text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
George Lawrence Senesky (April 4, 1922 – June 25, 2001) was an American professional basketball player and coach. A 6'2" guard from Saint Joseph's University, he was the 1942–43 College Basketball Season's Consensus Player of the Year and played for eight seasons in the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA), all with the Philadelphia Warriors. He later coached the franchise, from 1955 through to 1958, winning the NBA title in 1956.
Professional career
A Pennsylvania native, Senesky played for the St. Joseph Hawks from 1940 to 1943. In his final year, he averaged 23.4 points a game scoring 515 total points in 22 games of that season, a school record. Seven years later, his brother Paul broke the record. He was the unofficial NCAA Division I scoring leader for that year. Afterwards, he served in the Army Air Forces in World War II. After he had served, he played for the Philadelphia Sphas of the American Basketball League for one season. He then went to play for the Philadelphia Warriors in the first season of the Basketball Association of America in 1947. That same year, the Warriors won the BAA Finals over the Chicago Stags. He scored 10.4 points per game in the 1950–51 season, with 679 points in 65 games. In his eight seasons, he played 482 games, made 1279 out of 4087 shots for a .313 percentage, and 897 out of 1277 free throws for a .702 percentage. He four seasons in which he averaged more than 8 points a game. After a season where he averaged 1.9 points a game with 111 points in 58 games, he retired.
Coaching career
Two seasons after retiring from the Warriors, Senesky returned to coach the team. Like the man he had replaced, Senesky won a title in his first year. In his first year, he coached them to a 45–27 record, finishing 1st in the Eastern Division. The Warriors beat the defending champion Syracuse Nationals in five games to advance to their first NBA Finals since 1948. In the Finals, the Warriors beat the Fort Wayne Pistons in five games to win their first championship in nine years.
In his second year, he led them to a 37–35 record, finishing three games behind the eventual champion Boston Celtics in the Division. The Warriors were swept in two games by the Syracuse Nationals.
In his third (and final) year, they finished with the same record and place in the division. They beat Syracuse in three games to advance to the Division Finals, but they lost to the Celtics in five games.
Death
Senesky died of cancer on June 25, 2001, at the age of 79.
BAA/NBA career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: George Senesky (as player)
BasketballReference.com: George Senesky (as coach)
1922 births
2001 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Basketball players from Pennsylvania
Guards (basketball)
National Basketball Association championship-winning head coaches
People from Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Sphas players
Philadelphia Warriors head coaches
Philadelphia Warriors players
Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball players
20th-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Senesky |
Dale Mathew Kickett (born 4 May 1968) is a former Australian rules footballer. Kickett played for Fitzroy Lions, West Coast Eagles, St Kilda Saints, Essendon Bombers, and Fremantle Dockers, all being between 1990 - 2002. Kickett holds the shared record for most clubs that a single player has been in.
Early career
Originally from Western Australia, Kickett is related to a number of other high-profile AFL footballers, including Derek Kickett (a cousin of Dale's father) and Lance "Buddy" Franklin (Dale's first cousin).
Kickett began his football career in the Avon Football Association in 1984, whilst living in the small country town of Tammin. He later moved to Perth and played three games at under 19s level with Swan Districts in 1987. He was released by them, and was asked to switch to Claremont by his uncle Larry Kickett, who was coaching their under 19s team. He made his senior football debut with Claremont in the WAFL in 1988, where he had significant success. He played with Claremont until 1989, was the club's leading goalkicker in 1989, and was part of the 1989 Premiership team.
Kickett was recruited to the Australian Football League for the 1990 season, after Fitzroy used its first pick in the 1989 national draft (No. 9 overall) to select him. Kickett played 15 senior games in his debut season, but having grown up in a small town, living in the big city of Melbourne did not suit Kickett.
At the end of the season, he was traded to the West Coast Eagles in return for pick No. 78 in the 1990 national Ddraft. Kickett also managed only one season on the West Coast list. He was unable to break into the strong West Coast senior team, playing only two games for the team before being delisted. When on reserve, Kickett played again for Claremont, where he had a very good year, playing in his second premiership for the club and winning the Simpson Medal for the best player in the grand final.
St Kilda became the third AFL club to try Kickett, selecting him with pick No. 38 in the 1992 pre-season draft. He had a promising season in 1992, playing in 21 games, but again he lasted only one season, and returned to Western Australia after the season.
He played exclusively WAFL football with Claremont in 1993, and played in his third Claremont premiership side and won his second Simpson Medal. The 1993 WAFL season proved to be a crucial season in Kickett's career, as he made a switch from the half-forward line, where he had played up until 1993, into the half back line in the 1993 premiership side.
Essendon saw Kickett's new potential at half-back, and recruited him in the 1993 mid-season draft, but Kickett remained in Western Australia until the beginning of the 1994 season. He played eight games for the Bombers in 1994, but again lasted only one season on the club's list.
Fremantle career
The introduction of the Fremantle Football Club to the AFL, to be coached by his three-time Claremont premiership coach Gerard Neesham, was a huge lure for Kickett, who had never managed to maintain a stable life in Victoria. Kickett, Tony Delaney and Todd Ridley moved to the fledgling club.
Kickett would spend seven years with the Dockers, the longest period of stability in his career. Kickett became a mainstay of the Fremantle defence, and came runner up in the Best and Fairest award in both 1995 and 1996 before winning it in 1997. In Round 20, 1999, Kickett became the first player to play 100 games for Fremantle.
Kickett was heavily involved in what would end up being known as the Demolition Derby in Round 21, 2000. Before the first bounce, Eagles ruckman Michael Gardiner began pushing and striking Dockers first year player Matthew Pavlich, resulting in a free kick to Fremantle. The remainder of the first half would be a tinderbox with numerous spot fights erupting all over the ground. Kickett, Gardiner, Brad Dodd and Phil Read would be reported that day and Kickett took the brunt of the penalties, being suspended for 9 weeks for three separate striking charges.
In 2002, Kickett's back and leg injuries started to slow down his dashes from defence. He played only the first three rounds before being dropped due to illness. He then struggled to break back into the side, before announcing his retirement from the AFL in June. As a tribute to one of the club's favourite sons, he was given a farewell match against Port Adelaide in Round 14 at Subiaco. Despite the team being well beaten, the entire crowd and the Port Adelaide team stayed on the ground at the end of the match to acknowledge Kickett's career. This game also earned Kickett membership of the AFL 200 club, with 181 league games, 17 pre-season games and 2 State of Origin games. He played one more game for Claremont in 2003, then retired altogether. With his AFL games combined with his 81 WAFL games for Claremont, he is also a member of the Western Australia Two Hundred Club.
External links
References
Living people
1968 births
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Claremont Football Club players
Doig Medal winners
Essendon Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club players
Fremantle Football Club players
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
St Kilda Football Club players
People from the Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
West Coast Eagles players
Western Australian State of Origin players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Kickett |
Pete's Meteor is an Irish drama film released in 1998. It was written and directed by Joe O'Byrne and stars Mike Myers.
Mike Myers plays a drug dealer living in the slums of Dublin. He tries to financially provide for the three children of his dead brother. The children's lives are forever changed when a meteor crashes into their backyard. Alfred Molina plays a wealthy scientist that the children must confront to retrieve their heaven sent gift.
Reception
Christopher Null of Contactmusic.com awarded the film two stars out of five and wrote, “The story doesn't help matters, and sheer insanity is not much of a substitute for actual character development.”
Nathan Rabin of The Dissolve gave the film a negative review and wrote, “It doesn’t help that the child actors deliver performances so terrible, they may actually persuade audiences to root against a trio of hard-luck orphans.” Rabin also added, “I recommend Pete’s Meteor to bad-movie aficionados.”
References
External links
1998 films
1998 drama films
Irish drama films
1990s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%27s%20Meteor |
Skonto Stadium () is a football stadium in Riga, Latvia. The stadium was built in 2000 and currently has 8,087 seats in total (open for spectators & VIP guests on matchdays). It is the 2nd-largest stadium in Latvia, behind Daugava Stadium. The stadium design incorporates Skonto Hall.
Description
Skonto Stadium is located in the heart of Riga at 1a E. Melngaiļa street. It is the second biggest football stadium with 8,087 seats, VIP lounges, offices, a press centre and cafes.
Use
Skonto Stadium is mostly used for hosting football matches. Since its opening in 2000, it has been the home stadium for the Latvian Higher League club Skonto Riga and Latvia national football team, as well as Latvia U-21.
International artists have performed at this venue, including Aerosmith and Metallica in 2008, both of whom reached the maximum capacity for concerts, with 32,000 and 33,000 fans, respectively. Several other artists have performed there too, for example, Snoop Dogg, Massive Attack, Depeche Mode and Akon.
In 2003 Skonto stadium hosted the Latvian Song and Dance Festival, but in 2008 a friendly match between Latvian and Georgian football veterans was played at this venue.
In 2009 Latvian football club FK Ventspils used this stadium for its home matches in the UEFA Europa League matches, because of technical problems with its own stadium.
Attendance
The largest attendance seen by the Skonto Stadium in a football match was 9,000 people in 2003 for the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying playoff game between Latvia and Turkey.
References
Sports venues completed in 2000
Buildings and structures in Riga
Football venues in Latvia
Latvia
2000 establishments in Latvia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skonto%20Stadium |
The pearl gourami (Trichopodus leerii) is a species of gourami native to Southeast Asia.
Description
It reaches about TL. Its body is a brownish-silver colour, covered in a pearl-like pattern with a distinct black line running from the fish's head, and gradually thinning towards the caudal fin. The pearl gourami's appearance has given rise to other popular names, such as the lace gourami and the mosaic gourami.
Its male specimens, typical of many gouramis, are generally larger and more colourful than their female counterparts. They exhibit bright orange colouring around the throat region, which at breeding time becomes much brighter and is used to court the female. Males also exhibit somewhat of an orange tinge in their fins, with the exception of the caudal (tail) fin. The male also has longer fins, with a more pointed dorsal fin and extended anal fin rays.
Distribution and habitat
The pearl gourami is native to Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia (where it is found on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo). It occurs in lowland swamps with acidic water.
Species description and name
Trichopodus leerii was originally described as Trichopus leerii by the Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker in 1852. The type was collected at Palembang in Sumatra, by Lieutenant-Colonel J. M. van Leer, who was a medical colleague of Bleeker's and whom Bleeker honoured in the fish's specific name.
References
Pearl gourami
Fish of Thailand
Fish described in 1852
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker
Freshwater fish of Malaysia
Freshwater fish of Sumatra
Freshwater fish of Borneo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl%20gourami |
Denys Arthur Rayner DSC & Bar, VRD, RNVR (9 February 1908 – 4 January 1967) was a Royal Navy officer who fought throughout the Battle of the Atlantic. After intensive war service at sea, Rayner became a writer, a farmer, and a successful designer and builder of small sailing craft – his first being the Westcoaster; his most successful being the glass fibre gunter or Bermudian rigged twin keel Westerly 22 from which evolved similar "small ships" able to cross oceans while respecting the expectations, in terms of comfort, safety and cost, of a burgeoning family market keen to get to sea. Before his death in 1967, Rayner had founded, and via his pioneering GRP designs, secured the future expansion of Westerly Marine Construction Ltd – up until the late 1980s, one of Britain's most successful yacht builders.
