Airshow was held from 11 to 16 February 2014.
20 deals worth S$40.5 billion (Disclosed) + 24 deals (Undisclosed value) sealed at 2014 Singapore Airshow.
2016
Singapore Airshow 2016 was held from 16 to 21 February 2016
11 deals worth S$17.9 billion (Disclosed) + 41 deals (Undisclosed value) sealed at 2016 Singapore Airshow.
2018
Singapore Airshow 2018 was held from 6 to 11 February 2018.
On 6 February a KAI T-50 Golden Eagle which is part of the Black Eagles aerobatic team taking part in airshow veered off the runway during takeoff, it subsequently crashed and caught fire. The fire was put out by emergency services and the pilot was treated for minor injuries. Following an investigation, the crash was determined to be due to pilot error.
2020
The Singapore Airshow 2020 was held from 11 to 16 February 2020. Due to the concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic, many exhibitors including Gulfstream, Textron Aviation, and Bombardier pulled out of the event. The Republic of Korea Air Force Black Eagles aerobatic team & TNI-AU Jupiter Aerobatic Team also decided not to participate due to the virus outbreak. The USAF F-22 Raptor Demo Team performed at the airshow for the first time.
2022
The Singapore Airshow 2022 was held from 15 to 18 February 2022 with no public days. As more ASEAN nations showed interest in HAL Tejas, India is participating with three Tejas multirole fighter aircraft and will conduct flying display. Indian delegation consisting 44 members will showcase Tejas and interact with counterparts from Republic of Singapore Air Force and others from across the world.
References
External links
Singapore Airshow official website
Video of RSAF Black Knights performing at the Singapore Airshow 2008
Black Knights official website
Roulettes official website
Air shows
Aviation in Singapore
Convention centres in Singapore
Changi
2008 establishments in Singapore
Recurring events established in 2008
Biennial events
Events in Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Airshow |
Anna Carin Helena Cecilia Zidek (née Olofsson, born 1 April 1973) is a Swedish former biathlete who won a silver medal in the 7.5 km sprint and a gold medal in the 12.5 km mass start event at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Originally a cross-country skier, Olofsson competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics, but in the three events she took part in she made the top 30 only once (15 km freestyle), and the following season she switched to biathlon.
On 3 May 2008 Olofsson married her then boyfriend, Tom Zidek - a serviceman in the Canadian biathlon team - in a ceremony near Canmore, Canada. Olofsson officially announced her retirement on 16 July 2011.
Biathlon World Cup placings
(Retired 16 July 2011)
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
Official website
IBU Profile
1973 births
Living people
People from Härjedalen Municipality
Cross-country skiers from Jämtland County
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for Sweden
Olympic cross-country skiers for Sweden
Swedish female cross-country skiers
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in biathlon
Swedish female biathletes
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
21st-century Swedish women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Carin%20Zidek |
A dashboard is a vehicle control panel.
Dashboard may also refer to:
Computing and technology
Dashboard (business), a collection of information about a business process displayed in a graphical user interface
Dashboard (macOS), an Apple graphical component for hosting widgets (mini-applications)
Dashboard of Sustainability, a software package designed to help developing countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals and work towards sustainable development
Google Dashboard, an online management tool for registered users of Google applications
Xbox Dashboard, a game console system menu
Other uses
"Dashboard" (song), a single by Modest Mouse
Harry Dashboard, pseudonym of the Irish-Australian poet James Riley (1795-ca.1860) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Wörrstadt is a town in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Location
The town lies in Rhenish Hesse on the northwest edge of the Upper Rhine Plain. It is the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde.
Wörrstadt is surrounded by typical Rhenish-Hessian countryside: In places that are favourable to the purpose, there is intensive winegrowing, and in less exposed locations, cropraising. The Rhenish-Hessian countryside is widely cleared, with natural vegetation hard to find or not present at all. This makes Wörrstadt a bit of a peculiarity in Rhenish Hesse, as it has one of the region's smallest wooded areas in the Neuborn. In these woods are found many natural springs whose water feeds the Verbandsgemeinde’s swimming pool. Flowing through Wörrstadt is the river Mühlbach.
Wörrstadt lies at an elevation that affords charming and, for Rhenish Hesse, remarkable views into the distance. From Wörrstadt, one can see the Donnersberg, the Wißberg and the Großer Feldberg in the Taunus. In good weather, Frankfurt am Main’s skyline can even be seen from a few spots within town limits.
The outlying centre of Rommersheim, formerly Eichloch, lies in a hollow and is strikingly nestled into the man-made countryside. From the Rommersheim area one can enjoy fine views of the Wißberg and the country towards Bad Kreuznach.
Climate
Yearly precipitation in Wörrstadt amounts to 567 mm, which is low, falling into the lowest fourth of the precipitation chart for all Germany. Only at 14% of the German Weather Service's weather stations are even lower figures recorded. The driest month is January. The most rainfall comes in June. In that month, precipitation is twice what it is in January. Precipitation varies moderately. At 49% of the weather stations, lower seasonal swings are recorded.
Neighbouring municipalities
Wörrstadt's neighbours are Armsheim, Ensheim, Gabsheim, Gau-Bickelheim, Gau-Weinheim, Saulheim, Schornsheim, Spiesheim, Sulzheim, Udenheim, Vendersheim and Wallertheim.
Constituent communities
Wörrstadt has one outlying centre, a Stadtteil named Rommersheim. It lies a short way southwest of the main town. Nearby rises the Rommersheimer Bach, a brook about 1.6 km long.
History
In 772, Wörrstadt had its first documentary mention, while Rommersheim, whose name was until 15 January 1931 Eichloch, had its first documentary mention in 824. On 7 November 1970, Rommersheim was amalgamated with Wörrstadt. About 1100, the (later) Evangelical Laurentiuskirche (Saint Lawrence's Church) was built as a fortress church. There had been a church earlier, in the 8th century. This second church burnt down after being struck by lightning about 1600, but was built again. The old church was taller than the one that now stands. Nevertheless, the current church is the town's tallest building. It can be seen while driving by the town on Bundesstraße 420. The Catholic church was built in the 18th century and stands next to the Evangelical church. The church in Rommersheim was built between 1733 and 1751. The old crucifix suggests a very old church.
On 28 April 2009 it was announced that Wörrstadt would be granted town rights. These were bestowed on the former municipality on 4 September 2009 by Rhineland-Palatinate Minister-President Kurt Beck.
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 24 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayors
Philipp Krämer V - Born: 7/26/1870 Died: 2/11/1930 (can verify, will add specific dates later)
Günter Helmus - SPD (1983–2004)
Ingo Kleinfelder - SPD (2004–present) (since 2009 Stadtbürgermeister – “town mayor”)
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Sable a gridiron palewise Or, the crossbars fesswise and the handle to chief, supported by two lions reguardant argent armed and langued gules, one each in dexter and sinister.
The town's oldest known seal goes back to 1575. It, and all subsequent seals, show the local church's patron saint, Lawrence of Rome, holding his attribute, the gridiron. In 1956, a coat of arms very much like the current one was proposed, the main difference being that the lions were not “reguardant” (that is, looking back behind them). It is unknown why this slight change in attitude was made in the current arms. However, although Saint Lawrence himself does not appear in today's armorial bearing, his attribute, the gridiron, does.
Nevertheless, in Kaffee HAG albums published in the 1930s, Wörrstadt's arms are shown, as on the old seals, with Saint Lawrence holding his gridiron.
The arms have been borne since 1960.
Town partnerships
Arnay-le-Duc, Côte-d'Or, France since 1986
Culture and sightseeing
Music
Jazz-Club Rheinhessen e. V., founded in 1986; stages five or six concerts each year, in part with international jazz greats.
Neuborn Open Air Festival (Metal/Rock Open Air)
several singing clubs
Gesangverein Liederkranz e. V. Wörrstadt
Gesangverein Sängerbund e. V. Wörrstadt
Gesangverein WÖ-Rommersheim
Buildings
Former Thurn und Taxis Post building
Laurentiuskirche (Saint Lawrence's Church) with Stumm organ from 1759
Neunröhrenbrunnen (“Nine-Pipe Fountain”), built in 1608, renovated in 1930. This is where the Mühlbach – a brook – rises.
Ulmengraben (“Elm Dyke”), Remnants of the former fortifications
Rommersheim town hall, built about 1600. Rommersheim is today a constituent community of Wörrstadt
Tagelöhnerhaus (“Day Labourers’ House”), an historic house of the societal underclass of its time
Schiller Monument near the graveyard
Schmiedbrunnen (a fountain) in the middle of town
Five wind turbines of type E-82 each with a hub height of 138 m. The rotor blades reach a height of 181 m.
There are also several listed timber-frame buildings in Rommersheim.
Sport
Fußballclub Wörrstadt 06 e. V. (football)
Turn- und Sportverein Wörrstadt e. V. 1847 (German women's football champions, 1974)
Radfahrerverein Wörrstadt 1899 e. V. (three-time German Cycling Federation Gold Cup winners; many times German and European champions in artistic cycling)
Tischtennis-Club Wörrstadt (table tennis)
Judo Club Wörrstadt e. V.
Wörrstädter Schachverein (chess)
Facilities
Great sport hall (at the integrated comprehensive school)
Training hall (at the integrated comprehensive school)
Cycling sport hall
Shooting facility “Im Neuborn”
Football pitch “Im Neuborn”
Tennis courts “Am Schwimmbad” (“at the swimming pool”)
Community centre on Jahnstraße
Outdoor swimming pool
Youth rollerskating facility at Neubornsportplatz
Leisure
The Neubornbad outdoor swimming pool lies in a quiet location, nestled in a hollow and surrounded by meadows and vineyards between the main town and the outlying centre of Rommersheim. Feeding the pool is water from the Neuborn spring. Solar heating equipment warms the cold springwater.
In the area around Wörrstadt, many cycling paths have been laid out, and these are linked to an extensive network.
