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BH Telecom is a Bosnian telecommunications company, headquartered in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
History
It was established during the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1992 and was the first company in Bosnia and Herzegovina to provide GSM, 3G, IPTV and many other services. It was a government-owned corporation whose sole proprietor was Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but since 2004 it is listed as a public company with most stock still owned by the government. Although stock owners have both governance and ownership rights, the effect of such controlled distribution of capital is that company is effectively still directed and managed by the government, but funds and small shareholders are enabled to earn money on dividends and stock trading.
Company profile
The General Directorate of the company is located in Sarajevo. The seven regional BH Telecom directorates are located on the territory of the whole Bosnia and Herzegovina, having their main offices in Sarajevo, Tuzla, Zenica, Mostar, Bihać, Travnik, Brčko and Goražde. The company also includes the tenth-biggest organizational unit in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Telecom Inženjering, with its main office in Sarajevo.
The company has been significantly characterized by: annual profit over 40 million euro a developed technological infrastructure in all networks and own human and professional potentials.
Users of services of either fixed or mobile network of BH Telecom Sarajevo have been enabled to have a high quality telephony in local, toll and international traffic.
At the end of 2003, BH Telecom Sarajevo had 454 installed switches (98 HOSTs and 356 Remote Units, with totally 648.527 installed connections), having 86.3% digitalization. Transmission system of the company had 100% digitalization.
IN node was put into operation in 2003, allowing provision of new services to users.
Extending its Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) system and increasing the number of base stations in 2003, BH Telecom Sarajevo provided its users with better coverage of the BiH territory with GSM signal, and with even better quality of services than before. (Totally 346 BSs installed).
BH Telecom Sarajevo enabled its BIHNET users to have access to Internet via public switched telephone network, leased lines and ADSL access. In 2003 the company began with a major introduction of broadband technology, so, accordingly, ADSL service was at disposal to users in FBIH.
In May 2013, BH Telecom started testing and implementing 4G technology. In April 2019 BH Telecom released LTE-A (telecommunication)4G+ commercially in most major cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In April 2022, the US Treasury added Bosnian MP Asim Sarajlić to the Specially Designated Nationals List under Executive Order 14033, noting in the reasoning that, among other things, "Sarajlic has also abused his position in relation to BH Telecom, a large BiH state-owned enterprise. In this capacity, Sarajlic personally accepted from payment from job applicants in exchange for positions, and otherwise exerted inordinate influence over the hiring process. As part of this activity, Sarajlic recommended candidates who were reportedly severely underqualified, undermining the integrity of the company."
See also
List of companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina
References
External links
BH Telecom
Telecommunications companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Internet service providers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Companies based in Sarajevo
Telecommunications companies established in 1997
1997 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brands of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government-owned companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government-owned telecommunications companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BH%20Telecom |
Lucky Brand is an American denim company founded in Vernon, California in 1990 by Gene Montesano and Barry Perlman. Lucky also produces other apparel, including activewear, outerwear, T-shirts, and professional attire.
In 2020, Lucky Brand filed for bankruptcy. It was then acquired by SPARC Group, owner of brands like Brooks Brothers, Nautica, Aéropostale, and Forever 21. These brands are part of the Authentic Brands Group.
History
In the 1970s, 21-year-old Jamal H Nathan along with 17-year-old Barry Perlman opened a Florida jeans shop called Four Way Street. "During the evenings, we'd head out to the local Laundromat with our pockets full of coins and some bleach. A few hours later, we had a stack of great washed jeans -- one of a kind and 100% authentic!"
In 1978, Montesano moved to Los Angeles to enter the fashion industry there. With business partner Michael Caruso, he started Bongo and ran the brand for 15 years. After leaving Bongo, Montesano joined former business partner Perlman in 1990 to launch Lucky Brand.
The corporate headquarters moved from Vernon to the Arts District in Downtown Los Angeles in 2012. The jeans maker moved to a new downtown office located at 540 S. Santa Fe near the historic 4th and 6th Street Bridges.
In December 2013, Leonard Green & Partners acquired Lucky Brand Jeans for $225 million from Fifth & Pacific Companies. In 2019, Carlos Alberini had resigned as Chairman and CEO. In July 2020, Lucky Brand filed for bankruptcy, and was acquired by Authentic Brands Group.
Product
All of the products sold by Lucky as well as their stores' decorations reflected a bohemian style. Denim is the major selling point of the company, making up about 60% of business. All Lucky Brand Jeans have two four-leaf clovers with the phrase "LUCKY YOU!" stitched onto the outside of the fly shield. This has become a trademark of their denim line, which is made up of a wide variety of fits and washing.
In 2005, the company expanded its line to include clothing for infants through age 10. In 2006, the company opened Lucky Brand Jeans Kid stores, which exclusively sell their children's clothing.
Prior to 2010, most Lucky products were manufactured in the USA. They are currently made in Indonesia, China, Peru, Chile, Vietnam, Mexico, Sri Lanka and Haiti. Lucky jeans manufactured in the United States are hand-made in Los Angeles, and the detailing is done by hand, except for the washing process.
In the summer of 2013, Lucky re-introduced Made in America (MIA) jeans. The denim is produced by Cone Denim in their White Oak Mill in Greensboro, North Carolina. The jeans are then hand-stitched in Los Angeles. Almost every style of women's and men's jeans has an MIA counterpart.
Operations
Lucky is currently run by an "Office of the CEO" established on January 28, 2019 when Carlos Alberini stepped down as chairman and chief executive officer. Alberini left to take the role of CEO and Director at Guess, where he was COO from 2000 to 2010. Alberini had served as CEO of Lucky since taking the post on January 31, 2014. David DeMattei was the former CEO.
There are 150 company-owned stores in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, Canada, and Europe that sell Lucky products. In the United Arab Emirates and Australia, Lucky products can be found in David Jones department stores. In the U.S., Lucky is also sold at major department store chains including Bloomingdale's, Macy's, Lord & Taylor, Nordstrom, Belk, and Dillard's, as well as at smaller specialty chains like Buckle.
Lucky Foundation
The Lucky Brand Foundation was first launched in 1996, which was initially established with a goal to help children. Since the launch the foundation has raised over $8 million through fund raising events. Such events have featured rock performers such as Jackson Browne, Joe Cocker, B.B. King, and Bonnie Raitt. Another way the Foundation has been consistently successful at accomplishing their set goal is through the annual Black Tie & Blue Jeans Gala, which has a record of raising approximately $6 million for numerous children's charities including: Smile Train, Camp Sundown, Island Dolphin Care, Shane's Inspiration and The Bridge School. With the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love and the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's album, Lucky Foundation was able to raise more than $700,000.
References
External links
Clothing brands of the United States
Jeans by brand
Companies based in Vernon, California
American companies established in 1990
Clothing companies established in 1990
1990 establishments in California
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2020
Authentic Brands Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky%20Brand%20Jeans |
Wheel of Fortune is an American television game show that was created by Merv Griffin and first aired in 1975, with a syndicated version airing since 1983. Since its premiere, the program has been adapted into several international adaptations. The 1975 version premiered on Australian TV in 1981 and premiered in the UK in 1988. It has also been adapted to numerous countries around the world.
International versions
Legend:
Currently airing
Awaiting confirmation
Status unknown
Upcoming season
No longer airing
See also
List of television show franchises
References
External links
Official site of the Singapore edition (via internet Archive)
Wheel of Fortune (franchise)
Television lists by series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20versions%20of%20Wheel%20of%20Fortune |
Italy competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States.
With Turin being the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics, an Italian segment featuring singers Irene Grandi and Elisa was presented at the closing ceremony.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Men's combined
Women
Women's combined
Biathlon
Men
Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay
Women
Women's 4 × 7.5 km relay
1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
2 Starting delay based on 10 km sprint results.
3 One minute added per missed target.
4 Starting delay based on 7.5 km sprint results.
Bobsleigh
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Men
Sprint
Pursuit
1 Starting delay based on 10 km C. results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
4 × 10 km relay
Women
Sprint
Pursuit
2 Starting delay based on 5 km C. results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
4 × 5 km relay
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice Dancing
Freestyle skiing
Men
Luge
Men
(Men's) Doubles
Women
Short track speed skating
Men
Women
Skeleton
Men
Women
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Men's parallel giant slalom
Men's halfpipe
Women's parallel giant slalom
Women's halfpipe
Speed skating
Men
Women
References
Olympic Winter Games 2002, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics
2002
Winter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%20at%20the%202002%20Winter%20Olympics |
ZigZag was a British rock music magazine. It was started by Pete Frame and the first edition was published on 16 April 1969. The magazine was noted for its interviews, articles, innovative "rock family trees" by Frame, and support for American songwriters such as Michael Nesmith, Mickey Newbury, Gene Clark, etc. It lasted in various forms through 1986.
History
It was edited by Pete Frame for the first 29 issues, up to February 1973. Frame later said: "None of the English music papers wrote about the music I liked. They all concentrated on popular acts, but I was interested in the Underground scene. So I decided to start a magazine for people who liked the same kind of music I did. I called it Zigzag after the Captain Beefheart track "Zigzag Wanderer" and also the cigarette papers, which were used for rolling joints."
Pete Frame's "rock family trees" first appeared in ZigZag. Very basic examples appeared in issue #14 The Byrds (August 1970) and issue #17 John Mayall (Dec 1970 – Jan 1971). The first "rock family tree" to be presented in the format that Frame would become well known for was in issue #21 Al Kooper (July 1971).
John Tobler joined immediately after the start-up and wrote for ZigZag from issue #2 onwards under the name John HT (his full name being John Hugen-Tobler). He wrote under the name John Tobler from issue #16 (October 1970) onwards.
After dying a first time, the magazine was taken over by Tony Stratton Smith, founder of Charisma Records, and became a regular monthly from January 1974 with even some colour inside. Smith also financed The Amazing ZigZag Concert on 28 April 1974, to celebrate the magazine's fifth birthday. Issues #30 (March 1973) to #40 (April 1974) were edited by Connor McKnight, with Andy Childs becoming editor from issue #42 (June 1974) for about 18 months. Andy Childs originally had his own fanzine, Fat Angel.
Punk rock years
Mid 70s ZigZag was marked by more musical British influence such as pub rock and early punk rock band (Dr. Feelgood, The Stranglers). Pete Frame became editor again from issue #58 (March 1976) to issue #74 (July 1977) – with the exception of three of those issues where Paul Kendall was editor.
Appointed as editor in August 1977, a major revolution was led by Kris Needs which saw ZigZag going through a third period where the magazine was totally devoted to punk. Around this time Pete Frame distanced himself and published the first book of his famous series of 'rock trees' tracing changing personnel line-ups in the rock music world. Late 70s, ZigZag poll introduced Ian Dury, Buzzcocks, Sex Pistols, The Clash, Blondie, and minor artists such as Patrick Fitzgerald and Gruppo Sportivo.
ZigZag continued to be published in London and edited by Needs until the end of 1981 when Mick Mercer took over editorial duties. In April 1982, the ZigZag Club live music venue was opened at 22-24 Great Western Road, London W9. By the end of the year it had closed. The magazine ceased publication for a period during 1983 and was then re-launched for a fourth period, in October 1983, with Mick Mercer as editor, covering post-punk and early goth. It ceased publication with its final issue in January 1986, having published approximately 140 issues.
There was a failed attempt to relaunch the magazine in June 1990, with just one issue being published. ZigZag was purchased in July 1988 from Northern & Shell, who had amalgamated it with music equipment title "one two testing". Jim Maguire, who had been business manager of ZigZag in the 1970s, persuaded Richard Desmond (Northern & Shell) to sell him the title. Jim Maguire had a sound publishing deal with EMAP. But EMAP closed ZigZag after just one issue (May 1990) and then produced Mojo, a new rock monthly, some months later.
References
External links
Terrascope - ZigZag: A 40th Birthday Tribute to the Magazine That Changed Our Lives! by Nigel Cross
1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
1986 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1969
Magazines disestablished in 1986
Magazines published in London
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Music magazines published in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigZag%20%28magazine%29 |
Emilios Hatjoullis (born 7 September 1939) is a British cartoonist and graphic designer. During the 1960s he was a designer at the Blackpool Pleasure Beach and at the Blackpool Illuminations. His works include the tableaux displays of nursery rhymes such as 'Hickory Dickory Dock' and 'Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary', which are still exhibited during the light festival in the autumn. At the Blackpool Pleasure Beach Emilios Hatjoullis helped with the design the psychedelic Candy House and the redesign of the Noah's Ark from its dated 1920s style.
At the end of the 1960s Emilios Hatjoullis went to become creative director at Brunning's advertising agency in Liverpool. For the local Higsons brewery he created a series of characters called the 'Old Higsonians' named after Liverpool landmarks such as Albert Dock, Penny Lane, and Ann Field. However, in 1985 the Higson's brewery was bought out by Boddingtons of Manchester and the ad campaign was stopped, leaving a limited number of collectible breweriana merchandise.
Emilios Hatjoullis now works for the Beano comic illustrating the infantile thief Baby Face Finlayson and is pursuing his love of painting and fine art.
His style was used for a few Dennis The Menace strips in 2002, but it's not known if it actually was him. He drew Baby Face Finlayson between 2004 and 2007 for the comic, and had drawn Merboy a few times too.
External links
Examples of some of the Old Higsonian characters: Old Higsonians
History and images of the Blackpool Illuminations: The Lights
Visit Baby Face and other Beano characters: Beano Town
References
1939 births
Living people
Artists from Blackpool
English cartoonists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilios%20Hatjoullis |
Fairplay was a weekly news magazine devoted to the international merchant shipping industry, delivering “content tailored for its core audience of ship owners, managers, operators and charterers.“ It was founded by Thomas Hope Robinson in 1883 and remained in continual publication until 2018. Since 2011, Fairplay's publishing company IHS Fairplay is a division of IHS Markit.
History
Startup and development
After Thomas Hope Robinson had lost his money at the stock exchange in 1883, he tried a new career as publisher by starting Fairplay weekly with borrowed money. His intention was to “speak out, loud and bold … for the shipowner, as an advocate, not a judge”. In the first issue he wrote: "There is so little Fairplay in the world. If our own efforts succeed, we shall have taken the first steps towards promoting the habit of calling things by their right name and looking at them through uncoloured spectacles." The enterprise was successful and soon increased in size and revenue. The publisher's son Gordon Hope Robinson (died 1953) took over in 1912 and Fairplay remained a family business until 1973. It was then taken over by the Financial Times before a management buyout in 1978 created Prime Publications.
Data management
The company began publishing directories in the 1960s and data management became a sector of growing importance, resulting in the 1964 cooperation with International Shipping Information Services, which became FIRS, Fairplay International Research and Statistics. In 1973, the Fairplay company was taken over by the Financial Times group, before a management buy-out in 1979, one of the first in the UK, transferred ownership to Prime Publications. Prime improved the data management sector by storing information in databases and started to sell directories on CD-ROM in the 1990s.
Internet age
Fairplay was the first maritime publication to start an internet and email daily news service, in 1996. Its data management activities led to a joint venture with Lloyd's Register in 2001, known as Lloyd's Register–Fairplay Ltd (LR Fairplay). This new enterprise was then the sole provider of IMO numbers. The next years saw several acquisitions of other companies and in 2004, a partnership with HITT NV of the Netherlands, which created AISLive, a broadcast system for tracking vessel movements. Fairplay was acquired by IHS in 2008, including 50% of LRFairplay, and the corporation also bought Lloyd's Register's 50% share of that maritime data business in 2009.
Present
In 2011, the Fairplay publication company was renamed IHS Fairplay. It produced the weekly magazine in print, a digital edition, a daily email newsletter, and the monthly magazine Solutions. Additionally, Fairplay's website provided up-to-date news and information for registered users (“up to five free articles every thirty days“) and subscribers. The organisation was based in Coulsdon, UK, has offices in America, Singapore, Sweden and a network of correspondents worldwide. In September 2018 it was announced that Fairplay would cease publication by the end of 2018, with the last issue due to print the first week of December.
References
External links
fairplay.ihs.com
Business magazines published in the United Kingdom
News magazines published in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1883
Maritime magazines
Merchant navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairplay%20%28magazine%29 |
John Royds Culshaw, OBE (28 May 192427 April 1980) was a pioneering English classical record producer for Decca Records. He produced a wide range of music, but is best known for masterminding the first studio recording of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen, begun in 1958.
Largely self-educated musically, Culshaw worked for Decca from the age of 22, first writing album liner notes and then becoming a producer. After a brief period working for Capitol Records, Culshaw returned to Decca in 1955 and began planning to record the Ring cycle, employing the new stereophonic technique to produce recordings of unprecedented realism and impact. He disliked live recordings from opera houses, and sought to put on disc specially made studio recordings that would bring the operas fully to life in the listener's mind. In addition to his Wagner recordings, he supervised a series of recordings of the works of Benjamin Britten, with the composer as conductor or pianist, and recordings of operas by Verdi, Richard Strauss and others.
Culshaw left Decca in 1967 and was appointed head of music programmes for BBC Television, where he remained until 1975, employing a series of innovations to bring classical music to the television viewer. He later undertook several academic posts. He remains best remembered for his Decca records; along with Fred Gaisberg and Walter Legge, he was one of the most influential producers of classical recordings. The Times said of him that "he stood in that great tradition of propagandists from Henry Wood to Leonard Bernstein, who seek to bring their love and knowledge of music to the widest audience."
Biography
Early years
Culshaw was born in Southport, Lancashire, one of at least two children of Percy Ellis Culshaw, a bank inspector, and his first wife, Dorothy née Royds. He was educated first at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby, which he despised for its snobbery and its sports-obsessed philistinism. His father then sent him to King George V Grammar School, Southport. When he left school in 1940, aged 16, he followed his father into the staff of the Midland Bank as a clerk, working at a branch in Liverpool. He had little aptitude or liking for banking, failing to pass the company's examination in banking theory, and in 1941 he volunteered to join the Fleet Air Arm as soon as he reached the minimum recruitment age in May 1942. He trained as a navigator, was commissioned as an officer, and promoted to lieutenant as a radar instructor. What spare time he had, he devoted to his passionate interest in music.
Apart from piano lessons as a child, Culshaw was self-taught musically, and had no ambitions to be a performer. The critic and biographer Richard Osborne wrote of him, "Like many people for whom music is an obsession, Culshaw was a lonely and meticulous person, jealously guarding the sense of personal integrity which his precocious interest in music had helped form and deepen." While in the Fleet Air Arm, Culshaw "wrote articles on music by the dozen and – quite rightly – they came back by the dozen." After many rejections, his first substantial article to be accepted for publication was a piece on Sergei Rachmaninoff, for The Gramophone, published in March 1945. This led to invitations to broadcast musical talks for the BBC and to contribute articles to classical music magazines.
Decca
After demobilisation from the forces, Culshaw joined the Decca recording company in November 1946, writing musical analyses and biographies of recording artists for Decca's classical albums. His first book, a short biography of Rachmaninov, was published in 1949 and was well received. The critic of The Times praised it for its discriminating judgment, conciseness and discretion. It was followed by two further books; a popular introduction to concertos (The Concerto in "The World of Music" series in 1949), and a guide to modern music (A Century of Music in 1952).
By 1947 Culshaw had been given the chance to produce classical sessions for Decca's rapidly expanding catalogue. At Decca, the musicians whom he recorded included Ida Haendel, Eileen Joyce, Kathleen Ferrier and Clifford Curzon. In 1948 he first worked with Georg Solti, a pianist and aspiring conductor. In 1950, after the introduction of the long-playing record (LP), he produced the first LP versions of the Savoy Operas with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.
In 1951, Culshaw and one of Decca's senior engineers, Kenneth Wilkinson, were sent to the Bayreuth Festival to record Wagner's Parsifal. For Culshaw, Wagner was an abiding passion, and he persuaded Decca and the Bayreuth management to let him record that year's Ring cycle in addition to Parsifal. The Ring recording could not be released, probably for contractual reasons.{{#tag:ref|The recordings of the first three operas in the cycle were not successful, musically or technically, and have never been officially released. The Götterdämmerung recording was more successful and was finally released, in 1999, when Gramophone described it as "an experience from the opera house that nobody ought to miss."<ref>Blyth, Alan, "Wagner Gotterdammerung," Gramophone, October 1999, p. 126</ref>|group= n}} The Parsifal recording, on the other hand, was released to great acclaim in 1952. The Decca team returned to Bayreuth to record the 1953 performances of Lohengrin. The resultant recording was well reviewed, but Culshaw wrote of it:
… the cast was only of moderate ability, and we had access to far too few performances to make up anything really worth while. It was still felt that this was the only economic way to record Wagner, for the expense involved in taking his major works to the studio did not seem to be justified by the sales potential. But after the Lohengrin experience I found myself fervently hoping that I would never return to Bayreuth, at least in a recording capacity.
Capitol
From 1953 to 1955 Culshaw headed the European programme for Capitol Records. As Capitol at that time had commercial ties with Decca, Culshaw's move did not estrange him from the head of Decca, Edward Lewis, who generally took a dim view when his employees left Decca to join its competitors. Culshaw found his attempts to build up a roster of classical artists for Capitol frustrated by bureaucracy at the company's headquarters in Los Angeles. He was prevented from encouraging the soprano Kirsten Flagstad to emerge from retirement, or from signing the conductor Otto Klemperer. The latter misjudgment, as Culshaw noted in his memoirs, was not repeated by Walter Legge of EMI, who signed Klemperer up with great artistic and commercial success. Capitol further frustrated Culshaw by ignoring the impending introduction of stereophony which the major companies were working on. Among the recordings Culshaw was able to make for Capitol were a Brahms Requiem conducted by Solti in Frankfurt, and what Peter Martland in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography calls "a series of remarkable recordings of performances by Eduard van Beinum and the Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam."
In early 1955, Lewis warned Culshaw that he had heard rumours that Capitol was on the point of severing its ties with Decca. Within days it was announced that Capitol had been taken over by EMI. Capitol sessions already booked were completed, including two records of Jacques Ibert conducting his own works, but EMI made it clear that it would put an end to Capitol's classical activity, which was regarded as superfluous. Lewis invited Culshaw to rejoin Decca, which he did in the autumn of 1955.
Stereo and the Decca Ring
Finding on his return to Decca that other recording producers were capably filling his former role, Culshaw concentrated on the emerging stereophonic recording technology, and stereo opera in particular. A year after his return he was made manager of the company's classical recording division, a position of great influence in the classical music world. The Gramophone obituarist wrote of him in 1980: "To meet John Culshaw for the first time, quiet, charming, sharp-eyed but with no signs of aggressiveness about him, was to marvel that here was one of the two great dictators of recording art. If Walter Legge in a flash had one registering extrovert forcefulness in the very picture of a dictator, John Culshaw's comparable dominance was something to appreciate over a longer span. … [H]e transformed the whole concept of recording."
Culshaw hoped to record Die Walküre with Flagstad, whom he persuaded out of retirement, as Brünnhilde. Flagstad, however, was over sixty, and would not agree to sing the whole opera. To capture as much of her Wagner as she was willing to record, Culshaw produced separate sets of parts of the opera in 1957. Act 1 was conducted by Hans Knappertsbusch with Flagstad in the role of Sieglinde; in the other set the "Todesverkundigung" scene from Act 2 and the whole of Act 3 were conducted by Solti with Flagstad as Brünnhilde. In those early years of stereo, Culshaw worked with Pierre Monteux in recordings of Stravinsky and Ravel, and with Solti in a recording of Richard Strauss's Arabella. He also recorded the first of many New Year's Day concerts by the Vienna Philharmonic and Willi Boskovsky.
By 1958 Decca, with its pre-eminent technical team (The Times called them "Decca's incomparable engineers") was in a position to embark on a complete studio recording of Wagner's Ring cycle. Decca decided to begin its cycle with Das Rheingold, the shortest of the four Ring operas. It was recorded in 1958 and released in the spring of 1959. Culshaw engaged Solti, the Vienna Philharmonic and a cast of established Wagner singers. The performance won enthusiastic praise from reviewers, and the engineers were generally acknowledged to have surpassed themselves. The Gramophone described the recording quality as "stupendous" and called the set "wonderful … surpass[ing] anything done before." To the astonishment and envy of Decca's rivals the set outsold popular music releases such as those of Elvis Presley and Pat Boone.Culshaw (1967), pp. 91 and 124 The cast included Flagstad in one of her last recorded performances, in the role of Fricka, which she had never sung on stage. Culshaw hoped to record her as Fricka in Die Walküre and Waltraute in Götterdämmerung, but her health did not permit it. His cast for the remaining three Ring operas included Birgit Nilsson, Hans Hotter, Gottlob Frick, Wolfgang Windgassen, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Régine Crespin, with even minor roles sung by such stars as Joan Sutherland.
In these productions Culshaw put into practice his belief that a properly-made sound recording should create what he called "a theatre of the mind". He disliked live recordings such as those attempted at Bayreuth; to him they were technically flawed and, crucially, were merely sound recordings of a theatrical performance. He sought to make recordings that compensated for the lack of the visual element by subtle production techniques, impossible in live recordings, that conjured up the action in the listener's head.
Culshaw took unprecedented pains to meet Wagner's musical requirements. Where in Das Rheingold the score calls for eighteen anvils to be hammered during two brief orchestral interludes – an instruction never followed in opera houses – Culshaw arranged for eighteen anvils to be hired and hammered. Similarly, where Wagner called for steerhorns, Culshaw arranged for them to be used instead of the trombones habitually substituted at Bayreuth and other opera houses. In The Gramophone, Edward Greenfield wrote:
It was thanks to Culshaw's devotion to Wagnerian intentions – ever encouraged by the engineer who was at his right hand through the whole project, Gordon Parry, himself a devoted Wagnerian – that in the Solti Ring cycle one is able to hear the scores in a way literally impossible in the theatre. Siegfried's voice made to sound like Gunther's, the voice of Fafner from his cave, not to mention the splendour of anvils and rainbow bridge harps in Rheingold, all transcend what is heard in the opera-house.
In 1967, after the Decca Ring was complete, Culshaw wrote a memoir, Ring Resounding, about the making of the recording. In 1999, Gramophone ran a poll of its readers to find "the ten greatest recordings ever made." The Decca Ring topped the poll.
Britten, Karajan and others
Culshaw produced a series of Decca recordings of Britten's music with the composer as conductor or pianist. The Times described them as "a priceless heritage for posterity." Culshaw persuaded Decca to make the first complete recording of Peter Grimes, arguing that unless they did so they should abandon their exclusive agreement with the composer and so "give him a chance to try his luck with other companies". Decca, unwilling to lose out to competition, gave the go-ahead. Culshaw, who was then responsible for recordings in Vienna, was unavailable to produce that pioneering recording, which was also the first modern opera to be recorded in stereo: instead, he "planned it down to the last detail", and passed his detailed instructions to Erik Smith, who produced the recording. Among the works Culshaw himself recorded with Britten were the operas Albert Herring (1964), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1967), and Billy Budd (1968). Culshaw wrote, "The happiest hours I have spent in any studio were with Ben, for the basic reason that it did not seem that we were trying to make records or video tapes; we were just trying to make music."
Culshaw thought of all his recordings, that of Britten's War Requiem was the finest. Greenfield says of it, "another recording which confounded the record world not just by its technical brilliance but by the way it sold in huge quantities." The recording was made in London in 1963, the year after the premiere of the Requiem at the consecration of the new Coventry Cathedral. For the recording Culshaw managed to assemble the three singers whom Britten had in mind when writing the work, uniting Russian, German and English soloists to represent the former enemy nations – Galina Vishnevskaya, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Peter Pears.
One composer Culshaw had nothing to do with was Mahler. He had a strong aversion to Mahler's music, writing that it made him feel sick: "not metaphorically but physically sick. I find his strainings and heavings, juxtaposed with what always sounds (to me) like faux-naif music of the most calculated type, downright repulsive".
Culshaw produced many of the conductor Herbert von Karajan's best-known operatic and orchestral sets, which remain in the catalogues four decades later. The opera sets include Tosca, Carmen, Aida, Die Fledermaus and Otello; among the orchestral sets were Holst's The Planets and several Richard Strauss works including the then rarely heard Also sprach Zarathustra.Osborne, pp. 440 and 468
In the late 1950s Decca entered into a commercial partnership with RCA, by which Decca teams recorded classical works in European venues on RCA's behalf. Among the recordings supervised by Culshaw for RCA were Sir Thomas Beecham's lavishly re-orchestrated version of Handel's Messiah. Other artists with whom he worked for Decca and RCA included pianists such as Wilhelm Backhaus, Arthur Rubinstein and Julius Katchen; conductors including Karl Böhm, Sir Adrian Boult, Pierre Monteux, Fritz Reiner, and George Szell; and singers such as Carlo Bergonzi, Jussi Björling, Lisa Della Casa, Leontyne Price, and Renata Tebaldi.
Later years
By 1967 Culshaw wished for a change. He was growing disenchanted with the top management of Decca, which he believed had lost its pioneering enthusiasm. He moved from the record industry to become BBC Television's head of music programmes. He inaugurated, and supervised several series of, André Previn's Music Night, in which Previn would talk informally direct to camera and then turn and conduct the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO), whose members were dressed not in evening clothes but in casual sweaters or shirts. The programme attracted unprecedented viewing figures for classical music; an historian of the orchestra wrote, "More British people heard the LSO play in Music Night in one week than in sixty-five years of LSO concerts." Culshaw also screened more formal concerts, including Klemperer's 1970 Beethoven symphony cycle from the Royal Festival Hall. In 1973 he organised for BBC television to broadcast a complete performance of Wagner's Siegfried conducted by Reginald Goodall, but the project never happened. In 1974 Verdi's Un ballo in maschera was broadcast from the Covent Garden. Culshaw also set up BBC studio productions of The Marriage of Figaro, The Yeomen of the Guard, The Flying Dutchman and La traviata.
Culshaw commissioned Britten's opera Owen Wingrave, written expressly for television. He also persuaded Britten to conduct television productions of Peter Grimes and Mozart's Idomeneo, and to accompany Pears in Schubert's Winterreise.Greenfield, Edward, "Music on 2", The Guardian, 16 November 1970, p. 8 Britten and Pears invited him to Snape, not far from their base at Aldeburgh in Suffolk and he encouraged them to transform the Snape Maltings into a concert-hall. He later initiated the Benson and Hedges music festival at Snape and was planning the fourth season at the time of his death. Some of his BBC programmes have been preserved on DVD, including films of the Amadeus Quartet playing works by Schubert and Britten. He took time off from the BBC to return to the recording studio, rejoining his old Decca engineering team in 1971 to produce Der Rosenkavalier, conducted by Leonard Bernstein.
In 1975, Culshaw left the BBC and worked freelance as a record and stage producer, writer and broadcaster. He was invited to serve on the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1975 and was chairman of its music panel from 1975 to 1977. In 1977 he became a senior fellow in the creative arts at the University of Western Australia, and was visiting professor at the University of Houston, the University of Southern California and the University of Melbourne. He also took on the responsibility for the annual United Nations concert in New York, and acted as a music consultant to the Australian Broadcasting Commission. He frequently served as a commentator for broadcasts of Metropolitan Opera performances, and his 1976 book, Reflections on Wagner's "Ring", was based on the series of interval talks he gave during the broadcasts of the Met's Ring cycle in 1975.
Culshaw died in London in 1980, at the age of 55, from a rare form of hepatitis. He was unmarried. His unfinished autobiography, Putting the Record Straight, was published after his death.
Among the honours given to Culshaw, The Times listed "eight Grands Prix des Disques, numerous Grammys and in 1966 an OBE", and the Vienna Philharmonic's Nicolai Medal in 1959 and its Schalk Medal in 1967.
Publications
A lesser-known part of Culshaw's work was writing fiction. He published two novels in the early 1950s; the first, The Sons of Brutus (1950) had been inspired by what he had seen during trips to ruined German cities in the aftermath of the war. It was chosen by The Observer as one of its books of the year in 1950. At the time of its publication he was working on a second novel. He gave it the title A Harder Thing, but was persuaded by his publisher to change it to A Place of Stone. It was published in 1951.
Culshaw's musical books were: Sergei Rachmaninov, 1948; The Concerto, 1949; A Century of Music, 1951; Ring Resounding: The Recording of Der Ring des Nibelungen, 1967; Reflections on Wagner's "Ring", 1976; Wagner: The Man and His Music, 1978; and Putting the Record Straight: The Autobiography of John Culshaw, 1981.
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Link to talk by Culshaw on Die Walküre An audio file from a Metropolitan Opera radio broadcast intermission feature (scroll to "From The Archives – 1 March 1975 – John Culshaw discusses Die Walküre''; you will need RealPlayer to hear this)
1924 births
1980 deaths
English record producers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at King George V College
Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
People from Southport
BBC television producers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Culshaw |
Ernest Burton may refer to:
Ernest DeWitt Burton (1856–1925), American biblical scholar
Ernest Burton (American football), former college football head coach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Burton |
Steve George (born May 20, 1955) is an American keyboard player, saxophone player and singer who is perhaps best known as the keyboardist and (for the most part) background vocalist for the 1980s band, Mr. Mister. He co-wrote all of the Mr. Mister songs, together with his childhood friend, Mr. Mister frontman Richard Page, with whom he also played in Pages prior to forming Mr. Mister.
In the 1980s and 1990s he was a sought-after songwriter, studio musician and singer in the Los Angeles session scene. As a songwriter, he has co-written hits for artists such as Al Jarreau, The Pointer Sisters, Patti Labelle and Meatloaf. He has sung backup for various artists including:
Peter Allen on the Bi-Coastal album
Al Jarreau, various albums
Cher, various albums
Amy Grant, various albums
Barry Manilow on Oh Julie (EP) and his 1982 album
Kenny Loggins, various albums (on which he also played keyboards and co-wrote).
Marc Jordan, on his Hole in the Wall (1983) and 'C.O.W. (Conserve Our World) (1990) albums
Richard Marx, on his Rush Street album (1991)
Toto, on the Kingdom of Desire album (1992)
Richard Page, on the 'Shelter Me' album (1996).
Aside from three new Mr. Mister songs released in January 2020, his most recent collaboration in the studio was with Moonbound, featuring on piano and saxophone on the Uncomfortable News from the Moon album (2015). Fellow Mr. Mister bandmates Pat Mastelotto and Steve Farris also contributed to the album.
Mr. Mister having disbanded in September 1990, Steve George briefly resurfaced as a session singer for artists such as Toto, Richard Marx and Marc Jordan before joining Kenny Loggins as musical director from 1991 to 1997, contributing keyboards and background vocals on several albums and tours. He then toured with Jewel, as her keyboardist and background singer from 1998 to 2003. Having since retired from the music industry, he currently resides in Sedona, Arizona and occasionally sits in with local bands, most recently The Naughty Bits.
In an online chat with Inside Musicast in April 2020, Mr. Mister's manager George Ghiz stated, "Steve lives up in Northern Arizona with his lovely wife, who we grew up with, and their two children - one of them's living in Hawaii now - a son and a daughter who are both very musical and very smart kids. He's not in the music business anymore. He does music but I wouldn't say he's in the music business anymore. He's retired. But what a genius, what an amazing genius he is!". Ghiz also expressed that he'd "love to see him [Richard Page] and Steve George do something together, you know, even if it's just the two of them, I would love that, you know". Inside Musicast correspondent Scott Gross remarked to Ghiz that, "I remember back when we had lunch, you would mention and Richard had mentioned some interest in revisiting the Pages music and kind of bringing that up to date and re-recording some stuff live, that he couldn't get Steve George to want to do it", to which Ghiz replied, "I have nothing further to add to that, you said it all". He elaborated, "Steve is just so smart, you know, and he just doesn't want to look back, that's the simplest way to put it. He just doesn't have any interest in looking back". However, Ghiz revealed that "I have it on my calendar every eighteen months to ask him and it's coming up... I wouldn't look at it as looking back, I would look at it as enjoying the fact that this is your stuff, you know. At this point you never know. It's on the calendar for another ask. You know, the great news is we, again with all these guys I've a good relationship, so it's not like I'm afraid to talk to them about it. What bums me out is that the years go by".
References
1955 births
21st-century American keyboardists
Living people
American rock keyboardists
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Mr. Mister members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20George%20%28keyboardist%29 |
The Donoughmore Commission (DC) was responsible for the creation of the Donoughmore Constitution in effect between 1931 and 1947 in Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka). In 1931 there were approximately 12% Ceylonese Tamils, 12% Indian Tamils (migrant and immigrant workers employed in the Tea plantations established in the late 19th century), 65% Sinhalese, and ~3% Ceylon Moors. The British government had introduced a form of communal representation which a strong Tamil representation, out of proportion to the population of the Tamil community. The Sinhalese had been divided into up-country and low-country Sinhalese.
Commissioners
The commissioners were four British parliamentarians appointed by Sydney Webb, the first Labour Secretary of State for the Colonies on 13 November 1927. Their task was to draft a new constitution for Sri Lanka that would not only satisfy the aspirations of all the groups within the island, including British plantation owners, but also enable Sri Lanka to take its place as a partner in the socialist British empire that Webb envisioned.
Two of the Commissioners, Dr. Drummond-Shiels and Frances Butler, had been Labour Party London County Councillors for many years prior to entering Parliament and serving in the short-lived Lib-Lab government coalition stitched together by Lloyd George in 1926. They were serious-minded men in the traditional Labour "Christian Socialist" mould. Above all, they were missionaries for the equitable, socialist vision of the world Webb was proselytising. Lord Donoughmore, on the other hand, was a genial Liberal peer, best known for championing women's right to university education and a gourmet palate.
Consultation
The Donoughmore Commission arrived in Sri Lanka in 1927 and spent four months interviewing islanders. They held 34 sittings and interviewed 140 people. The Commissioners listened to a plea for female suffrage for educated women, and granted suffrage to all women aged 21 in Sri Lanka – at a time when British suffragettes were still fighting to have the voting age lowered from 28.
System developed
Having noted that the island was riven by power struggles between competing ethnic groups, it devised a system of executive committees that would control all government departments. It rejected the principle of communal representation. Every parliamentarian in Sri Lanka would sit on one of these committees, ensuring that no one ethnic group could control all levers of power and patronage. Instead, all executive decisions would require a measure of consensus among the different ethnic representatives.
Reception of the Constitution
The greatest misgiving of many of the Ceylonese leaders, both Sinhalese and Tamil, was the recommendation of universal franchise by DC. Jane Russell in her detailed study states that (p. 16) "Ponnambalam Ramnathan and most of the 'conservatives' believed and argued that the giving of the vote to the non-vellala castes and to women was not only a grave mistake, leading to 'mob rule', but Ramanathan explicitly suggested that it was anathema to the Hindu way of life". The political leadership of the Ceylon Tamils was left dumbfounded ... by the complete bouleversement of the policies they had pursued for the last decade(p. 18 ). Further, "the Sinhalese leaders were also very dubious about the new franchise, but were willing to support it in a quid pro quo for the abolition of communal electorates"(p. 17 ).
The All-Ceylon Tamil league first opposed the DC on the grounds that the abolition of the communal (representation) principle when coupled with the universal franchise proposal would mean "death to the minorities", as the Sinhalese would now receive over 50% of the seats. Then in 1929 there was a tactical change, the Tamils opposing it as the Donougmore Constitution did not grant full self-government (p 20,).
The leaders of the Jaffna Youth congress, a radical group, also opposed the DC, but for reasons entirely different from those of the conservative Tamils. They were followers of Nehru and Gandhi, and in 1925 called for the abolition of the caste system, cooperation with the Sinhalese, adoption of the national dress and "swabasha" in place of English. They called for a complete boycott of the Donoughmore Constitution. On 25 April 1931 the Jaffna Youth congress adopted the resolution that "this conference holds 'Swaraj' to be the inalienable birth-right of every people... Whereas the DC militates itself against the attainment of 'Swaraj', this congress further pledges itself to boycott the scheme"(p 29).
Thus the first State Council of Ceylon opened on 7 July 1931 with much pomp and ceremony, but without any of the established and experienced Ceylon Tamil political leaders. The leaders of the Youth Congress maintained up to 1934 that the boycott was justified, but later admitted that it was a grave mistake. Tamil leaders who did not take part in the boycott were Dr. Saravanamuttu (Colombo North), M. Subramanium (Trincomalee-Batticaloa), S. M. Ananthan (Mannar), Peri Sundaram (Hatton), S. P. Vytilingam (Talawakelle). G. G. Ponnambalam, an ambitious catholic lawyer from Colombo who did not belong to the elit group of the earlier Tamil leaders, also rejected the boycott. He eventually took control of the leadership of the Tamils. The Indian Tamils (Tea plantation workers who were annual immigrants or immigrants since the late 19th century) were not granted the franchise by the first State Council.
The majority Sinhalese MPs also worked hard to replace the DC by a cabinet model. They finally managed to get rid of it in 1947 when the Soulbury constitution came into being with independence in 1948.
Sri Lanka remained virtually independent under the Donoughmore constitution, with full control over domestic affairs, using the mechanism of universal suffrage to elect a national government at a time when only white countries in the European empires had that privilege, and continue its passage to relative prosperity without any major ethnic clashes for 16 years. Under the island's several subsequent constitutions, Sri Lanka has suffered communal violence.
Donoughmore Commission in Fiction
Author Shyam Selvadurai offers a fictionalized account of the Donoughmore Commission in his novel Cinnamon Gardens.
References
Constitutions of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan commissions and inquiries
Origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoughmore%20Commission |
Batista is a Spanish or Portuguese surname. Notable persons with the name include:
Batista (footballer, born 1955), Brazilian football player João Batista da Silva
Dave Bautista, American actor and professional wrestler, also known as Batista
Edina Alves Batista, Brazilian football referee
Eike Batista, Brazilian mining businessman
Felix Batista, American security expert who was kidnapped in 2008
Fulgencio Batista, Cuban general, president, and dictator
Miguel Batista, Dominican baseball player
Randas Batista, Brazilian medical doctor and cardiac surgeon
Sergio Batista, Argentine football player and coach
Tony Batista, Dominican baseball player
Wesley Batista (born 1972), Brazilian billionaire businessman
William Batista, Brazilian footballer
Fictional characters
Angel Batista, a character in Dexter
See also
Batiste (disambiguation)
Baptiste (disambiguation)
Baptista (disambiguation)
Baptist (disambiguation)
Batista (grape), Spanish name for the French wine grape Canari noir
Batista procedure, a surgical operation
Batiste (surname)
Battista
Bautista
References
Portuguese-language surnames
Spanish-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batista |
The mangrove black hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus subtilis) is a neotropical bird of prey in the family Accipitridae native to South and Central America. Briefly treated as a distinct species, Buteogallus subtilis, recent evidence strongly suggests it should be considered a subspecies of the common black hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus).
Range and habitat
The mangrove black hawk is a resident breeding bird from eastern Panama, through western Colombia and Ecuador, to far north-western Peru. Previously, it was incorrectly believed to occur as far north as Mexico, but all individuals from western Panama and northwards are nominate common black hawk.
This is a mainly coastal bird of Pacific mangrove swamps, estuaries and adjacent dry open woodland, which builds a large stick nest in a mangrove tree, and usually lays one dark-blotched whitish egg.
Characteristics
The adult mangrove black hawk is 43–53 cm long and weighs around 930 g. It has very broad wings, and is mainly black with a brownish cast to the upper-wings. The short tail is black with a single broad white band and a white tip. The bill is black and the legs and cere are yellow.
Sexes are similar, but immature birds are dark brown above with spotting and streaks. Their underparts are buff to whitish with dark blotches, and the tail has a number of black and white bars.
The call of the mangrove black hawk is a distinctive piping .
Diet
The mangrove black hawk feeds mainly on crabs, but will also take small vertebrates and eggs. This species is often seen soaring, with occasional lazy flaps, and has a talon-touching aerial courtship display.
References
Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
mangrove black hawk
mangrove black hawk
Birds of the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena
mangrove black hawk
mangrove black hawk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove%20black%20hawk |
Local government
Toowoomba, (governed by the Toowoomba Regional Council), throughout the last twenty years has seen the rapid growth of satellite towns and an expanding urban fringe in the surrounding localities of Crows Nest, Cambooya, Cooyar and Oakey. Urbanisation has changed the demographics of the Toowoomba Region significantly, displacing their centres of power to the Toowoomba urban fringe.
