text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
Horton Kirby and South Darenth, formerly just Horton Kirby is a civil parish in the Sevenoaks district of Kent, England. The parish is located in the River Darent valley between Sevenoaks town and Dartford: it consists of the two villages of Horton Kirby and South Darenth. On 1 April 1979 the parish was renamed from "Horton Kirby" to "Horton Kirby & South Darenth".
Horton Kirby Paper Mills in South Darenth were founded by Henry Hall at the beginning of the 19th century. Since June 2003, the mills have ceased processing paper.
References
External links
Parish Council website: includes history of the parish
Civil parishes in Kent
Sevenoaks District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton%20Kirby%20and%20South%20Darenth |
Joel Sánchez is the name of:
Joel Sánchez (racewalker)
Joel Sánchez (Mexican footballer)
Joel Sánchez (Peruvian footballer)
Joel Sanchez (baseball), American college baseball coach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20S%C3%A1nchez |
Joel Sánchez Guerrero (born September 15, 1966 in Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal) is a Mexican race walker, who made his debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. There he was disqualified in the men's 20 km race. His greatest achievement was a bronze medal in the 50 kilometres walk at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Among his other international performances, he was the gold medallist at the 1999 Pan American Games and a silver medallist at the 1991 Pan American Games.
Personal bests
20 km: 1:19:00 hrs – Eisenhüttenstadt, 8 May 1999
50 km: 3:44:36 hrs – Sydney, 29 September 2000
Achievements
References
External links
Tilastopaja biography
1966 births
Living people
Mexican male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Olympic bronze medalists for Mexico
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Athletes from Mexico City
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20S%C3%A1nchez%20%28racewalker%29 |
Noé "El Chivo" Hernández Valentin (March 15, 1978 – January 16, 2013) was a Mexican race walker. Hernández won a silver medal at the 2000 Olympics and participated at the 2004 Olympics.
On December 30, 2012, Hernández was shot in the head, and left the hospital on January 8, 2013. Hernández died on January 16, 2013, in Chimalhuacán, State of Mexico due to a cardiac arrest.
Achievements
References
External links
1978 births
2013 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Mexico
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Mexican male racewalkers
Sportspeople from the State of Mexico
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Shooting survivors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9%20Hern%C3%A1ndez%20%28racewalker%29 |
Sallie-Anne Huckstepp (nee Krivoshow, 12 December 1954 – 6 February 1986) was an Australian writer, sex worker and whistleblower, who was the victim of a homicide. She came to attention in 1981 for speaking out about police corruption in Sydney, Australia. Huckstepp's murder remains unsolved.
Life
Huckstepp was born as Sallie-Anne Krivoshow into a middle-class Jewish family and attended Dover Heights High School and Moriah College in Sydney. She left school at the age of 17 and married Bryan Huckstepp. After travelling to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, her husband trafficked her into prostitution to help support his heroin addiction. They later returned to Sydney, where Huckstepp continued to be prostituted, eventually developing a heroin habit of her own.
In 1981, Huckstepp met and began a relationship with Warren Lanfranchi. Lanfranchi was a heroin dealer and standover man who worked with Neddy Smith. In June 1981, Lanfranchi allegedly robbed a Sydney heroin dealer and later fired shots at a young policeman. In Neddy: the Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith claims that Lanfranchi asked him to negotiate a payment with then-Detective Sergeant Roger Rogerson to escape being charged with the shooting.
Smith claims that Rogerson had instructed him to drive Lanfranchi to a meeting with him and to disarm him in the car. Rogerson took 18 police officers with him to the meeting. He claims that he was attempting to arrest Lanfranchi on suspicion of five bank robberies. At the meeting in Dangar Place, Chippendale, Rogerson shot and killed Lanfranchi. During the inquest into Lanfranchi's death, Rogerson claimed self defence. He was supported at the inquest by Smith and other police officers who were called as witnesses.
The inquest found that on the balance of probabilities, Rogerson had been trying to arrest Lanfranchi, but refused to find he had acted in self defence. The matter went to the Supreme Court and was the subject of investigations by the New South Wales Ombudsman and Internal Affairs. No action was brought against Rogerson, and he was exonerated and commended for bravery.
On 15 July 1981, Huckstepp, accompanied by her father, Jack Krivoshow, and a legal-aid solicitor, went to the New South Wales Police Headquarters in College Street, Darlinghurst, where she met with Detective Inspector Ralph and Detective Reith of the New South Wales Police Internal Affairs Branch. She made the following statement which eventually helped lead to the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Wood Royal Commission:
"I will tell you everything... I have the following criminal record: I have 31 convictions for prostitution. I have a conspiracy to defraud conviction which occurred shortly after I left Harry Bailey's tender care at "Chelmsford". I then had two further marijuana convictions. A heroin conviction when I was loaded up by Detectives Peter and Tomich at the Lido bar. I have a further "use" charge in which Detectives Peter George and Jungblut were involved. In both the latter offences, significant sums of money were paid to the police to affect the outcome... While operating as a prostitute, I made regular payments to members of the vice squad over 10 years. I have been involved in a number of transactions which I referred to in my statement which have involved substantial payment to members of the drug squad and other detectives relating to drug matters. I believe that the New South Wales Drug Squad and the Armed Hold-Up Squad are both totally corrupt and that they feed on the very activities which they are supposed to stop."
Huckstepp also went to the media and gave extensive interviews, claiming that Rogerson had murdered Lanfranchi and stolen $10,000 Lanfranchi was carrying to bribe Rogerson. She also claimed that Neddy Smith had lied to the inquest and was involved in a conspiracy with Rogerson. Rogerson maintained his innocence. In Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith wrote that Lanfranchi was "attempting to bribe Rogerson. I was the person [who] took Warren to this fatal meeting. There was an inquest and both sides threw plenty of shit at one another. I was right in the middle of it all. I could do nothing to bring Warren back to life, so I did the best thing I could. I know Warren’s family suffered deeply, but I cannot do anything about it." He goes on to claim that as a result of his testimony at the inquest, Rogerson and other corrupt police officers gave him a "green light" to commit crime without fear of prosecution.
Huckstepp continued lobbying the media. A documentary about her life was made and she began writing articles for a monthly magazine. However, she continued using heroin, and in 1985, her then-partner David Kelleher was arrested on charges of importing heroin worth more than $2 million. With Kelleher remanded into custody, Huckstepp began a relationship with a federal police officer, Constable Peter Parker Smith. Huckstepp visited Kelleher regularly in prison, telling him she was attempting to get information from Constable Smith which could be useful in his trial. In Catch and Kill Your Own, Neddy Smith claims that Huckstepp was trying to help Kelleher by making tape recordings of her conversations with Constable Smith.
Death and inquest
On the evening of 6 February 1986, Huckstepp received a phone call in her Edgecliff apartment. She rushed out, telling Gwen Beecroft - an acquaintance with whom she stayed at the time - that she would be back shortly. The following morning, a man walking his dog found her body in Busby Pond, a lake in Centennial Park, New South Wales.
Huckstepp's murder resulted in one of the longest-running inquests of its kind in Australia. It began in 1987 and lasted until 1991, though it only sat for a total of 19 days in that time. It was alleged at the inquest that Huckstepp had gone to meet an unknown drug dealer to obtain a fresh supply of heroin and was then lured to Busby's Pond, a remote area of the park. She was then strangled and drowned. Peter Smith, the federal policeman with whom she was having an affair, testified that she had told him she was frightened that Neddy Smith and Roger Rogerson or David Kelleher (who was in prison at the time) may try to murder her. He later told the Administrative Appeals Tribunal that Huckstepp's death was a "traumatic event for (him)". The coroner found that the evidence was insufficient to recommend charges and made a finding that Huckstepp had been murdered by a person or persons unknown.
Prior to the inquest, Neddy Smith was interviewed four times by four separate teams of detectives. He claims that he was at home with his wife the night Huckstepp was murdered. However, he was secretly recorded confessing to a cellmate at Long Bay Correctional Centre. He was recorded saying he had attacked Huckstepp from behind, punched her, grabbed her by the throat, lifted her off the ground, and then strangled her for about six minutes. Smith then claimed he dragged her into the pond and stood on her back to keep her head submerged for a few more minutes. He was also recorded saying, "strangling somebody is the hardest thing in the world...(but) the most satisfying thing I ever did in my life".
Smith later dismissed his confession as lies, saying he knew he was being taped and wanted the publicity for his new book, Catch and Kill Your Own. He is also alleged to have confessed to his publisher. Smith was subsequently charged in September 1996 with Huckstepp's murder, and was committed to stand trial, but was acquitted in 1999. In an interview with writer John Dale, Smith claimed that Huckstepp was murdered because she kept "bugging Roger, ringing him up and leaving messages that he was a dog...The reason they didn't bury her or dispose of the body was Roger wanted her left floating in the pond as a message. The bloke who killed her has never been arrested and is not in jail".
Huckstepp is survived by a daughter, Sascha Huckstepp, who was born in 1973, and is an actress and casting agent in Sydney. Sascha had a minor role as a nurse in the Australian miniseries Blue Murder, which featured a character (played by Loene Carmen) based on her mother. In 1991 and 1992, she appeared as Jade Williams in the British soap opera Families. Huckstepp was also the half-sister of Australian screenwriter and actor Matt Kay.
In popular culture
Huckstepp inspired the song "Sallie-Anne" by Sydney band Spy vs. Spy.
An episode of the documentary series Crime Investigation Australia depicted her murder.
The 1995 Australian television miniseries Blue Murder featured the story of Huckstepp's homicide.
See also
Juanita Nielsen
Shirley Brifman
Shirley Finn
References
Further reading
Bacon, W., The Law & The Stitch, Australian Centre for Independent Journalism,
Dale, J., Huckstepp: A Dangerous Life, Allen & Unwin, Australia, 2004, New edition Xoum, Australia, 2014,
Dale, J. Visiting Ned in Long Bay, newmatilda.com, 2005
Goodsir, D. Line of Fire: The inside story of the controversial shooting of undercover policeman Michael Drury, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, 1995
Dapin, M. "Jolly Rogerson", Sydney Morning Herald, November 2003
Lennane, J., [http://journalism.uts.edu.au/subjects/ppc1_2000/transcript9.html Professional Dissent: Whistleblowing], University of Technology Sydney
Reidenbach, S., Time is relative for those obsessed with truth, University of Technology Sydney, 2005
Smith, A.S. Catch and Kill Your Own: Behind the Killings the Police Don't Want to Solve, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, 1997
Smith, A.S., Noble, T. Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Noble House, Sydney, 1993,
The Whistle, University of Wollongong, May 1998
Australian female prostitutes
Australian people convicted of drug offences
Australian Jews
Australian murder victims
Australian whistleblowers
People murdered in Sydney
People from Sydney
1954 births
1986 deaths
Burials at Rookwood Cemetery
Australian female criminals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallie-Anne%20Huckstepp |
Verkhniye Sergi () is an urban locality (a work settlement) in Nizhneserginsky District of Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located in the Ural Mountains on the Serga River west-southwest of Yekaterinburg and east of Nizhniye Sergi. Population:
References
Urban-type settlements in Sverdlovsk Oblast
Krasnoufimsky Uyezd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhniye%20Sergi |
Normal Field may refer to:
Normal Field (Arizona), a former field of the Arizona State Sun Devils
Normal Park, a former field of the Chicago Cardinals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20Field |
August Theodor Arvidson (born October 13, 1883) was a bishop of The Methodist Church in Sweden.
Arvidson was born in Järpås, Sweden, to Lutheran parents. He was converted to Methodism in his youth and joined the Methodist Church in Gothenburg in 1901. He joined Sveriges Arskonferens (Swedish Conference) in full connection in 1909.
Prior to his election to the episcopacy in 1946, he served as a pastor, district superintendent, book editor and manager. As bishop he served the Central Conference of Northern Europe of the Methodist Church. He also served for a time as the president of the National Free Church Council and as a member of the Ecumenical Council of Sweden and the Nordic Inst., Sigtuna.
Selected writings
Det Avgörande Beviset för Kristendomen (The Final Evidence for Christianity), 1917.
Helgelsen - Grundval och Upplevelse (Sanctification - Foundation and Experience), 1931.
Andens Fullhet och Andens Gåvor (The fulness of the Spirit and the Gifts of the Spirit), 2nd ed., 1935.
Av Mitt Skall han Taga (He Will Take of Mine), 1937.
Från Advent till Pingst (From Advent to Pentecost), 1937.
Methodistkyrkan, Vad hon är, Vad hon lär, Vad hon vill (The Methodist Church, What She Is, What She Teaches, What She Will), 4th enl. ed., 1940.
Translations of several English books including work of Bishop Nuelsen.
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Parthenon Press, 1948.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
1883 births
Year of death missing
Methodist clergy in Sweden
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
Swedish bishops
Swedish-language writers
Methodist writers
English–Swedish translators
Book editors
Swedish editors
Editors of Christian publications
Converts to Methodism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Theodor%20Arvidson |
The Dents du Midi (; French: "teeth of south") are a three-kilometre-long mountain range in the Chablais Alps in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. Overlooking the Val d'Illiez and the Rhône valley to the south, they face the Lac de Salanfe, an artificial reservoir, and are part of the geological ensemble of the Giffre massif. Their seven peaks are, from north-east to south-west: the Cime de l'Est, the Forteresse, the Cathédrale, the Éperon, the Dent Jaune, the Doigts and the Haute Cime. They are mainly composed of limestone rock, with gritty limestone rock in the upper parts.
The Dents du Midi are accessible from Champéry, les Cerniers, Mex, Salvan and Vérossaz, but they have only been climbed since the end of the 18th century. A footpath around the Dents du Midi has existed since 1975. The mountain range represents a local symbol and is often used to promote the Val d'Illiez and various brands and associations in the region.
Names
The first name of the Dents du Midi was "" ("alpine pasture of Chalen"), dating from 1342. It was later transformed into Chalin and which gave its name to a glacier, a hamlet and a mountain refuge. The term "" was first mentioned in 1656 in the book by pastor Jean-Baptiste Plantin. During the 19th century several names were used. In writing, the most common were "" or ", but the inhabitants of the Val d'Illiez used "" or "", from the Tsalin patois word meaning "high bare pasture". The name "" ("teeth of south") seems to come from the fact that during the 20th century, the inhabitants of the Val d'Illiez used the massif to tell the time. This theory is supported by the old name of the Dent de Bonavau, to the south-east, which was called "" ("tooth of one o'clock") on maps published in 1928.
The Cime de l'Est (eastern peak) was called "" before 1636, then, after a landslide, "" in honour of the Archangel Michael and finally "" ("black tooth") until the first maps. Five of the summits had no names at the time. At the end of the 19th century, the names Forteresse (Fortress), Cathédrale (Cathedral), Éperon (Spur) and Dent Jaune (Yellow Tooth) appeared after the first ascents, although the Éperon and the Dent Jaune still bore the names "" (ruined tooth) and "" (red tooth) on several maps until around 1915. In that year, the "" (Champéry's finger) and the "" (Salanfe's finger) were grouped together under a common name and became Les Doigts ("the fingers"). The Haute Cime also had several names: "" (west peak), "" (tooth of south), "" (tooth of Tsallen) and "" (tooth of Challent).
Geography
Location
The Dents du Midi are situated on the border between the communes of Val-d'Illiez and Evionnaz. The north face rises above the Val d'Illiez while the south face overlooks the , an artificial reservoir. The ridge of the chain is situated at an altitude varying between ; it is visible from Montreux, to the north, as well as from the whole of the Rhône plain of the . The Dents du Midi are oriented along an axis running from north-east to south-east over a length of .
Topography
The main summits of the Dents du Midi are, from north-east to south-west: (), (), (), (), (), () and (, highest point). The chain is part of the Giffre massif, of which it is the northern limit and which continues south to the Mont Blanc massif.
There are three passes between the different summits: the Cime de l'Est pass (), the (Soi window) between the Forteresse and the La Cathédrale () and the (Dents du Midi pass) between the Dent Jaune and the Doigts (). A fourth, the (the lazy ones' pass), is situated below the Haute Cime (). The Dents du Midi are linked to the Tour Sallière by a ridge to the south. It is on this ridge that the (Susanfe pass) is located, which allows one to pass from the valley of Susanfe to that of Salanfe.
Geology
The Dents du Midi appeared about 60 million years ago, during the continental collision between the Africa and Europe. The collision caused folds in the tectonic plate, which caused the Dents du Midi to protrude from the surface. They represent the frontal hinge of the Morcles nappe, which extends to the south-west and includes Mont Joly and the Aravis mountain range in Savoie and Haute-Savoie. When they were formed, the Dents du Midi were connected with the Dent de Morcles. The current shape of the Dents du Midi appeared during the Würm glaciation, the last of the great glaciations, which began 100,000 years ago. It was then that the chain was separated from the Dent de Morcles by the Rhône glacier, that the glacier of the Val d'Illiez cleared the flysch at the base of the Dents du Midi and that the regional waters shaped the summits according to the weaknesses of the rock. According to certain sources, the Éperon was the highest point of the Dents du Midi in the 18th century. The shape of the summit and the presence of boulders towards the Salanfe lake suggest that it collapsed.
The summits of the Dents du Midi are formed mainly from limestone rocks formed during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the Paleocean Tethys. Among these, we find, on the north face, Urgonian Limestone, formed during the Cretaceous by rudists in a light band at the base of the massif and interspersed with a younger and very dark layer formed by nummulites. Higher up, there is gritty limestone, dating from the Valanginian, which is distinguished by a darker colour. The southern face is made of Cretaceous limestones which cover a sedimentary layer dating from the Triassic. Native flysch appeared during the Alpine folds and covers this layer on the north face. This flysch is formed from clay, elastic quartz and pyrite among other materials.
Hydrography
There are three glaciers on the chain of the Dents du Midi: the Plan Névé glacier on the south face, and the Chalin and Soi glaciers (also spelled Soy or Soie) on the north face. The latter supplies the Lac de Soi, a small mountain lake located at an altitude of . A torrent of the same name starts there and flows into the Vièze. The Lac de Salanfe, which is situated on the southern slope of the Dents du Midi, at an altitude of , supplies the Bains de Val-d'Illiez, a thermal park, situated below the northern slope at an altitude of and from the lake. The hot spring appeared in 1953 after several minor earthquakes. Its origin was unknown until 2001, when a scientific investigation concluded that the water came from a leak to the south of the lake.
Seismicity and landslides
According to the Swiss Seismological Service, the Cime de l'Est and the entire southern face are in seismic risk zone 3b, the category of the most exposed regions, while the northern slope is in seismic risk zone 3a.
There is a large amount of scree on the Dents du Midi. In 1925, the eastern face of the Cime de l'Est collapsed; landslides reached the Bois Noir region in Saint-Maurice over several days, destroying roads and the town's water supply system. Other notable collapses took place in 563, 1635, 1636 and 1835. The last major landslide took place in 2006: of rock broke away from the Haute Cime on the northern slope. These events are high-altitude phenomena and generally do not involve dwellings.
Climate
According to Köppen climate classification, the climate of the Dents du Midi is a tundra climate (ET). There is no weather station on the Dents du Midi. The most representative nearby station is the one on the Rosa Plateau, located to the south-east at an altitude of . The climate in both places has very cold winters and cool summers. The Dents du Midi act as a dam against the air masses coming from the northwest, creating precipitation around the peaks and over the villages of the Val d'Illiez.
Fauna and Flora
The massif of the Dents du Midi spans an elevation difference of over 2,800 metres, therefore hosting a wide variety of ecosystems, from deciduous forests, to coniferous forests, alpine tundra and glaciers. The highest section of the Dents du Midi is located between the subalpine zone and the snow line, above the tree line. The unstabilised scree slopes at an altitude of around only leave room for particular plant species. For example, the Noccaea rotundifolia, the yellow mountain saxifrage (Saxifraga aizoides) and the purple saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia) or the Artemisia can be found in hard-to-reach places. Rare plants such as Viola cenisia can be found near glaciers. Above , the Dents du Midi are covered with snow nine months of the year which means there is very little vegetation. The rare plants that grow here are Bavarian gentians (Gentiana bavarica), snow willow (Salix reticulata) and Ranunculus alpestris.
The fauna of the Dents du Midi is, as in the whole of the Valais Alps, mainly composed of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), marmots (Marmota) and alpine ibex (Capra ibex). It also includes various species of birds, such as the wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria), the rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta), the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and sometimes the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). Approximately 40,000 fry are introduced each year into Lac de Salanfe, where fishing is permitted. Finally, herds of cows are sometimes pastured around the lake.
History
The Val d'Illiez has been inhabited since ancient history, but it was not until the end of the 18th century that the first recorded ascents of the Dents du Midi were made. In ancient times, the mountains inspired awe and were sometimes considered to be inhabited by the Devil. In 1784, the vicar of Val-d'Illiez, Jean-Maurice Clément, a passionate mountaineer, became the first to climb the Haute Cime. In 1832, the priest of Val-d'Illiez Jean-Joseph Gillabert had the first Christian cross installed at the summit of the Haute Cime. Ten years later, on August 16, 1842, an expedition led by Nicolas Délez and including canon Bruchon of Saint-Maurice Abbey and four other people made the first ascent of the Cime de l'Est. Having set off from the mountain pasture of Salanfe, canon Bruchon declared in a text for the Gazette du Simplon that he had gone through "a thousand difficulties" to reach the summit, but described the view as "the most ravishing spectacle". The conditions being very difficult, the Cime de l'Est was climbed very little during the rest of the 19th century. Some had to climb it several times before they succeeded, and the bells of the church of Salvan rang every time someone reached the summit. At the beginning of the 20th century, however, this tradition came to an end, as there were now more than a hundred climbs a year.
On June 7, 1870, the writer and mountaineer Émile Javelle, accompanied by a guide, was the first to reach the summit of the Forteresse. The Dent Jaune was climbed for the first time on August 24, 1879. The climb, which lasted only one day, was led by guides Fournier and Bochatay. The ascent was made easier by the proximity of the Alpe de Salanfe, where one can take refuge in case of difficulties. Two years later, on August 31, 1881, Auguste Wagnon, Beaumont and their guide Édouard Jacottet achieved the first ascent of the Cathédrale. Les Doigts were climbed in two stages: first the Doigt de Champéry in 1886 by Wagnon, Beaumont and a guide, then the Doigt de Salanfe by Breugel and his guide in 1892. The last summit to be climbed was the Éperon, on August 8, 1892, by Janin and his guide.
In 1902, during the topographical levelling of Switzerland for the Federal Office of Topography, Heinrich Wild, the founder of Wild Heerbrugg, found himself in a storm at the top of the Dents du Midi. As the equipment was heavy and difficult to transport, he was unable to complete the measurement and had to leave the site in an emergency. This event motivated him to design an easily transportable theodolite. The tool represented a revolution in the field of geomatics and is still in use in the 21st century. In 1942, the Alpine Club of Saint-Maurice celebrated the centenary of the first ascent of the Cime de l'Est by erecting a metal cross at the top of the tooth.
On December 23, 1970, the guides Werner Kleiner and Marcel Maurice Demont made the first winter ascent of the Cime de l'Est, the Forteresse and the Cathédrale. On March 2, 1980, Beat Engel and Armand Gex-Fabry, respectively a ski teacher and an employee of Télé-Champoussin, made the first winter ski descent of the Doigts couloir. They set off at 2 a.m. from a hamlet above Salvan, and the effort represented thirteen hours of ascent for two hours of descent. In 1981, Engel and Diego Bottarel, also a ski teacher, attempted to reach the summit of the Haute Cime in a hot air balloon and then descend the Couloir des Doigts. The attempt was unsuccessful, however, as the weather conditions did not allow them to land.
Activities
Sports tourism
Several dozen kilometres of trails are available on the Dents du Midi. The "trail des Dents du Midi", a foot race created in 1961 by Fernand Jordan, took place every year in mid-September between 1963 and 2000, and restarted in 2011. The race is long with of ascent; it is the first of its kind in Europe and the precursor of trail running. In 1975, the success of the trail led to the creation of a footpath going around the Dents du Midi. This footpath offers a total difference in height of and is accessible from Champéry, les Cerniers, Mex, Salvan and Vérossaz. Nine refuges are situated on the tour and allow the 18-hour walk to be completed in several days. Since 2010, the paths have been maintained by the "Tour des Dents du Midi" association. This association brings together nearby communes as well as the people in charge of the refuges and local guides.
Access to the summits of the Dents du Midi is possible in summer in the form of a trek and in winter by ski touring or mixed climbing. The normal route to the Cime de l'Est starts from the Dents du Midi refuge (), on the southern face, crossing the Plan Névé glacier. About a hundred metres after the Cime de l'Est pass, which is no longer used because it is blocked by scree, it climbs a mountainside, either by taking the Rambert couloir, which may be snow-covered, or by going around it. At the top of this couloir there is a path on the north face of the hillside which ends about twenty meters below the summit. The summit can also be reached from the Chalin hut () by climbing the northeast face of the Cime de l'Est or by climbing the Harlin pillar. The normal route to the Forteresse is similar to that of the Cathédrale. It starts from the Chalin hut on the northern face, joins the mountain pasture of the same name and climbs the ridge of Soi before arriving in the Forteresse-Cathédrale corridor. From the top of the corridor, known as the "Fenêtre de Soi", both peaks are accessible for climbing. The "Fenêtre de Soi" is also accessible on foot from the Dents du Midi refuge. Access to the Dent Jaune is via the "Vire des Genevois". This route starts from the Dents du Midi refuge, crosses the Plan Nevé glacier to the Dent Jaune pass, follows the peak on a bend and then follows the ridge to the summit of the Dent Jaune. The normal route of the Haute Cime starts at the Susanfe hut (), follows the Saufla torrent to the Susanfe pass and crosses scree to the summit.
Economy
The emergence of tourism in the 19th century saw several hotels open in the villages of the Val d'Illiez. As early as 1857, the construction of the Grand Hôtel de la Dent du Midi enabled Champéry to expand, the image of the Dents du Midi being widely used to promote the village. Outside the Val d'Illiez, the villages of Bex, Gryon and Leysin also used the relief of the Dents du Midi in their promotional material, as did certain hotels on the Swiss shores of Lake Geneva. In 2018, the communes of Champéry, Troistorrents and Val-d'Illiez joined forces with the Portes du Soleil and other local associations to create a tourism management body in the name of Région Dents du Midi. Its main aim is to unify the tourism development policy of the Val d'Illiez.
The 7 Peaks brewery, located in Morgins, bases its brand on the image of the Dents du Midi. Its name refers to the seven peaks of the chain, which give their name to the seven styles of beer on offer.
Environmental protection
There are two protected sites on the north-eastern face of the Dents du Midi: the Aiguille and the Teret. These areas of each were classified in 2017 with the aim of protecting Switzerland's dry meadows and pastures from agricultural use, almost 95% of which have disappeared since 1900.
Culture
The Dents du Midi are represented in painting by many artists, most often as a backdrop for paintings of villages, Lake Geneva or Chillon Castle, but also alone.
They are also described or mentioned by Étienne Pivert de Senancour in Oberman (1804), Alexandre Dumas in Impressions de voyage en Suisse (1834), Eugène Rambert in Les Alpes suisses (1866) and Bex et ses environs (1871), Émile Javelle in Souvenirs d'un alpiniste (1886), Maurice Bonvoisin in La vie à Champéry (1908) and finally Charles Ferdinand Ramuz in La guerre dans le Haut-Pays (1915) and Vendanges (1927).
The Dents du Midi can be found on the coat of arms of the commune of Val-d'Illiez as well as on the 10 farinets banknotes, a local currency of the Valais named after Joseph-Samuel Farinet, which circulated between 2017 and 2019.
See also
List of mountains of Valais
List of mountains of Switzerland
List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland
References
Bibliography
External links
The Dents du Midi on SummitPost
Pictures of Dents du Midi (taken from the village of Champery)
Mountains of Valais
Mountains of the Alps
Alpine three-thousanders
Mountains of Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dents%20du%20Midi |
The Northrop Grumman High Energy Laser for Rockets, Artillery and Mortars (HELRAM) system is a ground-based directed energy weapon intended to be used mainly against short-range ballistic targets.
It is supposed to be able to shoot down mortar bombs, rocket-propelled mortar bombs, artillery shells and artillery rockets by pointing a high-energy laser beam at them, thereby causing them to explode in the air.
Northrop Grumman unveiled the HELRAM concept in October 2004, saying that it "could be available within 18 months of a contract".
Its technology is based on that of the THEL system.
See also
Laser
Directed energy weapons
THEL
External links
Northrop unveils laser to counter mortar attacks
Operational Implications of Laser Weapons
Weapons of the United States
Military lasers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HELRAM |
Horton Kirby is a village in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It is located 3.9 miles east of Swanley & 4.9 miles south of Dartford. Together with the nearby village of South Darenth, it forms the Horton Kirby and South Darenth civil parish.
Heritage
Horton Kirby Environmental Studies Centre provides nature and country life-related outdoor activities for schoolchildren from South London.
Remains of a Roman villa were discovered in 1972 on the Westminster Field recreation ground, just across the Darent from the village. The discovery was made when new main sewage drains were being dug. The extra costs of diverting these to save the villa were met by public subscription, with fund-raising help from local schoolchildren. The remains include those of a Roman granary at least 100 ft in length and 60 ft wide. The site was back-filled after preservation work was completed.
Transport
The A225 road between Dartford and Sevenoaks passes to the west of Horton Kirby, on the opposite side of the River Darent. The M20 and M25 motorways can both be accessed via the Swanley Interchange, approximately 3.5 miles from Horton Kirby.
The closest National Rail station to Horton Kirby is on the Chatham Main Line, located approximately 1 mile away. The station is served by hourly Southeastern services between and via .
The village is served by the Arriva Kent Thameside route 414 which provides hourly connections to South Darenth, Sutton-at-Hone, Hawley and Dartford.
See also
Franks Hall
References
External links
A history of the mills can be found here
Villages in Kent
Roman villas in Kent
Nature centres in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton%20Kirby |
Bowen Road () is a road from the Mid-Levels to Wong Nai Chung Gap of Hong Kong Island, on the slope above Central, Wan Chai and Happy Valley in Hong Kong. Bowen Road starts from Magazine Gap Road near the rail of Peak Tram and ends at the junction with Stubbs Road, Tai Hang Road and Wong Nai Chung Gap Road.
Today the road is a popular route for joggers and dog walkers.
History
The road was named after Sir George Bowen, an Ulsterman who served as the 9th Governor of Hong Kong from 1883 to 1885. It was colloquially called "Third Road" by residents in Hong Kong for being the third east–west road from the shore at that time. "First Road" and "Second Road" were Queen's Road and Kennedy Road respectively.
As Hong Kong lacked fresh water at that time, Tai Tam Reservoir was built in Tai Tam Valley. An aqueduct was built to transfer from Tai Tam to Central via Wong Nai Chung Gap and Happy Valley. Later, Bowen Road was built on top of the aqueducts. The road makes the south boundary of Victoria City. A boundary stone was at the junction with Stubbs Road. The road also passes by many schools.
Lover's Stone
The famous Lover's Stone is located just off the road, around 20 minutes walking time from Stubbs Road. The 9-metre-high granite monolith is said to have the power of giving happy marriages for those who worshipped it. It is also a nice place to view Victoria Harbour's scenery.
Dog poisonings
Bowen Road is also infamous as the site of a serial animal killer. The scenic views and rambles make Bowen Road extremely popular with dog walkers, particularly among Hong Kong's expatriate community. Since 1989 (to end of October 2009), there have been 72 cases of dog poisoning in the area, and 22 dogs have been killed by eating poisoned chicken. The last British governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten, also nearly fell victim, with his Norfolk terrier Whisky made seriously ill from consumption of poisoned chicken.
Some have speculated that previous dog owners may have left their charges off leads and allowed them to defecate on the many Chinese graves that are accessible from Bowen Road, offending someone. Whatever the true motive, the killings have followed patterns with the killer (or possibly killers) leaving cooked chicken, covered in a commonly available - but very powerful - insecticide.
Local SPCA officials have advised Hong Kong residents to never allow their pets off a lead at any time in the area, and to always be cautious about letting their dogs sniff or eat in the area.
Hong Kong police believe the elusive killer is at work again. On the 12 October 2008, the SPCA sent specialists to the Peak where a dog was poisoned. The reward has been upped from HK$30,000 to HK$150,000.
Another dog died in one of two poisonings in a week in December 2010.
A copycat killer may have appeared on nearby Lamma Island. At least 6 dogs have been poisoned by contaminated roadside meat in the fall of 2011.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
Antiquities Advisory Board. Historic Building Appraisal. Ex-Commodore's House, No. 5 Bowen Road, Central Pictures
SCMP Sept 2011
Featured road, Bowen Road (in Chinese)
Lovers' Rock information
Mid-Levels
Wong Nai Chung Gap
Roads on Hong Kong Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen%20Road |
Carrows was a subsidiary of Shari's Cafe & Pies and casual dining restaurant that served breakfast and lunch/dinner in California, United States.
Carrows was started by David G. Nancarrow in Santa Clara, California, in 1970 as the Carrows Hickory Chip Restaurant. Carrows and its sister chain Coco's Bakery Restaurants were purchased by Advantica Restaurant Group in 1996, which would file for bankruptcy the following year. In 2002 they were acquired by Catalina Restaurant Group, Inc.
In California, Carrows/Coco's Bakery competes directly with Marie Callender's and Bakers Square restaurants.
In 2006, Catalina Restaurant Group was bought by Japanese company Zensho Co., Ltd., which has operated Coco's Japan for many years.
In 2015, Food Management Partners acquired Catalina Restaurant Group Inc., (parent of Coco's and Carrows).
In September 2018, it was announced that Shari's Cafe & Pies had taken over Carrows and Coco's.
On June 28, 2023, Carrows has shuttered its restaurant in Cerritos due to the company's retirement.
References
External links
Company website
Economy of the Southwestern United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1970
1970 establishments in California
Companies based in Santa Clara, California
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1997
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrows |
Ernest Joachim Sternglass (24 September 1923 – 12 February 2015) was a professor emeritus at the University of Pittsburgh and director of the Radiation and Public Health Project. He is an American physicist and author, best known for his controversial research on the health risks of low-level radiation from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and from nuclear power plants.
Early life
Both of his parents were physicians. When Ernest was fourteen, the Sternglass family left Germany in 1938 to avoid the Nazi regime. He completed high school at the age of sixteen, then entered Cornell, registering for an engineering program.
Financial difficulties encountered by his family forced him to leave school for a year. By the time he returned to Cornell, the U.S. had entered World War II. Sternglass volunteered for the navy. He was about to ship out when the atomic bomb was detonated over Hiroshima. After the war Sternglass married.
Research career
In Washington, D.C. he worked as a civilian employee at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, which researched military weapons. Sternglass began studying night vision devices, which led him to work with radiation. In 1947, his first son was born, and he had the opportunity to meet Albert Einstein. They discussed his results which suggested a low energy creation of neutrons, a work that came to be rediscovered four decades later.
From 1952 to 1967 Sternglass worked at the Westinghouse Research Laboratory. Early in his time at Westinghouse, he proposed a technology for image intensification.
He also published a formula for interplanetary dust charging,
which is still used extensively.
All his work there involved nuclear instrumentation. At first he studied fluoroscopy, which "exposes an individual to a considerable dose of radiation." Then he worked on a new kind of television tube for satellites. Eventually, he was put in charge of the Lunar Station program at Westinghouse.
During his time at Westinghouse, he worked on a wide range of projects, including applying magnetohydrodynamics to gas-cooled reactor systems, and helping to develop the video cameras used in Project Apollo.