Early years
Denys Rayner was born in Muswell Hill in a Georgian house, on the outskirts of London, to Francis (née Parker) and Arthur Rayner, a master electrical engineer, who became a commodity broker moving with his family to West Kirby on the Wirral Peninsula and sending his son to Repton School between 1921 and 1924. Flat feet kept Denys from entering the Royal Navy but not from pursuing a successful naval career. In October 1925, he joined HMS Eaglet, Mersey Division of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) as a part-time midshipman with time to pursue his interest in exploring the rocky coast of the Western Highlands in a small boat of his own design.
As an eight-year-old prep school boy, at the height of the First World War, Rayner was disappointed to be beaten for drawing an "infernal" U-boat sinking device in a school geometry book. "Diagrammatically portrayed, this spoiled the page – I can see that now" wrote the adult Rayner in the preface of his book Escort: The Battle of the Atlantic (1955). At school Rayner, impressed that an uncle by marriage was an officer on "a real destroyer", sketched a "continuous border of destroyers" in the margins of his school books. In later school years came "an endless stream of model destroyers...which really floated and were fitted with systems of propulsion..."
Battle of the Atlantic
"I had already packed my bags, set my affairs in order and seen to the laying up of my yacht" wrote Rayner of his actions four days before the outbreak of World War II. By 1939, partly as a result of a recognition by others of his gift for leadership and partly by insisting on specialising in navigation rather than gunnery, against standard advice to RNVR officers wishing advancement in the Royal Navy, Rayner qualified himself to command 14th Anti-Submarine Group comprising HMTs Loch Tulla, Istria, Regal, Brontes and Davey, a unit of armed trawlers patrolling the notoriously dangerous waters surrounding the main fleet base of Scapa Flow – a 6 by 20 mile stretch of sea between Scotland and the Orkney Islands where a high spring tide can flow 8 knots against a westerly gale. His 'flag' was aboard HMT Loch Tulla for whom Rayner selected skipper Lang – a Devon trawlerman he describes as knowing things "about the way of a ship which no one not trained in sail could have understood".
In September 1940 Rayner, was appointed to command a corvette, , but finding her incomplete, and another, , ready but without a commander, used all his skills of persuasion to get the command himself. Verbena, was the first long fo'c'sle and was, in Rayner's eyes, "quite perfect".
On Verbena, the nickname 'Ben', which stayed with him for the rest of his life, was used as Rayner's call sign. Verbena embarked on convoy duties between different escort groups before being assigned to B-12 group, under Commander C D Howard-Johnston of Malcolm. During the winter of 1940-41 and throughout the summer Verbena operated with the group in the North Atlantic, before a refit in August 1941.
Following this Verbena was sent south to Freetown, then Cape Town, for operations in the South Atlantic, before being dispatched to the Far East. After the Japanese invasion of Malaya, and the fall of Singapore, Verbena was based at Colombo; in May 1942 while heading for Karachi her boilers gave out as a result of constant high-speed work and lack of cleaning and she had to be towed the last few hundred yards to a berth in Bombay for refit. After some months in India, where he made a number of horseback treks, Rayner and his crew came home.
Just after Christmas 1942, he was given the lead of an escort group, in command of the destroyer , becoming one of the first RNVR officers in the Royal Navy (along with Commander E N Wood of a year earlier) to be so promoted. Rayner returned to familiar ground, with his group operating in the North Atlantic on convoy escort duty. In June 1943 he was to lead Operation Rosegarden, an attempt to hunt and kill U-boats as they crossed the Denmark Straits, but this was ultimately unsuccessful.
In October 1943 Rayner was given command of , briefly joining B-5 EG, led by Havelock, before being given an Escort Group to operate in the Channel against E boats in preparation for D-Day. Just a day after taking station at Plymouth, on 20 February 1944, Rayner was with Warwick off Trevose Head when she was torpedoed, with the loss of 90 of her crew, by the submarine commanded by Kapitänleutnant Gustav Poel. He was picked up with other survivors by the steam trawler Lady Luck skippered by Victor Crisp.
Instead of taking "survivor's leave" after this experience, which had included being in the water as depth charges from a destroyer in pursuit of the U-boat exploded close by, Rayner, pressing Admiral Max Horton for "a destroyer with two funnels", was given command of – "best-loved" of his wartime commands – joining B-4 Escort Group led by Helmsdale on the Gibraltar run.
Towards the end of 1944 he was appointed senior officer of a support group of s – 30th Escort Group – in command of and including Portchester Castle (later to 'play' Saltash Castle in The Cruel Sea), Launceston Castle and Kenilworth Castle.
On 10 November 1944 Rayner's group gained an asdic contact and in a swift well-executed manoeuvre attacked and sank a U-boat, later identified as U-1200.
As the Pevensey Castle was returning to her base, her steering broke in a northerly gale off the mouth of the River Foyle. Rayner nearly lost his ship on the long sandy spit leading to Magilligan Point before hand steering was connected. He writes that at this point "The candle was burned out". He sought three weeks leave of Max Horton who then posted him, in the months before V-E Day, to a senior staff role with Channel Command, Portsmouth, in the tunnel complex of Fort Southwick behind Portsmouth Harbour. Here, overseeing radar guided plots from deep underground in a way that would have been impossible at the start of the campaign, Rayner applied his specialist experience to the deployment of a large force of anti-submarine warships in the closing months of the war. Rayner speaks in Escort: The Battle of the Atlantic of his respect for one of his colleagues at the fort – First Officer Audrey Faith Parker, OBE, WRNS – for the seafaring experience she brought to her operational work. It was to her and her husband Gordon that Rayner, in 1946, after a stint as temporary commander of a naval air station at Kirkistown near Cloughy on the east coast of Northern Ireland, sold his yacht, laid up in north Wales for the duration, and moved his household to the first of several farms in the English home counties.
During a campaign that had lasted from 1939 to 1945, Rayner's youngest son, Vyvyan, reckoned (in April 2006) that his father took "as little as four or five weeks home leave in the whole period." After 24 years with the 'wavy navy' Rayner retired from the RNVR in 1949.
Decorations
Rayner's Distinguished Service Cross was announced in the London Gazette of 29 December 1940, dated 1 January 1940, for the "hard and perilous task of sweeping the seas clear of enemy mines, and combating submarines" while commanding the trawler Loch Tulla. On 26 September 1941 it was announced that he had been Mentioned in Despatches 'for good services in action against enemy submarines' while commanding HMS Verbena. On 23 March 1943 the Gazette announced the award of the Volunteer Reserve Decoration (VRD). On 25 May 1945 he was awarded a bar to his DSC "for courage, skill and perseverance... in successful operations against enemy submarines."
Rayner was credited with the sinking of one U-boat on 11 November 1944 – U-1200, commanded by Hinrich Mangels, "to pay me back for Warwick". In an escort group action the fatal depth charges were dropped by under Lieutenant R M Roberts, DSC, RNVR.
Rayner, though at the time given credit for sinking or damaging an unidentified U-boat on 22 May 1941' , had doubts even then, as he had about an earlier incident while in charge of 14th Anti-Submarine Group on HMT Loch Tulla, sailing towards Scapa Flow. He writes of picking up a strong asdic signal north of the Humber on the UK east coast, a depth charging exercise and a pool of oil, and later he mentions "thinking" that his first DSC, announced on 1 January 1940, was "probably" for this action "off Flamborough Head". He was uncertain whether this involved a genuine sinking, writing of the greater "difficulty" of damaging the "pressure hull" of a "modern submarine". Later Rayner refers to an action on 22–23 May 1941 when, in HMS Verbena, he engaged a U-boat on the surface after it had torpedoed the Dutch tanker Elusa and surfaced to inspect the burning wreck. The U-boat dived. Rayner depth charged a strong asdic contact, saw oil on the surface, lost contact and guided HMS Churchill, with deeper depth charges, to the same target, both ships remaining in the area until dawn on 24 May 1941. In the back inside cover of Escort Rayner's map of Western Approaches shows the cross-swords symbol of an engagement and the words "U-boat damaged by Verbena 22.4.41". Many years later – 2006 – Gudmundur Helgason, researcher of the Battle of the Atlantic points out that Elusa was sunk by U-93 "which certainly survived the attack" adding that "there were lots of those attacks reported (often with seemingly very convincing evidence at the time) that failed to sink or even damage an U-boat. Since 1955 there have been loads of revisions of U-boat fates, almost to this day even."
Writer
Having written features in the yachting press before the war, Rayner's career as an author really began in 1955 with a personal account of 'his' war, called Escort: the Battle of the Atlantic published by Kimber, reissued by the Naval Institute Press (1999). He would have been the first to admit the difficulty of discerning the thread of his own experiences in a conflict that ran for the duration of World War II, involved the loss of 63,000 Allied sailors and airmen, 30,000 merchant seamen and 43,000 U-boat sailors. It was only because Captain Stephen Roskill, official historian of the war at sea, became a family friend in the 1950s, and, over a merry evening of food and drink in the Rayner household, succeeded in overcoming Rayner's inhibitions on the subject, that the latter put pen to paper to record his particular experiences of that gigantic campaign. Except that for Rayner the sea was "neither cruel nor kind", there are parallels between the war he describes in Escort and that of the fictional Commander Ericson in Nicholas Monsarrat's enormously successful post-war novel The Cruel Sea published at almost the same time as Rayner's book. In his editor's foreword to Escort, Stephen Roskill writes of Rayner's authority to speak on his subject: "I know of no other officer, let alone one of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, who served continuously for more than five years in command of escort vessels; nor of any other who graduated from a trawler at the very beginning to a corvette, then to a small destroyer, and finally to command of a group of the new and greatly improved war-built escort vessels."
Mike Raymond of the Flower Class Corvette's Association reports a portrait of Rayner 'with pipe and beard' in the frontispiece of Escort – the picture at the start of this article emphasising this is more biography than history. Yet a 10-year perspective, enabled Rayner in 1955, to weave his and his men's experiences into a larger account of the Battle of the Atlantic, recording, for example, a fleeting and enticing glimpse of the chief protagonist in a four-day sea battle that began with the sinking of Britain's finest warship and closed with the destruction of a German battleship that ended Hitler's use of large surface raiders against allied convoys. While escorting the homeward-bound convoy SC 31, on board Verbena in company with Commander Bostock of HMS Churchill, Rayner spotted a big ship on the horizon hurrying southward: "... she was hull down and difficult to identify. I made to Churchill, 'Are you reporting what I think I see?' and got back the reply, 'Better not – identification by no means certain. Might cause confusion. Gather Suffolk has the situation in hand.'" Suffolk and Norfolk were cruisers following the which, on 24 May 1941 had sunk , on which Rayner had served as a midshipman for three months in 1932.
In 1956, a year after Escort, came Rayner's first novel – The Enemy Below – the story of a prolonged duel between a U-boat and a British destroyer in September 1943. It was adapted in 1957 for an eponymous film by Dick Powell, in which the writer's destroyer HMS Hecate became the USS Haynes – in actuality USS Whitehurst – while his British captain, John Murrell, became an American played by Robert Mitchum with Curt Jürgens playing Rayner's U-boat skipper, Kapitän von Stolberg. Powell displays Rayner's book at the start of the trailer of The Enemy Below. Some of the actual experiences described in the novel and later transferred to film can be read in Rayner's low-key account of his encounter between corvettes and U-1200 off southern Ireland on 11 November 1944 between pages 224 and 228 of Escort.