Former Toowoomba councillor Lyle Shelton called for the boundaries of the old Toowoomba City Council to be expanded to encompass the area some refer to as "Greater Toowoomba". March 2008 saw the Toowoomba City Council replaced by the Toowoomba Regional Council.
Former Toowoomba City Council
The City of Toowoomba was a local government area in Queensland, approximately west of Brisbane.
Elections were held every four years (previously every three years) with ballots for the mayoralty and the councillors being held simultaneously. Voting was compulsory for all eligible electors. Councillors were elected from a single pool of candidates by a "First Past the Post" poll, Toowoomba having abandoned the system of wards (electorates).
As with other local governments in Queensland, Toowoomba City Council was bound by the Local Government Act 1993. Under this act and other legislation, the state government had devolved the power to make local laws (previously by-laws) onto Toowoomba City Council.
Toowoomba City Council offered a variety of cultural services to the community, including the Municipal Library and the Toowoomba Art Gallery. The council restored and substantially funded the Empire Theatre.
The main offices for the council were at the Toowoomba City Hall complex clustered around the northwest corner of Ruthven and Herries Streets.
After former Premier of Queensland, Peter Beattie, announced his program of LGA amalgamations in 2007, Toowoomba City Council began the transition to becoming part of the Toowoomba Regional Council. The March 2008 local government elections marked the end of over a century as a city.
Toowoomba Regional Council
A council of 10 councillors and a Mayor are elected every four years, alongside other LGAs in Queensland. There has been 3 local elections since amalgamation. Cr Peter Taylor, from the Jondaryan (Oakey) Shire was re-elected as the Mayor to serve for the entire region. From 2012, Deputy Mayor, Paul Antonio, won the mayoral election. He subsequently won the 2016 election, therefore being the incumbent Mayor.
The ballots for the mayoralty and the councillors are held simultaneously. Voting is compulsory for all eligible electors. Councillors are elected from a single pool of candidates by a "First Past the Post" poll, The system of wards (electorates) being recommended against by the Local Government Reform Commission.
State politics
The two seats that are drawn from Toowoomba City itself are Toowoomba North and Toowoomba South. Toowoomba South is a very safe seat for the Liberal National Party. Former mayor, Di Thorley ran for the 2016 Toowoomba South by-election. In the absence of a Labor candidate, she picked up momentum, especially from the more progressive voters, however, the LNP's David Janetzki won.
In the 2012 election, Kerry Shine, a member of the Labor Party, lost the seat of Toowoomba North to the LNP's Trevor Watts, a member of the Newman government. Watts, retained the seat by a small majority in the 2016 election. Unlike the rest of the city, Toowoomba North has been known to be considerably more left-leaning when electing members.
The seat of Condamine is a rural seat that includes many western suburbs and localities, including Charlton, Wellcamp, Glenvale, Drayton etc. This seat is also conservative, generally electing LNP and Katter's Australian party. After Ray Hopper resigned from the seat to contest Nanango, Pat Weir from the LNP took the seat by a large majority in 2015.
Historical seats
Drayton & Toowoomba 1860 – 1912
Drayton 1912 – 1927
Toowoomba 1912 – 1950
East Toowoomba 1912 – 1950
South Toowoomba 1950 – 1960
North Toowoomba 1950 – 1960
Toowoomba East 1960 – 1972
Toowoomba West 1960 – 1972
Toowoomba South 1972–present
Toowoomba North 1972–present
Condamine 2009–present (Outskirts)
Federal politics
Toowoomba has formed the core of a Commonwealth electoral seat since Federation. Originally Darling Downs, the seat was abolished and the new seat of Groom was created in 1984, with the effect (largely) of renaming the seat. The seat has always been held by the non-Labor parties.
John McVeigh, a member of the LNP has held the seat since 2016. To contest the 2016 election, he resigned from his state seat of Toowoomba South.
The Toowoomba Region has a strong conservative influence in politics, particularly socially. Groom is a very safe LNP seat, with McVeigh winning 65.31% of the two-party preferred vote. Although suburbs between North Street and the Second Range Crossing show strengthening progressive influence, the rural parts of the seat are much too conservative to feasibly see a Labor member elected.
Significant political events in Toowoomba
During the 1989 Queensland state elections, the Toowoomba-based Logos Foundation caused controversy with a questionnaire on "moral" issues sent to candidates, with the results being published in newspaper advertisements.
In 2003 Aboriginal activist Stephen Hagan created a stir over the name of the "E.S. Nigger Brown Stand" at a Toowoomba sports field. E S Brown was an Anglo-Australian, who was known as "Nigger Brown" during his career as a rugby league footballer. Brown was given the nickname due to a popular boot polish at the time and his "slick" attack whilst on the football field and was known to be slick as boot polish hence the nickname Nigger Brown. He has also challenged Coon cheese over claims that the name was racist.
In 2005 a white supremacist group calling itself the White Pride Coalition put up racist posters in Toowoomba and Crows Nest, harassed African (mostly Sudanese) refugees living in Toowoomba and achieved national notoriety.
In 2005 Mayor Di Thorley proposed a controversial plan to recycle purified treated sewage into one of the dams to be used for drinking water. On 29 July 2006 the Toowoomba City Council conducted a poll regarding this controversial plan. The poll question was:
Do you support the addition of purified recycled water to Toowoomba’s water supply via Cooby Dam as proposed by Water Futures –Toowoomba?
A majority of 62% of voters opposed the plan.
References
Toowoomba
Toowoomba
Politics of Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics%20of%20Toowoomba%2C%20Queensland |
Stortorget (, "the Grand Square") is a public square in Gamla Stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. It is the oldest square in Stockholm, the historical centre on which the medieval urban conglomeration gradually came into being. Today, the square is frequented by tens of thousands of tourists annually, and is occasionally the scene for demonstrations and performances. It is traditionally renowned for its annual Christmas market offering traditional handicrafts and food.
Notable buildings and structures
Located in the centre of the plateau of Stadsholmen, the square never was the stylish show-piece occupying the centre of many other European cities during the Middle Ages; it was created gradually, buildings and blocks around the square, still sloping west, occasionally added haphazardly. The exception being the Stock Exchange Building taking up the northern side of the square and concealing the Cathedral and the Royal Palace.
The Stock Exchange Building and the well
Today, Stortorget is the location of the Stock Exchange Building (Börshuset), which houses the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Museum, and the Nobel Library. Designed by Erik Palmstedt and built 1773–1776, it replaced the town hall that had occupied the lot for several hundreds years before and subsequently been relocated first to the Bonde Palace and then to the present Court House in 1915. The plan of the building, French Rococo in style, is a trapezium, the rounded corner of which greatly widened the flanking alleys. While the building is generally designed much like a private palace, the central pediment and the lantern-style cupola crowning the building underline its public status. The closed first floor, accommodating the Swedish Academy, contrasts the openness of the ground floor—a contrast enhanced during the restoration in the 1980s.
The present well on the square was also designed by Palmstedt and built in connection to the new Stock Exchange Building. It dried up in 1856 due to land elevation, however. It was relocated to Brunkebergstorg but moved back to its original location in the 1950s and is today connected to the city water conduit.
Number 3–5
Built by the merchant Hans Bremer in the 1640s and originally featuring pointed cairns, Number 3, on the right side of Köpmangatan still features the original cross vaults and a German inscription in the entrance hall. However, the building is today called Grillska huset ("The Grill House") after the goldsmith Antoni Grill, who immigrated from Amsterdam to Sweden in 1659 during the era of Carl Gustav to found the Grill Dynasty. He bought the building in 1681 which came to remain in the family's possession for more than a century. The cloverleaf-shaped gables were added in 1718 together with the blue livid colour and the Rococo portal. The Dynasty's most prominent member was the merchant Claes Grill (1705–1767), leader of the East India Company, owner of several banks and many mining industries and shipping companies, and a great art collector. The building is today the headquarters of the Stockholm´s City Mission, an independent Christian charity devoted to support homeless and exposed citizens with food, accommodation, and education, also running advisory bureaus and others elsewhere in the old town.
In the second hand shop on Number 5 are painted joists from the 1640s displaying animals, flowers, and fruits. There are many such restored ceilings in Gamla stan, but this one is one of the few accessible to the general public. On the first floor is the so-called Bullkyrkan ("Bun Church") where the City Mission offers services every Sunday together with buns, sandwiches, and coffee. Rev. Karl-Erik Kejne, who served in the church in the 1950s, was quoted by public service radio saying working there was a grateful commission as the penniless and homeless crowded the church where other congregations were considerably more conspicuous by their absence.
Number 7
Until the mid-15th century, the south side of the square was lined with wooden shops, in the spacious basements of which peasants kept their provisions and prepared meals. Among the numerous historical tenants in the building was adventurer Filip Kern from Meissen, Saxony. He served as a barber and a master builder for King John III and is suspected to have poisoned King Eric XIV. During the reign of Gustavus Adolphus, the Dutch merchant Abraham Cabiljau, one of the founders and first mayors of Gothenburg, lived in the building. The French wig maker Jean Bedoire bought the building in 1682 and, just like his son and namesake who gave his name to the alley Bedoirsgränd, made a fortune in trading wine, salt, and iron. The building was completely rebuilt in 1937 when the façades of the three buildings located south of the square were united to form the present façade. Occupying the three buildings in the block since 1944 is the Mäster Olofsgården ("Homestead of Master Olof"). It was founded as a youth centre by the priest Gabriel Grefberg in 1931 when Gamla stan was mostly a slum, and the number of activities quickly grew to include elderly, mothers, scouts, workers, and many other groups. Following a generous donation, the organisation was able to gather its activities to the present location in 1944. Today its services include studies in the history of the old town and the "Gamla stan Society" (Gamla stan sällskapet). The cannonball in the corner of Skomakargatan, according to popular legend, dates back to the Stockholm Bloodbath in 1520, when it was fired at the Danish king Christian Tyrant. Undoubtedly, it was more likely built into the wall by an early proprietor and subsequently put back into place after each restoration. The restaurant on the ground floor, Stortorgskällaren, is built over a medieval basement, part of which dates back to the 15th century. According to some sources, this was the location for the tavern Spanska druvan ("The Spanish Grape"), the oldest known tavern in Stockholm, which was (according to tradition) frequented by King John III when he wanted to mingle with commoners.
Number 14–22
The buildings on the west side are the only ones occupied by private persons.
Number 22, the green building on the left side of Kåkbrinken, is from 1758 but is standing on medieval walls. It was occupied by the councillor Johan Berndes who developed the Swedish copper production in the 17th century, then by the Saxon Polycarpus Crumbügel, close friend to King Charles XI who caused the so-called Reduction when an important part of the Swedish nobility lost its estates (for which he was raised to peerage as Cronhielm). During an archaeological excavation in 1998, a vaulted chamber measuring 1.8×1.6 metres (approx. 5'11"×5'3") was discovered in the basement. It was supplied with a channel which is believed to have connected it to privies and kitchen sinks in the building. Along with some wooden tubes found near Kornhamnstorg, it is one of the few indications contradicting the traditional view of medieval Stockholm as a repulsive place where filth and refuse filled the streets.
The buildings on Number 18-20 were merged in the 17th century and subsequently named after Johan Eberhard Schantz, the secretary of Charles X Gustavus who also added the stepped gable and the grand portal on the left building. Parts of the interior still reflect the luxury which surrounded the royal secretary. The 82 white stones on Number 20, Ribbinska huset ("House of Ribbing") or Schantzka huset ("House of Schantz"), are occasionally said to symbolize the heads decapitated by the Danish king in 1520. The house was, however, built no later than 1479, when it appears in historical records. The former of the names refers to the councillor Bo Ribbing who gave the property to Schantz in 1627, who added the stones the following year.
The block on Number 14–16 is named after Æsculapius, the son of Apollo and the demigod of medicine, which reflects the presence of the "Raven Pharmacy" (Apoteket Korpen) at this address for more than 300 years. While still present on Västerlånggatan just a few blocks away, the pharmacy was originally settled on Stortorget in 1638 when the court pharmacist Philip Schmidt offered not only medicine at this address, but also assorted sweets and mulled wine. In the alley Solgränd, the initials of the pharmacist in 1764 and his wife are still found on the wall. The pharmacy was relocated to its present address in 1924.
Streets and alleys
Historical thoroughfares stretch from Stortorget in all cardinal directions: Kåkbrinken ("Slope of the [Ramshackle] House") stretches west down to Västerlånggatan. Skomakargatan ("Shoemaker's Street") and Svartmangatan ("Black Man's Street") stretch south to Tyska Brinken ("German Slope") and Kindstugatan ("Box on the ear Street"), both of which used to lead past the Blackfriars monastery to the southern gate. Köpmangatan ("Merchant's Street"), paralleled by Trädgårdsgatan ("Garden Street") north of it, leads east to Köpmantorget ("Merchant's Square"), Köpmanbrinken ("Merchant's Slope") and Österlånggatan ("Eastern Long Street"), and used to be the only street leading through the eastern city wall down to Fisketorget, a former square and for hundreds of years the largest in Stockholm. Furthermore, a number of alleys connect to the immediate surrounding blocks: On the northern side, Trångsund and Källargränd stretch to Storkyrkobrinken and Slottsbacken on either side of the Stock Exchange Building. On the west side, three alleys — Solgränd, Ankargränd, and Spektens gränd — stretch down to Prästgatan.
History
Prehistory
Archaeological excavations along Kåkbrinken have shown the original boulder ridge is found directly under the pavement near Stortorget and gradually located deeper and deeper westward to reach some 12–15 m along the western shoreline. Therefore, it is rather reasonable to assume that the gently-sloping square continues still reflects the shape of the original unsettled island.
Middle Ages
Excavations on the square in 1995 and 1997 showed that the mediaeval square is only 0.5 m below the present cobbles. Just above the deepest layer, coins from the reigns of Magnus Ladulås and Birger Magnusson were found, together with ceramic sherds from the same eras. Three additional layers of cobbles from the Middle Ages as well as a coal mixed layer, just below the lower cobble level, have been radiocarbon dated to 1066-1320. More superficial traces of poles indicate that simple sheds occupied the area in the late 13th century until they were destroyed by fire in the early 15th century, and traces of an older building are believed to date to 1024–1291.
The square started as a junction in which the tracks that criss-crossed the island converged. The dawning street system gradually developed into the current narrow streets Köpmangatan, Svartmangatan, Skomakargatan, Kåkbrinken, Trångsund and Källargränd. By 1400, the city had some 6,000 inhabitants, and stone buildings started to be built around the square. Its merchants and the well on the square made it a natural meeting place. The present name first appears in historical records as stora torghit in 1420 and as stoor tårgeett in 1646.
The decrees proclaimed twice per year from the town hall, called Rådstugan ("Council Homestead"), once north of the square, together with recurrent manifestations, such as that of Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson leader of the Engelbrekt Rebellion (1434–1436), made the square a politically-vital location. As the Germans long had a very important presence in Stockholm, the city council was composed by an equal number of Swedish citizens and German immigrants. Merchants, all burghers, dominated the assembly; craftsmen were occasionally entrusted minor commissions. The remaining citizens were entirely excluded from any influence. Stockholm was a one-horse town, compared to splendid Continental European cities. The city hall was rebuilt following a fire in 1419 and gradually expanded over 500 years until it was relocated to the Bonde Palace in 1732. It was thus a four-storey coherent complex. On the third floor were custodies known as Siskeburen ("The Siskin Cage"), Loppan ("The Flea"), and Vita märren ("The Mare"), Vita hästen ("The White Horse"), Gamla Rådstugan ("Old Council Homestead"), Skottkammaren ("Scottish Chamber"), and Nya kölden ("The New Cold"). In the basement was the city wine store, next to the memorable tavern Storkällaren (named because of it proximity to Storkyrkan).
Modern times
In the middle of the square was the pillory called Kåken ("The [Ramshackle] House", see Kåkbrinken), first mentioned in connection to the so-called "Käpplinge murders" (Käpplingemorden) in the first half of the 15th century. The story is that a group German burghers who trapped a large number of prominent citizens in a hovel on Blasieholmen (then called Käpplinge) and burned them in. The Germans are said to have been led from the Royal Palace to the pillory. Originally, the pillory was placed atop a bricked prison, where the despised executioner kept those sentenced before shackling and whipping them, or even cutting their ears off, depending on the nature of the crimes. The pillory was relocated to the present Norrmalmstorg in 1771, when the Stock Exchange Building and the present well were completed.
Stortorget was the scene of the Stockholm Bloodbath in November 1520. For three days, the Danish-Swedish king Christian II beheaded and hanged 90 people. That deed was accomplished despite the reprieve proclaimed by Queen Christina Gyllenstierna after four months of Danish siege. Still, the Danish king was not directly responsible for the deed. Archbishop Gustav Trolle, dethroned and imprisoned by the regent Sten Sture the Elder, who died during the siege, wanted to obtain a redress. Therefore, during the coronation of the Danish king, the prominent guests were confronted with the bill of indictment of the archbishop and subsequently condemned for blasphemy. The death sentences were to be accomplished at once and so the square was cleared while a curfew forced all citizens to stay indoors. The executioners beheaded archbishops, councillors, noblemen and city magistrates indiscriminately, including Erik Johansson Vasa, the father of the succeeding King Gustav Vasa, who escaped the fate of his father by hiding. All the bodies were burned on Södermalm, together with the body of the dead regent, Sten Sture. The Danish king, satisfied with having pacified Sweden, returned to Denmark in December, drowning a few monks during the trip and ignoring the dawning insurrection in Dalarna.
By the end of the 19th century, the Swedish working class still lacked representation in the Parliament and the City Council. A committee, formed in 1892, in vain urged the council to counteract unemployment and alleviate distress by initiating roadworks and taking other measures. The labour demonstration of 1892 were subsequently fixed for February 1, when the council had a meeting in the Stock Exchange Building. To avoid the demonstration prohibition from 1848, people gathered on various locations to unite on the square. As they ran across deputies and other notables on Slottsbacken, they were stopped by the police from reaching the square. Surrounding alleys quickly got clogged by demonstrators, however, and the cordon had to give way to the crowd, whose cries and protest songs quickly filled the square. Future Prime Minister Hjalmar Branting got involved in a dispute before the crowd threatened to intrude the Stock Exchange Build from Trångsund. The police then got assistance from the Royal Body Guard, which made demonstrators flee into the alleys to escape the horses and the sabres. Dozens got arrested, but a growing awareness among politicians occurred on the situation of the working force.
See also
History of Stockholm
List of streets and squares in Gamla stan
References
External links
Bakery of the Stockholm's City Mission
Conference and reception rooms of the Stockholm´s City Mission
Stortorgskällaren—official site
visit-stockholm.com—Panorama of Stortorget (QTVR)
Mäster Olofsgården
Squares in Stockholm
Stockholm Bloodbath | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stortorget |
Humblus (Humbli, Humble) was one of the earliest kings of Denmark according to Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum.
Humblus may be of the same origin as King Humli of Hervarar saga.
Text
The standing on stones in connection with the choosing a king is a motive known from other Scandinavian sources. It occurs both in Chronicon Lethrense and Olaus Magnus's Swedish history.
Notes
References
Davidson, Hilda Ellis (ed.) and Peter Fisher (tr.) (1999). Saxo Grammaticus : The History of the Danes : Books I-IX. Bury St Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press. . First published 1979–1980.
Elton, Oliver (tr.) (1905). The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus. New York: Norroena Society. Available online
Olrik, J. and H. Ræder (1931). Saxo Grammaticus : Gesta Danorum. Available online
Mythological kings of Denmark
Scyldings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humblus |
The lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm (or lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve) is a sensory nerve representing the continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve beyond the lateral edge of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle. The lateral cutaneous nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the lateral forearm. It pierces the deep fascia of forearm to enter the subcutaneous compartment before splitting into a volar branch and a dorsal branch.
Anatomy
Course and relations
It passes behind the cephalic vein and divides opposite the elbow-joint into a volar branch and a dorsal branch.
Branches
Volar branch
The volar branch (ramus volaris; anterior branch) descends along the radial border of the forearm to the wrist, and supplies the skin over the lateral half of its volar surface.
At the wrist-joint it is placed in front of the radial artery, and some filaments, piercing the deep fascia, accompany that vessel to the dorsal surface of the carpus.
The nerve then passes downward to the ball of the thumb, where it ends in cutaneous filaments.
It communicates with the superficial branch of the radial nerve, and with the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve.
Dorsal branch
The dorsal branch (ramus dorsalis; posterior branch) descends, along the dorsal surface of the radial side of the forearm to the wrist.
It supplies the skin of the lower two-thirds of the dorso-lateral surface of the forearm, communicating with the superficial branch of the radial nerve and the posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm of the radial nerve.
See also
Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Additional images
References
External links
,
- "Cutaneous nerves of the upper extremity."
Nerves of the upper limb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20cutaneous%20nerve%20of%20forearm |
The Advanced Light Source (ALS) is a research facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California. One of the world's brightest sources of ultraviolet and soft x-ray light, the ALS is the first "third-generation" synchrotron light source in its energy range, providing multiple extremely bright sources of intense and coherent short-wavelength light for use in scientific experiments by researchers from around the world. It is funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and operated by the University of California. In June 2018, Stephen Kevan became the director of the ALS.
Users
The ALS serves about 2,000 researchers ("users") every year from academic, industrial, and government laboratories worldwide. Experiments at the ALS are performed at nearly 40 beamlines that can operate simultaneously over 5,000 hours per year, resulting in nearly 1,000 scientific publications annually in a wide variety of fields. Any qualified researcher can propose to use an ALS beamline. Peer review is used to select from among the most important proposals received from researchers who apply for beam time at the ALS. No charge is made for beam time if a user's research is nonproprietary (i.e., the user plans to publish the results in the open literature). About 16% of users come from outside the US.
How it works
Electron bunches traveling near the speed of light are forced into a nearly circular path by magnets in the ALS storage ring. Between these magnets there are straight sections where the electrons are forced into a slalom-like path by dozens of magnets of alternating polarity in devices called "undulators." Under the influence of these magnets, electrons emit beams of electromagnetic radiation, from the infrared through the visible, ultraviolet, and x-ray regimes. The resulting beams, collimated along the direction of the electrons' path, shine down beamlines to instruments at experiment endstations.
Research areas
Lower-energy soft x-ray light is the ALS' specialty, filling an important niche and complementing other DOE light source facilities. Higher-energy x-rays are also available from locations where superconducting magnets create "superbends" in the electrons' path. Soft x-rays are used to characterize the electronic structure of matter and to reveal microscopic structures with elemental and chemical specificity. Research in materials science, biology, chemistry, physics, and the environmental sciences make use of these capabilities.
Ongoing research topics and techniques
Probing the electronic structure of matter
Testing optics and photoresists for next generation photolithography
Understanding magnetic materials
3D biological imaging
Protein crystallography
Ozone photochemistry
X-ray microscopy of cells
Chemical reaction dynamics
Atomic and molecular physics
Extreme ultraviolet lithography
Synchrotron infrared nano-spectroscopy (SINS)
Scientific and technological innovations and advancements
Longer-lasting lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and mobile electronics
Nanoscale magnetic imaging for compact data storage
Plastic solar cells that are flexible and easy to produce
Harnessing "artificial photosynthesis" for clean, renewable energy
Fine-tuning combustion for cleaner-burning fuels
More effective chemical reactions for fuel cells, pollution control, or fuel refinement
Using microbes to clean up toxins in the environment
Cheaper biofuels from abundant, renewable plants
Solving protein structures for rational drug design
Producing ever-smaller transistors for more powerful computers
History
When the ALS was first proposed in the early 1980s by former LBNL director David Shirley, skeptics doubted the use of a synchrotron optimized for soft x-rays and ultraviolet light. According to former ALS director Daniel Chemla, "The scientific case for a third-generation soft x-ray facility such as the ALS had always been fundamentally sound. However, getting the larger scientific community to believe it was an uphill battle."
The 1987 Reagan administration budget allocated $1.5 million for the construction of the ALS. The planning and design process began in 1987, ground was broken in 1988, and construction was completed in 1993. The new building incorporated a 1930s-era domed structure designed by Arthur Brown, Jr. (designer of the Coit Tower in San Francisco) to house E. O. Lawrence's 184-inch cyclotron, an advanced version of his first cyclotron for which he received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics.
The ALS was commissioned in March 1993, and the official dedication took place on the morning of October 22, 1993.
In the pursuit of outstanding science, the ALS has developed a strategic plan to ensure facility upgrades that will keep the ALS at the frontiers of science.
ALS-U
A new project called ALS-U is working to upgrade the ALS. Recent accelerator physics breakthroughs now enable the production of highly focused beams of soft x-ray light that are at least 100 times brighter than those of the existing ALS.
The storage ring will receive a number of new upgrades, as well as a new accumulator ring. The new ring will use powerful, compact magnets arranged in a dense, circular array called a multibend achromat (MBA) lattice. In combination with other improvements to the accelerator complex, the upgraded machine will produce bright, steady beams of high-energy light to probe matter with unprecedented detail.
References
External links
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Synchrotron radiation facilities
Laboratories in California
Berkeley Hills
Buildings and structures in Berkeley, California
University and college laboratories in the United States
1993 establishments in California
Buildings and structures completed in 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Light%20Source |
The Carracks (, meaning rocks) and Little Carracks (, meaning rock of the birds) are a group of small rocky inshore islands off the Atlantic north coast of west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The name comes from "carrek", the Cornish language word for 'rock'. The Little Carracks were still known as Carrack an Heythen c. 1920. The islands are in Zennor civil parish.
The islands are located between Zennor and St Ives and are approximately off shore; The Little Carracks are between the Carracks and Towednack Quae Head which is east of the islands. The largest island in the group is sometimes referred to as Seal Island and is home to Atlantic grey seals, dogfish, anglerfish and sea anemones.
Boats from St Ives often travel to and from the islands to give visitors the chance to observe the seals and other wildlife on the island.
In 1916, the Enrico Parodi, a , 3,818-ton steel vessel, struck Gurnard's Head during thick fog. While being towed, it sank off The Carracks and remains there at present as a diving attraction.
References
Uninhabited islands of Cornwall
Tourist attractions in Cornwall
Zennor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Carracks |
Michael Wilson (born 1964) is an American stage and screen director working extensively on Broadway, Off-Broadway, and at the nation's leading resident theaters.
He made his screen directorial debut with the 2014 Lifetime/Ostar television film adaptation of Horton Foote's The Trip to Bountiful, which was nominated for two 2014 Emmy Awards and six 2015 NAACP/Image Awards—including Outstanding Television Movie – as well as a DGA Award for Outstanding Direction of a Movie or Mini-Series for Television. The film won three 2015 NAACP/Image Awards (Outstanding Actress: Cicely Tyson; Outstanding Actor: Blair Underwood, and Outstanding TV Movie); the Black Reel Award for Outstanding TV Movie; and the Gracie Allen Award for Outstanding Ensemble Cast (in addition to Tyson and Underwood, the cast included Keke Palmer, Vanessa Williams and Clancy Brown).
Showing Roots – his first indie film produced by Michael Mailer Films in association with Bill Haber—starred Uzo Aduba, Maggie Grace, Elizabeth McGovern, Adam Brody and Cicely Tyson. It won Best Narrative Film awards at the 2015 Bahamas and 2016 Maryland International Film (Hagerstown) Festivals, and was subsequently acquired by Lifetime for broadcast in May 2016.
On Broadway, Wilson directed the 2013 Tony Award-winning revival of The Trip to Bountiful starring Cicely Tyson, Cuba Gooding Jr, Vanessa Williams and Condola Rashad. Other Broadway productions include the 2012 Tony nominated revival of Gore Vidal’s The Best Man (starring James Earl Jones, Angela Lansbury, Candice Bergen, John Larroquette, Eric McCormack, John Stamos, Kristin Davis, and Michael McKean); the Tony nominated Best Plays Dividing the Estate (starring Elizabeth Ashley and Gerald McRaney); and Enchanted April (starring Jayne Atkinson and Molly Ringwald).
Off-Broadway, he directed the 2015 Signature revival of Arthur Miller's Incident at Vichy starring Richard Thomas, which was subsequently filmed for television and broadcast in 2016 on Theater Close-Up by WNET 13 and BroadwayHD. In 2010, he received Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards for his direction of Foote's three-part, nine-hour epic The Orphans’ Home Cycle.
Internationally, he directed both parts of Tony Kushner's Angels in America for the 1995 Venice Biennale.
Most recently, he directed the acclaimed Los Angeles premiere of the musical Grey Gardens: starring Betty Buckley and Rachel York for CTG/Ahmanson Theater at the Music Center.
Career
In an interview in 2008, Wilson noted:
Like most directors, I want to show a variety of work. I've done Shakespeare, Chekhov, and O'Neill, as well as new work. Some people have defined my body of work as being dominated by female characters, and this play is no exception. I have collaborated many times with Elizabeth Ashley, who plays the matriarch in Dividing, I don't necessarily subscribe to the notion that I am "a woman's director." But I would say that I am drawn to plays that deal with family situations. In the plays I work on I want there to be a real moment of catharsis. I am always looking to let the audience have some kind of emotional connection. That's one of the reasons why I love Horton's [Foote] plays so much: they allow that connection.
Hartford Stage
As artistic director from 1998 to 2011, Wilson commissioned and developed numerous new works, including the 2012 Pulitzer Prize-winning play Water By the Spoonful by Quiara Alegria Hudes. He directed seventeen productions for Hartford Stage, including the premiere of Enchanted April (which subsequently transferred to Broadway, garnering a 2003 Best Play Tony nomination, and 9 Outer Critics Circle nominations, including Best Director). He directed the premieres of Horton Foote’s The Orphans' Home Cycle (2010 Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards); The Carpetbagger’s Children (2002 Best Play, American Theater Critics Award) and Eve Ensler’s Necessary Targets, all which subsequently transferred Off-Broadway; Williams's The Glass Menagerie (which subsequently toured to Houston and Boston where it won the 2002 Elliot Norton Award for Outstanding Visiting Production); O’Neill's Long Day’s Journey Into Night; and Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Under his leadership, in addition to the Tennessee Williams Marathon—the first national, multi-year retrospective of the American playwright—Hartford Stage focused on the development of new work, a vast expansion of its education and outreach programs, and helped raise 17 million dollars which accomplished among many things the company's first major renovation of its John W. Huntington Theater home since that facility opened in 1977.
Wilson also forged new collaborations with Houston's Alley Theatre, Harvard's American Repertory Theater, the Dallas Theater Center, the Guthrie Theater, The Shakespeare Theatre, and Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre.
Broadway
The Trip to Bountiful by Horton Foote, 2013 (Stephen Sondheim Theatre)
The Best Man, by Gore Vidal, 2012 (Schoenfeld Theater)
Dividing the Estate, by Horton Foote, 2008, (Lincoln Center Theater at the Booth)
Old Acquaintances, by John Van Druten, 2007 (Roundabout Theatre at the American Airlines Theater)
Enchanted April, by Matthew Barber, 2003 (Belasco Theatre)
Off-Broadway (selected)
Source: IOBDB
Arthur Miller's Incident at Vichy, 2015 (Signature Theater Company)
Horton Foote's The Old Friends, 2013 (STC)
Lanford Wilson's Talley's Folly 2013 (RTC)
Christopher Shinn's Picked 2011 (Vineyard Theater)
Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore 2011 (RTC)
Horton Foote's The Orphans' Home Cycle, 2010 (STC)
Horton Foote's Dividing The Estate, 2007 (Primary Stages)
Horton Foote's The Day Emily Married, 2004 (Primary Stages)
Horton Foote's The Carpetbagger’s Children, 2002 (Lincoln Center Theater)
Christopher Shinn's What Didn’t Happen, 2002 (Playwrights Horizons)
Necessary Targets, by Eve Ensler, 2002 (Variety Arts)
Jane Anderson's Defying Gravity, 1997 (Laura Pels Theatre)
Tennessee Williams's The Red Devil Battery Sign, 1996 (WPA Theatre)
Resident
The Alley Theatre (associate director, 1990–98)
American Repertory Theatre
Berkeley Repertory Theatre
Center Theater Group/Ahmanson
Goodman Theatre
Guthrie Theatre
Huntington Theater
La Jolla Playhouse
Long Wharf Theatre
New York Stage and Film
Old Globe Theater
Philadelphia Theatre Company
PlayMakers Repertory Company
Wallis
International
Angels in America Parts I & II, 1995 Venice Biennale
Personal
Wilson grew up in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he graduated a Morehead scholar in 1987. Since 2015, he has served as Treasurer of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society (SDC).
Other
2001–2003, Connecticut Commission on the Arts
2003 Citizen of the Year by the Greater Hartford Civitan Club
Honors and awards
Source for certain honors: American Theatre Wing
2010 Drama Desk and Outer Critics Circle Awards for his direction of Horton Foote's The Orphans' Home Cycle
Daryl Roth 2002 Creative Spirit Award, Lincoln Center Theater
Princess Grace Foundation, 2001 Statue Award and 1992 Theatre fellowship
Edward Albee Foundation 1992 fellowship
Connecticut Critics Circle (various), including the 2005 Tom Killen Award
References
External links
Internet Off-Broadway Database Listing
1964 births
Living people
American theatre directors
Princess Grace Awards winners
People from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Wilson%20%28director%29 |
60th National Board of Review Awards
Best Picture:
Mississippi Burning
The 60th National Board of Review Awards were announced on December 13, 1988, and given on February 27, 1989.
Top 10 films
Mississippi Burning
Dangerous Liaisons
The Accused
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
The Last Temptation of Christ
Tucker: The Man and His Dream
Big
Running on Empty
Gorillas in the Mist
Midnight Run
Top foreign films
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown
Pelle the Conqueror
Le Grand Chemin
Salaam Bombay!
A Taxing Woman
Winners
Best Picture:
Mississippi Burning
Best Foreign Film:
Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown
Best Actor:
Gene Hackman - Mississippi Burning
Best Actress:
Jodie Foster - The Accused
Best Supporting Actor:
River Phoenix - Running on Empty
Best Supporting Actress:
Frances McDormand - Mississippi Burning
Best Director:
Alan Parker - Mississippi Burning
Best Documentary
The Thin Blue Line
Career Achievement Award:
Kirk Douglas
References
External links
National Board of Review of Motion Pictures :: Awards for 1988
1988
1988 film awards
1988 in American cinema | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Board%20of%20Review%20Awards%201988 |
SV Steinach is a German association football club that plays in Steinach, a town 75 km south of Erfurt in Thuringia.
History
This small local club was founded on 4 November 1908 as FC Steinach. Play was suspended through World War I and after the war, in 1919, they merged with another football side, FC Teutonia. The following year, the winter sports club Wintersportverein Steinach also joined and remained part of the club until 1926. From 1933 to 1936, Steinach played in the Gauliga Mitte, one of sixteen regional leagues formed through the reorganization of German football under the Third Reich. They finished second in this league in 1933–34, were relegated in 1937 and returned for a season in 1939 before sitting out for the duration of World War II. The club resumed play in East Germany's Bezirksliga Suhl in 1952 as BSG Motor Steinach. Through the late 50s and early 60s the team bounced up and down between the second and third division Liga and 2.Liga. They earned promotion to the top-flight DDR Oberliga where they played the 1964 and 1965 seasons before falling back. With German re-unification in 1990 the club took on the name SV 08 Steinach and played in the Thüringenliga (VI) until 2009 when it dropped down to the Bezirksliga. Since 2010 it has played in the tier seven Landesklasse.
Steinach has a number of other sports departments and offers its members winter sports, bowling, table tennis, volleyball, gymnastics and Tae Kwon Do.
References
External links
Official team site
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in East Germany
Football clubs in Thuringia
Association football clubs established in 1908
1908 establishments in Germany
Works association football clubs in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV%2008%20Steinach |
Shadowmarch is a fantasy novel by American writer Tad Williams, the first book in the Shadowmarch tetralogy. It was released in hardcover on November 2, 2004, and in trade paperback on November 1, 2005. A paperback edition was released in September 2006. The second book in the series, Shadowplay was published on March 6, 2007, in hardcover and on March 4, 2008, in paperback in both the US and the UK. The third book in the series, Shadowrise, was released in hardcover on March 2, 2010. The last book in the series, Shadowheart, was published in hardcover on November 1, 2010.
Background
Originally, Tad Williams conceived Shadowmarch as an idea for a fantasy movie, and later a fantasy TV series, which has been described as "Hill Street Blues meets Babylon 5 meets Lord of the Rings". When both of these options fell through, Shadowmarch was reborn as an online serial. It was later released between June 2001 and August 2002 in bi-weekly episodes, but the lack of subscribers willing to pay the one-time $14.99 fee necessary to read chapters beyond the five initial free ones meant that after the first year, the online project halted, with the completed first novel (and subsequent volumes) returning to orthodox publishing. The book contains additional chapters not found in the original online version, while the rest of the original material was substantially revised and edited for book publication (notably being rewritten completely in the past tense, since the online project used present tense to "give it a sense of immediacy").
The Shadowmarch saga
Shadowmarch, November 2004.
Shadowplay, March 2007.
Shadowrise, March 2010.
Shadowheart, November 2010.
Initially, Williams set out to write a trilogy, but work on the final installment became so complex that he and his publishers decided to split the third installment into two novels, both released in 2010.
Plot summary of series
The series takes place principally in the castle and province of Southmarch. Prominent sub-plots cover connected events to the south and north of Southmarch, respectively in the land of Xis and the Qar (faerie) lands beyond the impassable Shadowline. The action centers on the troubled Eddon family, the rulers of Southmarch, which is the nearest human province to the Shadowline and was formerly held by the Qar prior to their expulsion by the advancing humans.
The novel begins with the king, Olin Eddon, imprisoned in a foreign land. His eldest son Kendrick is struggling to rule in his place, while his younger twins, Barrick and Briony, struggle with their adolescent emotions. The male twin, Barrick, is particularly troubled by depression and nightmares, incited by his private knowledge of a mysterious family curse. When Kendrick is assassinated, Briony shoulders the burden of ruling in her father's absence, while Barrick slips further into maudlin self-obsession.
An army of Qar cross the Shadowline to invade Southmarch, and in the climactic battle of the first book Barrick is lost in the land of the Qar. Briony narrowly escapes death when the throne is usurped by her cousin. While Barrick travels in the Shadowlands, Briony travels around her own lands incognito, seeking allies.
Incidents in the second book elucidate that the three main religions – those of the Qar, the northern humans, and the Xixian humans – are based on a violent feud within a pantheon of gods. The three contemporary religions, though seemingly unrelated, each stem from a different perspective on the Godswar, which ended in the victory of three brothers.
The Godswar began when one of the gods married a goddess of the competing faction, prompting her father and brothers to go to war to reclaim her. It is suggested in the course of the second novel that in fact she eloped, and her father, disapproving of her choice, fought to abduct her from her beloved. Long after the end of the Godswar, a child of the losing faction staged an attack on those who won, sending them to sleep; this allowed the rise of mortal civilizations.
As Barrick travels in the lands of Qar he uncovers more of their beliefs, including that they hold both knowledge and power descended directly from their patron god, via a supernatural gift called the Fireflower.
Qar culture is revealed to center around a ruling family who are descended from one of the gods and who pass the Fireflower down through their generations. This family practices incestuous marriage, with each generation producing exactly one male and one female child. In order to preserve the Fireflower, which sustains the Qar, each generation of this family must present itself on reaching adulthood to the last remnant of a god still in the world who is trapped and barely alive in a cave deep below Southmarch Castle.
Barrick learns that unbeknownst to the contemporary Eddons, this arrangement was discreetly tolerated by the dwarf-like Funderlings until one of the Eddon ancestors met and desired the Qar princess on her pilgrimage. They married under disputed circumstances. She is remembered by the humans as a queen of Southmarch, but her Qar ancestry is forgotten.
She was, therefore, unable to marry and procreate with her brother. This broke the chain connecting the Qar to the slumbering god and began their long period of decline. Their siege of Southmarch is intended to regain control of the castle and the slumbering god beneath, in the hope of restoring their race.
On the southern continent, the powerful but insane Autarch of Xis also desires the power of the gods beneath Southmarch castle, whose existence he has deduced from ancient texts. In order to access that power he requires someone descended from a god and therefore has procured the imprisonment of King Olin Eddon. He is revealed to be behind much of the turmoil in Southmarch.
At the climax of the series, in the third and fourth novels, several factions compete for possession of Southmarch castle, and the deep caves beneath. The Autarch, who has launched a rapid marine invasion of the province; the Qar, who have tired of their siege and attempted to storm the castle; the usurper, holding the castle with his own designs on the slumbering god; and two forces loyal to the Eddons, one a large army recruited by Briony advancing on the castle to lift the siege, another consisting mainly of Funderlings holding their caves beneath the castle, initially unaware of what sleeps further below.
An eventual alliance between the Qar and the Eddon loyalists drives out the usurper but fails to prevent the Autarch from gaining access to the cave of the slumbering gods. One of the gods is woken, but easily transcends the Autarch's control. The alliance of loyalists and Qar eventually succeeds in defeating the god.
Briony Eddon is restored to her throne. Her brother Barrick, who like all Eddons is descended from the Qar royal line and had accepted the Fireflower into himself during his time with the Qar, hopes that he can restore the line his ancestor broke and allow the Qar to survive.
Characters
Barrick Eddon – the prince of Southmarch; Briony's twin brother
Briony Eddon – the princess of Southmarch; Barrick's twin sister
King Olin Eddon – king of Southmarch; father of Barrick and Briony; kidnapped and held for ransom
Chaven – the physician of the royal family
Chert Blue-Quartz – a Funderling
Ferras Vansen – captain of the royal guard
Flint – a mysterious child from beyond the Shadowline; Chert Blue-Quartz's ward
Hendon Tolly – brother of Gailon and cousin to the Eddon twins
Qinnitan – an acolyte of the Hive in Xis
Avin Brone – lord constable of Southmarch, unofficial advisor of the Eddon twins
Matthias "Matty" Tinwright – a court poet to Briony Eddon
Shaso dan-Heza – the master of arms of Castle Southmarch
Sulepis Bishakh am-Xis III – monarch of the powerful Xandian nation of Xis, revered as a living god
Yasammez – Qar noblewoman, known as the "Scourge of the Shivering Plain" or "Lady Porcupine"; general of the Qar armies
Secondary Characters
Kendrick Eddon – the prince regent of Southmarch
Gailon Tolly – the duke of Summerfield, brother of Hendon and cousin to the Eddon twins
Jeddin "Jin" – captain of the Autarch's Leopard Guard
Prusus – Scotarch of Xis, chosen heir of Autarch Sulepis
Puzzle – ancient court jester to the Eddons
Queen Upsteeplebat – Rooftopper monarch
Races
Funderlings – a little people, similar to dwarves, who are skilled in stonecraft; also known as 'Delvers'.
Rooftoppers – tiny beings who dwell on the roofs of Southmarch castle and are known only to a few.
Skimmers – fish-like people who live mostly in seclusion from the rest of Southmarch Castle.
Qar – an ancient non-human race who were once the inhabitants of much of the known world.
Tuani – the dark-skinned human natives of Tuan.
Xis – the people of the southern continent, led by an expansionist ruler.
Awards and honors
Best SF and Fantasy Books of 2004: Readers' Choice #9
Locus Magazine 2004 Recommending Reading List 15th Best Fantasy Novel
Nominated in 2006 for the Phantastik Preis Award (Germany), in the category of Foreign Novel
References
External links
Official website
Complete List of People, Places, and Things
Tad Williams' US website
2004 American novels
DAW Books books
American fantasy novels
Novels by Tad Williams
Books with cover art by Michael Whelan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadowmarch |
The medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (also known as the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve) is a sensory branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus derived from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C8-T1. It provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial forearm and skin overlying the olecranon. It descends through the (upper) arm within the brachial fascia alongside the basilic vein, then divides into an anterior branch and a posterior branch upon emerging from the brachial fascia; the two terminal branches travel as far distally as the wrist.
Anatomy
Course and relations
It gives off a branch near the axilla, which pierces the fascia and supplies the skin covering the biceps brachii, nearly as far as the elbow.