Economy and infrastructure
Established businesses
Wörrstadt's economic mainstay is winegrowing. However, there is other economic activity. Three commercial areas have been laid out, two of which are right on the Autobahn A 63. In late 2003, Wörrstadt had 711 commercial operations. Shopping facilities are, for a town of Wörrstadt's size, unusually well developed. A special solar facility has been developed where a photovoltaic power station covering 17.3 ha can be found.
In the first half of 2008, the new headquarters for the alternative energy generator juwi (whose name is customarily written with a lowercase initial) came into being in the industrial area near the Autobahn. Until then, the company's seat had been in Bolanden and Mainz, having moved to Wörrstadt in mid July 2008. With roughly 550 employees, juwi has become one of the area's biggest employers. The business's pillars are wind energy, solar energy and bioenergy.
Winegrowing
Winegrowing has a long tradition in the town, and in the wineries, it is passed down from generation to generation. All the town's wineries have been family businesses for generations.
Böhm
Dorst
Guttandin
Mussel
Reith
Weinmann
Vineyard areas in town are divided into the two appellations of Kachelberg and Rheingrafenberg. Wörrstadt's soil composition is typical of Rhenish Hesse with its limestone, loess and loam.
Transport
Wörrstadt lies at the crossroads of Bundesstraßen 420 and 271, two important regional transport arteries. The town also has at its disposal an interchange on the A 63 over which midsize and major centres such as Alzey, Worms, Mainz, Kaiserslautern and Frankfurt can be reached very easily.
The road distance to Germany's most important transport hub, Frankfurt Airport, is about 45 km. A few kilometres from town is the Alzey Cross (Alzeyer Kreuz), the place where Autobahnen A 61 (Koblenz–Ludwigshafen) and A 63 (Kaiserslautern–Mainz) cross. Also, the Kaiserstraße runs through Wörrstadt. The “Kaiser” in this case is, of course, not Wilhelm II, but rather Napoleon (Kaiser simply means “emperor” in German, and the word is applied as a title to any emperor). The road was named “Emperor’s Road” because, as it was originally laid out, it ran straight from Napoleon's capital, Paris, to the Department of Mont-Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German), part of his empire on the Rhine’s left bank. In places it has different names, and indeed, the stretch in Wörrstadt is known as Pariser Straße, for its western terminus.
Over the Alzey–Mainz railway, run on “Rhineland-Palatinate timing”, Wörrstadt station can be reached from Mainz in roughly half an hour. Frankfurt Airport can be reached by way of Mainz in roughly an hour, while downtown Frankfurt is about 75 minutes away. On weekends and holidays, journeys on the Elsass-Express (“Alsace Express”) to Wissembourg are possible.
The Category 5 through station has been reduced to one track, formerly having had two. It stands at the edge of town at . The station building was built about 1950 and meanwhile also serves as a rented dwelling. Reservable bicycle stands are available.
Public institutions
Verbandsgemeinde administration
Technisches Hilfswerk – local chapter
Wörrstadt Volunteer Fire Brigade
Wörrstadt Catholic Public Library
Education
In Wörrstadt there are several kindergartens, and also one primary school and one Hauptschule (as of 2009, a “Realschule plus”), a Realschule and an Integrierte Gesamtschule (an “integrated comprehensive school”, containing all three kinds of secondary school available in Germany: Hauptschule, Realschule and Gymnasium)
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Adam Elsheimer (18 March 1578 – 11 December 1610), a 17th-century painter, came from Wörrstadt. After him Adam-Elsheimer-Straße is named. His parents migrated to Frankfurt, leaving disputed whether Elsheimer was born in Wörrstadt or Frankfurt.
Karl Behlen (1811–1874), former liberal member of the Second Chamber of The Estates of the Grand Duchy of Hesse
Jacob Schoen (1841-1903), New Orleans philanthropist, Founder of Jacob Schoen & Son Funeral Home.
Karl Göttelmann (1858–1928), national economist and politician
Hanns Wilhelm Eppelsheimer (1890–1972), librarian and literary scientist
Mathias Schüz (1956– ), docent
Famous people associated with the town
In Wörrstadt lived the geologist and impact event researcher Dr. Günther Graup (d. 2006), who made a name for himself by, among other things, researching the Nördlinger Ries. Through his groundbreaking work, the Ries Event came to be better understood. He was also involved in the Apollo program and analyzed several moonrock specimens (Apollo 14 and Apollo 16).
References
External links
Verbandsgemeinde of Wörrstadt
Internetpräsenz der Stadt Wörrstadt Town’s official webpage
regionalgeschichte.net Internet portal for regional and local history, Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde an der Universität Mainz e.V.
Alzey-Worms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6rrstadt |
Padmapadacharya was an Indian philosopher, a follower of Adi Shankara.
Padmapāda's dates are unknown, but some modern scholarship places his life around the middle of the 8th century; similarly information about him comes mainly from hagiographies. What is known for certain is that he was a direct disciple of Shankara, of whom he was a younger contemporary. Padmapada was the first head of Puri Govardhana matha. He is believed to have founded a math by name Thekke Matham in Thrissur, Kerala. Keralites believe that he was a Nambuthiri belonging to Vemannillom, though according to textual sources he was from the Chola region in South India.
Padmapāda, together with Sureśvara, developed ideas that led to the founding of the Vivarana school of commentators.
The only surviving work of Padmapāda known to be authentic is the Pañcapādikā. According to tradition, this was written in response to Shankara's request for a commentary on his own Brahmasūtrabhāsya, and once written was destroyed by a jealous uncle. The surviving text is supposed to be what Shankara could recall of the commentary; certainly, all that survives of the work is an extended gloss on the first four aphorisms.
Padmapadacharya's life exemplifies the Guru-Sishya relationship. For Padmapadacharya, the Guru is everything and the command of Guru is ultimate. Once when he was on the opposite bank of a river, Sankara who was on the other side called him, and Padmapadacharya, without even thinking that he might be drowned in a swollen river began walking and a lotus appeared on every step that he would take and hold his feet from drowning - and that is why he came to be known as Padma-Pada - Lotus - Feet. His devotion exemplifies the relationship of Guru and Shishya.
Pañcapādikā
In this work Padmapāda develops a complete theory of knowledge on the basis of Shankara's notion of adhyāsa ("superimposition" — "the apparent presentation to consciousness of something as something else" [Grimes, p. 602]). In developing, expanding, analysing, and criticising this notion, Padmapāda paved the way for the epistemology of Advaita Vedanta.
Also important is Padmapāda's "critique of difference"; he argued that the relationship between the jīva (the empirical self) and the ātman (the underlying, spiritual self) was that of reflection to prototype. According to this theory of reflection (pratibimbavāda), the jīva is an appearance of absolute reality (brahman/ātman) as reflected in ignorance.
This theory has the effect of moving from the view of Padmapāda's predecessors that the self was to be rejected as not brahman to the view that enlightenment brings an understanding that everything is brahman: "Thus the jīva or 'face in the mirror' is none other than Ātman or the original face." (Grimes, p. 602) For Padmapāda, as for Shankara:
"the ascertainment of the essential Self is not so much a matter of a 'mystical' experience occurring in time, BUT, as a matter of enquiry consisting of the careful and concentrated introspection of and reflection upon one's ordinary experience." (Comans, p. 213)
Sources and further reading
Primary texts
The Pañcapādikā of Padmapāda, trans. D. Venkatramiah, Gaekwad's Oriental Series 107 (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1948)
The Pañcapādikā of Padmapāda, edd S. Srirama Sastri & S. R. Krishnamurthi Sastri (Madras: Madras Government Oriental Series 155, 1958)
Secondary texts
Michael Comans, "Later Vedānta" (in Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam edd. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2001.
John Grimes, "Padmapāda" (in Robert L. Arrington [ed.]. A Companion to the Philosophers. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. )
J. N. Mohanty, "Can the Self Become an Object? (Thoughts on Śamkara's statement: nāyam ātmā ekāntena avisaya)", in his Essays on Indian Philosophy, ed. Puroshottama Bilimoria. New Delhi: Oxford University press, 2002.
Advaitin philosophers
8th-century Indian philosophers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Advaita Vedanta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmapadacharya |
Bechtheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Wonnegau, whose seat is in Osthofen.
History
The Frankish nobleman Bero supposedly took his lordly seat here in the 6th century and founded “Beroheim” (–heim means “home”), out of which developed Bechtheim. Saint Lambert's Basilica was founded in the 8th century by the Cathedral Foundation of Liège, in whose ownership the municipality found itself then.
In 793, Bechtheim had its first documentary mention in a document from Fulda Abbey. In the Lorsch codex the place was named in 1070. First the Lords of Bolanden and thereafter, as of 1267, the Counts of Leiningen held ownership rights to Bechtheim. The latter nobles pledged their holding several times. In 1700, the so-called Simultaneum was also introduced into Bechtheim, whereby Protestant churches could also be used by Catholics, although this spawned quarrels between the two denominations. In 1722, Bechtheim was granted market rights.
In 1934, a “wine partnership” was concluded with Erfurt. In 1964, through the association Heimattreue Erfurter (“Erfurters Loyal to the Homeland” – made up of those from Erfurt living in West Germany), contacts with Bechtheim were newly forged. In particular, the Martinsfest on 10 and 11 November was from then on jointly held in Bechtheim. After German reunification in 1990, the City of Erfurt also officially resumed the partnership.
The rural area toponym Pilgerpfad (“Pilgrims’ Path”) was first documented in 1392 as , and recalls a north-south route (from Bingen to Speyer) of Saint James's Way.
Politics
Municipal council
The council is made up of 16 council members elected by proportional representation and the honorary mayor as chairwoman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
Mayors
1984 - 2009 Ortsbürgermeister Wolfgang Thomas (FWG)
2009–present Ortsbürgermeisterin Jutta Schick (FWG)
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Azure a bear rampant argent armed, langued and gorged gules, in his paws a staff Or held palewise.