Rayner's experiences in the Battle of the Atlantic, including taking a torpedoed fuel tanker in tow, also informed a later novel about convoy escort duty, The Crippled Tanker (1962) (titled The Long Haul in the US. The Crippled Tanker is set earlier than The Enemy Below in February 1943, and also involves the fictional destroyer HMS Hecate commanded by John Murrell.
In his novel The Long Fight (1958) Rayner wrote about a three-day ship-to-ship engagement in the Indian Ocean during the Napoleonic Wars; about tank warfare in The Small Spark of Courage (1959) (titled Valor in US editions of the novel), ). In 1966, with Alan Wykes, he wrote The Great Yacht Race, an illustrated account of a millionaires' yacht race from New York to Cowes in December 1866. Between 1961 and 1963 Rayner also published books on sailing, safety at sea in small craft and starting motorboating.
Designer of small boats
Though his father was a keen 6-10 metre racing yachtsman, Rayner preferred the idea of cruising. On 6 June 1937, sailing his small boat out of Loch Fyne, he records passing "a ship which from the lines of her hull I think to have been the original Blue Dragon... if it were, it is poetic justice that I should meet her on my first cruise in my own designed ship in Scottish waters for it was her exploits as detailed in 'The Log of the Blue Dragon''', by C.C.Lynam, read in "the library of a midland county preparatory school" that "first started the sailing canker" though "vows then made to sail my own ship to Scotland had to wait twenty years for fruition." Starting with an 18' open boat, and progressing via a 16' half-decked day sailer to a small converted fishing yawl, followed by a converted ex-fishing boat and then the 14 ton Tredwen barge yacht Pearl – burnt out on her moorings – Rayner was at last, in 1936, able try his hand at designing his own boat "after studying the 'How To' articles in the Y.M." Robinetta, a 4½ ton auxiliary gaff cutter, was built for him at the Rock Ferry yard of the Enterprise Small Craft Company, Birkenhead, and launched on 10 May 1937.
Elected in March 1935 to the Royal Cruising Club – 'an association of yachtsmen who prefer navigation to racing and are full of passionate interests' (Arthur Ransome 1912) – Rayner set out, in summer 1937, to follow 'skipper' Lynam's wake to the Western Highlands. Lynam's Blue Dragon was a small clinker built yawl of his own design, as was Robinetta , built on the Mersey, from where he sailed her to the Firth of Clyde. Thus Rayner, before he was 30, (and according to a self-description in his file at the Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA)) became an amateur yacht designer and experienced small boat sailor. Between 1937 and 1938 Rayner completed two short cruises in Robinetta, sometimes with his wife – "E" – and sometimes with RNVR comrades, Dick Taudevin and W.H. Simcoe, writing meticulous logs of intricate exploration of sea lochs with the added excitement of swift and sometimes rough open water passages, including encounters with overfalls and squalls, entranced by the scenery of these complicated shores. These pleasures ceased abruptly with the start of the war. Robinetta was laid up on chocks for the duration at a yard in Beaumaris, N.Wales, and sold in 1946.
After the long war at sea Rayner moved with his family to a farm at Hook near Basingstoke in Hampshire, and then to another farm near Burghclere, south of Newbury in Berkshire, and gave his attention to farming, horse riding and writing. In 2006 the owner of their old home, Earlstone Manor Farm, recalls accounts of Denys and Elizabeth Rayner's children's "extraordinary and happy childhood here, and the huge generosity of the Rayners, who took in old shell-shocked warriors, German Jewish refugee children, and the unhappy son of a British fascist leader, who were all cared for, loved and given security, at a time when conditions were still very primitive here and the family themselves extremely deprived."
At Earlstone the Rayners were neighbours to the Roskills, and it was Captain S.W. Roskill who encouraged his neighbour to write down his recollections of the war. Rayner's eldest son recalls that, as a result, his father "started thinking about boats, the sea, and boat design all over again". Publishing Escort, and then The Enemy Below, Rayner "gradually morphed back to where he had always wanted to be – in yacht design". He built his younger son a dingy to row on a local lake. "When it was finished", says Paul Vyvyan, "I was too big for it." So his dad acquired a small yacht – a Mystic, sail number 2, designed by Robert Tucker from C. E. Clark Boat Builders at Cornubia Yacht Yard at Cowes called Orchid – ostensibly for the boy, but he called it "our ship", making her easier to sail by adding a new stern.
In the late 1950s, a local manufacturer of plywood caravans asked Rayner to design a plywood dinghy to be offered with each caravan. As result of this collaboration Rayner started the Beacon Boat Company at a redundant turnery workshop in Donnington, a village on the River Lambourn north of Newbury, and applied all his enthusiasm and practicality to building and selling small family sailing boats of distinctive design.
Wartime advances in new bonding techniques had made plywood reliable even when constantly immersed in sea water. Using mahogany frames and the new marine plywood laminated with resorcinol glues, Rayner marked his return to the sea by building a 20-foot hard chine bilge keel gunter-rigged sloop – the Westcoaster – designed initially for a customer wishing to navigate the difficult waters and scarce harbours of the Bristol Channel, where Rayner had been torpedoed in 1944. Rayner gave the Westcoaster "sitting head room for tall men" – rare in yachts so small – while ingeniously camouflaging the reverse sheer needed for such generous accommodation by carrying the decks out to the sides of the boat as he had with Robinetta 20 years earlier. Similarly all the Westcoaster's running rigging came back to the cockpit making her easy to handle single-handed. He sailed and demonstrated the first of such yachts, painted a rich royal international blue – often called Oxford Blue – enthusing about its good looks, its affordability, its practicality for weekend "pottering" and fitness for deeper waters despite a draft of no more than 2'3" (70 cm). This design ensemble was topped by Rayner's preference for the gunter rig, its short mast, compared to a Bermudian, making it easier to tow on a trailer, to lower and raise, for the bridges of inland waterways, as well as allowing a swift reef – by lowering the boom – in a squall. Rayner also wrote that he valued the greater 'lifting' quality of a gaff or gunter mainsail as compared to the Bermudian main, prior to the wider use, with that rig, of masthead Genoas – headsails of greater area than the mainsail – which in Rayner's view, in 1962, was 'the herald of rigs to come' with 'great aerodynamic efficiency and with enormous lift!', and returning, in effect, "to the lateen-shaped loose-footed sails of the Mediterranean but with a taut forestay replacing the heavy lateen yard..." A small number of Westcoasters were later modified by the addition of a small bowsprit, with the cutter rig giving an even greater sail area.
Bilge or twin keels, a concept for many more years unfamiliar in America, allowed a boat to take the ground upright on a tripod comprising keels and a sturdy skeg, manoeuvre in shallow water, load and tow easily behind a family saloon, and be conveniently launched. Thus Rayner, developing a concept pioneered in 1922 by a fellow member of the RCC, Arthur Balfour, later Lord Riverdale, and became a key player in the expanding field of affordable chine plywood yachts, brilliantly popularised by Robert Tucker's Mystic, Debutante and Silhouette. Such a vessel could navigate canals and shallow estuaries including short-cuts through swatchways, take the ground safely and 'look after her crew' in hard weather, close to and off shore. It was a specification aimed at the innovative concept of 'family sailing', creating, and responding to, the enthusiasm, pockets and holidays of a post-war generation unused to enjoying the sea as a place for recreation and adventure.
In 1961, Rayner's Westcoaster was briefly followed by the rotund, though equally seaworthy, Corvette – a 5-ton sloop with full standing headroom. The problem he solved with this 'prototype' was to find a way of bending a marine-ply shell in two dimensions, creating a stronger and more attractive hull, on which the hard chine that had characterised plywood yachts including his Westcoaster, was so softened as to make it almost invisible. Rayner's people did this, under his direction, by steaming ply and laminating thinner sheets to achieve a compound bend of the necessary thickness. Refining the twin ballast keels of the Westcoaster, Rayner gave the Corvette – called Danica by her owner the broadcaster Jack Hargreaves – hydrofoil sectioned twin keels, flat on the outside and curved on the inside and very slightly toed in. As well as serving the same function as fin keels, the leeward moulded bilge keel used the Bernoulli's principle, to resist leeward drift as the boat heeled on a beat. Hargreaves' stepson with a companion, Chris Jameson, as her skipper, proved Danica by taking her through France by river and canal and on through the Mediterranean to Athens, returning via the Bay of Biscay where she successfully weathered F10 gale force winds (September 1962), but her construction costs focused Rayner's attention on the emerging technology of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP).
Having founded Beacon Boats Co. Ltd. to make and sell Westcoasters – about 60 altogether – and then the Corvette, Rayner experimented with a new enterprise making GRP sailing dinghys. From this temporary project he embarked on the factory manufacture of an ideal family sailing boat expanding, in 1963, to larger premises – temperature-and-humidity-controlled – as the firm of Westerly Marine Construction Ltd., at Hambledon Road, Waterlooville near Portsmouth on the Solent, with himself as Chief Designer, having become, in 1964, an Associate of the RINA. He recruited as his directors Kenneth Bates, Michael C.B.Hurd and David G.M.Sanders and Kenneth Todd, while Dodie Walker in Sales was regarded as integral to an enterprise Rayner was determined should attract customers who cared as much about his boats' interior comfort and convenience as their sailing qualities, for which Rayner sought Lloyd's certification. Two skilled boatbuilders – affectionately esteemed by Rayner as 'the walrus' and 'the carpenter' – were recruited to do the vital job of building the pattern moulds basic to GRP production. GRP was still so recent that he had to be satisfied with a Lloyd's Series Production Certificate affirming that the 4½-ton Westerly 22 – the company's first design – had been built under Lloyd's supervision including inspections and tests of hull strength and the factory conditions under which the moulded fibre glass used in construction went through the process, key to its long term integrity, of curing. Knowing that GRP yachts had not been around long enough to arrive at a proper assessment by Lloyd's of their durability, Rayner added exacting standards of his own to his designs, explaining why, after 40 years, such boats are still trusted by their owners.
Westerly Marine Construction Ltd. grew to be Britain's biggest yacht building company, and during the 1970s, a leader in family yachts. When Rayner was overseeing the construction of his brilliant little Westerly 22, he strengthened his friendship with Jack Hargreaves, who, as an enthusiastic populariser of "messing about in boats", filmed Young Tiger – W22 68 – departing the Solent for America. Rayner's letter, dated 14 December 1965, awaiting her young skipper, Hargreaves' stepson, at a poste restante in Bridgetown Barbados, read "Welcome to the Caribbean and well done! I think this is a justified remark because if you do not get this letter you won't have done so well! I am so glad you have Susanna with you. I shall of course calm down anyone who gets jumpy because I have complete confidence in you and the boat." Young Tiger, crewed by Simon Baddeley and Sue Pulford, telegrammed news of her arrival at Bridgetown on 5 January to Rayner at the 1966 London Boat Show with the words "EASY 29 DAYS. SIMON". They had sailed 2900 miles from the Las Palmas de Gran Canaria to Barbados in 29 days. Peter Guinness, Rear-Commodore of the Royal Cruising Club, in awarding the RCC Challenge Cup, wrote of a winning cruise that ended in Miami United States on 17 April 1966 "in a small, or even very small, ship".