In 1967, Sternglass moved to the department of radiology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, where he eventually was named professor emeritus. While there, through the early 1990s, he led pioneering work on the development of digital X-ray technology for medical imaging.
Sternglass was director, co-founder, and chief technical officer of the Radiation and Public Health Project (RPHP). He died of heart failure on 12 February 2015, in Ithaca, New York.
Claims of radiation harm
In the early 1960s Sternglass became aware of the work of Alice Stewart. Stewart was head of the department of preventive medicine of Oxford University, responsible for a pioneering study on the effects of low-level radiation in England. Stewart had discovered that a small amount of radiation to an unborn child could double the child's chances for leukemia and cancer.
In the 1960s, Sternglass studied the effect of nuclear fallout on infants and children. He claimed not only an increase in leukemia and cancer, but a significant increase in infant mortality. In 1963 he published the paper "Cancer: Relation of Prenatal Radiation to Development of the Disease in Childhood" in the journal Science.
In 1963, Sternglass testified before the congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy regarding the level of strontium-90 found in children as part of the Baby Tooth Survey. The result of bomb-test fallout, strontium-90, was associated with increased childhood leukemia. His studies played a role in the Partial Test Ban Treaty signed by President John F. Kennedy.
In 1969, Sternglass reached the conclusion that 400,000 infants had died because of medical problems caused by fallout—chiefly lowered resistance to disease and reductions in birth weight.
In an article in Esquire, he claimed that the fallout from the nuclear explosions of an Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system would kill all children in the U.S. (This claim was distorted by Dixy Lee Ray in 1989, asserting that Sternglass had said this of all nuclear weapons testing, in an op-ed in which she also dismissed anthropogenic global warming as "the current scare".) Freeman Dyson, taking up the debate over ABM systems in the pages of Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, disagreed with Sternglass, although he admitted
The evidence is not sufficient to prove Sternglass is right [but] the essential point is that Sternglass may be right. The margin of uncertainty in the effects of world-wide fallout is so large that we have no justification for dismissing Sternglass's numbers as fantastic."
In 1971, Sternglass claimed that infant mortality rates increased in communities living in close proximity to nuclear industrial facilities. His study included several nuclear power plants and a nuclear fuel reprocessing facility. He claimed that when setting allowable limits for nuclear industrial emissions "the AEC grossly misjudged the sensitivity of the fetus."
In 1974, Sternglass identified elevated levels of radiation and increased cancer and infant mortality incidence in Shippingport, Pennsylvania. This prompted a scientific review initiated by Pennsylvania governor, Milton Shapp. The review concluded that "it was impossible to rule out the fact that there may have been a relationship between environmental radiation exposure from the Shippingport operation and an increased death rate in the population."
In 1979, Sternglass began extending his analyses of fallout effects to embrace behavioral disorders, including academic deficits seen in high school students.
Later he was to blame radioactivity for higher crime rates and higher AIDS mortality.
Critical responses
Alice Stewart, whose work was the inspiration for the work of Sternglass on radiation health effects, firmly repudiated it, saying of an encounter with him in 1969:
Sternglass had been tremendously excited about our findings [....] But he had exaggerated what we'd said, grossly exaggerated, and we comment on this in the New Scientist. He's said that we'd shown that fetal x-rays had doubled the infant mortality rate, when all we'd said was you'd doubled the chance of a child's dying from cancer. Well, the difference is that one is measured in thousands and the other in single figures [....] Sternglass was a supporter of our work, but he had got our figures very wrong, and we couldn't have our statistics misused like that.
A review in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Sternglass's 1972 Low-Level Radiation lauded the author for bringing the risks (and the nuclear industry's reluctance to discuss them openly) to public attention, with a relatively "calm presentation" compared to other recent titles, however, the reviewers sided more with Stewart on methodology, saying that it was
... over-confident in its manner of reaching conclusions. [....] his method is to [...] to amass many instances of events under various conditions, necessarily uncontrolled, that seem to corroborate the same trend. [...] it seems likely that he has exercised some selectivity, emphasizing favorable cases over those showing no distinct trend. [....] his work should be but a beginning.
The book The Phantom Fallout - Induced Cancer Epidemic in Southwestern Utah / Downwinders Deluded and Waiting to Die by Daniel Miles repeatedly examines the claims made by Sternglass, and (with extensive documentation) finds them based entirely on cherry-picked data, with extensive application of selective neglect of any data that contradicts his position, and some outright falsified data. According to Miles, there is zero evidence for any increases in cancer in general, leukemia in particular, or other medical ills referable to exposure to the (documented in his book as trivial... in most cases a fraction of low normal background radiation) exposures to radiation from atmospheric bomb testing in New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada in the 1950s and 60s. The only credible case of humans harmed by radioactive fallout, Mr. Miles states, is that of some Japanese fishermen on "The Fortunate Dragon" and some nearby Pacific islanders, in the face of a thermonuclear bomb test 1000 times more powerful than any of the USwestern desert small atomic bomb atmospheric tests, and spewing 1000 times or more as much radioactive material.
Three Mile Island
In April 1979, Sternglass was invited to testify to Congressional hearings on the Three Mile Island accident. Two days later, when the hearings were moved from the House to the Senate, he was told his testimony was no longer desired. Sternglass believed that an effort was being made to suppress any evidence about possible deaths as a result of the accident. In a paper presented at an engineering and architecture congress, Sternglass argued that an excess of 430 infant deaths in the U.S. northeast that summer could largely be attributed to Three Mile Island radiation releases.
This led some writers on environmental issues to claim that he had proven that figure as a minimum.
Sternglass's methodology was criticized—including by the medical researcher who provided him with the statistics (Gordon MacLeod), and by an otherwise-sympathetic researcher with the Natural Resources Defense Council (Arthur Tamplin) -- on several counts:
for not attaining statistical significance (Frank Greenberg, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC);
for lacking a sufficient baseline, since screening for hypothyroidism hadn't started until 1978 (Greenberg)
for not looking at the number of babies who didn't die (Gary Stein, CDC);
for not noticing that the sex ratio of newborns hadn't changed—males being more susceptible to fetal injury than females (Stein; George Tokuhata, Pennsylvania Health Department, director of epidemiology),
for "ignoring [areas for analysis] close to the reactor, where the infant mortality was very low" (Tokuhata);
for simply being incomplete (Tamplin).
As well, he had relied on figures that had incorrectly compounded fetal deaths with infant mortality (Tokuhata).
Cosmological theories
Sternglass also wrote the book Before the Big Bang: the Origins of the Universe, in which he offers an argument for the Lemaître theory of the primeval atom. He offers technical data showing the plausibility of an original super massive relativistic electron-positron pair. This particle contained the entire mass of the universe and through a series of 270 divisions created everything that now exists. If true, this would help ameliorate some of the problems with the current models, namely inflation and black hole singularities.
E. J. Sternglass, Relativistic Electron-Pair Systems and the Structure of Neutral Mesons, Physical Reviews, 123, 391 (1961).
E. J. Sternglass, A Model for the Early Universe and the Connection between Gravitation and the Quantum Nature of Matter, Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, 41, 203 (1984).
Books
Ernest J. Sternglass (1981) Secret Fallout: low-level radiation from Hiroshima to Three-Mile Island. . Originally published in 1972 under the title Low-Level Radiation with an introduction by Nobel Laureate George Wald.
Ernest J. Sternglass (1997) Before the Big Bang: the origins of the universe. .
See also
Downwinders
Radiation Exposure Compensation Act
Background radiation
Ionizing radiation
Radiation poisoning
Radioactive contamination
Health physics
National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy
John Gofman
References
"Nuclear Witnesses." (Bio detail)
Herman Kahn. On Thermonuclear War. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1960.
External links
Radiation and Public Health Project website
1992 interview
Dr. Sternglass' book Secret Fallout is available as a free download. (April 2006)
Criticism of Sternglass' findings by Robert Holloway of Nevada Technical Associates, Inc.
1923 births
2015 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
20th-century American physicists
American nuclear physicists
Cornell University alumni
University of Pittsburgh faculty
20th-century German physicists
Radiation health effects researchers
People associated with nuclear power
Fellows of the American Physical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20J.%20Sternglass |
Pragelato (also Pragelà; Vivaro-Alpine: Prajalats, French: Prajalats) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about west of Turin, in the upper Val Chisone. The name Pragelato, meaning "icy meadow", has been derived from the harsh climate and the fact that the ground is covered with ice for long periods. On both sides of the Chisone, extensive forests of pine and larch provide protection from the avalanches which are a common occurrence in the winter season: for this reason in the nineteenth century the people of Pragelato were only permitted to fell trees close to the mountain summits, and even then only with the permission of the communal administration.
Pragelato borders the following municipalities: Exilles, Oulx, Salbertrand, Usseaux, Fenestrelle, Sauze d'Oulx, Massello, Sestriere, Sauze di Cesana, Salza di Pinerolo, Prali.
History
Pragelato was part of the Escartons Republic, a semi-independent French state which lasted from 1343 to 1713. After the Treaty of Utrecht of the latter, it became a possession of the House of Savoy.
In 1747 the nearby Assietta Pass was the stage of the eponymous battle. During the 19th and 20th century, much of the population emigrated to France.
On 19 April 1904, an avalanche struck the miners barracks of the Beth copper mine in the nearby Troncea Valley, killing 81 people. A memorial plaque in the small cemetery of the Laval hamlet remembers the victims of the avalanche.
Pragelato was the site of three sports hosted during the 2006 Winter Olympics. Its ski jump hosted the ski jumping and the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined events of the 2006 Winter Olympics. The flat part of the venue hosted the cross-country skiing and cross country skiing part of the Nordic combined events for those same games.
Ski area
Pragelato is well equipped for cross-country skiing. Its Olympic course – the Pragelato Plan – has a snow-making system over , and a tourist course winds along Val Troncea Natural Park.
The ski-jumping stadium presents the Olympic heritage, which highlights the tourist-sport development of this resort.
Pragelato has his own alpine skiing areas with about of slopes and is linked to the Via Lattea ski area, with about of slopes in Sestriere, Sauze d'Oulx, Montgenevre (France), Claviere, Pragelato, San Sicario, Cesana.
Natural parks
Parco naturale Val Troncea
Orsiera Nature Reserve, which stretches across the Northern Cottian Alps and encompasses the Val Chisone, Val Susa and Val Sangone. On average, the borders of this protected area reach in elevation, and the reserve includes a wealth of fauna and historical landmarks, including rock engravings and military buildings.
Alpine lakes include the Lakes of Cristalliera, where herds of mouflon come to graze, Lake Chardonnet, the Lakes of Beth, which afford views of the old abandoned copper mines, and the Lakes of Albergian, where edelweiss and Alpine aster blossom in summer.
References
External links
Summer & Winter: Official Tourism Information
City Council Official website
Pragelato SKI - new website
Cities and towns in Piedmont
Venues of the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ski areas and resorts in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragelato |
A joint honours degree (also known as dual honours, double majors, or Two Subject Moderatorship) is a specific type of degree offered generally at the Honours Bachelor's degree level by certain universities in Ireland, the UK, Canada, Malta, and Australia. In a joint honours degree, two (or more) subjects are studied concurrently within the timeframe of one honours.
Requirements
A joint honours degree typically requires at least half, often almost all, of the credits required for each of its respective subjects. The two subjects do not have to be highly related; indeed, a true joint honours degree overlaps faculties, not just subjects. However, students often pick two subjects that are interrelated in some fundamental way (such as both subjects are in the arts).
Usually, joint honours degrees have higher requirements for entry than a single honours degree, requiring the approval of both departments concerned. The two subjects are then taken at the same levels and at the academic standards as those taking either subject as a single honours major. It is usual for these degrees to entail more study than a single honours degree (for example, both majors must be passed to earn the "joint degree" and honours must be obtained in the case of each major to earn the honours degree title); whereas this would normally apply to the only one subject major for a single honours student. In some cases, students would have significantly more final year project work and could be examined on this by both departments in question. Many British universities now have a dedicated Centre for Joint Honours Degrees which assists students with timetable structuring, etc.
Differences
A joint honours degree is different from BA (Hons.) degree where two subjects are listed in the degree title. In a single honours degree, one of these is a major and the other a minor; In a BA/BSc/BEng (Joint Hons.) both subjects are majors. A joint honours degree is also different from a double degree scheme: a double degree entails two separate degrees (e.g., a Bachelor of Science and a Bachelor of Arts) each of which with their own electives, etc.
Examples
Selected examples of joint honours degrees:
Architecture and Planning
Architecture and Structural Engineering
Biology and Chemistry
Botany and Zoology
Business and Management
Business and Economics
Computing and Business
Computing and Mathematics
Drama and History of Art
Economics and Accountancy
Economics and History
Economics and Management
Economics and Politics
Electronics and Computer Science
Forensics and Anthropology
History and International Relations
History and Literature
History and Politics
Journalism and Literature
Mathematics and Computer Science
A Modern Foreign Language and Linguistics
A Modern Foreign Language and History
A Modern Foreign Language and a Classical Language (for example French and Latin)
Modern Languages and History
Music and Education
Palaeobiology and Geology
Palaeontology and Evolution
Physics and Mathematics
Physics and Philosophy
Physiology and Pharmacology
Politics and International Relations
Public Administration and Political Science
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20honours%20degree |
The POA: The Professional Trades Union for Prison, Correctional and Secure Psychiatric Workers, also known as the Prison Officers' Association (POA), is a trade union in the United Kingdom. It currently has a membership over 30,000.
Background
The roots of the POA can be traced back to the launch in 1910 of the underground magazine, Prison Officers' Magazine, under the editorship of Fred Ludlow, the magazine was otherwise known as the 'Red-Un' after the colour of its cover. After the editorship was taken over by E. R. Ramsey (Hubert Witchard) in 1915 and a more radical tone was adopted, this led in 1916 to the formation of the Prison Officers' Federation, which affiliated to the Labour Party in the same year. By July 1915, around 500 out of a total of 4000 staff had joined the union, but many became disillusioned and left after the POF failed to win a petition for a war time bonus for prison officers. The POF amalgamated in 1918 with its rival union the National Union of Police and Prison Officers (NUPPO) which had been formed in 1913.
1918/19 Police Strike
However, following police strikes in 1918 & 1919, where 70 prison officers at HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs and a few from Birmingham joined the strike, all of whom were dismissed, trade unions of police and prison workers were made illegal. Instead, a representative body, the Prison Officer's Representation Board was created, but this was seen as an inadequate measure to defend prison officers' interests. This was appointed by and responsible to the Home Office, could not call a strike and were not permitted to have formal links with other labour organisations through the Trades Union Congress or Scottish Trades Union Congress. Whilst the Representation Board failed to secure most of improvements in prison officers conditions it argued for, it did secure the replacement of the term 'warder' by 'officer'.
Foundation
The above situation began to change in 1936, when a group of prison officers, including Harley Cronin, who had become weary of the failure of Representative Boards to win concessions were elected to the Central Board. One of the first moves of this group was to procure the services of William Brown and Len White of the Civil Service Clerical Association to help them negotiate with the Prisons Service through a series of secret meetings. The Central Board members made a formal demand to the Home Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, that Prison Officers should have the right to appeal to an Independent Arbitration Board against employers' decisions and to have access to outside assistance in doing so. These demands were recognised and Brown and White, began formally pushing for the right to use the Civil Service Arbitration Tribunal, which was also conceded. In celebration of winning these demands prison officers held a meeting on 5 April 1938 at the Blue Gliss Hall in Acton.
A claim for improved pay for prison officers was presented in May 1938 through this mechanism, and on 1 June 1938 won a 10% pay increase. The central board members then pushed to be treated as civil servants and for an extension of the system of Whitley Councils in that sector to prisons. The POA was granted a certificate of approval by the Treasury on 25 September 1939 and came into being with 3,500 members.
The post-war years
The years following the second world war saw a large increase in the size of the prison population. Despite a large prison building programme including 17 medium security and open prisons and borstals, prisons became more and more overcrowded leading to the introduction of 'threeing-up'. The abolition of the death penalty also led to introduction into the prison system of large numbers of decade-spanning sentences for convicted serious offenders.
All these factors led to deteriorating pay, conditions and overstretching of prison officers, which led to a rising tide of disputes in the 1970s, Fitzgerald and Sim note that
"In each year between 1973 and 1975, prison officers took action on an average of seven occasions. In 1976, the number rose to thirty-four, in 1977 to forty-two and in 1978 to 114. The number of institutions involved in these disputes showed a similar increase. Over fifty different forms of action were taken by officers during this period, classified by the Home Office into three major groups. Firstly, actions which interfered with the administration of justice; for example, refusal to escort prisoners to and from courts, refusal to allow lawyers, probation officers or police to visit prisoners, and refusal to act as dock officers in Crown Courts. Secondly, thirty-nine types of action which interfered with the administration of the prisons, ranging from refusal to co-operate with civilian workers, welfare staff, and disciplinary proceedings and the refusal to allow workshops to function, to the refusal to fly the flag at half-mast on the death of Archbishop Makarios. Thirdly, action which directly with the prison regime, including bans on visits, education classes, letters, bathing, laundry, and association."
In 1971, the Scottish Prison Officers' Association broke away from the POA, but it rejoined in 2000.
Trade union status
Questions were raised about the POA's status in the 1990s. In 1994, a legal decision determined that it was illegal to induce prison officers to take industrial action – a law which had applied to police officers since 1919 – meaning that the POA could not call strike action amongst its members. New labour legislation introduced by the Conservative government in 1992 laid down that the POA could no longer be a trade union. This was reversed in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, but prison officers were still denied the right to take industrial action. This right was restored in 2004 to prison officers in the public sector in England, Wales and Scotland, but not in Northern Ireland or to prison officers in the private sector.
On 29 August 2007, the POA started a 24-hour walkout of prisons, picketing establishments asking Prison Officers not to attend work for their shift. This was the first ever national strike action taken by the POA. The POA reported that 90% of its members (27,000) went on strike that day.
In January 2008, the Home Secretary announced that the government planned to reintroduce powers to ban strikes by Prison Officers in England and Wales. However, the Scottish Government has ruled out similar measures for Prison Officers in Scotland.
Undeterred by the restriction upon the ability to take industrial action, on 10 May 2012 the POA called a 5-hour strike action in support of fellow TUC affiliated Trade Unions in protest against the Government imposed changes to the Civil Service Pension Scheme.
This strike action launched the emotive campaign "68 is too late" which led the way in the POA's struggle towards raising public awareness that POA members do one of the most dangerous jobs in society. The primary intention of this campaign is to alter Government policy on refusing to recognise Prison Officers as "Uniformed workers" similar to the armed forces and Police, and instead, linking the retirement age of a Prison Officer in the UK to the state retirement age of 68 years.
In July 2015, the POA endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election.
National Chairmen
1939–1945: A J Rickard
1945–1948: J Beisty
1948–1949: A J Rickard
1949–1957: J E Lawrie
1957–1962: J Swainston
1962–1964: D J Vuller
1964–1968: N Cowling
1968–1976: S Powell
1976–1978: F W Money
1978–1980: P Waugh
1980–1986: C D Steel
1986–1995: John Bartell
1995–1997: John Boddington
1997–2001: Mark Healey
2001–2002: Andy Darken
2002–2011: Colin Moses
2011–2016 Pete McPartlin
2016–2017: Mike Rolfe
2017–present: Mark Fairhurst
General Secretaries
1939–1963: Harley Cronin
1963–1972: Fred Castell
1972–1981: Ken Daniel
1981–2000: David Evans
2000–2010: Brian Caton
2010–present: Steve Gillan
See also
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Police Credit Union
References
Bibliography
External links
Prison Officers Association website
Catalogue of the POA publications collection held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
London Borough of Enfield
Trade unions in the United Kingdom
Prison-related organizations
Trade unions established in 1939
1939 establishments in the United Kingdom
Prison officer organisations
Trade unions based in London
Trade unions affiliated with the Trades Union Congress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POA%20%28trade%20union%29 |
José Pedraza Zúñiga, nicknamed "El Sargento Pedraza" (September 19, 1937 – June 1, 1998) was a Mexican race walker and an army sergeant. He was the first Mexican athlete to win an Olympic medal in track and field. Since Pedraza, Mexico has won 9 additional Olympic medals in race walking alone. He was born in La Mojonera, Michoacán de Ocampo and died in Mexico City, Distrito Federal.
Achievements
References
1937 births
1998 deaths
Mexican male racewalkers
Sportspeople from Michoacán
Athletes (track and field) at the 1967 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Olympic silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1967 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Pedraza%20%28racewalker%29 |
Spišské Podhradie (, ) is a town in Spiš in the Prešov Region of Slovakia. Its population is 3,775.
Spišské Podhradie is situated at the foot of the hill of Spiš Castle. It had a Zipser German settlement, with its own church and priest, in 1174. Just above, and adjacent to, the town is the ecclesiastical settlement of Spišská Kapitula (hence an old German name Kirchdorf, meaning "church town"). The town contains a number of Renaissance merchants' houses. It also has one of the few remaining synagogue buildings (now disused) in the region. The Sivá Brada cold water spring is located nearby.
Twin towns — sister cities
Spišské Podhradie is twinned with:
Głogów Małopolski, Poland
Pinetop-Lakeside, Arizona, United States
Show Low, Arizona, United States
Vrbové, Slovakia
Pictures
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Slovakia
Spiš
World Heritage Sites in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spi%C5%A1sk%C3%A9%20Podhradie |
The 2nd Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in filmmaking in 2003, were given on December 19, 2003.
Winners and nominees
Best Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
City of God
Lost in Translation
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
Mystic River
Best Actor
Bill Murray – Lost in Translation
Johnny Depp – Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
Chiwetel Ejiofor – Dirty Pretty Things
Ben Kingsley – House of Sand and Fog
Sean Penn – Mystic River
Best Actress
Naomi Watts – 21 Grams
Cate Blanchett – Veronica Guerin
Keisha Castle-Hughes – Whale Rider
Diane Keaton – Something's Gotta Give
Evan Rachel Wood – Thirteen
Best Supporting Actor
Benicio del Toro – 21 Grams
Alec Baldwin – The Cooler
Tim Robbins – Mystic River
Peter Sarsgaard – Shattered Glass
Ken Watanabe – The Last Samurai
Best Supporting Actress
Anna Deavere Smith – The Human Stain
Sarah Bolger – In America
Holly Hunter – Thirteen
Ludivine Sagnier – Swimming Pool
Renée Zellweger – Cold Mountain
Best Director
Peter Jackson – The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Sofia Coppola – Lost in Translation
Clint Eastwood – Mystic River
Fernando Meirelles and Kátia Lund – City of God
Peter Weir – Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
Best Ensemble
Love Actually
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
A Mighty Wind
Mystic River
Best Original Screenplay
Sofia Coppola – Lost in Translation
Guillermo Arriaga – 21 Grams
Steven Knight – Dirty Pretty Things
Andrew Stanton, Bob Peterson, and David Reynolds – Finding Nemo
Catherine Hardwicke and Nikki Reed – Thirteen
Best Adapted Screenplay
Brian Helgeland – Mystic River
Bráulio Mantovani – City of God
Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh, and Philippa Boyens – The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Peter Weir and John Collee – Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
Billy Ray – Shattered Glass
Best Animated Film
Finding Nemo
Brother Bear
The Triplets of Belleville
Looney Tunes: Back in Action
Rugrats Go Wild
Best Documentary Film
The Fog of War
Amandla!: A Revolution in Four-Part Harmony
Capturing the Friedmans
Step into Liquid
Tupac: Resurrection
Best Guilty Pleasure
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
2 Fast 2 Furious
Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle
Freaky Friday
Willard
References
External links
2003 WAFCA Awards
2003 WAFCA Awards at IMDB.com
2003 WAFCA Awards at moviecitynews.com
2003
2003 film awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20D.C.%20Area%20Film%20Critics%20Association%20Awards%202003 |
Joseph Siravo (March 11, 1955 – April 11, 2021) was an American actor, producer, and educator. He acted on Broadway in the Tony Award-winning productions of Oslo and The Light in the Piazza. His roles in film and television included Johnny Soprano in The Sopranos and Fred Goldman in The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story.
Early life
Siravo was born on March 11, 1955, in Washington, D.C., where he was also raised. He was a graduate of both Stanford University and the Tisch School of the Arts.
Career
Siravo's screen debut was in the 1993 film Carlito's Way. His character, Vincent "Vinnie" Taglialucci, seeks revenge for the death of his father and brother at the hands of a corrupt lawyer (Sean Penn) while accusing Carlito Brigante (Al Pacino) of assisting in the murder.
Siravo appeared briefly in the Law & Order episode entitled "Burned" (S8; Ep9) in 1997.
Siravo was cast in 1999 to play the role of Johnny Soprano, father of Tony Soprano, on The Sopranos. His character was included in five episodes during the series' run.
In the First National Tour of Jersey Boys, he played more than 2000 performances as Angelo DeCarlo.
He portrayed mobster John Gotti in the 2015 film The Wannabe as well as Gene Gotti in the 1998 made-for-TV film Witness to the Mob. He played the role of Niko in seasons one and two of the NBC show The Blacklist, and in 2015 played the role of Nicholas Bianco, the husband of Anna Bianco (Kathrine Narducci), in "Love Stories", the 13th episode of the fifth season of the CBS police procedural drama Blue Bloods. In the 2016 FX miniseries The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story, Siravo portrayed Fred Goldman, father of murder victim Ronald Goldman. In 2019 he played the role of Cardinal Mancini, a senior Vatican official in charge of the Pope's security on his visit to New York, in the 15th episode of the first season of the medical drama New Amsterdam.
Siravo appeared as John A. Rizzo, former Acting General Counsel of the CIA in the 2019 film, The Report, executive produced by Steven Soderbergh and directed by Scott Z. Burns.
Death
Siravo died from cancer on April 11, 2021, at the age of 66. He had been diagnosed with stage four prostate cancer in 2017, which subsequently spread to his colon.
Filmography
Film
Carlito's Way (1993) - Vinnie Taglialucci
The Search for One-eye Jimmy (1994) - Father Julio
Animal Room (1995) - Dr. Rankin
Walking and Talking (1996) - Amelia's Therapist
Snow Day (1999) - Fredo Andolini
101 Ways (The Things a Girl Will Do to Keep Her Volvo) (2000) - Valentino
Labor Pains (2000) - Mario
A Day in Black and White (2001)
Thirteen Conversations About One Thing (2001) - Bureau Chief
WiseGirls (2002) - Gio Esposito
Maid in Manhattan (2002) - Delgado
Shark Tale (2004) - Great White #5 (voice)
16 Blocks (2006) - District Attorney Haynes (uncredited)
The Wild (2006) - Carmine (voice)
Rockaway (2007) - Blitzer
Turn the River (2007) - Warren
Enchanted (2007) - Bartender
The Wannabe (2015) - John Gotti
Equity (2016) - Frank
The Report (2019) - John Rizzo
Motherless Brooklyn (2019) - Union Boss Speaker
Broadway
Conversations with My Father
The Boys from Syracuse
The Light in the Piazza
Oslo
Off-Broadway
Oslo *OBIE Award for Best Ensemble, dir. Bartlett Sher
Mad Forest *Drama Desk nomination for Best Ensemble, dir. Mark Wing-Davey
My Night with Reg, dir. Jack Hofsiss
Gemini, dir. Mark Brokaw
Tennessee & Me, dir. Bob Balaban
Dark Rapture, dir. Scott Ellis
Major Crimes, dir. Arthur Penn
New York Actor, dir. Jerry Zaks
The Barber of Seville, dir. John Rando
References
External links
Joseph Siravo
Shakespeare & Beyond
1955 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
Place of death missing
Stanford University alumni
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
American people of Italian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Siravo |
South Darenth is a village in the civil parish of Horton Kirby and South Darenth in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. It is located 4.2 miles east of Swanley & 4.4 miles south of Dartford.
Village
South Darenth boasts a supermarket, a cafe, a newsagent, a hairdresser and a post office/pharmacy, as well as two public houses: the Jolly Miller on East Hill and The Queen on New Road. The Bridges public house on the corner of Horton Road and Station Road, which was run by former wrestler Wayne Bridges, sadly closed in 2022 after the death of his widow. The small retained fire station has now closed. The village hosts a small brewery on St Margaret's Farm, called Millis, which supplies some of the pubs in the surrounding area. The South Darenth Village Society organises a number of events, often in conjunction with neighboring Horton Kirby. An Independent Travel Agency operates from Willow Cottage in the center of the village. The paper mill, which defines the village, was closed in February 2003 and is now a redevelopment of 210 homes and four new businesses: Chris Parry Handmade Jewellery, The Mill Osteopath Clinic, Bow Beauty Salon, and The Co-operative Food.
History
The village history is relatively recent as it was developed around the Horton Kirby mill, originally built in 1820 by Henry Hall. Before the mill there were only a few farms and some small cottages for workers, as well as a forge. The mill was at first a flour mill, which employed a handful of local people.
Some years later the site was expanded and converted into a paper mill which took up a much larger area, and included a small tunnel through which the River Darent was diverted. The paper produced was said to be a good quality, used for magazines and plans.
Towards the end of the 19th century the mill further expanded, with a boiler house and large chimney built in 1881. In 1918 an extra 70 ft of circular stock was added to the chimney made of mostly red brick to ensure that emissions escaped from the valley. The chimney is now Grade 2 listed.
Accommodation was needed for the workers, so small terraced houses were built close by. The mill ceased operating in February 2003 and has since been redeveloped extensively for housing. A Co-op Food supermarket is located in one of the listed mill buildings.
South of the village is the Chatham Main Line, which runs between London and the East Kent coast. The viaduct, built in 1859-60, has 10 arches each approximately 10 metres wide and 20 metres in height. Arch 2 goes over a footpath where arch 3 spans across the Horton road, the 6th across the River Darent and the 8th over a small road leading to an industrial estate. The viaduct was designed by Victorian architect Joseph Cubitt, known for designing the original Blackfriars Railway Bridge in London. It was built by teams of Irish 'navvies' for the London, Chatham & Dover Railway. Farningham Road station to the west of the village was opened in December 1860. A signal box was constructed in 1886. The station previously had some sidings, as well as a water tank, which was removed in 1939.
At the end of the 20th century there were protests about the proposed High Speed 1 rail line passing close to the village, including a new viaduct parallel to the existing line. The planned line was later diverted away from the area into Thurrock.
The Farningham home for little boys was located south of the village, and organised on the ‘cottage homes’ principle. In 1866 the foundation stone for the new buildings was laid by the Prince of Wales, and the home was opened the next year by the Earl of Shaftesbury.
Its chapel (standing on high ground) once had a spire but was destroyed in the Great Storm of 1987. The home was officially closed in 1961 and saw various educational uses until its reopening as a retirement village in 1978.
The fire station
The village had a fire station for over 100 years. It first served the paper mill with a small truck, in case of a fire in the mill. After a few years a small fire station was built in the centre of the village which served local communities with a horse and cart. As the villages grew, so did the crew, and new appliances were acquired. The fire crew had a wide presence in the community, visiting schools and local youth groups as well as attending village fetes.
The station had been threatened two times before its eventual closure. The first proposal led to protests with wide community support, which helped secure the station’s survival for the following 30 years. In 2012, Kent Fire and Rescue Service proposed to close the station. Meetings were held between local communities and KFRS, and thousands signed a petition in opposition to the closure. After more than a century of firefighting in the area the station was closed due to budget cuts at the end of 2013. The event was marked by a ceremony attended by local residents and councillors.
Transport
The A225 road between Dartford and Sevenoaks passes to the west of South Darenth, on the opposite side of the River Darent. The M20 and M25 motorways can both be accessed via the Swanley Interchange, approximately 3.5 miles from South Darenth.
The closest National Rail station to South Darenth is on the Chatham Main Line, located approximately 0.6 miles away. The station is served by half-hourly Southeastern services between and via .
The village is served by the Arriva Kent Thameside route 414 which provides hourly connections to Horton Kirby, Sutton-at-Hone, Hawley and Dartford.
See also
Darenth
References
External links
Horton Kirby Paper Mill
Villages in Kent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Darenth |
Javornik () is a village on the Una River, near the town Dvor, Banija region, Croatia. It is part of the Dvor municipality and its population was 107 at the 2011 census.
References
Selo ostalo u "kamenom dobu": Nema telefona, roaminga, ceste, kanalizacije i vodovoda, ali jedne stvari imaju napretek
Populated places in Sisak-Moslavina County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javornik%2C%20Croatia |
Cylinder head porting refers to the process of modifying the intake and exhaust ports of an internal combustion engine to improve their air flow. Cylinder heads, as manufactured, are usually suboptimal for racing applications due to being designed for maximum durability. Ports can be modified for maximum power, minimum fuel consumption, or a combination of the two, and the power delivery characteristics can be changed to suit a particular application.
Dealing with air
Daily human experience with air gives the impression that air is light and nearly non-existent as we move slowly through it. However, an engine running at high speed experiences a totally different substance. In that context, air can be thought of as thick, sticky, elastic, gooey and heavy (see viscosity), and head porting helps to alleviate this.
Port modifications
When a modification is decided upon through testing with an air flow bench, the original port wall material can be reshaped by hand with die grinders or by numerically controlled milling machines. For major modifications the ports must be welded up or similarly built up to add material where none existed.
The Ford two-liter F2000 engine in stock trim equipped with the head shown above was capable of delivering 115 horsepower at 5500 rpm for a BMEP of 136 psi.
This aftermarket Pro Stock racing head was used in an engine capable of 1300 horsepower at 9500 rpm with a BMEP of 238 psi. A BMEP of 238 puts it close to the limit for a naturally aspirated gas-burning engine. Naturally aspirated Formula One engines typically achieved BMEP values of 220 psi. Cam profiles, engine RPM, engine height constraints and other limitations contribute to the difference in engine power with the Ford unit as well, but the difference in port design is a major factor.
Port components
Wave dynamics
When the valve opens, the air doesn’t flow in, it decompresses into the low-pressure region below it. All the air on the upstream side of the moving disturbance boundary is completely isolated and unaffected by what happens on the downstream side. The air at the runner entrance does not move until the wave reaches all the way to the end. It is only then that the entire runner can begin to flow. Up until that point all that can happen is the higher pressure gas filling the volume of the runner decompresses or expands into the low-pressure region advancing up the runner. (Once the low-pressure wave reaches the open end of the runner it reverses sign, the onrushing air forces a high pressure wave down the runner. Not shown in this animation.)
Conversely, the closing of the valve does not immediately stop flow at the runner entrance, which continues completely unaffected until the signal that the valve closed reaches it. The closing valve causes a buildup of pressure that travels up the runner as a positive wave. The runner entrance continues to flow at full speed, forcing the pressure to rise until the signal reaches the entrance. This very considerable pressure rise can be seen on the graph below, it rises far above atmospheric pressure.
It is this phenomenon that enables the so-called “ram tuning” to occur, and it is what is being “tuned” by tuned intake and exhaust systems. The principle is the same as in the water hammer effect so well known to plumbers. The speed that the signal can travel is the speed of sound within the runner.
This is why port/runner volumes are so important; the volumes of successive parts of the port/runner control the flow during all transition periods. That is, any time a change occurs in the cylinder – whether positive or negative – such as when the piston reaches maximum speed.
This point occurs at different points depending on the length of the connecting rod and the throw of the crank, and varies with the connecting rod ratio (rod/stroke). For normal automotive design this point is almost always between 69 and 79 degrees ATDC, with higher rod ratios favoring the later position. It only occurs at 1/2 stroke (90 degrees) with a connecting rod of infinite length.
The wave/flow activity in a real engine is vastly more complex than this but the principle is the same.