Bechtheim's oldest seal from about 1500 already shows the same charge as today's arms do, and as all others since this earliest known one have done, although the composition has not always been the same. For instance, in the late 19th century, the arms were Argent a bear rampant sable armed and langued gules (that is, a black bear on a silver background with red tongue and claws, and without the collar and the staff). Over the years, the bear gained a cherry in its mouth, now missing, and also the collar and the staff. It is possible that the bear is canting for an older form of the municipality's name, Berchtheim (“Bear” is Bär in German, pronounced like the first three sounds in the older name). The arms in their current form were conferred in 1958.
Economy and infrastructure
Winegrowing
Bechtheim is characterized to a considerable extent by winegrowing, with 654 ha of vineyards under cultivation, 70.2% with white wine varieties and 29.8% with red. After Worms (1 490 ha), Nierstein (783 ha), Alzey (769 ha), Westhofen (764 ha) and Alsheim (704 ha), Bechtheim is Rhenish Hesse's sixth biggest winegrowing municipality, and one of the biggest in Rhineland-Palatinate.
Transport
There was once the railway line between Osthofen and Gau Odernheim.
Famous people
Jean-Valentin Bender (1801–1873), conductor and composer
Siegmund Mayer (1842–1910), physiologist
Joseph Simon (1851–1935), American politician (Republican Party)
Further reading
Johannes Sommer: Bechtheim - St. Lambertus. Königstein i. Ts. 1980,
References
External links
Regional history
Rhenish Hesse
Alzey-Worms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechtheim |
Nasinu Urban Fijian Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate covered Nasinu Town.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
In the 2001 election, Emasi Qovu won with more than 50 percent of the primary vote; therefore, there was no redistribution of preferences.
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasinu%20Urban%20%28Fijian%20Communal%20Constituency%29 |
A preliminary examination of possible war crimes committed by United Kingdom (UK) military forces during the invasion of Iraq in March 2003 was started by the ICC in 2005 and closed in 2006. The preliminary examination was reopened in 2014 in the light of new evidence.
2005–2006 preliminary examination
The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported in February 2006 that he had received 240 communications in connection with the invasion of Iraq in March 2003 which alleged that various war crimes had been committed. The overwhelming majority of these communications came from individuals and groups within the United States and the United Kingdom. Many of these complaints concerned the British participation in the invasion, as well as the alleged responsibility for torture deaths while in detention in British-controlled areas.
On February 9, 2006, the Prosecutor, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, published a letter that he had sent to all those who had communicated with him concerning the above, which set out his conclusions on these matters, following a preliminary investigation of the complaints. He explained that two sets of complaints were involved:
(1) Complaints concerning the legality of the invasion itself; and
(2) Complaints concerning the conduct of hostilities between March and May 2003, which included allegations in respect of (a) the targeting of civilians or clearly excessive attacks; and (b) willful killing or inhumane treatment of civilians.
Australia, Poland and the UK are all state parties to the Rome Statute which established the International Criminal Court and therefore their nationals are liable to prosecution by the court for the violation of any relevant international criminal laws. Because the United States is not a state party, Americans cannot be prosecuted by the court, except for crimes that take place in the territory of a state that has accepted the court's jurisdiction, or situations that are referred to the court by the United Nations Security Council, where the US has a veto.
Allegations concerning the legality of the conflict
The prosecutor explained that, although the Statute of the International Criminal Court "includes the crime of aggression, it indicates that the Court may not exercise jurisdiction over the crime until a provision has been adopted which defines the crime and sets out the conditions under which the Court may exercise jurisdiction with respect to it (Article 5(2))." Hence:the International Criminal Court has a mandate to examine the conduct during the conflict, but not whether the decision to engage in armed conflict was legal. As the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, I do not have the mandate to address the arguments on the legality of the use of force or the crime of aggression. The states parties to the ICC adopted such a definition at a review conference in 2010, but the court is only able to exercise jurisdiction over acts of aggression committed after this amendment enters into force.
Allegations of war crimes
Targeting of civilians or clearly excessive attacks
In regards to the targeting of civilians or a possible excess of violence, Moreno-Ocampo stated that "The available information established that a considerable number of civilians died or were injured during the military operations"; footnote 12 gives a range of approximately 3,750 to more than 6,900. However, he concluded: "The available information did not indicate intentional attacks on a civilian population."
Moreno-Ocampo also considered in this context whether there were incidents where, even though civilians were not intentionally targeted, the attack was nonetheless clearly excessive to military necessity. For this, he bore in mind (a) the anticipated civilian damage or injury; (b) the anticipated military advantage; and (c) whether the former was "clearly excessive" in relation to the latter. He concluded that, while many facts remain to be determined, the available evidence "did not allow for the conclusion that there was a reasonable basis to believe that a clearly excessive attack within the jurisdiction of the Court had been committed."
As a result, "After exhausting all measures appropriate during the analysis phase, the Office determined that, while many facts remained undetermined, the available information did not provide a reasonable basis to believe that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court had been committed."
Willful killing or inhuman treatment of civilians
As far as the allegations of willful killing or inhuman treatment of civilians are concerned, Moreno-Ocampo concluded that there was a reasonable basis to believe that crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court had been committed. He explained that the information available did support a reasonable basis for an estimated four to twelve victims of willful killing and a limited number of victims of inhuman treatment, totaling in all less than twenty persons. He also reported that, in all of these cases, the national authorities had initiated proceedings.
Moreno-Ocampo went on to explain that this on its own is not sufficient for the initiation of an investigation by the International Criminal Court since the Statute requires consideration of admissibility before the Court, in light of the gravity of the crimes. In examining this criterion, he explained:For war crimes, a specific gravity threshold is set down in Article 8(1), which states that "the Court shall have jurisdiction in respect of war crimes in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes". This threshold is not an element of the crime, and the words "in particular" suggest that this is not a strict requirement. It does, however, provide Statute guidance that the Court is intended to focus on situations meeting these requirements. According to the available information, it did not appear that any of the criteria of Article 8(1) were satisfied. Even if one were to assume that Article 8(1) had been satisfied, it would then be necessary to consider the general gravity requirement under Article 53(1)(b). The Office considers various factors in assessing gravity. A key consideration is the number of victims of particularly serious crimes, such as wilful killing or rape. The number of potential victims of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court in this situation – 4 to 12 victims of willful killing and a limited number of victims of inhuman treatment – was of a different order than the number of victims found in other situations under investigation or analysis by the Office. It is worth bearing in mind that the OTP is currently investigating three situations involving long-running conflicts in Northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Darfur. Each of the three situations under investigation involves thousands of wilful killings as well as intentional and large-scale sexual violence and abductions. Collectively, they have resulted in the displacement of more than 5 million people. Other situations under analysis also feature hundreds or thousands of such crimes. Taking into account all the considerations, the situation did not appear to meet the required threshold of the Statute. In light of the conclusion reached on gravity, it was unnecessary to reach a conclusion on complementarity. It may be observed, however, that the Office also collected information on national proceedings, including commentaries from various sources, and that national proceedings had been initiated with respect to each of the relevant incidents.Moreno-Ocampo qualified this statement by noting that "this conclusion can be reconsidered in the light of new facts or evidence."
Allegations of complicity
The prosecutor's investigations were principally concerned with the actions of nationals of parties to the statute. However, some of the communications complained that nationals of state parties (most notably the United Kingdom) may have been accessories to crimes committed by nationals of non-States Parties (i.e., the United States). Under the ICC statute, this is a "war crime" founded on accessorial liability (aiding, abetting et cetera), and in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (which follows similar laws) many defendants were accused of involvement in "joint criminal enterprises".
In footnote 10 of his letter, the Prosecutor said: "the available information provided a reasonable basis with respect to a limited number of incidents of war crimes by nationals of States Parties, but not with respect to any particular incidents of indirect participation in war crimes". In other words, he did not find a reasonable basis to proceed against nationals of state parties on the basis of complicity in war crimes carried out by non state parties. However, this is not, as such, a finding that war crimes were not carried out by non state parties. The prosecutor did not express a conclusion on that matter since that was not within his competence.
The statement by the prosecutor did not appear to address any accusations of war crimes or complicity by citizens of State Parties during the subsequent occupation and rule by the Coalition Provisional Authority or after the official handover of Iraqi sovereignty. For example, no mention was made of any involvement by citizens of State Parties (e.g., the Scottish Black Watch regiment) in the US attack on Fallujah in 2003, which resulted in accusations of war crimes — though mainly by US and Iraqi government troops and Iraqi insurgents (who are not under ICC jurisdiction), rather than British forces.
2014 reopened examination
ICC Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda reopened the preliminary examination in 2014, with the aim of taking into account questions of jurisdiction, admissibility and "the interests of justice" in order to decide whether or not to open an investigation in relation to war crimes alleged to have been committed by UK forces in Iraq. New evidence justifying the reopening of the preliminary examination was provided by the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights and Public Interest Lawyers.
One of the grounds for opening an ICC investigation was the argument that British authorities did not properly investigate the war crimes allegations. The ICC studied the question of whether British authorities "engaged in shielding perpetrators from criminal justice".
On 9 November 2020, the ICC published its final report on the preliminary examination. It closed the case on the grounds that although it had concerns, it did not conclude that British authorities were "unwilling genuinely" to carry out investigations and prosecutions.
See also
International Criminal Court and Venezuela
Command responsibility
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court
Benjamin B. Ferencz
War crimes committed by the United States
Wedding party massacre
Donald Payne (British Army soldier)
July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike
References
Iraq War
International Criminal Court
Legality of wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Criminal%20Court%20and%20the%202003%20invasion%20of%20Iraq |
Yevgeny Nikolayevich Kulikov (, born 25 May 1950 in Sverdlovsk Oblast) is a former speed skater who specialised in the sprint.