The nerve then runs down the ulnar side of the arm medial to the brachial artery, pierces the deep fascia with the basilic vein, about the middle of the arm, and divides into a volar and an ulnar branch.
Branches
Volar branch
The volar branch (ramus volaris; anterior branch), the larger, passes usually in front of, but occasionally behind, the vena mediana cubiti (median basilic vein).
It then descends on the front of the ulnar side of the forearm, distributing filaments to the skin as far as the wrist, and communicating with the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve.
Ulnar branch
The ulnar branch (ramus ulnaris; posterior branch) passes obliquely downward on the medial side of the basilic vein, in front of the medial epicondyle of the humerus, to the back of the forearm, and descends on its ulnar side as far as the wrist, distributing filaments to the skin.
It communicates with the medial brachial cutaneous, the dorsal antebrachial cutaneous branch of the radial, and the dorsal branch of the ulnar.
See also
Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Medial brachial cutaneous nerve
Additional images
References
External links
,
- "Cutaneous nerves of the upper extremity."
Nerves of the upper limb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20cutaneous%20nerve%20of%20forearm |
Lude may refer to:
Lude, name of a Chinese YouTube influencer
Lude (stream), a stream in the Harz Mountains of Germany used by the historic mining industry
Alternative spelling for Ludic language
Short for Quaalude, brand name for Methaqualone
Mike Lude, American athlete, coach and administrator
Short for Honda Prelude | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lude |
DCCI may refer to:
701 (number), written as a Roman numeral
DCCI Tower, a building in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Defense Cyber Crime Institute, a division of the United States Department of Defense
Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry, an organization for businessmen in Bangladesh
Directional Cubic Convolution Interpolation, an image scaling algorithm
N,-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, a chemical compound | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCCI |
WGXL (92.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Hanover, New Hampshire, serving the Lebanon-Claremont area. The station is owned by Great Eastern Radio, LLC. It airs a contemporary hit radio (Top 40/CHR) format.
History
The station went on the air as WTSL-FM on February 6, 1987. On June 1, 1993, the station changed its call sign to the current WGXL.
On-air staff
The current on-air hosts are Kim Ashley (morning), Cindy Brooks (late morning to early afternoon), John Tesh (syndicated in the evening), and AT40 with Ryan Seacrest (Saturday mornings).
Former on-air staff
Former members of WGXL's staff include Stevens Blanchard, Pam Bixby, Dave Cooper, Deidre Tichner, Jim Patry, Rick Murphy, Jason Place, Bev Valentine, Dan Gilland, Shane Blue (now Jackson Blue on Boston's WXKS-FM), Chris Garrett, Doug McKenzie, Steve Smith, Parker Springfield (still on sister station WKKN) and Taylor Ford. "Zach Sang And The Gang," a syndicated evening show, was also once heard on WGXL.
References
External links
WGXL website
GXL
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Hanover, New Hampshire
Radio stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in New Hampshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGXL |
SEMC may refer to:
ICAO airport code for Macas Airport in Macas, Ecuador
Sawnee EMC, electrical cooperative in Cumming, Georgia, United States
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB, now called Sony Mobile
Super Evil Megacorp, makers of the video game Vainglory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMC |
The Sciotoville Bridge is a steel continuous truss bridge carrying railway tracks belonging to CSX Transportation across the Ohio River between Siloam - a junction located north of Limeville, Kentucky and east of South Shore, Kentucky - and Sciotoville, Ohio in the United States. Designed by Gustav Lindenthal, the bridge was constructed in 1916 by Chesapeake and Ohio Railway subsidiary Chesapeake and Ohio Northern Railway as part of a new route between Ashland, Kentucky and Columbus, Ohio.
The bridge is continuous across two spans, and is considered an engineering marvel. It held the record for longest continuous truss span in the world from its opening until 1945.
See also
List of crossings of the Ohio River
List of longest continuous truss bridge spans
References
External links
C&O Sciotoville Bridge at Bridges & Tunnels
Colossus on the Ohio at Minford, Ohio Schools
True story involving the Sciotoville Bridge Dipping Ice Cream
Railroad bridges in Ohio
Railroad bridges in Kentucky
Bridges over the Ohio River
Continuous truss bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1916
Bridges in Greenup County, Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Scioto County, Ohio
Transportation in Scioto County, Ohio
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
CSX Transportation bridges
Portsmouth, Ohio
Steel bridges in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciotoville%20Bridge |
Internal Exile ("A Collection of a Boy's Own Stories") is Fish's second solo album after leaving Marillion in 1988. The album, released 28 October 1991, was inspired by the singer's past, his own personal problems and his troubled experiences with his previous record label EMI.
The album's music reflects Fish's indulgence in the vast regions of music that he wanted to explore as a solo artist; most notably Celtic music and folk styles. The album also has many concert staples such as "Credo", "Tongues" and "Internal Exile" featuring on a number of Fish's official bootleg recordings.
As on Vigil, Fish deals with themes important to him. The song "Internal Exile" speaks of his strong national pride and his desire for independence for Scotland. "Credo" is another song dealing with social problems and globalisation, echoing "State of Mind", his first solo single.
The album was produced by Chris Kimsey, and dedicated to Fish's daughter Tara.
A remastered version was released by Roadrunner Records on 26 October 1998.
Track listing
"Shadowplay" – 06:23 (Dick, Mickey Simmonds)
"Credo" – 06:40 (Dick, Simmonds, Robin Boult, Frank Usher)
"Just Good Friends (Close)" - 06:00 (Dick, Usher, Boult, Simmonds)
"Favourite Stranger" - 05:58 (Dick, Usher)
"Lucky" - 04:50 (Dick, Boult, Simmonds)
"Dear Friend" - 04:08 (Dick, Boult, Simmonds)
"Tongues" – 06:22 (Dick, Simmonds, Usher, Boult)
"Internal Exile" – 04:45 (Dick, Boult, Simmonds)
"Something in the Air" – 05:08 (Speedy Keen) (Track missing from Vinyl release)
Bonus tracks on remastered edition (1998)
<LI>"Poet's Moon" - 04:26 (Dick, Simmonds, Boult, Usher)
<LI>"Carnival Man" - 06:25 (Dick, Boult, Ted McKenna, Simmonds, Usher, David Paton)
Singles
"Internal Exile" (Released 9 September 1991) 7" Single, 12" Single, 12" Picture Disk Single and CD Single
"Credo" (Released 2 December 1991) 7" Single, 12" Single and CD Single
"Something in the Air" (released 22 June 1992) 7" Single, 12" Single and CD Single (one version released with "Shadow Play" live and the other with "Dear Friend" live)
Personnel
Lead Vocal: Derek W Dick (Fish)
Keyboards: Mickey Simmonds
Guitars: Robin Boult & Frank Usher
Bass Guitar: David Paton
Drums and percussion: Ethan Johns except "Tongues" & "Internal Exile" Ted McKenna
Male Backing Vocals: David Paton, Mr Crimson, Robin Boult
Female Backing Vocals: Maryen Cairns
Fiddle on "Internal Exile": Charlie McKerron
Whistles: Marc Duff
Box Accordion: Donald Shaw
Charts
References
1991 albums
Fish (singer) albums
Albums produced by Chris Kimsey
Polydor Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20Exile%20%28Fish%20album%29 |
The medial brachial cutaneous nerve (lesser internal cutaneous nerve; medial cutaneous nerve of arm) is a sensory branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus derived from spinal nerves C8-T1. It provides sensory innervation to the medial arm. It descends accompanied by the basilic vein.
Anatomy
Origin
It is the smallest and medial-most branch of the brachial plexus, and arising from the medial cord receives its fibers from the eighth cervical and first thoracic spinal nerves.
Course
It passes through the axilla, at first lying behind, and then medial to the axillary vein, and communicates with the intercostobrachial nerve.
It descends along the medial side of the brachial artery to the middle of the arm, where it pierces the deep fascia, and is distributed to the skin of the back of the lower third of the arm, extending as far as the elbow, where some filaments are lost in the skin in front of the medial epicondyle, and others over the olecranon.
It communicates with the ulnar branch of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve.
Eponym
The term nerve of Wrisberg (after Heinrich August Wrisberg) has been used to describe this nerve.
However, the term "nerve of Wrisberg" can also refer to the nervus intermedius branch of the facial nerve.
See also
Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Posterior cutaneous nerve of arm
References
Additional images
External links
Nerves of the upper limb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20cutaneous%20nerve%20of%20arm |
Dental professionals, in writing or speech, use several different dental notation systems for associating information with a specific tooth. The three most common systems are the FDI World Dental Federation notation (ISO 3950), the Universal Numbering System, and the Palmer notation. The FDI notation is used worldwide, and the Universal is used widely in the United States. The FDI notation can be easily adapted to computerized charting.
Another system is used by paleoanthropologists.
History
A committee of the American Dental Association (ADA) recommended the use of the Palmer notation method in 1947.
Since Palmer notation method required the use of symbols, its use was difficult on keyboards. As a result, the association officially supported the Universal system in 1968. The World Health Organization and the Fédération Dentaire Internationale officially uses the two-digit numbering system of the FDI system.
However, in 1996, the ADA adopted the ISO System as an alternative to the Universal System.
FDI World Dental Federation (ISO) notation
The FDI World Dental Federation notation ("FDI notation" or "ISO 3950") is widely used by dental professionals internationally to identify and describe a specific tooth.
The FDI notation uses a two-digit numbering system in which the first digit represents a tooth's quadrant and the second digit represents the number of the tooth from the midline of the face. For permanent teeth, the patient's upper right teeth begin with the number "1", the upper left teeth begin with the number "2", the lower left with "3", and the lower right with "4". For primary teeth, the sequence of numbers similarly is 5, 6, 7, and 8 for the teeth in the upper right, upper left, lower left, and lower right respectively. When speaking about a certain tooth such as the permanent maxillary central incisor, the notation is pronounced “one, one”.
Beware of mixing up the teeth in written form such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 between the Universal and ISO systems.
For example: retention of a primary molar tooth in the otherwise regular intact lower right jaw, position 5, would be noted as: 41, 42, 43, 44, 85, 46, 47, 48.
Palmer notation
Palmer notation is a system used by dentists to associate information with a specific tooth. It was originally termed the "Zsigmondy system" after the Hungarian dentist Adolf Zsigmondy who developed the idea in 1861, using a Zsigmondy cross to record quadrants of tooth positions.
Permanent teeth (adult) were numbered 1 to 8, and the child primary dentition (also called deciduous, milk or baby teeth) were depicted with a quadrant grid using Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V to number the teeth from the midline distally. Palmer changed this to A, B, C, D, E.
The Palmer notation consists of a symbol (┘└ ┐┌) designating the quadrant of the tooth and a number indicating the position from the midline. Adult teeth are numbered 1 to 8, with primary teeth indicated by a letter A to E. Hence the left and right maxillary central incisor would have the same number, "1", but the right one would have the symbol, "┘", underneath it, while the left one would have, "└".
Although supposedly superseded by the FDI World Dental Federation notation, it overwhelmingly continues to be the preferred method used by dental students and practitioners in the United Kingdom.
Universal Numbering System
Despite its name, the Universal Numbering System is commonly used only in the United States. It is also called the "American system".
The uppercase letters A through T are used for primary teeth and the numbers 1 – 32 are used for permanent teeth. The tooth designated "1" is the maxillary right third molar ("wisdom tooth") and the count continues along the upper teeth to the left side. Then the count begins at the mandibular left third molar, designated number 17, and continues along the bottom teeth to the right side. Each tooth has a unique number or letter, allowing for easier use on keyboards.
Alphanumeric notation
In alphanumeric notation (or "Letters and numbers system"), the four quadrants are designated as:
UR – upper right
UL – upper left
LR – lower right
LL – lower left
Within each quadrant, the teeth are numbered as in the Palmer notation: 1–8 for permanent and A-E for deciduous, both starting at the midline. For example, the permanent left maxillary first molar is designated UL6.
To prevent uncertainty or ambiguity, teeth may be indicated using more than one notation, particularly when referring for an extraction; this makes it less likely for the incorrect tooth to be needlessly extracted. For instance, a dentist may give an instruction to "extract the 24 (UL4)" for the upper left first premolar tooth.
Paleoanthropology dental notation
Paleoanthropologists use a system suitable to other primates as well. The upper teeth are denoted I1, I2, C−, Pm3, Pm4, M1, M2, and M3. Left or right has to be specified. The lower teeth are I1, I2, C−, Pm3, Pm4, M1, M2, and M3. The reason the premolars are labeled 3 and 4 is that in earlier primates there were two other premolars between them and the canines.
References
. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental%20notation |
The military occupation of the Channel Islands by Nazi Germany lasted for most of the Second World War, from 30 June 1940 until liberation on 9 May 1945. The Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey are British Crown dependencies in the English Channel, near the coast of Normandy. The Channel Islands were the only de jure part of the British Empire in Europe to be occupied by Nazi Germany during the war. Germany's allies, Italy and Japan, also occupied British territories in Africa and Asia, respectively.
Anticipating a swift victory over Britain, the occupying German forces initially experimented by using a moderate approach to the non-Jewish population, supported by local collaborators. However, as time progressed the situation grew gradually worse and ended in near starvation for both occupied and occupiers during the winter of 1944-45. Armed resistance by islanders to the German occupation was nearly non-existent. Many islanders were employed by the Germans, and Germany imported thousands of captive workers to build extensive defensive works on the islands. Island leaders maintained some authority, independence, and freedom of decision from the German occupiers.
Before occupation
Early months of the Second World War
Between 3 September 1939, when the United Kingdom declared war against Germany, and 9 May 1940, little changed in the Channel Islands. Unlike in the UK, conscription did not exist, but a number of people travelled to Britain to join up as volunteers. The horticulture and tourist trades continued as normal; the British government relaxed restrictions on travel between the UK and the Channel Islands in March 1940, enabling tourists from the UK to take morale-boosting holidays in traditional island resorts. On 10 May 1940, Germany attacked the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg by air and land and the war stepped closer. The Battle of France was reaching its climax on Empire Day, 24 May, when King George VI addressed his subjects by radio, saying, "The decisive struggle is now upon us ... Let no one be mistaken; it is not mere territorial conquest that our enemies are seeking. It is the overthrow, complete and final, of this Empire and of everything for which it stands, and after that the conquest of the world. And if their will prevails they will bring to its accomplishment all the hatred and cruelty which they have already displayed."
On 11 June 1940, as part of the British war effort in the Battle of France, a long range Royal Air Force aerial sortie carried out by 36 Whitley bombers against the Italian cities of Turin and Genoa departed from small airfields in Jersey and Guernsey, as part of Operation Haddock. Weather conditions resulted in only ten Whitleys reaching their intended targets. Two bombers were lost in the action.
Demilitarisation
On 15 June, after the Allied defeat in the Battle of France, the British government decided that the Channel Islands were of no strategic importance and would not be defended, but did not give Germany this information. Thus despite the reluctance of Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the British government gave up the oldest possession of the Crown "without firing a single shot." The Channel Islands served no purpose to the Germans other than the propaganda value of having occupied British territory. The "Channel Islands had been demilitarised and declared...' an open town'".
On 16 June 1940, the Lieutenant-Governors of each island were instructed to make available as many boats as possible to aid the evacuation of British soldiers from Saint-Malo in France. Guernsey was too far away to help at such short notice. The Bailiff of Jersey called on the Saint Helier Yacht Club in Jersey to help. Four yachts set off immediately, with fourteen others being made ready within 24 hours. The first yachts arrived in Saint-Malo on the morning of 17 June and embarked troops from shore to waiting transport ships; the remaining yachts from Jersey arrived on 18 June and helped clear the last parties from land.
On 17 June 1940, a plane arrived in Jersey from Bordeaux evacuating Brigade General Charles de Gaulle from France. After coffee and refuelling, the plane flew on to Heston, outside London, where next day the general made his historic appeal of 18 June to the French people via the BBC. The last troops left the islands on 20 June, departing so quickly that bedding and half-consumed meals were left in Castle Cornet. No. 501 Squadron RAF which had arrived in Jersey from Dinard, in France, on 17 June with their Hawker Hurricane fighters, evacuated to England on 21 June.
Evacuation
The realisation of the necessity of civilian evacuation from the Channel Islands came very late. With no planning and secrecy being maintained, communications between the island governments and the UK took place in an atmosphere of confusion and misinterpretation. Opinion was divided and chaos ensued with different policies adopted by the different islands. The British government concluded its best policy was to make available as many ships as possible so that islanders had the option to leave if they wanted to.
The authorities in Alderney, having no direct communication with the UK, recommended that all islanders evacuate, and all but a handful did so. The Dame of Sark, Sibyl Hathaway, encouraged everyone to stay. Guernsey evacuated 80% of children of school age, giving the parents the option of keeping their children with them, or evacuating them with their school. By 21 June it became apparent to the government of Guernsey that it would be impossible to evacuate everyone who wanted to leave and priority would have to be given to special categories in the time remaining. The message in Guernsey was changed to an anti-evacuation one; in total, 5,000 school children and 12,000 adults out of 42,000 were evacuated. In Jersey, where children were on holiday to help with the potato crop, 23,000 civilians registered to leave; however the majority of islanders, following the consistent advice of the island government, then chose to stay with only 6,600 out of 50,000 leaving on the evacuation ships. Nearby Cherbourg was already occupied by German forces before official evacuation boats started leaving on 20 June; the last official one left on 23 June, though mail boats and cargo ships continued to call at the islands until 28 June.
Most evacuated children were separated from their parents. Some evacuated children were assisted financially by the "Foster Parent Plan for Children Affected by War" where each child was sponsored by a wealthy American. One girl, Paulette, was sponsored by first lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
Emergency government
The Home Office instructed the lieutenant governors that in the eventuality of the recall of the representatives of the Crown, the bailiffs should take over their responsibilities and that the bailiffs and Crown Officers should remain at their posts. The Lieutenant Governor of Jersey discussed with the Bailiff of Jersey the matter of being required to carry on administration under German orders. The bailiff considered that this would be contrary to his oath of allegiance, but he was instructed otherwise.
Last-minute arrangements were made to enable British administration to legally continue under the circumstances of occupation. The withdrawal of the lieutenant governors on 21 June 1940 and the cutting of contact with the Privy Council prevented Royal Assent being given to laws passed by the legislatures. The bailiffs took over the civil, but not the military, functions of the lieutenant governors. The traditional consensus-based governments of the bailiwicks were unsuited to swift executive action, and therefore in the face of imminent occupation, smaller instruments of government were adopted. Since the legislatures met in public session, the creation of smaller executive bodies that could meet behind closed doors enabled freer discussion of matters such as how far to comply with German orders.
In Guernsey, the States of Deliberation voted on 21 June 1940 to hand responsibility for running island affairs to a controlling committee, under the presidency of HM Attorney General Ambrose Sherwill MC, age 50, who was selected because he was younger and more robust than the 69-year-old Bailiff, Victor Carey. The States of Jersey passed the Defence (Transfer of Powers) (Jersey) Regulation 1940 on 27 June 1940 to amalgamate the various executive committees into eight departments each under the presidency of a States member. The presidents along with the Crown Officers made up the Superior Council under the presidency of the 48-year-old bailiff, Capt. Alexander Coutanche.
Invasion
The Germans did not realise that the islands had been demilitarised (news of the demilitarisation had been suppressed until 30 June 1940), and they approached them with caution. Reconnaissance flights were inconclusive. On 28 June 1940, they sent a squadron of bombers over the islands and bombed the harbours of Guernsey and Jersey. In St. Peter Port, the main town of Guernsey, some lorries lined up to load tomatoes for export to England were mistaken by the reconnaissance flights for troop carriers. A similar attack occurred in Jersey where nine died. In total, 44 islanders were killed in the raids. The BBC broadcast a belated message that the islands had been declared "open towns" and later in the day reported the German bombing of the island.
While the Wehrmacht was preparing Operation Grünpfeil (Green Arrow), a planned invasion of the islands with assault troops comprising two battalions, a reconnaissance pilot, Hauptmann Liebe-Pieteritz, made a test landing at Guernsey's deserted airfield on 30 June to determine the level of defence. He reported his brief landing to Luftflotte 3 which came to the decision that the islands were not defended. A platoon of Luftwaffe airmen was flown that evening to Guernsey by Junkers transport planes. Inspector Sculpher of the Guernsey police went to the airport carrying a letter signed by the bailiff stating that "This Island has been declared an Open Island by His Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom. There are no armed forces of any description. The bearer has been instructed to hand this communication to you. He does not understand the German language." He found that the airport had been taken over by the Luftwaffe. The senior German officer, Major Albrecht Lanz, asked to be taken to the island's chief man. They went by police car to the Royal Hotel where they were joined by the bailiff, the president of the controlling committee, and other officials. Lanz announced through an interpreter that Guernsey was now under German occupation. In this way the Luftwaffe pre-empted the Wehrmacht's invasion plans. Jersey surrendered on 1 July. Alderney, where only a handful of islanders remained, was occupied on 2 July and a small detachment travelled from Guernsey to Sark, which surrendered on 4 July. The first shipborne German troops consisting of two anti-aircraft units, arrived in St. Peter Port on the captured freighter SS Holland on 14 July.
Occupation
The German forces quickly consolidated their positions. They brought in infantry, established communications and anti-aircraft defences, established an air service with occupied mainland France, and rounded up British servicemen on leave.
Administration
The Germans organised their administration as part of the department of Manche, where it was de facto incorporated into Vichy France but administered as part of military government Area A based in St. Germain in the occupied part of France. Feldkommandantur 515 headed by Colonel Friedrich Schumacher arrived on 9 August 1940 in Jersey to establish a civil affairs command structure, with a Nebenstelle in Guernsey (also covering Sark), an Aussenstelle in Alderney, and a logistics Zufuhrstelle in Granville.
The kommandant issued an order in Guernsey on 2 July 1940 and in Jersey on 8 July 1940 instructing that laws passed by the legislatures would have to be given assent by the kommandant and that German orders were to be registered as legislation. The civil courts would continue in operation, but German military courts would try breaches of German law. At first the bailiffs submitted legislation for the assent of the kommandant signed in their capacities as lieutenant governors. At the end of 1941, the kommandant objected to this style and subsequent legislation was submitted simply signed as bailiff.
The German authorities changed the Channel Island time zone from GMT to CET to bring the islands into line with most of continental Europe, and the rule of the road was also changed to driving on the right. Scrip (occupation money) was issued in the islands to keep the economy going. German military forces used the scrip for payment of goods and services. Locals employed by Germans were also paid in the Occupation Reichsmarks.
The Germans allowed entertainment to continue including cinemas and theatre; their military bands performed in public. In 1944, the popular German film actress Lil Dagover arrived to entertain German troops in Jersey and Guernsey with a theatre tour to boost morale.
Besides the civil administration, there was also a military commander (Befehlshaber Kanalinseln, on 1 October 1944 renamed Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Kanalinseln).
Military commanders were :
Major Albrecht Lanz (1 July 1940 - 26 Sep 1940)
Colonel Rudolf Graf von Schmettow (26 Sep 1940 – 1 June 1941)
Generalmajor Erich Müller (1 June 1941 – 1 Sep 1943)
Generalmajor Rudolf Graf von Schmettow (1 Sep 1943 - 1 Oct 1944)
Generalleutnant Rudolf Graf von Schmettow (1 Oct 1944 – 26 Feb 1945)
Vizeadmiral Friedrich Hüffmeier (26 Feb 1945 – 9 May 1945)
The islands were occupied by the 216th Infantry Division until 30 April 1941, and after that by the 319th Infantry Division.
Collaboration
The view of the majority of islanders about active resistance to German rule was probably expressed by John Lewis, a medical doctor in Jersey. "Any sort of sabotage was not only risky but completely counterproductive. More important still, there would be instant repercussions on the civilian population who were very vulnerable to all sorts of reprisals." Sherwill seems to have expressed the views of a majority of the islanders on 18 July 1940 when he complained about a series of abortive raids by British commandos on Guernsey. "Military activities of this kind were most unwelcome and could result in loss of life among the civilian population." He asked the British government to leave the Channel Islands in peace. Sherwill was later imprisoned by the Germans for his role in helping two British spies on Guernsey, and when released, deported to a German internment camp.
Sherwill's situation illustrated the difficulty for the island government and their citizens to cooperate—but to stop short of collaborating—with their occupiers and to retain as much independence as possible from German rule. The issue of islanders' collaboration with the Germans remained quiescent for many years, but was ignited in the 1990s with the release of wartime archives and the subsequent publication of a book titled The Model Occupation: The Channel Islands under German Rule, 1940–1945 by Madeleine Bunting. Language such as the title of one chapter, "Resistance? What Resistance?" incited islander ire. Bunting's point was that the Channel Islanders did not act in a Churchillian manner, they "did not fight on the beaches, in the fields or in the streets. They did not commit suicide, and they did not kill any Germans. Instead they settled down, with few overt signs of resistance, to a hard, dull but relatively peaceful five years of occupation, in which more than half the population was working for the Germans." The issue of collaboration was further inflamed on the Channel Islands by the fictional television programme Island at War (2004), which featured a romance between a German soldier and an island woman and favourably portrayed the German military commander of the occupation.
In the official history of the occupation, author Charles Cruickshank defended the island leaders and their government. Had the island leaders, he said, "simply kept their heads above water and done what they were told to do by the occupying power it would hardly be a matter for censure; but they carried the administrative war into the enemy camp on many occasions. It is not that they made some mistakes that is surprising, but that they did so much right in circumstances of the greatest possibly difficulty."
Norman Le Brocq, a leader of the Jersey resistance and a co-founder of both the Jersey Communist Party and the Jersey Democratic Movement, was bitter towards much of the island's police and government due to their collaboration with the German occupation. He accused both Jersey's police and government of going unpunished despite collaborating with the German occupation by reporting the island's Jews to the Nazis, many of whom were subsequently sent to Auschwitz and Belsen. Whilst his leadership of the resistance went unrecognised by the British government, many officials who had collaborated with the Nazis had been awarded OBE titles and knighthoods.
Civilian life during the occupation
Life as a civilian during the occupation came as a shock. Having their own governments continuing to govern them softened the blow and kept most civilians at a distance from their oppressors. Many lost their jobs when businesses closed down and it was hard to find work with non-German employers. As the war progressed, life became progressively harsher and morale declined, especially when radios were confiscated and then when deportations took place in September 1942. Food, fuel, and medicines became scarce and crime increased. Following 6 June 1944, liberation became more likely in the popular mind, but the hardest times for the civilians were still to come. The winter of 1944-45 was very cold and hungry, many of the population being saved from starvation by the arrival of Red Cross parcels.
Restrictions
On arrival in the islands, the Germans issued proclamations imposing new laws on the resident islanders. As time progressed, additional laws restricting rights were posted and had to be obeyed. The restrictions included:
Confiscation of:
weapons (1940)
boats (1940)
radios (1940) then (1942)
motor vehicles (forced sale) (1940)
cameras (1942)
fuel (1940)
houses (1940–1945)
furniture (1940–1945)
Restrictions on:
fishing (1940)
drinking spirits (1940)
exporting goods (1940)
changing prices of goods (1940)
patriotic songs and signs (1940)
more than three people meeting together (1940)
access to beaches
fuel
freedom of speech (1940)
access to medicines (1940)
some clubs and associations.
Changes to:
clocks to German time (1940)
drive on right hand side of roads (1941)
rations (1943, 1944, and 1945)
Forced to accept:
censorship (1940)
curfew (1940)
exchange rate to Reichsmarks (1940)
census (1940)
growing vegetables
food rationing (1940)
increase in income tax to 4/- (1940)
identity cards (1941)
cycling in single file (1941)
lodgers billeted
German language in schools
work from Germans
Fortification and construction
As part of the Atlantic Wall, between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications, roads, and other facilities in the Channel Islands. In a letter from the Oberbefehlshaber West dated 16 June 1941, the reinforcing of the islands was to be carried out on orders of Hitler, since an Allied attack "must be reckoned with" in Summer 1941. Much of the work was carried out by imported labour, including thousands from the Soviet Union, under the supervision of the German forces. The Germans transported over 16,000 slave workers to the Channel Islands to build fortifications. Five categories of construction worker were employed (or used) by the Germans.
Paid foreign labour was recruited from occupied Europe, including French, Belgian, and Dutch workers, among whom were members of resistance movements who used the opportunity to travel to gain access to maps and plans.
Conscripted labourers from France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were also assigned. In 1941 hundreds of unemployed French Algerians and Moroccans were handed to the Germans by the Vichy government and sent to Jersey. Around 2000 Spaniards who had taken refuge in France after the Spanish Civil War and who had been interned were handed over for forced labour.
Most of the Soviet slave workers came from Ukraine. One thousand French Jews were imported.
The problem of the use of local labour arose early in the occupation. In a request for labour dated 19 July 1941, the Oberbefehlshaber West cited the "extreme difficulty" of procuring local civilian labour. On 7 August Deputy Le Quesne, who was in charge of Jersey's Labour Department, refused a German order to provide labour for improvements at Jersey Airport on the grounds that this would be to provide military assistance to the enemy. On 12 August the Germans stated that unless labour was forthcoming men would be conscripted. The builders who had originally built the airport undertook the work under protest. In the face of threats of conscription and deportation to France, resistance to the demands led to an ongoing tussle over the interpretation of the Hague Convention and the definition of military and non-military works. An example that arose was to what extent non-military "gardening" was being intended as military camouflage. On 1 August 1941 the Germans accepted that the Hague Convention laid down that no civilian could be compelled to work on military projects. The case of the reinforcement of sea walls, which could legitimately be described as civilian sea defences (important for islands) but were undeniably of military benefit in terms of coastal defence, showed how difficult it was to distinguish in practice. Economic necessity drove many islanders to take up employment offered by the Germans. The Germans also induced civilian labour by offering those who contravened curfew or other regulations employment on building projects as an alternative to deportation to Germany.
The fifth category of labour were British conscientious objectors and Irish citizens. As many of the islands' young men had joined the armed forces at the outbreak of war, there was a shortfall in manual labour on the farms, particularly for the potato crop; 150 registered conscientious objectors associated with the Peace Pledge Union and 456 Irish workers were recruited for Jersey. Some chose to remain and were trapped by the occupation. Some of the conscientious objectors were communists and regarded the German-Soviet pact as a justification for working for the Germans. Others participated in non-violent resistance activities. As the Irish workers were citizens of a neutral country (see Irish neutrality during World War II), they were free to work for the Germans as they wished and many did so. The Germans attempted to foster anti-British and pro-IRA sympathies with propaganda events aimed at the Irish (see also Irish Republican Army – Abwehr collaboration in World War II). John Francis Reilly convinced 72 of his fellow Irishmen in 1942 to volunteer for employment at the Hermann Göring ironworks near Brunswick. Conditions were unpleasant and they returned to Jersey in 1943. Reilly stayed behind in Germany to broadcast on radio and joined the Sicherheitsdienst (SD).
The Channel Islands were amongst the most heavily fortified parts of the Atlantic Wall, particularly Alderney which is the closest to France. On 20 October 1941 Hitler signed a directive, against the advice of Commander-in-Chief von Witzleben, to turn the Channel Islands into an "impregnable fortress". In the course of 1942, one twelfth of the resources funnelled into the whole Atlantic Wall was dedicated to the fortification of the Channel Islands. Hitler had decreed that 10% of the steel and concrete used in the Atlantic Wall go to the Channel Islands. It is often said the Channel Islands were better defended than the Normandy beaches, given the large number of tunnels and bunkers around the islands. By 1944 in tunnelling alone, of rock had been extracted collectively from Guernsey, Jersey, and Alderney (the majority from Jersey). At the same point in 1944 the entire Atlantic Wall from Norway to the Franco-Spanish border, excluding the Channel Islands, had extracted some .
Light railways were built in Jersey and Guernsey to supply coastal fortifications. In Jersey, a gauge line was laid down following the route of the former Jersey Railway from St Helier to La Corbière, with a branch line connecting the stone quarry at Ronez in St John. A line ran along the west coast, and another was laid out heading east from St Helier to Gorey. The first line was opened in July 1942, the ceremony being disrupted by passively-resisting Jersey spectators. The Alderney Railway was taken over by the Germans who lifted part of the standard gauge line and replaced it with a metre gauge line, worked by two Feldbahn 0-4-0 diesel locomotives. The German railway infrastructure was dismantled after the liberation in 1945.
Forced labour camps
The Germans built many camps in Jersey, Guernsey, and four camps in Alderney. The Nazi operated each camp and used a mixture of volunteer and forced labour to build bunkers, gun emplacements, air raid shelters, and concrete fortifications.
In Alderney the camps commenced operation in January 1942 and had a total inmate population of about 6,000. The Borkum and Helgoland camps were "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) labour camps Lager Borkum was used for German technicians and "volunteers" from European countries. Lager Helgoland was filled with Soviet Organisation Todt workers and the labourers in those camps were paid for work done which was not the case with inmates at the two concentration camps, Sylt and Norderney. The prisoners in Lager Sylt and Lager Norderney were slave labourers; Sylt camp held Jewish forced labourers. Norderney camp housed European (mainly Eastern Europeans but including Spaniards) and Soviet forced labourers. On 1 March 1943, Lager Norderney and Lager Sylt were placed under the control of the SS Hauptsturmführer Max List, turning them into concentration camps.
Over 700 of the inmates of the four camps lost their lives in Alderney or in ships travelling to/from Alderney before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to France, mainly in mid-1944. The Minotaur, carrying 468 Organisation Todt workers including women and children from Alderney, was hit by Royal Canadian Navy motor torpedo boats near St Malo; about 250 of the passengers were killed by the explosions or by drowning, on 5 July 1944. In Jersey the number of camps is unclear. Lager Wick camp in Grouville has been investigated, and an estimated 200 workers were housed there.
Norman Le Brocq's resistance movement, in a successful attempt to raise the morale of the prisoners, created posters and leaflets in both Spanish and Russian to inform the forced labourers of the German defeat at the hands of the Red Army at the Battle of Kursk and Battle of Stalingrad. Le Brocq's network was one of the only active Resistance networks on the channel island to actively sabotage the Nazis. During 1945, he had successfully convinced anti-Nazi German soldiers to plot a mutiny against their officers, the island was liberated by Allied forces before the mutiny could begin.
Jews
A small number of British and other Jews lived on the Channel Islands during the occupation. Most had been evacuated in June 1940, but British law did not allow enemy citizens, irrespective of their ethnicity, to enter Britain without a permit. When the Germans arrived, 18 Jews registered out of an estimated 30–50. In October 1940 German officials issued the first anti-Jewish Order, which instructed the police to identify Jews as part of the civilian registration process. Island authorities complied, and registration cards were marked with red "J"s; additionally, a list was compiled of Jewish property, including property owned by island Jews who had evacuated, which was turned over to German authorities. The registered Jews in the islands, often Church of England members with one or two Jewish grandparents, were subjected to the nine Orders Pertaining to Measures Against the Jews, including closing their businesses (or placing them under Aryan administration), giving up their wirelesses, and staying indoors for all but one hour per day.
The civil administrations agonised over how far they could oppose the orders. The process developed differently on the three islands. Local officials made some effort to mitigate anti-Semitic measures by the Nazi occupying force, and as such refused to require Jews to wear identifying yellow stars and had most former Jewish businesses returned after the war. Officials in the registration department procured false documents for some of those who fell within categories suspected by the Germans. The anti-Jewish measures were not carried out systematically. Some well-known Jews lived through the occupation in comparative openness, including Marianne Blampied, the wife of artist Edmund Blampied. Three Jewish women of Austrian and Polish nationality, Therese Steiner, Auguste Spitz, and Marianne Grünfeld, had fled Central Europe to Guernsey in the 1930s but had been unable to leave Guernsey as part of the evacuation in 1940 because they were excluded by UK law. Eighteen months later, Steiner alerted the Germans to her presence. The three women were deported to France in April 1942, and were later sent to Auschwitz where they were killed or died.
Freemasons
Freemasonry was suppressed by the Germans. The Masonic Temples in Jersey and Guernsey were ransacked in January 1941 and furnishings and regalia were seized and taken to Berlin for display. Lists of membership of Masonic lodges were examined. The States in both bailiwicks passed legislation to nationalise Masonic property later in 1941 in order to protect the buildings and assets. The legislatures resisted attempts to pass anti-Masonic measures and no individual Freemason was persecuted for his adherence. Scouting was banned, but continued undercover, as did the Salvation Army.
Deportations
On specific orders from Adolf Hitler in 1942, the German authorities announced that all residents of the Channel Islands who were not born in the islands, as well as those men who had served as officers in World War I, were to be deported. The majority of them were transported to the south west of Germany, to Ilag V-B at Biberach an der Riss and Ilag VII at Laufen, and to Wurzach. This deportation order was originally issued in 1941, as a reprisal for the 800 German civilians in Iran being deported and interned. The ratio was 20 Channel Islanders to be interned for every German interned but its enactment was delayed and then diluted. The fear of internment caused suicides in all three islands. Guernsey nurse Gladys Skillett, who was five months pregnant at the time of her deportation to Biberach, became the first Channel Islander to give birth while in captivity in Germany. Of the 2,300 deported, 45 would die before the war ended.
Imprisonment
In Jersey, 22 islanders are recognised as having died as a consequence of having been sent to Nazi prisons and concentration camps. They are commemorated on Holocaust Memorial Day:
Clifford Cohu: clergyman, arrested for acts of defiance including preaching against the Germans
Walter Allen Dauny: sentenced for theft
Arthur Dimmery: sentenced for digging up a buried wireless set for Saint Saviour wireless network
George James Fox: sentenced for theft
Louisa Gould: arrested for sheltering an escaped slave worker
Maurice Jay Gould: arrested following a failed attempt to escape to England
James Edward Houillebecq: deported following discovery of stolen gun parts and ammunition
Peter Bruce Johnson: Australian, deported
Frank René Le Villio: deported for serious military larceny
William Howard Marsh: arrested for spreading BBC news
Edward Peter Muels: arrested for helping a German soldier to desert
John Whitley Nicolle: sentenced as ringleader of Saint Saviour wireless network
Léonce L'Hermitte Ogier: advocate, arrested for possession of maps of fortifications and a camera, died in internment following imprisonment
Frederick William Page: sentenced for failing to surrender a wireless set
Clarence Claude Painter: arrested following a raid that discovered a wireless set, cameras, and photographs of military objects
Peter Painter: son of Clarence Painter, arrested with his father when a pistol was found in his wardrobe
Emile Paisnel: sentenced for receiving stolen articles
Clifford Bond Quérée: sentenced for receiving stolen articles
Marcel Fortune Rossi, Jr.: deported as a person of Italian heritage
June Sinclair: hotel worker, sentenced for slapping a German soldier who made improper advances
John (Jack) Soyer: sentenced for possession of a wireless, escaped from prison in France
Joseph Tierney: first member of Saint Saviour wireless network to be arrested
In Guernsey, the following are recognised as having died
Sidney Ashcroft: convicted of serious theft and resistance to officials in 1942. Died in Naumburg prison.
Joseph Gillingham: was one of the islanders involved in the Guernsey Underground News Service (GUNS). Died in Naumburg prison.
Marianne Grunfeld: Jewish adult sent to Auschwitz concentration camp
John Ingrouille: aged 15, found guilty of treason and espionage and sentenced to five years hard labour. Died in Brussels after release in 1945.
Charles Machon: brainchild of GUNS. Died in .
Percy Miller: sentenced to 15 months for wireless offences. Died in Frankfurt prison.
Marie Ozanne: refused to accept the ban placed on the Salvation Army. Died in Guernsey hospital after leaving prison.
Auguste Spitz: Jewish adult sent to Auschwitz concentration camp
Therese Steiner: Jewish adult sent to Auschwitz concentration camp
Louis Symes: sheltered his son 2nd Lt James Symes, who was on a commando mission to the island. Died in Cherche-Midi prison
Resistance
One of the first resistance cells created was the Jersey Communist Party, created by a teenage activist called Norman Le Brocq and two other young activists belonging to the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Using this cell, Norman Le Brocq helped create an umbrella organisation known as the Jersey Democratic Movement (JDM), to unite both communist and non-communist resistance across the island.
The size of the population actively resisting German occupation in continental European countries was between 0.6% and 3%, and the percentage of the islands' populations participating in active resistance was comparable. From a wartime population of 66,000 in the Channel Islands a total of around 4000 islanders were sentenced for breaking laws (around 2600 in Jersey and 1400 in Guernsey), although many of these were for ordinary criminal acts rather than resistance. 570 prisoners were sent to continental prisons and camps, and at least 22 Jerseymen and 9 Guernseymen did not return.
Willmott estimated that over 200 people in Jersey provided material and moral support to escaped forced workers, including over 100 who were involved in the network of safe houses sheltering escapees.
No islanders joined active German military units though a small number of UK men who had been stranded on the islands at the start of the occupation joined up from prison. Eddie Chapman, an Englishman, was in prison for burglary in Jersey when the invasion occurred, and offered to work for the Germans as a spy under the code name Fritz, and later became a British double agent under the code name ZigZag.
Resistance involved passive resistance, acts of minor sabotage, sheltering and aiding escaped slave workers, and publishing underground newspapers containing news from BBC radio. There was no armed resistance movement in the Channel Islands. Much of the population of military age had already joined the British or French armed forces. Because of the small size of the islands, most resistance involved individuals risking their lives to save someone else. The British government did not encourage resistance in the Channel Islands. Islanders joined in Churchill's V sign campaign by daubing the letter "V" (for Victory) over German signs.
The Germans initially followed a policy of presenting a non-threatening presence to the resident population for its propaganda value ahead of an eventual invasion and occupation of the United Kingdom. Many islanders were willing to go along with the necessities of occupation as long as they felt the Germans were behaving in a correct and legal way. Two events particularly jolted many islanders out of this passive attitude: the confiscation of radios, and the deportation of large sections of the population.
In May 1942, three youngsters, Peter Hassall, Maurice Gould, and Denis Audrain, attempted to escape from Jersey in a boat. Audrain drowned, and Hassall and Gould were imprisoned in Germany, where Gould died. Following this escape attempt, restrictions on small boats and watercraft were introduced, restrictions were imposed on the ownership of photographic equipment (the boys had been carrying photographs of fortifications with them), and radios were confiscated from the population. A total of 225 islanders, such as Peter Crill, escaped from the islands to England or France: 150 from Jersey, and 75 from Guernsey. The number of escapes increased after D-Day, when conditions in the islands worsened as supply routes to the continent were cut off and the desire to join in the liberation of Europe increased.
Listening to the BBC had been banned in the first few weeks of the occupation and then (surprisingly given the policy elsewhere in Nazi-occupied Europe) tolerated for a time before being once again prohibited. In 1942 the ban became draconian, with all radio listening (even to German stations) being banned by the occupiers, a ban backed up by the confiscation of wireless sets. Denied access to BBC broadcasts, the populations of the islands felt increased resentment against the Germans and increasingly sought to undermine the rules. Hidden radio receivers and underground news distribution networks spread. Many islanders hid their sets (or replaced them with home-made crystal sets) and continued listening to the BBC, despite the risk of being discovered by the Germans or being informed on by neighbours. The regular raids by German personnel hunting for radios further alienated the population.
A shortage of coinage in Jersey (partly caused by occupying troops taking away coins as souvenirs) led to the passing of the Currency Notes (Jersey) Law on 29 April 1941. Banknotes designed by Edmund Blampied was issued by the States of Jersey in denominations of 6 pence (6d), 1, 2 and 10 shillings (10/–), and 1 pound (£1). The 6d note was designed by Blampied in such a way that the word six on the reverse incorporated an outsized "X" so that when the note was folded, the result was the resistance symbol "V" for victory. A year later he was asked to design six new postage stamps for the island, in denominations of ½d to 3d. As a sign of resistance, he incorporated into the design for the 3d stamp the script initials GR (for Georgius Rex) on either side of the "3" to display loyalty to King George VI. Edmund Blampied also forged stamps for documents for fugitives.
The deportations of 1942 sparked the first mass demonstrations against the occupation. The illegality and injustice of the measure, in contrast to the Germans' earlier showy insistence on legality and correctness, outraged those who remained behind and encouraged many to turn a blind eye to the resistance activities of others in passive support.