At first glance this wave travel might seem to be blindingly fast and not very significant but a few calculations show the opposite is true.
In an intake runner at room temperature the sonic speed is about and traverses a port/runner in 0.9 milliseconds. The engine using this system, running at 8500 rpm, takes a very considerable 46 crank degrees before any signal from the cylinder can reach the runner end (assuming no movement of the air in the runner). 46 degrees, during which nothing but the volume of the port/runner supplies the demands of the cylinder. This not only applies to the initial signal but to any and every change in the pressure or vacuum developed in the cylinder.
Using a shorter runner to reduce the delay is not feasible because, at the end of the cycle, the long runner now continues to flow at full speed disregarding the rising pressure in the cylinder and providing pressure to the cylinder when it is needed most. The runner length also controls the timing of the returning waves and cannot be altered. A shorter runner would flow earlier but also would die earlier while returning the positive waves much too quickly (tuned to a higher RPM) and those waves would be weaker. The key is to find the optimum balance of all the factors for the engine requirements.
Further complicating the system is the fact that the piston dome, the signal source, continually moves. First moving down the cylinder, thus increasing the distance the signal must travel. Then moving back up at the end of the intake cycle when the valve is still open past BDC. The signals coming from the piston dome, after the initial runner flow has been established, must fight upstream against whatever velocity has been developed at that instant, delaying it further. The signals developed by the piston do not have a clean path up the runner either. Large portions of it bounce off the rest of the combustion chamber and resonate inside the cylinder until an average pressure is reached. Also, temperature variations due to the changing pressures and absorption from hot engine parts cause changes in the local sonic velocity.
When the valve closes, it causes a pile up of gas giving rise to a strong positive wave that must travel up the runner. The wave activity in the port/runner does not stop but continues to reverberate for some time. When the valve next opens, the remaining waves influence the next cycle.
The graph above shows the intake runner pressure over 720 crank degrees of an engine with a intake port/runner running at 4500 rpm, which is its torque peak (close to maximum cylinder filling and BMEP for this engine). The two pressure traces are taken from the valve end (blue) and the runner entrance (red). The blue line rises sharply as the intake valve closes. This causes a pile up of air, which becomes a positive wave reflected back up the runner and the red line shows that wave arriving at the runner entrance later. Note how the suction wave during cylinder filling is delayed even more by having to fight upstream against the inrushing air and the fact that the piston is further down the bore, increasing the distance.
The goal of tuning is to arrange the runners and valve timing so that there is a high-pressure wave in the port during the opening of the intake valve to get flow going quickly and then to have a second high pressure wave arrive just before valve closing so the cylinder fills as much as possible. The first wave is what is left in the runner from the previous cycle, while the second is primarily created during the current cycle by the suction wave changing sign at the runner entrance and arriving back at the valve in time for valve closing. The factors involved are often contradictory and requires a careful balancing act to work. When it does work, it is possible to see volumetric efficiencies of 140%, similar to that of a decent supercharger, but it only occurs over a limited RPM range.
Porting and polishing
It is popularly held that enlarging the ports to the maximum possible size and applying a mirror finish is what porting entails. However, that is not so. Some ports may be enlarged to their maximum possible size (in keeping with the highest level of aerodynamic efficiency), but those engines are highly developed, very-high-speed units where the actual size of the ports has become a restriction. Larger ports flow more fuel/air at higher RPMs but sacrifice torque at lower RPMs due to lower fuel/air velocity. A mirror finish of the port does not provide the increase that intuition suggests. In fact, within intake systems, the surface is usually deliberately textured to a degree of uniform roughness to encourage fuel deposited on the port walls to evaporate quickly. A rough surface on selected areas of the port may also alter flow by energizing the boundary layer, which can alter the flow path noticeably, possibly increasing flow. This is similar to what the dimples on a golf ball do. Flow bench testing shows that the difference between a mirror-finished intake port and a rough-textured port is typically less than 1%. The difference between a smooth-to-the-touch port and an optically mirrored surface is not measurable by ordinary means. Exhaust ports may be smooth-finished because of the dry gas flow and in the interest of minimizing exhaust by-product build-up. A 300- to 400-grit finish followed by a light buff is generally accepted to be representative of a near optimal finish for exhaust gas ports.
The reason that polished ports are not advantageous from a flow standpoint is that at the interface between the metal wall and the air, the air speed is zero (see boundary layer and laminar flow). This is due to the wetting action of the air and indeed all fluids. The first layer of molecules adheres to the wall and does not move significantly. The rest of the flow field must shear past, which develops a velocity profile (or gradient) across the duct. For surface roughness to impact flow appreciably, the high spots must be high enough to protrude into the faster-moving air toward the center. Only a very rough surface does this.
Two-stroke porting
In addition to all the considerations given to a four-stroke engine port, two-stroke engine ports have additional ones:
Scavenging quality/purity: The ports are responsible for sweeping as much exhaust out of the cylinder as possible and refilling it with as much fresh mixture as possible without a large amount of the fresh mixture also going out the exhaust. This takes careful and subtle timing and aiming of all the transfer ports.
Power band width: Since two-strokes are very dependent on wave dynamics, their power bands tend to be narrow. While struggling to get maximum power, care must always be taken to ensure that the power profile does not get too sharp and hard to control.
Time area: Two-stroke port duration is often expressed as a function of time/area. This integrates the continually changing open port area with the duration. Wider ports increase time/area without increasing duration while higher ports increase both.
Timing: In addition to time area, the relationship between all the port timings strongly determine the power characteristics of the engine.
Wave Dynamic considerations: Although four-strokes have this problem, two-strokes rely much more heavily on wave action in the intake and exhaust systems. The two-stroke port design has strong effects on the wave timing and strength.
Heat flow: The flow of heat in the engine is heavily dependent on the porting layout. Cooling passages must be routed around ports. Every effort must be made to keep the incoming charge from heating up but at the same time many parts are cooled primarily by that incoming fuel/air mixture. When ports take up too much space on the cylinder wall, the ability of the piston to transfer its heat through the walls to the coolant is hampered. As ports get more radical, some areas of the cylinder get thinner, which can then overheat.
Piston ring durability: A piston ring must ride on the cylinder wall smoothly with good contact to avoid mechanical stress and assist in piston cooling. In radical port designs, the ring has minimal contact in the lower stroke area, which can suffer extra wear. The mechanical shocks induced during the transition from partial to full cylinder contact can shorten the life of the ring considerably. Very wide ports allow the ring to bulge out into the port, exacerbating the problem.
Piston skirt durability: The piston must also contact the wall for cooling purposes but also must transfer the side thrust of the power stroke. Ports must be designed so that the piston can transfer these forces and heat to the cylinder wall while minimizing flex and shock to the piston.
Engine configuration: Engine configuration can be influenced by port design. This is primarily a factor in multi-cylinder engines. Engine width can be excessive for even two cylinder engines of certain designs. Rotary disk valve engines with wide sweeping transfers can be so wide as to be impractical as a parallel twin. The V-twin and fore-and-aft engine designs are used to control overall width.
Cylinder distortion: Engine sealing ability, cylinder, piston and piston ring life all depend on reliable contact between cylinder and piston/piston ring so any cylinder distortion reduces power and engine life. This distortion can be caused by uneven heating, local cylinder weakness, or mechanical stresses. Exhaust ports that have long passages in the cylinder casting conduct large amounts of heat to one side of the cylinder while on the other side the cool intake may be cooling the opposite side. The thermal distortion resulting from the uneven expansion reduces both power and durability although careful design can minimize the problem.
Combustion turbulence: The turbulence remaining in the cylinder after transfer persists into the combustion phase to help burning speed. Unfortunately, good scavenging flow is slower and less turbulent.
Methods
The die grinder is the stock in trade of the head porter and are used with a variety of carbide cutters, grinding wheels and abrasive cartridges. The complex and sensitive shapes required in porting necessitate a good degree of artistic skill with a hand tool.
Until recently, CNC machining was used only to provide the basic shape of the port but hand finishing was usually still required because some areas of the port were not accessible to a CNC tool. New developments in CNC machining now allow this process to be fully automated with the assistance of CAD/CAM software. 5-Axis CNC controls using specialized fixtures like tilting rotary tables allow the cutting tool full access to the entire port. The combination of CNC and CAM software give the porter full control over the port shape and surface finish.
Measurement of the interior of the ports is difficult but must be done accurately. Sheet metal templates are made up, taking the shape from an experimental port, for both cross-sectional and lengthwise shape. Inserted in the port these templates are then used as a guide for shaping the final port. Even a slight error might cause a loss in flow so measurement must be as accurate as possible. Confirmation of the final port shape and automated replication of the port is now done using digitizing. Digitizing is where a probe scans the entire shape of the port collecting data that can then be used by CNC machine tools and CAD/CAM software programs to model and cut the desired port shape. This replication process usually produces ports that flow within 1% of each other. This kind of accuracy, repeatability, time has never before been possible. What used to take eighteen hours or more now takes less than three.
Summary
The internal aerodynamics involved in porting is counter-intuitive and complex. Successfully optimizing ports requires an air flow bench, a thorough knowledge of the principles involved, and engine simulation software.
Although a large portion of porting knowledge has been accumulated by individuals using "cut and try" methods over time, the tools and knowledge now exist to develop a porting design with a measure of certainty.
References
External links
Free demo engine simulator used to generate graph above
Cylinder head porting techniques
The Brzezinski "UnderCover" Cast Iron Cylinder Head Porting Technique
A 5-axis CNC cylinder head porting machine in action.
A number of articles about porting.
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
Engine technology
Vehicle modifications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder%20head%20porting |
Subate (; , ) is a town in Augšdaugava Municipality in the Selonia region of Latvia, near the border with Lithuania. Subate is located 40 km west of Daugavpils. The population in 2020 was 596.
In 1570 Gotthard Kettler, the first Duke of Courland and Semigallia, granted the Baltic German Plater family, the dominant nobles throughout southeastern Latvia, an estate at the lake of Subate, and Alt-Subbath (Old Subbath) was established. After the Counter-Reformation, the Plater-Sybergs () converted to Catholicism, founding a mission with the intention of converting their serfs, and the Lutherans moved across the lake in protest, creating Neu-Subbath (New Subbath); the two towns were joined in 1894. By the late 19th century Jews composed about half of the population, and in 1914 there were ca. 2300 inhabitants. The town traded primarily in Lithuanian flax, but this trade languished after World War I. Almost all of Subate's Jews were brutally murdered in the Stahlecker phase of the Holocaust in 1941.
Gallery
References
Arveds Švābe, ed.: Latvju enciklopēdija. Stockholm: Trīs Zvaigznes, 1952-1953.
Shtetl Focus: Subate. Retrieved 25. II. 2006.
External links
Towns in Latvia
Augšdaugava Municipality
Holocaust locations in Latvia
Selonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subate |
Spalding Grammar School (SGS), fully known as The Queen Elizabeth Royal Free Grammar School Spalding, is a boys' grammar school in Spalding, Lincolnshire, England.
History
The school was founded in 1588 by royal charter, applied for by a Rev. Johnson, and within part of Spalding Parish Church, called St Thomas's Chapel, until the 19th century. It was founded on its current site in 1881.
The school amalgamated with Moulton Grammar School of Moulton in 1939. Moulton Grammar School was founded under the will of John Harrox (died 1561) who was steward to Sir John Harrington of Weston. The School opened in 1562 with ten pupils and continued to educate boys from the district until it amalgamated with Spalding. The old school buildings still exist but are now private residences.
The school magazine, The Bentleian, dates to July 1922.
In October 2018 a decision was made by the school to stop sixth form pupils from using "ever-larger bags" to carry books, which were seen by the school as an injury danger to younger pupils. A temporary online petition was organised against the order.
Admissions
Spalding Grammar School admits pupils aged 11 to 18 from the council district of South Holland - an area of - some pupils travelling over to reach the school.
In years 7 to 11, only boys are admitted. In sixth form (years 12 and 13), both boys and girls are admitted. Spalding Grammar is a selective school, and its entrants in the lower school are permitted only by taking the county-wide 11+ tests. The current number of pupils is 985. The sixth form has 277 pupils. There are 68 teaching staff.
School site
The school is in the south of Lincolnshire, on Priory Road in Spalding.
A sports hall was opened by boxer Henry Cooper in November 1993. In January 2006 new buildings were opened for ICT, sociology, technology, English and drama (with a performing arts studio). The Modern Languages lab was also built at the same time as the new buildings were opened. In late 2009, a new Business Studies block, new staff room and atrium were also built.
Awards and recognition
In 2015 the school received an Ofsted rating of Grade 4 "Inadequate", following a previous rating of a Grade 3 "Requires Improvement" in 2011, and "Inadequate" in 2007. The school converted to academy status on 1 February 2013.
In 2006, the school was granted Specialist Status as a Languages and Engineering College. It became the first school in Lincolnshire to gain joint specialist status in these subjects. Accompanying the specialist status was building work to improve general aspects of the school, and to provide a Language Lab and Engineering Lab for the teaching of the subjects. The school converted to academy status on 1 February 2013.
Notable alumni
Paul Garner (doctor) - physician epidemiologist, medical academic, and public health professional
Jack Hobbs - defender at Hull City A.F.C.
Maurice Johnson (antiquary) (c.1700–5)
William Hobson Mills, organic chemist who investigated stereochemistry and found the Mills-Nixon effect
Stuart Storey (1954–61) - BBC sports commentator.
Will Wand - Rugby player at Coventry
Harrison Burrows - Midfielder at Peterborough United
Tre Jean-Marie, music producer
Moulton Grammar School
Johnny Douglas (1895–7), Olympic gold medal winner in boxing and captain of the England Cricket Team
Rt Rev Kenneth Healey, Bishop of Grimsby from 1958 to 1966
Walter Plowright (1923–2010) veterinary scientist who devoted his career to the eradication of rinderpest
Former teachers
Richard Bentley - English theologian, classical scholar and critic - (Former Headmaster)
Timothy Neve, churchman
See also
Spalding High School - mainly a school for girls, but accepts boys into the sixth form.
References
External links
Spalding Grammar School
EduBase
Boys' schools in Lincolnshire
Grammar schools in Lincolnshire
1588 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in the 1580s
Spalding, Lincolnshire
Academies in Lincolnshire
Schools with a royal charter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding%20Grammar%20School |
University of Detroit Stadium, also known as U of D Stadium, Titan Stadium, or Dinan Field, was an outdoor athletic stadium in the north central United States, located on the campus of the University of Detroit in Detroit, Michigan. The stadium opened in 1922, on land that had been acquired for the university's proposed new McNichols campus (the university moved its main campus there in 1927).
The primary tenant was the University of Detroit Titans football team, who played their home games there from the time it opened until the university dropped the program, following the 1964 season.
Location
The stadium stood on 6 Mile Road (later also known as McNichols Road) just west of Fairfield Street at the northeast corner of the campus. The field was aligned north-south, with grandstands on the east and west sidelines, encircled by a running track. It had a seating capacity of 25,000 at its peak.
In addition to football, it was also used for track meets, concerts, and other university-related and public events. One rather unusual aspect of the stadium were its lighting towers, which stood between the stands and the field, which was at an approximate elevation of above sea level.
Tenants
University of Detroit Stadium was the home field for the NFL's Detroit Lions from 1934 to 1937, and again in 1940. The Lions also played several early season home games there in 1938 and 1939. The stadium was also home to the Detroit Wolverines for their only NFL season in 1928. U of D stadium was the site of the 1935 NFL Championship Game, won by the Lions over the New York Giants, 26–7.
The Wayne Tartars football team often played home games here from 1944 to 1953 before moving into Tartar Field in 1954.
The Detroit Cougars professional soccer club played several games here in the summers of 1967 and 1968 whenever their regular home field, Tiger Stadium had a scheduling conflict. One such match in 1967 against the Houston Stars ended in an infamous player riot on June 14.
The Michigan Arrows of the fledgling Continental Football League used the stadium (which then had a capacity of 20,000) for the 1968 season. Unfortunately, the Arrows drew just 4,240 fans per game en route to a 1-11 season. The Arrows moved to Midland to become the Tri-City Apollos in 1969, then folded with the rest of the league.
Demolition
The stadium was demolished in 1971 and was replaced by a parking lot. For many years thereafter, the stadium's lighting towers remained standing in order to provide lighting for the lot. The location is currently occupied by a multi-purpose synthetic turf field north of Calihan Hall. The stadium's natural grass field had a similar north-south alignment, but was approximately southwest.
References
Sports venues completed in 1922
Detroit Lions stadiums
Detroit Titans football
Defunct National Football League venues
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) stadiums
Wayne State Warriors football
Defunct college football venues
Sports venues in Detroit
Soccer venues in Michigan
Defunct soccer venues in the United States
1922 establishments in Michigan
1971 disestablishments in Michigan
Sports venues demolished in 1971
American football venues in Michigan
Demolished sports venues in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Detroit%20Stadium |
Robert Lindsay Poole (born 12 June 1948 in Loxton, South Australia) was a controversial Queensland Labor politician from 2001 until his resignation in early 2006.
Poole was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as member for the Gold Coast based seat of Gaven at the Beattie Labor Government's landslide 2001 state election victory. Poole was returned at the 2004 state election with a smaller margin.
In February 2006, Poole's extended absences from his electorate, because his wife and children live in Thailand, were widely publicised. Additionally, it was revealed that the MP would take up to three months off to have a knee reconstruction in Thailand. Poole and Beattie, his party leader, drew strong criticism for this decision to allow Poole to remain overseas for so long. Beattie appointed the member for Ipswich West, Don Livingstone, to mind Poole's seat in his absence, only to find out that Livingstone had also been spending time in Thailand visiting Poole, his friend and business associate.
On 25 February, Beattie ordered Poole to return from his latest trip by early April or a by-election would be called in Gaven. Poole subsequently withdrew his candidacy for the seat at the next state election. When Parliament resumed, Poole wrote to Beattie, resigning immediately as the member for Gaven on 28 February 2006.
In 2010, Poole faced charges of cheating and fraud before a Thai court, over his involvement with energy company Envee Energy Australia. In March 2011, the court acquitted Poole of all charges.
See also
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 2004–2006
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 2001–2004
References
1948 births
Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland
21st-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Poole%20%28politician%29 |
Derwood is an unincorporated area and census-designated place in east-central Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It lies just north of Rockville, southeast of Gaithersburg, southwest of Olney, and northwest of the greater Silver Spring area. Derwood was originally "Deer Park" and was then "Deer Wood" before getting its current name.
The unincorporated area of Derwood includes the neighborhoods of Derwood Heights, Derwood Station, Mill Creek Towne, Needwood Estates, Muncaster Manor, Muncaster View, Hollybrooke, Granby Woods, Park Overlook, Preserve at Rock Creek, Redland Crossing, Candlewood Park, Cashell Estates, Avery Forest, Avery Lodge, Avery Village, Bowie Mill Estates, Bowie Mill Park, Winters Run, Redland Station, Rolling Knolls, Emory Grove, and Shady Grove Crossing, but the census-designated place consists of a far smaller area.
Between 2009 and 2011, Maryland Route 200 (also known as the Intercounty Connector or ICC) was constructed directly through central Derwood, affecting Cashell Estates and areas near Shady Grove Road.
History
Derwood was first recognized in the 1880s as a train stop on the B&O Railroad, which is now the intersection of Indianola Drive and Maryland Route 355 in Derwood Station. A second, larger railroad station was built in Derwood from 1886 to 1889. In the early 1900s, a small community grew up around the station.
On January 7, 1954, Schwartz Mill caught fire and both it and the Derwood railroad station were destroyed. Derwood station was never rebuilt, since there were not enough passengers traveling through the area.
In 1965, the man-made Lake Needwood was created by impounding Rock Creek.
In 1974, the Derwood post office relocated to Redland Shopping Center. It kept the name "Derwood Branch," and designated the entire 20855 zip code area as Derwood, greatly increasing its size. The community's population expanded with the establishment of Shady Grove Metro station in 1984.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Derwood has a total area of , of which, is land and is water.
Derwood is located in the north central part of Montgomery County, in the Atlantic coastal plain. The community is near the start of the Appalachian highlands.
Derwood has a humid subtropical climate similar to nearby Washington D.C. It lies in hardiness zone 7a, with chilly winters, where the daily maximum temperatures are mostly above freezing, and the minimum are generally below freezing.
Demographics
Derwood has 1,700 residents, ranking 294th out of 528 cities in Maryland in terms of population. The largest Derwood racial/ethnic groups are White (36.4%) followed by Hispanic (17.2%) and Asian (14.8%). Derwood households' median annual household income in 2021 was $71,471. Households in Derwood made somewhat more money ($71,375) than those in Rohrersville and Oxford ($71,464). However, 7.2% of households in Derwood are poor. Derwood residents are 42.4 years old on average.
Economy
Goodwill Industries is based in Derwood.
The Derwood Dusters football team of the DTFL plays their home games in Derwood.
Public schools
Residents are zoned to Montgomery County Public Schools.
Students who are residents of Derwood are either in the Magruder or Richard Montgomery cluster and attend the following schools, some of which are outside of Derwood:
Elementary schools
Washington Grove Elementary School
Mill Creek Towne Elementary School
Sequoyah Elementary School
Candlewood Elementary School
College Gardens Elementary School
Judith A Resnik Elementary School
Middle schools
Redland Middle School
Shady Grove Middle School
Julius West Middle School
High schools
Colonel Zadok A. Magruder High School
Richard Montgomery High School
References
External links
PDF of Proposed ICC Route
Census-designated places in Montgomery County, Maryland
Census-designated places in Maryland
Derwood, Maryland
Populated places established in the 1880s
1880s establishments in Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwood%2C%20Maryland |
The 3rd Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in filmmaking in 2004, were given on December 17, 2004.
Winners
Best Film
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Best Actor
Jamie Foxx – Ray
Best Actress
Imelda Staunton – Vera Drake
Best Supporting Actor
Jamie Foxx – Collateral
Best Supporting Actress
Cate Blanchett – The Aviator
Best Director
Michel Gondry – Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Best Ensemble
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Best Original Screenplay
Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor – Sideways
Best Adapted Screenplay
Charlie Kaufman – Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Best Foreign Language Film
Maria Full of Grace
Best Animated Feature
The Incredibles
Best Documentary
Fahrenheit 9/11
References
External links
2004 WAFCA Awards
2004
2004 film awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20D.C.%20Area%20Film%20Critics%20Association%20Awards%202004 |
Ana Maria Pacheco (born 1943) is a Brazilian sculptor, painter, and printmaker. Her work is influenced by her Brazilian heritage and often focuses on supernatural themes, incorporating them into unfolding narratives within her work. Pacheco's work has been displayed in galleries internationally and has won multiple awards throughout her career.
Life
Pacheco was born in Goiás, Brazil in 1943. While living in Brazil, she studied Sculpture and Music from Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás and the Federal University of Goiás. She subsequently completed a postgraduate course in Music and Education at the Federal University of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro. She later taught and lectured at these institutions before she moving to London in 1973 to study at the Slade School of Art on a British Council Scholarship. Between 1985 and 1989, Pacheco was the first woman Head of Fine Art at the Norwich School of Art. She received the Ordem de Rio Branco from the Brazilian government in 1999. In 2002, she was made an Honorary Doctor of Philosophy by The Senate of East Anglia University in partnership with the Norwich School of Art. She was made a Fellow of University College London in 2003.
Career
Pacheco's work commonly focuses on travel, often with themes exploring fantasy and the supernatural. Regular examples include Brazilian legends, Mythology, Christian mysticism, and Medieval satire. Her artworks depict narratives that are discovered by the viewer through their experience of looking, specifically playing on their curiosity to arouse their interest and imagination. Her work is also a reflection on humanity, explaining that her "art shows us how vulnerable we are ". She claims that her biggest influence is O Aleijadinho.
Pacheco is best known for her multi-figure groups of polychrome sculptures carved from wood. These are typically exhibited as installation pieces and include Man and his Sheep (Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery) and Dark Night of the Soul (1999), created during her residency at the National Gallery, London as a response to The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian by the Pollaiuolo brothers.
Pacheco (with a team of two helpers) produced a large figure in yellow limestone for the Stoke-on-Trent National Garden Festival of 1986.
Pacheco was the first sculptor Associate Artist at the National Gallery in London between 1997 and 2000. The exhibition Ana Maria Pacheco: New Painting and Sculpture toured the UK after display at the National Gallery from 29th September 1999 to 9th January 2000.
In 2015 Pacheco's work was displayed in four simultaneous exhibitions across venues in Norwich. The exhibitions were curated by Keith Roberts for the Norfolk Contemporary Art Society in association with Pratt Contemporary. The exhibitions were displayed at The GALLERY, Norwich University of the Arts, Norwich Cathedral, Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery, and The Cathedral of St John the Baptist. On discussing the exhibitions, Roberts said “Ana’s art encompasses large and enduring themes; violence, journeys, death, love, transformation and metamorphosis reflect her high seriousness, but at the same time her work is neither pompous nor devoid of humour."
Dispersing the Night was an exhibition at Salisbury Cathedral curated by Jacquiline Creswell in association with Pratt Contemporary which included Pacheco's work. The exhibition opened on the 23rd July 2017. It was at this exhibition that Pacheco's work Be Aware was first publicly displayed. On the exhibition, Creswell said: '“The theme of the exhibition is hope, an optimistic attitude, and a firm belief in the positive side of human nature along with its power to drive the darkness from our lives.... Ana Maria’s work makes us aware of our vulnerability as well as illuminating our humanity. It allows us to reflect on the way we frail, brave humans deal with our journey of life, its many contradictions and dimensions of reality – the imperfectability of existence.”'
Exhibitions
Ikon Gallery, Birmingham (1983)
Artsite Gallery and St John's Catholic Church, Bath - Sculpture, Painting, Drawing and Prints. Exhibition toured on to Cornerhouse, Manchester; Wolverhampton Art Gallery; Worcester City Art Gallery; Worcester Cathedral; Metropole Arts Centre, Folkestone; Milton Keynes Exhibition Gallery; Glasgow Print Studio Gallery (1989)
Some Exercise of Power, Museum of Modern Art, Oxford. Touring on to the Camden Arts Centre, London (1991)
Trondhjems Kunstforening, Trondheim, Norway (1992)
Trilogy: Sculpture and Prints, Winchester Cathedral (1992)
Oslo Kunstforening, Norway (1993)
Norwich Castle Museum, Norfolk (1994)
The Gas Hall, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (1994)
Ormeau Baths Gallery, Belfast, Northern Ireland (1995)
Cass Sculpture Foundation, Chichester (1995)
The Trout Gallery, Weiss Center for the Arts at Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, USA (1996)
The Old Jail Arts Center, Albany, Texas, USA (1997)
Kilkenny Arts Festival, Ireland (1999)
National Gallery, London. Exhibition toured on to Wolverhampton Art Gallery, Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea; Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester; Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield (1999)
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (2001)
Dark Night of the Soul, Salander-O'Reilly Galleries, New York City (2002)
Land of No Return, Salander-O'Reilly Galleries, New York City (2003)
Brighton Museum & Art Gallery (2004)
Hayward Touring: A touring exhibition organised by the Hayward Gallery for Arts Council England (2004- 2010)
Danforth Museum of Art, Framingham, MA, USA (2007)
Aldeburgh Festival of Music and the Arts (2008)
Wallspace at All Hallows on the Wall, London (2008)
St John's Church, Waterloo (2010)
Studio 3 Gallery, University of Kent at Canterbury (2011)
The Longest Journey at Salisbury Cathedral (North Transept), Salisbury International Arts Festival (2012)
Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil (2012-2013)
Edinburgh Arts Festival, St Albert's Catholic Chaplaincy (2013)
Shadows of the Wanderer; Cathedral of St John the Baptist - Studies of Heads (John the Baptist I & III), The Gallery at Norwich University of the Arts; Norwich Cathedral (North Transept) (2015)
Enchanted Garden, Norwich Castle Museum (2015-2017)
Shadows of the Wanderer, Chichester Cathedral (2016)
Dispersing the Night, Salisbury Cathedral (2017)
Galway International Arts Festival, Ireland (2017)
Awards and Appointments
First Prize, Goiás Biennale. Selected to represent Brazil at the São Paulo Biennale, 1970
British Council Scholarship to the Slade School of Fine Art, London, 1973
Head of Fine Art, Norwich School of Art, Norfolk, 1985-89
Invited to Burgdorfer Bildhauer-Symposion, Switzerland - The Human Image of Today, 1986
Appointed fourth Associate Artist, National Gallery London, 1997-2000
Ordem do Rio Branco from the Brazilian Government, 1999
Honorary Doctorate, University of East Anglia, 2002
Honorary Doctorate, Norwich University of the Arts, 2002
Fellow of University College London, 2003
Comenda do Anhanguera from the State of Goiás, Brazil, 2012
Mário Pedrosa Award for Contemporary Artist from the Brazilian Association of Art Critics, 2015
References
ADLER, Kathleen. "The Power of Imagination". Art Quarterly, Autumn 2007
SZIRTES, George. "Exercise of Power: The Art of Ana Maria Pacheco". 1994 Lund Humphries
CAREY, Frances. "The Prints of Ana Maria Pacheco". Print Quarterly, V, September 1988, pp. 272-283
Further reading
KOCIEJOWSKI, Marius. God's Zoo: Artists, Exiles, Londoners (Carcanet, 2014) contains a biographical chapter "Ana Maria Pacheco's Journey to the Underworld, or, Misfortunes of a Sardine".
External links
Pratt Contemporary, Pacheco's representative gallery
1999 touring exhibition of Pacheco's work
Dark Night of the Soul (exhibition); Danforth Museum, Framingham, Massachusetts, 9 Nov 2007- 3 Aug 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
1943 births
Living people
20th-century Brazilian women artists
21st-century Brazilian women artists
21st-century Brazilian artists
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
Brazilian women sculptors
People associated with Norwich University of the Arts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Maria%20Pacheco |
Coco's Bakery is a subsidiary chain of Shari's Cafe & Pies and casual dining restaurants operating in the western United States. As of October 2023, the company operates 11 locations in Arizona, and California. It began as The Snack Shop in 1948 in Corona del Mar, California, and had switched owners multiple times.
History
In 1948, The Snack Shop along the Pacific Coast Highway in Corona del Mar, California, was purchased by John and Audrey McIntosh. John and Audrey decided to purchase the restaurant after he had worked there for two weeks. In partnership with his brother-in-law Bill McIntyre, they grew the Snack Shop concept to many more units and then in 1960 expanded the business into Reuben's in Newport Beach. Then in 1965 they expanded the Snack Shop concept to Coco's and the Reuben E. Lee, ultimately converting all Snack Shops to Coco's. As the name implies, the bakery-restaurants feature pies. After the conversion of the Snack Shops to Coco's locations, as well the newly expanded Reuben's steakhouse franchise that were co-located on Coco's properties, the entire operation was sold to W. R. Grace and Company, a New York chemical conglomerate, as part of its Restaurant Services Division. During this period of Grace ownership, Grace also added local Mexican restaurant chain El Torito, Carrows and many others.
After years of poor performance, W. R. Grace spun off 145 restaurant locations in a leveraged buyout to Restaurant Enterprises Group, a company composed of Grace managers.
On May 24, 1996, Coco's and Carrows were later sold to Flagstar, the parent company of Denny's. On July 12, 1997, Flagstar filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
On February 15, 2001, Coco's and Carrows new owners, FRD Acquisition Co., filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
In 2002, Coco's, along with its sister chain Carrows, was purchased by Catalina Restaurant Group, headquartered in Carlsbad, California. In 2006, Catalina Restaurant Group was bought by Japanese company Zensho Co., Ltd., which has operated Coco's Japan for many years.
In 2015 San Antonio, Texas-based Food Management Partners acquired Carlsbad, California-based Catalina Restaurant Group Inc., parent of the Coco's and Carrows concepts, from Zensho Co., Ltd. See also (Coco's Japan Co., Ltd).
In September 2018, it was announced that Shari's Cafe & Pies had taken over Carrows and Coco's.
Competition
In California, Coco's Bakery Restaurant and sister chain Carrows compete with other local casual restaurants with an in-store bakery (or a sales counter), such as Hof's Hut, Polly's Pies and Marie Callender's restaurants.
References
External links
Companies based in Carlsbad, California
Economy of the Southwestern United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Fast-food chains of the United States
Bakeries of the United States
Restaurants established in 1948
Bakery cafés
Restaurant franchises
Restaurants in San Diego County, California
1948 establishments in California
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1997
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco%27s%20Bakery |
Glenlee may refer to:
Places
Australia
Glenlee, New South Wales
Glenlee, Menangle Park, a heritage-listed property in the south-western Sydney suburb of Campbelltown, New South Wales
Glenlee, Queensland, a locality in the Shire of Livingstone
Glenlee, Victoria, in Shire of Hindmarsh, Australia
United Kingdom
Glenlee, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, featured in Gossip from the Forest
Glenlee hydro-electric power station, a part of the Galloway hydro-electric power scheme
People
Thomas Miller, Lord Glenlee
Other
Glenlee (ship), museum ship in Glasgow, Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenlee |
Spalding High School (SHS) is a grammar school for girls and a mixed sixth form located in Spalding, Lincolnshire, England.
Location and admissions
Spalding High School, situated on Stonegate, Spalding, halfway between the Welland (and B1173) and the Coronation Channel to the east. The rear of the school, to the east, backs onto Exeter Drain and both of the Gleed schools (boys' and girls') playing fields. The school also accepts some girls from Cambridgeshire, Peterborough and Norfolk.
SHS admits pupils aged 11–18, all of whom are required to pass an 11+ exam. There are approximately 1,000 staff and students at the school. The headmistress is Michele Anderson.
History
The school opened in 1920, originally at Ayscoughfee Hall School, then moved to its current site in the late 1950s. There are a number of watercolours of the original site in the school's collection, as well as all full school photos (taken once every five years) dating back to the school's early days. The library keeps an archive of photos, programmes and other memorabilia.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the school's playing field was frequently used for national and regional schools' hockey competitions. It achieved sports college status in 2003.
Houses
In a typical year group at SHS there are five forms of approximately 30 pupils. Each form is a member of a house. There are five houses, each named after famous women of historic importance:
Curie - after Marie Curie (physicist)
Johnson - after Amy Johnson (aviator)
Nightingale - after Florence Nightingale (medicine)
Pankhurst - after Emmeline Pankhurst (women's rights)
Sharman - after Helen Sharman (astronaut)
Notable former pupils
Emma Rayner (), born 1964, who married BBC East Midlands Today presenter Quentin Rayner (a twin) in June 1992 at St Mary's Church, Pinchbeck, with her honeymoon in the Cayman Islands, daughter of Lutton and Pinchbeck vicar, Rev David Hill, she gained a degree in the History of Art from UEA in 1985, then studied radio journalism at Lancashire Polytechnic; worked as a reporter for Radio Lincolnshire in the late 1980s then Radio Nottingham, where she met her husband, and worked on the new East Midlands Today in 1991 as a reporter, 6 O-levels in 1980, English, French and Art A-levels in 1982; her sisters Zoe (Visual Arts UEA in 1992) and Candida left the school in 1988 and 1990
Christine Russell (1956–63) - Labour MP 1997-2010 for City of Chester, who unseated Gyles Brandreth in 1997.
Laela Pakpour-Tabrizi (1993-2000), trustee of British Library.
Notable former teachers
Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson (1972-4 history) - Life peer, former education spokesperson for LibDems in the Welsh Assembly.
See also
Spalding Grammar School - a school for boys, but accepts girls into the sixth form.