Yevgeny Kulikov trained at Burevestnik Voluntary Sports Society. Competing for the Soviet Union he became the first to break the 38 seconds barrier on the 500 m in 1975 and over the course of the next two weeks he lowered his own 500 m world record three more times, finishing with a time of 37.00, exactly one second below the previous world record. He would remain the 500 m world record holder for 8 years. For his achievements he received the 1975 Oscar Mathisen Award.
At the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, he won gold on the 500 m despite the fact that he had a cold and a fever during his race. As the defending 500 m Olympic Champion and world record holder, he won silver at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, being beaten by Eric Heiden.
At the World Sprint Championships, Kulikov won silver in 1975 and bronze in 1977. In 1981, Kulikov lowered his own 500 m world record once more, becoming the first man to break the 37-second barrier.
Records
World records
Over the course of his career, Kulikov skated nine world records:
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
Personal records
References
Yevgeny Kulikov at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Legends of Soviet Sport: Yevgeny Kulikov
External links
1950 births
Living people
Soviet male speed skaters
Russian male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Burevestnik (sports society) sportspeople
World record setters in speed skating
World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Sverdlovsk Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny%20Kulikov |
The Ethnography Museum of Ankara is dedicated to the cultures of Turkic civilizations. The building was designed by architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu and was built between 1925 and 1928. The museum temporarily hosted the sarcophagus of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk from 1938 to 1953, during the period of the construction of Anıtkabir, his final resting place.
Exhibitions
The Ethnography Museum contains the following items:
Examples of Turkish art from the Seljuk period to the present time.
Folk clothes, ornaments, shoes, clogs collected from various regions of Anatolia, women's and men's socks from Sivas region, various pouches, laces, circles, piqués, napkins, bundles, bedspreads, bridal dresses, groom's shaving sets are all a part of old traditional Turkish art.
A collection of carpets and rugs from the regions of Uşak, Gördes, Bergama, Kula, Milas, Ladik, Karaman, Niğde, Kırşehir, which are among the centers of carpet weaving, with technical materials and patterns unique to the Turks.
Among the beautiful examples of Anatolian metal art, are 15th century Mamluk cauldrons, Ottoman sherbet cauldrons, jug basin, tray, coffee tray, pans, bowls, candle scissors etc. There are various metal artifacts.
Ottoman Period bows, arrows, flintlock pistols, rifles, swords, yataghans and an Ottoman Empire coat of arms with the tughra of Sultan Mahmud II embroidered on a satin cloth.
Turkish porcelain and Kütahya porcelain, items related to Sufism and Tariqa, and beautiful examples of Turkish calligraphy.
One of the most beautiful examples of Turkish woodworking: the throne of Seljuk Sultan Kaykhusraw III (13th century), Ahi Şerafettin Sarcophagus (14th century), Mihrab of Taşhur Pasha Mosque of Damsa Village in Ürgüp (12th century), Mimber of Siirt Ulu Mosque (12th century) and the Gate of the Çelebi Sultan Medresi Gate of Merzifon (15th century).
The collection, which Besim Atalay, a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, donated to the museum, includes Turkish art from various periods.
There is a specialized library in the museum, which includes works related to Anatolian ethnography and folklore, and art history.
Temporary resting place of Atatürk
Following Atatürk's death on November 10, 1938, at Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, his remains were transferred on November 19 by sea on the battlecruiser to Izmit and subsequently by train to Ankara, arriving on November 20. The casket was placed on a catafalque in the front of the Turkish Grand National Assembly building for Atatürk's state funeral. On November 21, 1938, his body was transported on a horse-drawn caisson to the Ethnography Museum of Ankara. British, Iranian and Yugoslavian guards of honor escorted the cortège to the museum.
Atatürk's mahogany casket was placed inside a white marble sarcophagus where it remained for nearly 15 years. On November 4, 1953, after the completion of Anıtkabır, his sarcophagus was opened in the presence of Parliament speaker Refik Koraltan, Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, Chief of General Staff Nuri Yamut and other officials. The casket was removed and placed on a catafalque in the museum, where it remained until November 10, 1953, on the 15th anniversary of his death. It was transferred to Anıtkabir on the same day, escorted by military honors on a caisson in a cortège.
Gallery
See also
State Art and Sculpture Museum
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
References
External links
Almost 60 pictures of pieces as well as shots of the museum's interior and exterior
Museum official website
Museums in Altındağ, Ankara
Buildings and structures completed in 1927
Architecture in Turkey
Ankara
Museums established in 1927
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
First Turkish National architecture
Çankaya District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography%20Museum%20of%20Ankara |
TBF can refer to:
Tert-butyl formate, an organic chemical compound with molecular formula C5H10O2
Grumman TBF Avenger, a World War II torpedo bomber
Tingle's Balloon Fight, a game for the Nintendo DS
The Beat Fleet, Croatian rap group
The Black Fish, an international marine conservation organisation
To be fair, internet slang
Token bucket filter
Total Batters Faced, a baseball statistic
Türkiye Bisiklet Federasyonu
Turkish Basketball Federation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBF |
Market Street is one of the north–south streets in the [[Melbourne central business district, Australia, part of the Hoddle Grid laid out in 1837.
Market Street is the only major deviation to the Hoddle Grid, in that it only runs between Flinders Street and Collins Street, such that its vista is terminated by the art-deco Temple Court building on Collins Street.
South of Flinders Street, the roadway continues across the Yarra River via Queens Bridge.
The street was named after the Western Market, Melbourne's first official fresh food and vegetable market, which operated on the site now occupied by Collins Arch, bordered by Collins, Market and William Streets, and Flinders Lane.
Tram route 58 runs along Market Street between Flinders Lane and Flinders Street.
See also
References
Streets in Melbourne City Centre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market%20Street%2C%20Melbourne |
Alhfrith or Ealhfrith (c. 630 – c. 664) was King of Deira under his father Oswiu, King of Bernicia, from 655 until sometime after 664. Appointed by Oswiu as a subordinate ruler, Alhfrith apparently clashed with his father over religious policy, which came to a head at the Synod of Whitby in 664. After this, Alhfrith disappears from the historical record.
Life
Alhfrith was the oldest son of Oswiu, who became King of Bernicia in 642. His mother was Oswiu's first wife, Rieinmelth, granddaughter of king Rhun of Rheged; the marriage also produced a daughter, Alhflaed. Both children were likely born in the 630s. In the early 650s, when Alhfrith was a young man, Oswiu had him married to Cyneburh, daughter of Oswiu's great rival Penda of Mercia. Shortly after, Alhflaed married Penda's son Peada. Alhflaed, a devout Christian, urged Peada to convert.
Relations between Oswiu and Penda remained contentious, and Penda invaded Bernicia with a large army in 655. One of Penda's allies was Œthelwald, king of Deira and Oswiu's nephew; Oswiu considered Deira part of his realm and Œthelwald his sub-king, but resistance to his rule continued throughout his reign. Alhfrith served in his father's significantly smaller army as they pursued Penda. Their forces caught Penda's at the Battle of the Winwaed; Œthelwald and others withdrew their troops at a critical moment, which contributed to Oswiu winning a decisive victory in which Penda was killed.
The victory enabled Oswiu to re-establish his control over Deira. He evidently removed Œthelwald and installed Alhfrith as under-king (a largely autonomous ruler) owing homage to him. However, Deiran resistance to Oswiu's rule continued under Alhfrith, who might have tried to use it to assert his independence. Alhfrith initially followed his father in adhering to Celtic Christianity, which practised certain customs at odds with those endorsed by the Bishop of Canterbury and Continental Europe. However, he soon began challenging his father's policies of preferring the Celtic practices. Around 658, Alhfrith's ally Cenwalh introduced him to Wilfrid, a Northumbrian churchman who had studied in Europe and strongly advocated the Roman customs. Subsequently, he began openly challenging the Celtic customs and his father's policies. In 664, Oswiu convened the Synod of Whitby to determine which form of Christianity Northumbria would follow; Alhfrith served as a key proponent of Wilfrid and the Roman system, which ultimately prevailed.
Alhfrith requested that Wilfrid be made bishop for Deira, most likely with a see at York. Apparently with Oswiu's consent, Wilfrid travelled to Gaul to be consecrated, as he did not consider any bishops in Great Britain or Ireland to be validly consecrated; he did not return until around 666. In the mid-660s, Alhfrith requested to go on pilgrimage to Rome with Benedict Biscop, which Oswiu forbade. Alhfrith subsequently vanishes from the historical record. In the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Bede mentions that Alhfrith "attacked" his father. David Kirby suggests that Alhfrith may have participated and died in a rebellion against Oswiu, perhaps inspired by their continuing religious differences, Alhfrith's anxieties about the rise of his half-brother Ecgfrith, or Oswiu's military aspirations to the north that shifted focus away from Deira in the south.
According to later tradition, Oswiu replaced Alhfrith as King of Deira with his brother Ecgfrith, who subsequently became king of Bernicia and installed another brother, Ælfwine, in Deira. It is not clear if Alhfrith had children; it is possible that the later Northumbrian king Osric was his son, though he might instead have been the son of Aldfrith.
Notes
References
Kirby, David P., The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin Hyman, 1991.
Yorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms in Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990.
External links
Bede's Ecclesiastical History and the Continuation of Bede (pdf), at CCEL, translated by A.M. Sellar.
Bede's Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow at Internet Medieval Sourcebook, translated by J. A. Giles.
630s births
660s deaths
Northumbrian monarchs
7th-century English monarchs
Royal House of Northumbria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhfrith |
Lukas is a form of the Latin name Lucas.
Popularity
In 2013 it was the ninth most popular name for boys in Australia.