Achievement
Having led men and commanded ships in the Battle of the Atlantic, undoubtedly the most protracted and one of the most crucial of Britain's World War II campaigns, since it was about control of the nation's supply lines, Denys Rayner, who described himself, in his biographical account of the war in the Atlantic, as an 'amateur sailor', gave himself as much to the peace that followed, as he had to the war that won it.
He died of cancer in January 1967 having seen his first two fibreglass designs – a Westerly 22 and a Westerly 25 (Lonesome Traveller owned by Ann and Slade Penoyre) – sailed across the Atlantic by relatively inexperienced seafarers of the kind he dreamed of encouraging to navigate wisely in deep waters. The photo of Young Tiger shows many of the qualities Rayner sought for his Westerly 22 – a shipshape 'baggywrinkled' small craft for everyman moored close to palm trees overhanging a shallow Caribbean beach after an uneventful 29-day crossing of the Atlantic Ocean crewed by two student friends.
Rayner's guidebooks for such adventurers include Safety in Small Craft, Coles, Harrap, De Graff (1961) and Small Boat Sailing, Collins Nutshell Books (1962). Seacraft technologies, especially navigational aids, have been transformed since these books were written, yet they contain timeless wisdom about taking a small ship to sea and bringing her home – without fuss. In Safety in Small Craft Rayner writes: "In any reasonable weather it is the diminutive size of the yacht which makes long passages under sail such thrilling affairs, and one of the reasons why I, for one, find the smallest possible craft the most rewarding" as well, he added, as costing less.
Ben Rayner's greatest peacetime contribution lay in his approach to designing, building and selling such small craft. A fascination with making model destroyers at school evolved into the making of Robinetta in which for a few years he voyaged for pleasure – a pleasure which, after his long war service, he made available to thousands. Starting with Robinetta – based in 2006 on the River Orwell near Harwich and still sailing, and then the rebuilt Orchid to share with his youngest son, Rayner graduated via the one-off Corvette to the Westerly 22, to the Westerly 25, the Westerly 30, the Windrush (a re-worked W25), and the Nomad 22 (a re-worked W22). Applying the husbandry, and inventiveness, that characterised his years as a professional sailor, Rayner applied design and techniques, including the crucial process of curing now recognised as so vital to enduring fibre glass construction, to products that sold themselves. In the recent words of one of his sons, "He was delighted when the butcher, the baker and candlestick maker arrived at the London Boat Show in the early 60s and put down deposits in cash. Boats at that time were produced by 12 men at 6 vessels per annum. With 12 men we built 50 a year. Their yachts cost £6,000. Ours were on a trailer for £1800." But if these small craft were swiftly made and so affordable, none left Rayner's factory unfit for the sea, of which he wrote "neither cruel nor kind... Any apparent virtues it may have, and all its vices, are seen only in relation to the spirit of man who pits himself, in ships of his own building, against its insensate power."
Rayner's home was in West Kirby until 1944, after which the family moved south to Holt Farm, Hook, near Basingstoke, Hampshire, from where he moved to Earlstone Manor Farm, Burghclere, moving again in mid-1963 to Hermitage Farm, Hermitage, both near Newbury in Berkshire. His last home, where he moved in late 1964, was Quarry Farm, West Meon, Hants. He married Isabelle Elizabeth (née Board) in 1933. They had a daughter, Clare, born 1938, and two sons, Martin Drake born in 1934 and Paul Vyvyan born in 1948, who scattered his father's ashes off Gilkicker Point.
References
Baddeley, S., A Voyage to America, 1966 Roving Commissions (7) pp. 9–30, London:RCC Press 1967
Balfour, Hon. R.A. Bluebird of Thorne, plans & specifications, pp. 222–228, in D.C.L.Cree & R.A.R.Pinkney eds 1939 Royal Cruising Club Journal, London:C.F.Roworth 1940
du Plessis, H., Fibreglass Boats, Adlard Coles Nautical, 4th edition, 2006 (see especially the first 8 chapters between pp. 1–52)
Easteal, B. & Poland, P., The Westerly Story – A History of the Company and the Boats. Westerly Owners' Association. 2006
Lynam, C.C., The Log of the Blue Dragon 1892–1904, London: A. H. Bullen 1907
M.G. "A Saucy Little Tub", Robinetta, a 22½ ft. Tabloid with 6 ft. Headroom, Yachting Monthly, Feb 1937, pp. 334–335
Poland, P., "The Westerly Story 1963-1979" Sailing Today, Aug 2005 pp. 88–95
Parker, A.F., "Once around the land – an eventful trip in a Tubby Little Ship", Yachting Monthly, Nov 1947, pp. 3–8
Ransome, Arthur, The Eyewitness, 4 April 1912, pp. 502–503 Reflections on the Royal Cruising Club
Rayner, D.A., Pearl in eds. Cree, Donald C.L. & Pinkney, Roger A.P., assisted by Hibbert, G. StJ., pp. 288–322, 1935 RCC Journal, London:C.F.Roworth 1936
Rayner, D.A., "Robinetta proves herself", Yachting Monthly, Nov 1937, pp. 17–22
Rayner, D.A., Lieut. RNVR, "North East Coast of Ireland: Strangford Lough to Belfast Lough" pilotage information in eds. Cree, Donald C.L. & Pinkney, Roger A.P., pp. 306–315, 1937 RCC Journal, London:Henderson & Spalding 1938
Rayner, D.A., Lieut. RNVR, "Log of Robinetta 1937" in eds. Cree, Donald C.L. & Pinkney, Roger A.P., pp. 347–384, 1937 RCC Journal, London:Henderson & Spalding 1938
Rayner, D.A., Lieut. RNVR, ‘Log of Robinetta 1938’ in eds. Cree, Donald C.L. & Pinkney, Roger A.P., pp. 419–445, 1938 RCC Journal, London:Henderson & Spalding 1939
Rayner, D.A., Escort: The Battle of the Atlantic. London:Kimber 1955, reprinted Annapolis:U.S. Naval Institute Press 1999
Rayner, D.A., The Enemy Below, London:Collins 1956
Rayner, D.A., The Long Fight, London:Collins 1958
Rayner, D.A., The Small Spark of Courage, London:Collins 1959
Rayner, D.A., The Crippled Tanker, London:Collins 1960
Rayner, D.A., Safety in Small Craft, Southampton:Adlard Coles. 1961
Rayner, D.A., Small Boat Sailing, London:Collins Nutshell Books 1962
Rayner, D.A., Starting Motor Boating (Bosun books 14), Coles, Hart-Davis, De Graff 1963
Rayner, D.A., with Wykes, A, The Great Yacht Race, London:Peter Davies 1966
Reviews of the Westerly 22 in The Field 14 January 1963, Yachting Monthly December 1963 by Bill Mison (pp. 308–309), Yachtsman January 1964, 'Westerly 22–25 years on', Yachting Monthly November 1988
Riverdale, Lord, Twin Keel Yachts-Development over 45 Years, RINA Transactions and Annual Report, 1968
Roskill, Capt S. W., History of the Second World War: The War at Sea. HMSO (1954)
Royal Navy: Operational Records, Second World War 1939-1945 Archive research skills needed or visit and get assistance.Seedie's roll of naval honours and awards 1939-1959, Tisbury: Ripley Registers 1989
White, D.F., Bitter Ocean: The Dramatic Story of the Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1945'', Headline Book Publishing, 2006
External links
Denys Rayner at uboat.net
RNVR officers 1939-45
Images to supplement this article
Westerly Owners Association
Westerly Wiki – Technical Information about Westerly Yachts
European Patent Office Rayner's patent on mounting outboard motors
Denys Rayner
1908 births
1967 deaths
Battle of the Atlantic
Boat and ship designers
20th-century British male writers
British yacht designers
Deaths from cancer in England
People educated at Repton School
People from Burghclere
People from Muswell Hill
People from West Kirby
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Navy officers
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys%20Rayner |
Klaipėda Central Stadium () is a football stadium in Klaipėda, Lithuania. It was the home ground of FK Atlantas, and has a capacity of 4,428. The construction started in 1925 and the stadium was originally opened in 1927. It was reconstructed several times.
References
Klaipėda Central Stadium
Buildings and structures in Klaipėda
Sport in Klaipėda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da%20Central%20Stadium |
Agency.com was an interactive marketing agency based in New York City with offices worldwide. The company was a part of Omnicom Group Inc. and had approximately 500 employees in eleven offices on three continents. Services included website design and development, interactive marketing, search marketing and rich media development.
Company history
Starting in 1994, Gabrielle Shannon began publishing Urban Desires, one of the first and most popular early webzines, in collaboration with Chan Suh and Kyle Shannon. The webzine was a production of Agency.com but motivated by pleasure rather than profit.
On February 10, 1995, Agency.com was incorporated by Suh and (Kyle) Shannon to provide website development and interactive marketing services. Omnicom Group Inc. purchased a significant minority investment in 1996, providing capitalization for growth into the rapidly expanding market for interactive services. Online Magic, a UK-based interactive marketing firm established by ad agency DDB Worldwide, was acquired in 1998 to provide Agency.com with its first international location.
In 1998, the company merged with Eagle River Interactive to form what was, at the time, the largest interactive marketing agency in the world. Other acquisitions in 1998 included Spiral Media in New York and Interactive Solutions in Boston. In 1999 the company acquired to bolster its online marketing services offering. Digital Vision Communications was acquired in 1999 in order to give the company a full service presence in the Chicago market. Also in 1999, an office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands was open by acquiring Twinspark Interactive People BV.
In December of that year, the company went public, and was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange as ACOM. Initiated in 2001 and completed in 2003, the company was taken private by an investment firm. It was later sold to Omnicom.
In 2004, was absorbed into the Agency.com operating structure. That same year, the company also acquired Exile on Seventh and absorbed its Internet marketing operations into its San Francisco office.
In 2005 the company passed its 10-year anniversary of incorporation and was named “Best Creative Agency” by OMMA Magazine, and “B-to-B Interactive Agency of the Year” by BtoB Magazine. The 2006 Forrester Wave Report identified Agency.com as one of the top 3 European Interactive agencies.
In 2006, Agency.com expanded operations in Europe with the rebranding of Hypervision in Belgium and TEQUILA\Digital in Italy.
In 2008, co-founder Chan Suh returned to the position of CEO at the fledgling agency. However, in late 2009 co-founder Chan Suh and EVP Ken Trush resigned from their positions with the company as a result of an impending merger with fellow Omnicom agency TBWA\Chiat\Day.
In 2010, Omnicom announced the dismantling of Agency.com in the United States, but the brand remained in Europe.
In 2011 most of the remaining Agency.com converged in The Designory. In Italy the agency was partly absorbed by TBWA\ and partly bought out by the management, and then merged in Draftfcb; in Belgium the brand remained under the umbrella of TBWA\.