References
External links
Spalding High School
Girls' schools in Lincolnshire
Grammar schools in Lincolnshire
Educational institutions established in 1920
Spalding, Lincolnshire
1920 establishments in England
Community schools in Lincolnshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding%20High%20School%2C%20Lincolnshire |
|}
The Arkle Challenge Trophy is a Grade 1 National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run on the Old Course at Cheltenham, England, over a distance of about 2 miles (1 mile, 7 furlongs and 199 yards, or ), and during its running there are thirteen fences to be jumped. The race is for novice chasers, and takes place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March.
It is the leading minimum-distance chase for novices in the National Hunt calendar. It is the second race on the opening day of the festival.
History
The Arkle Challenge Trophy was introduced as a replacement for the Cotswold Chase, a previous event at the Cheltenham Festival, in 1969. Its title pays tribute to Arkle, a three-time winner of the Cheltenham Gold Cup in the mid-1960s. The race was formerly scheduled to be run on the second day of the Festival, but it was switched to its slot on the opening day in 1980.
The first sponsor of the "Arkle" was Waterford Castle, which began supporting the event in 1991. It was backed by Guinness from 1994 to 1999, and from 2000 to 2011 it was sponsored by the Irish Independent newspaper. The Racing Post newspaper sponsored the race from 2012 to 2020. From 2021 the race is sponsored by Sporting Life.
Several winners of the race have subsequently achieved victory in the most prestigious two-mile chase in the National Hunt calendar, the Queen Mother Champion Chase. The most recent was Put The Kettle On, the winner of the latter event in 2021. The 1978 winner, Alverton, went on to win the following season's Cheltenham Gold Cup.
In 2020, Put the Kettle On become the first Mare to win the race since Anaglogs Daughter in 1980.
Records
Leading jockey since 1946 (4 wins):
Barry Geraghty – Moscow Flyer (2002), Forpadydeplasterer (2009), Sprinter Sacre (2012), Simonsig (2013)
Ruby Walsh – Azertyuiop (2003), Un de Sceaux (2015), Douvan (2016), Footpad (2018)
Leading trainer since 1946 (7 wins):
Nicky Henderson – Remittance Man (1991), Travado (1993), Tiutchev (2000), Sprinter Sacre (2012), Simonsig (2013), Altior (2017), Shishkin (2021)
Winners since 1946
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British National Hunt races
References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
cheltenham.co.uk – Media information pack (2010).
pedigreequery.com – Arkle Challenge Trophy Chase – Cheltenham.
External links
Race Recordings
National Hunt races in Great Britain
Cheltenham Racecourse
National Hunt chases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkle%20Challenge%20Trophy |
A free hosted gallery (FHG) is a web page of sample content (usually pornography) which is provided at no charge to affiliates of subscription websites (paysites). Affiliates promote these galleries to web surfers in order to drive web traffic to the paysite; every subscription sold generates a commission for the affiliate. The FHGs are usually hosted by the paysite and employ a simple URL-based system to distinguish between affiliates, so that commissions will be paid to the right party.
Affiliates typically use FHGs to populate their own fake thumbnail gallery post (TGP) websites. It is difficult to get FHGs listed with true TGPs, since many affiliates will attempt to do this and most TGPs reject duplicate listings.
Furthermore, most TGPs require reciprocal links to them on galleries. Since most providers of free hosted galleries don't provide a way of doing so, attempting to submit them to most TGPs is usually futile.
This opens the question of usefulness in regards to free hosted galleries since they can only be used to act as a content filler on one's own free sites or fake TGP. Nevertheless, most adult site sponsor programs still provide free hosted galleries to affiliates.
References
Cheryl Cain (2005). FHGs: A Valuable Resource XBiz. June 14, 2005
Cheryl Cain (2005). The Strategic Use of FHGs XBiz. June 21, 2005
Kit, Kush (2004). FHGs - The Future of the Industry FreeHostedGalleries.com. March 17, 2004
Kit, Kush (2004). FHGs - Then and Now FreeHostedGalleries.com. March 17, 2004
See also
Fusker Software
Erotica and pornography websites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20hosted%20gallery |
The Fender Wide Range Humbucker is a humbucker guitar pickup, designed by Seth Lover for Fender in the early 1970s. This pickup was intended to break Fender's image as a "single coil guitar company," and to gain a foothold in the humbucker guitar market dominated by Gibson.
The pickups enjoyed some popularity, though Fender's single-coil pickups retained widespread popularity. Original Wide Range pickups were available from 1971 and subsequently installed in the Deluxe, Custom and Thinline Telecasters as well as the Starcaster, ceasing production successively in 1979 when these models were discontinued. Fender Japan was the first to introduce a reissue in 1983, followed by the Made in Mexico version around 1998. The Wide Range Pickup found on American-made Fender guitars is the Mexican-made model introduced in 1998. All reissues differed from the original Seth Lover design in construction and sound until 2020, when Fender began manufacturing the pickup with the original materials again. The company also produced a variation of the pickup for bass guitar from 1971 to 1979.
Construction
The Wide Range pickup was conceived to be sonically closer to Fender's single coil pickups than Gibson humbuckers. Fender's single coils use six magnetized pole pieces sitting vertically, while Gibson's humbuckers use a long bar magnet at the pickup's base with six metal slug pole pieces screwed vertically into a base plate. Fender could not, however, replace the Humbucker's slugs with screws. Due to the difficulty of machining alnico magnets into screw-type pole pieces, this concept called for the use of the more easily machinable CuNiFe (Copper/Nickel/Iron) rod magnets as pole pieces within the coil structures; functioning more like a regular single coil pickup than a Gibson humbucker.
Because CuNiFe pole piece magnets produce less output than a standard humbucker's bar magnet and slugs, the wide-range Humbucker requires more winds of wire to produce an output compatible with Standard Humbuckers. The pickup bobbins were wound with approximately 6200 to 6800 turns of 42-awg poly-insulated copper wire around the pole pieces. As a result, the Wide Range pickup has a DC resistance of around 10.6 kΩ. These extra winds mean the wide-range Humbucker needs a larger casing than standard Humbuckers.
There are three reissues of the wide range pickup using two designs: one manufactured in Japan using ceramic magnets and one in Mexico using alnico. Despite an almost identical appearance to the original 1970s unit, both are regular Humbuckers in large cases, surrounded by wax to take up space and prevent resonant feedback.
The current Mexican reissues, much like a Gibson humbucker, feature a bar magnet underneath the bobbins that abuts six screw-type pole-pieces in each coil; they are conventional humbuckers placed in the larger "wide range" humbucker casing, and the gap is filled with wax. Although neither pickup precisely replicates the sound of the original, they are tonally similar. The Japanese reissue does, however, sound hotter, and the Mexican reissue sounds more like a standard Gibson humbucker. A more recent reissue, currently exclusive to the Lee Ranaldo signature Jazzmaster, has been "re-voiced" to Ranaldo's specifications but appears to be constructed similarly to the Mexican reissue.
In the 1970s, the Fender Wide Range was wired using a 1M audio volume and tone pots. Using 1M pots resulted in an open and bright sound. Modern reissues are commonly wired using 250K volume and tone pots, resulting in a more choked and muddy sound, cutting high frequencies to ground.
In 2020, Fender began producing Wide Range pickups with Cunife magnets for the first time since the 1970s.
Sound
Original Wide Range pickups are described as sounding "fat" but with improved clarity and detail over Gibson humbuckers. Combined with a bridge single-coil pickup on a Telecaster, it produces a smooth, warm, yet biting sound. Famous users include Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones, Graham Coxon of Blur, Wes Borland of Limp Bizkit/Black Light Burns, Rich Robinson of the Black Crowes, Ryan Adams, Win Butler of Arcade Fire, Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand, Lúcio Maia of Nação Zumbi, Roy Buchanan, Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top, Thom Yorke of Radiohead, Felix Rodriguez from The Sounds, singer-songwriter Kim Ralls, Chris Shiflett of Foo Fighters, The Edge of U2, Jonny Buckland of Coldplay, Leo Nocentelli of The Meters and Tab Benoit as well as Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth's modified "Jazzblasters" which featured Wide Range pickups on modified Fender Jazzmaster guitars.
References
External links
Guitar pickups
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender%20Wide%20Range |
Ethel Soliven Timbol (born Ethelinda Villaflor Soliven; 22 January 1940 – September 6, 2020) was a Filipina journalist and lifestyle editor of the Manila Bulletin, published in the Philippines. She was the ninth child of Congressman Benito Soliven and Pelagia Villaflor Soliven. She was the youngest sister of journalist Maximo V. Soliven.
She finished High School at St. Theresa's College in Manila. After two years of college at St. Theresa's, she left to study at the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York, U.S.A. on a Knights of Columbus scholarship. She majored in English and Child Psychology.
Timbol joined the Manila Bulletin in 1960, handling the police beat at the Western Police District, which at that time included then patrolman, and later Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim. Aside from her reportorial beat, she was tapped to edit the Youth section, "The Page for the Young at Heart."
She has also been assigned to the beats covering the Department of Education, Trade and Industry, and the Commission on Elections, often meriting front-page stories in the tumultuous '60s and '70s.
In 1976, she was appointed editor of the "Life & Leisure" and "Sunday Leisure" sections of the same newspaper. Apart from her editorial duties, she was a respected columnist, writing the twice weekly society column "Pacesetters," and the once weekly "Consumers' Observation Post," a consumer advocacy column, which she started with Deedee Sytangco.
In 1991, she received a special citation from the Manila Rotary Club for her consumer advocacy work.
She was a cancer survivor, recovering from colorectal cancer.
She retired from the Manila Bulletin on December 31, 2007, after 47 years of service.
On September 6 2020, she died at St. Luke's Hospital in BGC. She was 80 years old.
Quotes
When asked about the difference between young people today and young people before, she replied: "The young people before called me Ethel, today they call me Ma'am."
"I always mean what I say when I say it. That may change later."
Trivia
She is the widely acknowledged "Dean of Philippine Lifestyle Editors."
The original caricature for her Pacesetters column included a cigarette in a long stemmed holder. When she stopped smoking in 1995, she asked that the cigarette be removed from the caricature.
The Life and Leisure and Sunday Leisure sections of Timbol generated the most advertising revenue for the Manila Bulletin.
References
1940 births
Filipino journalists
Manila Bulletin people
College of Mount Saint Vincent alumni
2020 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel%20Soliven%20Timbol |
|}
The Brown Advisory Novices' Chase is a Grade 1 National Hunt chase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run on the Old Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 3 miles (3 miles and 80 yards, or 4,901 metres), and during its running there are twenty fences to be jumped. The race is for novice chasers, and it is scheduled to take place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March.
History
The event was originally known as the Broadway Novices' Chase, and this became the race's registered title in 2021, but since the mid-1960s it has been run under various sponsored titles. From 1964 to 1973 it was sponsored by the Tote, and it was called the Totalisator Champion Novices' Chase. From 1974 to 2020 it was backed by the RSA Insurance Group, and its predecessors Sun Alliance (1974–1996) and Royal & SunAlliance (1997–2008). Since 2021 the race has been sponsored by Brown Advisory and Meriebelle Stable.
Several winners of the race have subsequently achieved victory in the most prestigious chase in the National Hunt calendar, the Cheltenham Gold Cup. The most recent was Lord Windermere, the winner of the latter event in 2014.
Records
Leading jockey since 1946 (5 wins):
Pat Taaffe – Coneyburrow (1953), Solfen (1960), Grallagh Cnoc (1961), Arkle (1963), Proud Tarquin (1970)
Leading trainer since 1946 (5 wins):
Willie Mullins – Florida Pearl (1998), Rule Supreme (2004), Cooldine (2009), Don Poli (2015), Monkfish (2021)
Winners since 1946
Separate divisions of the race indicated by (1) and (2).
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British National Hunt races
References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
cheltenham.co.uk – Media information pack (2010).
pedigreequery.com – Royal & SunAlliance Chase – Cheltenham.
External links
Race Recordings
National Hunt races in Great Britain
Cheltenham Racecourse
National Hunt chases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway%20Novices%27%20Chase |
The Magic Circle Club was an award-winning Australian children's television show, produced at ATV Channel 0 (now ATV-10) from 23 January 1965 to 1967.
The program's style came from live pantomime and classic fairy tales. It often featured music, original songs and dance routines. Some older female characters were performed by males, in pantomime dame style.
Godfrey Philipp was the producer and director, with many scripts and song lyrics by John-Michael Howson. Max Bartlett became a regular script writer in addition to his on-screen roles. Music was by Bruce Rowland and scenery designs by Brian Thomson.
The show was hosted by Nancy Cato, cousin of the author of the same name. A later addition to the regular cast was Liz Harris, who also took over as hostess when Nancy Cato suffered temporary paralysis and had to use a wheelchair.
In 1966, the TV series won the first Logie Award presented to a children's show, for Outstanding Contribution To Children's Television.
Characters
Regular characters were denizens of the Magic Forest: mute Fredd Bear (Tedd Dunn, also the costume designer); shrill Fee Fee Bear (John-Michael Howson, billed as John Howson); feisty Mother Matilda Hubbard (Fred Tupper, a former radio star); sensible Max (Max Bartlett); Shirley Temple analog Curley Dimples (played by adult Gael Dixon, also the show's choreographer); beautiful enchantress Crystal Ball (Gabrielle Hartley) and her pet, Hep Cat (Nola Finn); Marlena DeWitch (Marion Weir); and villainous Sir Jasper Crookly (Ernie Bourne) and his henchman Gaspar Goblin (Colin McEwan).
Recurring guest characters included BoBo the clown (Charles "Hal" Turner), Montmorency James Rabbit (Ernie Bourne), Sebastian Bear (Gael Dixon), and Aunty Vale (Bunney Brooke). Twoddle & Boddle (Laurie Allen and Bobby Bright, aka Bobby & Laurie of The Go!! Show) were analogs of Tweedledee & Tweedledum, characters the pair had played previously in a pantomime. Max Bartlett often played additional guest characters, including Harley Quin, a harlequin performer, King Size of nearby Enchantmentland, wicked innkeeper Simon Sneak of the Cross and Bones, or Mother Hubbard's accident-prone great-nephew, Claude Clumsy. Ernie Bourne and Colin McEwan often doubled up roles to play guest villains. Even Nancy Cato played a chambermaid, Sweet Nelly, in a Barbary Coast pirate storyline.
Format
Storylines were typically serialized across five days, with the Friday program usually wrapping up the week's adventure. Each episode finished up with the hostess sitting on a large mushroom, with Fredd crouched beside her (usually after dusting off the stool with a handkerchief), while the pair shared viewers' letters and artwork.
Daily features included viewers' riddles with Cassius Cuckoo, during "Cassius Cuckoo's Corn Corner", and limericks with Leonardo de Funbird. These characters were wood and felt bird puppets (created by Axel Axelrad; voiced by Colin McEwan). Cassius inhabited a longcase cuckoo clock next to Mother Hubbard's cupboard in The Magic Cottage, and Leonardo lived inside the IKAN (Instantaneous Knowledge Accumulation Network) computer (voice of Fred Tupper). The IKAN educational segment was eventually dropped, and Leonardo would present his limerick segment from a tree stump in the Magic Forest.
Towards the end of the TV series' run, stories were serialized across only four days, with the Friday program dedicated to a separate story, told by Liz Harris, about toys which come to life in a toyshop when the owner was absent. Liz, herself, played a rag doll, Max Bartlett was a tin soldier, and John-Michael Howson played a glum clown, a portrayal which would inspire his Adventure Island character of Clown.
Stage version
A specially written Magic Circle Club episode, "The Stolen Smile", was performed live on stage at the Tivoli Theatre (Melbourne) from 27 December 1965. In this adventure, Sir Jasper and Gaspar had banished Clocko the chief clown (Max Bartlett, again playing a dual role), and Spangles the trapeze artist (Gael Dixon), from their circus, and taken away Clocko's smile. Appearing on stage with Max, Curley and Nancy were Fredd, Fee Fee, Mother Hubbard, Crystal Ball, Hep Cat, Montmorency, Cassius and Leonardo, all played by the regular TV cast. This production was stage managed by Sue Nattras, Simon Wincer and Jim McElroy.
Gabrielle Hartley was severely burned when her cloak brushed over a hot "flash pot" used in a live, on-stage, special effect, and her role had to be assumed by her understudy. Hartley never returned to her TV role, the character of Crystal Ball being written out.
Cancellation and beyond
After producing 555 thirty-minute episodes, ATV axed the show for cost reasons. Competitor ABC TV wanted to buy it, but ATV refused, which led to the start up of the similar program Adventure Island on the ABC, with many of the same cast and writers from Magic Circle Club.
Recorded in black and white, the program was repeated prior to the official introduction of colour TV in 1975. John-Michael Howson had wanted to produce the show in colour for overseas sales, but management baulked at the added cost. Many episodes of the show have been stored at the National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA).
TV director and costume designer Tedd Dunn stayed with Melbourne's Channel 0. He played the Fredd Bear character (Channel 0's answer to the Nine Network's more enduring Humphrey B. Bear) two years after the demise of Magic Circle Club, as co-host of Fredd Bear's Breakfast-A-Go-Go. His suit has since been donated to the NSFA for restoration and safe storage. Cassius and Leonardo also appeared on Breakfast-A-Go-Go, as did actor Colin McEwan and newsreader Michael McCarthy. Fee Fee, now mute without Howson's unique vocal contribution, was often played by Michael's wife, Caroline McCarthy. Max Bartlett continued to work in television production, moving to Western Australia, where he helped to develop Fat Cat and Friends and The Underground Video Show.
In 2007, Nancy Cato appeared on the "Kids' TV" episode of Bob Downe's The Way We Were discussing Magic Circle Club.
Archival remnants
The Australian National Film & Sound Archive has preserved the following episodes of The Magic Circle Club: 141–146, 150, 151, 155, 157, 160, 166, 168–170, 316, 319, 322, 326–329, 332, 336–339, 342, 343, 345–352, 356, 362, 363, 368, 371, 379, 386, 387, 398, 401, 402, 406–409, 412, 413–416, 419, 421–424, 427, 428, 431–434, 441, 444, 447, 449, 450, 455, 456, 459, 468, 469, 471, 472, 473, 474, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 486, 493–495, 500, 504, 505, 508, 510–516, 518, 519, 521, 525, 526, 527, 533, 538, 451, 544, 545–548, 551, 552, 553, and 555.
References
External links
Credits
Scrapbook clippings
The Age article, Green Guide, 19 August 2004
"The Stolen Smile" stage production
The Magic Circle Club at the National film and Sound Archive
1965 Australian television series debuts
1967 Australian television series endings
Network 10 original programming
Australian children's television series
Australian television shows featuring puppetry
Television shows set in Victoria (state)
English-language television shows
Australian preschool education television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20Circle%20Club |
This is a list of Armenian association football clubs.
Active clubs
Alashkert
Ararat-Armenia
Ararat Yerevan
Urartu
BKMA Yerevan
Noah
Shirak
Pyunik
West Armenia
Van
Lernayin Artsakh
Mika
Gandzasar
Syunik
Onor
Nikarm
Andranik
Inactive clubs
Abovyan
Ani
Akhtala Tumanyan
Akhtamar
Almast
Arabkir
Aragats Gyumri
Araks Yerevan
Araks Ararat
Armavir
Armenicum
Arpa
Aznavour
Bentonit
BMA-Arai Echmiadzin
Debed
Dilijan
Dinamo Yerevan
Dinamo Yeghvard
Dvin Artashat
Erebuni
Erebuni-Homenmen FC
FIMA Yerevan
Geghard
Hachn
Impulse
Karin
Kasakh
Khimik Vanadzor
Kilikia
King Delux
Kumayri
Kotayk
Lernagorts Kapan
Lernagorts Vardenis
Lokomotiv Yerevan
Lori
Luys-Ararat
Malatia
Makaravank
Masis
Moush Charentsavan
Moush Kasakh
Nairi
Nig Aparan
Nork Marash
Noravank
Patani
RUOR Yerevan
Sevan
Shengavit
Shinarar
Sipan
SKVV Yerevan
Spitak
Spartak Yerevan
Torpedo Yerevan
Tufagorts
Ulisses
Urmia Masis
Vagharshapat
Van Yerevan
Vanadzor
Yeghvard
Yerevan
Yerevan United
Yezerk
Yerazank
Zangezour
Zvartnots-AAL
See also
Football Federation of Armenia
Sport in Armenia
clubs
Armenia
Football clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20football%20clubs%20in%20Armenia |
Sauze d'Oulx () is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont (northern Italy) located from Turin in the Val di Susa, at the foot of Monte Genevris ().
It was the site of the freestyle skiing events of the 2006 Olympic Winter Games. Together with the villages of Pragelato, Sestriere, Claviere, Cesana Torinese, San Sicario and Montgenèvre, in France, it makes up the Via Lattea (Milky Way) skiing area.
Since the beginning of the 19th century, Sauze d'Oulx has been a destination for the Turin aristocracy, with its famous winter resort Sportinia and is still a skiing favourite because of its natural and accessible location.
History
Archaeological findings have proved the presence of Celtic settlements in the pre-Roman age. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, in the Middle Ages it was owned by the Novalesa Abbey and then by the provosts of Oulx. From 1000, it was part of the Dauphiné and then of the Escartons Republic (until 1343); with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) France gave it to the House of Savoy; in 1747 its territory was the seat of the Battle of Assietta between France and Savoy's Kingdom of Sardinia.
During the Fascist Era, in 1928, its name was changed to Salice d'Ulzio, "foreigner" words being forbidden, according to the etymological interpretation of "Sauze" as "salice" (Italian for willow). After World War II, the town became an autonomous comune and the previous name was restored.
References
Venues of the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauze%20d%27Oulx |
|}
The Champion Hurdle is a Grade 1 National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run on the Old Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and ½ furlong (2 miles and 87 yards, or ), and during its running there are eight hurdles to be jumped. The race is the last leg of the Triple Crown of Hurdling and is scheduled to take place each year on the opening day of the Cheltenham Festival in March.
As its title suggests, the Champion Hurdle is the most prestigious hurdling event in the National Hunt calendar. Its list of winners features many of the most highly acclaimed hurdlers in the sport's history, and several of these, such as National Spirit, Istabraq, Hatton's Grace, Persian War and Lanzarote, have had races named in their honour.
As part of a sponsorship agreement with the online gambling operator Unibet, the race is now known as the Unibet Champion Hurdle.
History
The first Champion Hurdle was run in 1927, and its inaugural winner, Blaris, was awarded prize money of £365. In its second year the event was won by Brown Jack, who subsequently became a prolific winner of long-distance flat races. The Champion Hurdle was abandoned in 1931 due to persistent frost, and in 1932 it was contested by just three horses – the smallest field in its history. The race was cancelled twice during World War II, in 1943 and 1944.
The 1947 renewal paved the way for a golden era in the Champion Hurdle with just 3 winners until 1955 – National Spirit, Hatton's Grace and Sir Ken, all of them etched into the list of greatest ever hurdlers. Even though it was postponed twice because of winter snows, taking place in mid-April, it proved most popular with a record attendance at that time of 30,000 racing fans. The winner National Spirit became the second horse to retain the hurdling crown while the runner-up to him, a bay horse called Le Paillon trained by Alec Head's father, went on to race on the flat and won the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe the same year.
As National Spirit was winning his second Champion Hurdle, the horse down the field, Hatton's Grace, trained by one of the most important figures in horse racing Vincent O'Brien, was about to make history and improved for the next seasons to become the first hat-trick winner of the race. The achievement of Hatton's Grace was soon to be matched by Sir Ken, who recorded three successive victories in the 1950s. Before the second of these Sir Ken was given a starting price of 2/5 (a £5 bet would have won £2). He is the shortest-priced horse to have won the race.
The 1970s produced another golden era of hurdling with the third Champion Hurdle triple winner Persian War and the exploits of double champions in Night Nurse, Monksfield, Bula and Comedy of Errors, who was the first horse to win two non-consecutive titles. The Racing Post declared the 1977 running to be the "strongest of fields ever assembled", with Night Nurse beating two other subsequent dual Champion Hurdle winners in Sea Pigeon and Monksfield.
The 1984 winner, Dawn Run, became the second mare to win the Champion Hurdle. In the same year she also won the Irish and French versions of the event, and two seasons later she won the most prestigious chase in National Hunt racing, the Cheltenham Gold Cup. She remains the only horse to have completed the Champion Hurdle-Gold Cup double. From 1985 to 1987 the Champion Hurdle was dominated by See You Then, who became the event's fourth three-time winner. The sixth and most recent mare to win the race was Honeysuckle, the winner of the 2021 and 2022 renewals.
The last triple winner of the Champion Hurdle was Istabraq, whose successes came in 1998, 1999 and 2000. In the early weeks of 2001 he was the odds-on favourite to win the race again, for an unprecedented fourth time. However, this opportunity was lost as the entire Cheltenham Festival was cancelled that year because of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. Istabraq returned for the 2002 running, but on this occasion he failed to complete the race, and he was retired thereafter.
Commercial sponsorship of the Champion Hurdle began in 1978, and it was initially backed by Waterford Crystal. The Smurfit (now known as the Smurfit Kappa Group), began supporting the race in 1991 and from 2010 to 2017 was sponsored by StanJames.com. Stan James's parent company Unibet became the title sponsor from the 2018 running. The race is the final leg of the Road to Cheltenham, a series of high-class hurdles races consisting of the Fighting Fifth Hurdle, the International Hurdle and the Champion Hurdle Trial.
The Champion Hurdle has been continually run on a Tuesday since 1980. The 1927 race was run on a Wednesday, followed by a Thursday in 1928 and then Tuesday from 1929 to 1939. The race moved to Wednesday for 1940 and 1941 followed by rare Saturday runnings in 1942 and 1945. Tuesday became the established day for the Champion Hurdle from 1946 to 1960, with the exception of the postponed races in 1947 (Saturday) and 1955 (Wednesday). From 1961 to 1979 the race was always run on a Wednesday, except in 1964 when it took place on Friday for the only time in its history.
In 2023 Zanahiyr became the first horse to be disqualified. After finishing third in the 2022 running ahead of Saint Roi, he was disqualified and placed last by a BHA tribunal in early 2023 after a banned substance was discovered in a sample taken on race day. Saint Roi was subsequently awarded third place and all other runners were promoted by one place.
Records
Most successful horse (3 wins):
Hatton's Grace – 1949, 1950, 1951
Sir Ken – 1952, 1953, 1954
Persian War – 1968, 1969, 1970
See You Then – 1985, 1986, 1987
Istabraq – 1998, 1999, 2000
Leading jockey (4 wins):
Tim Molony – Hatton's Grace (1951), Sir Ken (1952, 1953, 1954)
Ruby Walsh – Hurricane Fly (2011, 2013), Faugheen (2015), Annie Power (2016)
Barry Geraghty - Punjabi (2009), Jezki (2014), Buveur D'Air (2018), Epatante (2020)
Leading trainer (9 wins):
Nicky Henderson – See You Then (1985, 1986, 1987), Punjabi (2009), Binocular (2010), Buveur D'Air (2017, 2018), Epatante (2020), Constitution Hill (2023)
Leading owner (9 wins):
J. P. McManus – Istabraq (1998, 1999, 2000), Binocular (2010), Jezki (2014), Buveur D'Air (2017, 2018), Espoir d'Allen (2019), Epatante (2020)
List of renewals
Winning mares indicated by †
Winning trainers based in Great Britain unless indicated (IRE) = Ireland
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British National Hunt races
References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
Champion Hurdle – Cheltenham Pedigree Online
External links
Race Recordings
Bibliography
National Hunt races in Great Britain
Cheltenham Racecourse
National Hunt hurdle races
Recurring sporting events established in 1927
1927 establishments in England
Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom
March sporting events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion%20Hurdle |
|}
The Stayers' Hurdle is a Grade 1 National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain. It is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run on the New Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 3 miles (2 miles 7 furlongs and 213 yards, or 4,785 metres), with twelve hurdles to be jumped. The race is scheduled to take place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March.
It is the leading long-distance hurdle event in the National Hunt calendar and the feature race on the third day of the Festival.
History
The inaugural race was run in 1912 at Prestbury Park over 3 miles with £100 (£200 in 1913) prize money to the winner and £10 to the runner-up. It was called "Stayers Selling Hurdle" and was a Weight for Age Selling type of event with the winning horse being sold for £50 after the race. The race was dropped from the festival programme twice during 1928–1929 and in 1939–1945 but in 1946 it replaced the Spa Hurdle which was previously run in 1923 and 1942 over 2 miles. From 1946 to 1967 the Spa Hurdle was run over the same 3 miles until being renamed in 1972 as the Stayers' Hurdle, when it was sponsored by Lloyds Bank. It was backed by Waterford Crystal from 1978 to 1990, and by Bonusprint from 1991 to 2004. The race used to be held on either the Tuesday or the Wednesday of the Festival, but it was moved to the Thursday in 1993.
The title of the race was changed to the World Hurdle when Ladbrokes took over the sponsorship in 2005. Their sponsorship came to an end with the 2015 renewal and the 2016 race was sponsored by Ryanair. In 2017 and 2018 it was sponsored by Sun Bets and the title reverted to the Stayers' Hurdle. In 2019 the race was sponsored by Sun Racing. and Paddy Power has sponsored the race since 2020.
Records
Most successful horse since 1972 (4 wins):
Big Buck's – 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
Leading jockey since 1972 (5 wins):
Ruby Walsh – Big Buck's (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012), Nichols Canyon (2017)
Leading trainer since 1972 (4 wins):
Paul Nicholls – Big Buck's (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)
Leading owner since 1972 (4 wins):
The Stewart Family – Big Buck's (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)
Andrea & Graham Wylie – Inglis Drever (2005, 2007, 2008), Nichols Canyon (2017)
J. P. McManus -Baracouda (2002, 2003), More Of That (2014), Sire Du Berlais (2023)
List of renewals
Separate divisions of the race indicated by (1) and (2).
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British National Hunt races
References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
thejockeyclub.co.uk/cheltenham/ – Media information pack (2010).
pedigreequery.com – World Hurdle – Cheltenham.
External links
Race Recordings
National Hunt races in Great Britain
Cheltenham Racecourse
National Hunt hurdle races | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stayers%27%20Hurdle |
The Native Plant Trust, founded in 1900 as the Society for the Protection of Native Plants, and long known as the New England Wild Flower Society, is the nation's first plant conservation organization. The society is dedicated to the preservation of native plants and operates Garden in the Woods (a native plant botanical garden) at its headquarters in Framingham, Massachusetts. It also offers courses on topics of conservation and horticulture of native plants, manages a "conservation corps" of volunteers throughout New England, operates several native plant sanctuaries, and offers nursery-propagated native plants for sale at its two nurseries.
Initiatives
Seed banking is a strategy used by the Native Plant Trust to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered plant species for potential future re-introductions. In proceeding with reintroductions of endangered species, guidelines are to be followed which evaluates the benefits and risks when considering re-introductions.
The Native Plant Trust promotes ecological gardening to help create a healthier ecosystem in any ecoregion. For New England, they have assembled a list of some of the native species to plant as well as invasive species to avoid in their region for gardeners to keep in mind when gardening or buying seeds for their garden. The Native Plant Trust hosts events throughout the year including family activities, tours, and social gatherings.
References
External links
Official website
Native plant societies based in the United States
Environmental organizations based in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20Plant%20Trust |
|}
The Queen Mother Champion Chase is a Grade 1 National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. As part of a sponsorship agreement with the online betting company Betway, the race is now known as the Betway Queen Mother Champion Chase. It is run on the Old Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles (1 mile 7 furlongs and 199 yards, or 3,199 metres), and during its running there are thirteen fences to be jumped. The race is scheduled to take place each year during the Cheltenham Festival in March.
It is the leading minimum-distance chase in the National Hunt calendar, and it is the feature race on the second day of the Festival.
History
The event was established in 1959, and it was originally called the National Hunt Two-Mile Champion Chase. It was given its present title in 1980 – the year of the Queen Mother's 80th birthday – in recognition of her support to jump racing. The Queen Mother was a successful owner of National Hunt horses, particularly chasers, and among these was Game Spirit – the runner-up in this race in 1976.
The Queen Mother Champion Chase was not sponsored before 2007, and between 2008 and 2010 it was backed by Seasons Holidays.
The sponsor from 2011 until 2013 was online gambling firm Sportingbet. BetVictor held naming rights for the 2014 season before the current sponsor, sports betting company Betway, took over.
Records
Most successful horse (3 wins):
Badsworth Boy – 1983, 1984, 1985
Leading jockey (5 wins):
Pat Taaffe – Fortria (1960, 1961), Ben Stack (1964), Flyingbolt (1966), Straight Fort (1970)
Barry Geraghty – Moscow Flyer (2003, 2005), Big Zeb (2010), Finian's Rainbow (2012), Sprinter Sacre (2013)
Leading trainer (6 wins):
Tom Dreaper – Fortria (1960, 1961), Ben Stack (1964), Flyingbolt (1966), Muir (1969), Straight Fort (1970)
Nicky Henderson - Remittance Man (1992), Finian's Rainbow (2012), Sprinter Sacre (2013, 2016), Altior (2018, 2019)
Paul Nicholls - Call Equiname (1999), Azertyuiop (2004), Master Minded (2008, 2009), Dodging Bullets (2015), Politologue (2020)
Leading owner (3 wins):
George Ansley – Fortria (1960, 1961), Straight Fort (1970)
Doug Armitage – Badsworth Boy (1983, 1984, 1985)
John Hales - One Man (1998), Azertyuiop (2004), Politologue (2020)
Winners
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British National Hunt races
Recurring sporting events established in 1959 – this race is included under its original title, National Hunt Two-Mile Champion Chase.
References
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
bbc.co.uk – "Royalty absent and present" (2003).
cheltenham.co.uk – Media information pack (2010).
pedigreequery.com – Queen Mother Champion Chase – Cheltenham.
sportingchronicle.com – Queen Mother Champion Two Mile Steeple Chase Past Winners.
External links
Race Recordings
National Hunt races in Great Britain
Cheltenham Racecourse
National Hunt chases
Recurring sporting events established in 1959
1959 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Mother%20Champion%20Chase |
Raúl González Rodríguez (born February 29, 1952) is a Mexican former race walker. He set the world record in the 50-kilometres racewalk twice in 1978 (3:45:52 and 3:41:20). As of October 2011, it still was the North American record.
Gonzalez won the 50 km racewalk at the IAAF World Race Walking Cup in 1977, 1981 and 1983. He also won a silver medal in 20 km and a gold in 50 km at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Gonzalez set an Olympic record winning the 50-kilometres event at 3 hours, 47 minutes, 26 seconds.
Gonzalez was a member of the national racewalk team that received Mexico's National Sports Prize in 1977; he received the prize individually in 1978. From 1988 to 1994 he was Director of National Sports Commission of Mexico, and from 2002 to 2004 executive president of the Mexican Professional Baseball League.
Achievements
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
Mexican male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Olympic gold medalists for Mexico
Olympic silver medalists for Mexico
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Sportspeople from Nuevo León
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Competitors at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Mexico
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
20th-century Mexican people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20%28racewalker%29 |
The 2nd Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, given by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association on December 21, 1976, honored the best in film for 1976.