Meaning and different spellings
Amharic - Luqas (ሉቃስ)
Arabic - Luqa (لوقا) / Luqas (لوكاس)
Armenian - Ղուկաս, Ghukas
Croatian / Serbian / Slovenian - Luka (Лука)
Czech - Lukáš
Dutch - Lucas / Lukas / Luca
English - Luke / Lucas / Lukas
Finnish - Luukas
French - Lukas
Georgian - ლუკა
German - Lukas
Greek - Loukas (Λουκάς) - Ancient Greek (Λουκᾶς)
Hungarian - Lukács / Lúkas / Lúkasz
Icelandic - Lúkas
Indonesian - Lukas
Irish: Lúc, Lúcás
Italian - Luca
Latin - Lucas (from the verb "lucere")
Latvian - Lūkass
Lithuanian - Lukas
Norwegian / Swedish / Danish - Lucas / Lukas
Anglo-Saxon - Lukas
Polish - Łukasz
Portuguese - Lucas
Russian - Лукьян / Лука
Slovak - Lukáš
Slavs - Luka
Ukrainian - Лук'ян
Spanish - Lucas
Turkish - Luka / Lukas
Japanese - ルーカス
Korean - 루카스
People named Lukas
As a surname
Aino-Eevi Lukas (1930–2019), Estonian equestrian, lawyer and politician.
D. Wayne Lukas (born 1935), American horse racing trainer
György Lukács, Hungarian philosopher
J. Anthony Lukas, American journalist
Kim Lukas, English pop singer
Paul Lukas (journalist), American sports writer
Tena Lukas, Croatian tennis player
Tõnis Lukas, Estonian politician
Zdeněk Lukáš, Czech composer, teacher, music editor, and conductor
As a given name
Lukáš Bauer, Czech cross-country skier
Lukas Denis (born 1997), American football player
Łukasz Fabiański, Polish football (soccer) goalkeeper
Lukas Forchhammer, Danish lead singer of band Lukas Graham
Lukas Foss, American conductor
Lukas Gage, American actor
Lukas Haas, American actor
Lukas Hartmann, Swiss novelist and children's literature writer
Lukas Heller, Screenwriter
Lukas Jutkiewicz, English football (soccer) player
Lukáš Krajíček, Czech ice hockey player
Lukáš Lacko, Slovak tennis player
Lukáš Latinák, Slovak actor
Lukas Lerager, Danish footballer
Lukas Lundin (1958–2022), Swedish billionaire
Lukas MacNaughton, football (soccer) player
Lukáš Melich, Czech hammer thrower
Luka Modrić, Croatian football (soccer) player
Lukas Moodysson, Swedish film writer and director
Lukáš Pešek, Czech 250ccm Grand Prix motorbike rider
Lukas Podolski, German football (soccer) player
Lukas Rieger, German pop singer
Lukáš Rosol, Czech tennis player
Lukas Rossi, Canadian musician
Lukas Runggaldier, Italian Nordic combined athlete
Lukas Schmitz, German football (soccer) player
Lukas Tudor, Chilean football (soccer) forward
Lukas Van Ness (born 2001), American football player
Lukas Verzbicas, Lithuanian-American athlete
Lukas Weißhaidinger, Austrian discus thrower and shot putter
See also
Loukas (disambiguation)
Lucas (disambiguation)
Luca (given name)
Luka (disambiguation)
References
Danish masculine given names
Dutch masculine given names
German masculine given names
Masculine given names
Latvian masculine given names
Lithuanian masculine given names
Norwegian masculine given names
Swedish masculine given names
Estonian-language surnames
Surnames from given names
la:Lucas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas |
Ponkunnam is a census town in Kerala, India, part of Kottayam district under Kanjirappally taluk. Ponkunnam literally means golden mountain
(ponn = gold, kunn = mountain). Nearby towns are Kanjirappalli, Manimala and Pala. This part of Kerala is famous for its fertile land and rubber plantations. It is at an altitude of
above mean sea level. The town is at the junction of two major roads in Kerala: NH 183 and Main Eastern Highway. The climate is moderate with timely cold breezes and the town is the gateway to the Western Ghats. The town is famous for its volleyball traditions and customs. Almost every year there is an ever-rolling volleyball tournament happening in Ponkunnam Mahatma Gandhi Mini Stadium.
Overview
Ponkunnam is one of the busiest towns along the NH 220 comprising key administrative institutions of Kanjirappally taluk such as the Kanjirapally Munsif Court, DySP office, and Regional Transport Office. It is a part of Kanjirappally State Legislative constituency and Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency. The town is also home to many educational institutions and healthcare facilities. Part of the Syrian Christian belt, there are many Syrian Christian agrarian families that reside here.
Religious places
Chirakkadavu Mahadeva Temple, is on the way to Manimala, nearly 3 km from Ponkunnam Town.
Manakkattu Bhadra Temple, is on Ponkunnam - Mannamplavu Road, nearly 4 km from Ponkunnam Town.
Holy Family Syro Malabar Church - near KSRTC bus station.
Ponkunnam Puthiyakavu Temple is near the Ponkunnam private bus stand.
St.Marys Orthodox Church is on the Ponkunnam–Thampalakad road.
Mosque is near Ponkunnam bus stand & in Manimala road.
Latin Catholic Church 2 km from the town (westward) by the side of NH 183.
CMS church half km from the town at Attickal in PP Road.
Elamgulam Sreedharma Shasta temple and Elagmulam church are 5 km away from the town.
Panamttom Devi temple (Where the traditional travancore folklore padyani is held every year as a part of temple fest) is 4.5 km from Ponkunnam.
Notable persons
Babu Antony, prominent South Indian film actor
Bipin Chandran, noted film script-writer from Kerala.
M. D. Rajendran, Film director
Ponkunnam Damodaran, Poet from Kerala
Ponkunnam Varkey, notable writer
Thampi Antony, an actor and novelist from Kerala
Transport
Road
Ponkunnam lies on the National Highway 183 (Old NH 220) connecting the City of Kottayam and Theni. The NH183 connects Kottayam to the state of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the busiest roads passing through Ponkunnam.
The Main Eastern Highway (Punalur- Pathanamthitta- Ponkunnam- Pala- Muvattupuzha) also passes through Ponkunnam. Main Eastern Highway is categorized as State Highway - 08 ( SH-08 ) of Kerala. It is the second-longest State Highway of Kerala covering a distance of . The districts it passes through are Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, Idukki, and Ernakulam. These highways connect Ponkunnam to Muvattupuzha MC Road(SH-01). The Ponkunnam- Pala- Thodupuzha- Muvattupuzha stretch of Main Eastern Highway was upgraded in 2016 to a width of . The two-lane highway, which connects Ponkunnam To Muvattupuzha over within 80 minutes. This makes it easy to access for the people of Highranges, tourists to Thekkady and pilgrims of Sabarimala to reach Muvattupuzha, Angamaly and Kochi. The Highway becomes congested during the months of November and December due to Sabarimala pilgrims.
There is one KSRTC Bus stand and one private bus stand. Daily, there are many buses to Kottayam, Changanassery, Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Bangalore and also to the nearest towns: Kanjirappally, Erumely etc.
KSRTC operates a chain service to Pala. KSRTC also operates a chain service from Kottayam to Kumily via Ponkunnam.
Railway
The nearest railway stations are Kottayam (33 km) and Changanassery (38 km).
Air
The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport, Kochi (94 km).
See also
Main Eastern Highway
Kanjirappally
Mundakayam.
References
External links
www.ponkunnamtown.in
Cities and towns in Kottayam district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponkunnam |
Ray Walker (born 18 December 1941) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Walker played with Footscray as a back pocket. He was an excellent mark with a good football brain.
Walker played 72 games for Footscray (1959–65), won the Walker won Footscray's 1963 best and fairest award and was selected to represent Victoria.
In 1966 Walker moved to Tasmania to pursue coaching. He was a premiership captain coach during his six years in Tasmania.
From 1972 to 1987 Walker worked as a commentator for Channel 9 and on ABC Radio.
His football credentials include five years (1981–85) as a VFL state selector and three years as chairman of selectors for the Footscray Football Club. Walker was awarded life membership of the club in 1999.
Walker is a current Bulldogs hall of fame selector.
Walker is the uncle of current AFL Women's (AFLW) player Lauren Arnell
References
External links
Photo as Tasmanian state representative, 1966
1941 births
Living people
Western Bulldogs players
Charles Sutton Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Burnie Football Club players
Penguin Football Club players
Braybrook Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Walker%20%28Australian%20rules%20footballer%29 |
Matthias "Hias" Leitner (born September 22, 1935) is an Austrian former alpine skier.
He was born in Kitzbühel.
At the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, United States he won silver in the slalom competition. At the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria he ranked 21st in the slalom competition. In 1966, 1967, and 1968 he won the Alpine skiing professional ski racing circuit.
References
External links
Hias Leitner at the Kitzbühel Ski Club
1935 births
Living people
Austrian male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Austria
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Alpine skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Tyrol (state)
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
20th-century Austrian people
21st-century Austrian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hias%20Leitner |
The term analogue is used in literary history in two related senses:
a work which resembles another in terms of one or more motifs, characters, scenes, phrases or events.
an individual motif, character, scene, event or phrase which resembles one found in another work.
Similarities may be fortuitous, in which case the merit of establishing an analogue is that it makes it possible to see how works from different authors (perhaps also in different languages, periods, genres) treat similar characters or motifs. But the term is used particularly in the study of legends, folk tales and oral literature for works that have features in common either because they derive from a shared tradition or because they both rework material from a specific older text, which may or may not still survive.
For example, some claim the story of Noah and the Flood in the Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh are analogues.
However, where one work draws directly on another, the term analogue is inappropriate: the earlier work is the source of the later.
In the literature of earlier periods, it may not be easy to decide whether a particular work is a direct source for another, especially if there are uncertainties of dating. The phrase sources and analogues is used to cover all material relevant to the creation of a particular work.