Soon after the sinking of on 23 October 1943, the bodies of 21 members of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines were washed up in Guernsey. The German authorities buried them with full military honours. The funerals became an opportunity for some of the islanders to demonstrate their loyalty to Britain and their opposition to the occupiers: around 5,000 islanders attended the funeral, laying 900 wreaths – enough of a demonstration against the occupation for subsequent military funerals to be closed to civilians by the German occupiers.
Some island women fraternised with the occupying forces. This was frowned upon by the majority of islanders, who gave them the derogatory nickname Jerry-bags. According to the Ministry of Defence, a very high proportion of women "from all classes and families" had sexual relations with the enemy, and 800–900 children were born to German fathers. The Germans estimated their troops had been responsible for fathering 60 to 80 out of wedlock births in the Channel Islands. As far as official figures went, 176 out of wedlock births had been registered in Jersey between July 1940 and May 1945; in Guernsey 259 out of wedlock births between July 1941 and June 1945 (the disparity in the official figures is explained by differing legal definitions of non-marital births in the two jurisdictions). The German military authorities tried to prohibit sexual fraternisation to reduce incidences of sexually transmitted diseases. They opened brothels for soldiers, staffed with French prostitutes under German medical surveillance.
The sight of brutality against slave workers brought home to many islanders the reality of the Nazi ideology behind the punctilious façade of the occupation. Forced marches between camps and work sites by wretched workers and open public beatings rendered visible the brutality of the régime.
British government reaction
His Majesty's government's reaction to the German invasion was muted, with the Ministry of Information issuing a press release shortly after the Germans landed.
On several occasions British aircraft dropped propaganda newspapers and leaflets on the islands.
Raids on the Channel Islands
On 6 July 1940, 2nd Lieutenant Hubert Nicolle, a Guernseyman serving with the British Army, was dispatched on a fact-finding mission to Guernsey, Operation Anger. He was dropped off the south coast of Guernsey by a submarine and paddled ashore in a canoe under cover of night. This was the first of two visits which Nicolle made to the island. Following the second, he missed his rendezvous and was trapped on Guernsey. After a month and a half in hiding, he gave himself up to the German authorities and was sent to a German prisoner-of-war camp.
On the night of 14 July 1940, Operation Ambassador was launched on Guernsey by men drawn from H Troop of No. 3 Commando under John Durnford-Slater and No. 11 Independent Company. The raiders failed to make contact with the German garrison. Four commandos were left behind and were taken prisoner.
Operation Dryad was a successful raid on the Casquets lighthouse on 2–3 September 1942.
Operation Branford was an uneventful raid against Burhou, an island near Alderney, on 7–8 September 1942.
In October 1942, there was a British Commando raid on Sark, named Operation Basalt. Three German soldiers were killed and one captured. Actions taken by the Commandos resulted in German retaliatory action against Channel Islanders and an order to execute captured Commandos.
Operation Huckaback was a raid originally planned for the night of 9/10 February 1943, as simultaneous raids on Herm, Jethou and Brecqhou. The objective was to take prisoners and gain information about the situation in the occupied Channel Islands. Cancelled because of bad weather, Huckaback was reinvented as a raid on Herm alone. Landing on Herm and finding the island unoccupied, the Commandos left.
Operation Pussyfoot was also a raid on Herm, but thick fog on 3–4 April 1943 foiled the raid and the Commandos did not land.
Operation Hardtack was a series of commando raids in the Channel Islands and the northern coast of France in December 1943. Hardtack 28 landed on Jersey on 25–26 December, and after climbing the northern cliff the Commandos spoke to locals, but did not find any Germans. They suffered two casualties when a mine exploded on the return journey. One of the wounded, Captain Phillip Ayton, died of his wounds some days later. Hardtack 7 was a raid on Sark on 26–27 December, failing to climb the cliffs, they returned on 27–28 December, but two were killed and most others wounded by mines when climbing, resulting in the operation failing.
In 1943, Vice Admiral Lord Mountbatten proposed a plan to retake the islands named Operation Constellation. The proposed attack was never mounted.
Bombing and ship attacks on the islands
The RAF carried out the first bombing raids in 1940 even though there was little but propaganda value in the attacks, the risk of hitting non-military targets was great and there was a fear of German reprisals against the civilian population. Twenty-two Allied air attacks on the Channel Islands during the war resulted in 93 deaths and 250 injuries, many being Organisation Todt workers in the harbours or on transports. Thirteen air crew died.
There were fatalities caused by naval attacks amongst German soldiers and sailors, civilians, and Organisation Todt workers including the Minotaur carrying 468 Organisation Todt workers including women and children from Alderney that was hit by Royal Canadian Navy motor torpedo boats near St Malo, about 250 of the passengers killed by the explosions or by drowning, on 5 July 1944.
In June 1944, Battery Blücher, a 150mm German artillery emplacement in Alderney, opened fire on American troops on the Cherbourg peninsula. HMS Rodney was called up on 12 August to fire at the battery. Using an aircraft as a spotter, it fired 72x16-inch shells at a range of 25 miles (40 km). Two Germans were killed, and several injured with two of the four guns damaged. Three guns were back in action in August, the fourth by November. The naval gunfire was not very effective.
Representation in London
As self-governing Crown Dependencies, the Channel Islands had no elected representatives in the British Parliament. It therefore fell to evacuees and other islanders living in the United Kingdom prior to the occupation to ensure that the islanders were not forgotten. The Jersey Society in London, which had been formed in 1896, provided a focal point for exiled Jerseymen. In 1943, several influential Guernseymen living in London formed the Guernsey Society to provide a similar focal point and network for Guernsey exiles. Besides relief work, these groups also undertook studies to plan for economic reconstruction and political reform after the end of the war. The pamphlet Nos Îles published in London by a committee of islanders was influential in the 1948 reform of the constitutions of the Bailiwicks. Sir Donald Banks felt that there must be an informed voice and body of opinion among exiled Guernseymen and women that could influence the British Government, and assist the insular authorities after the hostilities were over. In 1942, he was approached by the Home Office to see if anything could be done to get over a reassuring message to the islanders, as it was known that, despite the fact that German authorities had banned radios, the BBC was still being picked up secretly in Guernsey and Jersey. It was broadcast by the BBC on 24 April 1942.
Bertram Falle, a Jerseyman, had been elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Portsmouth in 1910. Eight times elected to the House of Commons, in 1934 he was raised to the House of Lords with the title of Lord Portsea. During the occupation he represented the interests of islanders and pressed the British government to relieve their plight, especially after the islands were cut off following D-Day.
Committees of émigré Channel islanders elsewhere in the British Empire also banded together to provide relief for evacuees. For example, Philippe William Luce (writer and journalist, 1882–1966) founded the Vancouver Channel Islands Society in 1940 to raise money for evacuees.
Under siege
During June 1944, the Allied Forces launched the D-Day landings and the liberation of Normandy. They decided to bypass the Channel Islands due to their heavy fortifications. As a result, German supply lines for food and other supplies through France were completely severed. The islanders' food supplies were already dwindling, and this made matters considerably worse – the islanders and German forces alike were on the point of starvation.
In August 1944, the German Foreign Ministry made an offer to Britain, through the Swiss Red Cross, that would see the release and evacuation of all Channel Island civilians except for men of military age. This was not a possibility that the British had envisaged. The British considered the offer, a memorandum from Winston Churchill stating "Let 'em starve. They can rot at their leisure"; it is not clear whether Churchill meant the Germans or the civilians. The German offer was rejected in late September.
In September 1944 a ship sailed from France to Guernsey under a white flag. The American on board asked the Germans if they were aware of their hopeless position. The Germans refused to discuss surrender terms and the American sailed away.
It took months of protracted negotiations before the International Committee of the Red Cross ship SS Vega was permitted to bring relief to the starving islanders in December 1944, carrying Red Cross parcels, salt and soap, as well as medical and surgical supplies. Vega made five further trips to the islands, the last after the islands were liberated on 9 May 1945.
The Granville Raid occurred on the night of 8–9 March 1945, when a German raiding force from the Channel Islands landed in Allied-occupied France and brought back supplies to their base. Granville had been the headquarters of Dwight D. Eisenhower for three weeks, six months earlier.
Liberation
Liberation
Although plans had been drawn up and proposed in 1943 by Vice Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten for Operation Constellation, a military reconquest of the islands, these plans were never carried out. The Channel Islands were liberated after the German surrender.
On 8 May 1945 at 10:00 the islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over. Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15:00 during which he announced that:
Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight, but in the interests of saving lives the "Cease fire" began yesterday to be sounded all along the front, and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today.
The following morning, 9 May 1945, HMS Bulldog arrived in St Peter Port, Guernsey and the German forces surrendered unconditionally aboard the vessel at dawn. British forces landed in St Peter Port shortly afterwards.
HMS Beagle, which had set out at the same time from Plymouth, performed a similar role in liberating Jersey. Two naval officers, Surgeon Lieutenant Ronald McDonald and Sub Lieutenant R. Milne, were met by the harbourmaster (Cpt. H.J. Richmond) who escorted them to his office where they hoisted the Union Flag, before also raising it on the flagstaff of the Pomme D'Or Hotel. It appears that the first place liberated in Jersey may have been the British General Post Office Jersey repeater station. Mr Warder, a GPO lineman, had been stranded in the island during the occupation. He did not wait for the island to be liberated and went to the repeater station where he informed the German officer in charge that he was taking over the building on behalf of the British Post Office.
Sark was liberated on 10 May 1945, and the German troops in Alderney surrendered on 16 May 1945. The German prisoners of war were removed from Alderney by 20 May 1945, and its population started to return in December 1945, after clearing up had been carried out by German troops under British military supervision.
Aftermath
The main Liberation forces arrived in the islands on 12 May 1945. A Royal Proclamation read out by Brigadier Alfred Snow in both Guernsey and Jersey vested the authority of military government in him. The British Government had planned for the relief and restoration of order in the islands. Food, clothing, pots, pans and household necessities had been stockpiled so as to supply islanders immediately. It was decided that to minimise financial disruption Reichsmarks would continue in circulation until they could be exchanged for sterling.
In Sark, the Dame was left in command of the 275 German troops in the island until 17 May when they were transferred as prisoners of war to England. The UK Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, visited Guernsey on 14 May and Jersey on 15 May and offered an explanation in person to the States in both bailiwicks as to why it had been felt in the interests of the islands not to defend them in 1940 and not to use force to liberate them after D-Day.
On 7 June the King and Queen visited Jersey and Guernsey to welcome the oldest possessions of the Crown "back to freedom".
Since the state of affairs in the islands had been largely unknown and there had been uncertainty as to the extent of resistance by the German forces, the Defence (Channel Islands) Regulations of 1944 had vested sweeping administrative powers in the military governor. As it turned out that the German surrender was entirely peaceful and orderly and civil order had been maintained, these regulations were used only for technical purposes such as reverting to Greenwich Mean Time. Each bailiwick was left to make its own regulations as necessary. The situation of retrospectively regularising legislation passed without Royal Assent had to be dealt with. Brigadier Snow signed regulations on 13 June (promulgated 16 June) to renew orders in Jersey and ordinances in Guernsey as though there had been no interruption in their technical validity. The period of military government lasted until 25 August 1945 when new Lieutenant Governors in each bailiwick were appointed.
Following the liberation of 1945, allegations of collaboration with the occupying authorities were investigated. By November 1946, the UK Home Secretary was in a position to inform the House of Commons that most of the allegations lacked substance and only 12 cases of collaboration were considered for prosecution, but the Director of Public Prosecutions had ruled out prosecutions on insufficient grounds. In particular, it was decided that there were no legal grounds for proceeding against those alleged to have informed to the occupying authorities against their fellow citizens. The only trials connected to the occupation of the Channel Islands to be conducted under the Treachery Act 1940 were against individuals from among those who had come to the islands from Britain in 1939–1940 for agricultural work. These included conscientious objectors associated with the Peace Pledge Union and people of Irish extraction. In December 1945 a list of British honours was announced to recognise a certain number of prominent islanders for services during the occupation.
In Jersey and Guernsey, laws were passed to confiscate retrospectively the financial gains made by war profiteers and black marketeers, although these measures also affected those who had made legitimate profits during the years of military occupation.
Women who had fraternised with German soldiers were known as "Jerry-bags". This had aroused indignation among some citizens. In the hours following the liberation, members of the British liberating forces were obliged to intervene to prevent revenge attacks.
For two years after the liberation, Alderney was operated as a communal farm. Craftsmen were paid by their employers, whilst others were paid by the local government out of the profit from the sales of farm produce. Remaining profits were put aside to repay the British government for repairing and rebuilding the island. As a result of resentment by the local population about not being allowed to control their own land, the Home Office set up an enquiry that led to the "Government of Alderney Law 1948", which came into force on 1 January 1949. The law provided for an elected States of Alderney, a justice system and, for the first time in Alderney, the imposition of taxes. Due to the small population of Alderney, it was believed that the island could not be self-sufficient in running the airport and the harbour, as well as in providing an acceptable level of services. The taxes were therefore collected into the general Bailiwick of Guernsey revenue funds (at the same rate as Guernsey) and administered by the States of Guernsey. Guernsey became responsible for many governmental functions and services.
Particularly in Guernsey, which evacuated the majority of school-age children ahead of the occupation, the occupation weakened the indigenous culture of the island. Many felt that the children "left as Guerns and returned as English". This was particularly felt in the loss of the local dialect – children who were fluent in Guernesiais when they left, found that after five years of non-use they had lost much of the language.
The abandoned German equipment and fortifications posed a serious safety risk and there were many accidents after the occupation resulting in several deaths. Many of the bunkers, batteries and tunnels can still be seen today. Some have been restored, such as Battery Lothringen and Ho8, and are open for the general public to visit. After the occupation, the islanders used some of the fortifications for other purposes, but most were stripped out in scrap drives (and by souvenir hunters) and left abandoned. One bunker was transformed into a fish hatchery and a large tunnel complex was made into a mushroom farm.
The islands were seriously in debt, with the island governments owing over £10,000,000, having had to pay for the evacuation ships, the costs incurred by evacuees in the UK, the cost of the "occupation forces", being wages, food, accommodation and transport as well as the cost of providing domestics for the Germans, providing civilian work for islanders and needing to pay for reconstruction and compensation after the war. Taxation receipts had fallen dramatically during the war period. Finally, the now worthless Occupation Reichsmarks and RM bank deposits were converted back to Sterling at the rate of 9.36RM to £1. Part of this debt was met by a "gift" from the UK government of £3,300,000 which was used to reimburse islanders who had suffered damage and loss. In addition, the cost of maintaining the evacuees, estimated at £1,000,000 was written off by the government. As one could buy a house for £250 in the 1940s, the gift was equivalent to the value of 17,000 houses.
War crime trials
After World War II, a court-martial case was prepared against ex-SS Hauptsturmführer Max List (the former commandant of Lagers Norderney and Sylt), citing atrocities in Alderney. He did not stand trial, and is believed to have lived near Hamburg until his death in the 1980s. Unlike in the rest of Europe, German collaborators who had given information which led to the deportation of the Island's Jewish population to Belsen and Auschwitz, were never punished by the British government.
Legacy
Since the end of the occupation, the anniversary of Liberation Day has been celebrated in Jersey and Guernsey on 9 May as a national holiday (see Liberation Day (Jersey)); Sark marks Liberation Day on 10 May. In Alderney there was no official local population to be liberated, so Alderney celebrates "Homecoming Day" on 15 December to commemorate the return of the evacuated population. The first shipload of evacuated citizens from Alderney returned on this day.
The Channel Islands Occupation Society was formed in order to study and preserve the history of this period.
Castle Cornet was presented to the people of Guernsey in 1947 by the Crown as a token of their loyalty during two world wars.
Some German fortifications have been preserved as museums, including the Underground Hospitals built in Jersey (Hohlgangsanlage 8) and Guernsey.
Liberation Square in Saint Helier, Jersey, is now a focal point of the town, and has a sculpture which celebrates the liberation of the island. The Liberation monument in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, is in the form of a monumental sundial unveiled on 9 May 1995: the obelisk that acts as gnomon has 50 layers, with the top 5 sheared to represent the loss of freedom for five years during the occupation – the sundial is so constructed that on 9 May each year the shadow points to inscriptions telling the story of Liberation hour by hour.
In Jersey the end of the occupation was also marked with a penny inscribed "Liberated 1945". One million were produced between 1949 and 1952.
In 1950 the States of Jersey purchased the headland at Noirmont, site of intense fortification (see Battery Lothringen), as a memorial to all Jerseymen who perished. A memorial stone was unveiled at Noirmont on 9 May 1970 to mark the 25th anniversary of Liberation.
Saint Helier is twinned (since 2002) with Bad Wurzach, where deported Channel Islanders were interned.
In 1966, Norman Le Brocq and 19 other islanders were awarded gold watches by the Soviet Union as a sign of gratitude for their role in the resistance movement.
Former fugitives who had been sheltered by islanders were included among the guests at 50th anniversary celebrations of the Liberation in 1995.
On 9 March 2010 the award of British Hero of the Holocaust was made to 25 individuals posthumously, including four Jerseymen, by the United Kingdom government in recognition of British citizens who assisted in rescuing victims of the Holocaust. The Jersey recipients were Albert Bedane, Louisa Gould, Ivy Forster and Harold Le Druillenec. It was, according to historian Freddie Cohen, the first time that the British Government recognised the heroism of islanders during the German occupation.
Social impact
Illegitimate children
Evidence suggests that a significant number of children were born to German fathers during the occupation. Records show that the birth rate which had fallen at the start of World War II increased during the German Occupation. It has been reported that as many as 900 such babies may have been born in Jersey alone though others have cited far more modest figures. At the time under Jersey law, any child born to a married woman was automatically registered as her husband's whilst unmarried women left the section for the father's details blank and there were no formal legal structures surrounding adoption until 1947 so a child's German ancestry was often a matter of speculation. A government official in Jersey was reported to have said in the 1990s that "Many of them grew up with other families or may have been subsequently adopted. I think on the whole the children were assimilated," Many were placed in orphanages whilst there were rumours that in line with the Nazi party's racial ideas some were taken to be adopted in Germany.
In media
Music
The Liberation Jersey International Music Festival was set up in Jersey in 2008 to remember the period of occupation.
John Ireland's Fantasy-Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (1943) was partly inspired by his experience in being evacuated from the Channel Islands in advance of the occupation.
In her song "Alderney", which appears on her album The Sea Cabinet, singer-songwriter Gwyneth Herbert tells the story of the sudden evacuation of the inhabitants of Alderney when the war broke out. She sings about the irrevocable changes introduced during the Nazi occupation of the island and their effect on the islanders.
Video games
Occupied Guernsey appears in Mission 5 of Sniper Elite 5. Aptly named Festung Guernsey. Where the protagonist Karl Fairburne is tasked with infiltrating the Island to destroy the fictional Project Kraken Prototype: a Stealth equipped U-boat. At some point in the mission, Fairburne is also tasked with destroying Batterie Mirus after he hears it firing in the distance.
Television and film
Several documentaries have been made about the occupation, mixing interviews with participants, both islanders and soldiers, archive footage, photos and manuscripts and modern day filming around the extensive fortifications still in place. These films include:
In Toni's Footsteps: The Channel Island Occupation Remembered (2002) – 52min documentary tracing the history of the Occupation following the discovery of a notebook in an attic in Guernsey belonging to a German soldier named Toni Kumpel.
Lover Other, a 2006 documentary about artist Claude Cahun, directed by Barbara Hammer, features the occupation prominently, as Cahun lived in Jersey at the time.
There have also been television and film dramas set in the occupied islands:
Appointment with Venus, a 1951 film set on the fictional island of Armorel (based on the island of Sark).
Triple Cross (1966) has a passage set in Jersey in the period shortly after the German occupation commences.
The Blockhouse, a film starring Peter Sellers and Charles Aznavour, set in occupied France, was filmed in a German bunker and on L'Ancresse common in Guernsey in 1973.
The Eagle Has Landed (1976), directed by John Sturges, had a passage set in Alderney where Radl (Robert Duvall) meets Steiner (Michael Caine).
ITV's Enemy at the Door, set in Guernsey and shown between 1978 and 1980
A&E's Night of the Fox (1990), set in Jersey shortly before D-Day in 1944.
The 2001 film The Others starring Nicole Kidman was set in Jersey in 1945 just after the end of the occupation.
ITV's Island at War (2004), a drama set in the fictional Channel Island of St Gregory. It was shown by US TV network PBS as part of its Masterpiece Theatre series in 2005.
Another Mother's Son, a 2017 film about Louisa Gould, hiding a Russian war prisoner, starring Jenny Seagrove as Louisa Gould and Ronan Keating as Harold Le Druillenec.
The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society (2018) film of the novel set in 1946, composed of letters written from one character to another.
Plays
A stage play, Dame of Sark, by William Douglas-Home, is set in Sark during the German occupation, and is based on the Dame's diaries of this period. It was televised by Anglia Television in 1976, and starred Celia Johnson. It was directed by Alvin Rakoff and adapted for the small screen by David Butler.
Another stage play, Lotty's War by Giuliano Crispini, is set in the islands during the occupation, with the story based on "unpublished diaries".
Novels
The following novels have been set in the German-occupied islands:
Tickell, Jerrard (1951), Appointment with Venus, London: Hodder & Stoughton, set on the fictitious island of Armorel, based on Alderney
Higgins, Jack (1970), A Game for Heroes, New York: Berkley,
Robinson, Derek (1977), Kramer's War, London: Hamilton,
Trease, Geoffrey (1987), Tomorrow Is a Stranger (London: Mammoth, ) set during the occupation of Guernsey.
Edwards, G. B. (1981), The Book of Ebenezer Le Page (London: Hamish Hamilton, ) includes the occupation of Guernsey.
Parkin, Lance (1996), Just War, New Doctor Who adventures series, Doctor Who Books,
Binding, Tim (1999), Island Madness, London: Picador,
Link, Charlotte (2000), Die Rosenzüchterin [The Rose Breeder], condensed ed., Köln: BMG-Wort,
Walters, Guy (2005), The Occupation, London: Headline,
Shaffer, Mary Ann and Barrows, Annie (2008), The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society, New York: The Dial Press,
Cone, Libby (2009), War on the Margins, London: Duckworth,
Andrews, Dina (2011), Tears in the Sand, Trafford,
Horlock, Mary (2011), The Book of Lies, Canongate,
Lea, Caroline (2016), When The Sky Fell Apart, Text Publishing Company,
Hanley, John F (2012), Against The Tide, Matador,
Hanley, John F (2013), The Last Boat, Matador,
Hanley, John F (2015), Diamonds For The Wolf, Amazon,
Journal
Bachmann, K M (1972), The Prey of an Eagle, Guernsey: Burbridge. A personal record of family life during the German Occupation of Guernsey, 1940–1945.
See also
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Channel Islands in the 1940s
German Fortifications in Jersey
Fort Hommet 10.5 cm Coastal Defence Gun Casement Bunker
Henri Gonay, Belgian airman killed in Jersey, 1944
Military history of France during World War II
Neuengamme concentration camp subcamp list
Sark during the German occupation of the Channel Islands
Walker Collection: A collection of philatelic material in the British Library relating to the occupation.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Bell, William M. (2002), Guernsey Occupied But Never Conquered, The Studio Publishing Services,
Bunting, Madeleine (1995), The Model Occupation: The Channel Islands under German Rule, 1940–1945, London: Harper Collins,
Carr, Gillian; Sanders, Paul; Willmot, Louise (2014). Protest, Defiance and Resistance in the Channel Islands: German Occupation, 1940–45. London: Bloomsbury.
Cruickshank, Charles G. (1975), The German Occupation of the Channel Islands, The Guernsey Press,
Dunford-Slater, John (1953). Commando: Memoirs of a Fighting Commando in World War Two. Reprinted 2002 by Greenhill Books.
Edwards, G. B. (1981), "The Book of Ebenezer le Page" (New York Review of Books Classics; 2006).
Evans, Alice Alice, (2009), Guernsey Under Occupation: The Second World War Diaries of Violet Carey, The History Press,
Hamlin, John F. "No 'Safe Haven': Military Aviation in the Channel Islands 1939–1945" Air Enthusiast, No. 83, September/October 1999, pp. 6–15
Hayes, John Crossley, teacher in charge of Vauvert school (1940–1945) and composer of Suite Guernesiaise, premiered in Guernsey October 2009. Documents of life in war time Guernsey at https://web.archive.org/web/20111120142147/http://www.johncrossleyhayes.co.uk/.
Lewis, John (1983), A Doctor's Occupation, New English Library Ltd; New edition (July 1, 1983),
Maughan, Reginald C. F. (1980), Jersey under the Jackboot, London: New English Library,
Money, June, (2011) Aspects of War, Channel Island Publishing,
Nettles, John (2012), Jewels & Jackboots, Channel Island Publishing & Jersey War Tunnels,
Pether, John (1998), The Post Office at War and Fenny Stratford Repeater Station, Bletchley Park Trust Reports, 12, Bletchley Park Trust
Read, Brian A. (1995), No Cause for Panic: Channel Islands Refugees 1940–45, St Helier: Seaflower Books,
Sanders, Paul (2005), "The British Channel Islands under German Occupation 1940–1945", Jersey Heritage Trust / Société Jersiaise,
Shaffer, Mary Ann, and Barrows, Annie (2008), The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society,
Tabb, Peter A Peculiar Occupation, Ian Allan Publishing,
Winterflood, Herbert (2002), Occupied Guernsey: July 1940–December 1942, Guernsey Press,
Winterflood, Herbert (2005), Occupied Guernsey 1943–1945, MSP Channel Islands,
External links
Channel Islands Occupation Society (Guernsey branch)
Channel Islands Occupation Society (Jersey branch)
Occupation at Visit Guernsey
Jersey in Jail - Drawings by Edmund Blampied
Jersey's Occupation Story at Visit Jersey
Short documentary video
The Frank Falla archive
Jersey Communist Norman Le Brocq talking in 1992 about wartime resistance activity on the island
20th century in Guernsey
20th century in Jersey
Amphibious operations of World War II
Channel Islands
German occupation of Jersey during World War II
Invasions of Jersey
C
Politics of World War II
Channel Islands
Channel Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20occupation%20of%20the%20Channel%20Islands |
The Carl Zuckmayer Medal () is a literary prize given by the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in memory of Carl Zuckmayer. The medal itself was fashioned by state artist . The prize is also given with a 30 liter cask of Nackenheimer wine from the Weingut Gunderloch, a winery valued by Zuckmayer. The bestowal takes place on 18 January, the anniversary of Zuckmayer's death.
Winners
1979: Günther Fleckenstein
1980: Werner Hinz
1982: Georg Hensel
1984: Friedrich Dürrenmatt
1985: Ludwig Harig
1986: Dolf Sternberger
1987: Tankred Dorst
1988: Günter Strack
1989: Hanns Dieter Hüsch
1990: Martin Walser, Adolf Muschg, André Weckmann
1991: Albrecht Schöne
1992: Hilde Domin
1993: Hans Sahl
1994: Fred Oberhauser
1995: Grete Weil
1996: Mario Adorf
1997: Katharina Thalbach
1998: Harald Weinrich
1999: Eva-Maria Hagen for her 1998 letter exchange with Wolf Biermann "Eva und der Wolf"
2000: Peter Rühmkorf
2001: Mirjam Pressler
2002: Herta Müller
2003: Monika Maron and Wolf von Lojewski
2004: Edgar Reitz
2005: Thomas Brussig
2006: Armin Mueller-Stahl
2007: Udo Lindenberg
2008: Bodo Kirchhoff
2009: Volker Schlöndorff
2010: Emine Sevgi Özdamar
2011: Hans Werner Kilz
2012: Uwe Timm
2013 Doris Dörrie
2014 Dieter Kühn
2015 Bruno Ganz
2016 Sven Regener
2017 Joachim Meyerhoff
2018 Yoko Tawada
2019 Robert Menasse
2020 Maren Kroymann
2021 Nora Gomringer
2022 Rafik Schami
2023 Nino Haratischwili
2024 Matthias Brandt
See also
German literature
List of literary awards
List of poetry awards
List of years in literature
List of years in poetry
Notes
References
(2004): 25 Jahre Carl-Zuckmayer-Medaille des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz 1979 bis 2004. Hrsg. von Kurt Beck. Frankfurt a.M.: Brandes & Apsel, ca. 130 S.
(1995):
External links
Landesregierung Auszeichnungen: Carl Zuckmayer Medaille, Mediathek
Kurt Beck verleiht Edgar Reitz die Carl Zuckmayer-Medaille 2004, Staatskanzlei Rheinland-Pfalz
Carl-Zuckmayer-Medaille des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz 1997: Katharina Thalbach, Archive, Institut für pfälzische Geschichte und Volkskunde
Zuckmayer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Zuckmayer%20Medal |
Bertland "Bert" Cameron (born 16 November 1959) is a retired Jamaican sprinter who mainly competed over 400 metres. He represented Jamaica at three consecutive editions of the Summer Olympics. Cameron won the 400 m title at the first World Championships in Athletics. He was also the 1982 Commonwealth Games champion in the event and won a number of gold medals at regional competitions. He helped the Jamaican runners to a silver medal in the 4×400 metres relay at the 1988 Seoul Olympics.
He carried the Jamaican flag at the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. He was chosen as the Jamaica Sportsperson of the year three times consecutively from 1981 to 1983. He is currently a coach in Jamaica.
Career
Born in Spanish Town, Saint Catherine Parish, his first medal on the international stage came at the 1978 Commonwealth Games, where he helped Jamaica to a 400 m relay silver medal behind Kenya. His first Olympic appearance soon followed and he reached the quarter-finals of the 400 m and also ran in the relay. He was schooled in the United States on a sports scholarship and won both the NCAA 400 m titles indoors and outdoors in 1980 and 1981, and he went on to obtain a third outdoor title in 1983 for the UTEP Miners. Cameron represented the Americas at the 1981 IAAF World Cup and came away with the bronze medal in both the individual and relay events. He returned to the Commonwealth stage for the 1982 Games and he became the 400 m champion.
Cameron won the 400 m at the inaugural World Championships in 1983. He had a good run in the 1984 Olympic semi-final, but halfway through the race grabbed his leg as a result of picking up a muscle injury. However, in one of the great comebacks of all time he miraculously managed to start running again and qualified for the final. Unfortunately his injury was such that he was not able to take his place in the final. He competed at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics but failed to defend his title, being eliminated in the semi-finals. He helped the Jamaican relay team to sixth place in the final. Four years after his injury-battling run, he ran at the 1988 Summer Olympics and helped win a silver medal in 4 x 400 metres relay.
Outside of his global appearances for Jamaica, he enjoyed success at regional level. He won the 400 m at the 1981 Central American and Caribbean Championships and followed this with another gold medal at the 1982 CAC Games. He returned to the CAC Championships in 1985 and won the silver medal behind Cuba's Roberto Hernández. At the 1987 Pan American Games, he beat the Cuban but again left with the silver medal as Raymond Pierre took the title.
After retiring from running, he became a coach in Kingston, Jamaica. He took on Jermaine Gonzales and his charge broke the 400 m Jamaican record in 2010. He decided to start working with Gonzales within Glen Mills' Racers Track Club that year.
International competitions
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Spanish Town
Jamaican male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Jamaica
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Jamaica
World Athletics Championships medalists
UTEP Miners men's track and field athletes
University of Texas at El Paso alumni
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games silver medalists for Jamaica
Competitors at the 1982 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Jamaica
World Athletics Championships winners
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert%20Cameron |
Lungile Edgar Bosman (born 14 April 1977) is a former South African international cricketer. He was a top order right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm medium pace bowler. He played domestic cricket for Dolphins, and appeared for South Africa in both One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. He scored the first century in the Standard Bank Pro20 Series in the 2004–05 season.
A hard-hitting opener and an archetype of the successful Twenty20 batsman, Loots Bosman was born in Kimberley in the Cape Province, where he was raised by his grandfather, and made his debut for Griqualand West at the beginning of the 1997–98 season. But despite some success with provincial and South Africa A sides, it was only when Twenty20 cricket arrived in South Africa that Bosman etched his name into his country's cricketing consciousness. Pro20 cricket's first outing came at the end of the 2003–04 season, and Bosman – who was now part of the Eagles team under the new franchise system – topped the batting charts with 219 runs at a strike-rate of 120.99 and a high score of 84* despite the fact that he was asked to bat in the middle order.
Bosman turned down a contract with the Indian Cricket League in October 2007, instead signing up for the Mumbai Indians in the first edition of the Indian Premier League, though he couldn't make it into a starting XI. Bosman had a quiet international year in 2008, playing just one Twenty20 against Bangladesh, and at the end of the 2008–09 domestic season moved from the Eagles to the Dolphins franchise in KwaZulu-Natal. Initially named in a provisional squad of 30 for the 2009 World Twenty20, he couldn't find a place in the final 15, but in November of that year he fell one blow short of what would have been, at the time, just the second international Twenty20 century. Smashing 94 from just 45 balls, including nine sixes, against England at Centurion, he was also involved in a world record 170-run opening stand with Graeme Smith as South Africa racked up a mammoth 241 for 6.
Bosman finally made it to a World Twenty20 tournament in the Caribbean in 2010, but appeared strangely out of sorts and made just eight runs in two innings, failing to find the boundary once. Despite that failure, he was signed by Derbyshire as their overseas player for the Friends Provident t20 tournament in 2010, and responded in superb fashion, hammering 94 off 50 balls to set up a crushing 65-run win over a strong Yorkshire side in June.
As he heads into his mid-30s, Bosman's opportunities for South Africa may begin to wane, and though he will be remembered as a punishing Twenty20 batsman, it remains a mystery as to why he was never able to take his success in the format into 50-over or first-class cricket.
Career
Early career
Bosman made his début for Griqualand West at the start of the 1997–98 season, batting at number seven, and opening the bowling in a 45-over match against Natal. He took his only List A wicket during this match, bowling Dale Benkenstein. His first-class début came three weeks later, playing in a SuperSport Series match against Free State. He scored 96, and put on a record Griqualand West fifth-wicket partnership of 243 with Pieter Barnard. After a début season in which he averaged 26.92 in first-class cricket, Bosman was selected as part of the South Africa A squad to tour Sri Lanka.
Bosman was a key figure in South Africa A's campaign in a triangular one-day tournament in Sri Lanka in 2005–06, but it was his exploits at home that earned him a call-up to the squad for the Twenty20 International against Australia in mid-February. His 22-ball fifty against the Highveld Lions in February was the fastest in the Standard Bank Pro20 series. Player of the Series in the 2006 edition, Bosman became the first batsman to score a century in the competition, reaching three figures in just 43 balls. He failed to get going in the 2007 final, but his contributions to the Eagles clinching the Pro20 title were enough to earn him a look-in for the national Twenty20 side. He missed the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 due to a back injury, though Bosman insisted at the time that he was fit to play and he was subsequently suspended for one domestic match after being found guilty of "unbecoming or detrimental" conduct by Cricket South Africa over comments made to a local newspaper about coach Mickey Arthur after he was left out of the squad.
Bosman scored his maiden first-class century during the SuperSport Series match against North West early in the 2000–01 season, remaining 115 not out as Griqualand West scored 284. During this season, Bosman was promoted to open the innings alongside Pieter Koortzen in 45-over matches. In January 2001, the pair made an opening partnership of 173 against North West, followed by 169 against Gauteng. In 2001–02, Bosman made his first appearance in the Hong Kong International Cricket Sixes tournament, helping South Africa reach the final with two rapidly scored 30s, making 35 in seven balls against Hong Kong, and 31 in nine balls in the final as South Africa failed to chase down Pakistan's 98. On his return from the Hong Kong tournament, Bosman passed his previous bests in both limited overs and first-class cricket, hitting 92 not out against North West in the Standard Bank Cup, and 121 against Northerns in the Super Six stage of the SuperSport Series.
He was part of the South Africa A squad to play the touring India A and Australia A touring teams in 2002; but after scoring 62 in the first four-day match, he failed to post any significant totals. He made his highest score with 140 against Western Province in his second SuperSport Series match of the 2002–03. Bosman was part of the South Africa squad for the Hong Kong International Cricket Sixes again in 2002–03, losing his wicket for 0 and 7 in his first two matches, before a nine ball 32 in the third-place play-off against India. The end of the season saw him play in five matches for 'The Rest' against South Africa A.
2003–2005
The following 2003–04 season, Bosman finished second in the batting charts behind Stephen Cook, scoring 491 runs at an average of 61.37. The campaign was highlighted by a 57 ball 99 not out, in which he hit 13 boundaries, including eight sixes against Eastern Province. The end of that season saw the introduction of Pro20 cricket to South Africa. Bosman topped the batting charts in this form, making 219 runs for Eagles, the combined Free State and Griqualand West cricket team. In his first match of the campaign, he made his best score of the season, hitting 84 not out in 44 balls as Eagles beat Dolphins by 4 runs.
The following season saw Bosman have his best summer in first-class cricket, scoring 640 runs at an average of 40.00, with five half-centuries. Later in the season, he scored the first century in South African domestic Pro20, making 104 runs off 45 balls in an innings that included nine 6s and seven 4s as Eagles beat Lions by 130 runs. He spent the South African winter of 2005 playing for East Lancashire in the Lancashire League. Although not recognised at this point in his career as a bowler, he equalled the club's best-bowling performance in his first appearance, taking 9/22 against Colne.
International recognition
He made his international Twenty20 debut on 24 February 2006 at the New Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. He impressed with his rapid scoring rate and clean hitting ability. He was named in the South African Twenty20 World Championship squad, but was later withdrawn because of a back injury he picked up on an earlier tour of Zimbabwe.
Most recently, Bosman made himself known again in the T20 Series against England in November 2009. He hit 58 off 31 balls in the first game, and 94 off 44 balls in the second, setting a world-record International T20 partnership of 170 with Graeme Smith to set up a South Africa victory.
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Cricketers from Kimberley, Northern Cape
Knights cricketers
Free State cricketers
Griqualand West cricketers
South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers
South Africa One Day International cricketers
ACA African XI One Day International cricketers
Mumbai Indians cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loots%20Bosman |
Stureplan is a public square in central Stockholm, between Norrmalm and Östermalm. The square connects the major streets Kungsgatan, Birger Jarlsgatan and Sturegatan. The buildings around the square house offices of banks and other financial institutions, as well as several corporate headquarters.
Some of the country's most famous and expensive restaurants and bars are located in the area around Stureplan. Some examples are Sturehof, Spy Bar, Riche, Laroy, Hell's Kitchen, East and Sturecompagniet. Shops in the area include Versace, Hugo Boss, Gucci, and LV.
In Sweden, Stureplan has also become a well-known symbol for exclusivity since the major refurbishments during the 1980s. Known as an area with many expensive, luxurious bars and restaurants, it is considered a playground for upper-class youth, celebrities, young business executives and some of the Swedish royal family. All the while, among average Stockholmers it is typically thought of as a swanky and elitist place.
Close to Stureplan is the park Humlegården with the National Library of Sweden. Stureplan is connected to Östermalmstorg metro station of the Stockholm Metro.
References
Squares in Stockholm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stureplan |
Creuzburg is a town and a former municipality on the Werra river in the Wartburgkreis in Thuringia, Germany. Since December 2019, it is part of the town Amt Creuzburg.
Geography
Creuzburg is in the area known as the Muschelkalk. Three mountains, Wisch, Wallstieg and Ebenauer Köpfe are near the town.
Nearby towns include Treffurt and Eisenach.
History
With a history going back over 1,000 years, Creuzburg is one of the oldest towns in Thuringia. Hill graves in the area of the city demonstrate a settlement beginning at least as early as Carolingian times. The beginnings of the settlement on what became the site of the castle are a result of its position on a major crossroads. The old West-East trade route met at the Werra with the trade route from the south. In the 10th and 11th Centuries, the region was under control of the Fulda Abbey.
In 1137, the city came under control of the Thuringian Ludowinger dynasty. Landgrave Ludwig I acquired it in exchange for a portion of the lands he held in Hesse. Recognizing the strategic and economic importance of the area, his successors made improvements to the area. Landgrave Hermann I began the construction of the castle on the mountain and allowed the many farmers in the area to build the settlement at the base of the mountain. In 1213, Creuzburg was established as a city. A coat of arms was established and a defensive wall was built. The nearby town of Scherbda, which now is part of Creuzburg, was first mentioned as a settlement around a fief in 1229.
The most prosperous time in Creuzburg was during the reign of Landgrave Ludwig IV, the Holy, and his son Hermann II. After the wedding of Ludwig with the daughter of the King of Hungary, Elisabeth, who is now known as St. Elisabeth of Hungary, Creuzburg Castle became the second residence of the Thuringian Landgraves (after the Wartburg). Many festivals were celebrated during this time, and the children of the couple were born in the castle. Ludwig redecorated the castle and built the first stone bridge across the Werra to secure the trade route. Before he left for the Crusades in 1227, he bade farewell to his subjects in a major assembly of the Thuringian nobles in the castle.
Ludwig never returned. His brother Heinrich Raspe acted as regent during the childhood of Ludwig's son, Hermann II. Elisabeth left Thuringia and moved back to the Hessian lands, where she later died in Marburg. Upon reaching adulthood, Hermann began his reign as Landgrave of Thuringia and Hesse. Castle remained his residence until his sudden death at the age of 18. His uncle and successor Heinrich Raspe used only the Wartburg as his residence. This, for the city of Creuzburg, as well as the castle, was the end of their times of prosperity. The town sank into economic and cultural anonymity in the following centuries.
Within the German Empire (1871–1918), Creuzburg was part of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Tourism
The Creuzburg Castle, which was a residence of the Ludowing dynasty and a favorite visiting place of St. Elisabeth of Hungary, is one of the top sightseeing destinations. Creuzburg also boasts the oldest bridges north of the Main.
Economy
Beside several hotels and restaurants Creuzburg is also the head office of the Pollmeier Massivholz GmbH & CO. KG. The company is the largest and most efficient hardwood sawmill worldwide.
Transportation
The B 7 highway from Kassel to Eisenach goes through Creuzburg.
Famous residents
Ludwig IV of Thuringia (1200–1227), Count of Thuringia
St. Elisabeth of Hungary (1207–1231), wife of Ludwig IV
Hermann II, Landgrave of Thuringia (1222–1241)
Sophie (1224–1275), married 1240 with Henry II Duke of Brabant
Johannes Rothe (1360–1434), a major Thuringian chronicler
Michael Praetorius (1571–1621), composer and music writer
William Knabe (1803-1864), piano builder
Honorary citizen
Monika Harms (born 1946), general attorney, appointed on 5 February 2010 as honorary citizen for her services to the reorganization of the Liboriuskapelle
Other people related to Creuzburg
Personalities who have spent part of their lives in Creuzburg, or have died in Creuzburg
Bonifatius (672/673-754), Benedictine monk, first missionary in the Creuzburg region
Johann Philip Bachmann (1762–1837)
Harry Domela, (1904/1905-died after 1977), alias Baron Korff , incognito-traveling Prince Wilhelm of Prussia , adventurer and impostor, was in the summer of 1926 several weeks of the town's honor and was courted on the Creuzburg.
Alexander Rödiger (born 1985), bobsleigh from Scherbda, silver medalists at the Olympic Winter Games 2010.
Literature
Rainer Schill, Astrid Thiel: Creuzburg an der Werra: Bilder aus vergangenen Tagen. Geiger-Verlag,
Rat der Stadt Creuzburg (Hg.): Creuzburg. 775 Jahre Stadt Creuzburg. 1213-1988. Aus der Geschichte der Stadt. Druckerei Fortschritt Erfurt, 1988.
Horst Schmidt, Hans-Henning Walter: Creuzburg - Geschichte des Creuzburger Salzwerks. Eisenacher Schriften zur Heimatkunde 39. Eisenach, 1988.