Industry recognition
Following are some key awards and recognitions of distinction earned by the company:
“Revolution Awards Agency of the Year, 2007”
2007 Effie Awards Gold Medal Winner, Retail Campaign, eBay” Effie Awards
“Cannes Cyber Lions 2006 – Online Advertising Finalist, British Airways, Dulux” IPA
“2005 Interactive Agency of the Year“ B-to-B Magazine
“Best Full-Service Interactive Agency, 2000” ADWEEK
Urban Desires was nominated for a Webby in the first of the annual Webby Awards in 1997.
Viral marketing controversy
A 2006 ad campaign by Agency.com involved an experimental "viral" pitch video for the Subway (restaurant) account uploaded onto YouTube.com. The purpose of the pitch video upload appears to have been an attempt to show Agency.com's online innovation to Subway by including a "viral" component in the pitch by documenting the pitch process itself and uploading it for all the world to see, discuss, and pass around. The term, "When we roll, we roll big" was used by an Agency.com employee in the video. Industry commentary was generally negative.
References
Best Full-Service Agency: Agency.com, “ADWEEK”, 02-12-2001. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
Initial Public Offerings Key Data Nasdaq.com, “Nasdaq.com”, 12-08-1999. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
SEC Info – Seneca Investments LLC, et al. • SC 13D/A • Agency Com Ltd • On 5/15/01, “SECInfo.com”, 05-15-2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
Best Digital Marketing Company in Delhi.
2007 Effie Awards, “Effie Awards”, 06-07-2007. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
Agency.com and The Guardian get gold at the Revolution Awards, “BrandRepublic”, 03-17-07. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
Tags N Ticks Technologies is a full-service Best digital marketing agency in Delhi that offers services such as SEO, PPC, social media marketing, content marketing, and SMS marketing.
Official website
See also
Big Spaceship
Fast Web Media
OutRank by Rogers
Zeta Interactive
Digital marketing companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency.com |
Cora Pearl (born Eliza Emma Crouch; December 1836 – 8 July 1886) was an English courtesan or cocotte of the French demimonde who became most well known during the period of the Second French Empire.
Early life
Eliza Emma Crouch was born in Plymouth in December 1836, just a few months before the introduction of civil registration in England and Wales. She was baptised at St Andrew's Church, Plymouth together with her younger sister Hannah Lydia (born 30 November 1837) on 27 December 1837. Her subsequent use of her sister Louisa's birth certificate in her 1886 Mémoires, amended to appear as if it were her own, led to over a century of confusion over her date of birth. The exact date of her birth in December is still unknown.
Her father was the cellist and composer Frederick Nicholls Crouch, who married her mother, the contralto Lydia (née Pearson), at St Paul's Church, Covent Garden in 1832. By April 1841, Crouch had returned to London, leaving his wife and daughters in Plymouth. In 1843, he went through a Roman Catholic marriage ceremony with Elizabeth 'Bessie' George and had two more children. He left for the United States in 1849, leaving both wives and families behind. With several young children to care for, Crouch's mother Lydia brought Richard William Littley into the household, who was to be considered a “stepfather” by her children.
Crouch was sent to a convent boarding school in Boulogne, France, but later returned to live with her paternal grandmother, Anna Maria (née Nicholls). Following the death of her husband, Crouch's paternal grandfather, Anna Maria married the former Secretary of the Royal Philharmonic Society, violinist, composer and arranger William Watts. In 1851, Crouch and her sister Hannah were living with their paternal grandparents in Jersey, an experience Crouch found confining, leading her to defy her grandmother's cautions regarding the dangers that a young woman faced out in the streets unchaperoned. Whilst out on her own one day, Crouch, approximately twenty years old at the time, accepted the advances of an older man who approached her on the street, allowing him to take her to a drinking den, where he bought her cakes to eat and alcohol to drink, ultimately leading to the man raping Crouch, a virgin at that time.
Upon awakening, Crouch found the man had left her a five-pound note — more money than she had ever seen. Crouch later said the encounter left her with "an instinctive horror of men". After her sexual assault, Crouch did not return to her grandmother's home or that of her mother's, but rented a room for herself in Covent Garden.
Life in London
On her own in London, Crouch made the acquaintance of Robert Bignell, proprietor of a notorious pleasure establishment, the Argyll Rooms. Providing the combination of a bar, a dance hall and women available for hire, the establishment provided private alcoves and rooms where couples could retire for sexual activity. Crouch soon vacated her single room and moved into a suite at the Argyll Rooms, becoming Bignell's mistress.
Studying the life around her, Crouch realized that the life of the common prostitute was a tragic one, with the best result being that a woman could end up "poor and degraded", and the worst being a future that held "disease and death". Crouch resolved to practice the trade with higher expectations, with the goal of becoming the kept woman of select dedicated lovers with the financial means to keep her in luxury.
Crouch's involvement with Bignell lasted for some time, with the two traveling to Paris, posing as a married couple. Crouch became so enamoured with the city of Paris that she insisted that Bignell return to London without her, determined to remain in the French capital. It was at this time that Crouch took on the name Cora Pearl, a pseudonym chosen to resonate with the new identity and future she hoped to craft for herself in Paris.
Life as a courtesan
Again on her own in a major metropolis, Pearl began working and selling sex under her new pseudonym, making a connection with a procurer known as , who set Pearl up in more suitable quarters, taught her the business rudiments of her new trade, and tutored her in refining and broadening her repertoire of professional skills. She worked for him for six years.
Her first lover of distinction was Victor Masséna, age 25, third Duke du Rivoli, and later fifth Prince of Essling. Masséna set Pearl up in opulence, giving her money, jewels, servants, and a private chef. He provided her with funds for gambling when she visited the casinos and racecourse in the fashionable resort of Baden, Germany, and bought her the first horse Pearl ever owned. During this time, Pearl became an accomplished horsewoman; it was said "she rode like an Amazon" and "was kinder to her horses than her lovers". Her liaison with Masséna lasted five years. While cultivating Masséna, she simultaneously was sharing her favours with Prince Achille Murat, a man 11 years younger than Masséna.
By 1860, Pearl was one of the more celebrated courtesans in Paris. She was the mistress of notable aristocrats, the Prince of Orange, heir to the throne of the Netherlands, Ludovic, Duc de Grammont-Caderousse, and more significantly Charles Duc de Morny, who was the half-brother of the Emperor Napoleon III. The Emperor's brother generously contributed to the life Pearl demanded.
In 1864, Pearl rented a chateau in the region of the Loiret. Known as the ("beautiful sojourn"), the château was a luxurious and expensively decorated residence with stained glass windows and immaculately maintained interiors and grounds. Her boudoir had a custom-made bronze bath monogrammed with her initials intertwined in gold. The château was conceived for gala entertainments, and there were rarely fewer than 15 guests at the dinner table, with the chef instructed to spare no cost on the expenditure for food. Pearl was known for devising entertainments of an unexpected and outrageous theatricality, of which she invariably was the star attraction. On one such evening, she dared the group assembled around the dinner table "to cut into the next dish" about to be served. The meal's next course was Cora Pearl herself, presented lying naked on a huge silver platter, garnished with parsley, and carried in by four large men.
Her most dedicated benefactor and enduring admirer was Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, the emperor's cousin. She met the prince in 1868 when he was age 42, and their liaison lasted nine years, the longest relationship in Pearl's career. He bought her several homes, one a veritable palace, known as .
In 1860, Pearl made an appearance at a masquerade ball attended by the elite of Parisian society. She caused a sensation in appearing as a scantily costumed Eve, whose degree of nudity diverged little from the biblical original. Invariably enthusiastic about exhibiting her physical charms to an audience, she took the role of a singing Cupid in the Jacques Offenbach operetta , (Orpheus in the Underworld) performed at the in 1867. It was written that "Cora Pearl made an appearance half-naked on the stage. That evening the Jockey Club in its entirety, graced the theatre. All the names...of French nobility were there...It was a success of a kind." The chronicle of the evening continued with "Apparently the beautiful Cora Pearl had already munched up a ("skewer") of five or six historical fortunes with her pretty white teeth."
The highest point of Pearl’s career as courtesan were the years 1865 to 1870. In his biography The Pearl from Plymouth (1950), W.H. Holden wrote that there was evidence that Pearl regularly sent money to both her mother in England and father in America. For Pearl, money was for spending, for accumulating the luxuries of life, and buying her way to a coveted perch in the upper echelons of society. Her jewel collection alone was valued at 1 million francs; at one point, she owned three homes, and her clothing was made for her by the renowned couturier Charles Frederick Worth. As her career prospered, the gifts from her suitors needed to be both costly and imaginative. She pitted her admirers against one another, raising the price for her favours as the games among competitors escalated. In her heyday, she was able to command as high a price as 10,000 francs for an evening's entertainment.
Celebrity
Pearl was known for dressing creatively, with the intent to provoke either shock or awe. wrote of her affinity for dying her hair bold colors; she was once seen riding out in her carriage, her hair the color of a lemon, dyed to match the carriage's yellow satin interior. In another instance, she appeared in a blue gown, her dog’s coat dyed to match her wardrobe.
Pearl also used makeup in a manner heavier than most women of the time, using makeup to accentuate her eyes and eyelashes, and wearing face powder tinted with silver or pearls to give her skin a shimmering appearance. Jean-Philippe Worth, the son of the couturier Worth, pronounced her "shockingly overdone" in this aspect. In 1867, a drink came into vogue, inspired by Pearl, dubbed the "Tears of Cora Pearl". Alfred Delvau wrote a tribute to Pearl in in 1867, declaring that: "You are today, Madame, the renown, the preoccupation, the scandal and the toast of Paris. Everywhere they talk only of you."
Decline
At age 37, Pearl became involved in a relationship that resulted in the decline of her success and fortune. Pearl had become embroiled in a relationship with a wealthy young man, Alexandre Duval, 10 years her junior, whose obsession for her was so intense that he spent his entire fortune on sustaining his liaison with her, giving her jewels, fine horses, and money. It was reported that at one point, Duval gave her an exquisitely bound book, a 100-page volume where each page was bookmarked by a 1,000 franc bill. Pearl ultimately dismissed him, a finality that Duval could not accept.
On 19 December 1872, Duval went to her home, it is believed, with the intention of killing her. The gun he brought accidentally discharged, wounding him near fatally; initially near death, he eventually recovered, but the consequences of the event proved disastrous for Pearl's reputation. Publicized as , the scandal caused the authorities to order Pearl to leave the country, leading to her expulsion from Paris to first London and later Monaco and Nice. The contents of her Paris home were sold.
Financial difficulties
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870 brought at its end a new French Republic as well as cultural and political changes to French society. The era in which Pearl had achieved her greatest success was over, with the Third Republic seeing diminution of aristocratic privilege and a resurgence of conservative values. Pearl was no longer able to attract the titled men who had been her prime clients; in 1874, her long tenure as the mistress of Prince Napoleon ended at his request. He wrote her a touching, carefully worded letter of regret; he could no longer sustain the emotional and professional toll the relationship required of him.
Pearl was slowly forced to liquidate the fortune she had accumulated. While not destitute, her financial situation had become dire by 1880. In 1873, she sold her home, and by 1883, she had returned to common prostitution, taking an apartment above the shop of a coachbuilder on the avenue , where she received clients. In July 1885, she was forced to sell her château in the .