References
Literary concepts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue%20%28literature%29 |
Hubel, Hübel or Huebel is a German language topographic surname, denoting a person who lived near a hill (Middle High German hübel "hill") and may refer to:
Allison Hubel, American mechanical engineer and cryobiologist
David H. Hubel (1926–2013), Canadian American neurophysiologist
Erich Hubel, Australian wheelchair basketballer
Herbert Huebel (1889–1950), American football player, coach, and official
Herbert Hübel (1958), Austrian lawyer and sports official
Rob Huebel (1969), American actor, comedian and writer
References
German-language surnames
German toponymic surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubel |
Gary Ronald Honey (born 26 July 1959 in Thomastown, Victoria) is a retired long jumper from Australia. He won a silver medal at the 1984 Olympics with a jump of 8.24 metres.
Career
In addition, Honey won gold medals at the 1982 and 1986 Commonwealth Games. He participated in three Summer Olympics, starting in 1980. He was ranked number 2 in the World from 1984 to 1986. He was also ranked in the top 6 in the world from 1981 to 1988. He was 10 times Australian Champion, and 11 times Victorian Champion. In 1988, Gary was the Team Captain for the Seoul Olympic Games.
Honey was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 2000.
Notes
References
Profile
1959 births
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Australian male long jumpers
Living people
Olympic athletes for Australia
Athletes from Melbourne
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
People educated at Parade College
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
People from the City of Whittlesea
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Honey |
Edward Simmons may refer to:
Edward Simmons (painter) (1852–1931), American impressionist painter
Edward E. Simmons (1911–2004), American electrical engineer
Edward H. H. Simmons (1876–1955), American banker and president of the NYSE
J. Edward Simmons (1841–1910), American lawyer and banker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Simmons |
The Morris CS9/Light Armoured Car was a British armoured car used by the British Army in the Second World War.
History
The vehicle was based on a Morris Commercial C9 4x2 truck chassis. On this chassis, a riveted hull was mounted with an open-topped two-man turret. The armament consisted of either Boys anti-tank rifle and Bren light machine gun or Vickers machine gun. The vehicle carried a No. 19 radio set.
The prototype was tested in 1936. A further 99 cars were ordered and were delivered in 1938. Thirty-eight of these cars were used by the 12th Royal Lancers in the Battle of France, where all of them were destroyed or abandoned. Another 30 served with the 11th Hussars in the North African Campaign. It was found that, when fitted with desert tyres, the vehicle had good performance on soft sand. However, its armour and armament were insufficient. The vehicle was retired halfway through the North African Campaign.
References
Forty, George - World War Two Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Self-Propelled Artillery, Osprey Publishing 1996
wwiivehicles.com: Morris CS9 scout car
CS9
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom
Armoured cars of the United Kingdom
Armoured cars of the interwar period
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Vehicles introduced in 1938
SPGs. SPAs. Armored cars and trucks of 1938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris%20CS9 |
Eva Kaili (; born 26 October 1978) is a Greek politician who has been a member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2014. She served as one of fourteen vice presidents of the European Parliament from January 2022 until she was arrested in December 2022 and charged with corruption as part of the Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament.
Kaili was a Member of the Hellenic Parliament from 2007 to 2012. Before her political career, she was a news presenter for Greek television channel MEGA Channel from 2004 to 2007. Following her arrest on 9 December 2022, Kaili was held in pre-trial detention in Brussels until 14 April 2023, when she was released to house arrest with an electronic bracelet, a measure that was lifted on 25 May. Through her lawyers, Kaili has denied all charges and has accused the Belgian authorities of using torture against her.
Early life and education
Kaili was born in October 1978 in Thessaloniki to parents Maria Ignatiadou and Alexandros Kailis. She has a younger sister, Mantalena, who is CEO of ELONTech, an organisation aligned to Kaili's parliamentary work on emerging technologies.
Kaili studied architecture and civil engineering at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. She continued her studies at the University of Piraeus where she obtained a Master of Arts degree in international and European affairs in 2008.
Career
Before her political career, Kaili was a newscaster at Mega Channel from 2004 until 2007.
In 1992, Kaili joined the PASOK Youth. In 2001, she was President of the School of Architecture Students' Association and by 2002, she was already the youngest member to be elected to the Thessaloniki City Council.
Member of the Hellenic Parliament
In the 2004 national elections, Kaili was the youngest candidate standing. In the 2007 national elections, she was elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament for the first district of Thessaloniki. At the time, she was the youngest Member of Parliament with the PASOK party. She retained her seat in the 2009 national elections until 2012.
During her term in Parliament, Kaili served as a member of the following Parliamentary Committees: Standing Committee on Cultural and Educational Affairs, Standing Committee on National Defense and Foreign Affairs, and Special Permanent Committee of Greeks Abroad. She was also a member of the Greek delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean.
Ahead of a crucial vote of confidence for Prime Minister, George Papandreou in November 2011, Kaili made headlines when she announced that she would refuse to support the government in the vote; this would have left Papandreou with the support of just 151 PASOK deputies out of 300. She later backtracked and Papandreou won the vote of confidence with all 155 lawmakers of PASOK expressing their support for his beleaguered government.
Member of the European Parliament
Eva Kaili has been Member of the European Parliament since 2014 and was a member of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) group until her expulsion in 2022. Kaili now sits as an independent. She is Vice President for Innovation Strategy, ICT, Technology, Foresight, Businesses, ESG and CSR, UN, WTO, OECD and the Middle East. She was the first woman to Chair of the European Parliament's Science and Technology Options Assessment body (STOA) 2017–2022. She was also Chair of the Centre for Artificial Intelligence (C4AI), and Chair of the Delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly (DNAT) 2014–2019. She has been serving on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON), and the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL). She is an alternate member on the Committee on Budgets (BUDG) and on Delegation for relations with the Arabian Peninsula (DARP) and was also involved in the Commission investigating the spyware Pegasus (PEGA).
In addition to her committee assignments, Kaili is a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Cancer, the European Parliament Intergroup on Disability, the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee (D-RU) and the Delegation for Relations with the United States of America (D-US).
She was the recipient of a 2018 MEP Award for New Technologies.
Kaili became one of fourteen vice presidents of the European Parliament on 18 January 2022 after being elected on the first round by 454 votes. She was suspended from her vice-presidential duties on 10 December.
Between 2019 and 2022, Kaili was the head of the Hellenic S&D delegation until her expulsion from the party.
On 13 December 2022, the European Parliament voted to remove Kaili from her position as one of their vice presidents, with 625 votes in favor of removal, one against, and two abstentions.
Arrest and corruption charges
On 9 December 2022, Kaili was arrested by Belgian Federal Police following an investigation into organized crime, corruption and money laundering tied to lobbying efforts in support of Qatar; because Kaili enjoyed parliamentary immunity, her arrest was not on the original planning of the operation launched by Belgian authorities that day, but developments during the day led investigating judge Michel Claise (overall head of the operation) to conclude that Kaili was caught in flagrante delicto. A suitcase of cash was found with her father upon his arrest, and bags of cash were found at her home. The same day she was suspended from both the Socialists and Democratic Group with which she sits in the European Parliament and her national party PASOK. As part of the investigation, Belgian Police raided 16 homes and detained at least four others including parliamentary assistant Francesco Giorgi (Kaili's life partner), former MEP Antonio Panzeri (for whom Giorgi had worked at parliament, and with whom he had founded the human rights NGO "Fight Impunity"), and Kaili's father, Alexandros Kailis, who was arrested outside the hotel where he was staying with a suitcase of cash. During the raids over €600,000 in cash was recovered by investigators.
The arrest of Alexandros Kailis outside his hotel with the suitcase of cash led investigating judge Michel Claise to conclude that this was a case of Eva Kaili being caught In flagrante delicto; a special police team of around a dozen officers, accompanied by judge Claise in person, then headed for the home of Kaili and arrested her. Kaili did not resist, but was visibly shaken and in a state of shock and confusion, crying; Claise interrogated her for more than five hours.
Kaili's lawyers, André Risopoulos and Michalis Dimitrakopoulos, have protested the actions of Belgian authorities as a gross overreach of judicial power. In an interview with Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera, Dimitrakopoulos said that Kaili's arrest and initial interrogations were problematic because she was in a state of shock, fear and confusion and that the Belgian authorities failed to provide her with a reliable French-language interpreter.
The lawyer further claimed that it was only after a week that Kaili could testify "in a calm environment", where she was "in good enough psychological condition to be fully aware of what she was saying", and that it was "the first time she had a good interpreter".
On 12 December 2022, the Greek Anti-Money Laundering Authority announced that it had frozen all assets of Kaili and her close family members. This included all bank accounts, safes, companies and other financial assets. Of particular interest to the authorities, according to the head of the Anti-Money Laundering Authority, is a newly established real estate company in the Athens district of Kolonaki.
The timing of the arrests coincided with the 2022 FIFA World Cup being hosted in Qatar. At the time, there was significant criticism of the hosts within the European Union, but during a speech at the European Parliament, Kaili praised the country's human rights record and criticised accusations of corruption made against Qatar.
On 5 January 2023, Kaili, from the cell where she is incarcerated in Haren Prison outside Brussels, accused the Belgian authorities of "inhuman" behavior towards her. Since the day of her arrest and subsequent incarceration, she has asked for permission to meet her 22-month old daughter in prison or, failing that, to see her via Skype. However, both requests were rejected; Kaili said: "I am being tortured, this is so unfair that I cannot stand it, and I am breaking down. What is the problem with my little girl, why are they keeping her away from me?". The authorities responded by permitting Kaili to have a three-hour meeting with her 22-month-old daughter in prison on the afternoon of 6 January; this was the first time Kaili had seen her daughter since her arrest in December. Kaili's father, Alexandros Kailis, brought the child to Haren Prison.
Kaili's three co-defendants, Francesco Giorgi (Kaili's boyfriend), Antonio Panzeri (an Italian former MEP and former Chair of the European Parliament Human Rights Subcommittee), and Niccolò Figà-Talamanca (a lobbyist and NGO activist) are described as pleading guilty to charges of corruption and money-laundering.