References
External links
http://www.creuzburg-online.de Fremdenverkehrsverein Creuzburg e.V. (German)
https://web.archive.org/web/20061020223457/http://www.geschichte-wak.de/creuzburg.htm Town History (German)
http://www.creuzburg-werra.de Private Page About Creuzburg (German)
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928043751/http://www.dirk-oberschelp.de/creuzburg.htm Photo Gallery (German)
https://web.archive.org/web/20061019032722/http://www.360creuzburg.de/ 360 Degree Views (German)
http://www.pollmeier.com
Wartburgkreis
Former municipalities in Thuringia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creuzburg |
Koźle () is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle (since 1975), Poland and is at the junction of the Kłodnica and Oder rivers, km southeast of Opole. The district has a Roman Catholic church, a medieval chateau, remains of a 19th-century fortress and a high school. Koźle's industries include a shipyard and an inland port.
History
The settlement was first mentioned in the early 12th-century Gesta principum Polonorum, the oldest Polish chronicle. Its name comes from the Polish word kozioł, which means "goat". As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, from 1281 to 1355 Koźle was the seat of a splinter eponymous duchy ruled by a local branch of the Piast dynasty. Also in 1281, Koźle obtained town rights. After 1355, it remained under the rule of other branches of the Polish Piast dynasty until 1532, when it was absorbed to Bohemia. It was besieged several times during the Thirty Years War, and in 1645, it returned to Polish rule under the House of Vasa.
It fell to Prussia by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau. Frederick II converted it into a fortress which held against Austrian sieges in 1758, 1759, 1760 and 1762. In 1807 it almost withstood a siege by the Von Deroy brigade of the Bavarian Army, which was allied with Napoleonic France. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. Polish insurgents captured the part of the town east of the Oder during the 1921 Third Silesian Uprising, however, the town remained part of Germany in the interbellum. Local Polish activists were intensively persecuted by the Germans since 1937. During World War II, the Germans operated three forced labour subcamps (E2, E153, E155) of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town. In the final stages of the war, in 1945, a German-conducted death march of thousands of prisoners of several subcamps of the Auschwitz concentration camp passed through the town towards the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. With the bulk of Silesia, it was among territories regained by Poland after World War II. However, 6,000 bomb craters were recorded in the Koźle Basin ranging from to in diameter, as American and British bombers dropped a total of 39,137 bombs in the region starting from February 1943, which was used by the German government for industrial fuel production.
Notable residents
Theodor von Scheve (1851–1922), chess master
Georg Kaul (1873–1933), politician
Erna von Dobschütz (1876–1963), painter
Georg Rasel (1882–1945), German artist
Kurt Liese (1882–1945), German general
Moritz Hadda (1887–1942), Jewish-German architect
Heinrich Tischler (1892–1938), German painter
Irene Eisinger (1903–1994), singer
Georg Wahl (1920–2013), equestrian
Hanno von Graevenitz (1937–2007), German diplomat
Ullrich Libor (1940–), German sportsman
Mathias Fischer (1971–), sportsman
References
Kędzierzyn-Koźle
Neighbourhoods in Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BAle |
The Government Secretariat (; known as 布政司署 before 1997) is collectively formed by the Offices of the Chief Secretary and the Financial Secretary and thirteen policy bureaux.
The offices are officially known as "Government Secretariat: Offices of the Chief Secretary for Administration and the Financial Secretary", and the bureaux are officially known as "<Portfolio> Bureau, Government Secretariat" or "Government Secretariat: <Portfolio> Bureau".
History
The structure of the Government Secretariat has undergone periodic changes.
The McKinsey Report
Governor Sir Murray MacLehose commissioned McKinsey & Company to conduct a study on the structure of the Hong Kong Government. Sir MacLehose subsequently restructured the Government Secretariat pursuant to recommendations in the McKinsey Report in 1973.
Branches of the Government Secretariat under the Colonial Secretary:
Environment Branch (-1981)
Home Affairs Branch
Social Services Branch
Housing Branch
Security Branch
Civil Service Branch
New Territories Branch (1974-)
Administration Branch (1975-1978)
Branches of the Government Secretariat under the Financial Secretary:
Financial Branch (-1976); replaced by the Monetary Affairs Branch (1976-)
Economic Services Branch
Reorganisation in the 1980s
New branches of the Government Secretariat were established in the 1980s.
Branches of the Government Secretariat under the Chief Secretary:
Environment Branch (-1981)
Home Affairs Branch
Social Services Branch (-1983); replaced by the Health & Welfare Branch (1983-)
Housing Branch
Security Branch
Civil Service Branch
New Territories Branch (-1981); replaced by the City & N.T. Administration Branch (1981-1983) and renamed the District Administration Branch (1983-)
News Branch (1979-1981)
Education Branch (1980-1983); renamed the Education & Manpower Branch (1983-)
Transport Branch (1981-)
Lands & Works Branch (1981-)
General Duties Branch (1982-)
Municipal Services Branch (1985-)
Branches of the Government Secretariat under the Financial Secretary:
Economic Services Branch
Monetary Affairs Branch (1976-)
Trade & industry Branch (1982-)
1989 reorganisation
In the 1 September 1989 reorganisation, the Recreation and Culture Branch (RCB) was created, taking on some duties from the Municipal Services Branch, such as for culture and recreation, sports, antiquities and country parks management, and others from the Administrative Services and Information Branch, including broadcasting, entertainment and censorship policy. Both branches then ceased to exist. The RCB operated as a Broadcasting, Entertainment and Administration wing, which covered RTHK and TELA, and the Recreation and Culture wing, with responsibilities including sport.
Branches of the Government Secretariat under the Chief Secretary:
General Duties Branch (-1990)
Constitutional Affairs Branch
Education & Manpower Branch
Civil Service Branch
Home Affairs Branch
Planning, Environment & Lands Branch
Broadcasting, Culture & Sports Branch
Security Branch
Health & Welfare Branch
Transport Branch
Housing Branch (1994-)
Branches of the Government Secretariat under the Financial Secretary:
Finance Branch
Works Branch
Economic Services Branch
Monetary Affairs Branch (-1993); replaced by the Financial Services Branch (1993-)
Trade & industry Branch
Structure of the Government Secretariat, 1997-2002
Branches of the Government Secretariat under the Chief Secretary for Administration:
Education Bureau
Constitutional Affairs Bureau
Civil Service Bureau
Home Affairs Bureau
Planning, Environment and Lands Bureau (1997-99); renamed the Planning and Lands Bureau (2000-)
Environment and Food Bureau (2000-)
Housing Bureau
Security Bureau
Health and Welfare Bureau
Transport Bureau
Bureaux under the Financial Secretary:
Broadcasting, Culture and Sports Bureau (1997-98)
Information Technology and Broadcast Bureau (1998-)
Works Bureau
Economic Services Bureau
Finance Bureau
Financial Services Bureau
Trade and Industry Bureau
Structure of policy bureaux, 2002-2007
The Government Secretariat was reorganised in Tung Chee-hwa's second term upon the implementation of the Principal Officials Accountability System on 1 July 2002:
Civil Service Bureau
Commerce, Industry and Technology Bureau
Constitutional Affairs Bureau
Economic Development and Labour Bureau
Education and Manpower Bureau
Environment, Transport and Works Bureau
Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau
Health, Welfare and Food Bureau
Home Affairs Bureau
Housing, Planning and Lands Bureau
Security Bureau
Structure of policy bureaux, 2007-2022
A reorganisation of the secretariat was announced by Donald Tsang after his re-election as Chief Executive in 2007. The number of policy bureaux was increased from 11 to 12 as a consequence of this re-organisation; minor adjustments were also made to the responsibilities of the principal officials. Then-Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying established the Innovation and Technology Bureau in 2015.
Bureaux under the Chief Secretary for Administration:
Civil Service Bureau
Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
Education Bureau
Environment Bureau
Food and Health Bureau
Home Affairs Bureau
Labour and Welfare Bureau
Security Bureau
Transport and Housing Bureau
Bureaux under the Financial Secretary:
Commerce and Economic Development Bureau
Development Bureau
Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau
Innovation and Technology Bureau (2015-)
Present Structure of the Government Secretariat, 2022-
Pursuant to the 2021 Policy address, Carrie Lam announced a government restructuring proposal in January 2022 to be considered and implemented by the Chief Executive-elect returned by the 2022 Chief Executive election. The proposal was adopted by Chief Executive-elect John Lee Ka-chiu; requisite funding was approved by the Finance Committee of the Legislative Council on 10 June 2022.
Bureaux under the Chief Secretary for Administration:
Civil Service Bureau
Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau
Education Bureau
Environment and Ecology Bureau
Health Bureau
Home and Youth Affairs Bureau
Labour and Welfare Bureau
Security Bureau
Bureaux under the Financial Secretary:
Commerce and Economic Development Bureau
Development Bureau
Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau
Housing Bureau
Innovation, Technology & Industry Bureau
Transport and Logistics Bureau
Reorganisation Proposals
2012 Proposal
In April 2012, Chief Executive-elect Leung Chun-ying announced his plan to reform the government, "aimed at providing better service to the public while boosting governance". Under the plan, two more deputy secretaries are to be created – a new deputy chief secretary and deputy financial secretary – to join the chief secretary, financial secretary, and secretary for justice. Leung announced his desire to create a Culture Bureau; Housing and Transport would be split into two bureaux and Housing would merge with Lands and planning. The newly created Deputy chief secretary position will be responsible for the Labour and Welfare, Education and cultural affairs bureaux. The Chief Secretary is to oversee the environment, Food and health, Home affairs, Security, Civil service, and Constitutional and mainland affairs. The Financial Secretary is to oversee Housing, planning and lands, Works, Transport and Financial Services and the treasury bureaux. The Deputy financial secretary will be in overall charge of the Commerce, industrial and tourism, as well as the Information and technology bureaux. To allow for a smooth transition, the government agreed to table Leung's restructuring plan before LegCo before it dissolved for the summer. However, Pan Democrats believed careful scrutiny was necessary, and strongly opposed the plan to rush through the changes; People Power representatives in Legco warned they would table some 900 motions at the Finance Committee meeting on 15 June and over 100 amendments at the plenary council meeting on 20 June.
Bureaux under the Chief Secretary for Administration:
Civil Service Bureau
Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
Environment Bureau
Food and Health Bureau
Home Affairs Bureau
Security Bureau
Bureaux under the Deputy Chief Secretary for Administration:
Education Bureau
Labour and Welfare Bureau
Culture Bureau
Bureaux under the Financial Secretary:
Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau
Housing, Planning and Lands Bureau
Transport and Works Bureau
Bureaux under the Deputy Financial Secretary:
Commerce and Industries Bureau
Technology and Communication Bureau
See also
Politics of Hong Kong
Government departments and agencies in Hong Kong
References
External links
Re-organisation of Policy Bureaux of the Government Secretariat
Hong Kong government departments and agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Secretariat%20%28Hong%20Kong%29 |
Government Secretariat may refer to:
Organisations
Government Secretariat (Hong Kong)
Buildings
Kerala Government Secretariat
Ministers' Building, Burma, previously known as the Government Secretariat
See also
Secretariat (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Secretariat |
WERZ (107.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Exeter, New Hampshire. The station is owned by iHeartMedia. WERZ broadcasts from studios located on Lafayette Road in Portsmouth and from a transmitter located on Long Hill in Stratham. Its on-air call sign is "Z107, Exeter/Portsmouth". WERZ's signal serves the coastal area from Salem Harbor up north to Biddeford, Maine, including the Portsmouth and Dover-Rochester areas of New Hampshire, southern York County, Maine, and northeastern Massachusetts, where it overlaps with sister station WXKS-FM from Boston.
History
The station went on the air September 21, 1972, as WKXR-FM. In March 1982, the call letters were changed to WERZ nd the format was changed to Top 40/CHR as "Z107". The first program director was Jack O'Brien and the studios were located at 11 Downing Court in Exeter.
Boston area concert promoter Don Law's Precision Media purchased the station in 1986 and modified the format to a hybrid of adult contemporary and top 40 (hot adult contemporary) as "107 FM WERZ". In 1989, WERZ had a slogan of "13 Hits in a row" and competed wildly against WHEB AM–FM. Pete Falconi was program director and allowed air staff such as Lindsay Robins, Tim Fontaine, and Jeff the Doctor, to produce authentic, and unique radio shows. The result was pumping out as many hits an hour as possible, and providing the community of the Seacoast with live remote broadcasts. Ratings as per Arbitron (1989) competed well with WHEB.
Specialty weekend programs helped to boost ratings, including the legendary American Top 40 with Shadoe Stevens, the Weekly Top 40 with Rick Dees, and The WERZ's House Party Saturday Night featuring uptempo party songs and a megamix of popular dance music, as well as frequent prize giveaways and heavy listener interaction and requests.
WERZ remained a hot throughout all of the 2000s. For the first time in December 2008, WERZ went all-Christmas. After the holiday season, WERZ became an adult contemporary. Then, in December 2009, WERZ went Christmas again and this time returned to a hot AC format.
In February 2010, WSKX and WERZ announced that Matty in the Morning, syndicated by WXKS-FM out of Boston, would be moving from WSKX to WERZ.
On October 4, 2012, at 3 pm, WERZ returned to a CHR format and the "Z107" branding.
The WERZ DJs between 1982 and 2009
Willie B. Goode!
Jack O'Brien
Jeffrey Paradis
Sarah Sullivan
Brian Battle
Lisa G.
Jay Michaels
Samantha "The Wilde V." Wilde
Timmy Rose
David W. DeFranzo - Dave Sandz
Corey Matthews
Arik "ARock" Pierce
Michael "Tommy Boy" Mullins
Chad Erickson
Valerie Scott
Zach Carter
Roy Sullivan
Michael "Mikey OD" O'Donnell
Kid Cruise
Kevin Matthews
Mark Matzell
Peter Falconi
Michael Rock
Audley Williams
Dom Armano
Jason "JJ" Wright
Dave Stevens
Lindsey Robbins
Tony Vincent
Timmy Fontaine
John Willis
Robert "K-Rob" Walker
Steve McVie
Dan Alexander
Tommy Record
Kenneth "Captain Ken" Spaulding
Eric Powers
Stella Mars
Andy Hartmann
Super Dave
Eddie Foxx
Jimmy "JR" Randall
Jeffrey "Dr. Jeff" Lawrence
Benji Hamilton
Jimmy Stevens
BB Good (who went to Radio Disney in the mid '90s)
Teigan Hart
Melissa Mathers
Bobby Lindner
Bobby Goodwin
Jackie Goddard
Johnny Collins
Patrick "Pat" St. John (Now on Sirius/XM's Classic Rewind)
Jason "Jammin' Jay" Brady
Peter Scott
Scott McKay
Gary Williams
Charlie Phillips
Ben Hamilton
Mikey Thomas
Steve "Matt Taylor" Varholy
Peter Falconi
Ralphie Marino
Suzanne Lewis
Jay Brown
Eddie McMann
Glen Turner
Scotty Dee
Jeffrey Knight
Danny Steele
Beverly "Bev" Valentine
Shadoe Stevens
Rick Dees
Mike McGowan
References
External links
ERZ
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Radio stations established in 1972
1972 establishments in New Hampshire
Exeter, New Hampshire
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
IHeartMedia radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WERZ |
A count room or counting room is a room that is designed and equipped for the purpose of counting large volumes of currency. Count rooms are operated by central banks and casinos, as well as some large banks and armored car companies that transport currency.
A count room may be divided into two separate areas, one for counting banknotes (sometimes referred to as soft count) and one for counting coins (sometimes referred to as hard count). Some high-volume cash businesses, especially casinos, will operate two distinct rooms.
Surveillance
Most count rooms are equipped with closed-circuit television cameras and sometimes sound recording equipment to assist in detecting theft, fraud, or collusion among the count room personnel.
References
Banking terms
Rooms
Casinos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count%20room |
Devon Morris (born 22 January 1961) is a retired Jamaican sprinter who mainly competed in the 400 metres. He won this distance at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships, and his personal best time was 45.49 seconds, achieved during the 1987 World Championships. At the 1988 Summer Olympics he won a silver medal with the Jamaican team in 4 x 400 metres relay. He was an Earl Mellis Former Olympic Sprinter. Devon Morris is currently working as the Facility Director at Jubilee World.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Jamaican male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Jamaica
Olympic silver medalists for Jamaica
World Athletics Championships medalists
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Jamaica
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Jamaica
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Jamaica
Competitors at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Jamaica
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Westmoreland Parish
Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon%20Morris |
Greene Vardiman Black (1836–1915) was one of the founders of modern dentistry in the United States. He is also known as the father of operative dentistry.
Black was born near Winchester, Illinois on August 3, 1836 to William and Mary Black. He spent his early life on a farm and quickly developed an interest in the natural world. By the age of 17, Black began studying medicine with the help of his brother, Dr. Thomas G. Black. In 1857, he met Dr. J.C. Speer, who taught him the practice of dentistry. After the Civil War, in which he served as a union scout, he relocated to Jacksonville, Illinois (1864). It was here that he began an active career and research in the developing field of dentistry. He studied dentistry for 20 months (as was common at the time) followed by an apprenticeship He taught in the Dental Department at the University of Iowa, beginning at 1890 before moving to Chicago.
He researched many important topics to dentistry, including the cause of dental fluorosis and ideal cavity preparations. One of his many inventions was a foot-driven dental drill. He is also known for his principles of tooth preparations, in which he outlines the proper methods to prepare teeth for fillings. These cavity preparations used principles of engineering and material sciences to maximize strength and retention of the amalgam filling and minimize fractures as well as tooth anatomy, to minimize pulp exposure. The phrase, "extension for prevention," is still famous in the dental community today and represents Black's idea that dentists should incorporate more grooves and pits than those currently exhibiting decay as a preventive measure against those grooves and pits developing tooth decay in the future, although today ideas have changed and focus much more on minimal intervention. Black published his concepts and ideals in his text Manual of Operative Dentistry in 1896.
Further, he organized 'Black's Classification of Caries Lesions' which is still in use today. Since that time, only one more category has been added to his classification system.
Black's Classification of Caries Lesions:
Class I Caries affecting pits and fissures on occlusal third of molars and premolars, occlusal two thirds of molars and premolars, and Lingual part of anterior teeth.
Class II Caries affecting proximal surfaces of molars and premolars.
Class III Caries affecting proximal surfaces of central incisors, lateral incisors, and cuspids without involving the incisal angles.
Class IV Caries affecting proximal including incisal angles of anterior teeth.
Class V Caries affecting gingival 1/3 of facial or lingual surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth.
Class VI (never described by Black, added later by W J Simon in 1956) Caries affecting cusp tips of molars, premolars, and cuspids.
In addition to developing a standard for cavity preparations, Black also experimented with various mixtures of amalgam. After years of experimentation, Black published his balanced amalgam formula in 1895. This formula and its variations quickly became the gold standard and would remain such for almost 70 years. Black’s son, Arthur continued the legacy of his father, continuing dental research, gaining academic and political support for the importance of the sciences in dental education, and making university education mandatory for dentists.
Black was the second Dean of Northwestern University Dental School, where his portrait hung until the school's closure in 2001. His statue can be found at the very southern edge of Chicago's Lincoln Park, at North Avenue, facing down Astor Street. He was also inducted in the International Hall of Fame of Dentistry of the Pierre Fauchard Academy on February 25, 1995.
References
Bibliography
Joseph R. "The Father of Modern Dentistry - Dr. Greene Vardiman Black (1836–1915)". J Conserv Dent 2005;8:5-6
External links
1836 births
1915 deaths
American dentists
American dentistry academics
Northwestern University faculty
People from Jacksonville, Illinois
People from Winchester, Illinois
19th-century dentists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene%20Vardiman%20Black |
The Parliamentary Information Technology Committee (PITCOM) was a United Kingdom Parliament Associate Parliamentary Group set up "to address the public policy issues generated by IT and its application across the UK economy, public and private".
It was formed in January 1981 by a merger of the All-Party IT Committee and the Parliamentary Computer Forum. Its constitution and term of reference changed over time to fit the changing rules for registered All Party Groups (e.g. that all officers be members of the House of Commons or the House of Lords, that groups be reconstituted after a General Election etc.). On 18 July 2011 it merged with the All-Party Group on the Digital Economy to form "The Parliamentary and ICT Forum" (PICTFOR).
Objectives
The objectives stated in the first edition of the PITCOM Journal (published 1982 - 1999) were:
1 To promote among Members of Parliament and their advisers, and informed awareness of the potential and the limitations of the microelectronics, computing, communications and information handling technologies; their industrial, economic and social impact : and the actions necessary to maximise the industrial, economic and social advantages which these technologies make possible.
2) To analyse in consultation with industry, current and future problems in the field of information and computer technologies and to consult with suppliers, users and responsible organisations concerned and to arrange meetings, presentations, seminars and visits so as to promote continuity of analysis and policy in this field.
3) To provide a meeting place for informal, off-the-record exchanges of information, ideas and opinions on subjects of mutual concern between Members of Parliament, their advisers and members of the microelectronics, computing, communications and information handling industries.
History
The founding chairman was Ian Lloyd MP, the vice-chairmen were Gwilym Roberts MP, Michael Marshall MP and Philip Virgo. The Treasurers were Gary Waller MP and David Mathieson. The Secretaries were Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran and Brian Murphy. The Membership Secretary was Richard Marriott.
Ian (later Sir Ian) Lloyd MP chaired PITCOM until 1987.
In that period PITCOM established a pattern of organising half a dozen evening meetings a year on current political topics plus an annual high-profile exhibition or event. The first of the latter, in 1981, was a week-long exhibition on computer-based aids for the disabled opened by Sir George Young MP, then Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Health and Social Services. The following year PITCOM organised a more ambitious event on computers in schools. Relays of children from over 30 schools manned 26 systems in the Upper Waiting Room of the House of Commons, visited by over 120 MPs. Also in 1982, PITCOM organised a major seminar on "The Freedom of Broadcasting". This was addressed by, among others, the Home Secretary (Rt Hon W Whitelaw MP) and Mrs Mary Whitehouse. It also included the first public political discussions in the UK on the new Cable TV technologies that were expected to transform the world of broadcasting.
In 1984, over dinner after a PITCOM meeting on the effects of piracy on the nascent computer games industry, it was agreed that "something must be done" but that PITCOM should not compromise its neutral position by taking a lead. Those round the table decided to support the formation of a British Computer Society copyright committee to look at the issues. That committee met once and delegated a sub-group to report back on what should be done. That sub-group never reported back. Instead the participants formed the Federation Against Software Theft as a company limited by guarantee, and organised the campaign that led to the Copyright (Computer) Amendment Act in 1985. This is believed to have been the shortest time from start of a campaign to legislation on the statute book since the 1930s. Many PITCOM members helped expedite the process.
1n 1986 IBM loaned the main auditorium of its South Bank Centre to PITCOM for a daylong seminar on IT Skills Shortages, organised with the assistance of the National Computing Centre and the IT Skills Agency.
In 1987 Michael (later Sir Michael) Marshall MP, took over as chairman. He continued with the same formula of meetings and events for several years but also added overseas study tours. The first tour was to Texas in 1987. In 1989 PITCOM hosted the launch of the Women IT Campaign. This had seedcorn funding from DTI proportionate to the funding from industry. Over the period 1989 - 1994 the campaign team used £500,000 from DTI to leverage over £2 million from industry to organise careers events and advice and a kite-marking service for returner programmes, During that period the proportion of girls applying for IT-related degree course rose from barely 10% to over 25% and those employed on IT also rose significantly. Many PITCOM members were involved in the campaign and contributed to its success.
In 1994 PITCOM organised fringe meetings at the main party conferences and also organised the re-launch of EURIM (the European Informatics Group, now retitled "The Digital Policy Alliance") to organise policy studies and secure action where it found consensus. It was agreed that EURIM should be politically, financially and organisationally independent from PITCOM but companies would not be allowed to join EURIM unless they were also members of PITCOM. EURIM should also report quarterly to the PITCOM Council to for a discussion on priorities and co-operation. The reasons for the separation were partly to do with the rules for all-party party groups(e.g. the personal liability of officers who had to be MPs or Peers) and partly because EURIM was expected to work to secure action on its recommendations while PITCOM was expected to be strictly neutral, even where it found consensus. The requirement for EURIM members to join PITCOM was quickly dropped because of complaints by companies with no London-based staff. The reporting requirement was not dropped until in 2005.
In 1995 PITCOM had a very successful study tour of the United States (New Jersey, New York and Washington) to look at "The Politics of Multi-Media" during the run-up to the "reform" of the Federal Communications Commission to handle converged technologies and the digital age. In 1996 PITCOM visited Canada for the first time.
In 1997 John McWilliam MP (a Deputy Speaker) took over as chairman. He was also a Director of EURIM and decided which activities should be routed through EURIM and which through PITCOM. Thus the meetings to help organise the scrutiny of the legislation that created Ofcom were run through EURIM rather than PITCOM. During John's period of office PITCOM organised a study tour of Sweden, Finland and Germany, a second tour of Canada, a visit to Paris and tours of Japan and California. These were invaluable in helping put IT initiatives and arguments into international context.
In 2004 Christine Stewart Munro took over as Secretary of PITCOM from Frank Richardson, who had been involved in the creation of PITCOM and been secretary since 1984.
In 2005 Andrew Miller MP became chairman and in 2006 PITCOM celebrated its 25th anniversary. He instituted an annual competition for schools, organised by e-Skills, to not only interest the children but also their constituency MPs. In this period PITCOM opened up relations with the Internet Governance Forum, sponsoring MPs to attend its meetings and helping organise UK inputs and reports back.
The Rt Hon Alun Michael MP became chairman in 2011 by which time there was common agreement on the need to rationalise the growing number of all-party groups addressing IT related issues. Discussions were opened with other relevant groups and with EURIM (to formalise the de facto division of labour). The merger to form PICTFOR was the first tangible stage in that process.
Briefings for Parliamentarians issued by PITCOM were known as PITComms.
References
External links
PITCOM
PICTFOR, the Parliamentary Internet, Communications and Technology Forum
1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Information Technology Committee
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary%20Information%20Technology%20Committee |
Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM) is a student-led organization working to improve access to and affordability of medicines around the world, and to increase research and development of drugs for neglected tropical diseases.
Supported by an active board of directors and guided by an advisory board that includes Partners in Health co-founder Paul Farmer and Nobel Laureate Sir John Sulston, UAEM has mobilized hundreds of students on more than 100 campuses in more than 20 countries. These student advocates have convinced universities worldwide to adopt equitable global access licensing policies for licensing their medical research, in order to make life-saving health innovations affordable and accessible in low and middle income countries. UAEM has published two student-led research projects—the University Report Card, which ranks universities on their contributions to global health and has received coverage in The New York Times and others; and Re:Route, a mapping of biomedical research and development (R&D) alternatives.
The organization has worked globally on a campaign aimed at encouraging the WHO to discuss an R&D agreement, and is now currently working on a campaign targeting agencies providing public funding for biomedical research around the world under the name Take Back Our Medicines (TBOM).
Chapters
The basic units of the organizations are called chapters. A chapter is a self-organised group of students, primarily based at an academic institution often with faculty support. Chapters range in size, from more intimate groups of 2 or 3, to larger gatherings of around 30 or more students. UAEM chapters are present in the US, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Iran, India, Brazil, Sudan, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark and The Netherlands.
Coronavirus pandemic
Universities Allied for Essential Medicines suggested that government should require necessary measures are in place for availability and affordability of COVID-19 related drugs, tests, or vaccines.
See also
Essential medicines
Médecins Sans Frontières's Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
Patent
Technology transfer
References
External links
Universities Allied for Essential Medicines
Biotech: Not Just for the Rich
Medical card in Pennsylvania
Medical students as champions for social justice
LegalEase on CKUT FM: Episode 6 - Mining for Law
University Global Health Impact Report Card
Intellectual property activism
Tropical medicine organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Organizations established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities%20Allied%20for%20Essential%20Medicines |
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) is an international research institute for physical and mathematical sciences that operates under a tripartite agreement between the Italian Government, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It is located near the Miramare Park, about 10 kilometres from the city of Trieste, Italy. The centre was founded in 1964 by Pakistani Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam.
ICTP is part of the Trieste System, a network of national and international scientific institutes in Trieste, promoted by the Italian physicist Paolo Budinich.
Mission
Foster the growth of advanced studies and research in physical and mathematical sciences, especially in support of excellence in developing countries;
Develop high-level scientific programmes keeping in mind the needs of developing countries, and provide an international forum of scientific contact for scientists from all countries;
Conduct research at the highest international standards and maintain a conducive environment of scientific inquiry for the entire ICTP community.
Research
Research at ICTP is carried out by seven scientific sections:
High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics
Mathematics
Earth System Physics
Science, Technology and Innovation
Quantitative Life Sciences
New Research Areas (which includes studies related to Energy and Sustainability and Computing Sciences)
The scientific community at ICTP includes staff research scientists, postdoctoral fellows and long- and short-term visitors engaged in independent or collaborative research. Throughout the year, the sections organize conferences, workshops, seminars and colloquiums in their respective fields. ICTP also has visitor programmes specifically for scientific visitors from developing countries, including programmes under federation and associateship schemes.
Postgraduate programmes
ICTP offers educational training through its pre-PhD programmes and degree programmes (conducted in collaboration with other institutes).
Pre-PhD programmes
Postgraduate diploma programmes in Condensed Matter Physics, High Energy Physics, Mathematics, Earth System Physics, and Quantitative Life Sciences for students from developing countries.
The Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP) for students from developing countries already enrolled in PhD programmes in the fields of physics and mathematics.
In collaboration with other institutes, ICTP offers masters and doctoral degrees in physics and mathematics.
Joint ICTP/SISSA PhD Programme in Physics and Mathematics
Joint PhD Programme in Earth Science and Fluid Mechanics
Joint Laurea Magistralis in Physics
Joint ICTP/Collegio Carlo Alberto Program in Economics
International Master, Physics of Complex Systems
Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics
Masters in High Performance Computing
In addition, ICTP collaborates with local laboratories, including Elettra Synchrotron Light Laboratory, to provide fellowships and laboratory opportunities.
Prizes and awards
ICTP has instituted awards to honour and encourage high-level research in the fields of physics and mathematics.
The Dirac Medal – For scientists who have made significant contributions to theoretical physics.
The ICTP Prize – For young scientists from developing countries.
ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award – For significant contributions to the field of optics.
The Ramanujan Prize – For young mathematicians from developing countries.
The Walter Kohn Prize – Given jointly by ICTP and the Quantum ESPRESSO foundation, for work in quantum mechanical materials or molecular modelling, performed by a young scientist working in a developing country.
Partner institutes
One of ICTP's goals is to set up regional centres of excellence around the globe. The idea is to bring ICTP's unique blend of high-quality physics and mathematics education and high-level science meetings closer to scientists everywhere. On February 6, 2012, ICTP opened a partner institute (ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research) in São Paulo, Brazil. Its activities are modelled on those of the ICTP and include schools and workshops, as well as a visiting scientists programme.
On October 18, 2018, a partner institute (ICTP-EAIFR, the East African Institute for Fundamental Research), was inaugurated in Kigali, Rwanda. In November 2018, ICTP opened the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific (ICTP-AP) in Beijing, China, in collaboration with the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Journal
In 2007 ICTP created the peer-reviewed open-access Journal "African Review of Physics" under the then name "African Physical Review".
See also
International School for Advanced Studies
University of Trieste
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
References
External links
International Atomic Energy Agency
International research institutes for mathematics
International research institutes
Physics research institutes
Physics organizations
Research institutes established in 1964
Trieste
UNESCO
Abdus Salam
Research institutes in Italy
Italy and the United Nations
Theoretical physics institutes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Centre%20for%20Theoretical%20Physics |
Paul Barillon d'Amoncourt, the marquis de Branges (1630–1691), was the French ambassador to England from 1677 to 1688. His dispatches from England to Louis XIV have been very useful to historians of the period, though an expected bias may be present With the conquest of England by William of Orange, Louis XIV's most implacable enemy, Barillon was expelled from England and war soon commenced between the two kingdoms. His successor after the war was Camille de Tallard, and his immediate predecessor was Henri de Massue, 1st Marquis de Rouvigny.
Family and early career
He was the son of Jean-Jacques de Barillon, Master of Requests of the Parlement de Paris. He acquired the Branges and Amoncourt titles by inheritance from his uncle Antoine, who had married the Amoncourt heiress. In 1663 he married Marie Madeleine Mangot: they had three children, Antoine, Philiberte and Bonne.
He was successively Intendant of Paris (1666), Flanders (1667) and Amiens (1668). In 1673 he was one of the French plenipotentiaries to the Congress of Cologne. In 1681 he became a Councillor of State.
Ambassador to England
Both Charles II and James II invariably treated Barillon with great courtesy: one historian refers to his "rather pampered existence at Whitehall". Both monarchs appeared to confide in him, although it is not always clear that they were entirely frank. Charles II, at the outbreak of the Popish Plot, did tell Barillon openly that Titus Oates, the inventor of the Plot, was a villain, and that the Plot itself was an invention, but that it would be unwise to say so publicly.
Barillon was often a conduit for pleas for clemency to Charles, (sometimes acting on the family's behalf, in which case he would accept money in return, but sometimes conveying King Louis's own view). However these were not always well received; the King simply brushed aside his plea for the life of William, Lord Russell, and explained that while Oliver Plunkett, the Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, was certainly an innocent man it was not expedient to spare him, for "My enemies are still waiting for me to make a false step". It is interesting that in both these cases Barillon was conveying the French King's view. Charles's remark to Barillon that his brother James's public conversion to Roman Catholicism had weakened his position is important evidence that Charles postponed his own conversion until he was dying.
The marriage of the future Queen Anne to George of Denmark, brother of France's ally, was a triumph for French diplomacy, and it was probably Barillon who originally proposed the marriage, although he did not play a major role in subsequent negotiations, which were mainly conducted by Lord Sunderland. Like most of those who met him, Barillon found the groom entirely unimpressive. As a counterweight, he intrigued with the Whig leaders, notably Algernon Sidney, whose posthumous reputation was greatly damaged by the discovery that Barillon had paid him regular bribes. The Popish Plot, with the wave of anti-Catholic and anti-French hysteria it produced, was in itself unwelcome to Barillon, but he used it to his short-term advantage by helping to bring down the Earl of Danby, the main exponent of a Protestant, pro-Dutch, anti-Catholic foreign policy, by assisting in the publication of letters, which taken out of context, suggested secret intrigues between Danby and the French Court. After the failure of the Exclusion Bill, Barillon records the King telling him in strict confidence that he had been tempted to let it pass. Even Barillon, an astute diplomat, admitted to finding Charles unfathomable: "his conduct so secret and impenetrable that even the most skilful observers are misled".
Only once does he seem to have been guilty of a serious diplomatic blunder: late in 1679 an indiscreet letter of his, reporting a conversation where Charles II claimed to have personally blocked a Franco-Dutch treaty, was leaked in the Netherlands. It caused an uproar, and Charles was so angry with Barillon that he forbade him the Court for a time. Sunderland, who had probably leaked the letter, remarked complacently that "I do not question M. Barillon finds himself embarrassed, but when anybody will play such tricks, it is but just that it should come home to him at last". His disgrace was temporary, but afterwards he was far more careful about what he committed to paper. At other times his relations with Sunderland were amicable enough, although Sunderland sometimes treated him to his famous outbursts of rudeness, and on one occasion Barillon told him that he would not report his remarks if he could not control himself. When it was rumoured in 1685 that the French had given tacit support to Monmouth's Rebellion, Sunderland told Barillon pointedly that he hoped this was a misunderstanding, or else the English would wonder if Louis had 'other plans they could not discern'. Later Sunderland mocked Louis' vaunted desire for European peace, saying brutally to Barillon that the peace would last until it was in someone's interest to break it.
Barillon's privileged position was confirmed in the last days of Charles II's reign, when, alone among the diplomatic corps, he was allowed to send a secret message to Louis XIV that the King was dying. In the events leading to Charles' deathbed reception into the Roman Catholic Church, he played a role of some importance. While the King's brother James was already convinced of his brother's wish to convert, it was Barillon, prompted by Louise de Kéroualle, who urged James to act at once. Together they visited the dying King, and Barillon witnessed Charles' statement that he wished to be received "with all his heart".
Immediately after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, William of Orange expelled Barillon from England, to pique the French (this was a serious breach of diplomatic protocol as England and France were not yet formally at war). He had him escorted to the coast under a guard of Huguenots. He died soon after in France.
Personal traits
James II's biographer describes him as an astute diplomat, with an ability to convey information through subtle hints, but he was personally a rather unattractive individual, being heavy, gross and boorish.
Famous French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine dedicated a poem to him entitled "Le pouvoir des fables."
References
1630 births
1691 deaths
17th-century French diplomats
Ambassadors of France to the Kingdom of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Barillon |
Amphiprion rubrocinctus, also known as the Australian clownfish or red anemonefish, is a species of anemonefish that is endemic to north west Australia. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male. The fish's natural diet includes zooplankton.
Description
The side of A. rubrocinctus has blackish or dark brown sides with red snout, breast, belly and fins. it has a single white head bar that is often poorly developed and lacking a pronounced black margin.
Color variations
Some anemonefish species have color variations based on geographic location, sex and host anemone. A. rubrocinctus does not show any of these variations.
Similar species
A. rubrocinctus is included in the tomato complex and so has similarities with other species in this complex. A. frenatus is similar however males are entirely bright red and the white head bar is more vivid on females. A. barberi was originally thought to be a geographic color variation of A. rubrocinctus but was described as a separate species in 2008. A. barberi lacks the dark brown or black sides and is geographically distinct. A. rubrocinctus is easily distinguished from the 4 other species of anemonefish commonly found within its range. A. perideraion and A. sandaracinos have a distinctive white stripe along the dorsal ridge while A. clarkii and A. ocellaris each have 3 white bars.
Distribution and habitat
A. rubrocinctus is only found in the tropical seas of north west Australia, from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, to Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory.
Host anemones
The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure. A. rubrocinctus is specialised, being hosted by only 2 out of the 9 host anemones found within its range. A. rubrocinctus is hosted by the following species of anemone:
Entacmaea quadricolor Bubble-tip anemone (usually)
Stichodactyla gigantea giant carpet anemone
Conservation status
Anemonefish and their host anemones are found on coral reefs and face similar environmental issues. Like corals, anemones contain intracellular endosymbionts, zooxanthellae, and can suffer from bleaching due to triggers such as increased water temperature or acidification. Characteristics known to elevate the risk of extinction are small geographic range, small local population and extreme habitat specialisation. A. rubrocinctus has only one of these characteristics, being a small geographic range and its ability to use two different anemone hosts may reduce the risk of extinction associated with extreme specialisation. This species was not evaluated in the 2012 release of the IUCN Red List. The Northern Territory Department of Land Resource Management has listed the species as being of least concern.
References
External links
Amphiprion
Fish described in 1842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20clownfish |
The Cambridge Latin Course (CLC) is a series of textbooks published by Cambridge University Press, used to teach Latin to secondary school pupils. It provides a grounding in vocabulary, grammar and sense which allows progression through Common Entrance exams into a Secondary, or, Public School. First published in 1970, the series is in its fifth edition as of April 2019. It has reached high status in the United Kingdom, being the most-used Latin course in the country for secondary school pupils, and being used by 85% of Latin-teaching schools.
Format
The course consists of a series of chapters, each of which includes stories and dialogues in Latin as well as vocabulary and grammar explained in English. There is a short history section at the end of each chapter to provide context on Ancient Rome.
The first story "Cerberus" begins:
which means, in English:
Publication history
As of 2022, five editions of the course have been published. The latest edition, released in July 2022, made significant modifications and additions to the lessons in order to expand the perspectives shown of Roman life, with more representation of women and people of colour as well as a re-examination of slavery in the Roman world, and incorporate updated scholarship.
As of July 2022, the Fifth Edition of Book 1 had been released in the United Kingdom edition, with the release of Book 2 in 2023, followed by Books 3 and 4 planned for 2024. Also there is a timeline for the publication of a new 6th edition of the North American edition, with Units 1 and 2 scheduled to be published in spring 2024.
Plot
Book I (published 1970)
The book tells the adventures of Caecilius, a banker, and Metella, his wife, in Pompeii from the reign of Tiberius to that of Vespasian. Sometimes the book deviates to talk about Caecilius' two slaves, their cook Grumio, and Clemens, and their frequent humorous mishaps. The book also discusses Metella's slave, Melissa. The book ends when Mount Vesuvius erupts, and Caecilius, Cerberus, Melissa, and Metella are killed in Pompeii. However, the book leaves the reader wondering whether Caecilius' son, Quintus, survives, as he indeed does, along with the slave, Clemens. Grumio's fate is left ambiguous. The beginning of the book is very simple, but each stage develops more complicated grammar and vocabulary. This book introduces the nominative, dative, and accusative cases and different verb tenses including the present, perfect and imperfect.
Book II (published 1971)
The second book is set in Roman Britain near Fishbourne Roman Palace under Agricola, where Quintus meets Salvius and King Cogidubnus, who are historical figures. The book starts by introducing a new family, a Roman aristocrat, Salvius, who is a successful lawyer and senator in Rome. His family includes his wife, Rufilla, and many slaves, some of whom are Britons, others foreign. In the second half of the book, Quintus tells King Cogidubnus about his journey to Alexandria, where he met Barbillus, a friend of his father. Barbillus later dies of a wound during a hunting trip, and tells Quintus to find his son Rufus, who lives in Britain, thus explaining the reason for Quintus' visit.
Book III (published 1971)
The third book picks up in the Roman province of Britain, in the city of Aquae Sulis (Bath) in particular. Cogidubnus falls ill and goes to the baths at Aquae Sulis, and Salvius, seeing his chance, hatches a plot with the baths' owner, Lucius Marcius Memor, to kill him. Quintus foils the plan, much to Salvius' dismay. He also finds Barbillus' son Rufus and gives him a message. When Cogidubnus eventually dies in captivity, Salvius writes a false will for him. A continuous narrative throughout the book also includes Modestus and Strythio, two bumbling Romans in the military.
Book IV (published 1971)
In the fourth textbook, the setting moves to Rome, a few years after the events in Britain. Quintus is absent, and the main characters are Salvius, his ally Haterius, and several other Roman aristocrats, as well as some ordinary citizens. Salvius coordinates the death of Paris, a famous pantomime actor, and exiles Domitia, the emperor's wife, whose affair with Paris was exposed.
Book V (first published 1971)
The book is set in Rome, after Agricola has successfully conquered Scotland. Various acquaintances of the emperor, including Glabrio, an advisor to the emperor, are introduced, as well as the emperor himself. Glabrio accuses Salvius of the forgery of Cogidubnus' will, while Domitia accuses him of plotting her exile. Quintus is present at Salvius' trial. Salvius is convicted and sentenced to five years of exile. In the remaining chapters, the writings of several poets (particularly Martial and Ovid) and historical figures replace the narrative.
In the upcoming Fifth Edition, Books IV and Book V will be combined into a single Book IV.
American editions
To suit the American format, books III and IV were combined.
Recurring characters
Main characters
Lucius Caecilius Iucundus
Caecilius is the protagonist of the first book. He is a banker who lives in Pompeii. When Mount Vesuvius erupts, Caecilius returns to attempt to save his family, but is killed when a wall of his house falls on him.
Quintus Caecilius Iucundus
The son of Lucius Caecilius Iucundus and Metella, Quintus is the main protagonist of Books 2 and 3. He escapes Pompeii along with Clemens, and travels to Athens and Alexandria. In Alexandria, he lives with Barbillus, who on his deathbed urges him to find and make amends with his son Rufus, a soldier in Britannia. At the beginning of Book 2, he is a guest of Salvius on his visit to King Cogidubnus, and tells Cogidubnus of his experiences after leaving Pompeii. In Book 3, he finds Rufus, but also becomes entangled in Salvius' plot against King Cogidubnus. Quintus appears once more in the final book, where he is present for the trial of Salvius.
Gaius Salvius Liberalis
Gaius Salvius Liberalis, a distant relative of Quintus, first appears in the second book. In the third book, it is revealed that he is conspiring against King Cogidubnus. In the fourth book, he becomes part of another conspiracy to exile Domitia and murder her lover Paris. In the final book, he is put on trial for his crimes and sentenced to five years of exile.
Clemens
Clemens (later Quintus Caecilius Clemens) is a slave of Caecilius' family. He tries unsuccessfully to save Caecilius in Pompeii, eventually leaving when Caecilius urges him to find Quintus and deliver his ring to him. Quintus manumits him and travels with him to Athens and Alexandria, where he buys him a glass-making shop. Clemens' efforts to establish his business and his initiation into the worship of Isis form a significant sub-plot in Book 2.
Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus
Cogidubnus (Togidubnus in the 5th Edition) is a client king of the Cantiaci, a tribe of Britannia. First appearing in the Book 2, he becomes a close friend of Quintus. Cogidubnus becomes ill, and it is revealed that his advisor, Salvius, is trying to murder him. Although the conspiracy fails, Cogidubnus dies in captivity of his illness.
Belimicus and Dumnorix
Belimicus is a chieftain of the Cantiaci tribe who first appears in the Book 2. Throughout the books he is jealous of Dumnorix, the chieftain of the Regnenses. (Dumnorix is later killed when he attempts to seek help from the governor of Britain, Agricola.) He helps Salvius in his plot to kill Cogidubnus, but begins to rebel against Salvius's authority, as he feels he deserves the kingship. Belimicus is murdered by Salvius with poison at the end of Book 3.
Quintus Haterius Latronius
Haterius is a rich client and friend of Salvius who appears first in the fourth book. He constructs the arch of Titus for Domitian. He appears again, briefly, in the fifth book, in which he follows Salvius into exile.
Emperor Domitian
Emperor Domitian first appears in Book 4, although he had been mentioned several times before, and plays a major role in Book 5. Domitian is the one whom Salvius takes orders from. Although Domitian instigated the crimes, Salvius does not implicate the emperor in order to save his son.
Other characters
Metella, Caecilius' wife, Quintus' mother. She is presumably killed in Pompeii with Caecilius.
Grumio, Caecilus' slave: a cook, who is often drunk.
Poppaea, Grumio's lover, also a slave, who appears to have a short relationship with Clemens in Stage 11.
Lucrio, Poppaea's elderly master.
Hermogenes, who stole money from Caecilius and was later convicted in court.
Cerberus, Caecilius' family dog that dies in Pompeii.
Melissa, a very beautiful slave girl bought by Caecilius. It is sporadically suggested that she has some relationship with Grumio.
Lucia, sister of Quintus, introduced in the 5th edition.
Alexander, a friend of Quintus, Lucia denies and later admits that she is attracted to him.
Syphax, a slave trader from Syria.
Felix, a former slave of Caecilius, who was freed for saving the infant Quintus from a robber.
Decens, a would-be guest of Caecilius who apparently was killed by the ghost of Pugnax (a gladiator) on his way to the party.
Marcus, Roman citizen, brother of Quartus.
Quartus, Roman citizen, brother of Marcus.
Sulla, a scribe who finds himself in the middle of a feud between Marcus and Quartus. In the 5th edition, Marcus and Quartus were removed, their feud was replaced by an argument between Quintus and Lucia.
Julius, friend of Caecilius.
Marcus Holconius Rufus, politician and patron of Pompeii, supported by Caecilius .
Milo, a very famous athlete. Quintus breaks his statue's nose with a discus.
Rufilla, Gaius Salvius Liberalis' wife, a relative of Quintus' who invites him to stay with them in Britain.
Bregans, a lazy British slave who gets in trouble for not working.
Loquax, slave known for singing.
Anti-Loquax, twin of Loquax, known for dancing.
Volubilis, Egyptian cook, slave of Salvius.
Varica, Salvius' slave manager.
Philus, learned slave of Salvius.
Domitilla, deceptive slave-girl of Rufilla.
Barbillus, a wealthy Alexandrian and a friend of Caecilius. He is based on the historical Tiberius Claudius Balbilus, a court astronomer to the emperors Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian.
Eutychus, a mob boss in Alexandria, whom Clemens runs out of the city.
Rufus, Barbillus' son and heir, searched for by Quintus.
Eupor, Rufus's Greek friend.
Lucius Marcius Memor, a lazy, greedy, obese haruspex whom Salvius coerces into his plot to murder Cogidubnus.
Cephalus, Memor's assistant.
Modestus, a simple, clumsy, Roman soldier stationed in Britain.
Strythio, a friend and fellow soldier of Modestus.
Vilbia, native Briton, admirer of Modestus.
Bulbus, admirer of Vilbia.
Vitellia, wife of Haterius and sister of Rufilla.
Glitus, supervisor of the craftsmen working under Haterius.
Euphrosyne, a Greek philosopher.
Paris, a pantomime actor.
Myropnous, a dwarf pipe player, friend of Paris.
Domitia, his wife, in an affair with Paris.
Epaphroditus, a freedman of the emperor.
Manius Acilius Glabrio, aristocrat.
Gaius Helvidius Lupus, his friend.
Martial, a famous poet.
Sparsus, senator.
Clemens, a relative of the emperor.
Flavia, his wife.
Polla, their daughter, in love with Helvidius but betrothed to Sparsus.
Titus, their son, made heir to the emperor.
Publius, their other son, also made heir to the emperor.
In popular culture
The popularity of the Cambridge Latin Course is such that the series has been indirectly referenced in television. The ancillary characters Caecilius, Metella and Quintus in the Doctor Who episode "The Fires of Pompeii" are loosely based on those from the Cambridge Latin Course. In the opening episode of series four of Being Human, the "Vampire Recorder" blurts out words from Book One of the Cambridge Latin Course (""), as part of the general nonsense he is chanting whilst pretending to perform a sacrificial ceremony.
Grumio is the name of the slave in the TV series Plebs, and characters named Metella and Flavia also appear.
See also
Minimus — A Latin textbook for younger students, also published by the Cambridge Schools Classics Project.
References
External links
Latin textbooks
Book series introduced in 1970
Cambridge University Press books
20th-century Latin books
Fiction set in 1st-century Roman Empire
Fiction set in Roman Britain
Pompeii in popular culture
Alexandria in fiction
Cultural depictions of Domitian
Slavery in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Latin%20Course |
An ink ribbon or inked ribbon is an expendable assembly serving the function of transferring pigment to paper in various devices for impact printing. Since such assemblies were first widely used on typewriters, they were often called typewriter ribbons, but ink ribbons were already in use with other printing and marking devices. Ink ribbons are part of standard designs for hand- or motor-driven typewriters, teleprinters, stenotype machines, computer-driven printers, and many mechanical calculators. Thousands of varieties of ink ribbons and ribbon cartridges have been produced, and are available from stationery suppliers.
Description
The prototypical assembly consists of a length of a medium, either pigment-impregnated woven ribbon or pigment-coated polymer tape, and a transport mechanism involving two axles. At any given moment, most of the length of the medium is wound as a close-spaced spiral around one axle or the other, tight enough for friction among turns to make it behave mostly like a solid cylinder. Rotation of the axles moves the ribbon or tape after each impact and usually aids in maintaining tension along the roughly straight-line path of the medium between the axles. The assembly may itself include mechanisms that control the tension in the temporarily unwound portion of the medium, or the typewriter/printer ribbon-advance mechanism may control the tension.
Some typewriter ribbons have two different colored pigments (usually black and red) running in parallel along the length of the ribbon. These ribbons are used with typewriters which have a selection lever ("bichrome ribbon switch") to slightly raise or lower the ribbon, so the typebars will print either color, as desired.
Multi-strike (fabric) ribbons
Woven fabric typewriter ribbons were the first kind to be developed. With them, the pigment is an ink that dries on typing paper but not on the ribbon, and the ribbon is mounted at each end to a flanged reel whose hub engages with one of the axles. Only the axle onto which the ribbon is winding is driven, and the ribbon assembly is intended to work with an axle-driving mechanism that reverses the direction of rotation when the undriven axle reaches the point where there is almost no ribbon left wound around it.
Thus, the full length of the ribbon shuttles back and forth between reels, and each position along it is struck twice in each cycle of the ribbon's motion (once in the right-to-left phase and once in the left-to-right). This process can proceed indefinitely, until a depleting ink supply causes the typed characters to become unacceptably faint. Reversal of the ribbon was often controlled manually in early machines, but automatic reversal mechanisms became popular later.
An operator who judges a ribbon's ink supply to be too depleted typically manually winds the whole ribbon onto the fuller reel, releasing it from the empty one, and discarding the ribbon and the reel it is wound on. It is replaced with a new ribbon that is purchased already wound on a single compatible reel. Typically the attachment between reel and ribbon involves one grommet at each end of the ribbon that pierces the ribbon and engages with a hook on the hub of the corresponding reel. There often is a small grommet or eyelet near each end of the ribbon, which activates an automatic ribbon-reversal feature of the ribbon-advance mechanism.
An alternative design encloses two pre-threaded spools within a single disposable ribbon cartridge, eliminating the need to manually thread a messy ink ribbon. Cartridge designs are often used with higher-speed automatic printers, or ribbons with multiple inks used for color printing. Heavy-duty high-speed line printers may use wider ink ribbons, ranging up to the full width of a 132-column printout, nominally .
Another alternative design omits the spools, and simply stuffs inked ribbon into a plastic box through a narrow vertical slot, pulling it out the other end as needed. The box and ribbon are proportioned to avoid tangling inside the box. The ends of the ribbon are joined in an endless loop, so that a ribbon reversing mechanism is not needed. Some of these spool-less cartridge designs make a half-twist in the ribbon before joining it up into a loop, resulting in a Mobius strip. This is done as a method to distribute wear and ink depletion more evenly throughout the ribbon, to make it last longer.
Ink-depleted fabric ribbons can be re-inked to allow re-use, but this may be a messy procedure; many used fabric ribbons are instead discarded, along with the spool which they were wound around, or as part of a cartridge assembly. The de facto standard width of typewriter ribbons is , but some ribbon spools are no longer manufactured, requiring owners of vintage machines to re-ink used ribbons and/or to re-spool new ribbon onto their vintage spools.
Single-pass (polymer) ribbons
The IBM Selectric typewriter required ribbons of polymer (plastic) tape and popularized their use, even with other manufacturers. This type of ribbon is sometimes called a "carbon ribbon".
With this newer medium, the entire impacted area of the pigment coating adheres to the paper and transfers from the ribbon, producing typed copy with greater uniformity of character shape, reflecting a sharper contrast between the unmarked paper and the pigmented characters compared to cloth ribbons. This produces a clearer, easier-to-read printed image which looks more "professional" in printed documents.
However, the full-depth transfer of the pigment renders multiple passes over the same length of the ribbon unworkable, so the assembly is discarded after a single pass through its length. Because polymer tape is much thinner and more easily tangled than cloth ribbon, it usually is packaged in an enclosed cartridge with two spools, eliminating the need to manually thread a delicate ribbon onto an empty spool.
Deducing what has been typed by inspection of the used ribbon is far more practicable and reliable than with a cloth ribbon, so some users ensure secure destruction (shredding) of discarded one-time ribbons in order to prevent unintended disclosure of typed documents.
History
There were many different schemes to supply ink to early typewriters, including ink-soaked rollers, ink pads, and rubberized cloth strips. Eventually, ink ribbons emerged as the de facto standard method of supplying ink for impact printers of all types.
References
Typewriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink%20ribbon |
City of Angels may refer to:
Places
Angeles City
Angelópolis, Colombia
Angels Camp, California, a city in Calaveras County, California, United States
Bangkok, Thailand, whose abbreviated Thai name Krung Thep literally means "City of Angels"
Kiryat Malakhi, a city in Southern District, Israel
Los Angeles, United States, widely nicknamed "City of Angels" ("the angels" is the literal translation in Spanish of "Los Ángeles")
Puebla (city), Mexico, formerly known as Puebla de los Ángeles, and popularly known as Ciudad de los Ángeles or Angelópolis (City of the Angels)
Angelópolis (Puebla), a commercial and residential area in the city
Toruń, Poland, name comes from city coat of arms, which includes the Angel
Film, soundtracks and stage
City of Angels (film), a 1998 American film starring Meg Ryan and Nicolas Cage
City of Angels (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 1998 film
The Crow: City of Angels, a 1996 American film starring Vincent Perez and Iggy Pop
City of Angels (musical), a musical comedy which ran on Broadway from 1989 to 1992
Music
Albums
City of Angels (The Miracles album), 1975
City of Angels, a 1988 album by Akiko Kobayashi
City of Angels (Vanessa Amorosi album), 2022
Songs
"City of Angels" (24kGoldn song), 2020
"City of Angels" (Thirty Seconds to Mars song), 2013
"City of Angels", a song by 10,000 Maniacs from their 1987 album In My Tribe
"City of Angels", a song by Above the Law from the soundtrack for The Crow: City of Angels
"City of Angels", a song by Demi Lovato from Holy Fvck, 2022
"City of Angels", a song by The Distillers from their album Sing Sing Death House
"City of the Angels", a 1980 song by Journey from their album Evolution
"City of Angels", a song by Miguel from his 2017 album War & Leisure
"City of Angels", a song by Nik Kershaw from his 1984 album The Riddle
"City of Angels", a song by Wang Chung from their 1985 album To Live and Die in L.A. (soundtrack)
"Under the Bridge", a 1991 song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, often mistakenly named "City of Angels"
"In the City of Angels", a 1962 song by Harold Adamson and Jimmy McHugh, In the City of Angels a theme song that Vin Scully used title in his Sept. 9, 1965 broadcast of Sandy Koufax's perfect game."
Television
City of Angels (1976 TV series), a short-lived television series starring Wayne Rogers as a private detective in 1930s Los Angeles on NBC
City of Angels (2000 TV series), a short-lived medical drama set in modern-day Los Angeles on CBS in 2000
"City of Angels" (Glee), an episode of Glee
"City Of", the premiere episode of the TV series Angel, mislabeled "City of Angels" on some DVDs
Penny Dreadful: City of Angels, 2020 American dark fantasy series
Other uses
City of Angels FC, a semi-professional soccer club based in Los Angeles, United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Angels |
Within artificial intelligence and operations research for constraint satisfaction a hybrid algorithm solves a constraint satisfaction problem by the combination of two different methods, for example variable conditioning (backtracking, backjumping, etc.) and constraint inference (arc consistency, variable elimination, etc.)
Hybrid algorithms exploit the good properties of different methods by applying them to problems they can efficiently solve. For example, search is efficient when the problem has many solutions, while inference is efficient in proving unsatisfiability of overconstrained problems.
Cycle cutset inference/search algorithm
This hybrid algorithm is based on running search over a set of variables and inference over the other ones. In particular, backtracking or some other form of search is run over a number of variables; whenever a consistent partial assignment over these variables is found, inference is run over the remaining variables to check whether this partial assignment can be extended to form a solution.
On some kinds of problems, efficient and complete inference algorithms exist. For example, problems whose primal or dual graphs are trees or forests can be solved in polynomial time. This affect the choice of the variables evaluated by search. Indeed, once a variable is evaluated, it can effectively removed from the graph, restricting all constraints it is involved with its value. Alternatively, an evaluated variable can be replaced by a number of distinct variables, one for each constraint, all having a single-value domain.
This mixed algorithm is efficient if the search variables are chosen so that duplicating or deleting them turns the problem into one that can be efficiently solved by inference. In particular, if these variables form a cycle cutset of the graph of the problem, inference is efficient because it has to solve a problem whose graph is a tree or, more generally, a forest. Such an algorithm is as follows:
find a cycle cutset of the graph of the problem
run search on the variables of the cutset
when a consistent partial assignment to all variables are found,
replace each variable of the cutset with a new variable for each constraint;
set the domains of these new variables to the value of the old variable in the partial assignment
solve the problem using inference
The efficiency of this algorithm depends on two contrasting factors. On the one hand, the smaller the cutset, the smaller the subproblem to be solved by search; since inference is efficient on trees, search is the part that mostly affects efficiency. On the other hand, finding a minimal-size cutset is a hard problem. As a result, a small cycle cutset may be used instead of a minimal one.
Another alternative to reduce the running time of search is to place more burden on the inference part. In particular, inference can be relatively efficient even if the problem graph is not a forest but a graph of small induced width. This can be exploited by doing search on a set of variables that is not a cycle cutset but leaves the problem, once removed, to be have induced width bounded by some value . Such set of variables is called a -cutset of the problem.
The induced width of a graph after a set of variables is removed is called adjusted induced width. Therefore, the induced width adjusted relative to a cutset is always . Finding a minimal-size -cutset is in general hard. However, a -cutset of non-minimal size can be found easily for a fixed order of the variables. In particular, such a cutset will leave a remaining graph of width bounded by according to that particular order of the variables.
The algorithm for finding such a cutset proceed by mimicking the procedure for finding the induced graph of a problem according to the considered order of the variables (this procedure proceeds from the last node in the ordering to the first, adding an edge between every pair of unconnected parents of every node). Whenever this procedure would find or make a node having more than parents, the node is removed from the graph and added to the cutset. By definition, the resulting graph contains no node of width greater than , and the set of removed nodes is therefore a -cutset.
An alternative to using this algorithm is to let search evaluate variables, but check at each step whether the remaining graph is a forest, and run inference if this is the case. In other words, instead of finding a set of variables at the beginning and use only them during search, the algorithm starts as a regular search; at each step, if the assigned variables form a cutset of the problem, inference is run to check satisfiability. This is feasible because checking whether a given set of nodes is a cutset for a fixed is a polynomial problem.
Tree decomposition hybrid algorithm
Another hybrid search/inference algorithm works on the tree decomposition. In general, a constraint satisfaction problem can be solved by first creating a tree decomposition and then using a specialized algorithm.
One such algorithm is based on first propagating constraints among nodes, and then solving the subproblem in each node. This propagation consists in creating new constraints that represent the effects of the constraints in a node over a joined node. More precisely, if two nodes are joined, they share variables. The allowed evaluations of these variables according to the constraints of the first node tell how the first node affects the variables of the second node. The algorithm works by creating the constraint satisfied by these evaluations and incorporating this new constraint in the second node.
When all constraints have been propagated from the leaves to the root and back to the root, all nodes contain all constraints that are relevant to them. The problem can therefore be solved in each node.
A hybrid approach can be taken by using variable elimination for creating the new constraints that are propagated within nodes, and a search algorithm (such as backtracking, backjumping, local search) on each individual node.
References
Constraint programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20algorithm%20%28constraint%20satisfaction%29 |
Falcon Lodge () is the area of Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, West Midlands, England, covered in predominantly council houses forming the Falcon Lodge Estate. It is located between Whitehouse Common and Reddicap Heath. To the west of the estate lies Rectory Park. It forms part of the edge of the Sutton Coldfield conurbation and the English countryside.
The estate takes its name from the house built on newly enclosed common land in 1820. In 1852 the estate comprised some of meadow, pasture and arable land. In 1937 the Sutton Coldfield Corporation acquired the house and land for £39,500 for the provision of local authority housing. The resultant Falcon Lodge estate was built between 1948-1956, with the original house still standing and occupied by a family of tenants, including Annie Smith, until 1954.
There are two secondary schools opposite each other: John Willmott School and Fairfax Academy. The road (Fairfax Road) on which Fairfax School lies acts as the border of the estate. There is also a primary school called Newhall (formerly Springfield School) and Langley School on Lindridge Road (a special needs school). This was demolished in 2010. Woodington Infants School, just off Woodington Road was demolished in 2007/2008.
The estate and surrounding area is served by several local Christian churches including St Chads (Anglican) on Hollyfield Road; Falcon Lodge Methodist Church on Newdigate Road; Falcon Lodge Chapel(Evangelical), Reddicap Heath Road; Holy Cross and St Francis (Catholic), Springfield Road. Sutton Christian Centre(Pentecostal) uses Falcon Lodge Community Centre for their main meetings and Falcon Lodge Chapel for their youth activities. Other denominations are represented with Jehovah's Witnesses Kingdom Hall in Springfield Road and the Seventh Day Adventist Church meet at Falcon Lodge Community Centre. Second Thoughts is a church-sponsored community shop and information centre operating from shop premises on Churchill Parade.
The estate is split by a small stream, Churchill Brook, along which Churchill Road is situated. This road is the main route used by National Express West Midlands buses travelling through the estate. The stream flows into Langley Brook, a tributary of the River Tame, whose waters flow, via the River Trent and the Humber, into the North Sea.
The Falcon Lodge area is served by the Sutton Trinity electoral ward which came into being in 2004. The area has a row of shops running along Churchill Road and a community centre, offering classes and activities for young and old. There is also an intergenerational community music programme, Live In The Lodge, which runs throughout the year for local residents and school children, featuring a community choir, weekly instrumental classes and workshops, and professional guest performances in the Community Centre.
References
Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands
Sutton Coldfield | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon%20Lodge |
Kulachi (کلاچی) is a city named after the Kulachi Baloch tribe and is the headquarter of Kulachi Tehsil (an administrative subdivision) of Dera Ismail Khan District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at at an altitude of 209 metres (688 feet).
Economy
Kulachi is an agricultural city. The area lies at the foot of the Sulaiman Range and hence is irrigated by flood water from Sulaiman Mountains. The system of irrigation is called Rod Kohi, a system of mountain channels or hill-torrents inundating the whole valley of Damaan ("Rod" means "channel" and "Koh" means "mountain" in Persian). The Rod Kohi system based on "Kulyat Riwajat" (Fromulae and Traditions) governed the irrigation system ever since the Pathan tribes had moved into Damaan. The British officers reduced all these to writing during their Land Settlemts in the later part of 19th century. The Bolton Irrigation Notes of 1908 are still considered as the Bible of Rod Kohi Irrigation. The city population consists of two major ethnic groups, the Pushtuns and the Baloch who mostly speak Saraiki.
Demographics
According to census 2017, population of Kulachi Tehsil is 101892 whereas population of Kulachi city is 24753.
Notes
External links
https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/dera_ismail_khan/60704__kulachi/
Populated places in Dera Ismail Khan District
Cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulachi |
Itaqui is a municipality in Brazil, located in the southwestern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, close to the Argentinian border, between Uruguaiana and São Borja. It sits at a mean altitude of 57 meters (187 ft), by the Uruguay River. Its population is currently estimated at 37,489.
Geography
The municipality contains part of the São Donato Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit created in 1975 that protects an area of wetlands on the Butuí River, a tributary of the Uruguay River.
Politics
The city's first mayor was Felipe Nery de Aguiar, (1896–1900).
History
The city's inhabitant demonym is Itaquiense / Gaúcho.
The city's patron saint is Saint Patrick.
Arts
Theater Prezewodowski History
Theatro Prezewodowski, or Teatro Prezewodowski, was built in 1883 and is one of the oldest in South America. It is constructed of masonry, with a façade 15 meters high—an important characteristic being the mobile auditorium, which, with a special mechanism, puts the main floor level with the stage, for balls and other types of events. The façade above the main entrance is decorated with an entrance porch with two Roman columns. Windows are on either side of this main entrance on the ground and first floor levels, and the first floor has two doors with fences of iron.
The name of the Theater is a hommage to Estanisláo Przewodowski, who fought in the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) and was of Polish-descendant, (he was born in Bahia) and then leader of the Flotilla of the High, Uruguay River, unit of the Brazilian Navy, that was anchored here in the waters of the Uruguay River in Itaqui, during approximately 40 years. The Prezewodowski Theater is situated in front of the "Square Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca" and at the side of the Municipal City hall.
During many years the theater had been the scene of stage plays of great international theatrical companies, that played in Brazil, in the axis Porto Alegre-São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro, and then going on to Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Due to the ease of the river travel, these European companies always played in Itaqui's Theater, giving to the city the nickname of "Small Paris." Not only the foreign companies were attractions at the Theater, the biggest names of the Brazilian stage also have played in it, such as Prócopio Ferreira, Maria de La Costa, Nicete Bruno, Wilson Grey, Vicente Celestino and others famous artists from Teatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro).
With the advent of the Second World War, that prevented the coming of theatrical companies to Brazil, the Theater went into decay.
The city administered the Theater until 1928, when the cinematographic entrepreneur Manoel Barbosa leased it monthly for R$350,000 réis. In 1931, it was leased to another entrepreneur, Mr. Eduardo Corbacho for the equivalent 10% of the incomes of the spectacles, with a minimum guarantee of R$300,000 réis. In 1933 the company Contursi & Cia leased it for the monthly value of R$600,000 réis, with the obligation to make it function at least four times per month, on condition that solo artists or the city's artists played in it.
In 1942, the building was sold at public auction, as a result of an action moved by a shareholder, who desired to recover the value of capital that she had subscribed. The building was bought in the auction by the city's medic and politician Dr. Roque Degrazia, who later, for the same price that he had paid, sold it on to the city's administration, which is still today the owner of its patrimony.
Economy
Agriculture
Itaqui is the second largest rice producer of the state, and CAMIL INC. is the largest rice producer of Latin America. It uses the brand name of CAMIL in rice, soya oil and beans that it produces. The company was created in Itaqui in the 60s, and has expanded its operations to São Paulo, Uruguay and the city of Camaquã and Maçambara.
Together with Itaqui's branch, JOSAPAR INC., from the city of Pelotas, it is the producer of 'TIO JOÃO' brand name rice and is the 2nd major rice industry of Latin America.
References
The 2002's book "ITAQUI", by Iara Maria Pazetto Rossi.
The photo "Sundown at Uruguai River seen from the Port of Itaqui/RS" was shot by Belmiro Elói Bittencourt da Rosa on 24-apr-2005 05:40.
External links
English
The Jesuit Missions (REDUCCIONES) in South America.
The Jesuit Missions in South America
Cirque du Soleil – Helen Ball, Cinthia Beranek, Raquel Karro, Susanna Defraia Scalas, Zoey Tedstill, and Stella Umeh performed their serpentine-like gyrations on a trapeze ...
Raquel Karro's Photo
Portuguese
Itaqui - 1° R.C.MEC. – First Regiment of Mechanized Cavalry
Itaqui – New and old photos of Itaqui
Composer and writer João Sampaio
Composer and singer Elton Saldanha
Cattle and rice
The Italians of Itaqui, text by Manoelito de Ornellas Manoelito de Ornellas
O mensário "Cruz Alta em Revista" publica, em 1929, "Chico: um conto de Natal" que, por insistência do jornalista Prado Júnior, Erico havia consentido. O colega de boticário e escritor Manoelito de Ornellas envia ao editor da "Revista do Globo", em Porto Alegre, os contos "Ladrão de gado" e "A tragédia dum homem gordo", onde, aprovadas, foram publicadas.
1913, Lendas do Sul by J. Simões Lopes Neto (in Portuguese)
Movimento Tradionalista Gaúcho
Página do Gaúcho
Teatro Prezewodowski de 1883
Rádio Cruzeiro do Sul – AM – 3am until 9pm GMT
Rádio Pitangueira – AM
Rádio Pitangueira – FM
Rádio Liberdade – FM
Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul
Uruguay River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaqui |
The (; ) is a style of polyphonic folk singing characteristic of the island of Sardinia (Italy's second largest island), particularly the region of Barbagia, though some other Sardinian sub-regions bear examples of such tradition.
In 2005, UNESCO proclaimed the to be an example of intangible cultural heritage.
Etymology
The word is not to be confused with the word "tenor" as a simple description of vocal register; it refers to the actual style of folk singing and is distinguished from other similar styles called by different names in different places on the island, such as in Gallura and in Logudoro .
In the Barbagia region on the island of Sardinia, there are two different styles of polyphonic singing:
, usually a form of sacred music, sung with regular voices, and , usually a form of profane music, marked by the use of overtone singing.
Technique
is traditionally practised by groups of four male singers standing in a close circle. Each singer has a distinct role, here listed in descending pitch order—form a chorus (another meaning of ):
or (pronounced /oke/ or /boke/, 'voice') is the solo voice
or is the 'half voice'
is the 'counter'
as 'bass'
The sings the same note sung by the , and a fifth above the . The and the sing in a regular voice, whereas the and the sing with a technique affecting the larynx.
The sings a poetic text in Sardinian, which can be of epic, historic, satirical, amorous or even protest genre. The chorus consists of nonsense syllables (for example bim-bam-boo).
According to popular tradition, imitates the sound of wind, while the imitates a sheep bleating and the a cow lowing.
The solo voice starts a monodic vocal line and is then joined by the others as he indicates to them to join in.
The effect is somewhat that of a round except that the points where the other singers join in vary and, thus, the harmonies vary from version to version. The execution differs in details between each of the villages where a is sung to such an extent that the village can be immediately recognized.
Tradition
Although nowadays and are performed only by men, memories remain of a time where women groups performed as well, following the matriarchal tradition of Sardinia. According to some anthropologists, was performed back in Nuragic times.
Some of the most well known groups who perform are and .
Notes
References
Cited in .
Listening
Tenore singers on a mountain
See also
Throat singing
External links
The Oral Tradition of the a Tenore Song, an expression of Intangible heritage of the Sardinian pastoral culture
Sardinian Music - Buy Sardinian Music
Tenores.org
Italian folk music
Music in Sardinia
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
A cappella
Four-part harmony | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantu%20a%20tenore |
Cuneglasus (fl. 540) was a prince of Rhos in Gwynedd, Wales, in the late 5th or early 6th century. He was castigated for various sins by Gildas in De Excidio Britanniae. The Welsh form Cynlas Goch is attested in several genealogies of the Rhos royal line. The two names are assumed to refer to the same ruler.
Cuneglasus and Gildas
Cuneglasus is one of the five "tyrants" of Britain denounced by Gildas in his c. early sixth-century C.E. work On the Ruin of Britain. Gildas says of him:
"You bear, you rider and ruler of many, and guider of the chariot which is the receptacle of the bear"
"You contempter of God and vilifier of his order"
"You tawny butcher, as in the Latin tongue thy name signifies"
one who raises war against men, indeed against his own countrymen, as well as against God
one who has "thrown out of doors your wife" and lustfully desires "her detestable sister who had vowed unto God, the everlasting chastity of widowhood".
The first phrase is notably obscure. The Latin ("container; refuge") would literally describe a bear's lair or cage, which seems unlikely. Bartrum gives the translation as "driver of a chariot belonging to a bear's den". Those seeking an identification of Arthur with Cuneglasus's putative father Owain have seen it as reference to Cuneglasus's guiding the chariot containing his father's casket. In 1918, historian Arthur Wade-Evans theorized that the "bear's den" was actually the township of Dinerth in Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Rhos-on-Sea). The name "Dinerth" can be translated to a "bear's fortress". Excavations undertaken in 1997 by David Longley for the Gwynedd Archaeological Trust revealed an early medieval fortress with a "massive, well-built" wall of quarried limestone standing high and fronted by a rampart of of rubble. The phrase would then serve as a punning reference to the main court of Cuneglasus.
As for the final entry, Gildas does not mention the name of either of the two sisters, and their names do not survive in other sources.
Welsh genealogies
According to Peter Bartrum (1907-2008), Cuneglasus is typically identified with a figure known in Welsh sources as Cynlas Goch, and there is little doubt about this identification. Cynlas appears in the genealogies of the kings of Rhos, in Gwynedd, as a son of Owain Danwyn and a father of Maig. The relationship is attested in the Harleian genealogies (HG), the Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20 (JC), and the Achau Brenhinoedd a Thywysogion Cymru (ABT). However the JC disagrees with the other sources on the exact relationship between the three men. Cynlas' cognomen, "Goch", is only mentioned in the ABT. This is also the only source which specifically connects him with Rhos.
The Bonedd y Saint, a genealogy of British saints, mentions other children of Owain Danwyn and apparent siblings of Cynlas. They included the saints Einion Frenin, Seiriol and Meirion, and in some versions, Hawystl Gloff. The Welsh genealogies also mention a brother of Owain Danwyn and paternal uncle to Cynlas: Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion. Maelgwn is known as a son of Cadwallon, and consequently a paternal cousin of Cynlas.
Cynlas may have been the eponymous figure behind the ancient township of Cynlas, located in Llandderfel, Penllyn.
A grave of Cynlas is mentioned in a 1745 source, as located in Bangor Church, Caernarvonshire (Caernarfonshire).
References
Sources
See also
Kings of Wales family trees
Monarchs of Rhos
6th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
6th-century Welsh people
6th-century Welsh monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneglasus |
The Belvedere auf dem Klausberg is a building in Sanssouci Park in Potsdam, Germany erected in 1770–72 using Georg Christian Unger's plans.
Architecture
Georg Christian Unger based his plans on a drawing by the Italian archeologist Francesco Bianchini from his 1738 volume Del Palazzo de' Cesari. Biancini had tried to reconstruct the Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill in ancient Rome. The only sources he used were ancient writers, parts of the ruins, and an inscription of a building with fountains on a coin he found in the Nero-erected market marcelum magnum in Rome. The ancient gold piece shows an enclosed room, an open rotunda with a vaulted ceiling, and attached on both sides to open walkways.
Exterior structure
Like the Fountain temple of the ancients, the Belvedere also has a round floor plan. The enclosed building is surrounded on the lower level by a platform with twenty ionic columns. They are supported in turn with twenty corinthian columns on the upper level. This column ring opens to the west and to the east through balcony-like attachments.
The dome over the vaulted ceiling is decorated with the statues of twenty figures of divinities made out of sandstone, which were finished in different sculptors' workshops. Through the eight arched french doors, light enters the building's two rooms, one on top of the other. The upper room can only be reached by the stairs, while the lower room has a door between the stairs on the platform.
Interior space
The lower room has not yet been restored since the destruction of 1945. In the 18th century, its decorations included a walls of white Silesian marble and vases of red jasper between, as well as above, the french doors. The trapezoid-shaped grey marble slabs of the floor formed an eight-pointed star in the center of the room.
The star motif from the floor was continued on the vaulted ceiling, where white marble framing the ceiling tapered off in the middle. The room's simple furnishings consisted of 16 carved gilt chairs with red leather seats.
In the upper, restored, room, the walls are covered with soft green marble (celadon), which makes the light shimmer light blue. There are gilt ornaments of plaster bordering the french windows. The parquet floors form trapezoids made up of different kinds of wood. The ceiling, painted by Karl Christian Wilhelm Baron and Friedrich Wilhelm Bock, was covered with clouds and different kinds of birds; it was reconstructed using an old black-and-white photo. Here too the furniture consisted of 16 carved gilt chairs, which had green leather cushions to match the walls.
References
External links
Belvedere on the Klausberg -
Belvedere - Potsdam Sanssouci Park
Buildings and structures in Potsdam
Sanssouci Park
Museums in Potsdam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere%20auf%20dem%20Klausberg |
Catholic High School Petaling Jaya (CHSPJ), more commonly known as SMJK Katholik or 公教中学 in Mandarin is a co-educational government Catholic missionary school in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, formerly recognised as a Cluster School of Excellence by the Malaysian Ministry of Education. Founded in 1956 by Philippe Wu of the Marist Brothers. It has approximately 3000 students.
Transportation
Taman Jaya LRT station
Extracurricular activities
Sports
The team finished second in the All-Girls category in Cheer 2015. In Cheer 2018, Calyx All Girls from SMJK Katholik won the top prize.
Music and dance
SMJK Katholik won the 2005 National Level High School Brass Band Competition held in Penang. Education Ministry general Tan Sri said SMJK Katholik had set a very high standard in brass performance for others to use as a benchmark.
Business
In 2016, a team from CHS was inaugurated as national champions in the FedEx-Amcham International Trade Challenge,
Notable alumni
William Cheng - Chairman of The Lion Group
Edmund Yeo 杨毅恒 - film director
Xandria Ooi - Hitz.tv VJ, journalist, emcee, host
Koe Yeet 高艺 - Malaysian artist-singer
Yeoh Li Tian - National chess player
Victor Gu 胡渐彪 - National debater, politician, host
Fong Kui Lun 方贵伦 - Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Bukit Bintang, Chairman of the Catholic High School Alumni Association
References
External links
SMJK Schools in Malaysia (SMJK Katholik)
Catholic High School official page
SMJK Web Portal 2.0
Secondary schools in Malaysia
Secondary schools in Selangor
Chinese-language schools in Malaysia
1956 establishments in Malaya
Educational institutions established in 1956
Catholic schools in Malaysia
Marist Brothers schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20High%20School%2C%20Petaling%20Jaya |
Pierre Poussines () (1609–1686) was a French Jesuit and scholar.
His works include the publication of Francis Xavier's Letters, in seven books, from 1667. He made editions of some classical authors, including Anna Comnena, and also a translation, Specimen Sapientiae Indorum Veterum (1666), of the Panchatantra.
1609 births
1686 deaths
Jesuit historiography
17th-century French Jesuits
French scholars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Poussines |
For computer network security, stealth wallpaper is a material designed to prevent an indoor Wi-Fi network from extending or "leaking" to the outside of a building, where malicious persons may attempt to eavesdrop or attack a network. While it is simple to prevent all electronic signals from passing through a building by covering the interior with metal, stealth wallpaper accomplishes the more difficult task of blocking Wi-Fi signals while still allowing cellphone signals to pass through.
The first stealth wallpaper was originally designed by UK defense contractor BAE Systems
In 2012, The Register reported that a commercial wallpaper had been developed by Institut Polytechnique Grenoble and the Centre Technique du Papier with planned sale in 2013. This wallpaper blocks three selected Wi-Fi frequencies. Nevertheless, it does allow GSM and 4G signals to pass through the network, therefore allowing cell phone use to remain unaffected by the wallpaper.
See also
Electromagnetic shielding
Faraday cage
TEMPEST
Wallpaper
Wireless security
References
External links
Azcom: Stealth Wallpaper Prevents Wi-Fi Signals Escaping without Blocking Mobile Phone Signals
The Register: Wifi Blocking Wallpaper
BAE Systems research and development
Computer network security
Wi-Fi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth%20wallpaper |
Reflections (A Retrospective) is the first greatest hits album by American R&B singer Mary J. Blige, released in Europe on December 1, 2006, and in the United States on December 12 by Geffen Records. The album hasn't been certified by the RIAA but has sold 900,000 (according to the December 2009 Billboard magazine issue) copies in the United States. The album has also sold an estimated 140,000 in the United Kingdom despite only reaching a peak of number forty—this was due to consistent sales of 40k+ over the Christmas weeks. As of May 25, 2008 worldwide sales are 1,381,376.
History
Reflections (A Retrospective) was originally scheduled for release in November 2005 with the title Reminisce... Until the Breakthrough before the decision was made by Blige and Geffen Records to delay the release in favor of the new studio album, The Breakthrough. New songs that were due to appear on Reminisce—"Be Without You", "One", "MJB da MVP", and "Can't Hide from Luv"—were all transferred to the new album and the release date for the greatest hits was rescheduled to the spring of 2006. However, due to the commercial success of The Breakthrough, the release of Reminisce never materialized. In October 2006, Geffen Records announced that the project would finally be released on December 4, 2006 in the UK and December 12, 2006 in the U.S., under the title of Reflections (A Retrospective).
New material
Although Reflections (A Retrospective) is a retrospective collection of songs, writer Bryan-Michael Cox, who co-wrote and produced Blige's record-breaking single "Be Without You", confirmed that the release would feature four new songs, which includes the single "We Ride (I See the Future)" as well as "Reflections (I Remember)", "You Know", and "King & Queen", a duet with John Legend. The new material was originally intended to be part of a repackaged version of The Breakthrough to be released towards late 2006, but was transferred to the greatest hits release instead.
Also, on the back cover of the album (UK/International editions), track #17: the hit single "One" with U2, although it says (Mary J. Blige and U2), it is actually a solo version with U2 singing the chorus. Blige also sings the first part of the song, originally sung by Bono. This solo version is exclusive to the album, the original version with U2 (Bono's vocals) is on The Breakthrough.
Critical reception
Robert Sandall, writing for The Telegraph, felt that the "18-track résumé of the career of the 21st century's first lady of soul intends to deviate from the greatest-hits formula is clear from the start. The first four tracks are brand new and as strong as any of the more familiar stuff to come." musicOMH editor Neil Jones found that "Blige is undoubtedly one of the fascinating figures of modern pop culture, so even though there's more than a suspicion of Christmas cash-in here, and omissions are made, Reflections (A Retrospective) amply represents every extreme of her ouvre. It's a mixed bag that more than anything else highlights the differences between commercial and artistic creation, and as hip hop continues to veer towards the former, provides a pretty relevant story."
AllMusic's senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that the album "remains a completely enjoyable (if not completely satisfying) listen", going on to say that "Unfortunately, Reflections (A Retrospective) is nowhere close to being that straightforward. A mere handful of the top ten hits are included; while obvious picks [...] are present, a casual fan could rattle off just as many well-known songs that are not." Similarly, Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine noted that "the tracks previously unavailable on a Mary album make this a valuable purchase for diehard collectors, but it will be useless to more casual fans. The fact that Reflections might be one of the worst excuses for a greatest hits collection ever is a testament to the longevity and consistency of Mary's career."
Commercial performance
Reflections (A Retrospective) debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart, selling about 171,000 units in its first week. In addition, it peaked at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted and peaked at number forty only, but was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), for shipments of 60,000 copies.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
2006 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Eric Hudson
Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Mary J. Blige albums
Geffen Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections%20%28A%20Retrospective%29 |
The Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board was, from 1871 – 1919, a junior ministerial post in the United Kingdom subordinate to the President of the Local Government Board. The Local Government Board itself was established in 1871 and took in supervisory functions from the Board of Trade and the Home Office, including the Local Government Act Office that had been established by the Local Government Act 1858.
The position was abolished in June 1919, following the First World War, and the duties transferred to the new position of Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health.
Parliamentary Secretaries to the Local Government Board, 1871-1919
References
Health
Poor Law in Britain and Ireland
Defunct ministerial offices in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary%20Secretary%20to%20the%20Local%20Government%20Board |
Thomas Gibson Henderson (13 October 1887 – 14 August 1970) was an Independent unionist politician. He served in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland from 1925 to 1953 in vigorous opposition to the Unionist governments on all issues other than the partition of Ireland, and is famous for having at one stage spoken for nearly ten hours to outline his disagreements.
Early life
Henderson was born in Belfast at 12 Dundee Street and brought up in the Shankill Road area. He was the son of iron worker John Henderson and Mary Gribbon. He was educated at Jersey Street National School and Hampden Street National School, and worked as a housepainter and decorator. He was a strong trade unionist and Orangeman.
Political career
Early political career
Henderson was a member of the Irish Unionist Party and when the Unionists decided to establish the Ulster Unionist Labour Association to bolster their support with Protestant workers in 1918, he became a founder member and one of the leading personalities and very popular among the Shankill workers.
In 1920, he offered himself as a potential Unionist candidate for the House of Commons of Northern Ireland at the first election but was met by a patronising response from the Chairman of the selection meeting who looked down at him (Henderson was significantly below average height) in his ill-fitting and paint-spattered clothes and asked "What kind of a man are you?". Henderson left the meeting before the ballot, knowing he could not win and determined to show the Unionists exactly what kind of a man he was.
In 1923, Henderson was elected as an independent Unionist to Belfast City Council. He was to retain the seat until his death. At the 1925 election, he fought the Belfast North constituency and topped the poll with 10,306 first preference votes, the only candidate to have the electoral quota on the first count. From the 1929 election he was elected as member for Belfast Shankill.
Henderson distinguished himself at Stormont by becoming almost a one-man opposition to the Unionist government. He loudly spoke up on behalf of the working-class and criticised the government for defending the interests of the rich landowners. He was insistent that he was four-square behind them on the issue of the border and just as opposed to any land concessions to the Irish Free State. This did not prevent the Unionists using the fact that Henderson often voted with the Irish Nationalist members to imply that he agreed with them.
Appropriation Bill speech
The high point of Henderson's Parliamentary career came on 26 May 1936 when he decided to speak on the annual Appropriation Bill, a government measure which applied spending to each department and service. Henderson began speaking in the early afternoon, and after a short interruption for an opposition debate, resumed speaking in the evening. He went through each department listing the policies he disagreed with and attacking government policy, being sustained by glasses of water handed to him by the Northern Ireland Labour Party member in the next seat. By the time he sat down at 3:55 AM on 27 May, he had spoken for almost ten hours. The other members of the House had to stay to the end because the Bill was against its deadline to be passed. This was at that point the longest speech in any British Empire legislature.
During the Second World War
Henderson was a vocal critic of the Northern Ireland government's failure to put in place effective air raid precautions during the Second World War, which led to severe loss of life when Belfast was bombed on the night of 15 April 1941 (although he excluded the Minister of Public Security, John MacDermott from the criticism despite his technical responsibility). In an unconnected incident, he told of an occasion when the Marquess of Londonderry had invited him to a private room in the Grand Central Hotel in Belfast to discuss Germany. The Marquess, who was a leading Unionist who had held office in the United Kingdom government, was suspected of having pro-German sympathies.