Pearl's reduced finances, however, did not abate her passion for gambling. Habitually committed to playing for large stakes, she was restricted to betting modest amounts. Julian Arnold, an old acquaintance, encountered Pearl outside a casino in Monte Carlo. He later wrote in his memoirs: "I found a woman seated on the kerbstone and weeping pitifully. She appeared to be about fifty years of age, handsome...but much bedraggled." She told him that she had been turned out of her apartment, her few belongings seized by the landlord in lieu of rent. She had no place to go, and was hungry and in misery.
Memoirs
The had been greatly anticipated when it became known that Pearl was writing her autobiography. Published in 1886 in Paris and subsequently in England in London, Pearl claimed to have sent relevant pages to her former lovers, offering to anonymise their names if they paid her. In the event, most names were altered, but the anonymised figures of many have since been identified.
In the early 1980s, William Blatchford claimed to have located the Memoirs of Cora Pearl, which he said had been published in 1890, after Pearl's death. Supposedly an earlier version of the book published in 1886, this volume purported to date back to an earlier date, perhaps even as early 1873. Decidedly more frank and sexually explicit than the 1886 memoirs, their idiomatic English – expressive of a provincial, unsophisticated use of the language – convinced many of the work's authenticity when the memoirs were published by Granada under the title Grand Horizontal, The Erotic Memoirs of a Passionate Lady. However, Blatchford turned out to be a pseudonym adopted by the real author of the 'memoirs', Derek Parker, a former chairman of the Society of Authors, who later admitted that he had hoaxed Granada.
Death
Soon after the publication of her memoirs, Pearl became seriously ill with intestinal cancer. Her biographer Holden wrote: "The various accounts of Cora spending her last days in dire poverty in one squalid room are very much exaggerated". Pearl died on 8 July 1886, with obituary notices appearing in the London and Paris papers. Her remaining possessions were disposed of in a two-day sale in October 1886, and she was buried in Batignolles cemetery, (plot number 10, row 4), in a grave leased for five years. After those five years, what remained of her body was removed to an ossuary and the grave was reused.
References in popular culture
Cora Pearl appears in Robert Goddard's novel Painting the Darkness in connection with her relationship with Prince Napoléon Bonaparte.
Cora Pearl appears in Robert Greene’s The Art of Seduction, in the chapter called “The Natural.”
Cora Pearl appears in Alexander Chee's novel The Queen of the Night in act 2, chapter 6
Cora Pearl was referenced in Cuttlefish That Loves Diving (爱潜水的乌贼)'s book titled ”Lord of Mysteries 2: Circle of Inevitability" as a coutesan named 'Perle'.
References
Sources
1836 births
1886 deaths
19th-century English memoirists
19th-century English women writers
English courtesans
Mistresses of French royalty
People from Plymouth, Devon
Deaths from stomach cancer
Burials at Batignolles Cemetery
British women memoirists
People of the Second French Empire
Courtesans from Paris
English emigrants to France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora%20Pearl |
Laura Eliza Jane Seymour Bell (1829–1894, married name Thistlethwayte) was an Irish-born courtesan of Victorian England. She was most notorious for the Nepalese Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana reputedly spending £250,000 on her. She later experienced a religious conversion and became a revivalist preacher on morality.
Early life
Bell was born in Glenavy, County Antrim. After an unsupervised childhood, she left home to work a shop assistant in Belfast. She earned extra money by prostitution.
She later moved to Dublin where she became a successful courtesan. Bell is rumored to have had an affair with Dr William Wilde, father of Oscar Wilde.
London
Around 1849 Bell moved to London, where she became known as The Queen of London Whoredom. Rich noblemen and dukes were entertained by Bell.
She often drove in Hyde Park in a gilt carriage drawn by two white horses. It was here she met the Nepalese Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana. Rana installed Bell in a luxury house in Wilton Crescent, Belgravia, and showered her with gifts. There are stories that Rana paid £250,000 for one night with Bell, but it's far more likely that the sum was the total value of gifts given to Bell over the 90 days they spent together. This sum was underwritten by Lord Canning, Governor-General of India.
When Rana had to return to Nepal, he gave Bell a diamond ring and a promise to fulfill her every wish as a parting gift. During the Indian Mutiny Bell wrote to Rana asking him to send troops to assist in the British during the Sepoy Mutiny. She enclosed the ring to remind him of his promise. Rana sent his troops.
On 21 January 1852, she married Captain August Frederick Thistlethwayte, who lived in Grosvenor Square, London, and had an estate in Ross-shire, Scotland.
Evangelism
Bell found religion and became an Evangelist, and referred to herself as "God's Ambassadress". She hosted Evangelical tea parties for high society. and aided London's prostitutes.
In 1887, Thistlethwayte accidentally shot and killed himself (he habitually shot his revolver into the ceiling to summon his valet). Bell never remarried.
Prime Minister William Gladstone and his wife became friends with Bell, and this friendship continued until Bell's death in 1894.
References
Sources
Courtesans by Katie Hickman, 2003, HarperCollins,
External links
From Whoredom to Evangelism, by J. F. Burns
1829 births
1894 deaths
19th-century Irish women
19th-century Irish people
Irish courtesans
People from Glenavy
Women of the Victorian era | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Bell%20%28courtesan%29 |
Ecolog Arena is a multi-purpose stadium in Tetovo, North Macedonia used primary for football matches. The stadium's capacity is 15,000 seats.
History
The stadium opened in 1981 and was called Tetovo City Stadium (Stadion Gradski Tetovo) until 2016.
The Football Federation of Macedonia and the Tetovo Municipality agreed in March 2015 to renovate the stadium as a part of the UEFA "Hat-trick 4" initiative. The renovation began in April 2015 and was completed in April 2016. Floodlights to play matches at night were erected later the same year.
In July 2016, Ecolog International, the owners of KF Shkëndija, took Tetovo City Stadium under concession from the Tetovo municipal council and committed to invest 7.7 million euros to renovate the stadium to be able to host international matches. The ground was renamed Ecolog Arena under the concession agreement.
International fixtures
References
External links
Gradski Stadion – Tetovo
Macedonian Football
Football Federation of Macedonia
Football venues in North Macedonia
Stadium
KF Renova
FK Teteks
Multi-purpose stadiums in North Macedonia
Sport in Tetovo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolog%20Arena |
A measuring spoon is a spoon used to measure an amount of an ingredient, either liquid or dry, when cooking. Measuring spoons may be made of plastic, metal, and other materials. They are available in many sizes, including the teaspoon and tablespoon.
Country differences
International
Metric measuring spoons are available in sets, usually between four and six, typically with decilitre (100 ml), tablespoon (15 ml), teaspoon (5 ml) and millilitre measures. For fractional measures, there is often a line inside to indicate "half" or "a quarter", or a separate measure may be included, like dl.
United States
In the U.S., measuring spoons often come in sets, usually between four and six. This usually includes ¼, ½, and 1 teaspoon and 1 tablespoon.
The volume of a traditional US teaspoon is 4.9 ml and that of a tablespoon is 14.8 ml, only slightly less than standard metric measuring spoons.
Japan
In Japan, usually two spoons are used: a and a .
A large spoon is 15 milliliters, and a small spoon is 5 milliliters.
Sometimes a much smaller spoon may be used, usually a 2.5 milliliter spoon (½ small spoon).
Australia
The Australian definition of the tablespoon as a unit of volume is larger than most:
{|
|-
|1 Australian tablespoon ||colspan=3| = 20 ml
|-
|-
| || = 2 dessertspoons, ||style="text-align:right;"| 1 dessertspoon = || 10 ml each
|-
| || = 4 teaspoons, ||style="text-align:right;"| 1 teaspoon = || 5 ml each
|}
Specialized measuring spoons
Special spoons are manufactured to measure popular materials for common tasks. For example, for coffee the standard measuring spoon contains 7 grams of coffee powder, adequate for a 150 ml espresso.
Measuring with cutlery spoons
Cutlery in many countries includes two spoons (besides the fork and knife, or butterknife). These cutlery spoons are also called a "teaspoon" and "tablespoon", but are not necessarily the same volume as measuring spoons with the same names: Cutlery spoons are not made to standard sizes and may hold 2.5~7.3 ml (50%~146% of 5 ml) for teaspoons and 7~20 ml (47%~133% of 15 ml) for tablespoons. The difference in size can be dangerous when cutlery is used for critical measurements, like medication.
See also
Measuring cup
Cooking weights and measures
Kitchen utensil
References
Spoons
Food preparation utensils
Cooking weights and measures
Volumetric instruments
Units of volume | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring%20spoon |
Jim Fidler (born in the 1960s in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania) is a singer, producer, and musician living in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
Biography
In the 1960s, Jim and his mother relocated to Newfoundland where he grew up in the diverse Rabbittown section of St. John's. As a youth, Fidler spent a great deal of time along Conception Bay, where he developed an appreciation for Newfoundland's music and culture. Fidler's family found that, as a child, he frequently picked up instruments and mastered them with ease.
Blind since age 9, he continued to develop his talents. By the age of 10, he had formed his own band with friends. He attended school in Halifax, where he continued his musical studies and eventually earned a degree in classical piano and music theory at the Maritime Conservatory of Music in Halifax.
Fidler plays many of the instruments used on his albums including accordion, guitar, whistle, bodhran, and keyboards. The styles of music that he plays range from reggae to bluegrass, Celtic to North African. He formed a successful reggae group called Pressure Drop in the late 1980s and was their drummer and songwriter. Between Pressure Drop and his first solo CD, Fidler arranged some songs on Great Big Sea's debut CD.
In addition to his solo albums, his project Gypsy won awards for Roots/Traditional Album of the Year and Independent Album of the Year in 1996. In 1998 and again in 2000 Jim was featured in the Toronto production of The Needfire. Fidler has collaborated with Great Big Sea, Paddy Keenan, Celtic Connection, the Masterless Men, Atlantic Union and others.
Fidler continues to live in St. John's, Newfoundland with his wife, Lillian, a graphic designer, and their cat, Gypsy.
Fidler is Christina Aguilera's first cousin.
Discography
Gypsy (1995)
Friendly Fire (1999)
Musaik: In This World (2003)
Midnight Rover (2005)
Up That River (2011)
References
External links
Jim Fidler Official site
Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador - Jim Fidler
Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts alumni
Musicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Musicians from Pittsburgh
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Blind musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Fidler |
The San Marino Stadium (formerly Stadio Olimpico di Serravalle) is a multi-purpose stadium in Serravalle, San Marino. First opened in 1969, it is currently used mostly for football matches. It is the national stadium of San Marino.
Overview
The stadium was named "olympic" in 1985, on the occasion of the first Games of the Small States of Europe sponsored by the International Olympic Committee.
From 1969 till 2019, the stadium was used by ASD Victor San Marino for its home games. It was also used by Serravalle-based football club A.C. Juvenes/Dogana for its home games in the Italian league until the side withdrew in 2007 to concentrate only on the Sammarinese Championship. It is an all-seater stadium with a maximum capacity of 6,664. It has hosted teams such as England, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands and Scotland.