Winners
Best Picture (tie):
Network
Rocky
Best Director:
Sidney Lumet – Network
Best Actor:
Robert De Niro – Taxi Driver
Best Actress:
Liv Ullmann – Face to Face (Ansikte mot ansikte)
Best Screenplay:
Paddy Chayefsky – Network
Best Cinematography:
Haskell Wexler – Bound for Glory
Best Music Score:
Bernard Herrmann – Taxi Driver
Best Foreign Film:
Face to Face (Ansikte mot ansikte) • Sweden
New Generation Award:
Martin Scorsese (director) and Jodie Foster (star) – Taxi Driver
Career Achievement Award:
Allan Dwan
Special Citation:
Marcel Ophüls – The Memory of Justice
Max Laemmle, for his innovative programming of specialized films in the Los Angeles community
References
External links
2nd Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
1976
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%20Los%20Angeles%20Film%20Critics%20Association%20Awards |
The Wisconsin State Fair Park is a fairgrounds and exhibition center in West Allis, Wisconsin, a suburb west of Milwaukee. It has been the location of the Wisconsin State Fair since 1892. The fairgrounds are open year-round, hosting various expositions (many of them agricultural).
It also contains venues such as the Milwaukee Mile, the oldest continuously operating motor speedway in the world, and the Pettit National Ice Center, a U.S. Olympic training facility which is independently owned. The Park is policed by the Wisconsin State Fair Park Police Department.
History
In 1891, the Wisconsin Agricultural Society purchased almost of farmland from George Stevens, in what was then North Greenfield (Honey Creek settlement), in order to secure a permanent site for the Wisconsin State Fair. The fairgrounds later became a staging ground for Camp Harvey during the Spanish–American War and World Wars I and II. Two Wisconsin historical markers, which are positioned at the entrance of the Wisconsin Exposition Center, document this history for visitors.
The NFL's Green Bay Packers played several regular season home games per year at the park from 1934 through 1951, including the 1939 NFL Championship Game. After a year at Marquette Stadium in 1952, the Packers moved their Milwaukee-area games to County Stadium when it opened in 1953. Packer games in Milwaukee were ended after the 1994 season.
The grounds of the State Fair, at the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources park site, contain one of only two Indian effigy mounds remaining in Milwaukee County. (The other is located at Lake Park in Milwaukee.) Four pre-historic mounds originally populated the location, which were built by the Woodlands People from 100 to 1000 AD. They contained artifacts dating to 8000 BC, some of which can be found at the West Allis Historical Museum.
On July 25–27, 1969 the Midwest Rock Festival was held at the State Fair Park.
State Fair Park Police
The Wisconsin State Fair Park Police Department is a law enforcement agency that protects the fair grounds and, if necessary, the area surrounding it. Officers enjoy full police powers, and has close connections to the West Allis Police Department.
The department was founded in 1907 as a police entity. It continued to operate as such until 1999, when it was dissolved. Between 2000 and 2006, the Wisconsin Capitol Police were responsible for law enforcement operations during the Wisconsin State Fair. In 2007, the Wisconsin State Fair Park Police Department was recreated to provide year-round protection for the park grounds.
Park facilities
Ag Village
Master Spas Pavilion
Milwaukee Mile
Pettit National Ice Center
RV park
Special Guest Centers
Tommy G. Thompson Youth Center
Wisconsin Exposition Center
Wisconsin Products Pavilion
Parks of Milwaukee
References
External links
Wisconsin State Fair Park
Buildings and structures in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
Fairgrounds in the United States
American Football League (1940) venues
Tourist attractions in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
American football venues in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%20State%20Fair%20Park |
The Manila Bulletin () (also known as the Bulletin and previously known as the Manila Daily Bulletin from 1906 to September 23, 1972, and the Bulletin Today from November 22, 1972, to March 10, 1986) is the Philippines' largest English language broadsheet newspaper by circulation. Founded in 1900, it is the second oldest extant newspaper published in the Philippines and the second oldest extant English newspaper in the Far East. It bills itself as "The Nation's Leading Newspaper", which is its official slogan.
According to a survey done by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Manila Bulletin is considered "one of the most trusted news organizations"; placing 2nd with 66% of Filipinos trusting the organization.
History
Manila Bulletin was founded in 1900 by Carlson Taylor as a shipping journal. In 1957, the newspaper was acquired by Swiss expatriate Hans Menzi.
From 1938 to his death in 2002, Jose Guevara wrote a column of political commentary for the newspaper.
On occasions the editorial policy of the Manila Bulletin met objection from civil authorities. During World War II the newspaper's editor, Roy Anthony Cutaran Bennett, was imprisoned and tortured by the Japanese for his statements opposing the militarist expansion of the Japanese Empire. The Manila Bulletin (as Bulletin Today from 1972 to 1986) survived the martial law era of President Ferdinand Marcos as a propaganda tool.
Following Menzi's death in 1984, Chinese Filipino business mogul Emilio Yap became the new chairman of the Bulletin. Yap was invited by Menzi to become a shareholder in 1961. The company has been listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange since 1990, and had revenues of approximately US$45 million in 2004. Besides its flagship it publishes two other daily tabloids, Tempo and Balita, as well as nine magazines such as the Philippine Panorama, Bannawag, Liwayway, Bisaya and a host of other journals in English, Tagalog, Cebuano and other Philippine languages. It also publishes a number of lifestyle magazines such as Wedding Essentials, Style Weekend, GARAGE Magazine, Agriculture Magazine, Digital Gen, Going Places and Animal Scene.
In May 2021, The Manila Bulletin named Business Editor Loreto Cabanes as the new editor-in-chief following the passing of Dr. Crispulo Icban. Herminio "Sonny" B. Coloma was also named as the new publisher.
To further enhance its image as a newspaper which presents positive news articles, the Bulletin recently introduced a new marketing tagline, "There's good news here". In 2015, it adopted its current marketing tagline "Be Fully Informed".
In addition, it maintains the oldest news website in the Philippines. To date, it is the largest subscriber to the Philippine News Agency among newspapers.
MB Online Chinese edition
In June 2020, Manila Bulletin unveiled its Chinese-language online edition, thus becoming the first major Philippine print news outlet to have an online Chinese edition that would cater to the Chinese Filipino population and the Chinese diaspora in the Philippines.
Reception
On December 22, 2007, survey results by Nielsen Media Research's Nielsen Media Index Study (Enhanced Wave 2), covering the whole year of 2007, showed that the Manila Bulletin was the choice of 47 "of those who said they had read a broadsheet" with 1.17 million readers. This was lower than rivals Philippine Daily Inquirer (53% with 1.3 million readers), and higher than The Philippine Star (42% or 1.05 million readers). Nielsen survey also showed that the Panorama came in second with 35% readership, below Sunday Inquirer Magazine (39% readership), and above Starweek (12%).
Latest Q2 2016 Nielsen Consumer and Media View results put Manila Bulletin, with 48% share of the total Broadsheet market, as the most read Broadsheet in the Philippines. Philippine Daily Inquirer comes in second at 38%, followed by Philippine Star at 14%.
Results from the global survey 2020 Digital News Report, an annual project of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University, revealed that Manila Bulletin, together with The Philippine Star and TV5, was the second most trusted brand at 68%, behind only GMA Network's 73%.
Controversy
On June 5, 2008, a Filipino blogger sued the Bulletin for copyright infringement. The photo blogger had discovered that photos that he had taken and posted online had been used by the Manila Bulletin in the "Travel & Tourism" section of its March 21, 2007, issue. Apparently, the photographs had been altered and used by the newspaper without the original photographer's consent and without attribution or compensation. A month later, the newspaper filed a counter-suit against the blogger claiming "exemplary and moral damages". The Manila Bulletin claimed that its use (and alteration, creating derivative works) of the photographs constituted fair use.
Manila Bulletin Publishing Corp. Group
Tabloids
Tempo
Balita
Magazines
Showbiz
Bannawag
Bisaya Magasin
Hiligaynon Magazine
Liwayway
Sports
Sports Digest
Lifestyle
Animal Scene
Going Places (previously known as Cruising)
Philippine Panorama (sometimes simply known as Panorama)
The Digital Generation
Agriculture
Wedding Essentials
Garage
Crosstrain.PH
Online Properties
Manila Bulletin Internet Edition
Manila Bulletin Chinese Edition
See also
Life in Progress
References
External links
Media Ownership Monitor Philippines - Media Companies: A Duopoly Rules by VERA Files and Reporters Without Borders
Media Ownership Monitor Philippines - Print by VERA Files and Reporters Without Borders
English-language newspapers published in the Philippines
National newspapers published in the Philippines
Newspapers published in Metro Manila
Newspapers established in 1900
Companies listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange
1900 establishments in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila%20Bulletin |
Warhammer: Mark of Chaos is a real-time tactics game set in the Warhammer universe. It was developed by Black Hole Entertainment and co-published by Namco Bandai Games in the US and Deep Silver in PAL territories. The game was released for Microsoft Windows in the US on November 14, 2006, with subsequent release in PAL territories on November 23, 2006.
An expansion, Battle March, was released on September 2, 2008. It contains one new campaign and the addition of Dark Elves and Orcs & Goblins as playable races. An Xbox 360 version was released and titled as Warhammer: Battle March, dropping the Mark of Chaos moniker.
Gameplay
The game, according to the developers, is a game "focusing on the armies and battles while de-emphasizing the tedious aspects of base and resource management". Set in the Warhammer Old World, the player can command one of four armies from the tabletop game.
The gameplay is primarily focused on battlefield tactics, thus not featuring RTS gameplay aspects like base-building, resource harvesting or in-battle unit production. Instead, the gameplay is intended to be focused on high fantasy/late medieval battles. Its gameplay is superficially similar to its predecessors and the Total War games; however, the basic game play model is significantly more simplified, and battles are more similar to real-time strategy games like Warcraft III than other real-time tactics titles.
The objective for each battle is defeat of the enemy army by either completely destroying it or causing the remaining units to flee off the battlefield. Battles are fought on a variety of landscapes and settings, with specific terrain types granting bonuses or penalties to units. Units also have morale, and will break and flee if they suffer enough damage or get hit by specific types of weaponry, and stamina, which will cause them to lose defense and speed when sufficiently drained.
The troops present in the game are presented as "units", which is anything from 1 to 96 individual "models", with the specific number depending on the type of unit. The control system is similar to the Total War and Dawn of War in that orders are issued to units in their entirety, as opposed to being issued to individuals. As well as standard orders you are also able to arrange your units into a number of formations, with each formation conferring advantages against specific kinds of attacks. Units will also gain experience over the course of a battle or campaign and will gain improved statistics and more models.
In addition to standard units there are special "Hero" units; unique individuals considerably more powerful than the average combatant. In addition to being able to use and learn new abilities, they can also be equipped with additional weapons, armour or potions that grant the hero with both offensive and defensive skills and bonuses. Heroes also gain experience from fighting, and by gaining levels the player is able to unlock various skills that supplement its combat abilities. Unlike units which consist of multiple models, Heroes are controlled individually. However they can be attached to standard units, fighting alongside the unit's models, giving the unit a morale boost and increasing its fighting capability through the use of skills. Hero units can also initiate or be challenged to duels, where they fight the opposing army's hero uninterrupted until one slays the other, resulting in a morale penalty for the losing side. The duel is for the most part out of the player's control, however the player is also free to activate any duel-specific skills the hero has during the course of the duel, to affect its outcome.
Single Player
There are two single player campaigns, each separated into four chapters, one following the Empire and Elven Forces and the other the Hordes of Chaos and Skaven forces.
The majority of the single campaign is a number of different battle scenarios, in which your pre-selected force will combat a number of enemy forces. Winning the scenario will award the player gold. Between battles the game switches to a map of the area, with the location of their army denoted by a figure of their champion. The player is then able to select their army and move to another location. This will bring up a force selection screen, and the player will then have to select a limited number of troops and heroes to play the next scenario with. Although the campaign is for the most part linear, there are also optional side quests, which although mostly unrelated to the main story will usually result in the heroes acquiring additional gold, troops or equipment that can be used in the campaign. As well as traditional large scale battles there are also Duel scenarios in which a hero character of your choice will enter straight into a duel with an enemy champion, with victory of either champion immediately ending the scenario.
On the map the player can also access towns and encampments, which serve as the replacement for bases found in other strategy and tactic games. The player can use the gold acquired in previous battles to purchase replacements, new or improved units, upgrades such as better armour or attack power for their existing units and also wargear and items for their hero units. Conversations between characters will also occur at certain points on the map, advancing the story.
In addition to the campaign, the multiplayer modes can also be played as single player skirmish battles.
Multiplayer
The game allows for up to four players to battle using either a LAN or over the internet. Multiplayer battles are played in much the same way as the single player. The game includes four different game modes, including normal battles, siege battles where one team has to defend a stronghold from the opposing army, and a reinforcements mode, where capturing strategic points on the map awards points that enable players to buy new units during the battle.
Prior to the battle, each player has a certain number of points with which to select an army, which is chosen by the host of the game prior to army selection. The points can be used in a variety of different ways, either buying new units, upgrading units or buying additional equipment or skills for your hero units. This enables a player to outfit an army in a variety of styles suitable for their playing style. Although the player is free to choose any configuration, there are also examples of army configurations for each of the 12 factions featured in game. In a tribute to the tabletop game, players are also able to customise their army's colours and banners. In addition, there is also a comprehensive model editor where players can change the look of individual models using a variety of heads, limbs, armour and weaponry sets. These army configurations can then be saved for use later.
Setting
The setting of Mark of Chaos is the Old World of the Warhammer Fantasy universe, one year after the Great War against Chaos. In the aftermath of the war, the chaos warbands scattered, some returning to their homelands in the north, some staying and raiding the farms and villages in the northern fringes of the Empire. The Empire, already pushed to the brink of collapse as a result of the war, is undermanned and struggles to protect the isolated farms and villages. If the tribes of chaos were once again to reunite, the Empire would most likely fall. The game has 2 campaigns that follow the story from both the Empire and Chaos perspectives, with each campaign having a different progression of events.
Races
The game features four different playable races from the Warhammer game, and the units available to each race are taken straight from the tabletop wargame. All the races are visually distinctive, and have their own unique units, although there is a lot of crossover between factions and each type of unit will usually have an equivalent unit in another race. Within each race there are also three different factions, which are available to be used in multiplayer games. However beyond cosmetic differences, and the selection of troops there is minimal difference between the 3 factions.
The Empire is a vast human empire which resembles early modern (16th century) Germany in its looks and organisation. Their forces are primarily human soldiers of various specialties. In addition they are, along with the Dwarves, one of the few races who have developed black powder weaponry, and have access to handguns, cannons, and other gunpowder based siege weapons. The 3 playable factions are the Ostermark, Nuln and Talabecland armies.
The High Elves are an ancient and elegant race. In addition to their normal ranks of elven spearmen and archers, they have a considerable number of elite troops, and an above average number of magical specialists. The 3 playable factions are the Ellyrian, Shadowlands and Saphery kingdoms.
The Hordes of Chaos are Humans from the Northlands, corrupted by the gods of Chaos by their ambition, lust or the other base instincts and emotions of humanity. In addition to human warriors and Marauders they also have access to supernatural creatures such as Daemons and Spawns of Chaos. The 3 playable factions are the cults of the chaos gods Nurgle, Khorne and the pantheon Chaos Undivided.
The Skaven are a race of subterranean man sized rats. Though as individuals they are weaker than members of the other races, they compensate through vastly superior numbers. In addition they utilise a mineral called warpstone to mutate members of their race to create giant rats and rat ogres. The 3 playable factions are the Eshin, Skryre and Warlord clans.
In addition to the four playable races there are also additional races that serve as both additional enemies in the single player campaigns and also as mercenary "Dogs of War" units available at certain points in the single player campaign, and also as additional choices in multiplayer games. The available mercenary races are Greenskins and Dwarves. The Vampire Counts are also present in the single player campaign, but are not available to be used by the player.
The Hordes of Chaos Campaign
The Chaos campaign follows the progress of Thorgar the Blooded One, a Chaos champion who fought alongside the warlord Asavar Kul in the Great War. Now he is looking to build his forces to launch another attack on The Empire. During this time he is guided by a sorcerer by the name of Sudobaal, who instructs Thorgar to lead his men to a Chaos shrine. After enduring a series of trials Thorgar obtains the favour and patronage of one of the chaos pantheon; either Nurgle or Khorne, depending on the player's choice. Sudobaal then instructs Thorgar to locate an elven mage who knows the location of the body of the defeated Chaos warlord Asavar Kul. During this time he allies with Kasquit, a skaven warlock engineer of clan Skryre. Having angered the skaven council, Kasquit quickly accepts the alliance in order to receive Thorgar's protection, and agrees to help Thorgar locate the mage. The campaign concludes with Thorgar killing Sudobaal for turning on him and his elevation to daemonhood, and the subsequent destruction of the city of Talabheim. Roaring his victory to the gods and claiming he can't be defeated. In the distance a huge greenskin army is preparing to launch its own attack against the Old World, this possibly heralding the game's expansion: Battle March.
The Empire Campaign
The Empire is placed from the perspective of "Stefan von Kessel" a captain in the army of Ostermark under Count Otto Gruber. He is plagued by his sad past – his father, the former Count of Ostermark and grandfather were killed for Chaos worship, deprived of their lands, and the child Stefan was branded across his eye with the mark of chaos. The campaign starts with an adult Stefan fending off an attack by chaos marauders. The battle is won and Gruber, Stefan and the other captains hold a council of war. Stefan heads north towards a fortress and engages in several battles with Chaos and Orc forces along the way. He takes the fortress, though he damages it in the process. After a heated exchange between himself and Gruber, he is sent to help the elves after the Reiksmarshal brings "requests" from the Emperor.
It's at this point we meet Aurelion, an Archmage of Saphery. Stefan sets camp while the elves go to gather their forces who are arriving by sea. The elves depart and Aurelion finds her people have been scattered. She gathers them and after fighting Chaos and Skaven forces they arrive at a fortress soon to be assaulted. The story switches back to Stefan who makes his way to the fortress to relieve Aurelion and the other defenders. After the battle Stefan and Aurelion speak with Prince Khalanos who wants Stefan to go north with him to counter the advance of Chaos while Stefan's orders are to head east to deal with a gathering.
In the end they go their separate ways and Stefan, after helping Brother Gunther (a warrior priest of Sigmar defending a shrine from the Skaven), learns that Count Otto Gruber (whose army could not be found) was guilty of worshiping Nurgle, the Chaos god of the rot. Stefan is outraged for it was Gruber who accused his father and grandfather taking their lands for his own and in fact, accusing them to cover his own misdeeds. Stefan retrieves a Daemon slayer's sword from the tomb of a vampire count and heads east to deal with Gruber. He is stopped, however, by plague clouds, and he is forced to pull back. Meanwhile, Aurelion and her warriors decide to find out more about the clouds. They locate and destroy a shrine dedicated to Nurgle, allowing Stefan to make for Gruber's fortress.
Stefan arrives to find a massacre: Gruber's army has been slaughtered after they had discovered his treachery. Stefan attacks and destroys Gruber's defenses and mortally wounds Gruber. By right of deed and ancestry, Stefan claims Gruber's sword, a Runefang and symbol of an Elector Count of the Empire. The Reiksmarshal returns and informs Stefan that the Emperor has restored him the lands taken by Gruber and named him the new Count of Ostermark. Stefan then must face Thorgar the Bloodied One, a Chaos Champion that has ascended to Daemonhood, in the Campaign's final chapter.
Development
Development of the game was given to Black Hole Entertainment, who were hired by Namco Bandai Games after being impressed by their work on the real-time strategy title Armies of Exigo.
Two different styles of box art were released, one depicting an Empire Warrior Priest and the other depicting a Chaos Champion. At the same time, a Collector's Edition was released, containing the official soundtrack on audio CD, the official novelization written by Anthony Reynolds, an art book, posters and several Warhammer themed ornaments.
Soundtrack
The game features an orchestral soundtrack composed entirely by award-winning composer Jeremy Soule, who is most famous for his work on Supreme Commander, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Icewind Dale, and the Guild Wars series of video games. The entire soundtrack is included in audio CD format in the Collectors Edition box set. The CD is not sold separately, however it is available for download direct from Soule's website.
Track list
Reception
{{video game reviews
| GR = 74/100
| MC = 73/100
| Edge = 6/10
| GI = 6.75/10
| IGN = 8/10<ref name="IGN3">{{cite web | url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/745/745192p3.html | title=Warhammer: Mark Of Chaos review at IGN page 3 | last=Adams | first=Dan | work=IGN | date=November 11, 2006 | access-date=June 21, 2007 | archive-date=February 6, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206221158/http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/745/745192p3.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| GSpot = 7.2/10
| GSpy = 3.5/5
| OXM = 5.5/10
| PCZone = 82/100
| PCGUS = 83/100
| PCGUK = 69/100
}}
The game was received with mixed and extremely varying reviews. Reviewers generally praised its distinctive and varied visuals, with the character models and the special effects earning high praise from the majority of reviews, but also criticised the rather basic combat animations and a shallowness of tactical depth for a game focusing purely on battlefield operations.
The single player campaigns received criticism for its linearity, and the storytelling especially when compared to the game's opening cinematic. The multiplayer support was also disparaged for its temperamental and glitch-prone account system and connection issues, although this was addressed and partly fixed in subsequent patches.
Despite the criticisms received however, the game was received positively overall, obtaining an average score of 73 at Metacritic, and similarly an average score of 74% at GameRankings with over 80% of reviews scoring 70% or better.
Criticism
The game received criticism upon release, mainly centered on two things: the marketing of the game, and, related to this, the lack of faithfulness to the Warhammer tabletop original.
Before release, Warhammer: Mark of Chaos was claimed to feature "dynamic cooperative campaign mode and a full assortment of multiplayer modes for both casual and competitive gamers". However, the cooperative campaign was omitted from the released game, even though still marketed as featuring this (the developer's homepage still listed it as a feature as of July 2007). Mark of Chaos was marketed as of "epic" scale, with "thousands of characters battling on screen"; in reality, the game features hundreds rather than thousands of individual characters. Namco, the publisher, targeted the substantial tabletop game fan base by naming Mark of Chaos a faithful translation to computer game format. However, core elements of the tabletop game (e.g. formation movement rules, combat resolution systems, and unit overlap prohibitions) are missing, invalidating tabletop tactics.
Further common sources of criticism in reviews, discussion and technical support are that the game suffers from numerous bugs, instability and prohibitively long load screens: "the standard loading screen is preceded by its own loading screen, for meta-loading''", as Game-Revolution put it in their review. Also, the hero duels, one of the more distinctive features of the game, are often singled out as dull, repetitive or distracting.
See also
List of Games Workshop video games
References
External links
Warhammer: Mark of Chaos at MobyGames
2006 video games
Bandai Namco games
Games for Windows
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Real-time tactics video games
Video games developed in Hungary
Video games scored by Jeremy Soule
Video games with expansion packs
Mark of Chaos
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Deep Silver games
Black Hole Entertainment games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhammer%3A%20Mark%20of%20Chaos |
Primera A may refer to:
Colombian Primera A, Colombia
Serie A de Ecuador, Ecuador
Liga de Expansión MX or Primera División A, Mexico
Liga Nacional de Ascenso or Primera A, Panama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera%20A |
The Donoughmore Constitution (; ), created by the Donoughmore Commission, served Sri Lanka (Ceylon) from 1931 to 1947 when it was replaced by the Soulbury Constitution.
It was a significant development. First, it was the only constitution in the British Empire (outside Dominions of Australia, South Africa and Canada) enabling general elections with adult universal suffrage. For the first time, a "dependent", non-caucasian country within the empires of Western Europe was given one-person, one-vote and the power to control domestic affairs. Here was the pilot project whose success would ensure freedom from colonial rule for whole swathes of Asia, Africa and the Caribbean.
Secondly, it created a committee system of government specifically to address the multi-ethnic problems of Sri Lanka. Under this system, no one ethnic community could dominate the political arena. Instead, every government department was overseen by a committee of parliamentarians drawn from all the ethnic communities. This created a built-in series of checks and balances, leading to continual 'pork-barrelling' and 'log-rolling', in which every ethnic group gained something. Consensual politics was thereby forced on Sri Lanka's reluctant political activists. Power and funding followed those with the ability to maximise broadbased multi-ethnic support: negotiators and peacemakers were therefore elevated above demagogues and warmongers.
The Donoughmore Commissioners had been appointed by the socialist Sydney Webb. Webb was briefly the Secretary of State for the Colonies in the Lib-Lab coalition government of 1927. He appointed Commissioners whom he knew shared his desire for an equitable and socialist British empire and they in turn came up with a Constitutional arrangement for Sri Lanka, which would ensure that every community in the island had a chance of for power and prosperity.
References
Constitutions of Sri Lanka
Defunct constitutions
British Ceylon period
Sri Lankan Tamil history
1930s in Ceylon
1940s in Ceylon
1931 documents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoughmore%20Constitution |
Raúl González (born 1977), known as Raúl, is a retired Spanish footballer.
Raúl González may also refer to:
Otto-Raúl González (1921–2007), Guatemalan writer, lawyer and communist
Raul A. Gonzalez (born 1940), Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas
Raul M. Gonzalez (1931–2014), Secretary of Justice of the Philippines from 2004 to 2009
Raúl González (baseball) (born 1973), Major League Baseball player
Raúl González (boxer) (born 1967), Cuban Olympic medalist in boxing
Raúl González (footballer, born 1955), Chilean football defender
Raúl González (footballer, born 1976), Argentine football striker
Raúl González (footballer, born 1985), Venezuelan football right-back
Raúl González (footballer, born 1991), Spanish football forward
Raúl González (footballer, born 1994), Puerto Rican football midfielder
Raúl González (football manager, born 1952), Uruguayan football manager
Raúl González (football manager, born 1968), Chilean football manager
Raúl González (handballer) (born 1970), Spanish handball player
Raúl González (host) (born 1971), Venezuelan host on the Univisión television network
Raul Gonzalez (journalist) (1935–2013), Filipino journalist and columnist
Raúl González (racewalker) (born 1952), Mexican Olympic medalist in race walking
Raúl González (weightlifter) (born 1957), Cuban Olympic weightlifter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20%28disambiguation%29 |
This is a list of foundations in Canada. Foundations in Canada are registered charities. Under Canadian law, foundations may be public or private; , they made up 12% of all registered charities in Canada. , Canada had 4,961 public foundations and 6,189 private.
Canadian foundations collectively comprise a very large asset base for philanthropy. As of 2003, there were over 2,000 active grantmaking foundations in Canada, who had total assets of CA$12.5 billion, with total grants given that year of over $1 billion. In 2018, public and private foundations held around $91.9 billion in assets and made $7 billion in grants.
The largest foundation in Canada as of June 2023 is Mastercard Foundation (private), with $37 billion in assets.
List
The following is a list of foundations in Canada that have at least CA$10 million in assets, as per their most recent Registered Charity Information Return with the Canada Revenue Agency.
References
External links
Annual Registered Charity Information Returns from the Canada Revenue Agency
Foundation Search Canada
Ajah Fundtracker - online directory of all of the Canadian foundations
Foundations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20foundations%20in%20Canada |
Electoral District of East Toowoomba was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created in 1912 when the old seat of Drayton & Toowoomba split into East Toowoomba, Toowoomba and Drayton. East Toowoomba ceased to exist in 1950.
In the 1960 redistribution, a seat of Toowoomba East (along with Toowoomba West) was created that lasted until 1972.
When East Toowoomba was lost to redistribution, Sir Gordon Chalk contested the seat of Lockyer successfully.
Members for East Toowoomba
Election results
See also
Electoral districts of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
:Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
References
Darling Downs
Toowoomba
East Toowomba
Constituencies established in 1912
Constituencies disestablished in 1950
1912 establishments in Australia
1950 disestablishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20East%20Toowoomba |
Marquette Stadium was an outdoor athletic stadium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the home field of the Golden Avalanche of Marquette University, its intercollegiate football team. Located in the Merrill Park neighborhood west of the university, the stadium opened in 1924 and had a seating capacity of 24,000 at its peak. Citing financial issues, the football program was discontinued by the university in December 1960. The concrete grandstands were demolished in the summer of 1976.
The National Football League's Green Bay Packers played several home games per year in the Milwaukee area for 62 seasons, from 1933 through 1994. Marquette Stadium hosted three games during the 1952 season; Packer games in Milwaukee were moved to nearby County Stadium when it opened in 1953.
In addition to football, the stadium was also the home of the Marquette track and field team, which included Olympian Ralph Metcalfe, one of the fastest humans in the early 1930s. Olympic great Jesse Owens made several appearances while a collegian at Ohio State University.
The site was refurbished in 1998 into the Quad Park track and soccer complex, a home venue of Marquette University High School, a few blocks to the northeast. The current field and track are slightly west of the originals at Marquette Stadium.
References
External links
Marquette University digital archives – Marquette Stadium
MU Scoop wiki – Marquette Stadium
Marquette University High School – Quad Park Athletic Complex
Defunct college football venues
Defunct National Football League venues
Green Bay Packers stadiums
Marquette Golden Avalanche football
Demolished sports venues in Wisconsin
Sports venues in Milwaukee
American football venues in Wisconsin
1924 establishments in Wisconsin
Sports venues completed in 1924
1976 disestablishments in Wisconsin
Sports venues demolished in 1976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette%20Stadium |
Gustav Adolfs torg is a public square in central Stockholm, Sweden.
Description
The square is located in the district of Norrmalm, where Strömgatan, Fredsgatan, Malmtorgsgatan and Regeringsgatan meet. The site was
named after King Gustav II Adolf. In the middle of the square there is a statue of Gustav II Adolf by the French-born, Swedish sculptor Pierre Hubert L'Archevêque (1721–1778) which was erected in 1796.
The square is home to the Royal Opera, Arvfurstens palats (housing the Ministry for Foreign Affairs) and the Ministry of Defence. South of the square are the Riksdag Building on Helgeandsholmen and the Royal Palace in Gamla stan.
See also
Norrbro
Lejonbacken
References
Squares in Stockholm
Cultural depictions of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Statues of monarchs
Statues of military officers
Equestrian statues in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolfs%20torg%2C%20Stockholm |
Raúl González Sánchez (born June 5, 1967) is a boxer from Cuba, who won the silver medal in the Men's Flyweight Division (– 51 kg) at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. In the final he lost to North Korea's Choi Chol-Su. Three years later, at the 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Berlin, he captured the bronze medal in his weight division.
Career
U.S. boxer Rudolph Bradley said his first thought when Raúl González put him down was, "Man, he's strong. I knew the Cubans were strong but I didn't think he could put me down. Yeah, I was in trouble, but I was boxing and moving, trying to get my head back. I've never been stopped, I've been hit hard hundreds of times in Army fights."
Olympic results
Defeated Leszek Olszewski (Poland) 15-7
Defeated Moses Malagu (Nigeria) RSC 2 (0:23)
Defeated David Serradas (Venezuela) 14-7
Defeated Tim Austin (United States) RSC 1 (1:04)
Lost to Choi Chol-Su (North Korea) 2-12
References
Profile
1967 births
Living people
Boxers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Boxers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Cuba
Olympic silver medalists for Cuba
Olympic medalists in boxing
Cuban male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Flyweight boxers
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
20th-century Cuban people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20%28boxer%29 |
The 11th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 9, 2006, honoring the finest achievements of 2005 filmmaking. The ceremony was held at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California.
Top 10 films
(in alphabetical order)
Brokeback Mountain
Capote
Cinderella Man
The Constant Gardener
Crash
Good Night, and Good Luck
King Kong
Memoirs of a Geisha
Munich
Walk the Line
Winners and nominees
Freedom Award
George Clooney – Good Night, and Good Luck
Best Picture Made for Television
Into the West
No Direction Home
Rome (for episode "The Stolen Eagle")
Warm Springs
Distinguished Achievement in Performing Arts Award
King Kong – King Kong
Statistics
References
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
2005 film awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Critics%27%20Choice%20Awards |
John Keyes is an American operatic tenor who specializes in the dramatic repertoire. After studies in Chicago, he apprenticed and performed at both the Lyric Opera of Chicago and the Houston Grand Opera during the late 1980s. In 1990 he won an international singing competition in San Antonio and was awarded the Richard Tucker Career Grant. He made his European debut the following year as Siegmund in Richard Wagner's Die Walküre at the Scottish Opera.
Keyes has since performed leading roles at major opera houses internationally, including the Bavarian State Opera, De Nederlandse Opera, the English National Opera, the Hamburg State Opera, the Hawaii Opera Theatre, the Metropolitan Opera, the Michigan Opera Theatre, the National Theatre Mannheim, Opera Australia, Opera de Nantes, Opera Pacific, the Palacio de Bellas Artes, the San Francisco Opera, the Teatro Colón, the Théâtre du Capitole, the Toledo Opera, the Tulsa Opera, and the Vlaamse Opera. Among the roles he has performed are Calaf in Turandot, Canio in Pagliacci, Don José in Carmen, Eisenstein in Die Fledermaus, Erik in The Flying Dutchman, Florestan in Fidelio, Jean in Hérodiade, Pollione in Norma, Radames in Aida, Ramirez in La Fanciulla del West, Rodrigo in Rossini's Otello, Samson in Samson et Dalila, Tristan in Tristan und Isolde, Turridu in Cavalleria Rusticana, Walther in Tannhäuser, and the title roles in Don Carlos, Lohengrin, Verdi's Otello, Parsifal, and Siegfried. He is also active as a concert soloist, and is particularly known for his performances of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9.
Sources
Keyes&language=en Biography of John Keyes at operissimo.com
American operatic tenors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Keyes%20%28tenor%29 |
The Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration, also known as the Doctors' and Dentists' Review Body (DDRB), is a body established to set the pay of doctors and dentists in the National Health Service.
The Review Body invites evidence from a range of stakeholders, including the British Medical Association and the Government, and then provides a recommendation to the Government on how much doctors' pay should increase in the following year. This recommendation is then taken under advisement and the Government then sets the pay rises through the NHS Employers organisation. The pay rises are published with the implementation schedules, in the NHS Medical and Dental Pay Circular (Available from the NHS Employers website and published every year on 1 April).
In principle the DDRB matches doctors' pay with others doing similar jobs in the public and private sector, and ensures that doctors' pay continues to match that of others doing comparable jobs, and on comparable incomes. In practice it has been suggested that the DDRB has failed to maintain doctors' incomes in line with others, partly because of pressure from HM Treasury, and partly because the Government has refused to meet fully the DDRB recommendations. There is evidence that doctors' income has been falling over many years.
History
The DDRB was constituted in 1960 after the full acceptance of the Royal Commission of Doctor's and Dentist's Remuneration by Parliament.
References
External links
National Health Service
Department of Health and Social Care
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review%20Body%20on%20Doctors%27%20and%20Dentists%27%20Remuneration |
Woo Hee-young (born 13 November 1963), also known as Mr. Woo, is a South Korean former footballer and freestyle footballer.
Career
Born in Seoul, South Korea, at a very early age, Woo realized he had football talent. Inspired by Diego Maradona and his unique ball control ability, Woo practiced and practiced to emulate the skill. Woo won a national football skills competition in Korea and decided he wanted to become a professional footballer. Woo achieved this in Korea and then went on to play professionally in the Bundesliga for Stuttgart Kickers. Still practising his ball skills, Woo realized he wanted to become famous worldwide as the "Greatest Football Entertainer in the World".
Woo broke the Guinness Book of World Records for football head tricks in 1989 by heading a ball for 5 hours, 6 minutes and 30 seconds.
Whilst in Germany, Woo performed at the DFB-Pokal final and then back in Korea, Woo did his skills routine at the opening ceremony of the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics. During the 1990 FIFA World Cup, Woo performed for Pelé at this 50th birthday celebration event. Woo then moved to Hawaii in the United States and began coaching as well performing at various events in Las Vegas. He performed again for fans in 1994 FIFA World Cup and on numerous occasions performed in front of big audiences for the Outrigger Hotels group in Hawaii.