Post-war
With Henderson's local support so high, the Unionists did not oppose him in the 1945 election. Likewise, he was left alone in 1949 when the issue of partition was made a total priority. However Henderson, despite his long years of experience, had now become less effective. At the 1953 election both the Northern Ireland Labour Party and the Unionists challenged him and he was defeated.
Henderson retained his seat on Belfast City Council (of which he had been High Sheriff in 1943). Reward for his dedication came with the award of Freeman of the City of Belfast from 1964.
See also
Filibuster
History of Northern Ireland
Parliament of Northern Ireland
References
The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882–1973: Its Development and Organisation by John F. Harbinson (Blackstaff Press, Belfast, 1973)
Biographies of Members of the Northern Ireland House of Commons by David Boothroyd
In Time of War: Ireland, Ulster and the Price of Neutrality 1939–45 by Robert Fisk (André Deutsch, 1983)
1887 births
1970 deaths
High Sheriffs of Belfast
Independent members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Irish Unionist Party politicians
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1925–1929
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1929–1933
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1933–1938
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1938–1945
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1945–1949
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1949–1953
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for Belfast constituencies
Members of Belfast City Council | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Henderson |
"Temperature" is the third worldwide and the second US single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). The song uses the dancehall riddim "Applause". Officially, there are two versions of the song, which only differ in their rhythm. The track was produced by Rohan "Snowcone" Fuller and received a positive reception from music critics. Released as the second US single in December 2005, the song reached 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 the following year to become Paul's third US No. 1 single. The single also reached the top 10 in Canada and France and the top 20 in Australia and the United Kingdom.
"Temperature" became Sean Paul's biggest hit single in the US. Even though it only spent one week at No. 1, "Temperature" showed extreme longevity on the Billboard Hot 100, spending 17 weeks in the top 10. Until Nelly Furtado and Timbaland's "Promiscuous", this was the longest run in the top 10 for a single in 2006.
Music video
The official music video was directed by Little X, in the video, Sean Paul is seen rapping with female backup dancers. The first dance sequence was with blowing leaves, centered in autumn. Then as weather gets cooler, Paul is in the snow while the thermometer freezing, centered in winter. The third sequence is in the rain, centered on spring. Finally, Paul at a tanning salon squirting sunscreen, centered on summer. There is evident sexual innuendo in the squirting of the lotion from the sunscreen bottles. At the end, Paul raps and is in a club while performing to the song "Breakout".
Track listings
US 12-inch single
A1. "Temperature" (album version) – 3:37
A2. "Temperature" (instrumental) – 3:37
B1. "Breakout" (album version) – 2:59
B2. "Breakout" (instrumental) – 2:59
Australian CD single
"Temperature" (album version)
"U a Pro"
"As Time Goes On"
European CD single
"Temperature" (album version)
"U a Pro"
UK CD1
"Temperature" (album version) – 3:37
"As Time Goes On" – 4:53
UK CD2
"Temperature" – 3:37
"As Time Goes On" – 4:53
"U a Pro" – 2:57
"Temperature" (video)
"Temperature" (Mytone ringtone)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
!scope="col" colspan="5"| Ringtone
|-
Release history
See also
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2006 (U.S.)
List of European number-one hits of 2006
References
External links
Sean Paul songs
2005 singles
2005 songs
Atlantic Records singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Music videos directed by Director X
Songs written by Sean Paul
VP Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature%20%28song%29 |
Texel International Airport is a small airport located north northeast of Den Burg on the island of Texel in the north of the Netherlands. It has a customs service to handle international flights making it an international airport, though no scheduled international flights take place from the airport as the name might suggest. Because of this, it has no IATA code assigned to it.
The airfield is mainly used by small piston engine aircraft, but turboprops such as the Fokker 50 and small jets such as the Cessna Citation can also land at Texel. A lit platform for helicopters is also available. The biggest aircraft ever at Texel Airport was the Fokker 100, the biggest helicopter was a Mil Mi-26.
One of the main activities on Texel Airport is skydiving.
The island itself is a popular tourist destination especially during summer and so a lot of private pilots come to the island for recreation. There is also a small museum showing the history of aviation on the island.
History
The airport was opened in 1937 under the name Vliegpark de Vlijt (Flying Park de Vlijt) as a joint military-civilian facility. It had been constructed as part of labour project to combat unemployment. KLM operated tourist flights to the new airfield using the Fokker F.XXXVI while the military based a number of aircraft.
At the start of the Second World War, the airfield came under attack by the German Luftwaffe, resulting in the destruction of 10 of the 25 based aircraft. Six Fokker D.XVII aircraft based at Texel as training aircraft were deployed against the invading Germans. The Dutch government surrendered quickly, however, and the airfield played no role of significance during the invasion. German troops captured the island and took control of the airfield, expanding it for their own use and naming it Fliegerhorst Texel. Concrete runways and taxiways were constructed, and numerous bunkers were built. The airfield was attacked several times by the Royal Air Force in 1940, but little damage was done. In April 1943, it was decided to no longer make use of the airfield, and obstructions were placed to prevent allied aircraft from using it as a potential landing site.
After the war, the site of the airfield briefly became a prison camp for collaborators, using some of the former German shelters. During this period, the concrete runways and taxiways were removed. It was not until 1952 that flying was resumed at the airfield.
DC-3 disaster
A memorial on the airport reminds of the disaster with a Douglas DC-3 from the Dutch Dakota Association on 25 September 1996. It was on its way from Texel to de Kooy airport at Den Helder when one of the engines failed and the crew was unable to feather the propeller. The aircraft crashed in shallow water near the town hall of Den Oever. None of the 32 people on board survived the crash.
References
External links
Texel airport (official website)
Aviation museum Texel
Paracentrum Texel
Airport Hotel Texel
Airports in North Holland
Texel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texel%20International%20Airport |
María José Charro Galán, better known under her stage name La Terremoto de Alcorcón or La Terremoto (), and also as Pepa Charro, is a Spanish singer born in Madrid, Spain.
She grew up in Alcorcón and studied languages. She went to the United Kingdom to work as an au pair. She has been a member of the group Diabéticas Aceleradas since 1999. She lives in Majorca, where she owns a bar. She became well known in Spain for parodies of Madonna's "Hung Up" and "Can't Get You Out of My Head" and "2 Hearts", both by Kylie Minogue.
Recently she appeared as a regular feature of TVE2's late-night programme, presented by Cayetana Guillén Cuervo.
She has become a gay icon in Spain and has performed in New York City, London (at The Royal Vauxhall Tavern), and Mexico D.F. clubs. In 2007, she wrote and performed the track "Libérate", becoming the Official Europride Anthem (2007, Madrid). She performed in Lisbon during its "Arraial Gay Pride" in June 2009.
In 2019 she signed with Netflix to host the Spanish version of its reality series Nailed It!, which is titled Niquelao!. The first season of Niquelao! was released on October 25, 2019.
In 2023, she was a guest celebrity judge in the episode "Snatch Game - España Season 3" of the Spanish language reality television series Drag Race España streamed on ATRESplayer Premium.
Discography
Unless otherwise indicated, all these singles are parodies of the original artists:
"I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor (titled "Sin Afeitar")
"¿A quién le importa?" by Alaska y Dinarama
"It's Raining Men" by Geri Halliwell
"Thriller" by Michael Jackson
"Hung Up" by Madonna
"Enajená" ("Let Me Out" by Dover)
"Crazy in Love" by Beyoncé
"Can't Get You Out of My Head" by Kylie Minogue
"Libérate" - original song written and performed by Terremoto de Alcorcón for the Official Europride Anthemn, Madrid 2007
"2 Hearts" by Kylie Minogue
"He's My Man" (Eurovision Song Contest 2008 - not chosen to be the Spanish entry)
References
External links
www.laterremotodealcorcon.es
Living people
Singers from Madrid
Spanish women singers
Spanish vedettes
1977 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Terremoto%20de%20Alcorc%C3%B3n |
British Constitution (usually Constitution in American sources) is an English patience or card solitaire played with two packs of playing cards. It is a card game with a high chance in winning.
Rules
First, the kings, queens, and aces are removed from the stock. The kings and queens are discarded, while the aces are placed in a row to form the "Government" or the foundations, which are built up by suit to jacks.
Below the aces, four rows of eight cards each are dealt. This forms the tableau (also known as the "Constitution").
The cards available for building in the foundations should come from Row 1 (also known as the "Privy Council") only. Furthermore, cards in Row 1 can be built down by alternating colors. Available for building in Row 1 are the top cards of the piles in Row 1 (initially containing only one card per pile) and the cards from Row 2. Only one card can be moved at a time.
When a card leaves from either Row 1 or 2, the space it leaves behind must be filled with any card from the row immediately below it, not necessarily the one immediately below the space. The space, in essence, is pushed downwards until it reaches Row 4 (the "People Row"), where it is filled with a card from the stock. This is the only way cards from the stock enter the game. Furthermore, cards from the stock cannot be played directly to the foundations. If no more spaces appear in Row 4 with cards still undealt from the stock, the game is lost.
The game is won when all cards are built in the foundations up to jacks.
Variants
Lady Cadogan's rule set specified that as the tableau is being set up, one Queen of Diamonds and the eight kings are put above the foundations; the Q♦ being "The Sovereign," the black Kings being the "Bishops," and the red Kings the "Judges," all placed above the foundation. The other Queens are discarded. Since these nine cards clearly play a purely decorative role in this game, most modern rule sets bypass this, which explains the reason the kings and queens are discarded completely as mentioned above.
Lady Cadogan's rule set also slightly differs from the rules set out by Mott-Smith and Morehead that is outlined above. In Lady Cadogan's rule set, while foundations are exclusively filled from cards from Row 1, Row 1 cards can only be built upon by cards from Row 2, not other cards from Row 1. This applies to the other rows, i.e. Row 2 cards are built by cards from Row 3, Row 3 cards by cards from Row 4, and Row 4 cards from a wastepile that is formed from unplayed cards from the stock. In other words, available for building on Rows 1 to 3 are cards from the row directly below while the top card on the wastepile is available to build on cards on Row 4.
See also
List of patiences and solitaires
Glossary of patience and solitaire terms
References
Double-deck patience card games
Simple packers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Constitution%20%28card%20game%29 |
Karen Asrian (; 24 April 1980 – 9 June 2008) was an Armenian chess player. Awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 1998, he was a three-time Armenian champion. Asrian was a member of the gold medal-winning Armenian team in the 37th Chess Olympiad.
Career
Asrian started playing chess in 1985, became an international master in 1997 and a grandmaster in 1998. He graduated from the Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport in 2001.
He won the Armenian Chess Championship in 1999, 2007, and 2008, and the Dubai 2001 and 2004 Tigran Petrosian Memorial tournaments. In 2006, Asrian competed on third board for the gold medal-winning Armenian team at the Chess Olympiad in Turin.
In Armenia he became team champion in 2006 and 2007 with Bank King Yerevan. In Russia he played for South Ural Chelyabinsk in 2006 and 2007 and for the Chess Federation of Moscow in 2008. In the French first division, the Top 16, he played for Bischwiller in 2006–07 and 2007–08.
On 9 June 2008 the Chess Federation of Armenia reported that Asrian had died of a suspected heart attack while driving, which was confirmed the following day. His final Elo rating, in April 2008, was 2630.
Tournament records
2003 4th European Individual Chess Championship 8/13
2004 3rd Aeroflot Open 5.5/9
2004 Petrosian Memorial Tournament 6/9
2004 6th Dubai Open 5/9
2004 5th European Individual Chess Championship 8/13
2005 65th Armenian Championship 7/11
2005 4th Aeroflot Open 5.5/9
2005 Karabakh International 4/9
2005 6th European Individual Chess Championship 9/13
2006 66th Armenian Championship 5.5/9
2006 5th Aeroflot Open 5.5/9
2006 37th Chess Olympiad 5/10
2007 67th Armenian Championship 9.5/13
2007 6th Aeroflot Open 5.5/9
2007 7th European Individual Chess Championship 6/11
2008 68th Armenian Championship 8/13
2008 Moscow Open 6/9
2008 7th Aeroflot Open 5.5/9
2008 8th European Individual Chess Championship 6.5/11
Death
On 9 June 2008, the Chess Federation of Armenia reported that Asrian had died of a heart attack while driving. Asrian, feeling ill, pulled his car into a courtyard in the Armenian capital of Yerevan on an early Monday and then lost consciousness. An ambulance crew pronounced him dead at the scene, possibly of a heart attack. A moment of silence was held in his memory before the opening of a speed-chess tournament in Yerevan on Monday, after his death was announced by Armenian chess player Smbat Lputian.
Asrian received an open casket funeral on 11 June in the Tigran Petrosian Chess House. President of Armenia and the Armenian Chess Federation Serzh Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia Tigran Sargsyan, Chairman of Parliament of Armenia Tigran Torosyan, participants of the GM tournament held in Yerevan, and thousands of chess lovers were present at the funeral service.
He was supposed to take part in the, starting shortly after his death, Iranian Chess Premier League. Before the arbiters started the clocks in the first round on Thursday 12 June, there was a minute's silence in honour of Grandmaster Karen Asrian's memory. Ehsan Ghaem Maghami, the leading chess player in Iran and fellow club teammate of Fajr-e-Shams-e-Atieh, gave a speech before the start of the tournament and sorrowfully announced the passing of his good friend Asrian and, on behalf of the Iranian Chess Community, expressed his sincere condolences to Karen's family, friends and the entire World Chess Community.
Legacy
The Chess Giants Yerevan tournament was named such up until 2008. After the sudden and tragic death of Asrian on 9 June 2008, the same day the tournament began, the Chess Federation of Armenia decided to interrupt the event for a few days, and then rename it to the Karen Asrian Memorial, which continued to be its name in the next editions. Compatriot Levon Aronian won that same first Karen Asrian Memorial on 15 June. Asrian and Aronian had both been on the 37th Chess Olympiad gold medal-winning team.
Notable games
Rustam Kasimdzhanov vs Karen Asrian, Lausanne YM Pool B 1999, Queen's Gambit Declined: Exchange, Positional Variation (D35), 0-1
Karen Asrian vs Igor Khenkin, FIDE WCh KO 2001, Sicilian Defense: Four Knights Variation (B40), –
Karen Asrian vs Arman Pashikian, 66th Armenian Championship 2006, Spanish Game: General (C65), 1-0
Konstantin Maslak vs Karen Asrian, 6th Aeroflot Festival 2007, French Defense: Advance Variation, Main Line (C02), 0-1
References
Further reading
Karen Asrian. Unfinished Game, by Gaguik Oganessian, Yerevan, 2008
External links
Website dedicated to the memory of Karen Asrian
Karen Asrian Grandmaster Games Database at RedHotPawn.com
Karen Asrian FIDE rating history at benoni.de
Karen Asrian, 1980–2008
Karen Asrian Tribute
1980 births
2008 deaths
Armenian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport alumni
Sportspeople from Yerevan
20th-century chess players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Asrian |
Working men's clubs are British private social clubs first created in the 19th century in industrial areas, particularly the North of England, Midlands, Scotland and South Wales Valleys, to provide recreation and education for working class men and their families.
History
The first working men's club opened in 1857 in Reddish.
Wisbech Working Men's Club & Institute was formed in 1864 in Wisbech, Isle of Ely, and moved to its present site in 1867. It was once the most financially successful of all the clubs in England, with over 1,300 members in 1904.
Working men's clubs provided a framework for members to engage in a range of political, educational, or recreational activities.
Despite the original educational ambitions, most working men's clubs are now mainly recreational. Typically, a club would have a room, often referred to (especially in Northern England) as a vault, with a bar for the sale and consumption of alcohol, snooker, pool or bar billiards tables, as well as televisions for sport entertainment; many provide food. A much larger room would be connected, often called the concert or entertainment room, with a stage and a layout of tables, stools and backrest sofas. They often provide night time entertainment, mainly at the weekends such as bingo, raffles, live music cabaret and comedy, playing popular music. They are also known for their charitable works.
Declining membership has seen many clubs close down and others struggle to remain open.
Membership and structure
Working men's clubs are cooperatives run by their members through a committee, usually elected annually. Each club has rules that tend to be vigorously enforced. The committee will discipline members (common punishments being a warning, or a ban for a period) for violations. Despite the name, women are allowed to be members in many clubs, and virtually all clubs allow entry to women. Non-members are not allowed entry unless signed in by a member.
In the UK they are registered as co-operatives under the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014, normally using model rules supplied by the Clubs and Institutes Union.
A dispute at Wakefield City Workingmen's Club in 1978 led to a national campaign for equal membership rights for women. Sheila Capstick, whose husband was an activist in the NUM, had been a regular snooker player at the club before a ban was instituted on women playing snooker. Her protest, A Woman's Right to Cues, developed into a nationwide campaign for equal rights: ERICCA – Equal Rights in Clubs Campaign for Action. In April 2007, after the resolution had been consistently rejected over years, the Club and Institutes Union accepted equal membership rights for women.
Club and Institute Union
Most clubs affiliate to the Working Men's Club and Institute Union (commonly known as the CIU or C&IU). The CIU is affiliated to the Committee of Registered Clubs Associations. A member of one affiliated club is entitled to use the facilities of other clubs. There are 2,200 affiliated working men's clubs in the UK.
The CIU has two purposes: to provide a national voice for clubs, and to provide discounted products and services for clubs.
Brewery
Until 2004, clubs ran a brewery at Dunston, Tyne and Wear, which brewed ales and lagers under the Federation brand. The brewery and brands were sold to Scottish & Newcastle for £16.2 million, although CIU clubs still receive discounted beer.
Impact of 2007 smoking ban
A poll by the British Institute of Innkeeping and the Federation of Licensed Victuallers Associations found that overall revenue was 7.3 per cent down as more men opted to drink at home, where they could also smoke.
See also
Association of Conservative Clubs
National Union of Labour and Socialist Clubs
Men's shed
Hackerspace
Mechanics' Institutes
Women's Institutes
YMCA
YWCA
References
External links
Club Historians website
Clubs and societies in the United Kingdom
Clubs and societies in Australia
Clubs and societies in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working%20men%27s%20club |
Bougatsa ( ) is a Greek breakfast pastry (sweet or savoury) consisting of semolina custard.
Origin
The name comes from the Byzantine Greek πογάτσα (pogátsa), from the ancient Roman pānis focācius, literally "hearth bread"; cf. Italian focaccia. It may have had a classical origin in the Roman-era placenta cake. A similar dessert is still known as placenta () on the island of Lesbos in Greece.
It is found in Thessaloniki and in the Central Macedonia region of Northern Greece, particularly the city of Serres, where it was brought in the 20th century by Greek refugees from Constantinople. The taste of bougatsa varies between regions of Greece. For example, bougatsa in Veria is very sweet and full of cream, while in Thessaloniki it is crunchy and not that sweet, and in Chania Crete it is made of local mizithra cheese and sprinkled with sugar.
Preparation
Greek bougatsa is prepared from phyllo dough wrapped around a filling. After it is baked, it is cut into serving pieces and served hot. If the filling is semolina custard, then the pastry may be lightly dusted with powdered sugar and/or cinnamon.
Most modern bougatsa is made with machine-made phyllo, but some cafes and bakeries selling hand-made bougatsa still exist, especially in smaller towns and villages of Greece.
Trivia
The city of Serres achieved the record for the largest puff pastry on 1 June 2008. It weighed , was long, and was made by more than 40 bakers.
The process of making bougatsa by hand was featured on an episode of Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations filmed in Greece.
See also
In Greek cuisine
Galaktoboureko
Spanakopita, a pie made with spinach and sometimes cheese
Tyropita, a pie made with cheese
In other cuisines
Banitsa, a similar pie from Bulgaria
Cremeschnitte
Focaccia
Knafeh
Pogača
List of custard desserts
References
Works cited
Sources
foccacia.gr
Custard desserts
Greek desserts
Greek pastries
Greek Macedonian cuisine
Stuffed dishes
Breakfast dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougatsa |
Pine Rivers is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland.
It was first created for the 1972 state election, based in the Shire of Pine Rivers in the northern outskirts of Brisbane. It was abolished in 1992 and replaced by Kurwongbah for the 1992 state election. The final member for Pine Rivers, Margaret Woodgate, transferred to Kurwongbah.
Pine Rivers was reintroduced for the 2009 state election, essentially as Kurwongbah renamed. The name change from Kurwongbah was made necessary due to the redistribution excising the eponymous suburb from the district. Originally proposed to be called Samsonvale by the Electoral Commission of Queensland, the name Pine Rivers was adopted after further review.
Members for Pine Rivers
Election results
References
External links
Pine Rivers
Shire of Pine Rivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Pine%20Rivers |
Goldwin Arthur Martin (17 May 191326 February 2001) was a Canadian lawyer and judge who was known as an expert on criminal law. He was a judge of the Court of Appeal for Ontario from 1973 to 1988.
Early life and education
Martin was born on 17 May 1913 in Huntsville, Ontario. He graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1938 as gold medallist. He was called to the bar of Ontario in June of that year and to the bar of British Columbia in 1950.
Career
Martin became a defence lawyer in 1940. He represented 60 people charged with murder and none were convicted of murder, although some were convicted of other offences. He was elected treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1970. He was appointed to the Court of Appeal for Ontario in 1973, and retired in 1988.
John Arnup called Martin "the greatest criminal lawyer this country has produced". As a criminal defender, Martin developed techniques including the use of expert witnesses and the insanity defence.
In 1993, Martin chaired a royal commission on the use of plea bargaining in Ontario. The commission's recommendations enhanced the reputation of plea bargains, which had earlier been viewed with some suspicion by lawyers and judges.
Martin died on 26 February 2001 in Toronto.
Awards
He was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada in 1991 and became a companion in 1997. He received honorary doctorates of law from Queen's University and the Law Society of Upper Canada.
The Ontario Criminal Lawyers' Association presents the G. Arthur Martin Criminal Justice Medal for an outstanding contribution to criminal justice.
Notes
Sources
1913 births
2001 deaths
Canadian King's Counsel
Companions of the Order of Canada
Justices of the Court of Appeal for Ontario
Lawyers in Ontario
People from Huntsville, Ontario
Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20Arthur%20Martin |
Bubble-tip anemone (Entacmaea quadricolor) is a species of sea anemone in the family Actiniidae. Like several anemone species, E. quadricolor can support several anemonefish species, and displays two growth types based on where they live in the water column, one of which gives it the common name, due to the bulbous tips on its tentacles.
Distribution
Entacmaea quadricolor is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area, including the Red Sea.
E. quadricolor anemones appear in a variety of morphs, including rose, orange, red, and standard green. This sea anemone can grow to be up to in diameter, and obtains the majority of its energy from solar radiation via its symbiotic zooxanthellae.
A characteristic of E. quadricolor is its ability to maintain a symbiotic relationship with the anemonefish, which can be "hosted" by the anemone by providing it with defence against predators and also providing some nourishment. In turn, the anemone provides the anemonefish with shelter.
Nutrients are generally obtained by filter feeding using its sweeping tentacles, or through wastes and debris cleaned from the surface of its partner anemonefish.
In the wild, E. quadricolor are found in two locations. Large adult specimens, with tentacles that are more streaming or stringy, are often found in deeper waters with more dimly lit conditions. These specimens are often solitary, while smaller, younger specimens are often located in groups or colonies nearer to the surface, in bright sunlight. These specimens tend to show the bulbous tips on their tentacles that are characteristic of E. quadricolor. The tips of the anemones will have their characteristic bulbs based on several parameters, including; flow, light, bacterial count, color, and if its hosting. When they are placed in home aquariums, medium flow and medium lighting will be sufficient if your tank is old enough to captivate anemones.
Symbionts
E. quadricolor is found within the range of most anemonefish and is highly generalist, hosting 14 different species, around half the species of anemonefish. It is thought the primary reason it does not host other species is competition, with other factors being habitat preferences or host-fish biochemical signalling. The anemone fish hosted by E quadricolor are:
Amphiprion akindynos (Barrier reef anemonefish)
A. allardi (Allard's anemonefish)
A. barberi (Barber's anemonefish)
A. bicinctus (Two-band anemonefish)
A. chrysopterus (Orange-fin anemonefish)
A. clarkii (Clark's anemonefish)
A. ephippium (Red Saddleback anemonefish)
A. frenatus (Tomato anemonefish)
A. mccullochi (Whitesnout anemonefish)
A. melanopus (Red & Black anemonefish) (primarily clustered form)
A. omanensis (Oman anemonefish)
A. rubrocinctus (Australian anemonefish)
A. tricinctus (Three-band anemonefish)
Premnas biaculeatus (Maroon anemonefish) (only solitary form)
E. quadricolor also associates with juvenile Dascyllus trimaculatus and shrimps such as Periclimenes brevicarpalis.
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
E. quadricolor exhibits a variety of reproductive strategies. The most common strategy would be a form of sexual reproduction called broadcast spawning. This is considered the main form of reproduction and occurs at the start of the year between January and April for those in eastern Australian waters. During these times, E. quadricolor will release its gametes into the water column and form free-swimming planula larvae. These larvae of E. quadricolor have been observed to survive up to 59 days in the water column, with peak settlement occurring around 10 days. This time of suspension allows for greater dispersal and increases genetic diversity for the species. Once the larvae settle, they will then begin to further develop and start the cycle once more.
Asexual Reproduction
E. quadricolor can also reproduce asexually. For most anemone species, asexual reproduction may occur by pedal laceration, longitudinal fission, or transverse fission. E. quadricolor will occasional reproduce asexually using longitudinal fission, but this is on rare occasions. This form of reproduction allows for quick reproduction of successful genotypes but will also lead to genetic isolation and reduced dispersal as individuals are likely to attach to the first hard surface they encounter.
Aquaculture
In aquariums, E. quadricolor will reproduce asexually or sexually when in proper care with supplemented minerals such as iodine and other trace elements, usually purchased as an enrichment cocktail by most home aquarists. E. quadricolor is commonly kept in marine aquariums and comes in variety of colors, green and rose being the most common. Without adequate lighting, the anemone will expel its photosynthetic symbiotic zooxanthellae, a process commonly known as "bleaching" which will progressively result in its death. White or excessively translucent specimens are likely in various phases of bleaching and should not be purchased.
Anemones are not easy to keep, and require a knowledgeable aquarist. The aquarium must be at least 6 months old and stable to receive the anemone. The bigger the tank, the easier it'll be to keep a healthy anemone.
Conservation and Threats
E quadricolor is not currently listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, but it is facing hardships with global climate change and anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and consequently global temperatures are predicted to raise by 4.3 °C while seawater pH is likely to decrease by 0.3 units. It has been observed that future ocean temperatures will cause bleaching in E. quadricolor, whereas increased p generally had no significant effects on the anemone. Coral bleaching events will have detrimental impacts on host sea anemones and the symbionts as a result of climate change.
References
External links
Entacmaea quadricolor in Encyclopedia of Life
Actiniidae
Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean
Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
Taxa named by Friedrich Sigismund Leuckart
Animals described in 1828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble-tip%20anemone |
The Slower Speeds Initiative is a UK single issue coalition pressure group. It is an unincorporated association, controlled by its management committee, made up of representatives of its founder organisations. Its aims are "to raise awareness of the consequences of inappropriate speeds of road vehicles, to stimulate and contribute to the discussion on vehicle speeds and means of reducing inappropriate speeds and to achieve changes in government policy, driver behaviour and other relevant areas to reduce speeds".
The group advocates:
lower and better enforced speed limits, including on high quality roads, where "by discouraging longer journeys they would help to restrain traffic growth and improve the competitiveness of public transport for longer journeys".
more resources for speed reduction
what they see as more responsible attitudes to speed
changes in the law to reflect the seriousness of speeding offences
the introduction of variable speed limiters
History
In 1998 the Slower Speeds Initiative was founded by the following organisations:
Campaign for Better Transport (formally 'Transport 2000')
Children's Play Council
Cyclists' Touring Club (CTC)
Environmental Transport Association (ETA)
Living Streets (formally Pedestrian Association)
RoadPeace
Sustrans
Of the organisations above, Sustrans, Living Streets, the ETA and the Cyclists' Touring Club are affiliates of the CBT itself as well as supporting the Initiative.
References
External links
Road safety
Road safety in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slower%20Speeds%20Initiative |
Kiira Linda Katriina Korpi (; born 26 September 1988) is a Finnish figure skater. She is a three-time European medalist (bronze in 2007 and 2011, silver in 2012), the 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard champion, the 2012 Rostelecom Cup champion, a two-time Cup of China medalist, and a five-time Finnish national champion (2009, 2011–2013, 2015). She retired from competitive skating in August 2015.
Personal life
Korpi was born in Tampere, Finland. Her father, Rauno Korpi, coached the Finnish women's hockey team to a bronze medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics. In Finland her nickname is Jääprinsessa (Ice Princess) due to her resemblance to Grace Kelly, the former Princess of Monaco.
In addition to her native Finnish, Korpi also speaks Swedish, English, and German. She has practiced pilates and Ashtanga yoga. She became engaged to Arthur Borges Seppälä in May 2017 and they were married 3 years, until June 2021. She lived in Milan, Italy, after she retired from competitive skating, and in 2016, she moved to New York City, U.S.
On Jun 1, 2023, Korpi came out as a member of the LGBT community via Instagram, stating that she could "totally see [herself] falling in love with a person regardless of their gender." Korpi also uses both she/her and they/them pronouns, according to her instagram.
Career
Early career
Korpi began skating at the age of five, following her older sister. She landed her first triple jump, a salchow, when she was 11 or 12.
In 2003, Korpi finished 19th in her first appearance at the World Junior Championships. The following season, making her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut, she placed 6th in Slovenia and took the bronze medal in Poland. She ranked 16th at the 2004 World Junior Championships.
2004–2005 season
Returning to the JGP series, Korpi placed 6th in Hungary before winning gold in Germany. She received a host wildcard spot at the JGP Final, where she finished fourth. She was awarded the silver medal at the 2005 Finnish Championships and was assigned to the 2005 European Championships, where she placed 13th. She then competed at the 2005 World Junior Championships, where she came in tenth, her best finish at the event.
2005–2006 season
Competing in the JGP series, Korpi placed 7th in Slovakia and won the bronze medal in Estonia. After taking the bronze medal at the 2006 Finnish Championships, she was assigned to the 2006 European Championships, which the Finnish skating federation had decided to use to determine the Olympic team. Korpi's European result, 6th, allowed her to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, where she finished 16th.
2006–2007 season
In the 2006–07 season, Korpi made her senior Grand Prix debut. She placed 4th at the 2007 Finnish Nationals, then went to the 2007 European Championships and won the bronze medal, making her the second Finnish ladies' singles skater to ever win a European medal. She finished 14th at Worlds.
2007–2008 season
Early in the 2007–08 season, Korpi suffered an esophagus infection, flu, and sinusitis, causing her to miss her first Grand Prix event. Korpi was 5th at the 2008 European Championships. At the 2008 Worlds, she was 4th after the short program but had a poor long program and ended up in ninth place.
2008–2009 season
Korpi did not participate in the Grand Prix series. Later that season, she became the Finnish national champion, a title she had previously won on the junior level. She was again 5th at the European Championships and won the bronze medal at the 2009 Winter Universiade, her final event of the season.
2009–2010 season
Korpi began her season with podium finishes at the Nebelhorn Trophy and the Finlandia Trophy, as well as her first senior Grand Prix medal, a silver at the Cup of China. She was unable to defend her national title, however, finishing second behind Laura Lepistö. At the European Championships, she was in second after the short program, but her performance in the long program kept her off the podium. Korpi was 11th at the 2010 Winter Olympics but only 19th a month later at the World Championships.
2010–2011 season
Korpi decided to try new choreographers, and worked on her competitive programs with Shae-Lynn Bourne and David Wilson. She began the season at the 2010 Nebelhorn Trophy, which she won for the first time in her career. Her assigned Grand Prix events were the 2010 NHK Trophy and the 2010 Trophée Eric Bompard. She placed fourth at the NHK Trophy, then won her first Grand Prix title at the Trophée Eric Bompard. The combined results left her as the first alternate for the Grand Prix Final. Her next event was Finnish nationals, which she won for the second time in her career. Korpi won the bronze medal at the 2011 European Championships.
2011–2012 season
In July 2011, Korpi injured the metatarsus in her foot, resulting in her withdrawal from the 2011 Japan Open and 2011 Finlandia Trophy. She resumed practicing toe jumps in October and said they were going well but she did not feel they were completely ready for the 2011 NHK Trophy, where she finished 6th. She was fifth at the 2011 Cup of Russia. She successfully defended her national title at the 2012 Finnish Figure Skating Championships in December.
Korpi won her third medal at the Europeans, finishing second behind Carolina Kostner despite hurting her upper leg a few weeks before the championships. She withdrew from the 2012 World Championships two weeks prior to the event, citing lingering foot and hip injuries.
2012–2013 season
Korpi began her season at the 2012 Finlandia Trophy, where she won the silver medal. She then won her third Grand Prix medal, a bronze, at the 2012 Cup of China. At the 2012 Rostelecom Cup, Korpi won the second GP title of her career and qualified for her first Grand Prix Final. In doing so, she became the first Finnish figure skater to ever qualify for the final. She finished fourth at the event. Korpi's next event was the 2013 Finnish Nationals, where she took the gold medal. Korpi withdrew from the 2013 European Championships due to inflammation in her left Achilles tendon. She missed the 2013 World Championships for the same reason.
2013–2014 season
On 23 August 2013, Korpi confirmed a coaching change to Rafael Arutyunyan in Lake Arrowhead, California. She was assigned to two Grand Prix events, the 2013 Skate Canada International and the 2013 Trophee Eric Bompard, but had to withdraw from both due to an Achilles tendon injury sustained in September. Carlos Avila de Borba became one of her coaches in December 2013. After an operation in April 2014 due to necrosis, she wore a cast for six weeks and resumed training in late June.
2014–2015 season
Korpi made her return to competition at the 2014 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb after a two-year hiatus due to injuries. She finished 4th in the short but moved up in the free skate to win the event. She won her fifth national title in December. She competed at the 2015 European Championships in Stockholm, placing fourth in the short program. However, Korpi withdrew from the competition before the free skate citing illness. She placed 31st at the 2015 World Championships.
Later career
Korpi initially planned to compete in the 2015–2016 season. She was assigned to the 2015 Trophée Éric Bompard, but withdrew from the event. On 27 August 2015, she announced her retirement from competitive skating at a press conference in Helsinki. In a later interview, she stated that she had been struggling with anxiety. She also said, "Every time I started training, I got injured. I was mentally very empty. I took time for myself to think about what I need to do. I knew that I cannot continue competing."
Korpi has continued to perform in ice shows. She signed up to appear as an athlete ambassador and work for Finnish TV at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki.
Programs
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Detailed results
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Finnish female single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for Finland
Sportspeople from Tampere
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Universiade bronze medalists for Finland
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade
Finnish expatriates in Italy
Finnish expatriates in the United States
Finnish LGBT sportspeople
LGBT figure skaters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiira%20Korpi |
Harry Maclean may refer to:
Sir Harry Aubrey de Vere Maclean (1848–1920), Scottish soldier and instructor to the Moroccan Army
Harry Maclean (speedway rider) (born 1951), Scottish motorcycle speedway rider
Harry N. MacLean (born c. 1943), American writer and lawyer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Maclean |
The Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour in Faribault is the oldest cathedral in Minnesota. Built 1862–1869, it was the first church in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America designed as a cathedral. The architect was James Renwick Jr., who also designed St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York, the Smithsonian Institution Building in Washington, D.C., and a very similar church, the Christ Church by the Sea in Colón, Panama. On August 10, 1979, the cathedral and its guild house were added to the National Register of Historic Places. On February 19, 1982, there was a boundary increase to add the bishop's residence to the National Register.
Our Merciful Saviour was founded by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple, who is buried beneath the altar. In 1941 St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral in Minneapolis was dedicated as the seat of the bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota, but the Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour retains its status as a full cathedral as well.
National Register listings
Original
Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour **
(added 1979 - Building - #79001253)
Also known as See Also: Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour and Guild House
515 2nd Ave., NW, Faribault
Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering
Architect, builder, or engineer: Renwick & Co.
Architectural Style: Gothic Revival
Area of Significance: Architecture, Religion
Period of Significance: 1850-1874
Owner: Private
Historic Function: Religion
Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure
Current Function: Religion
Current Sub-function: Religious Structure
Boundary increase
Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour and Guild House (Boundary Increase) **
(added 1982 - Building - #82003009)
Also known as See Also:Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour
515 2nd Ave., NW, Faribault
Historic Significance: Person, Event, Architecture/Engineering
Architect, builder, or engineer: Unknown
Architectural Style: Late Victorian
Historic Person: Whipple, Bishop Henry Benjamin
Significant Year: 1894
Area of Significance: Architecture, Religion
Period of Significance: 1875-1899
Owner: Private
Historic Function: Religion
Historic Sub-function: Church Related Residence
Current Function: Religion
Current Sub-function: Church Related Residence
See also
List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States
References
Alan K. Lathrop. Churches of Minnesota: an Illustrated Guide. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis: 2003.
External links
Cathedral of Our Saviour website
Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota website
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Buildings and structures in Faribault, Minnesota
Cathedrals in Minnesota
Churches completed in 1869
Churches in Rice County, Minnesota
Our Merciful Saviour
Episcopal church buildings in Minnesota
James Renwick Jr. church buildings
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
1869 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Rice County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20of%20Our%20Merciful%20Saviour |
Marwayne is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is located northwest of the city of Lloydminster and west of the Saskatchewan border.
Marwayne lies at the intersection between Highway 45 and Highway 897. The economy is based on agriculture and ranching, with the oil and gas sector playing an important part as well.
The village's name is unusual in combining parts of a personal name and a place name. In commemorates the pioneer Marfleet family, who emigrated from Wainfleet, Lincolnshire, England. The first school in Marwayne opened in 1928.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Marwayne had a population of 543 living in 231 of its 263 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 564. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The population of the Village of Marwayne according to its 2017 municipal census is 606, a change of from its 2013 municipal census population of 667.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Marwayne recorded a population of 564 living in 231 of its 245 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 612. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of villages in Alberta
References
External links
1952 establishments in Alberta
Villages in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwayne |
Vachaspati Mishra was a ninth or tenth century Indian Hindu philosopher of the Advaita Vedanta tradition, who wrote bhashya (commentaries) on key texts of almost every 9th-century school of Hindu philosophy. He also wrote an independent treatise on grammar, Tattvabindu, or Drop of Truth, which focuses on Mīmāṃsā theories of sentence meaning.
Biography
Vāchaspati Misra was born into a Maithil Brahmin family in Andhra Tharhi, Madhubani, Bihar. Little is known about Vāchaspati Miśra's life, and the earliest text that has been dated with certainty is from 840 CE, and he was at least one generation younger than Adi Śaṅkara. However, an alternate date for the same text may be 976 CE, according to some scholars; a confusion that is based on whether Hindu Śaka or Vikrama era calendar is used for the dating purposes.
He was a student of Maṇḍana Miśra, who was his main inspirator. He harmonised Shankara's thought with that of Mandana Miśra. According to Advaita tradition, Shankara reincarnated as Vachaspati Miśra "to popularise the Advaita System through his Bhamati."
He wrote so broadly on various branches of Indian philosophy that later Indian scholars called him the "one for whom all systems are his own", or in Sanskrit, a sarva-tantra-sva-tantra.
Bhamati school
The Bhamati school, named after Vāchaspati Miśra's commentary on Shankara's Brahma Sutra Bhashya, takes an ontological approach. It sees the Jiva as the source of avidya. It sees meditation as the main factor in the acquirement of liberation, while the study of the Vedas and reflection are additional factors.
Works
Bhāṣya
Vāchaspati Miśra was a prolific scholar and his writings are extensive, including bhasyas (commentaries) on key texts of almost every 9th-century school of Hindu philosophy, with notes on non-Hindu or nāstika traditions such as Buddhism and Charvaka.
Vāchaspati Miśra wrote the Bhamati, a commentary on Shankara's Brahma Sutra Bhashya, and the Brahmatattva-samiksa, a commentary on Mandana Mishra's Brahma-siddhi. It is believed that the name of his most famous work "Bhāmatī" was inspired by his devout wife.
He wrote other influential commentaries, such as Tattvakaumudi on Sāṃkhyakārika; Nyāyasucinibandha on Nyāya-sūtras; Nyāyakānika (an Advaita work on science of reason), Tattvasamikṣa (lost work), Nyāya-vārttika-tātparyaṭīkā (a subcommentary on the Nyāya-sūtras), Tattva-vaiśāradī on Yogasūtra, and others.
While some known works of Vāchaspati Miśra are now lost, numerous others exist. Over ninety medieval era manuscripts, for example, in different parts of India have been found of his Tattvakaumudi, which literally means "Moonlight on the Truth". This suggests that his work was sought and influential. A critical edition of Tattvakaumudi was published by Srinivasan in 1967.
Tattvabindu - theory of meaning
In Tattvabindu Vachaspati Mishra develops principles of hermeneutics, and discusses the "Theory of Meaning" for the Mīmāṃsā school of Hindu philosophy. This is an influential work, and attempted to resolve some of the interpretation disputes on classical Sanskrit texts. Vāchaspati examines five competing theories of linguistic meaning:
Mandana Misra's (sphoṭavāda), which involves grasping the meaning of a word or sentence by perceiving a sphoṭa or single holistic sound, which is distinct from the elements (sounds or characters) that make up the word or sentence;
the Nyāya theory which involves concatenating the memory traces (saṃskāra) of momentary components of a word or sentence when we hear the final momentary component;
the similar Mīmāmsā theory, according to which our grasp of the meaning of a sentence lies in the memory traces created by the words; and
the Prābhākara Mīmāmsā theory, anvitābhidhānavāda, "the view on which denotation is constituted by what is connected." On this view, sentence-meaning is derived from the meanings of its words, which is fully given only by syntactic relations with the other words — no sphoṭa or memory traces are required; and
the Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsā theory, abhihitānvayavāda, or "the view on which connection (anvaya) is constituted by what has been denoted." On this view, word-meaning is denoted entirely first (abhihita) and then individual word-meanings are connected by means of lakṣaṇā (implication). Vāchaspati concurs with the Bhāṭṭa view, when he employs in other contexts, such as the Nyāya sub-commentary, the Nyāya-vārttika-tātparya-ṭīkā, and the Tattva-vaiśāradī.
References
Sources
Web-sources
Further reading
S.S. Hasurkar, Vācaspati Miśra on Advaita Vedanta. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies, 1958.
Karl H. Potter, "Vācaspati Miśra" (in Robert L. Arrington [ed.]. A Companion to the Philosophers. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. )
J.N. Mohanty, Classican Indian Philosophy. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
V.N. Sheshagiri Rao, Vācaspati's Contribution to Advaita. Mysore: Samvit Publishers, 1984.
External links
Bibliography of Vācaspati Mishra's works, Item 530, Karl Potter, University of Washington
10th-century Indian philosophers
Advaitin philosophers
Indian logicians
Indian Medieval linguists
Medieval Sanskrit grammarians
Nyaya
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of Mithila
Scholars from Bihar
Indian Sanskrit scholars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati%20Misra |
Grímur Thomsen (May 15, 1820 – November 27, 1896), Icelandic poet and editor, was born in Bessastaðir in 1820. He was the son of Þorgrímur Tómasson, a goldsmith. In 1837, he went to the University of Copenhagen, where he studied law and philology, but he also became interested in philosophy and aesthetics. He became an enthusiastic follower of the Pan-Scandinavian movement, although this was not generally favored by his countrymen.
At the University of Copenhagen, Thomsen wrote a dissertation on Byron and received a master's degree. Because of the quality of his written dissertation, he received a scholarship to travel around Europe for two years. Eventually he would be awarded a doctoral degree for his written dissertation on Byron. In 1848, Thomsen entered the Danish diplomatic service. In 1851, he returned to Copenhagen, where he was appointed chief of the ministry of foreign affairs. He retired in 1866 and returned to Iceland. In Iceland, he became a member of parliament (Alþing) and a farmer in Bessastaðir. Thomsen died in 1896.