The San Marino national team's three biggest defeats at the stadium are a record 13–0 to Germany in September 2006, 10–0 to England in 2021, and joint third are two 8–0 defeats in 2013 to both England and Ukraine. The national team's only win was also in this stadium; a friendly 1–0 beating of Liechtenstein in 2004. San Marino's first official international match, which was a 4–0 defeat to Switzerland, was also played here. In 2014, at the stadium, the San Marino national team earned its first ever point in European Championship qualifying, in a 0–0 draw with Estonia.
It is home to the youth teams of San Marino, some of which have worse records on the international stage than the senior team; though their Under-21 side did record a shock 1–0 win over their Welsh counterparts in 2013.
On 2 September 2014, the stadium was renamed San Marino Stadium in the presence of sammarinese football officials, who presented improvements and additions to the facility, including new changing rooms, a gym, and a TV studio.
The stadium hosted matches at the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.
The final of the San Marino domestic cup, the Coppa Titano, is also played here each year.
The stadium typically hosts home matches for San Marino teams in UEFA competitions.
See also
Sport in San Marino
Football in San Marino
Athletics at the 1985 Games of the Small States of Europe
References
External links
World Stadium article (archived 16 March 2010)
Football venues in San Marino
Athletics (track and field) venues in San Marino
San Marino
ASD Victor San Marino
Multi-purpose stadiums in San Marino
Serravalle (San Marino) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Marino%20Stadium |
Niederstetten () is a town and a municipality in the Main-Tauber district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated 14 km southeast of Bad Mergentheim, and 19 km west of Rothenburg ob der Tauber.
Sights
The main attraction is the Castle Haltenbergstetten.
Museum
The Albert-Sammt-Zeppelin-Museum is in memory of last German airship captain Albert Sammt and shows original parts as well as documents of Zeppelin history.
Economy, industry and infrastructure
Military
Niederstetten is home to German Army Aviation Transport Helicopter Regiment 30 based at Niederstetten Air Base.
International relations
Niederstetten is twinned with:
Le Plessis-Bouchard (France).
References
Main-Tauber-Kreis
Württemberg
Historic Jewish communities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederstetten |
Matija Gubec Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Krško, Slovenia.
The stadium was built in 1946 and has a capacity of 1,470 seats. It is currently used mostly for football matches and also hosts motorcycle speedway competitions since 1957, including the Speedway Grand Prix of Slovenia as part of the Speedway Grand Prix World Championship series. During speedway competitions the standing area surrounding the track is opened for public and therefore the race can be viewed by more than 10,000 individuals.
The stadium hosted the final of the 1980 Speedway World Pairs Championship.
See also
List of football stadiums in Slovenia
References
Football venues in Slovenia
Multi-purpose stadiums in Slovenia
Krško
Speedway venues in Slovenia
Sports venues completed in 1946
NK Krško
1946 establishments in Slovenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matija%20Gubec%20Stadium |
In old French customs, aubaine (, windfall) was an originally feudal right regulating the inheritance of goods from a foreigner who died in a country where he was not naturalized. The word is formed from aubain, a foreigner, which Gilles Ménage derived further from the Latin alibi natus; Jacques Cujas derived from advena; and du Cange from albanus, a Scot or Irishman, by the reason that these were anciently frequent travelers living abroad.
The opposite of an aubain was a régnicole, someone who died outside the French kingdom but was a royal subject by birth and residence.
In the Ancien Régime, aubaine was a right of the King of France, allowing him to claim the inheritance of all foreigners in his dominions; exclusive of all other lords, and even of any testament the deceased could make. An ambassador, though not naturalized, was not subject to the right of aubaine. The Swiss, Savoyards, Scots, and Portuguese were also exempted from aubaine, as they were considered naturalized. This right applied to every holder of a secular or church fief. It also applied to abandoned children, but the holder of the right was the owner of the place where the child was left, who could thus recoup the costs of the care and education of the child if there were no inheritors.
This right was a major risk for foreign traders at fairs, foreign contractors and workers in manufactures, mercenary soldiers, foreigners with rents or securities, and cities with large foreign populations. To give them security while generating state revenue, the right of aubaine was transformed into a tax on foreigners: for a 5% tax on the value of the property of the deceased, the king waived his right of aubaine for the nationals of Geneva (1608), Holland (1685), England (1739), Denmark (1742), Naples, Spain and other Bourbon lands in Europe (1762), the duchy of Tuscany (1768), and the duchy of Parma (1769).
The right of aubaine was abolished by the French Revolutionary Assembly. Reinstated in the Napoleonic Code of 1803, it was finally abolished in 1819 under the Restoration.
References
Political history of the Ancien Régime
Kingdom of France
Law of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubaine |
is a diary of 20th-century Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti (18951986). Written during , it was reputedly not intended for publication; the manuscript also became entangled in copyright and custody disputes. The diary was eventually published in 1976 over objections of Krishnamurti associates, and an expanded edition with additional material was published in 2003. The work one of the very few books Krishnamurti wrote himself has been noted for poetic and penetrating descriptions of nature, but is best known for its first hand accounts of persistent, unusual physical experiences and states of consciousness. It has been called "a remarkable mystical document" in press reports, while an authorized Krishnamurti biographer described it as containing "the whole essence" of his philosophy.
About the work
Krishnamurti's first entry in this handwritten journal, quoted above in its entirety, is dated with the location given as New York City. He continued writing almost daily for nine months while at various locales; there are about 200 entries in total, almost all of them between one and two print pages in length. The last entry is dated at Bombay (Mumbai). The published work is considered one of the few books that Krishnamurti actually wrote himself; the majority of his other books consist of edited or verbatim transcripts of talks, discussions and dictations, or are curated collections of excerpts from the same
The diary portrays Krishnamurti's world from the inside; according to a commentator, it provides a "panorama of the landscape of Krishnamurti's daily consciousness. In particular, the diary describes Krishnamurti's experience of a nearly lifelong, often acutely painful condition he called , and manifestations of a state he refers to as a state that often, but not always, appeared concurrently with . As is the case with other Krishnamurti works, the entries often include his impressions of nature, individuals and society, the descriptions of which have a "poetic quality" according to
The journal begins (and ends) without preamble; shortly before he started writing it, Krishnamurti, then in London, reputedly experienced a recurrence of during May and , witnessed by associates. In the time period covered by the diary, similar events were witnessed by other associates while Krishnamurti was in Switzerland in the summer of 1961; the diary and the events or states described, again reputedly perceived by others, continued upon his arrival to India in late autumn of the same
The work was minimally edited for clarity and spelling by authorized Krishnamurti biographer Mary Lutyens, who provided the Foreword for the original edition (published 1976). In it she states, “In this unique daily record we have what may be called the well-spring of Krishnamurti's teaching. The whole essence of his teaching is here, arising from its natural source. Elsewhere Lutyens writes, "apart from its content, it is an extraordinary manuscript, without a single erasure. She devoted a chapter to this book in the second volume of her biography of Krishnamurti, The Years of Fulfillment (published 1983). In it she mentions objections raised against the diary's publication by Krishnamurti associates who had read the manuscript and thought it presented a picture of Krishnamurti at odds with his public pronouncements; his responses to these objections are
Lutyens had revealed the existence of in The Years of Awakening, the first volume of her biography of Krishnamurti (published 1975). This physical condition which Krishnamurti and those around him did not consider as medical in nature and experiences similar to , had reputedly originally appeared in 1922. At the time, Krishnamurti was associated with the Theosophical Society and the related World Teacher Project. The existence and history of these experiences had remained unknown outside of the Theosophical Society leadership and Krishnamurti's circle of close associates and
Roland Vernon, another of his biographers, states that previous attempts (by others), at revealing details from his past, including these reputed experiences, were suppressed by Krishnamurti. According to Vernon, Krishnamurti "believed, with good reason, that the sensationalism of his early story would cloud the public's perception of his current work". However, Krishnamurti often hinted at -like states in later talks and discussions; he was more expansive on the subject with close associates, also stating that the experience of continued as he was nearing
Around the time of the diary's original publication more than fourteen years after the final entry Krishnamurti stated, "I did not write it for I have attempted to put into words the actual pain and sensation which goes with the heightened
Publication history
The manuscript was entangled in personal and legal disputes between Krishnamurti and D. Rajagopal, Krishnamurti's erstwhile editor and business manager. An agreement in 1974 regarding this and other Krishnamurti materials allowed eventual publication, and the first edition appeared in via longtime Krishnamurti publishers Gollancz in the United Kingdom and Harper & Row in the United States .
The front and back covers of both impressions feature the same set of contemporary photographs of Krishnamurti. After the Foreword by Lutyens there is a table of contents labeled "Itinerary", listing the places the diary was kept. Copyright was held by the Krishnamurti Foundation Trust (KFT), a UK-based organization. A paperback edition was first published in the US by Harper's Perennial Library imprint in
Following the discovery in the of thirty-two additional diary pages, the work was republished in an expanded edition (the "Full Text Edition") in 2003 by Krishnamurti Publications, the official publisher and distributor of Krishnamurti's works. It includes facsimiles of original diary pages and an additional, edition-specific foreword; the updated "Itinerary" precedes both forewords. It features a photograph similar to the first edition's on the front cover (Krishnamurti alone in a nature setting); a 1935 portrait of his by Edward Weston is on the back cover. This edition's copyright was again registered to the KFT. It was followed by in
The work was first published in digital media in 2008, as a Kindle e-book release of the full text edition . By 2010, print versions had several reprints, with the expanded edition offered in and dialects; around the same time, the work was made freely available as an electronic document through , the official Jiddu Krishnamurti online
The full text edition was published by Blackstone Audio in 2017 as an unabridged audiobook read by Anthony Wren. It was released as a downloadable audio file ; a CD audio version of the audiobook, published by Made for Success, was released in the US in via
Original edition
Select editions
Reception
The Library Journal stated in review, insights are, as always, written in plain, nonsectarian language, and give perhaps the best picture we have today of the life of the spirit outside a strictly religious context. Publishers Weekly called the work a "luminous diary", and characterized Krishnamurti's teaching as "austere, in a sense
Kirkus Reviews described it as approachable, more intimate than Krishnamurti's didactic writings, this will to all readers with a feeling for the mystery of existence"; however, London's Observer thought it better suited to those already familiar with Krishnamurti's life and
Krishnamurti was interviewed about the work by Gerald Priestland for the BBC Radio 4 program Chapter and Verse, which reviewed books of a religious or spiritual nature; the interview and book review was broadcast on the evening of
The Guardian (London) carried a sympathetic report about the book in the article was not exclusively focused on the Notebook, also describing Krishnamurti's life and
The reputed inner experiences as described in the diary and in Lutyens' biography aroused the interest of Krishnamurti's audiences. After their publication he was questioned by his listeners on the subject; he was generally dismissive of the importance of -related events, stating that all discussion of mystical experiences was trivial, and, although he continued alluding to -like states, he again avoided any
The book continued to attract attention, and favorable mentions, in the following decades. In its obituary of Krishnamurti, The Times (London), described it as "a remarkable mystical document", while in 2006 the work was cited in a conference paper as the most extensive documentation to date of a mystic's inner thoughts, perceptions, and
Other diaries
Following this diary's original publication, two other diaries of his were published in book form: Krishnamurti's Journal in 1982, and Krishnamurti to Himself in
See also
Jiddu Krishnamurti bibliography
Notes
References
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1976 non-fiction books
Books by Jiddu Krishnamurti
Diaries
Harper & Row books
Philosophy books
Victor Gollancz Ltd books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnamurti%27s%20Notebook |
F.T.F.O. (an acronym for Fuck The Fuck Off) is the debut solo studio album by American rapper Shaggy 2 Dope. It was released on February 21, 2006 via Psychopathic Records. Recording sessions took place at the Lotus Pod in Detroit and at the Funhouse Studio in Sterling Heights, Michigan. Production was handled by Insane Clown Posse, Mike E. Clark, Polar Bear and Fritz the Cat. It features guest appearance from Twiztid. The album art alludes to the ICP tradition of spraying the audience (and themselves) with the American soft drink Faygo.