Woo again became involved in the 2002 FIFA World Cup when the tournament was held in his native South Korea. As an ambassador for the World Cup 2002 in Korea, Woo promoted the event at many games.
Woo then decided to perform his skills in the United Kingdom, the 'home of football', and has performed on television, for Nike in recent freestyle commercials and events across the UK, at football matches, corporate events, coaching and even impromptu public appearances whilst he practices his skills. During the film shoot for the Nike Stickman TV commercial, Brazilian World Cup winner Ronaldinho was so impressed he even asked Woo to sign his football.
See also
Freestyle football
World Freestyle Football Association
References
External links
Official website
1963 births
Living people
Footballers from Seoul
South Korean men's footballers
Stuttgarter Kickers players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Freestyle footballers
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Danyang Woo clan
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in West Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in West Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo%20Hee-young |
Promises was a Canadian-based pop group which was founded 1978 in Thousand Oaks, California. The members were siblings Leslie Maria Knauer (born August 20, 1957, Vancouver, vocals, bongos), Jed Knauer (born July 17, 1955, Toronto, guitar, piano) and Benny Knauer (born October 21, 1958, Vancouver, keyboards and vocals). Their father Peter Knauer was a German from Hamburg who moved with his children from Canada to California in the late 1960s.
Promises was formed, recorded and produced by Steve Verroca, who leased the group's album to EMI EAR Holland. In February 1979, the soft rock single "Baby It's You" became a smash hit around the world, especially in Europe, where it reached number 4 in the German charts, and Promises received a Gold album there for selling more than 260,000 units. The song was also hugely popular in Australia, largely due to programming of its promotional video on Sunday evening television music show Countdown. The song was subsequently released on a highly popular compilation album in that market. It also reached number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart for five weeks. "Baby It's You" was a success in South Africa as well, also appearing on Volume 7 of that country's long-running compilation album series "Pop Shop". The video also received a lot of airplay on South African television.
With their second single "Lets Get Back Together" being much less successful (only reaching number 18 in Germany), and Leslie wanting the group to become more of a punk band, they broke up. It is often said that Promises was a flop in the United States, but due to disagreements between EMI-EAR and Capitol Records in Los Angeles, Capitol refused to sign the group and Promises was never released in the U.S. Once the group was no longer signed to EMI-EAR, and under new manager Toby Mamis, they entered the studio to record a U.S. album for Capitol, produced by Jack Nitzsche. Producer Verroca had used many recording tricks for Leslie's voice that Nitzsche was unaware of, leading to friction with the new producer. Leslie insisted on recording full takes without overdubs. The album's recording sessions were subsequently halted, and the group broke up.
Leslie Knauer (Knauer-Wasser during a relationship with photographer Julian Wasser) went on to join and release a single with the group Roxy Roller with former London guitarist Lizzie Grey, and later became a member of the group Precious Metal (1983-1992), represented by music attorney Stann Findelle, who made their first recording deal with PolyGram and went on to record on Chameleon Records. Leslie was later a member of Kanary (2004), and sang two songs for the Dennis Hopper movie, Choke (2001). Leslie's daughter Alexi Wasser is an actress.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
References
External links
"Baby It's You" single ("First Published ... in Holland")
autographed "Baby It's You" single cover
Leslie Knauer tribute page, courtesy Rocketcity Records
Kanary website
Canadian pop music groups
American pop music groups
People from Thousand Oaks, California
Musical groups from Ventura County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promises%20%28group%29 |
Kjersti Tysse Plätzer (born Tysse; 18 January 1972) is a Norwegian race walker, who won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, in the 20 kilometres race. She finished 12th in the same race in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens and 4th in the 2007 World Championships in Osaka. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, she again won a silver medal in the 20 kilometres race.
Born in Os, Hordaland, she is the older sister of Erik Tysse and is married to former German middle distance runner Stephan Plätzer, who is also her coach. They have two children, Kiara Lea and Sebastian.
Achievements
References
2007 World Championships in Osaka,Japan 20 km 4th place
2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China 20 km 2nd place
External links
Kjersti Plätzer website
Kjersti Plätzer retirement feature
1972 births
Living people
Norwegian female racewalkers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
People from Os, Hordaland
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Sportspeople from Vestland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjersti%20Pl%C3%A4tzer |
The Stopford Building is the second largest building at The University of Manchester, after the Sackville Street Building. It houses the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH). It was built in 1969-72 (architects H. S. Fairhurst & Son). It is now linked on the east side to the Biotech Building of 1999. The cost of the building was £12.5 million and it was described as the largest and most up-to-date in Europe a few years after its completion. The medical school was then providing more doctors than any other British medical school, as well as dentists, graduate nurses, pharmacists, biochemists and psychiatric social workers.
The new Medical School (1972) was given the name of the Stopford Building in memory of Lord Stopford, a former Vice-Chancellor and notable anatomist. It has six lecture theatres. Also within the building is the Stopford Library (a branch of the university library) which caters for the medical scientists and students. (The library was formerly known as the Medical Faculty Library and was an original feature of the building.)
The Stopford Building is located on Oxford Road, Manchester, on the corner of Ackers Street immediately to the south of the Church of the Holy Name and opposite to the Manchester Academy which is next to the University of Manchester Students' Union (UMSU).
References
Buildings at the University of Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopford%20Building |
Cobblestones are small stones used in paving streets.
Cobblestone may also refer to:
Cobble (geology), a class of rock fragment larger than a pebble and smaller than a boulder
Cobblestone (magazine), a children's magazine
A unit of credit in the BOINC Credit System of the BOINC platform for volunteer computing
The Pebbles of Etratat, 1972 film also known as Cobblestones
Cobblestone Records, a jazz record label during the 1970s
Cobblestone Jazz, an electronic music band
See also
Cobble (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobblestone%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Shantung Street () is a street in Mong Kok, Kowloon in Hong Kong. It spans from Ferry Street in the west to Yim Po Fong Street in the east.
Features
Major landmarks including Langham Place and Macpherson Playground are situated along the street. The major road Nathan Road separates the street into two halves. A computer shopping centre is located in the eastern half. The western half was much quieter than the eastern one until the completion of Langham Place in late 2004.
Shui Yuet Temple (), located at 90 Shantung Street and built in 1927, is dedicated to Guanyin. It is listed as a Grade III historic building.
A much debated project by the Urban Renewal Authority may modify the eastern part of the street substantially.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
Roads in Kowloon
Mong Kok | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantung%20Street |
SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), formerly SRM University, is a private deemed university, located in Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu (near Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1985 as SRM Engineering College in Kattankulathur, it gained the deemed status in 2002. SRM Institute of Science and Technology includes six campuses, four in Tamil Nadu — Kattankulathur, Ramapuram and Vadapalani, and Tiruchirappalli, one in Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh and one in NCR Delhi.
History
The first college of what is now SRMIST, SRM (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial) Engineering College, was established in 1985, followed by the other SRM colleges from 1992 to 1997. The institute gained deemed status in 2002 as SRM Institute of Science and Technology and renamed SRM University in 2006. In 2017, its name was reverted to SRM Institute of Science and Technology following UGC's request to drop "University" from the name.
Campuses
Located about away from the city of Chennai, this campus is situated on a 250 acre site overlooking Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road), NH-32. The main campus at Kattankulathur consists of a College of Engineering and Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Science and Humanities, School of Management and School of Law. It is also one of the few schools in India that offers a Degree in Telecom studies.
Vadapalani campus
Vadapalani Campus is located at Vadapalani, Chennai. This campus houses the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Management Sciences, Faculty of MCA. The SRM Institute for Medical Sciences is also located within the campus.
Tiruchirappalli campus
The campus at Trichy on the Trichy-Chennai highway houses the faculties of Engineering & Technology, Science & Humanities, Allied Medical Science and Management.
NCR campus
The campus at Modinagar on Delhi-Meerut highway houses the faculties of Engineering & Technology, Management and Teacher Education.
Academics
Rankings
The QS World University Rankings ranked SRM Institute of Science and Technology 301–350 in Asia in 2023.
SRM Institute of Science and Technology ranked 29th among engineering colleges in India by India Today in 2020. The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 28th in the engineering ranking, 15th in the pharmacy ranking, 18th among universities and 32nd overall in NIRF 2023.
Notable alumni
Nivetha Thomas, actress
Murali Vijay, cricketer
Vishnu Vishal, actor
Iswarya Menon, film actress
Neeraj Madhav, actor
Varun Chakravarthy, cricketer
Abhay Jodhpurkar, singer
Shebin Benson, actor
Vishnu Prasanna, chess Grandmaster and coach of Gukesh D
Shrutika, Actress
See also
SRM University, Andhra Pradesh
References
External links
Engineering colleges in Chennai
Universities and colleges in Kanchipuram district
All India Council for Technical Education
Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu
Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in Tamil Nadu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRM%20Institute%20of%20Science%20and%20Technology |
Daniel García Córdova (born October 28, 1971) is a Mexican race walker. He was born in Mexico City, Mexico.
Personal bests
20 km: 1:18:27 hrs – Poděbrady, 19 April 1997
50 km: 3:50:05 hrs – Atlanta, Georgia, 2 August 1996
International competitions
*: Started as a guest out of competition.
References
1971 births
Living people
Athletes from Mexico City
Mexican male racewalkers
Olympic male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1995 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
FISU World University Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Mexico
Medalists at the 1993 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1995 Summer Universiade
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists in athletics
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships winners
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners
Russian Athletics Championships winners
20th-century Mexican people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Garc%C3%ADa%20%28racewalker%29 |
The Las Colinas Area Personal Transit System was a people mover system that served the Las Colinas area of Irving, a suburb of Dallas, Texas. The system had four passenger stations and a maintenance & control center, and was served by two cars, one for each route. The system used automated guideway transit technology, although it was eventually driven manually, and existed primarily for the benefit of office workers and a few local residents.
Service was suspended on August 29, 2020. , it was announced that the Las Colinas APT is closed indefinitely.
History
The Las Colinas APT was envisioned as an automated circulator system for the developing Las Colinas Urban Center. The long range plan called for a total of 5 miles (8 km) of dual lane guideway and 20 stations. The system was to contain 3 inner loops and one outer loop, with passengers transferring between loops at four key interchanges. The community of Las Colinas was founded in 1973, but construction of the APT did not begin until 1979. The first phase construction contained of guideway and 4 stations. (, Phase 1 remains the only fully constructed and operational track: see Current Operation for more details.)
Although the guideways were in place by 1983, the system was not finalized and opened until 1986, following the purchase of four cars, power and control infrastructure from AEG-Westinghouse, which has since been purchased by Bombardier Transportation. Passenger service began three years later on June 18, 1989, with the first five years of operation to be overseen by the vendor. This was part of a deal that cost $45 million. The system initially operated from 7 a.m. to midnight on weekdays, 11 a.m. to midnight on Saturdays and 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. on Sundays with a fare of 50 cents per ride. In July 1993, the system was closed due to rising expenses and a lack of envisioned development following the Dallas-area real estate crash. The system was mothballed and expansion plans were put on hold.
Las Colinas saw a revival of fortune towards the latter half of the 1990s, and the system reopened accordingly on December 2, 1996. Eventually the system ran only on a limited basis, yet the arrival of DART's Orange Line and development in the area at one point made expansion seem like a possibility. In its final era, as of June 10, 2013, the system ran Monday-Friday from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm, with no service on weekends.
Sometime in January 2013, the APT system was wrapped with a design, courtesy of Fastsigns, showing that the City of Irving, Texas, had received the 2012 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award.
Operations
Since the 1996 reopening, the fare-free system was run by the Dallas County Utility and Reclamation District. It ran from 6:00am to 6:00pm on weekdays for the benefit of office workers riding to Bell Tower/Mandalay Canal Station to eat lunch at the restaurants located there, as well as DART passengers boarding at Tower 909.
Track routing
Phase I, which included part of the outer loop's western section and part of one inner loop, remains the only segment in service until closure. The guideway contained two tracks with space for a third if demand warrants, and is grade-separated for the length of the route. Contrary to popular rumors, the system was never meant to be expanded beyond the Las Colinas Urban Center.
Track 1 (Red Route) - This route began at 600 E. Las Colinas Boulevard and ends at Urban Towers.
Track 2 (Blue Route) - This route began at 600 E. Las Colinas Boulevard and ended at the 909 Tower and the DART Las Colinas Urban Center Station.
Track 3 - This track began at Urban Towers and ended at Tower 909. The guideway was constructed but tracks were never installed or in operation.
Stations
The four original stations and maintenance center were the only operational stopping points for passengers on the APT system. All stations were elevated and protected from the elements. All stations except for Bell Tower/Mandalay Canal Station were accessed through private office buildings.
Urban Towers - Tracks 1 and 3, serving the Urban Towers office building at 222 W. Las Colinas Blvd. This served as the current northern terminus of the system.
Tower 909 - Tracks 2 and 3, located at 909 Lake Carolyn Parkway. This stop served the Tower 909 office building and is the eastern terminus of the system. The station included an elevated pedestrian connection to the DART Las Colinas Urban Center Station.
Bell Tower/Mandalay Canal - Tracks 1 and 2, located above the Mandalay Canal at 27 Mandalay Canal. This was the main and most popular station and served numerous dining options. Known formally as the Lauren E. McKinney Transit Center.
600 Las Colinas Boulevard - Tracks 1 and 2, serving the adjacent office building.
Vehicles & maintenance
Out of the four vehicles purchased in 1986 from Intermountain Design Inc. (IDI), only two were used on day-to-day service. Each vehicle could carry 45 passengers comfortably: 33 standing and 12 seated. The system was operated manually, with only two trains running as demand dictates. The drivers used a small control panel that is equipped with an emergency and maintenance controls. In April 2013, Schwager Davis, Inc. signed a contract with DCURD for the Operation & Maintenance of the Las Colinas APT System. Today Schwager Davis, Inc. employees 10 people to maintain the system, dispatch the trains & (4) drivers.
The Maintenance and Control Center is where all vehicles were stored. Each train started its first morning journey there. The control center was manned by an overseer during times of operation.
Gallery
Future expansion
Plans to expand the system have existed since the inception of the APT. The original plan called for a banana-shaped loop route that completely circled Lake Carolyn, but DART's Orange Line will now follow the route of the planned eastern section (although this does not block the APT from potentially following the same path, nor is DART able to fulfill the same purpose on this route as the APT). A number of guideway supports without tracks existed north of the Urban Towers Station before they were demolished to make way for development. The Track 2/3 guideway has enough space for two lines, although currently only Track 2 is in operation.
In 2012, the Dallas County Utility and Reclamation District completed a process to expand the system with the arrival of DART's Orange Line, creating an interchange at Tower 909 Station with DART's adjacent Las Colinas Urban Center Station. Additional possible future expansion options considered during this phase of growth include:
Building out Track 3, acquiring additional vehicles, automating the system and expanding operational hours.
Constructing infill stations along existing lines at various locations of development projects.
Extending Track 1/3 north on existing guideway supports to a planned entertainment district.
Extending Track 1/2 to South Las Colinas Station for future commuter rail access.
Controversy
Some, such as Gary N. Bourland, author of Las Colinas: The Inside Story of America's Premier Urban Development, cite cases of the APT System being viewed as an expensive white elephant. It has also been cited as one of the contributors towards the high rate of taxation in the Las Colinas area. However, the Northwest Corridor Major Investment Study - carried out on behalf of the Dallas Area Rapid Transit Board of Directors - referenced the (since completed) integration of the APT system into the DART public transit network, showing that demand remained for the service's continuation and even expansion. This, however, never came to be.
References
Rapid transit in Texas
People mover systems in the United States
Former people mover systems in the United States
Passenger rail transportation in Texas
Transportation in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Urban people mover systems
Railway lines opened in 1989
Railway lines closed in 2020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Colinas%20APT%20System |
The Polycladida represents a highly diverse clade of free-living marine flatworms. They are known from the littoral to the sublittoral zone (extending to the deep hot vents), and many species are common from coral reefs. Only a few species are found in freshwater habitats.
Description
Polyclads range from to in length with a flattened, roughly oval, body shape and, in many cases, a pair of short tentacles on the head. They are distinguished from other related animals by the presence of a folded pharynx, an elongated intestine with numerous complex diverticula, and multiple ocelli.
The etymology of the order name Polycladida corresponds to the two ancient Greek words (), meaning "numerous", and (), meaning "branch". It refers to the ramified shape of the intestine in these flatworms.
Most polyclads hide away from direct light. However, some of the brightly colored species often are active during the day. With their flamboyant coloring they advertise their potential toxicity to visual predators such as fish.
Development
Some polyclads develop through a Müller's larval stage.
Ecology
Often polyclads are associated with other invertebrates, such as bivalve mollusks, sponges, corals, or ascidians. In such associations, the worms may use the invertebrates as a source of food, or they may find protection from predators inside the structural framework of these hosts.
Systematics
The order Polycladida is divided into the two suborders, Cotylea and Acotylea, based on the character "presence/absence of a cotyl or sucker". Of the two, the Acotylea is the larger group with over 26 families worldwide. Acotyleans are major predators of sessile marine invertebrates such as all commercial bivalves species (including pearl and rock oysters), mussels, scallops and giant clams. Acotyleans are dull in coloration, and cryptic in their behavior, hiding in crevices and under coral during the day.
Cotyleans, on the other hand, with as many as 16 families, are prominent members of tropical coral reef communities and have bright, colorful bodies. Although cotylean flatworms are conspicuous predators in subtropical and tropical ecosystems, they are difficult to study. These worms are very fragile and when disturbed can break apart.
Some examples of Polycladida families are as follows:
Discocelidae
Cestoplanidae
Planoceridae
Stylochidae
Ditremageniidae
Prosthiostomidae
Opisthogeniidae
Pseudocerotidae
Phylogeny
In 2017, molecular analyses produced well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses that confirmed the monophyly of Polycladida, as well as that of Acotylea and of Cotylea.
Images
References
Turbellaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycladida |
was a 16th century merchant in the Japanese port town of Sakai, and a master of the tea ceremony. His yagō was Naya.
Biography
A relative of the Amago and Sasaki samurai clans, Sōkyū originally came from Yamato Province. After settling in Sakai, he studied the tea ceremony under Takeno Jōō, eventually marrying Jōō's daughter and inheriting his teawares and lineage as a tea master. In his business, Sōkyū traded primarily in firearms and ammunition. Around 1554, after donating a large sum to the Daitoku-ji, he organized a shake-up in the local merchant circles by which he climbed into a position of considerable influence, and became a member of the city's leadership council.
He traveled to the capital in 1568, where he met with warlord Oda Nobunaga, and presented him with some tea accoutrements which had belonged to earlier masters. He thus earned Nobunaga's favor, and was granted a noble title. Shortly afterwards, when Nobunaga sought to lay claim to Sakai, many members of the council debated seeking defense from the Miyoshi clan, but Sōkyū was among those who suggested that the city submit. He acted as mediator to arrange the peaceful submission of the city, and was rewarded by Nobunaga with a lucrative commission to manufacture firearms for the Oda clan, and a post as a local magistrate. Sōkyū came to be responsible for tax collection in the outskirts of the city, and for pass-port applications and related matters. He was also assigned some jurisdiction over the nearby Tajima silver mine, and over the blacksmiths and metallurgists of the area, from whom he gathered materials to produce firearms and fireworks.
Afterwards Sōkyū instructed Nobunaga in the ways of tea ceremony, also winning over the favor of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Sōkyū was present during the Grand Kitano Tea Ceremony of 1587, and served as one of Hideyoshi's three tea masters, alongside Sen no Rikyū and Tsuda Sōgyū. The same year, he helped prepare lacquer for a massive wooden statue of the Buddha which Hideyoshi saw constructed.
Sōkyū passed on his business and his official post to his son, Imai Sōkun, who would continue his father's legacy as tea master and advisor to Hideyoshi, and later to Tokugawa Ieyasu. Sōkyū died in 1593, at the age of 73, leaving a number of books of memoirs and records.
The Ōbaian, a teahouse related to him, still exists in Sakai's Daisen Park. Sōkyū is buried at the Rinkō-ji in Sakai.
References
Frederic, Louis (2002). "Imai Sōkyū." Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334-1615. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p345.
1520 births
1593 deaths
Japanese tea masters
Samurai
16th-century Japanese businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imai%20S%C5%8Dky%C5%AB |
The 36th NAACP Image Awards ceremony, presented by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), honored the best in film, television, music of 2004 and took place on March 19, 2005 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion.
The following is a listing of nominees, with winners in bold:
Winners
Film
Outstanding Motion Picture
Ray
Collateral
Fahrenheit 9/11
Hotel Rwanda
Man on Fire
Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Jamie Foxx – Ray
Don Cheadle - Hotel Rwanda
Mario Van Peebles - Baadasssss!
Denzel Washington - Man on Fire
Will Smith - I, Robot
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
Kerry Washington – Ray
Angela Bassett - Mr. 3000
Kimberly Elise - Woman Thou Art Loosed
Gabrielle Union - Breakin' All the Rules
Irma P. Hall - The Ladykillers
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Morgan Freeman – Million Dollar Baby
Don Cheadle - Ocean's Twelve
Clifton Powell - Ray
C.J. Sanders - Ray
Jamie Foxx - Collateral
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Regina King – Ray
Loretta Devine - Woman Thou Art Loosed
Sophie Okonedo - Hotel Rwanda
Jada Pinkett Smith - Collateral
Sharon Warren - Ray
Outstanding Independent or Foreign Motion Picture
Woman Thou Art Loosed
Baadasssss!
House of Flying Daggers
Maria Full of Grace
Moolaadé
Television
Outstanding Comedy Series
The Bernie Mac Show
Chappelle's Show
Half & Half
Girlfriends
My Wife and Kids
Outstanding Drama Series
Law & Order
Kevin Hill
Soul Food
The Wire
ER
Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series
Bernie Mac – The Bernie Mac Show
Flex Alexander - One on One
Dave Chappelle - Chappelle's Show
George Lopez - The George Lopez Show
Damon Wayans - My Wife and Kids
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series
Mo'Nique – The Parkers
Eve- Eve
Tisha Campbell-Martin- My Wife and Kids
Tracee Ellis Ross- Girlfriends
Kellita Smith- The Bernie Mac Show
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Reggie Hayes – Girlfriends
Donald Faison - Scrubs
Blair Underwood - Sex and the City
Dorien Wilson - The Parkers
Chico Benymon - Half & Half
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Camille Winbush – The Bernie Mac Show
Wanda Sykes - Curb Your Enthusiasm
Telma Hopkins - Half & Half
Valarie Pettiford - Half & Half
Essence Atkins - Half & Half
Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Taye Diggs – Kevin Hill
Gary Dourdan - CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Steve Harris - The Practice
Jesse L. Martin - Law & Order
Hill Harper - CSI: NY
Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series
Nia Long – Third Watch
Vivica A. Fox - 1-800-Missing
Malinda Williams - Soul Food
Nicole Ari Parker - Soul Food
Vanessa A. Williams - Soul Food
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Mekhi Phifer – ER
Idris Elba - The Wire
Darrin Henson - Soul Food
Dulé Hill - The West Wing
Omar Epps - House
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Khandi Alexander – CSI: Miami
Diahann Carroll- Soul Food
Pam Grier- The L Word
Jasmine Guy- Dead Like Me
Sonja Sohn- The Wire
Outstanding Actor – Daytime Drama Series: Shemar Moore – The Young and the Restless
Outstanding Actor – Television Movie, Miniseries or Dramatic Special: Jamie Foxx – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story
Outstanding Actress – Daytime Drama Series: Victoria Rowell – The Young and the Restless
Outstanding Actress – Television Movie, Miniseries or Dramatic Special: Lynn Whitfield – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story
Outstanding Performance – Youth/Children's Series or Special: Raven-Symoné – That's So Raven
Outstanding Television Movie, Miniseries or Dramatic Special: Something the Lord Made
Outstanding Television News, Talk, or Information Series or Special: Tavis Smiley
Outstanding Variety Series or Special: Genius: A Night for Ray Charles
Music
Outstanding Album: Musicology – Prince
Outstanding Artist – Gospel: Ben Harper & The Blind Boys of Alabama – There Will Be a Light
Outstanding Artist – Jazz: Nancy Wilson – R.S.V.P. (Rare Songs, Very Personal)
Outstanding Artist – Female: Fantasia – Free Yourself
Outstanding Artist – Male: Usher – Confessions
Outstanding Artist – New: Kanye West – The College Dropout
Outstanding Duo or Group: Destiny's Child – Destiny Fulfilled
Outstanding Music Video: Alicia Keys – "If I Ain't Got You"
Outstanding Song: "If I Ain't Got You" – Alicia Keys
References
N
N
N
NAACP Image Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th%20NAACP%20Image%20Awards |
Jockey Hollow is the name for an area in southern Morris County, New Jersey farmed in the 18th century by the Wick, Guerin and Kemble families. The origin of the name is still uncertain, but was used as such at the time of the American Revolution. For most of the Revolutionary War, it was used by portions of Continental Army as a winter camp site, and it housed the main Continental Army during the "Hard Winter" of 1779–80, believed to be the harshest winter in recorded history.
It is located in Harding Township and Mendham Township, in Morris County, New Jersey. Since 1933, the Wick House has been part of Morristown National Historical Park in Morristown, New Jersey. Morristown National Historical Park is administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
American Revolutionary War
During the Revolutionary War, Henry Wick possessed the largest portion of this area—his farm comprised 1400 acres of timber and open field. The Wick farm and his neighbors' property were considered the ideal location for a winter camp due to the distance from British forces in New York and the amount of timber needed for shelter and firewood for a large army—and the availability of houses for officers (mainly generals and their staff) to quarter. During the winter of 1779–1780, approximately 600 acres of timber in Wick land and about 2000 acres total in Jockey Hollow were cut down by the soldiers to be used for the construction of huts and as firewood.
The Wick House
In the spring of 1777, the Wick family hosted Captain Joseph Bloomfield.
During the Winter of 1779–1780, the Wicks housed General Arthur St. Clair, who was then commander of the Pennsylvania Line, and several of his aides.
The house is now restored and is one of the historic structures maintained and open for viewing at the Morristown National Historical Park—see park website for schedule, https://www.nps.gov/morr/index.htm
Wick Kitchen Garden
A kitchen garden next to the Wick House is maintained by the Northern New Jersey unit of Herb Society of America.
The "Hard Winter" at Jockey Hollow
During the Winter of 1779–1780, the Wicks housed General Arthur St. Clair, who was then commander of the Pennsylvania Line, and several of his aides.
In December 1779, over 10.000 Continental Army troops encamped for the winter at Jockey Hollow. Soldiers camped at this location until June 1780, during which time they endured some of the harshest conditions of the war. Due to the bad conditions of the dirt roads in the winter and spring, dependence on horsepower, distance from the enemy in New York plus the natural walls of protection provided by the (now-called) Watchung Mountains, this was a secure area to camp the army.
The Winter at Jockey Hollow was the worst winter of the war, even worse than the Winter at Valley Forge two years before. Twelve men often shared one of over one thousand simple huts built in Jockey Hollow to house the Army. Amazingly, despite the difficult conditions and lack of food, fewer than 100 soldiers died and only one out of ten deserted.
Soldier housing
Soldiers had to build their own huts including surrounding trenches for drainage. The huts, made of log, were and high. Twelve men often shared one of over one thousand simple huts built in Jockey Hollow to house the army. Inside the huts soldiers had a fireplace for warmth and cooking. To create a floor they packed the ground for an earthen floor. Soldiers also had to make their own furniture, including bunks and tables. Their bunks got covered with straw and each soldier was to be given one blanket, although Washington claimed that a quarter of the men "did not have the shadow of a blanket." . Soldiers huts were about 2 to 3 ft (50–100 cm) apart, with three rows of eight huts for each regiment. By 1780, soldiers had built about 1,200 huts in Jockey Hollow.
There are four replica huts on Sugar Loaf hill built in 1964.
There is a 1932 marker to the "Jockey Hollow Hospital" just across the road from those replica huts—subsequent archeology done after Morristown National Historical Park was established found no evidence of graves there.
Pennsylvania Line mutiny of 1781
On December 21, 1780, Henry Wick died at Jockey Hollow. On the evening of January 1781, the Pennsylvania Line, then encamped in Jockey Hollow under the command of General Anthony Wayne mutinied. They supposedly intended to march to Philadelphia to complain to the state legislature. Many soldiers believed their enlistments in the army had expired with the new year, but the army claimed that their enlistment terms "two years or during the war" meant the end of the war was their true duration. The mutineers reached Princeton, New Jersey, where Pennsylvania's chief executive Joseph Reed and representatives of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania negotiated with them. The mutiny ended peacefully—some of the soldiers agreed to stay in the army. The event is believed to be the largest mutiny in the course of the American Revolutionary War.
The most famous account of this mutiny is Carl Van Doren's book, Mutiny in January, published in 1943.
Facilities
Jockey Hollow Visitor Center
Wick House: Park employee in period dress.
Activities
Biking (road only)
Bird Watching
Hiking
Interpretive Programs
Snow Skiing
Children's Junior Ranger Program
See also
New Jersey Brigade Encampment Site - Used by the New Jersey Brigade during the same winter encampment
Temperance Wick
William W. Wick
Hilton Wick
Valley Forge
Craig House
Washington Rock State Park
Notes
External links
Morristown National Historical Park: The Great Story
The Hard Winter of 1779–80
American Revolutionary War sites
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Harding Township, New Jersey
Mendham Township, New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
American Revolutionary War museums in New Jersey
Museums in Morristown, New Jersey
Morristown National Historical Park
Parks in Morris County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Morris County, New Jersey
Houses in Morris County, New Jersey
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey%20Hollow |
Al-Zabadani or Az-Zabadani () is a city and popular hill station in southwestern Syria in the Rif Dimashq Governorate, close to the border with Lebanon. It is located in the center of a green valley surrounded by high mountains at an elevation of around 1,100 m.
It is located to the right of the international road linking Damascus to Beirut, in the middle of the distance between Damascus and Baalbek, in a mountain valley in the Syrian mountain range, where it rises between 1,150 and 1,250 meters above sea level. Zabadani is located in the semi-arid to semi-humid region, with an average rainfall of 500 mm per year. It is bordered by two mountain ranges, Mount Senir to the west and Jabal Al Shaqif to the east, and in the middle of it is a green carpet that forms the Zabadani Plain.
According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in the 2004 census Al-Zabadani had a population of 26,285.
Etymology
Zabadani's name likely derives from an Arab tribe, the Zabadaîoi, who inhabited the Beqaa Valley.
Overview
Compared to Damascus, the weather in Al-Zabadani tends to be milder in summer, about 5–8 degrees lower, but from December to the end of February it is colder with a lot of snow, and the temperature drops to −10 degrees.
The mild summer weather, along with scenic views, led the French colonial rulers to develop the city as a traditional summer resort and hill station, and has made the town a popular resort, both for tourists and for visitors from Syrian cities on the plains, especially nearby Damascus, and for tens of thousands of visitors from the Arabian peninsula. A more elevated region than Al-Zabadani is its neighbour Bloudan, also a resort for thousands of tourists. Bloudan is about 1,500 metres above sea level.
Al-Zabadani is predominantly Sunni, with a substantial Christian population, who have their own church and monastery. Before the Syrian Civil War, Al-Zabadani was rapidly growing and was well connected to Damascus. The War led to substantial destruction and damage of infrastructure and property, with rebuilding in progress.
History
In 1838, the population was noted as being Muslim and Greek Orthodox.
Climate
Al-Zabadani has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Al-Zabadani is . About of precipitation falls annually.
Syrian Civil War
Al-Zabadani is vitally important to the Syrian government being located along the Lebanon border. It is also strategically important to Iran because, since at least as late as June 2011, it served as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps's logistical hub for supplying Hezbollah.
On 18 January 2012, Zabadani became the first city to fall to the Free Syrian Army (FSA), following a bloody battle that lasted 11 days. The Syrian Army regained control of the city by 11 February.
By late July 2012, Zabadani had become a base of operations for Hezbollah and the Iranian Guards. In August, local fighters retook 70% of Zabadani with only a few isolated army checkpoints remaining. On 28 February 2014, a truce was reached between government and the rebels. Later it was reported that the truce broke down and that rebels attacked government checkpoints, with the government besieging and shelling the town. On 26 April 2014, the rebels surrendered after intense fighting with government troops, losing their last stronghold along Lebanon's border, only to regain control of the city months later. Following an extended siege by the Syrian Army and Hezbollah, a U.N.-brokered agreement was finally signed in September 2015, under which the city was successively evacuated by the rebels and control ceded back to the Syrian government on 19 April 2017.
City twinning
Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany
See also
Battle of Zabadani (2015)
References
Bibliography
External links
More information from MiddleEast Information Network
بوابة المجتمع المحلي في الزبداني
Cities in Syria
Populated places in Al-Zabadani District
Scouting and Guiding in Syria
Eastern Orthodox Christian communities in Syria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zabadani |
Chelsea Pitch Owners plc is a nonprofit organisation which is part of Chelsea Football Club, tasked with the upkeep of the stadium. It owns both the freehold of the Stamford Bridge stadium and the naming rights of Chelsea Football Club.
History
Chelsea suffered serious financial troubles during the 1970s and 1980s following a large-scale attempt to renovate Stamford Bridge. The financial crisis and a subsequent change of ownership at the club culminated in the sale of the club's freehold to property developers Marler Estates (and subsequently Cabra Estates). The move almost saw Chelsea lose the stadium.
The future of the stadium (and hence the club) was only secured in 1992, when the property developers were bankrupted by a market crash, allowing the then-chairman Ken Bates to do a deal with their bankers and to regain control of the stadium for the football club. Following this, Chelsea Pitch Owners was created, and in 1997 it purchased the Stamford Bridge freehold, the turnstiles, the pitch and the Chelsea FC name with the aid of a non-recourse loan of £10 million from Chelsea Village plc, the parent company of the club. The CPO in turn granted the club a 199-year lease on Stamford Bridge at a peppercorn rent.
Organisation and ownership
In granting control of the freehold to Chelsea Pitch Owners, the intention was to ensure that Stamford Bridge could never again be sold to property developers. Irrespective of how many shares are owned by an individual, voting rights are limited to 100 per shareholder to prevent any one person or organisation gaining control of the CPO.
The CPO also owns the name Chelsea Football Club Ltd, which is licensed back to the club on condition that the first team play their home matches at Stamford Bridge. This means that should Chelsea move to another stadium in the future, they would not be able to use the name Chelsea Football Club without permission from 75% of CPO shareholders.
The company is a non-profit organisation and is not listed on any Stock Exchange. Its purpose is to raise the money needed to pay off the loan and then lease the freehold back to the club, on the strictly-defined proviso that the ground may only be used for football purposes. Fans are encouraged to purchase shares in order to secure the club's future. As of 2011, around 15,000 CPO shares have been sold, and approximately £1.5million of the debt has been paid off. Former club captain John Terry is the current President of the CPO.
Club proposal
On 3 October 2011, Chelsea Football Club made a proposal to buy back the freehold land (owned by CPO) on which the football stadium at Stamford Bridge sits, which would pave the way for a move to a new ground. Chelsea Chairman Bruce Buck, said: "Chelsea should always be grateful to those who invested in CPO. We know only too well how close the club came to losing our home prior to the formation of CPO, but that threat has now gone under Mr Abramovich's ownership and with the CPO structure in place we cannot plan with certainty for the future. I hope all shareholders vote in favour of the proposal."