Since her incarceration, Kaili is being monitored by Haren Prison's in-house psychologists. Kaili declined to exercise her right, under Belgian law, to meet with a psychologist; however, Haren Prison staff judged it necessary for her. The psychologists were also present during Kaili's meeting with her daughter. Kaili's lawyers claim that Belgian authorities themselves are to blame for any psychological harm done to Kaili, especially in her early interrogations which the lawyers contest as being legally problematic.
On 19 January 2023, a scheduled hearing of the Court of First Instance in Brussels rejected Kaili's application to be freed from pre-trial detention and be placed under alternative measures, such as an electronic bracelet. Michalis Dimitrakopoulos (Kaili's lawyer) said: "For 16 hours she was in a police cell, and not in the prison. ... She was refused a second blanket. They took her jacket. This is torture". "The light was on all the time. She couldn't sleep." André Risopoulos (Kaili's Brussels-based lawyer) said that Kaili had been held in solitary confinement from 11 to 13 January 2023. In response to these statements by Kaili's lawyers, a spokesperson of the Belgian Federal Prosecutor's Office said: "I haven't heard anything about this in the file or at any other time".
A subsequent hearing on 16 February 2023 again rejected Kaili's request to be freed or placed under alternative measures, and decided that she should remain in pre-trial detention. Kaili had changed her Belgian lawyer from André Risopoulo to Sven Mary some time before the hearing.
Kaili was released from pre-trial detention to house arrest with an electronic bracelet on 14 April 2023. One of the main reasons that led to her release was the fact that her fingerprints were not found on the cash confiscated during the raids, while those of Kaili's co-defendants Antonio Panzeri and Francesco Giorgi were found. Her Belgian lawyer, Sven Mary, said: "I will not comment further, other than the fact that this is a sensible decision that has been too long in coming.
On 25 May, Kaili's application to lift her house arrest and obligation to wear an electronic bracelet was accepted, the release is subject to the usual conditions in such cases, as announced by the Belgian Federal Prosecutor's Office.
Controversies inside PASOK
Even before her arrest, Kaili was a controversial figure inside the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), since she had regularly distanced herself from PASOK and adopted positions similar to those of Greek conservative parties. Following her arrest, PASOK president Nikos Androulakis described her as "a Trojan horse of New Democracy", and announced that she would not be a candidate for PASOK again.
In 2021 she was rumoured to plan a bid for the presidency of PASOK.
Personal life
Kaili and her partner Francesco Giorgi, a 35-year-old former parliamentary assistant, have a daughter born in 2021.
Notes
References
External links
Member profile on the website of the S&D parliamentary group
1978 births
Living people
Politicians from Thessaloniki
Mass media people from Thessaloniki
Greek television presenters
Greek television journalists
Greek women journalists
PASOK MEPs
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
MEPs for Greece 2014–2019
MEPs for Greece 2019–2024
MPs of Thessaloniki
Women television journalists
Greek women television presenters
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni
20th-century Greek women
21st-century women MEPs for Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Kaili |
Erhard Ratdolt (1442–1528) was an early German printer from Augsburg. He was active as a printer in Venice from 1476 to 1486, and afterwards in Augsburg. From 1475 to 1478 he was in partnership with two other German printers.
The first book the partnership produced was the Calendarium (1476), written and previously published by Regiomontanus, which offered one of the earliest examples of a modern title page. Other noteworthy publications are the Historia Romana of Appianus (1477), and the first edition of Euclid's Elements (1482), where he solved the problem of printing geometric diagrams, the Poeticon astronomicon, also from 1482, Haly Abenragel (1485), and Alchabitius (1503). Ratdolt is also famous for having produced the first known printer's type specimen book (in this instance a broadsheet displaying the fonts with which he might print).
His innovations of layout and typography, mixing type and woodcuts, have subsequently been much admired. His graphic choices and technical solutions influenced also those of William Morris.
References
External links
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Ratdolt (see index)
Erhard Ratdolt - first publisher of Euclid
G. R. Redgrave: Erhard Ratdolt and his work at Venice. London, 1894
1442 births
1528 deaths
German printers
Medieval German merchants
16th-century German businesspeople
15th-century German businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard%20Ratdolt |
The Man from Snowy River II is a 1988 Australian drama film, the sequel to the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River.
It was released in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures as Return to Snowy River, and in the United Kingdom as The Untamed.
Reprising their roles from the first film were Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig and Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison, while Brian Dennehy appeared as Harrison instead of Kirk Douglas.
Plot
Some years after his dangerous ride down the steep mountain to capture the Brumby herd and regain the colt, Jim Craig, now with a large herd of mountain-bred horses of his own, returns to take up with his girl, Jessica Harrison. She is still smitten with him, but opposition from her father remains as resolute as ever. Further, she also has a rich would-be suitor, Alistair Patton (son of the banker from whom Harrison is seeking a large loan), endeavouring to court her. Before he returns from Harrison's property to his home, Jim meets an army officer seeking quality horses for the remount service on a regular basis.
As he realizes Jessica's affections remain for Jim, and that she doesn't "give a damn" about him, Patton jealously and maliciously recruits a gang to steal Jim's horses. Jim gives chase and in so doing again rides his horse down the steep mountainside. Patton shoots at him; the horse is killed and Jim is injured but manages to recover and resume the pursuit. Jim had earlier let the wild stallion which led the Brumbies loose into the wild again; in a twist of fate, the stallion shows itself from the wild at this crucial moment, and Jim finally trains the horse that has been the enigma of the entire district for decades. As Jim breaks him in and learns to ride him, they become friends, and together they catch up to Patton and his gang.
Jessica's father has also relented during this time, and he eventually joins with Jim and his friends to hunt down Patton and his gang. Jim Craig gets and wins his man-to-man duel with Patton, and Harrison gives his final approval for Jessica and Jim to marry.
Cast
Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig
Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison
Brian Dennehy as Harrison
Nicholas Eadie as Alistair Patton Jr.
Mark Hembrow as Seb
Bryan Marshall as Hawker
Rhys McConnochie as Alistair Patton Sr.
Peter Cummins as Jake
Cornelia Frances as Mrs. Darcy
Tony Barry as Jacko
Wynn Roberts as Priest
Alec Wilson as Patton's Croney
Peter Browne as Reilly
Alan Hopgood as Simmons
Mark Pennell as Collins
Production
Geoff Burrowes, who produced the first movie, decided to direct as he felt he would clash with any other director because he felt so strongly about the material.
A pregnant mare, which was part of the horse mob, injured a leg during the making of the movie and had to be put down. A government inquiry later found, contrary to allegations by the RSPCA, that the horse was put down in the most humane way possible under the circumstances.
Soundtrack
Award and nominations
Won 1989 APRA Award for Best Original Music Score (soundtrack title Return to Snowy River) — (awarded to Bruce Rowland)
Nominated for 1988 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound
Nominated for 1989 Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects
Box office
The Man from Snowy River II grossed $7,415,000 at the box office in Australia.
References
External links
The Man from Snowy River II at the National Film and Sound Archive
The Man from Snowy River II at Oz Movies
1988 films
Australian Western (genre) films
Films about horses
Films based on poems
The Man from Snowy River
Australian sequel films
1988 Western (genre) films
1988 drama films
Films set in colonial Australia
Films scored by Bruce Rowland
Walt Disney Pictures films
Films set in the 19th century
1988 directorial debut films
1980s English-language films
English-language Western (genre) films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20from%20Snowy%20River%20II |
Carlos Mercenario Carbajal (born May 23, 1967) is a Mexican retired race walker. He was born in Mexico City, Distrito Federal. He is the 1992 Olympic Silver Medalist in the 50 K walk and a three-time World Race Walking Cup champion.
Personal bests
20 km: 1:19:24 hrs – New York City, 3 May 1987
50 km: 3:42:03 hrs – San Jose, California, 2 June 1991
Achievements
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Mexican male racewalkers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Olympic silver medalists for Mexico
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Athletes from Mexico City
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1995 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
20th-century Mexican people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Mercenario |
Andreas "Anderl" Molterer (8 October 1931 – 24 October 2023) was an Austrian alpine skier. He was born in Kitzbühel.
At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy he won silver in the giant slalom, and bronze in the downhill competition. In 1953, 1955, 1958, and 1959 he won the Hahnenkamm Race in Kitzbühel. There was no skiing world cup in these times, but Molterer most likely would have won it in 1953, 1955, 1956, and 1958. Molterer later emigrated to the United States. After running ski schools in Montana and Colorado, he settled in Tennessee.
Molterer died on 24 October 2023, at the age of 92.
References
External links
Anderl Molterer at the Kitzbühel Ski Club
1931 births
2023 deaths
Austrian male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Austria
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
Alpine skiers at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Tyrol (state)
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 1956 Winter Olympics
20th-century Austrian people
21st-century Austrian people
People from Kitzbühel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderl%20Molterer |
Ceylon was the English name applied to the South Asian island nation of Sri Lanka until it repudiated its status as a Dominion and became a republic in 1972.