Thomsen is considered one of Iceland's most important romantic era writers. In addition to being a poet (two separate collections, Reykjavik, 1880, and Copenhagen, 1895) he is also the author of numerous critical and historical essays in Icelandic and Danish. Thomsen was an admirer of Greek literature and translated a great number of poems from Greek into Icelandic.
Notes
References
External links
Grímur Thomsen at althingi.is
1820 births
1896 deaths
Grimur Thomsen
Grimur Thomsen
Grimur Thomsen
Grimur Thomsen
19th-century male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur%20Thomsen |
Madhusudan Devram Mistry (born 3 January 1945) is an Indian politician belonging to the Indian National Congress.
Early life
Madhusudan Mistry was born to Devaram Gopalram and Tulasiben in ,Carpenter-Badai Family Asarwa, Ahmedabad, in 1945. He obtained an M.A. in Geography, and worked as a college lecturer in Ahmedabad.
Later life
He served as a member of the 13th and the 14th Lok Sabhas, representing the Sabarkantha constituency in Gujarat. In 2014, he was nominated by Congress party to the Rajya sabha (upper house of the Parliament of India) representing Gujarat State. He also founded an NGO called Developing Initiatives for Social and Human Action (DISHA). Mistry has been a General Secretary of the Congress since 2011, and is considered a close aide of the party's President Rahul Gandhi.
Activism
In 1969, Madhusudan Mistry campaigned as a trade unionist for the Praja Socialist Party candidate Brahmkumar Bhatt. The next year, he quit teaching for full-time trade union activities. He became a trade unionist with the Majur Mahajan Sangh (Textile Labour Union) of Ahmedabad.
In 1977, Mistry went to Oxford on a scholarship for a development studies course. He then returned to India in 1979 and worked as a field officer for Oxfam during 1979-85. After leaving Oxfam, in 1985, he founded the NGO Developing Initiatives for Social and Human Action (DISHA), with an aim to mobilize the Dalits, forest workers, tribal women and casual labourers in Gujarat. DISHA was envisaged as a supportive core group for a network of smaller organizations of people fighting against exploitation. Mistry received funding from the Ford Foundation to have a secondment to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in USA to learn how this organization used budget analysis and advocacy to influence public expenditure. DISHA subsequently was probably the first developing country-based NGO to use budget analysis - for the state of Gujarat.
Political career
When the BJP leader Shankersinh Vaghela rebelled and formed Rashtriya Janata Party (RJP), Mistry joined him. He became a member of the Indian National Congress when RJP merged with it.
Mistry was elected to the 13th Lok Sabha on a Congress ticket in 2001, in a bye-election from Sabarkantha. He was subsequently re-elected to the 14th Lok Sabha from Sabarkantha in 2004, and served as member on several parliamentary committees. He lost the 2009 Lok Sabha elections from the same constituency, to Mahendrasinh Chauhan of BJP. In 2014 he was nominated to Rajya Saha by Congress party and continues to represent Gujarat till date.
Congress Working Committee
In 2011, Mistry was appointed as one of the General Secretaries of the All India Congress Committee. He was appointed to the Congress Working Committee, and also made in-charge of the party in Kerala, Karnataka and Lakshadweep.
Mistry is a member of the Central Employment Guarantee Council (CEGC) under the MGNREGA program. In 2013, he toured Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to assess and point out anomalies in the implementation of MGNREGA schemes in these two states.
Assembly elections planning
After the party's win in the 2011 Kerala and 2013 Karnataka assembly elections, Mistry was made in-charge of the party's Uttar Pradesh unit. He acquired reputation as Rahul Gandhi's Man Friday, and as a man who works behind the scenes. Within Congress, he was credited for the Kerala and Karnataka victories. However, several political analysts observed that the Congress victory in Karnataka was a result of the crisis in BJP's state unit and Mistry had spent little time in Kerala. Mistry was the chairman of the screening committee for selection of candidates for the 2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, which Congress lost. A Congress leader Raghu Parmar accused Mistry of taking money for giving tickets. Parmar was later expelled from the party. Subsequently, in response to a legal notice issued by Mistry, he issued a public apology for making "false and defamatory" allegations.
2014 Lok Sabha elections
Mistry was a member of Rahul Gandhi led election coordination committee for the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. Gandhi deployed Mistry as a "one-man mission" to tour the country and gather feedback about the prospective candidates at the grassroots level. Mistry is also head one of the three sub-groups of election coordination committee.
Mistry was the Indian National Congress candidate against BJP's prime-ministerial candidate Narendra Modi from Vadodara. He lost to Modi by 5,70,128 votes - the highest margin in the 2014 elections, and the second highest ever in the history of Indian general elections.
Personal life
Mistry married Meenaben on 27 May 1969. The couple has a son and three daughters.
References
Indian National Congress politicians
Alumni of Ruskin College
Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni
India MPs 2004–2009
Living people
1945 births
People from Sabarkantha district
Lok Sabha members from Gujarat
United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election
Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat
Rashtriya Janata Party politicians
India MPs 1999–2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhusudan%20Mistry |
Naranbhai J. Rathwa (born 1 June 1953) is an Member of Rajya Sabha from Gujarat. He was a member of the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th & 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Chhota Udaipur constituency of Gujarat and is a member of the Indian National Congress.
He was a Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways. He lost to Ramsinh Rathwa in 2009 Lok Sabha Elections
External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
1953 births
Living people
Indian National Congress politicians
India MPs 2004–2009
Union ministers of state of India
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1991–1996
India MPs 1996–1997
India MPs 1998–1999
People from Vadodara
Lok Sabha members from Gujarat
People from Chhota Udaipur district
Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naranbhai%20Rathwa |
Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel (born 2 June 1964) was a member during 14th & 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Valsad constituency from Gujarat state and is a member of the Indian National Congress.
External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
1964 births
Living people
People from Valsad district
Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat
India MPs 2004–2009
India MPs 2009–2014
Lok Sabha members from Gujarat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishanbhai%20Vestabhai%20Patel |
RoadPeace is the national charity for road crash victims in the UK. It supports the people affected by road crashes with emotional and practical support and advocacy. It operates a help line and provides practical support to people affected. RoadPeace founded the World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims and established the RoadPeace Wood within the National Memorial Arboretum.
The organisation also seeks to change attitudes so that road deaths and injuries are no longer "treated by the economy as acceptable, by the judicial system as trivial and by society as accidents"; that road crash victims are no longer treated as "third class victims, but as people who have undergone a terrible trauma and who therefore need justice, respect for their rights, care, support and acknowledgement of their loss and suffering". They also work to reduce 'road danger' to that of other everyday activities and to improve services and criminal and civil justice in order to greatly reduced number of road crash victims.
History
RoadPeace was founded by Brigitte Chaudhry MBE following the death of her son in 1990, after which she was shocked at the 'shabby' treatment of his innocent death when is discovered that the response to a road death was very different from the response to any other form of violent death from any other cause. Chaudhry decided to challenge the casual attitude to road casualties and offer support to the victims.
The first Roadpeace meeting was held in 1991, the organisation was established in 1992 with the first ever helpline for road crash victims with Chaudhry was National Secretary; the organisation was publicly launched in April 1993.
RoadPeace organised the first World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims in 1993 which now takes place in many places on every continent on the third Sunday in November every year (a week after Remembrance Sunday which takes place each year in the United Kingdom and which remembers the dead from wars). with the European Federation of Road Traffic Victims, which was also founded by Chaudhry.
The first trees were planted in the RoadPeace Wood is within National Memorial Arboretum in 2001 and the wood was dedicated in 2002. An annual ceremony of remembrance for road traffic victims is now held on the second Saturday in August every year.
In 2005 the World Day of Remembrance was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly
Brigitte stepping down from day to day involvement in April 2008 to concentrate on international work. She is currently president of RoadPeace.
The organisation won a Guardian Charity Award in 2008.
Resources
Help line
The organisation operates a helpline 9am-5pm Monday-Friday.
Guides
The organisation publishes the following guides:
Guide for families of cyclists killed by HGVs
Inquests and road deaths
Road death investigation guide for bereaved families
Writing a testimony
You and your Family Liaison Officer (FLO)
A guide for World Day of Remembrance for Traffic Victims published
It also publishes various briefing sheets:
Crash not accident
Roadside memorials
Victim surcharge and speeding
See also
Slower Speeds Initiative
Cynthia Barlow
References
External links
Transport charities based in the United Kingdom
Transport advocacy groups of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoadPeace |
Speed skiing was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Winter Olympics. The venue was in Les Arcs, about 60 km from the host city, Albertville. Michael Prufer, a 31-year-old medical doctor from Savoie, improved his own 1988 world record by 5.558 km/h. Philippe Goitschel, the nephew of French ski champion Marielle Goitschel, was second and the American Jeffrey Hamilton was third. The competition was, however, marred by the death of Nicolas Bochatay from Switzerland, who died while free skiing the morning of the finals.
Tarja Mulari from Finland achieved a top speed of , breaking the previous women's world record of .
Men's event
Women's event
References
Official Olympic Report - Albertville 1992
Discontinued sports at the Winter Olympics
1992 Winter Olympics events
Olympics
Skiing at the Winter Olympics
Men's events at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Women's events at the 1992 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20skiing%20at%20the%201992%20Winter%20Olympics |
Glasgow College of Nautical Studies was a further education college of nautical and maritime studies, and a provider of marine and offshore training courses. On 26 March 2009, it was announced that the college would merge with the Central College and Glasgow Metropolitan College. In 2010, the merger was completed the college was absorbed into the City of Glasgow College. Degree courses, in subjects including Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, were offered in association with the University of Strathclyde.
The college's main building was located on Thistle Street on the south bank of the River Clyde in central Glasgow in western Scotland. The college motto was 'Nautical and So Much More' which tried to encapsulate the breadth of courses offered.
History
In 1910, the Glasgow School of Navigation was founded. The school would be later renamed the Glasgow College of Nautical Studies.
The marine facility at the college was primarily housed in a purpose-built boat shed built in 1968 beside the Clyde. In 1969, the facility was officially opened by Lord Mountbatten. In May 2009, the college secured £5.6 million to replace the shed and construct a new marine college campus. Much of the funding came from the Scottish Funding Council.
In September 2009, the college was partially evacuated due to a chemical incident. In 2010, the college became part of the City of Glasgow College.
Notable students
Nick Nairn, chef, who joined the merchant navy aged 17.
See also
Trinity House of Leith
References
External links
College website
Further education colleges in Glasgow
Maritime colleges in the United Kingdom
Defunct universities and colleges in Scotland
Gorbals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow%20College%20of%20Nautical%20Studies |
The United States Coast Guard maintains radio stations for communication between Coast Guard units, Coast Guard units and other government entities, and Coast Guard units and the general public. Most communications take place on the VHF marine bands. For long-range communications with aircraft, Coast Guard stations use shortwave single-sideband communications. Weather and safety of navigation forecasts involve facsimile as well as other modes over shortwave and mediumwave transmissions.
According to the NTIA, the Coast Guard is the seventh-biggest user of radio spectrum in the United States. The U.S. Coast Guard maintains a network of VHF radio stations at its shore stations and on cutters and boats, as well as stations of the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary. In addition, the Coast Guard maintains a chain of high frequency (HF) and medium frequency (MF) radio stations that provide communications in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Coast Guard VHF Radio stations are currently being upgraded through the Rescue 21 program to meet the US obligations under the Global Maritime Distress Safety System.
History of Coast Guard shore stations
The first Coast Guard shore stations were established after 1924, when the Coast Guard's mission expanded. The first shore station was at Rockaway Point Coast Guard Station, located at Fort Tilden, New York; and the network expanded to Nahant, Massachusetts; New London, Connecticut; Cape May, New Jersey; Cape Henry, Virginia (with the call sign NMN); Fernandina, Florida; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Mobile, Alabama; San Francisco, California; San Pedro, California; Port Angeles, Washington; and Anacortes, Washington in the 1930s.
The network expanded even further in the 1940s, adding radio station NMH in Washington, D.C, among others. However, in the 1970s, the increasing use of automation caused the number of stations to contract. In 1976, for example, NMN (then at Communication Station (COMMSTA) Portsmouth) assumed the duties of NMH in Washington, and took over remote operations from Miami in 1993, Boston (NMF) in 1996, and New Orleans in 1998.
With the introduction of the computer-assisted Rescue 21 system, the ability of the Coast Guard to provide coverage on the marine VHF band in marginal areas has increased.
Current Assignments
The Coast Guard radio stations are centrally operated from the Communications Command (COMMCOM). The COMMCOM is located on the U.S. Navy Support Agency Northwest Annex in Chesapeake, Virginia. The COMMCOM has a staff of approximately 100 people that execute contingency communications, conduct communications training aboard Coast Guard cutters, and operate the following stations:
COMMCOM Chesapeake, Virginia: call sign NMN (directly)
RCF Miami, Florida: call sign NMA (remotely)
RCF Boston, Massachusetts: call sign NMF (remotely)
RCF New Orleans, Louisiana: call sign NMG (remotely)
RCF Point Reyes, California: call sign NMC (remotely)
RCF Honolulu, HI: call sign NMO (remotely)
RCF Kodiak, AK: call sign NOJ (remotely)
Modes of transmission
These stations broadcast navigation and marine safety messages through several means, including Navigational Telex [NAVTEX] transmissions on 518 kHz; facsimile transmissions of National Weather Service charts; single sideband transmissions; and Simplex Teletype Over Radio SITOR narrow-band direct-printing broadcasts. In the 1960s through the 1980s, these transmissions were broadcast live, with the interval signal of "Semper Paratus"; however, now, using Voice Broadcast Automation (VOBRA), a computerized voice ("Perfect Paul") reads the voice messages.
NAVTEX transmissions are identified by the last letter of the callsign of the station. Each station transmits a NAVTEX broadcast six times a day, including two rebroadcasts of the general forecast. A NAVTEX broadcast includes maritime navigation warnings, weather forecasts, ice warnings, Gulf Stream locations, radio navigation information, rescue messages, and marine advisories. Each station has 2 NAVTEX transmitters.
Besides broadcast messages, Coast Guard stations handle direct traffic between aircraft, cutters, boats, and shore stations on VHF, MF, and HF frequencies, including the HF Data Link encrypted e-mail system and Digital Selective Calling (DSC), which uses radio telephone to send digitally encrypted signals to either one receiver or a group or receivers.
Concerns
The use of the radio spectrum by the U.S. Coast Guard, like all U.S. Government agencies, is assigned by the Department of Commerce's National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). Specific frequency allocations are handled by the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee.
The role of the Auxiliary
Coast Guard Auxiliary stations are privately owned stations that have been offered for use of the Government and have been approved by the Coast Guard. They may be on the marine VHF band or use HF communications. In addition, many Coast Guard Auxiliarists are qualified radio watchstanders at existing Coast Guard stations.
Coast Guard call signs
Most Coast Guard land-based VHF radio stations do not use three-letter call signs as the larger communications stations do; instead, they identify themselves by the activity name, such as "Sector Baltimore", "Station Washington, D.C. (or Station Washington)". All Cutters (CG vessels 65 feet in length or greater) have four-letter international radio call signs, such as USCGC Citrus/NRPQ. Cutters normally identify themselves as "Cutter (name)". Boats identify themselves with the last digits of their registration number, for example, a Defender-class boat with the registration 25123 would be "Coast Guard 25123, while a 41-foot boat would be "Coast Guard 41345." Aircraft identify themselves by their number. A number beginning with "15,17,20" is a HC-130; "21" is a HU-25A/C/D; "23" is a HC-144A; "60" is a MH/HH-60J/T helicopter; "65 or 66" is a HH/MH-65; . Auxiliary aircraft and ships identify themselves as "Auxiliary ###".
External links
http://www.nws.noaa.gov
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/index.php?pageName=maritimeTelecomms USCG Navigation Center Maritime Communications website
http://www.uscg.mil/lantarea/camslant/default.asp CAMSLANT's website
http://www.uscg.mil/pacarea/camspac/index.htm CAMSPAC's website
http://www.uscg.mil/lantarea/commstaBoston/default.asp USCG Communication Station Boston (NMF)
http://pollux.nas.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/UNTM/200608/NtM_08-2006.pdf (Adobe Acrobat file) -- Notice to Mariners discussing changes to the Coast Guard's NAVTEX service
USCG Boston Radio/Communications Station History
USCG Guam Radio/Communications Station History
500 kHz watches at NMO in 1977, described by Jeffrey Herman
USCG at the Global Frequency Database
United States Coast Guard
US Coast Guard | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20Coast%20Guard%20radio%20stations |
An earthquake occurred on 31 May 1935 between 2:30 am and 3:40 am at Quetta, Balochistan, British India (now part of Pakistan), close to the border with southern Afghanistan. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.7 and anywhere between 30,000 and 60,000 people died from the impact. It was recorded as the deadliest earthquake to strike South Asia until 2005. The quake was centred 4 km south-west of Ali Jaan, Balochistan, British India.
Quetta and its neighbouring towns lie in the most active seismic region of Pakistan atop the Chaman and Chiltan faults. Movement on the Chaman Fault resulted in an earthquake early in the morning on 31 May 1935 estimated anywhere between the hours of 2:33 am and 3:40 am which lasted for three minutes with continuous aftershocks. Although there were no instruments good enough to precisely measure the magnitude of the earthquake, modern estimates cite the magnitude as being a minimum of 7.7 and previous estimates of 8.1 are now regarded as an overestimate. The epicentre of the quake was established to be 4-kilometres south-west of the town of Ali Jaan in Balochistan, some 153-kilometres away from Quetta in British India. The earthquake caused destruction in almost all the towns close to Quetta, including the city itself, and tremors were felt as far as Agra, now in India. The largest aftershock was later measured at 5.8 occurring on 2 June 1935. The aftershock, however, did not cause any damage in Quetta, but the towns of Mastung, Maguchar and Kalat were seriously affected.
Aftermath
Casualties
Most of the reported casualties occurred in the city of Quetta. Initial communiqué drafts issued by the government estimated a total of 25,000 people buried under the rubble, 10,000 survivors and 4,000 injured. The city was badly damaged and was immediately prepared to be sealed under military guard with medical advice. All the villages between Quetta and Kalat were destroyed, and the British feared casualties would be higher in surrounding towns; it was later estimated to be nowhere close to the damage caused in Quetta.
Infrastructure was severely damaged. The railway area was destroyed and all the houses were razed to the ground with the exception of the Government House that stood in ruins. A quarter of the Cantonment area was destroyed, with military equipment and the Royal Air Force garrison suffering serious damage. It was reported that only 6 out of the 27 machines worked after the initial seismic activity. A Regimental Journal for the 1st Battalion of the Queen's Royal Regiment based in Quetta issued in November 1935 stated,
It is not possible to describe the state of the city when the battalion first saw it. It was razed to the ground. Corpses were lying everywhere in the hot sun and every available vehicle in Quetta was being used for the transportation of injured … Companies were given areas in which to clear the dead and injured. Battalion Headquarters were established at the Residency. Hardly had we commenced our work than we were called upon to supply a party of fifty men, which were later increased to a hundred, to dig graves in the cemetery.
Rescue efforts
Tremendous losses were incurred on the city in the days following the event, with many people buried beneath the debris still alive. British Army regiments were among those assisting in rescue efforts, with Lance-Sergeant Alfred Lungley of the 24th Mountain Brigade earning the Empire Gallantry Medal for highest gallantry. In total, eight Albert Medals, nine Empire Gallantry Medals and five British Empire Medals for Meritorious Service were awarded for the rescue effort, most to British and Indian soldiers.
The weather did not help, and the scorching summer heat made matters worse. Bodies of European and Anglo-Indians were recovered and buried in a British cemetery where soldiers had dug trenches. Padres performed the burial service in haste, with soldiers quickly covering the graves. Others were removed in the same way and taken to a nearby shamshāngāht for their remains to be cremated.
While the soldiers excavated through the debris for a sign of life, the Government sent the Quetta administration instructions to build a tent city to house the homeless survivors and to provide shelter for their rescuers. A fresh supply of medicated pads was brought for the soldiers to wear over their mouths while they dug for bodies in fears of a spread of disease from the dead bodies buried underneath.
Significance
The natural disaster ranks as the 23rd most deadly earthquake worldwide to date. In the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the Director General for the Meteorological Department at Islamabad, Chaudhry Qamaruzaman, cited the earthquake as being amongst the four deadliest earthquakes the South Asian region has seen; the others being the Kashmir earthquake in 2005, 1945 Balochistan earthquake and Kangra earthquake in 1905.
Notable survivors
Indian space scientist and educationist Yash Pal, then eight-years-old, was trapped under the building remains, together with his siblings, and was rescued.
See also
List of earthquakes in 1935
List of earthquakes in India
List of earthquakes in Pakistan
List of earthquakes in South Asia
References
Further reading
External links
1935 Quette Earthquake – Dawn
1st Queen's at Quetta – The Earthquake
1935 Balochistan
History of Quetta District
Balochistan 1935
Quetta earthquake
Quetta earthquake
1935 disasters in Asia
Strike-slip earthquakes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20Quetta%20earthquake |
Fortune's Favor or Fortune's Favour is a patience or card solitaire which is played with a deck of 52 playing cards. It is so-called probably because the chances of winning are completely on the player's side. It is a significantly simplified version of the game Busy Aces, a member of the Forty Thieves family of solitaire games.
History
The rules were first published in England by Professor Hoffmann in 1892 under the name The Four Seasons, a name subsequently assumed by another game with a different layout and packing scheme. He used a vertical layout with the foundations in the centre column. In 1898, Dick included it in his American compendium under the name Fortune's Favors and the name stuck, albeit with minor spelling variations. For example, American authors, Morehead and Mott-Smith call it Fortune's Favour, as does David Parlett, while Coops and Moyse call it Fortune's Favor. Parlett notes its original name of Four Seasons as an alternative. Morehead and Mott-Smith introduced a horizontal layout with the foundations as the top row.
Rules
First, the four aces are removed from the deck and placed in a row to form the bases of the foundations. These foundations are built up by suit to kings.
Below the foundations, two rows of six cards each (or any preferred arrangement of twelve cards) are dealt. These form the bases of the twelve tableau piles. The top cards on the tableau piles are available for building on the foundations and on the tableau. Building in the tableau is down by suit and spaces which result in moving a card are filled from the wastepile or, if there is none, the stock. Only one card can be moved at a time.
The stock, when play comes to a standstill, is dealt one card at a time onto a wastepile, the top card of which is available for play on the tableau or foundations.
The game is won when all cards are built onto the foundations.
See also
Forty Thieves
List of patiences and solitaires
Glossary of patience and solitaire terms
References
Bibliography
Coops, Helen Leslie (1939). 100 Games of Solitaire. Whitman. 128 pp. Definitive [US] pre-war collection.
Dick, Harris B. (1898). Dick's Games of Patience; or, Solitaire with Cards. 2nd Series. 113 pp. 70 games. NY: Dick & Fitzgerald.
Morehead, A. H. & G. Mott-Smith (1949). The Complete Book of Solitaire and Patience Games. NY: Longmans
Moyse, Alphonse Jr. (1950). 150 Ways to Play Solitaire. Cincinnati: USPCC. 128 pp. “A pretty decent book” IA
Parlett, David (1979). The Penguin Book of Patience, London: Penguin.
Professor Hoffmann [Angelo Lewis] (1892). The Illustrated Book of Patience Games. London: Routledge.
Single-deck patience card games
Simple packers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%27s%20Favor |
Polyethoxylated tallow amine (also polyoxyethylene tallowamine, POE-tallowamine) refers to a range of non-ionic surfactants derived from animal fats (tallow). They are a class of polyethoxylated amines (POEAs). The abbreviation 'POEA' is often erroneously used to refer to POE-tallowamine. They are used primarily as emulsifiers and wetting agents for agrochemical formulations, such as pesticides and herbicides (e.g. glyphosate).
Synthesis
Animal fat is hydrolysed to give a mixture of free fatty acids, typically oleic (37–43%), palmitic (24–32%), stearic (20–25%), myristic (3–6%), and linoleic (2–3%). These are then converted to fatty amines via the nitrile process before being ethoxylated with ethylene oxide; this makes them water-soluble and amphiphilic. The length of the fatty tail and degree of exothylation will determine the overall properties of the surfactant. Due to it being synthesized from an impure material POEA is itself a mixture of compounds.
Composition and use
The polyethoxylated tallow amine used as a surfactant is referred to in the literature as MON 0139 or polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA). It is contained in the herbicide Roundup. An ethoxylated tallow amine (CAS No. 61791-26-2), is on the United States Environmental Protection Agency List 3 of Inert Ingredients of Pesticides."
Roundup Pro is a formulation of glyphosate that contains a "phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine" surfactant; as of 1997 there was no published information regarding the chemical differences between the surfactant in Roundup and Roundup Pro.
POEA concentrations range from <1% in ready-to-use glyphosate formulations to 21% in concentrates. POEA constitutes 15% of Roundup formulations and the phosphate ester neutralized polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant constitutes 14.5% of Roundup Pro.
Surfactants are added to glyphosate to allow effective uptake of water-soluble glyphosate across plant cuticles, which are hydrophobic, and reduces the amount of glyphosate washed off plants by rain.
Environmental effects
The chemical complexity of POEA makes it difficult to study in the environment.
POEA is toxic to aquatic species like fish and amphibians. Like other surfactants, it can affect membrane transport and can often act as a general narcotic.
In laboratory experiments POEA has a half-life in soils of less than 7 days. Washout from soil is assumed to be minimal, and the estimated half-life in bodies of water would be about 2 weeks. Field experiments have shown that the half-life of POEA in shallow waters is about 13 hours, "further supporting the concept that any potential direct effects of formulated products on organisms in natural waters are likely to occur very shortly post-treatment rather than as a result of chronic or delayed toxicity."
A review of the literature provided to the EPA in 1997 found that POEA was generally more potent in causing toxicity to aquatic organisms than glyphosate, and that POEA becomes more potent in more alkaline environments. (Potency is measured by the median lethal dose (LD50); a low LD50 means that just a little of the substance is lethal; a high LD50 means that it takes a high dose to kill.) Glyphosate has an LD50 ranging from 4.2 times that of POEA for midge larvae at pH 6.5, to 369 times that of POEA for rainbow trout at pH 9.5 (for comparison, at pH 6.5 the LC50 of glyphosate was 70 times that of POEA for rainbow trout). The pH value of most freshwater streams and lakes is between 6.0 and 9.0; fish species are harmed by water having a pH value outside of this range.
Human toxicity
A review published in 2000 examining the toxicity of POEA and other components in glyphosate formulations found "no convincing evidence for direct DNA damage in vitro or in vivo, and it was concluded that Roundup and its components do not pose a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. ...Glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA were not teratogenic or developmentally toxic. …Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies."
Another review, published in 2004, said that with respect to glyphosate formulations, "experimental studies suggest that the toxicity of the surfactant, polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), is greater than the toxicity of glyphosate alone and commercial formulations alone. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that glyphosate preparations containing POEA are more toxic than those containing alternative surfactants. Although surfactants probably contribute to the acute toxicity of glyphosate formulations, the weight of evidence is against surfactants potentiating the toxicity of glyphosate."
References
Non-ionic surfactants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethoxylated%20tallow%20amine |
Fortune's Favour is the eighth studio album released by Canadian folk rock band Great Big Sea. The album was released on June 24, 2008, debuting at No. 5 on the Canadian Music Charts and also includes a DVD. The album was certified gold in Canada.
The album was recorded at the band's studio in St. John’s, Newfoundland, with Hawksley Workman producing. "Oh Yeah" was the theme song for the CBC Television series Republic of Doyle.
Track listing
"Love Me Tonight" – (Séan McCann, Alan Doyle, Hawksley Workman, Jeen O'Brien) 4:11
"Walk on the Moon" – (Alan Doyle, Gordie Sampson) 3:44
"England" – (Séan McCann) 3:45
"Here and Now" – (Séan McCann, Alan Doyle, Bob Hallett, Hawksley Workman, Jeen O'Brien) 3:40
"Long Lost Love" – (Séan McCann, Chris Trapper) 5:26
"Oh Yeah" – (Séan McCann, Alan Doyle, Bob Hallett, Hawksley Workman, Jeen O'Brien) 2:15
"Banks of Newfoundland" – (Traditional, Arranged Alan Doyle, Séan McCann, Bob Hallett) 3:24
"Dream to Live" – (Séan McCann, Chris Trapper) 4:15
"Company of Fools" – (Alan Doyle, Russell Crowe) 4:02
"Hard Case" – (Séan McCann, Kalem Mahoney, Jeen O'Brien) 3:47
"Rocks of Merasheen" – (Al Pitman, Pat Byrne, Arranged Alan Doyle, Séan McCann, Bob Hallett) 4:05
"Dance Dance" – (Séan McCann, Alan Doyle, Bob Hallett, Hawksley Workman, Jeen O'Brien) 2:49
"Heart of Stone" – (Séan McCann, Kalem Mahoney, Jeen O'Brien) 4:54
"Straight to Hell" – (Alan Doyle) 4:16
Personnel
Alan Doyle – vocals, guitar, bouzouki
Bob Hallett – vocals, bouzouki, fiddle, banjo, accordion, whistles, harmonica
Séan McCann – vocals, guitar, bodhrán, banjo
With
Murray Foster – bass, vocals
Kris MacFarlane – drums, percussion, guitar, piano, accordion, vocals
Guest musicians
Hawksley Workman – drums, percussion, guitar, bass, piano, Hammond, Rhodes
Jeen O'Brien – vocals
Keith Power – orchestral arrangement on "Walk on the Moon"
Singles
"Walk On the Moon" (released to radio April 2008; reached No. 86 on Canadian Hot 100)
References
External links
Fortune's Favour page at the Official GBS Website
2008 albums
Great Big Sea albums
Warner Music Group albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune%27s%20Favour |
Kaithi (), also called Kayathi () or Kayasthi (), is a historical Brahmic script that was used widely in parts of Northern and Eastern India, primarily in the present-day states of Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar. In particular, it was used for writing legal, administrative and private records. It was used for a variety of Indo-Aryan languages, including Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Hindustani, Magahi, and Nagpuri.
Etymology
Kaithi script derives its name from the word Kayastha, a social group of India that is historically related to writing and traditionally consists of administrators and accountants. The Kayastha community was closely associated with the princely courts and British colonial governments of North India and were employed by them to write and maintain records of revenue transactions, legal documents and title deeds; general correspondence and proceedings of the royal courts and related bodies. The script used by them acquired the name Kaithi.
History
Documents in Kaithi are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the Mughal period. In the 1880s, during the British Raj, the script was recognised as the official script of the law courts of Bihar. Kaithi was the most widely used script of North India west of Bengal. In 1854, 77,368 school primers were in Kaithi script, as compared to 25,151 in Devanagari and 24,302 in Mahajani. Among the three scripts widely used in the 'Hindi Belt', Kaithi was widely perceived to be neutral, as it was used by both Hindus and Muslims alike for day-to-day correspondence, financial and administrative activities, while Devanagari was used by Hindus and Persian script by Muslims for religious literature and education. This made Kaithi increasingly unfavorable to the more conservative and religiously inclined members of society who insisted on Devanagari-based and Persian-based transcription of Hindi dialects. As a result of their influence and due to the wide availability of Devanagari type as opposed to the incredibly large variability of Kaithi, Devanagari was promoted, particularly in the Northwest Provinces, which covers present-day Uttar Pradesh.
In the late 19th century, John Nesfield in Oudh, George Campbell of Inverneill in Bihar and a committee in Bengal all advocated for the use of Kaithi script in education. Many legal documents were written in Kaithi, and from 1950 to 1954 it was the official legal script of Bihar district courts. However, it was opposed by Brahmin elites and phased out. Present day Bihar courts struggle to read old Kaithi documents.
Classes
On the basis of local variants Kaithi can be divided into three classes viz. Bhojpuri, Magahi and Trihuti.
Bhojpuri
This was used in Bhojpuri speaking regions and was considered as the most legible style of Kaithi.
Magahi
Native to Magah or Magadh it lies between Bhojpuri and Trihuti.
Tirhuti
It was used in Maithili speaking regions and was considered as the most elegant style.
Consonants
All Kaithi consonants have an inherent a vowel:
Vowels
Kaithi vowels have independent (initial) and dependent (diacritic) forms:
Diacritics
Several diacritics are employed to change the meaning of letters:
Punctuation
Kaithi has several script-specific punctuation marks:
General punctuation is also used with Kaithi:
plus sign can be used to mark phrase boundaries
hyphen and hyphen-minus can be used for hyphenation
word separator middle dot can be used as a word boundary (as can a hyphen)
Digits
Kaithi uses stylistic variants of Devangari digits. It also uses common Indic number signs for fractions and unit marks.
Unicode
Kaithi script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block for Kaithi is U+11080–U+110CF:
Publications
The first Bhojpuri quarterly Bagsar Samāchar was published in this script in 1915.
See also
Devanagari
Sylheti Nagari
Gujarati script
Modi script
References
Culture of Mithila
Obsolete writing systems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi |
The Panaad Stadium (), also sometimes spelled as Pana-ad, named after the park where the stadium is situated in, is a multi-purpose stadium in Barangay Mansilingan, Bacolod, Philippines.
Panaad hosted various international sporting events particularly football when Bacolod co-hosted the 2005 Southeast Asian Games and the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification against Mongolia. The stadium was a former home to Ceres-Negros F.C.
History
The construction of Panaad started in August 1997 during the term of Gov. Lito Coscolluela. It was finished in April 1998 and opened the following month to host the Centennial Palarong Pambansa. Aside from the football field, the stadium features a rubberized track. After the construction of the stadium, the Panaad Stadium and the surrounding area was made part of a park which became the permanent main venue of the Panaad sa Negros Festival.
Renovation
In 2007, the Provincial Government has earmarked P2.2 million for the repair of the oval, which has played host to two National Palaro meets, the now-defunct national Batang Pinoy meet, and many school-based athletic events since it opened in May 1998.
The decade-old stadium was considered to host the semifinal matches of the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup between the Philippines and Indonesia, but was disqualified for not satisfying the standards of the ASEAN Football Federation.
Despite the minor improvements, Panaad hosted a match between the Philippines national football team and Mongolia in the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification on February 9, 2011 with an attendance of 20,000 people, filling the grandstand, bleachers, and standing room areas.
In early 2016, it was reported that the provincial government of Negros Occidental is planning to increase the seating capacity of the Panaad Stadium in Bacolod if it wins its bid for the hosting of the 2017 Palarong Pambansa. This is in line with the recent FIFA and AFC stadium requirement of at least 30,000 seats in order to host an international football tournament. The Negros Occidental chapter of the United Architects Association of the Philippines has made an initial survey and came up with a P200 million (USD4.5 million) budget to refurbish Panaad. A PHP200 million (USD4.5 million) budget could build another roofed grandstand on the opposite side of the field and seats behind the two goals to increase the capacity to 32,000.
The stadium was refurbished for the hosting of the home matches of Ceres Negros F.C. at the 2016 AFC Cup. Fiber glass seats on the main grandstand for VIPs and the media tribune were installed. Media venues within the sports venue were also renovated particularly the press box, VIP rooms, press conference room, and the media working room. A VIP lounge and a new air conditioning system were also installed. By February 2016, the Negros Occidental Football Association were improving the floodlight illumination of the stadium.
In preparation for Negros Occidental's hosting of the 2021 Palarong Pambansa, the stadium was closed in January 2020 for renovation work. Works continued despite the COVID-19 pandemic. The national games to be hosted in the province would be postponed to 2023. The Panaad Stadium would be inaugurated in March 30, 2023.
Notable events at the Panaad Stadium
Sports events
1999 AFC Women's Championship
2005 Southeast Asian Games
2007 AFF Championship qualification
2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification
2013 Philippine Peace Cup
2014 AFC Presidents Cup
2016 AFC Cup
2017 AFC Cup
2017 Philippines Football League
2018 AFC Cup
2018 Philippines Football League
2018 AFF Suzuki Cup
2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round
2019 AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs
2019 AFC Cup
2020 AFC Cup
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round
2021 Palarong Pambansa
Other
Panaad Festival (annually since 1998)
Tenants
The Panaad Park and Sports Complex has been the permanent home of the Panaad sa Negros Festival, an annual festival held every April. Panaad is the Hiligaynon word for "vow" or "promise"; the festival has religious significance, serving as a form of thanksgiving to the Divine Providence. The festival is participated by the 13 cities and 19 towns of Negros Occidental.
The facility also served as the home venue for Ceres Negros F.C. The Panaad Stadium has also hosted matches of the Philippines men's and women's national football team such as the men's competition at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games and the 1999 AFC Women's Championship.
See also
List of football stadiums in the Philippines
Rizal Memorial Stadium
New Clark City Athletics Stadium
Philippine Sports Stadium
Biñan Football Stadium
PFF National Training Center
References
External links
Athletics (track and field) venues in the Philippines
Football venues in the Philippines
Buildings and structures in Bacolod
Multi-purpose stadiums
Sports in Negros Occidental | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaad%20Stadium |
The 1974 Pattan earthquake occurred in the rugged and isolated Hunza, Hazara and Swat districts of northern Pakistan at 12:11 UTC on 28 December. The 6.2 surface wave magnitude quake had a shallow focal depth of 22 km and was followed by numerous aftershocks. An official estimate of the number killed was 5,300 with approximately 17,000 injured, and around 4,400 homes were destroyed. A total of 97,000 were reported affected by the tremor. Most of the destruction was centered on the village of Pattan. The village was almost completely destroyed.
The epicentral region is characterized by steep-walled narrow canyons and valleys. Most of the population was concentrated along the rivers. Much of the destruction was caused by the numerous landslides and rockfalls which came tumbling down from high above. The main road leading into the area was blocked for about by landslides and rockfalls, hampering relief efforts. The government flew in emergency supplies by helicopter until the roads were reopened on 13 January.
The earthquake, which reached MMI V in Kabul, Afghanistan, affected some of the Indus Valley region. Several nations contributed money and supplies to aid the inhabitants of the stricken area.
See also
List of earthquakes in 1974
List of earthquakes in Pakistan
Sources
Earthquake information Bulletin, March–April 1975, Volume 7, Number 2
Further reading
External links
Earthquakes in Pakistan
Pattan earthquake
Pattan earthquake
Pattan earthquake
Pattan earthquake | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20Pattan%20earthquake |
"One Wild Night" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It was released on April 30, 2001, as a single from their 2001 live album, One Wild Night Live 1985–2001. It was written by Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora, and produced by Sambora, Luke Ebbin and Desmond Child. The song became a chart hit in Europe, reaching the top 10 in seven countries.
Single
The song was originally released on Crush but a new second version appeared on their live album, One Wild Night Live 1985–2001, and a compilation album, Tokyo Road: Best of Bon Jovi and this version was released as a single and featured a music video. The song title has been used as a band name by Bon Jovi tribute bands in several countries.
James Brown is mentioned at the end of the song. The bit entitles that "If James were here, it would be a hit". Richie Sambora on Bon Jovi TV mimicked this transcript which allows many to believe it is him doing the voice, this has never been confirmed.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
Bon Jovi songs
2000 songs
2001 singles
Mercury Records singles
Songs written by Richie Sambora
Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Wild%20Night |
Itaberaí is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. Itaberaí is a large producer of agricultural products including corn, rice, soybeans, tomatoes, and sugarcane.
Location
Itaberaí is located 92 kilometers north-west of Goiânia on state highway GO-070 and 36 kilometers southeast of the former capital, Cidade de Goiás. Itaberaí is part of the Anápolis Microregion.
Neighboring municipalities: Americano do Brasil, Anicuns, Araçu, Avelinópolis, Cidade de Goiás, Heitoraí, Itaguari, Itaguaru, Itauçu, Mossâmedes, Taquaral de Goiás and Uruana.
Districts (distritos), villages (povoados), and hamlets (aglomerados): – Povoados: Congomé, Santa Rita and Santo Antônio. – Aglomerados: Lobeira, São Benedito and São José do Retiro.
Climate
The climate is humid tropical with regular rains in the summer. The most important rivers are Rio das Pedras, Rio Uru, which has its source in the Serra Dourada and forms a boundary with the municipality of Goiás.
Demographic data
Population growth rate 1991/2000: 1.29.%
Population in 1980: 25,822 (Urban: 11,779; Rural: 14,043)
Population in 1991: 24,852
Urban population in 2003: 29,775
Rural population in 2003: 6,858
The economy
Itaberaí is privileged to have fertile soil, ideal for the growing of sugarcane (4,912 hectares in 2006), corn (10,000 hectares in 2006) soybeans (9,000 hectares in 2006), rice and beans, besides the large number of dairy and beef cattle (125,000 head). The strongest part of the local economy is a chicken processing industry called Super Frango, which is one of the largest in the state. Super Frango is one of the largest poultry companies in the country of Brasil. The company employees many local residents. It annual sell volume it is estimated to be between 10 and 50 million dollars. There is also a feed factory and a storage facility for soybeans and corn. See Sepin for complete data.
Education (2006)
There were 24 schools in activity in 2005 with 354 teachers.
Higher education: UEG – Faculdade Estadual de Ciências Agrárias, Humanas e Letras de Itaberaí – Faculdade Est. Rio da Pedras
Literacy Rate: 84.2%
Health (2007)
There were 3 hospitals with 121 beds, 6 walk-in clinics, 24 doctors, 4 nurses, and 5 dentists. The infant mortality rate was 25.11 (in 1,000 live births)
Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.739
State ranking: 106 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 2,161 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)
All data are from 2000
For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br
History
The city has its origins in the seventeenth century when gold seekers arrived in the region. By 1855 there were 52 houses and two streets. With the name Curralinho it became a vila in 1868 and finally a municipality in 1924 with the name Itaberaí, which means River of Bright Rocks in Tupi-Guarani.
Fundador: Salvador Pedroso de Campos
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
External links
Mais Itaberaí
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itabera%C3%AD |
Milo is a village in Vulcan County, Alberta, Canada. It is located on Highway 542, approximately southeast of the City of Calgary and east of the Town of High River. Milo is mainly an agricultural service community.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Milo had a population of 136 living in 51 of its 58 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 91. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Milo recorded a population of 91 living in 49 of its 64 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 122. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
Amenities
Amenities include a community hall, curling rink, walking paths, hotel, library, skating area, and school. The village has a grocery, pub, and cafe. The community is home to a Lutheran church and has an active Lions Club which maintains an attractive playground and picnic area. Other services are available in nearby Vulcan (50 km). A campground with 85 sites is located in a small park beside nearby McGregor Lake reservoir. The lake, which is a major part of an irrigation system, is popular for fishing, swimming, windsurfing, boating and birdwatching.
History
In 1909, Milo was settled 3 kilometres northeast of its present location when Jens (Jim) and Alete Aasgard moved here from Osseo, WI and built their store and home. The town was named for Milo Munro, first postmaster - his post office was in the Aasgards' store. Nearby, a blacksmith shop and Bank of Hamilton opened. Before 1920, the Village of Milo had a telephone office, butcher, pool hall, community hall, and ice cream parlor.
A new railroad extension into the area did not reach the young community, so in 1924, Milo was moved to the side of the train tracks. Most of the buildings were pulled to the new location. The town hall was too large and was dismantled in sections and rebuilt at its new location. Village status was achieved in 1931.
A World War II Royal Canadian Air Force navigator, Harlo "Terry" Taerum, the son of a Norwegian immigrant, spent his early years on a farm a few kilometers from Milo and attended school in the community. In May 1943, in Operation Chastise, commonly known as the "Dambuster Raid," he navigated the lead Lancaster bomber at very low level, at night, to the primary target, a power dam inside Germany. He was killed on a later raid in September 1943.
A new community hall was built in 1985 and the curling rink expanded and renovated in 1998. Since 2000, developments along the shores of McGregor Lake have attracted cottagers and vacationers from Calgary. The original site of the village - the Aasgards' farmstead and store - are now part of Canada's largest comb honey beekeeping farm, owned by Don and Ron Miksha.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of villages in Alberta
References
External links
1931 establishments in Alberta
Populated places established in 1909
Villages in Alberta
Vulcan County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%2C%20Alberta |
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