Chelsea Chief Executive Ron Gourlay said: "I am sure all Chelsea fans have enjoyed the football and success we have witnessed at Stamford Bridge since 2003 and Chelsea Football Club and Mr Abramovich are determined to ensure that the club continues to compete at the highest level of world football." He added: "We continue to look at options for expanding the Bridge and I should be clear that we have not identified a site for a new stadium elsewhere."
The proposal was brought in a general CPO meeting on 27 October 2011 but failed to pass as only 61.6% of the total votes were cast in favour of the proposal, below the 75% minimum requirement.
In May 2012, Chelsea Football Club confirmed that they had lodged a bid to buy the site of Battersea Power Station, with the possibility of the club relocating to a 60,000-seater capacity stadium. Chairman Bruce Buck did concede that there were "a number of hurdles to jump," including "winning the support of our fans, the CPO shareholders and local Wandsworth residents [near the Battersea site], as well as securing the approval of Wandsworth Council, the Greater London Authority and heritage authorities." The Battersea Power Station proposal did not proceed, with the site redeveloped for residential and commercial uses.
The Stamford Bridge Redevelopment Project
In December 2015, Chelsea announced intention to build a 60,000-seater stadium at Stamford Bridge to a design by Herzog & de Meuron. Planning permission was achieved in 2017, In May 2018, the club announced suspension of the rebuild due to the "unfavourable investment climate."
In July 2022, it was reported that the club's new owner Todd Boehly had appointed American architect Janet Marie Smith to oversee the renovation of the stadium.
References
External links
Chelsea F.C.
Football organisations in England
Sports organisations in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea%20Pitch%20Owners |
Dan I may refer to:
Dan I of Wallachia, reigned c. 1383 – 1386
Dan I of Denmark, progenitor of the Danish royal house
Dan-I - Disco one hit wonder from 1979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20I |
Mardy can refer to:
As a place name
Mardy, Monmouthshire, Wales
Mardy, Shropshire, England
People
Mardy Collins, American professional basketball player
Mardy Fish, American professional tennis player
In music
"Mardy Bum", a song by British indie band Arctic Monkeys, from their debut album Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not
See also
Marty (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardy |
In classical scholarship, the editio princeps (plural: editiones principes) of a work is the first printed edition of the work, that previously had existed only in manuscripts. These had to be copied by hand in order to circulate.
For example, the editio princeps of Homer is that of Demetrius Chalcondyles, now thought to be from 1488. The most important texts of classical Greek and Roman authors were for the most part produced in editiones principes in the years from 1465 to 1525, following the invention of the printing press around 1440.
In some cases there were possibilities of partial publication, of publication first in translation (for example from Greek to Latin), and of a usage that simply equates with first edition. For a work with several strands of manuscript tradition that have diverged, such as Piers Plowman, editio princeps is a less meaningful concept.
The term has long been extended by scholars to works not part of the Ancient Greek and Latin literatures. It is also used for legal works, and other significant documents.
For full lists of literature works, see:
Editio princeps (Latin)
Editio princeps (Greek)
Editio princeps (other languages)
Notable works
The following is a list of notable literature works.
References
Book terminology
Textual criticism
Textual scholarship
History of printing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editio%20princeps |
Shighnan, also Shignan, Shugnan, Shughnan, and Khughnan (, , Pashto: , Shughni: ), is an historic region whose name today may also refer to a town and a district in Badakhshan Province in the mountainous northeast of Afghanistan and also a district in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in Tajikistan. The administrative center of the Shighnan District of Afghanistan is called Qaleh Barpanjeh (قلعه برپنجه). The administrative center of the Shughnon District of Tajikistan is called Khorogh.
The Afghan Rushan (Rushan is also a separate district in Tajikistan) falls under the administrative rule of Shughnan district, and is referred to as Rushan sub-district (i.e. Rushan Alaqadari). There are about ten sizable and many more smaller villages in the Shughnan district of Afghanistan. These villages include, south to north, Darmarakht, Wiyod, Wiroodhj, Bashor, Vuzh-Pidrudh, Dhishahr, Shidwood, and Tsaghnod. Note; the village names are given as they appear in the local language. Population of the Afghan district totals approximately 24,000 residents. Some of the bigger villages in the Tajik side of Shughnan include, south to north, Darmarakht, Porshnev, Buni, Sokhcharv, and Rosht Qala.
History
In ancient times the area was known for its ruby mines, which are mentioned in the writings of Marco Polo:
It is in this province that those fine and valuable gems the Balas Rubies are found. They are got in certain rocks among the mountains, and in the search for them the people dig great caves underground, just as is done by miners for silver. There is but one special mountain that produces them, and it is called Syghinan.
In modern times Shughnan and its vassal Roshan were states whose native rulers, the mirs of Shighnan, claimed descent from Alexander the Great. The archaeologist Marc Aurel Stein wrote: "North of Shughnan lies Roshan, ruled usually by relatives of the old chiefs of Shughnan... there is no proof, however, to their genealogical claims." In 1829 the Mirs of Shughnan were forced to pay tribute to Murad Beg of Kunduz. In 1874 Shughnan was subjugated into Afghanistan, but the mirs still continues to rule the area until September 1883, when Shughnan was annexed by Abdur Rahman Khan. The area was assigned to Russia by the Durand agreement of 1893. In an 1895 agreement between the British and Russia, Moscow agreed to hand over all districts previously occupied by her on the left bank of the Panj, or upper Oxus, to Afghanistan in exchange for lands on the right hand bank in Darvaz. The Russian-controlled half of Shughnan was incorporated into the Gorno-Badakhshan oblast in 1925, which was merged into the newly formed Tajikistan in 1929.
The people residing in the Shughnan district, both the Tajik side and Afghan side of the border, speak their own language called Shughni (Khughnani).
Climate
Shighnan has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsb) with dry, mild summers and cold, snowy winters. In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Shighnan is . About of precipitation falls annually.
Demography
Pamiris such as the Shughnis are the main ethnic group of the region. Pamiri languages primarily Shughni are mainly spoken there.
See also
Badakhshan Province
References
External links
Map of Shighnan (PDF)
A brief account of the region, its people and their language.
Populated places in Badakhshan Province
Valleys of Afghanistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shighnan |
Minneapolis Auditorium was an indoor arena in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It hosted the NBA's Minneapolis Lakers from 1947 until they moved to the Minneapolis Armory in 1959. The arena held 10,000 people and was built in 1927. The building fell into obscurity after the opening of the Met Center in suburban Bloomington. It was demolished in 1988 to make way for the Minneapolis Convention Center.
According to the Minneapolis magazine, when opened it opened on June 4, 1927, the Auditorium had a seating capacity of 5,687 on its balcony, 4,160 on its floor, and 698 on the stage, for a total of 10,545 (roughly 6,800 for ice hockey or figure skating). The auditorium took two years to construct, cost $3 million (in 1927 dollars), covered an area of 230 by 540 feet (approximately two city blocks), had a stage in area, and tall ceiling. Construction of the building took 3.25 million bricks, 15,000 yards of concrete, and 5,000 tons of steel.
References
External links
Minneapolis Auditorium History
Basketball venues in Minnesota
Sports venues in Minneapolis
Demolished sports venues in Minnesota
Defunct indoor arenas in the United States
Demolished music venues in the United States
Former National Basketball Association venues
Basketball Association of America venues
Demolished buildings and structures in Minneapolis
1927 establishments in Minnesota
National Basketball League (United States) venues
Sports venues completed in 1927
1989 disestablishments in Minnesota
Sports venues demolished in 1989
Minneapolis Lakers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%20Auditorium |
The Sydney University Football Club, founded in 1863, is the oldest club now playing rugby union in Australia, although this date is disputed by historian Tom Hickie who argues that it was 1865.
Sydney Uni was a member of the inaugural Sydney club competition in 1874, along with the Balmain Rugby Union Football Club, Newington College and The King's School. The club currently competes in the Shute Shield competition and has the most senior premiership titles of all Sydney clubs.
After playing home games at the Sydney University Oval No.1 for 153 years, the club moved to the redeveloped Oval No.2 for the 2016 season. Sydney Uni Sport completed the building of a new training facility and grandstand at that ground accommodating 1,200 spectators.
Club information
Women's Rugby: Founded in 1994.
Juniors: Founded in 2005 and comprises Balmain Junior Rugby Club, Canterbury Rugby and Petersham Juniors Rugby Club. These clubs include girls and boys teams.
History
Having been established in 1863,
The club is officially known as "Sydney University Football Club" because it was the first club of any football code in NSW. The club also played Australian rules football in its early history, making it the first NSW club in that code as well.
The club is often referred to as "Uni", "The Students", as well as "The Birthplace of Australian Rugby" or simply "The Birthplace", marking its origins at a pioneer rugby club. The first mantion of students at the University playing football came in 1865 on Illustrated Sydney News, which stated:
Nevertheless, Sydney's The Referee wrote in 1918: "We believe the first recognised rugby football club formed in Sydney was the Wallaroos, in 1870, though football was played prior to that in New South Wales and Victoria".
Honours
The Club has won 29 Shute Shield Major Premierships and has been runners-up 12 times. The Club has won 50 Premierships and has been runners-up 24 times since 1865.
Premiership Titles since 1900 (the Shute Shield started in 1923): (33) 1901 (shared), 1904, 1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1937, 1939, 1945, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1961, 1962, 1968, 1970, 1972, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019, 2022
Australian Club Champions: (5) 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2020, 2022 (not contested), 2023
Gregor George Cup Club Championships: (24) 1927, 1937, 1941, 1942, 1961, 1983, 1999, 2001, consecutively from 2004 to 2019 and 2022
Jack Scott Cup: The Women's XVs team is notable in the Jack Scott Cup, winning 5 of the last 6 titles. In 2020, the Students picked up both Major and Minor Premierships after going through the regular season undefeated for the third year. The Women's team defeated Randwick 22–17 in the Grand Final.
*2021 SEASON CANCELLED In response to COVID-19 Sydney University was leading the competition without a loss when NSW Rugby Union (NSWRU) and its affiliate unions jointly made the tough decision to cancel all winter rugby competitions in the Sydney region (and Illawarra). Seven rounds were contested by the Shute Shield teams.
International representatives
To date, 132 Sydney University players have been selected to play for Australia. The first Australian representative was Hyram Marks in 1899. The club's most famous Wallaby would probably be Nick Farr-Jones, who had a long representative career (including World Cup success as Captain in 1991). Our most recent Wallaby is Josh Kemeny who debuted against Argentina in Sydney on 15 July 2023.
Wallabies Squad – 2023 Rugby World Cup Angus Bell, Josh Kemeny, Matt Philip and Will Skelton. Will Skelton has also been named as Captain.
Junior Wallabies World Rugby U20 Championship – 2023 Joey Fowler, Tom Morrisson, Dan Nelson
Australia A Squad – 2023 Harry Johnson-Holmes, Tom Lambert, Lachlan Swinton, Brad Wilkin, Sam Talaki, Folau Fainga'a, Bernard Foley
Rugby World Cup Winners
Bob Egerton – 1991
Nick Farr-Jones (Captain) – 1991
Richard Harry – 1999
Women's Rugby
The Club has produced 13 Australian Female Representatives of which 11 are Wallaroos; our most recent debutant is Piper Duck (October 2022 v Scotland during the Rugby World Cup in New Zealand).
Wallaroos Squad Laurie O'Reilly Cup and WXV Tournament – 2023 Brianna Hoy, Faitala Moleka, Emily Chancellor, Lori Cramer, Sera Naiqama, Bridie O'Gorman and Adiana Talakai
Super Rugby players 2023
Angus Bell – NSW Waratahs
Daniel Botha – NSW Waratahs
Jake Gordon – NSW Waratahs
Harry Johnson-Holmes – NSW Waratahs
Tom Lambert – NSW Waratahs
Lachlan Swinton – NSW Waratahs
Zak von Appen – NSW Waratahs
Josh Kemeny – Melbourne Rebels
Matt Philip – Melbourne Rebels
Theo Strang – Melbourne Rebels
Brad Wilkin – Melbourne Rebels
Sam Talaki – Melbourne Rebels
Folau Fainga'a – Western Force
Tom Robertson – Western Force
Charlie Hancock – Western Force
Tom Horton – Western Force
Henry Robertson – Western Force
Super W players 2023
Grace Hamilton – Waratahs (Captain)
Iliseva Batibasaga – Waratahs
Emily Chancellor – Waratahs
Fi Jones – Waratahs
Sera Naiqama – Waratahs
Adiana Talakai – Waratahs
Bridie O'Gorman – Waratahs
Piper Duck – Waratahs
Brianna Hoy – Waratahs
Penelope Leiataua – Waratahs
Faliki Pohiva – Waratahs
Georgina Tuipulotu – Waratahs, at 17 years, 4 months and 13 days became the youngest player ever to represent the Waratahs, a record previously held by Kurtley Beale
Tiarah Minns – Melbourne Rebels
Jemima McCalman – Presidents XV
Isia Norman-Bell – Presidents XV
Claudia Nielsen – Presidents XV
Tylah Vailance – Presidents XV
# Denotes Uncapped
Notes
References
External links
Rugby clubs established in 1863
Rugby
Rugby union teams in Sydney
1863 establishments in Australia
University and college rugby union clubs in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20University%20Football%20Club |
Yue Man Square () is the town centre of Kwun Tong in Kowloon of Hong Kong. It is also the commercial centre in the area.
History
Located in the town centre, in late 1950s and early 1960s, the street attracted shops of various trades, including banking, jewellery, fashion, grocery and cinema. Restaurants offered different schools of Chinese cuisines.
Redevelopment
The Hong Kong Government had plans to redevelop the town centre. Concens were raised as many completed projects had destroyed the traditional communities, culture and heritage. The redevelopment, which opened alongside a new bus interchange, opened in April 2021.
Education
Yue Man Square is in the Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 48. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) as well as the Kwun Tong Government Primary School.
References
External links
Google Maps of Yue Man Square
Squares in Hong Kong
Roads in New Kowloon
Kwun Tong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue%20Man%20Square |
Electoral District of Drayton and Toowoomba was the original seat for the urban settlement on the eastern Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia.
History
Drayton and Toowoomba had 2 incarnations: 1859 to 1873 and 1878 to 1912.
Its first incarnation was as one of original sixteen electorates created in 1859, when Queensland became an independent colony. It was represented by one member. In 1873, its name was changed to electoral district of Toowoomba.
Its second incarnation was in 1878, when Toowoomba was renamed back to Drayton and Toowoomba. It became a 2-member electorate at that time. In 1912, it was redistributed into Drayton (1912–1927), Toowoomba (1912–1960) and East Toowoomba (1912–1950).
The seat is notable for Member and perennial Toowoomba Mayor William Henry Groom who went on to be the region's representative at the first Commonwealth Parliament in 1901.
Members for Drayton and Toowoomba
The table of members elected in Drayton and Toowoomba appears below.
First incarnation
Second incarnation
See also
Electoral districts of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
:Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
References
Darling Downs
Toowoomba
Former electoral districts of Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Drayton%20and%20Toowoomba |
A series of riots in Dublin on 25 February 2006 was precipitated by a controversial proposed march down O'Connell Street of a unionist demonstration. The disturbances began when members of the Garda Síochána attempted to disperse a group of counter-demonstrators blocking the route of the proposed march. The situation escalated as local youths joined forces with the counter-demonstrators.
Background
Love Ulster was a controversial Unionist organisation dedicated to commemorating the Unionist victims of The Troubles in Northern Ireland. This was organised in part by Willie Frazer of Families Acting for Innocent Relatives (FAIR).
It was a partisan group established to voice outrage at killings by the Republican paramilitary organisations, but it has been criticised for not doing the same for victims of loyalist paramilitary organisations. Frazer had said of loyalist paramilitary prisoners that "They should never have been locked up in the first place", and that he had "a lot of time for Billy Wright."
An example of this alleged attitude is the previous displaying of the picture of an Ulster Volunteer Force member who was allegedly involved, among others, in the murder of 26 people in Dublin in the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, and who was himself killed by the Provisional IRA in 1976. His picture had appeared at FAIR rallies and an organiser of the Love Ulster demonstration previously told a republican newspaper that he would not guarantee that images of the murder suspect would not be displayed during the demonstration.
The Love Ulster march in Dublin was to consist of a uniformed band, several hundred activists (including some from the Orange Order) and relatives of victims, all of whom would march from Parnell Street north of the River Liffey, down O'Connell Street, past Trinity College onto Nassau Street, Dawson Street and Molesworth Street, and eventually reaching Leinster House, the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament), on Kildare Street.
The march of this group in Dublin was viewed as provocative by some Irish nationalists and many Irish republicans, particularly in the context of an Orange Order march. The Orange Order has been accused of being a sectarian organisation and is known for its anti-Catholicism. The right to march was supported by the main Irish political parties and the march was authorised by the Garda Síochána. Love Ulster had organised a similar rally in Belfast in October 2005.
The riot
Sinn Féin, an Irish republican political party, did not organise a protest, and said that the march should be allowed to go ahead, calling for republicans to ignore the march. Republican Sinn Féin, a splinter political party no longer affiliated with Sinn Féin, had an organised presence.
Their protest blocked the north eastern junction of O'Connell Street and Parnell Street. The small Republican Sinn Féin group (and some activists from the Irish Republican Socialist Party) were joined by several hundred local youths. Before the violence broke out, they chanted republican chants. Several thousand bystanders were also on the scene, but took no part in the subsequent rioting. When the marchers had formed up at the top of Parnell Square and their bands began to play in anticipation of the start of the march, gardaí attempted to disperse the protest at around 12:45. At this point, scuffles broke out between protesters and Gardaí.
After the failure of the initial garda effort to disperse the protesters, the violence escalated. The Garda Public Order Unit was deployed and stones and metal railings – to be used for renovation work on O'Connell Street – were thrown at gardaí by protesters; as were fireworks, bricks, crude petrol bombs, and other missiles. As the rioting continued, the ranks of the rioters were swelled by many local teenagers who had not taken part in the initial protest. Several barricades were constructed from building materials on the street to impede the march and the gardaí. The march was due to start at 12:30, but as the violence went on the gardaí decided against trying to escort the marchers through O'Connell Street, and at about 13:30 the assembled marchers returned to the coaches that had brought them to Dublin from Northern Ireland. The three coaches were then driven to Leinster House, where a small parade was carried out, and a letter was handed to Irish Minister for Justice, Michael McDowell. They were then escorted out of the city. One of the coaches was attacked by stone throwers on the way home.
Violence continued sporadically on O'Connell Street for another hour or so. The Gardaí, advancing from the northern end of the street gradually pushed the rioters back southwards. The most sustained violence took place around the General Post Office building, where the rioters initially sat down in protest and then, several of them having been batoned, regrouped behind burning barricades and threw rocks, paving slabs and one or possibly two petrol bombs at Gardaí. Several Gardaí, protesters and a number of journalists from RTÉ and TV3 were injured. RTÉ's chief news correspondent, Charlie Bird was singled out for attack by some rioters and was kicked and punched while being called an "Orange bastard" before being rescued by the Garda SDU officers. Charlie Bird had been a member of the Workers' Party which had split from Sinn Féin in 1970 and was seen as highly critical of the Republican Movement. However some of the violence appeared to be entirely random in its targets. For instance several bystanders were attacked and a woman who was five months pregnant was punched in the stomach. The woman later sent a text message to NewsTalk 106 to thank the Gardaí and ambulance service who looked after her after the incident. In addition, the windows of several businesses, including Foot Locker, Schuh, and Ulster Bank near O'Connell Bridge, were smashed and at least one shop (Foot Locker shoe shop) was looted. Among those arrested for looting this shop were a number of foreign nationals as well as locals – indicating that in the latter stages of the riot, much of the disturbances were opportunistic – inspired by vandalism or desire for theft rather than politically motivated.
While the stand off on O'Connell Street was still going on, several hundred rioters followed the Unionist coaches to the Nassau Street area where they set alight a number of cars and damaged several businesses. Again the attacks on cars and businesses in this area appears to have been entirely at random. On the other hand, the headquarters of the Progressive Democrats party (who are very critical of the Irish Republican movement) on South Frederick Street off Nassau Street was also attacked, which seems to indicate at least some political motivation among the rioters. Further skirmishes broke out around the River Liffey at O'Connell Bridge, Aston Quay, Fleet Street and Temple Bar, as the Gardaí re-took O'Connell street, before the rioters dispersed. The most serious property damage was in the Nassau Street area, where three cars were burnt out, windscreens were smashed, and businesses had their windows broken. Many people also became trapped in shops and restaurants, including branches of McDonald's and Burger King.
Having eventually dispersed the rioters, the gardaí then closed O'Connell Street to facilitate a cleanup of the scene by building workers. Media reports have estimated the cost of the cleanup job at €50,000, and Dublin Chamber of Commerce placed loss of earnings for businesses in the city due to the riots at €10,000,000.
Estimates for the number of unionist marchers before the event were predicted to be over 1,000. However, only eight coach loads turned up in Dublin, indicating a far smaller number, in the region of 3–400. Estimates for the number of counter-demonstrators vary between 300 and 7,000. The number is made much more difficult to determine by the presence of the several thousand bystanders at the scene who did not take part. Most of the rioters appeared to be local youths, though some who brandished leaflets and other political literature were clearly political activists.
Injuries and arrests
A total of 14 people, including six gardaí and a small number of journalists and photographers, were hospitalised as a result of the rioting. A further 41 people were arrested, according to RTÉ news. As of 27 February 2006, 13 had been charged. Twenty six people were convicted in January 2009 for their part in the disturbances and given sentences of up to five years. Two were described as 'alcoholics'. One of them and a teenage boy were 'homeless'. Three were not Irish – one Georgian, a Romanian and a Moldovan were convicted of looting shops on O’Connell Street. Two had travelled from Offaly, one from Galway and one from Donegal for the riot. All the rest came from Dublin.
Official condemnation
Then-Taoiseach Bertie Ahern condemned the riots, saying, "It is the essence of Irish democracy and republicanism that people are allowed to express their views freely and in a peaceful manner. People who wantonly attack Gardaí and property have no respect for their fellow citizens." Minister for Justice Michael McDowell, opposition leaders Enda Kenny of Fine Gael and Pat Rabbitte of the Labour Party and Sinn Féin Dublin TD Sean Crowe also condemned the day's events.
Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams added his voice to the condemnation, saying, "There is no justification for what happened this afternoon in Dublin. Sinn Féin had appealed to people to ignore this loyalist parade and not to be provoked by it. Our view was that it should not be opposed in any way and we made that clear. Regrettably a small, unrepresentative group chose to ignore our appeal." The President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, also condemned the rioters. Jeffrey Donaldson of the Democratic Unionist Party, who was in Dublin to address the Love Ulster march, said he was 'appalled' by the violence.
Mary Harney leader of the government coalition member Progressive Democrats party, whose offices were attacked by rioters said, "I don't have much respect for the Orange Order, because it is a sectarian, bigoted organisation, but I do respect people's right to march... I think that they have got a great coup in being prevented from marching. Those that sought to stop them have played right into their hands."
Among the few groups not to condemn the day's events were Republican Sinn Féin, who issued a statement condemning what they said was an "underestimate of the true level of opposition to the march by the Irish government" and the Irish Socialist Workers Party, who stated in a press release that "Socialists do not join in the condemnation of young working class people who riot against the police".
O'Connell Street was closed off while the disturbances were occurring and afterwards for the clean-up operation but was re-opened later in the evening, although the majority of local businesses remained closed for the rest of the day.
References
External links
Audio from the Love Ulster Riot entitled "A Nice Day for a Riot" by Kevin Brannigan
3 March 2006 edition: William Frazer – Eyewitness Account of the Dublin Riot
Dublin Riots: What Happened and Why (Analysis) + 13min Video Footage – Indymedia.ie
Three gardaí injured as rioting breaks out at ‘Love Ulster’ parade – IOL
Clashes in Dublin over loyalist march – RTÉ
Officers injured in Dublin riot – BBC
RTÉ reports 13 arrests
photo essay – Indymedia.ie
Republican Sinn Féin website.
Orange Card Fails to Triumph in Dublin by Socialist Democracy
Things Fall Apart – a 2011 recollection of the riot
History of Dublin (city)
Dublin Republican riots, 2006
Dublin riots
Dublin riots
2000s in Dublin (city)
February 2006 events in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Dublin%20riots |
The University of Sarajevo (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Univerzitet u Sarajevu / Sveučilište u Sarajevu / Универзитет у Сарајеву) is a public university located in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the largest and oldest university in the country, tracing its initial origins to 1537 as an Islamic madrasa.
With 20 faculties, three academies and three faculties of theology and with 30,866 enrolled students as of 2014, it ranks among the largest universities in the Balkans in terms of enrollment. Since opening its doors in 1949, a total of 122,000 students received bachelor's degrees, 3,891 received master's degrees and 2,284 received doctorate degrees in 45 different fields. It is now widely regarded as the most prestigious university in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and employs more than one thousand faculty members.
History
Ottoman period, late Medieval-early Modern
Before establishment of modern University of Sarajevo, first schools of higher educations in Sarajevo and Bosnia and Herzegovina were founded during 16th century under tutelage of Ottomans. As Ottoman institute of higher education first Madrasa in Bosnia, namely Gazi Husrev-beg Madrasa & Library, was inaugurated in Sarajevo 1537 by Gazi Husrev-beg.
Austria-Hungary period and first Yugoslavia, late Modern-end of WWII
The university in its modern, secular incarnation being developed during Austro-Hungarian Empire rule, when many of the institutions of higher education and culture such as National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, still active today, were established. The modern history of the University of Sarajevo continued after the World War I, and before World War II as well as during the war, successfully extanding its development with new schools and institutes opened, such as the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry in 1940, the Medical Faculty in 1944. The Medical Faculty was re-established in 1946, the Faculty of Law, the Teacher Training College were opened and, in 1948, the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry was re-established.
Establishment and post WWII development
1949–1955
In 1949, the Engineering Faculty was opened. On 2 December of that year with the appointment of the first rector, the University of Sarajevo was officially established. With the opening of the Faculty of Philosophy (1950) and the Faculty of Economics (1952) the initial phase of establishment of the Sarajevo University was completed.
1955–1970
The second phase of development (1955–69) was characterized by the affirmation of the university, the opening of new institutions of higher education and the relative satisfaction of the needs for highly educated personnel in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Another significant achievement is the organization and initiation of postgraduate studies at the university.
1970–1982
The third phase (1970–82) was defined by more institutions of higher education being opened at the university, a scientific promotion of the university and its intensified involvement and promotion on the international academic plane. The university contributed directly and indirectly to the establishment of new universities in Banja Luka, Mostar and Tuzla.
1982–1992
The fourth phase (1982–92) was characterized by the separation of scientific activities from the university and the formation of favored scientific institutes outside it. This brought considerable damage to the University of Sarajevo, because the coherence of university education and scientific research was endangered. This resulted in a lower quality of education and a technological stagnation of the university. The uncontrolled enrollment of an enormous number of students resulted in a significantly lower efficiency of studies and a hyper-production of personnel in certain areas of education.
1992–1995
The fifth phase (1992–95) was marked by devastation of the facilities and equipment of the university, caused by the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Siege of Sarajevo.
Despite all of these difficulties of life and work during the four-year siege of Sarajevo, because of the help and the enthusiasm, professionalism, patriotism and perseverance of university teachers and associates as well as the students, the University of Sarajevo managed to retain its continuity of work and life. This was a specific aspect of intellectual academic resistance against everything that is barbaric and uncivilized. It represented the university's contribution to the affirmation of freedom and democracy, the outcry against the war and aggression and the affirmation of the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1996–present
At the beginning of 1996 the University of Sarajevo entered the phase of post-war physical and academic renewal and reconstruction. The physical renewal is aimed at the reconstruction and the rebuilding of destroyed facilities (through the realization of the New University Campus Project), the replacement of destroyed educational and scientific equipment and the reconstruction of student dormitories. Significant results have been achieved on this plane and the conditions for higher quality studies have been formed in certain areas. However, despite the numerous reconstruction projects the University of Sarajevo still hasn't reached the full prewar potential. The quality and number of student dormitories are still far below the required, technology is mostly outdated, and since the working conditions could be much better academic staff is also lacking. In addition, the war caused a rift even among the academics and many who worked at the university before the war didn't continue after. The quality of studies is slowly improving, partly because of the Bologna Process implementation, but there is still hyper-production in some areas of education since the Bosnia and Herzegovina doesn't have a unified program of higher education (one could say that it has as many as 11 programs, each implementing Bologna Accord in its own manner).
The process of renewal and reconstruction of the university is supported by the activities of the European University Association, the European Council, the European Union as well as a whole line of international organizations and institutions involved in the field of higher education.
Partner relations
The University of Sarajevo enjoys partnerships with over 120 universities in Europe, the US, Canada, and the Middle East.
Objective
The main objective of all the university's current activities is to raise the quality of studies, to create a contemporary university of European origins, which will be a respectable representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the international level and a promoter of the traditional, historical, cultural, scientific and artistic values of the country, and Southeastern Europe.
Organization
The University comprises 32 faculties, academies and colleges, further subdivided into 6 academic groups, and an additional number of other programs:
Schools
School of Economics and Business Sarajevo
Academy of Fine Arts in Sarajevo
Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo
Faculty of Architecture
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Criminal Science
Faculty of Political Science in Sarajevo
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
Faculty of Traffic Engineering and Communications
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Philosophy
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Medical Faculty
Sarajevo Music Academy
College of Teacher Education
Faculty of Agriculture
Sarajevo Law School
Faculty of Science and Technology
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Faculty of Dental Medicine
Faculty of Forestry
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Health Studies
Join Members
Faculty of Islamic Studies
Faculty of Catholic Theology
Faculty of Public Administration
Institutes
Institute of History
Institute for Researching Crimes against Humanity and International Law
Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Oriental Institute
Students Center Sarajevo
Institute for Social Research
Rectors
Vaso Butozan (1949–1950; 1952–1956)
Drago Krndija (1950–1952)
Edhem Čamo (1956–1960)
Aleksandar Trumić (1960–1965)
Fazlija Alikalfić (1965–1969)
Hamdija Ćemerlić (1969–1972)
Zdravko Besarović (1972–1977)
Arif Tanović (1977–1981)
Božidar Matić (1981–1985)
Ljubomir Berberović (1985–1988)
Nenad Kecmanović (1988–1991)
Jusuf Mulić (1991–1993)
Faruk Selesković (1993–1995)
Nedžad Mulabegović (1995–2000)
Boris Tihi (2000–2004)
Hasan Muratović (2004–2006)
Faruk Čaklovica (2006–2012)
Muharem Avdispahić (2012–2016)
Rifat Škrijelj (2016–present)
Notable alumni
Adela Jušić, Bosnian contemporary visual artist
Ademir Kenović, Bosnian movie director, producer and cinematography professor
Aleksandar Hemon, Bosnian writer
Alija Behmen, former mayor of Sarajevo
Alija Izetbegović, first Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bakir Izetbegović, former member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Beriz Belkić, former member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Boris Nemšić, former Chief Executive Officer of the Russian telecom company VimpelCom, former Chief Executive Officer of Telekom Austria Group
Branko Đurić, Bosnian actor and musician
Dejan Milošević, Bosnian theoretical physicist
Dritan Abazović, Prime Minister of Montenegro
Edvin Kanka Ćudić, Bosnian human rights activist
Heather McRobie, British-Australian writer
Ivica Osim, ex-Head Coach for Yugoslavia national football team and Japan national football team
Jasmila Žbanić, Bosnian film director
Jasmin Geljo, Bosnian actor
Jelena Silajdžić, Bosnian human rights activist
Kornelije Kovač, Serbian composer
MayaSar, Bosnian singer
Mile Akmadžić, former Prime Minister of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Miljenko Jergović, Bosnian and Croatian writer
Mirko Šundov, Chief of General Staff of the Croatian Armed Forces
Neda Ukraden, folk singer
Omer Halilhodžić, automotive designer
Predrag Finci, philosopher and essayist
Radovan Karadžić, Bosnian Serb former politician
Radovan Višković, Bosnian Serb politician
Rasim Ljajić, former Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Serbia
Rifat Hadžiselimović, genetist
Safet Isović, prominent Bosnian sevdalinka singer
Selmo Cikotić, Bosnian Minister of Defense
Semiha Borovac, former mayor of Sarajevo
Senad Bašić, Bosnian actor
Sulejman Tihić, former member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sven Alkalaj, former foreign minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vlado Pravdić, Bosnian organist
Zdravko Čolić, Bosnian pop singer
Željko Komšić, member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Živko Radišić, former member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zlatko Lagumdžija, former Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zlatko Topčić, Bosnian writer
Abdulah Nakaš, physician and chief surgeon of Sarajevo's State Hospital for 30 years
Notable faculty
Adil Osmanović, former Minister of Civil Affairs
Alija Behmen, former mayor of Sarajevo and former Prime Minister of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Benjamina Karić, current mayor of Sarajevo
Bogić Bogićević, former member of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
Dejan Milošević, theoretical physicist
Ejup Ganić, former Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hamdija Pozderac, president of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1971 to 1974
Haris Silajdžić, former member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zlatko Lagumdžija, former Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zoran G. Jančić, Bosnian pianist
Elmedin Konaković, former Prime Minister of Sarajevo Canton
Haris Pašović, Bosnia and Herzegovina director and founder of East West Theatre Company
Mirko Šarović, former member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nenad Kecmanović, former member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and rector of the University of Sarajevo
Danis Tanović, Oscar-winning director
Zdravko Grebo, founder of the Open Society Foundation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Senad Hadžifejzović, journalist, news anchor and TV host
Sifet Podžić, Minister of Defence and former Chief of Joint Staff of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sredoje Nović, former Minister of Civil Affairs and first director of the State Investigation and Protection Agency
Sulejman Tihić, former member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Tomislav Dretar, writer, critic and philosopher
Predrag Finci, philosopher and essayist
See also
List of Islamic educational institutions
Balkan Universities Network
List of universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of colleges and universities
List of split up universities
References
External links
Universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Educational institutions established in the 1530s
Universities and colleges established in 1949
Universities in Sarajevo
Grad Sarajevo
1949 establishments in Yugoslavia
1537 establishments in the Ottoman Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Sarajevo |
A separable verb is a verb that is composed of a lexical core and a separable particle. In some sentence positions, the core verb and the particle appear in one word, whilst in others the core verb and the particle are separated. The particle cannot be accurately referred to as a prefix because it can be separated from the core verb. German, Dutch, Afrikaans and Hungarian are notable for having many separable verbs. Separable verbs challenge theories of sentence structure because when they are separated, it is not evident how the compositionality of meaning should be understood.
The separation of such verbs is called tmesis.
Examples
The German verb ankommen is a separable verb, and is used here as the first illustration:
The first two examples, sentences a and b, contain the "simple" tenses. In matrix declarative clauses that lack auxiliary verbs, the verb and its particle (both in bold) are separated, the verb appearing in V2 position and the particle appearing in clause-final position. The second two examples, sentences c and d, contain the so-called "complex tenses"; they show that when an auxiliary verb appears, the separable verb is not separated, but rather the stem verb and particle appear together as a single word.
The following two examples are from Dutch:
The Dutch verb aankomen is separable, as illustrated in the first sentence with the simple present tense, whereas when an auxiliary verb appears (here is) as in the second sentence with present perfect tense/aspect, the lexical verb and its particle appear together as a single word.