Ceylon may also refer to:
Places
Sri Lanka
Portuguese Ceylon (Ceilão), a Portuguese colony between 1505 and 1658
Dutch Ceylon (Zeylan), a Dutch East India Company territory between 1640 and 1796
British Ceylon, a British territory from 1815 to 1948
Dominion of Ceylon, a dominion in the British Commonwealth between 1948 and 1972
Jung Ceylon, the same English name was given to Jang Si Lang (modern day Phuket)
Canada
Ceylon, Saskatchewan, a village
Ceylon, Ontario, a village
United States
Ceylon, Georgia, a ghost town
Ceylon, Indiana, an unincorporated community
Ceylon, Minnesota, a city
Ceylon, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community
Philippines
Ceylon, old name of the island of Leyte in early Spanish maps
Ships
HMS Ceylon (1808), a 32-gun frigate in the Royal Navy
HMS Ceylon (30), an Fiji-class cruiser commissioned in 1943
Ceylon-class cruiser, a sub-class of the Fiji-class cruisers
Other uses
Ceylon tea, a brand of tea which produced and packed in Sri Lanka
Ceylon (curry), a family of curry recipes
Ceylon (film), an Indian film
Ceylon (programming language), a programming language announced by Red Hat in 2011
45604 Ceylon, a British LMS Jubilee Class locomotive
People with the given name
Ceylon Manohar (c. 1944 – 2018), Tamil pop singer and actor
See also
Air Ceylon, the Sri Lankan national airline until 1978, then replaced by Air Lanka
Ceylon ironwood or Mesua ferrea, a plant native to Sri Lanka
Names of Sri Lanka
Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in south Asia, then replaced by Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation in 1967
Names of Sri Lanka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Johann August Nahl (22 August 1710 in Berlin – 22 October 1781 in Kassel) was a German sculptor and plasterer.
He was first taught by his father Johann Samuel Nahl (1664–1727), who had been court sculptor of Frederic I since 1704. At the age of 18, Nahl undertook a journey via Sigmaringen and Bern to Strasbourg, where he worked for Robert Le Lorrain. In 1731 he went to Paris, then in 1734 to Rome, 1735 to Schaffhausen and then back to Strasbourg. Here he initially worked for the French royal steward François Klinglin and then later on the bishop's palace of Armand-Gaston de Rohan-Soubise. In 1736 he earned citizenship in Strasbourg.
Nahl is the author of the brass made in honour of Maria Magdalena Langhans, a clergyman's wife who died giving birth, in the church Hindelbank in the Bern Canton - this brass was one of the most admired in the 18th century. Regarding this, Johann Wolfgang Goethe wrote the following to Charlotte von Stein on 20 October 1779:
"In order to hear about the tomb of the clergymen in the Hindelback you will have to have patience, for I have much to tell on, about and for it. It is a subject about which one could read many a long chapter. I wish I were able to write everything down right now. I have heard so much about it and consumed it, so to speak. People readily speak with firm enthusiasm about such things, and nobody looks at what the artist has done, or indeed wanted to do."
Personal life
His great-grandsons were the half-brothers Charles Christian Nahl and Hugo Wilhelm Arthur Nahl, painters of the American Old West.
External links
Thomas Weidner: Die Grabmonumente von Johann August Nahl in Hindelbank, Berner Journal für Geschichte und Heimatkunde 1995
Article written in the Bern journal for local and general history on the monuments made by Nahl in the Hindelbank.
, an image of the tomb together with Felicia Hemans's poem on the subject.
References
Much of the content of this article comes from the German language Wikipedia article (retrieved February 25, 2006).
1710 births
1781 deaths
Sculptors from Berlin
18th-century German sculptors
18th-century German male artists
German male sculptors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20August%20Nahl |
Lorenzo Houston King (2 January 1878 – 17 December 1946) was an American bishop of The Methodist Church, elected in 1940.
He was born in Macon, Mississippi to parents who had once been slaves. He was ordained in 1907 in the Atlanta Annual Conference of the M.E. Church. Prior to his election to the episcopacy, he served as a teacher, pastor, and editor.
He died on 17 December 1946 in New York City.
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
Thomas, James S. Methodism's Racial Dilemma: The Story of the Central Jurisdiction. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1992.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
1878 births
1946 deaths
Methodist bishops of the Central Jurisdiction
African-American Methodist clergy
People from Macon, Mississippi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo%20Houston%20King |
Martín Bermúdez Mendoza (born July 19, 1958 in El Carrizalillo, Michoacán) is a retired male race walker from Mexico.
Personal bests
20 km: 1:22:30 h, 11 October 1981, Zaragoza
50 km: 3:43:36 h, 30 September 1979, Eschborn
International competitions
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Michoacán
Mexican male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Mexico
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 1986 Central American and Caribbean Games
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20Berm%C3%BAdez |
Firefly is the sixth studio album by the Norwegian hard rock band TNT. It was released in 1997.
Track listing
Personnel
Band
Tony Harnell – vocals
Ronni Le Tekrø – guitars, lead vocals on "Moonflower"
Morty Black – bass guitar
Associated members
Dag Stokke – keyboards
Frode Lamøy – drums, percussion (credited as Frode Hansen)
Additional personnel
John Macaluso – drums, percussion on "Soldier of the Light"
Album credits
Produced by TNT
"Soldier of the Light" produced by Bob Icon.
Recorded in StudioStudio, Norway
Engineered by Dag Stokke
Second engineers: Kjartan Hesthagen, Erland Hvalby, Ronni Le Tekrø
"Only the Thief" was recorded outdoors on alternative instruments
Vocals for "Heaven's Gone" recorded at Millbrook Sound Studios, NY, by Paul Orofino
Mixed and mastered by Chris Tsangarides
Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20070213021031/http://www.ronniletekro.com/discography-album-19.html
1997 albums
TNT (Norwegian band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly%20%28TNT%20album%29 |
Hugh Thomas Diaz Morgan (born 8 August 1968) is an American musician best known as the former frontman of rock/hip hop band Fun Lovin' Criminals. Morgan performs both vocals and guitar and combines rock, hip hop, jazz, reggae, and funk influences in his music. He is also a presenter for BBC Radio and has made film and TV appearances.
Early life
Morgan is an American, born to Puerto Rican-American and Irish-American parents. In his youth, he committed petty crimes and dealt cocaine, and he was arrested while driving a stolen car.
Music career
In 1993, Morgan formed Fun Lovin' Criminals with Brian Leiser and Steve Borgovini. During Morgan's tenure with the band, they released six studio albums, three of which made the top 10 in the UK Albums Chart, and scored eight top 40 hits in the UK Singles Chart. On 12 November 2021, it was announced that Morgan had left the Fun Lovin' Criminals. In 2010, Morgan made a guest appearance in the music video of Plan B's single "Prayin', and in 2012, he collaborated with JetTricks on the track "See Us Through" from their album Better Than Real Life. Also in 2012, Morgan released his début solo album Say It to My Face, credited to Huey and the New Yorkers..
Appearances in other media
Writing
Morgan had a short-lived, ghost-written wine column for the British magazine Mondo from 2000 to 2001.
In June 2015, Morgan released his first book, Rebel Heroes: The Renegades of Music & Why We Still Need Them.
Television
In television, Morgan has appeared on the UK comedy music quiz show Never Mind the Buzzcocks, three times as a guest panelist and once as a guest host. In his most famous appearance, Morgan smashed a mug after becoming upset when needing to repeat lyrics from his songs in the Next Lines round. Morgan also participated in the BBC's The Underdog Show, where eight celebrities trained and rehabilitated rescued dogs. He is also a frequent guest panelist on the UK Channel 5 morning show The Wright Stuff. Morgan also made a guest appearance in an episode of Skins as Toxic Bob, the owner of a metal record shop. In 2010, Morgan co-hosted Liza & Huey's Pet Nation on Sky One with Liza Tarbuck. Morgan also hosted Slips on the British music channel Viva. More recent work includes narration for National Geographic's epic series Drugs Inc, now in its third series, voice overs for TV ads such as Blink Box and more. In 2015, Morgan began work on the Sky Arts show Guitar Stars, working with fellow DJ Edith Bowman, but left after the first series. On 3 November 2016, he appeared as a panelist on the BBC Television political debate programme Question Time. In April 2018, Morgan appeared on Million Pound Holiday Club on Channel 4 with stunt driver Ben Collins racing cars in the countryside. In July 2020, Morgan hosted a series for BBC Four titled Huey Morgan's Latin Music Adventure, which saw Morgan travel to Brazil, Cuba and Puerto Rico, meeting famous musicians who shaped and inspired the sounds of Latin music.
Film
Morgan starred in Clubbing to Death with Craig Charles, Nick Moran, Dave Courtney, and Deepak Verma. He also played record shop proprietor Dee Dee in Soulboy, a dramatisation of the 1970s Northern Soul scene starring Martin Compston, Felicity Jones and Alfie Allen. He starred in the 2000 film Once in the Life with Laurence Fishburne, playing the character Carlos. He played The Yank in the 2003 film Headrush.
Voice-over
Morgan did a voice-over for the video game Scarface: The World Is Yours. He is the voice of National Geographic TV shows Drugs Inc and Underworld Inc as well as narrating the two-part BBC television documentary Blues America in 2013, which can be seen on YouTube. He has voiced radio ads for Wagamama since 2015, and in 2016, he voiced a global advertising campaign for Lynx (Axe) deodorant.
Radio
On 5 October 2008, Morgan began hosting The Huey Show on BBC Radio 6 Music. The show won a Bronze Award at the 2009 Sony Radio Academy Awards. The show currently broadcasts from 10 am to 1 pm on Saturdays.
Since April 2011, Morgan has hosted an array of shows on BBC Radio 2, beginning with Saturday 12:00 am - 3:00 am, replacing the show's previous host Mark Lamarr. He presented from 4 am to 6 am on Saturdays until 24 April 2021.
Other business ventures
Morgan previously co-owned The Voodoo Lounge, The Dice Bar and DiFontaine's Pizza Place in Dublin. Morgan also opened Notting Hill Tattoo Studio, Love Hate Social Club with New York tattoo artist Ami James in November 2012.
Personal life
Morgan has previously lived in New York City, Dublin, Hawaii, London, and Frome in Somerset. He now lives in Bath, Somerset. He married his wife Rebecca in 2007; they have a son named Beaumont.
References
External links
Official Website of Huey Morgan
The Huey Show presents The Hip Hop Mixtape (BBC Radio 6 Music)
The Huey Show (BBC Radio 6 Music)
BLOCK PARTY with Huey Morgan (BBC Radio 6 Music)
BBC Radio 2 presenters
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American people of Irish descent
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
Living people
Musicians from New York City
BBC Radio 6 Music presenters
1968 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey%20Morgan |
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