The following examples are from Hungarian:
The verb letesz is separated in the negative sentence. Affixes in Hungarian are also separated from the verb in imperative and prohibitive moods. Moreover, word order influences the strength of prohibition, as the following examples show:
Analogy to English
English has many phrasal or compound verb forms that are somewhat analogous to separable verbs. However, in English the preposition or verbal particle is either an invariable prefix (e.g. understand) or is always a separate word (e.g. give up), without the possibility of grammatically conditioned alternations between the two. An adverbial particle can be separated from the verb by intervening words (e.g. up in the phrasal verb screw up appears after the direct object, things, in the sentence He is always screwing things up). Although the verbs themselves never alternate between prefix and separate word, the alternation is occasionally seen across derived words (e.g. something that is outstanding stands out).
Structural analysis
Separable verbs challenge the understanding of meaning compositionality because when they are separated, the two parts do not form a constituent. Hence theories of syntax that assume that form–meaning correspondences should be understood in terms of syntactic constituents are faced with a difficulty, because it is not apparent what sort of syntactic unit the verb and its particle build. One prominent means of addressing this difficulty is via movement. Given that languages like German and Dutch are actually subject–object–verb (SOV) languages (as opposed to SVO), when separation occurs, the lexical verb must have moved out of the clause-final position to a derived position further to the left, e.g. in German
The verb kommt is seen as originating in a position where it appeared with its particle an, but it then moves leftward to the V2 position.
Different meaning
When a prefix can be used both separably and inseparably, there are cases where the same verb can have different meanings depending on whether its prefix is separable or inseparable (an equivalent example in English would be take over and overtake).
German
In German, among other languages, some verbs can exist as separable and inseparable forms with different meanings. For the verb umfahren one even gets opposite meanings:
The infinitive forms of these two verbs umfahren are only identical in written form. When spoken, the non-separable form is stressed as umfahren, whereas the separable is stressed as umfahren.
Dutch
The same happens in Dutch, which is related to German and English. Sometimes the meanings are quite different, even if they have correspondences in the cognate English verbs:
Examples:
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060624073433/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dutch/grammatica/separable_verbs.htm
Verb types
West Germanic languages
Hungarian language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20verb |
Balkan Beat Box is the self-titled debut album from the Israeli electronica-world fusion trio Balkan Beat Box.
Track listing
References
Balkan Beat Box albums
2005 debut albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan%20Beat%20Box%20%28album%29 |
Harrogate Grammar School is a co-educational academy school and sixth form in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England. It has around 1,900 pupils in the main school. A 2022 Ofsted inspection rated the school as 'Outstanding' in all five areas of the Ofsted framework
History
Harrogate Grammar School was founded in 1903 as the Municipal Secondary Day School of Harrogate. Its original premises were a collection of rented rooms in Haywra Crescent. By the time the school became a Grammar School in 1931 the original roll of 44 pupils had grown to 530, and the school had outgrown its premises. Work began on the new grammar school in Arthurs Avenue and the staff and pupils transferred in 1933.
Expansion
During the Second World War, many evacuees came to Harrogate from the cities, and the school's roll went up to 900 pupils. To keep pace with these numbers, the school undertook various periods of building expansion, most notably the 1970s addition of a sports hall and gymnasium, as well as music, reflexology and technology facilities.
Sixth Form
The school has undergone a period of growth in its Sixth Form and now has around 540 students on roll. The increased provision for Sixth Form began in the 1980s when a dedicated Sixth Form block was added.
The sixth form was further extended in 2013 as The Sherwood Wing, named after Mrs Jan Sherwood, a former Sixth Form Director, for her contribution to the school.
The school was named in July 2019 as a computing hub for the National Centre for Computing Education.
Specialist language status
In 2002 Harrogate Grammar School was given Specialist Language Status. In 2006 the school was recognised as a successful specialist school and was invited to take on a second specialism in technology.
Academy and National Teaching School status
In 2011, following the government's plans to turn high performing comprehensive schools in the UK into academies, the school was granted academy status. The school operated an independent academy trust until the formation of the Red Kite Learning Trust (RKLT) in late 2015. The RKLT formed as a multi-academy trust (MAT) with partner schools, including nearby primary schools and Prince Henry's Grammar School in Otley who had already been linked through the Red Kite Alliance (RKA), a group of schools through which teaching and learning development is shared.
The Learning Trust and Alliance is based at Harrogate Grammar School and they coordinate events, conferences, networking and School Centred Initial Teacher Training (SCITT) through Red Kite Teacher Training thanks to the status of Harrogate Grammar as a National Teaching School.
Staff
The current headteacher is Neil Renton who was appointed to the role in January 2019 to take over the post from former head Richard Sheriff in September 2019. Richard Sheriff had been head of the school since 2007, but is due to stay involved with the school closely in his role as CEO of the Red Kite Learning Trust of which Harrogate Grammar is a founding member.
Motto
The school shares its motto with the town of Harrogate. "Arx Celebris Fontibus" translated from Latin as, "A citadel famous for its springs".
House system
The school operates a House system, introduced in the 1950s. It was later ended but reinstated in 2001. The current houses are: Ventus, Ignis, Terra and Aqua, representing the four classical elements.
Bullying
In 1999, North Yorkshire County Council paid £6000 in an out-of-court settlement, "with no admission of liability" to a former pupil who stated that Harrogate Grammar School persistently failed to protect him from bullying. In 1999, the pupil and his mother founded the charity Bullying Online, now Bullying UK.
Air Training Corps
On 17 February 1939, No 58 (Harrogate) Squadron of the Air Defence Cadet Corps was established at the school by the Air League of the British Empire. The squadron has since moved to separate premises and is no longer associated with the school. Pupils from the school are still active cadets within the squadron.
Notable alumni
Second Lieutenant Donald Bell VC, Army officer and professional footballer, awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on the Somme in 1916.
Andrew Brons, British National Party (BNP) MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber
Stuart Colman – Record producer who worked with Shakin Stevens
Jenny Duncalf – Professional squash player, having held Number 2 world ranking
Luke Garbutt – Current professional footballer for England national under-21 football team and Everton.
Andrew Scarborough - Professional actor who has appeared in The Bill, Heartbeat and most notably starred in Downton Abbey. He and Hugo Speer also from the grammar school, starred together in the BBC comedy drama Hearts and Bones
Hugo Speer- Professional actor who has appeared in The Bill, Heartbeat and most notably The Full Monty
Phil Swainston – England Youth International and professional Rugby Union player for Premiership team London Wasps and Harlequins
Martyn Wood – England international rugby union footballer.
References
External links
Official website
1903 establishments in England
Academies in North Yorkshire
Educational institutions established in 1903
Schools in Harrogate
Secondary schools in North Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate%20Grammar%20School |
Ehsan Danish (, 2 February 1914 – 22 March 1982), born Ehsan-ul-Haq ), was an Urdu poet, prose writer, linguist, lexicographer and scholar from Pakistan. Ehsan Danish had penned down over 100 scholastic books on poetry, prose, linguistics, lexicography and prosody. At the beginning of his career his poetry was very romantic but later he wrote his poems more for the labourers and came to be called "Šhāʿir-e Mazdūr" (Poet of the workmen) by his audience. According to one commentator, his poetry inspired the common people's feelings and he has been compared with Josh Malihabadi. He holds the unique position as one of the best poets of all times, with fine, romantic and revolutionary, but simple style of poetry.
Biography
Danish (birth name: Ehsan-ul-Haq) was born in Maulanan Kandhla, a small town in the Shamli district of Uttar Pradesh, India. He belonged to a poor family and he could not continue his studies due to financial reasons but still learned the Arabic and Persian languages on his own. His father's name was Danish Ali. Later he migrated to Lahore and settled there permanently. He struggled very hard to earn his living. He worked as an ordinary labourer for years in odd jobs, finally becoming a poet of excellence. His autobiography, Jahan-i-Danish, is a classic and has inspired many people. Danish wrote more than 80 books and hundreds of articles about and including poetry, prose, linguistics, philology, autobiographies and the famous interpretation of "Diwan-e-Ghalib". Much of his literary work is still unpublished.<ref name="samaa.tv"/>
Death and legacy
He died on 22 March 1982 in Lahore and was laid to rest at Miani Sahib Graveyard. His poetry and writings about the dignity of labour earned him the title of 'Shaer-i-Mazdoor' (poet of the labourers).
Autobiography - Jahan-e-Danish
Ehsan Danish was a prolific prose writer and had contributed hundred of articles, essays and books in the domain of Urdu prose. Ehsan Danish autobiography "Jahan-e-danish" is a splendid masterpiece in Urdu literature. Jahan-e-Danish was first published in 1973 by Ehsan Danish in Lahore, Pakistan and duly received Adam Ji literary award in recognition of its literary value and linguistic stature. The language, diction, realism, sincerity and above all a unique classical flavor of language and literature elevates this autobiography at the highest position in the realm of Urdu autobiographies.
An excerpt
Maulvi Saeed talks of Ehsan Danish, the poet. He recalls:
"In 1928, when we lived in Mozang, I happened to be present at a gathering in the street adjoining ours where a short-statured but a well-built darkish young man recited a naat in a voice which kept the audience spell-bound".
The poet was Ehsan-bin-Danish (now Ehsan Danish, for 'bin' though in Arabic stood for 'son of', in Hindi meant 'without'). The poet had come from across the Yamuna in search of employment – and perhaps recognition, too. Lahore gave him both; employment which hardly did any credit to this city, recognition, of course, which it never held back.
Ehsan was seen in the evening at the mushairas; in the morning, at the building sites with a brush in one hand and the lime-bucket in the other; or doing a gardener's job on the Simla Hill. He has recorded the experiences of his early days in a fascinating autobiography – Jahan-e-Danish. In the realm of poetry, he was not a mere labourer, but a master architect."
Awards
Sitara-e-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) Award (1978) from the President of Pakistan.
Publications
Jahan-i-Danish, his autobiography.
Jahan-i Diger
Tazkir-o-Tanees
Iblagh-i-Danish
Tashrih-i-Ghalib
Awaz sey Alfaz tak
Fasl-i-Salasil
Zanjir-i-Baharan
Abr-i-Naisan
Miras-i-Momin
Urdu Mutaradifaat
Dard-i-Zindagi
Hadis-i-Adab
Lughat-ul-Islah
Nafeer-i-Fitrat
Dasttoor-i-Urdu
Ramooz-i-Ghalib
Meerras-i-maumin
Zakhm-o-Marham
Ehsan Danish Poetry
Ehsan Danish was titled Poet-Laborer (Shair-e-Mazdoor) due to his revolutionary, passionate and novel poems for the laborers, the poor people and the oppressed. He had presented stark realities about the labor class in a powerful and unique style. He was initially impressed with the poet Josh Malihabadi's style of poetry.
yeh uDi uDi si rangat yeh khule khule se gesu
teri sub,h keh rahi hai teri raat ka fasana
See also
List of Pakistani poets
List of Urdu poets
Naz Khialvi
References
External links
Govt. of India Link
1914 births
1982 deaths
Muhajir people
Poets from Lahore
Pakistani poets
Urdu-language poets from Pakistan
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz
Pakistani philologists
Writers from Lahore
20th-century Pakistani poets
20th-century philologists
Linguists from Pakistan
Linguists of Urdu
People from Shamli district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan%20Danish |
Patrick F. Kilbane (born November 5, 1969) is an American actor, comedian, and screenwriter best known for his three seasons as a cast member on MADtv (1997–2000), as well his memorable appearance in the 1996 "The Bizarro Jerry" episode of Seinfeld, in which he played Bizarro Kramer. Kilbane's first book, The Brain Eater's Bible: Sound Advice for the Newly Reanimated Zombie, was released on March 18, 2011.
Life and career
Kilbane was born in Lakewood, Ohio and attended Beloit College, graduating in 1990. He majored in French and he began work as a stand-up comedian. Kilbane is an alumnus of the Sigma Chi International Fraternity. After graduation, he toured the Midwest for four years, spending over 40 weeks a year on the road. Kilbane would later move to Los Angeles, where he would act in commercials for Budweiser (fighting an "evil" refrigerator), The Single Guy, and HBO's Arli$$.
After spending 3 seasons as a cast member on MADtv, Kilbane appeared with small and supporting roles in films such as Monkeybone, Evolution, and Meet Dave. In 2003, Kilbane was considered for his own sketch comedy show on Comedy Central called The Pat Kilbane Show. A pilot episode was filmed and produced. However, Comedy Central ended up passing on greenlighting the pilot to the series. In late 2004, Kilbane opened Wexford Hill Hobbies on Stroop Road in Kettering, Ohio. The store specialized in gaming hobbies including role-playing, tabletop, and miniature games. In 2007, he sold the store and it was renamed KrystalKeep by new owners. Kilbane currently resides in Woodland Hills, California. In 2008, Kilbane reprised his Howard Stern impersonation on an episode of Frank TV.
More recently, Kilbane spent several years working with DreamWorks helping developing science fiction concepts for television. He also wrote the humorous sci-fi/horror book, "Brain Eaters Bible: Sound Advice for the Newly Reanimated Zombie", which was released on March 18, 2011. In 2012, a "Brain Eaters Bible" app for the iPad was released.
In April 2012, Kilbane moderated a web series for SOFREP.com titled "Inside The Team Room". This web series featured three United States Navy Seals, including the now-deceased Chris Kyle.
MADtv
Kilbane joined the cast of MADtv in 1997 as a featured performer, for the third season. However, when David Herman left the show mid-season, Kilbane was later promoted to a repertory performer status. Kilbane was known for many popular characters, such as the frequently appearing Stan McNer, a coffee addict with bulging eyes. Others include Nick Bendix, actor of Rocket Revengers, the Sheriff's deputy (The Son of Dolemite). He also became the second cast member to portray the Spishak salesman (David Herman was the first).
Kilbane impressed with numerous impersonations, which included Al Gore, Howard Stern, Luke Perry, Marilyn Manson, Sean Connery, Mel Gibson (as Martin Riggs from Lethal Weapon), Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jay Leno, Jack Nicholson, Desi Arnaz (as Ricky Ricardo from I Love Lucy), Michael Richards (as Cosmo Kramer from Seinfeld), Bob Saget, Donald Trump, Tom Bergeron, Ted Koppel, Robin Williams, Antonio Banderas, Leonard Nimoy (as Mr. Spock), Rob Zombie, Charlton Heston, Andy Griffith, Tommy Tune, Michael Imperioli (as Christopher Moltisanti from The Sopranos), Billy Bob Thornton (as Karl Chiders from Sling Blade), Stone Phillips, Michael Eisner, Brad Pitt, Don Knotts (as Ralph Furley from Three's Company), Keith Richards, and Ray Bolger (as the Scarecrow from The Wizard of Oz).
Despite being a cast member on MADtv, Kilbane did not limit himself and often did side projects. While on a summer hiatus from MADtv, he co-starred in the Universal film New Jersey Turnpikes with Kelsey Grammer and former MADtv castmember Orlando Jones. After three years on the show, Kilbane left MADtv at the end of season five.
Characters
Filmography
Television
Web
References
External links
Official website
1969 births
American male film actors
American impressionists (entertainers)
American male television actors
Beloit College alumni
Living people
People from Lakewood, Ohio
American sketch comedians
Comedians from Ohio
21st-century American comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Kilbane |
Francis Lucas ( – 1770) naval officer and merchant trader born Clontibret, Ireland and died while at sea. He had helped establish trading relationships between Labrador and England that went on the secure the English fishery along that coast.
Lucas served on a naval ship in charge of monitoring the fisheries along the Labrador coast from 1764 to 1766 when in 1765 he had accompanied two Moravian missionaries Jens Haven and Christian Drachart in search of the Inuit of Labrador. These missionaries had established contact with Mikak and her family.
In 1767 Lucas became second in command of Fort York at Chateau Bay. Lucas and a group of his men had killed at least 20 Inuit for plundering a nearby fishing station. He had taken a number of them prisoner, along which was Mikak.
In 1770 Lucas left the navy and established a business partnership with Thomas Handasyd Perkins and Jeremiah Coghlan, merchants of Bristol, England, and Fogo, Newfoundland, and George Cartwright to trade with the Inuit of Labrador. He had tried in vain to make contact with Mikak but was unsuccessful. Lucas then left for Fogo where he set out for Portugal with a cargo of dry fish aboard the Enterprize which foundered at sea.
See also
List of people from Newfoundland and Labrador
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
References and notes
External links
Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador
1740s births
1770 deaths
Irish officers in the Royal Navy
Military personnel from County Monaghan
People from Newfoundland (island)
People from Clontibret | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Lucas%20%28Royal%20Navy%20officer%29 |
Russia competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Biathlon
Men
Women
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Men
Women
Sprint
Curling
Women's
Team: Olga Zharkova (skip), Nkeirouka Ezekh, Yana Nekrasova, Anastassia Skoultan.
Round Robin
Draw 1
;Draw 2
;Draw 3
;Draw 5
;Draw 6
;Draw 7
;Draw 8
;Draw 10
;Draw 12
;
Figure skating
Freestyle skiing
Men
Women
Ice hockey
Men
Preliminary round
Play-off
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Bronze game
Women
Preliminary round
Play-off
Classification 5/8 places
Classification 5/6 places
Luge
Nordic combined
Short track speed skating
Women
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Parallel GS
Speed skating
Men
Women
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics
2002
Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%20at%20the%202002%20Winter%20Olympics |
Principal officials (), according to the Basic Law, are government officials who are nominated by the Chief Executive and appointed by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. They include departmental secretaries and secretaries of policy bureaux. Five other officials are also principal officials because of the importance of their positions (although three of them report to the secretaries and permanent secretaries of policy bureaux).
They are required to be citizens of the People's Republic of China who are permanent residents of Hong Kong with no right of abode in any foreign country who have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than 15 years.
When assuming office, they must, in accordance with law, swear to uphold the Basic Law and swear their allegiance to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
Since the introduction of the Principal Officials Accountability System on 1 July 2002 (and since 2008 Political Appointments System), secretaries of departments and secretaries of bureaux (but not the other five officials) are political appointees. Before that all of the principal officials were civil servants. The civil servants who held the positions of secretaries of bureaux have their titles changed to permanent secretaries, and are no longer principal officials.
List
Secretaries of Departments
Chief Secretary for Administration (Eric Chan)
Financial Secretary (Paul Chan Mo-po)
Secretary for Justice (Paul Lam)
Deputy Secretaries of Departments
Deputy Chief Secretary for Administration (Warner Cheuk)
Deputy Financial Secretary (Michael Wong Wai-lun)
Deputy Secretary for Justice (Horace Cheung)
Directors of Bureaux
Supervised by the Chief Secretary:
Secretary for the Civil Service (Ingrid Yeung Ho Poi-yan)
Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs (Erick Tsang)
Secretary for Education (Choi Yuk-lin)
Secretary for Environment and Ecology (Tse Chin-wan)
Secretary for Health (Lo Chung-mau)
Secretary for Home and Youth Affairs (Alice Mak)
Secretary for Labour and Welfare (Chris Sun)
Secretary for Security (Chris Tang)
Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism (Kevin Yeung)
Supervised by the Financial Secretary:
Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development (Algernon Yau)
Secretary for Development (Bernadette Linn)
Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury (Christopher Hui)
Secretary for Innovation, Technology and Industry (Dong Sun)
Secretary for Housing (Winnie Ho)
Secretary for Transport and Logistics (Lam Sai-hung)
Heads of Specified Independent Agencies or Disciplined Services
Commissioner of Police (Raymond Siu)
Commissioner, Independent Commission Against Corruption (Woo Ying-ming)
Director of Audit (Nelson Lam)
Commissioner of Customs and Excise (Louise Ho)
Director of Immigration (Au Ka-wang)
External links
Principal Officials of the Hong Kong SAR government
Organisation chart of Hong Kong Government
Chapter IV: Political Structure - Basic Law
Who's Who
Hong Kong politics-related lists
Government officials of Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20officials%20of%20Hong%20Kong |
Circle: International Survey of Constructivist Art was an almost 300-page art book published in London, England, in 1937. It was edited by the artists Ben Nicholson and Naum Gabo and the architect Leslie Martin with the layout being designed by Barbara Hepworth. Circle was intended to be a series of publications so is sometimes referred to as a journal or magazine, although only one issue was actually produced.
Contributors are listed and categorized as painters, sculptors, architects, and writers on the front cover. The main texts are Gabo's essay "The Constructive Idea in Art" that is the main statement by the artist on his work and Piet Mondrian's seminal essay "Plastic Art and Pure Plastic Art". As well as these, others featured are:
J. D. Bernal
Constantin Brâncuși
Le Corbusier
Karel Honzík
El Lissitzky
Malevich
László Moholy-Nagy
Henry Moore
Lewis Mumford
Richard Neutra
Antoine Pevsner
Herbert Read
Cecil Stephenson
Circle was reprinted in 1971 in the United States by Praeger Publishers and in the UK by Faber & Faber, in paperback.
References
1937 books
1937 in England
Books about the visual arts
Books about creativity
Architecture books
English non-fiction books
Visual arts magazines
English art
Constructivism (art) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle%3A%20International%20Survey%20of%20Constructivist%20Art |
Making Money is a fantasy novel by British writer Terry Pratchett, part of his Discworld series, first published in the UK on 20 September 2007. It is the second novel featuring Moist von Lipwig, and involves the Ankh-Morpork mint and specifically the introduction of paper money to the city. The novel won the Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel in 2008, and was nominated for the Nebula Award the same year.
Plot
Moist von Lipwig is bored with his job as the Postmaster General of the Ankh-Morpork Post Office, which is running smoothly without any challenges, so the Patrician tries to persuade him to take over the Royal Bank of Ankh-Morpork and the Royal Mint. Moist, though bored, is content with his new lifestyle, and refuses. However, when the current chairwoman, Topsy Lavish, dies, she leaves 50% of the shares in the bank to her dog, Mr Fusspot (who already owns one share of the bank, giving him a majority and making him chairman), and she leaves the dog to Moist. She also made sure that the Assassins' Guild would fulfill a contract on Moist if anything unnatural happens to the dog or he does not do as her last will commands.
With no alternatives, Moist takes over the bank and finds out that people do not trust banks much, that the production of money runs slowly and at a loss, and that people now use stamps as currency rather than coins. His various ambitious changes include making money that is not backed by gold but by the city itself. Unfortunately, neither the chief cashier (Mr. Bent, who is rumoured to be a vampire but is actually something much worse, a clown) nor the Lavish family are too happy with him and try to dispose of him. Cosmo Lavish tries to go one step further — he attempts to replace Vetinari by taking on his identity — with little success. However all the while, the reappearance of a character from von Lipwig's past adds more pressure to his unfortunate scenario.
Moist's fiancée, Adora Belle Dearheart, is working with the Golem Trust in the meantime to uncover golems from the ancient civilization of Um. She succeeds in bringing them to the city, and to everyone's surprise the "four golden golems" turn out to be "four thousand golems" (due to a translation error) and so the city is at risk of being at war with other cities who might find an army of 4000 golems threatening. Moist discovers the secret to controlling the golems, and manages to order them to bury themselves outside the city (except for a few to power clacks towers and golem horses for the mail coaches) and then decides that these extremely valuable golems are a much better foundation for the new currency than gold and thus introduces the golem-based currency. Eventually, an anonymous clacks message goes out to the leaders of other cities that contains the secret to controlling the golems (the wearing of a golden suit), thus making them unsuitable for use in warfare (as anyone could wear a shiny robe).
At the end of the novel, Lord Vetinari considers the advancing age of the current Chief Tax Collector, and suggests that upon his retirement a new name to take on the vacancy might present itself.
Characters
Moist von Lipwig, Postmaster General and Vice Chairman of the Royal Bank of Ankh-Morpork.
Adora Belle Dearheart, fiancée of Moist and manager of the Golem Trust
Mr Fusspot, Chairman of the Bank
Lord Vetinari, Patrician
Mr Mavolio Bent, Chief Cashier of the Bank
Cosmo Lavish, a director of the Bank
Rev Cribbins, villain with impressive teeth
Themes
According to Pratchett, Making Money is both fantasy and non-fantasy, as money is a fantasy within the "real world", as "we've agreed that these numbers of conceptual things like dollars have a value".
Promotional items in the UK hardcover first edition
Some High Street booksellers have additional exclusive promotional material glued under the inside of the dust jacket:
Borders include an Ankh-Morpork cheque book
Waterstone's include a few Ankh-Morpork bank notes
Reception
Kim Newman, writing for The Independent, called the book "on-the-nose and up-to-the-minute in its subject", praising the villain and the narration. The Guardians Patrick Ness praised the book's humanity, and its "sharp questions (...) about why we trust banks (...) as well as the nature of money", but noted that the book "is not quite as successful as" Going Postal due to the lack of some of Going Postals forward drive. The Observers Rowland Manthrope was critical of the book, saying that "Pratchett has wit here, but has lost his normal cutting edge". Nick Rennison, from The Sunday Times, said that while "Making Money is not vintage Discworld", "it still offers more comic inventiveness and originality than most other novels of the year. And more fun."
References
External links
Discworld books
2007 British novels
2007 fantasy novels
British comedy novels
Doubleday (publisher) books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making%20Money |
Swayambhu (Devanagari: स्वयम्भू स्तूप; Nepal bhasa: स्वयंभू; sometimes Swayambu or Swoyambhu) is an ancient religious complex atop a hill in the Kathmandu Valley, west of Kathmandu city. The Tibetan name for the site means 'Sublime Trees' (Wylie: Phags.pa Shing.kun), for the many varieties of trees found on the hill. However, Shingun may be of in Nepalbhasa name for the complex, Swayambhu, meaning 'self-sprung'. For the Buddhist Newars, in whose mythological history and origin myth as well as day-to-day religious practice Swayambhu occupies a central position, it is probably the most sacred among Buddhist pilgrimage sites. For Tibetans and followers of Tibetan Buddhism, it is second only to Boudha. Swayambhu is the Hindu name.
The complex consists of a stupa, a variety of shrines and temples, some dating back to the Licchavi period. A Tibetan monastery, museum and library are more recent additions. The stupa has Buddha's eyes and eyebrows painted on. Between them, the number one (in Nepal script) is painted in the fashion of a nose. There are also shops, restaurants and hostels. The site has two access points: a long staircase leading directly to the main platform of the temple, which is from the top of the hill to the east; and a car road around the hill from the south leading to the south-west entrance. The first sight on reaching the top of the stairway is the Vajra. Tsultrim Allione describes the experience:We were breathless and sweating as we stumbled up the last steep steps and practically fell upon the biggest vajra (thunderbolt scepter) that I have ever seen. Behind this Vajra was the vast, round, white dome of the stupa, like a full solid skirt, at the top of which were two giant Buddha eyes wisely looking out over the peaceful valley which was just beginning to come alive.
Much of Swayambhu's iconography comes from the Vajrayana tradition of Newar Buddhism. However, the complex is an important site for Buddhists of many schools, and is also revered by Hindus.
Mythology
According to Swayambhu Purana, the entire valley was once filled with an enormous lake, out of which grew a lotus. The valley came to be known as Swayambhu, meaning "Self-Created." The name comes from an eternal self-existent flame () over which a sūpa was later built.
There are holy monkeys living in the north-west parts of the temple. They are holy because Manjushri, the bodhisattva of wisdom and learning, was raising the hill which the stupa stands on. He was supposed to leave his hair short, but he made it grow long and head lice grew. It is said that the head lice transformed into these monkeys.
Manjusri had a vision of the Lotus at Swayambhu and traveled there to worship it. Seeing that the valley could be a good settlement, and to make the site more accessible to human pilgrims, he cut a gorge at Chovar. The water drained out of the lake, leaving the valley in which Kathmandu now lies. The Lotus was transformed into a hill and the flower became the stupa.
History
Swayambhu is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. According to the , it was founded by the great-grandfather of King Mānadeva (464–505 CE), , about the beginning of the fifth century CE. This seems to be confirmed by a damaged stone inscription found at the site, which indicates that King Vrsadeva ordered work done in 640 CE.
However, Emperor Ashoka is said to have visited the site in the third century BCE and built a temple on the hill which was later destroyed.
Although the site is considered Buddhist, the place is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. Numerous Hindu monarch followers are known to have paid their homage to the temple, including Pratap Malla, the powerful king of Kathmandu, who is responsible for the construction of the eastern stairway in the seventeenth century.
The stupa was completely renovated in May 2010, its first major renovation since 1921 and its 15th in the nearly 1,500 years since it was built. The Swayambhu Shrine was re-gilded using 20 kg of gold. The renovation was funded by the Tibetan Nyingma Meditation Center of California, and began in June 2008.
At around 5 a.m. on 14 February 2011, Pratapur Temple in the Swayambhu Monument Zone suffered damage from a lightning strike during a sudden thunderstorm.
The Swayambunath complex suffered damage in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.
Architecture
The stupa consists of a dome at the base, on top of which is a cube structure, painted with eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions. There are pentagonal toranas present above each of the four sides of the cube with Buddha reliefs on them. Behind and above the toranas there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers there is a small space above which the Gajur is present.
There are five gilt Buddha shrines at the base of the stupa, all with a Buddha statue inside them. Equally five Tara shrines can be found here, but only four of them are gilt and actually house a Tara statue. The shrine of Vajradhatishori Tara, or White Tara, is empty.
Symbolism
The dome at the base represents the entire world. When a person awakes (represented by eyes of wisdom and compassion) from the bonds of the world, the person reaches the state of enlightenment. The thirteen pinnacles on the top symbolize that sentient beings have to go through the thirteen stages of spiritual realizations to reach enlightenment or Buddhahood.
There is a large pair of eyes on each of the four sides of the main stupa which represent Wisdom and Compassion, known as the Eyes of Buddha. Above each pair of eyes is another eye, the third eye. It is said that when Buddha preaches, cosmic rays emanate from the third eye which acts as messages to heavenly beings so that those interested can come down to earth to listen to the Buddha. The hellish beings and beings below the human realm cannot come to earth to listen to the Buddha's teaching, however, the cosmic rays relieve their suffering when Buddha preaches. Between the two eyes (also called Wisdom Eyes), a curly symbol, symbolizing the nose, is depicted which looks like a question mark, which is a Nepali sign of number figure one. This sign represents the unity of all things existing in the world as well as the only path to enlightenment through the teachings of Buddha.
There are carvings of the Panch Buddhas (five Buddhas) on each of the four sides of top of the stupa, just like there are statues of the Buddhas at the base of the stupa. Panch Buddhas are Buddha in a metaphorical sense in Tantrayana. They are Vairochana (occupies the center and is the master of the temple), Akshobhya (faces the east and represents the cosmic element of consciousness), Ratna Sambhava (faces the south and represents the cosmic element of sensation), Amitabha (He represents the cosmic element of Sanjna (name) and always faces the West) and Amoghsiddhi (He represents the cosmic element of confirmation and faces the north).
Each morning before dawn hundreds of Buddhist (Vajrayana) and Hindu pilgrims ascend the steps from the eastern side that lead up the hill, passing the gilded Vajra (Tibetan: Dorje) and two lions guarding the entrance, and begin a series of clockwise circumambulations of the stupa.
Swayambhu Purana
Swayambhu Purana (Devnagari: स्वयम्भू पूराण) is a Buddhist scripture about the origin and development of Kathmandu valley. Swayambhu Purana gives detail of all the Buddhas who came to Kathmandu. It also provides information about the first and the second Buddhas in Buddhism.
Gallery
See also
Newar Buddhism
Dharma Man Tuladhar
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Nepal
List of Mahaviharas of Newar Buddhism
List of monasteries in Nepal
List of Stupas in Nepal
Natural History Museum of Nepal
Pashupatinath Temple
Shamarpa
Footnotes
Additional references
Swoyambu Historical Pictorial. Edited by Richard Josephon. (1985). Satya Ho. Kathmandu.
Psycho-cosmic Symbolism of the Buddhist Stūpa. Lama Anagarika Govinda. (1976) Dharma Books. Berkeley, California. ; (pbk).
Further reading
Ehrhard, Franz-Karl (1989). "A Renovation of Svayambhunath-Stupa in the 18th Century and its History (according to Tibetan sources)." Ancient Nepal – Journal of the Department of Archaeology, Number 114, October–November 1989, pp. 1–8.
von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2019. Nepalese Stone Sculptures. Volume One: Hindu; Volume Two: Buddhist. (Visual Dharma Publications). . SD card with 15,000 digital photographs of Nepalese sculptures and other subjects as public domain.
Newar
Nepalese culture
Stupas in Nepal
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Nepal
Tibetan Buddhist places
World Heritage Sites in Nepal
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1989
5th-century Buddhist temples
Newa Heritages
Mañjuśrī
5th-century establishments in Nepal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swayambhunath |
Dan I was the progenitor of the Danish royal house according to Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum. He supposedly held the lordship of Denmark along with his brother Angul, the father of the Angles in Angeln, which later formed the Anglo-Saxons in England.
Text
See also
Dan (king)
Notes
References
Davidson, Hilda Ellis (ed.) and Peter Fisher (tr.) (1999). Saxo Grammaticus : The History of the Danes : Books I-IX. Bury St Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press. . First published 1979–1980.
Elton, Oliver (tr.) (1905). The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus. New York: Norroena Society. Available online
Olrik, J. and H. Ræder (1931). Saxo Grammaticus : Gesta Danorum. Available online
Mythological kings of Denmark
Scyldings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20I%20of%20Denmark |
The 2002 IIHF World U20 Championship, commonly referred as the 2002 World Junior Hockey Championships (2002 WJHC), was the 26th edition of the Ice Hockey World Junior Championship. The tournament was held in Pardubice and Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, from December 25, 2001 to January 4, 2002.
Russia won the gold medal with a 5–4 come-from-behind victory over Canada in the championship game, while Finland won the bronze medal with a 5–1 victory over Switzerland.
Venues
Rosters
Top Division
Preliminary round
Group A
All times local (CET/UTC+1).
Group B
All times local (CET/UTC+1).
Relegation round
was relegated to Division I for the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
Final round
Source:
<small>† Overtime victory. ‡ Shootout victory.</small>
Quarterfinals
Consolation round
Semifinals
7th place game
5th place game
Bronze medal game
Gold medal game
Scoring leaders
Goaltending leaders
Minimum 40% of team's ice time.
Tournament awards
Final standings
Division I
The Division I tournament was played in Kapfenberg and Zeltweg, Austria between December 9 and December 15, 2001.
Group A
Group B
Placement round
Source:
Final round
Source: was promoted to the Top Division for the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Due to a restructuring of the tournament, no team was relegated from Division I, which in the 2003 tournament consisted of 12 teams in 2 groups.Division II
The Division II tournament was played in Zagreb, Croatia between December 30, 2001 and January 3, 2002.
Preliminary round
Group A
Group B
Final round
Source:
All times local (CET/UTC+1).
7th place game
5th place game
3rd place game
1st place game, , , and were promoted to Division I for the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Due to a restructuring of the tournament, no team was relegated from Division II, which in the 2003 tournament consisted of 12 teams in 2 groups.Division III
The Division III tournament was played in Belgrade, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between January 5 and January 9, 2002.
Preliminary round
Group A
Group B
Final round
Source:
All times local (EET/UTC+2).
7th place game
5th place game
3rd place game
1st place gameDue to a restructuring of the tournament, all teams were promoted to Division II for the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, which consisted of 12 teams in 2 groups.''
References
External links
Results (Hockey Canada)
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
World Junior Ice Hockey Champsionship
world
2002
Youth ice hockey in the Czech Republic
December 2001 sports events in Europe
January 2002 sports events in Europe
Sports competitions in Pardubice
Sport in Hradec Králové
2001–02 in Austrian ice hockey
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Austria
2001–02 in Croatian ice hockey
Sports competitions in Zagreb
2000s in Zagreb
International sports competitions in Belgrade
2000s in Belgrade
2001–02 in Yugoslav ice hockey
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Yugoslavia
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Croatia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20World%20Junior%20Ice%20Hockey%20Championships |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.