The album debuted at No. 88 on the Billboard 200, No. 24 on the Top Rock Albums, No. 7 on the Independent Albums and No. 11 on the Tastemakers with nearly 14,000 copies sold in its first week in the United States.
Track listing
Personnel
Joseph "Shaggy 2 Dope" Utsler – lyrics, lead vocals, producer (tracks: 1, 2, 5, 12, 14, 16)
Paul "Monoxide" Methric – lyrics & vocals (track 10)
James "Jamie Madrox" Spaniolo – lyrics & vocals (track 10)
Joseph "Violent J" Bruce – lyrics (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17), additional vocals (tracks: 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17), producer (tracks: 1, 7, 13)
James "Lavel" Hicks – additional vocals (tracks: 3, 7, 13), engineering (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 6-8, 12-17)
Chris "Blaze Ya Dead Homie" Rouleau – additional vocals (tracks: 4, 10)
Michelle "Sugar Slam" Rapp – additional vocals (track 13)
James "Anybody Killa" Lowery – additional vocals (track 14)
Annette Utsler – additional vocals (track 14)
Mike E. Clark – producer (tracks: 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 15), engineering (track 10), mixing
Polar Bear – producer (tracks: 3, 8)
Fritz "The Cat" Vankosky – additional producer (tracks: 5, 14), engineering (tracks: 2, 5, 9, 10, 11)
Brian Debler – graphics
Michael Scotta – graphics
Charts
References
External links
2006 debut albums
Shaggy 2 Dope albums
Psychopathic Records albums
Albums produced by Joseph Bruce
Albums produced by Mike E. Clark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.T.F.O. |
The Council of the Republic of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus (; ) is the upper house of the parliament of Belarus.
The Council consists of 64 members, and the representation is based geographically, with most of the elected members come from civil society organizations, labour collectives and public associations in their jurisdiction. Each oblast (six) and the city of Minsk (the national capital) are represented by eight members, and an additional eight members are appointed to the council via presidential quota.
It was established after the Constitution of Belarus was amended in 1996 following a referendum, replacing the Supreme Council of Belarus.
Speakers of the Council of the Republic
See also
National Assembly (Parliament) of Belarus
House of Representatives of Belarus
Politics of Belarus
List of legislatures by country
References
External links
Government of Belarus
National Assembly of Belarus
Belarus
1997 establishments in Belarus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20the%20Republic%20%28Belarus%29 |
Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center was a 10,000-seat multi-purpose arena and convention center in Niagara Falls, New York from 1973 to 2002.
Planning and construction
The venue was built in 1973 as part of an urban renewal project in the city of Niagara Falls. It was built in the center of a main thoroughfare, Falls Street, and blocked traffic to Niagara Falls State Park. It also eliminated Jefferson Avenue and Erie Avenue, two main thoroughfares.
The building was designed by Johnson/Burgee Architects in collaboration with Jane Davis Doggett. Its arched design was inspired by the rainbows commonly seen over Niagara Falls, according to architect Philip Johnson. Locals jokingly noted its resemblance to a Quonset hut.
Notable events
Music
Elvis Presley played two shows at the venue in June 1974 and two shows at the venue in July 1975.
Bob Dylan played the venue as part of his Rolling Thunder Revue Tour in November 1975.
Frank Sinatra played the venue in May 1990.
David Bowie played the venue as part of his Sound+Vision Tour in July 1990.
Phish recorded their live album Niagara Falls at the venue in December 1995.
The Notorious B.I.G performed at the venue in June 1996, and was supported by Jay-Z, Junior MAFIA and Mary J. Blige.
Sports
The venue was home to the NCAA's Niagara Purple Eagles men's basketball team from 1973 to 1982 and again from 1988 to 1996.
The venue hosted the ABC Masters bowling tournament in 1983 and 1987.
World Wrestling Federation (WWF) presented 22 events at the venue between 1984 and 1997, including two tapings of WWF Wrestling Challenge.
In March 1992, a spectator was killed during a USHRA Monster Jam show at the venue when the driver of Bad Medicine became incapacitated and veered his truck into the stands. 82-year-old Lester Gilliam pushed a young boy out of harm's way and was then struck by the vehicle.
The venue hosted the gymnastics portion of the 1993 Summer Universiade in July 1993.
UFC 12 was scheduled to take place at the venue in February 1997, but mixed martial arts was banned in New York State the day before the event, forcing its relocation to Dothan, Alabama.
Joe Mesi defeated Jorge Luis Gonzalez in a professional boxing card at the venue in April 2001. Mesi would later defeat Bert Cooper at the venue in July 2001.
Other
The venue was host to Miss USA 1974, Miss USA 1975, and Miss USA 1976.
The Royal Lipizzan Stallions 30th-anniversary show in 2000.
In 1980, the venue began hosting the city's annual Festival of Lights to commemorate the Christmas season.
Closure
The venue was closed in 2002 and converted into Seneca Niagara Casino & Hotel, which remains in operation. The 4.000-seat Niagara Falls Conference Center was opened across the street from the casino in 2004. Niagara Falls, Ontario took over hosting the Festival of Lights in 2004.
NFCC
In 2004, a new Niagara Falls Convention Center (NFCC) opened on Old Falls Street. The Old Falls Street venue has 116,000 square feet for exhibitions and meetings, and a 32,200-square-foot event/exhibit hall.
References
External links
Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center on BoxRec
Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center on Internet Wrestling Database
Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center on setlist.fm
Niagara Falls Convention and Civic Center on WrestlingData.com
1970s architecture in the United States
1973 establishments in New York (state)
2002 disestablishments in New York (state)
Boxing venues in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Niagara Falls, New York
Convention centers in New York (state)
Defunct sports venues in New York (state)
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Former music venues in New York (state)
Niagara Purple Eagles
Sports venues completed in 1973
Sports in Niagara Falls, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara%20Falls%20Convention%20and%20Civic%20Center |
John Joseph "Jack" Cust III (born January 7, 1979) is an American former professional baseball designated hitter and outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Colorado Rockies, Baltimore Orioles, San Diego Padres, Oakland Athletics, and Seattle Mariners.
Early life
Cust was born to Jack Sr. and Faith Cust. His father had played for the Seton Hall Pirates baseball team which went to the 1974 College World Series and his brothers, Kevin and Mike, both played minor league baseball. Cust attended Immaculata High School in Somerville, New Jersey. In 1997, he was first-team High School All-American at first base. Cust initially committed to play college baseball for the Alabama Crimson Tide.
Minor league career
In , Cust, out of high school, was the first round draft pick (30th overall) of the Arizona Diamondbacks, and had a .447 on-base percentage in 35 games in the Rookie League. Cust was a Pioneer League All-Star in , where he led the league in walks (86), on-base percentage (.530), and runs scored (75). In , he led the California League in homers (32), on-base percentage (.450), and slugging percentage (.651), and was Baseball America's 1st team Minor League All-Star DH, California League All-Star, and the Arizona Diamondbacks Minor League Player of the Year.
In , he had a .440 on-base percentage at El Paso in the Texas League while leading the league in walks (117) and strikeouts (150).
In , he was a Pacific Coast League All-Star while leading the league with 102 walks, and in he was the Triple-A All-Star Game MVP. In , he led the PCL with 143 walks (also leading the minor leagues), walking 24.5% of the time, while sporting a .467 on-base percentage with 30 home runs. In 11 minor league seasons with five different organizations, he hit exactly 200 home runs, had a .286 batting average, and a .429 on-base percentage. Statistically, he hit a home run once every 19 at-bats, struck out once every 3 at-bats, and earned 1 walk per game.
Major league career
Early career
Cust made his Major League debut with the Diamondbacks on September 26, . On January 7, , his 23rd birthday, he was traded by the Diamondbacks with catcher JD Closser to the Colorado Rockies for pitcher Mike Myers. Cust spent the majority of the 2002 season with the Rockies' Triple-A affiliate, the Colorado Springs Sky Sox. He played in 35 games with the big league club, going 11–65 (.169 batting average) with 1 home run.
Baltimore Orioles
The Rockies sent him to the Baltimore Orioles for Chris Richard and cash on March 11, . Cust appeared in 28 games (27 in 2003, 1 in 2004) during his two seasons with the ballclub, spending most of the time with the Ottawa Lynx. He was most noted as an Oriole for an infamous baserunning gaffe that resulted in his making the final out in a 12-inning 5–4 loss to the New York Yankees at Camden Yards on August 16, 2003. Representing the potential tying run at first base after a two-out pinch-hit walk, he attempted to score on a double to right field by Larry Bigbie, but was caught in a rundown after tumbling to the grass a few steps beyond third base. Even though he outmaneuvered catcher Jorge Posada and third baseman Aaron Boone and was headed towards an undefended home plate, Cust fell to the grass again and was tagged out from behind by Boone.
Cust was granted free agency following the 2004 season.
Oakland Athletics
On November 15, 2004, he was signed by the Oakland Athletics. He spent the whole season in Triple-A Sacramento, and was granted free agency after the season. On December 6, 2005, he signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres. He just had 3 at-bats in the season. He began the with the San Diego Padres' Triple-A Portland Beavers. On May 3, 2007, the Padres traded him to the Oakland Athletics, although he was rumored to be joining Japan's Chiba Lotte Marines. The Athletics needed another designated hitter due to an injury to veteran Mike Piazza. Cust quickly endeared himself to A's fans by hitting 6 home runs in his first 7 games. Cust would hit .346 with 14 RBI during that seven-game stretch. On May 13, 2007, with two outs and an 0–2 count in the bottom of the ninth, the A's rallied to score 5 runs to beat Joe Borowski and the Cleveland Indians 10–7, ending with Cust hitting a walk-off 3-run home run.
After hitting .348 with 1 double and 5 home runs along with 13 RBI, Cust shared Co-American League Player of the Week honors along with teammate Dan Johnson for the week ending May 13, 2007. On August 10, Cust hit his first major league grand slam off relief pitcher Macay McBride of the Detroit Tigers after hitting a 3-run double earlier in the game to give him a career-high 7 RBI. He finished the 2007 season leading the Athletics in home runs with 26, walking 21.0% of the time (tops in the major leagues) but striking out 41.5% of the time (also tops in the majors).
On September 19, , he broke the AL record for most strikeouts in one season with 187. For the season he struck out 41.0% of the time, the highest percentage in major league baseball, once every 2.4 at-bats. He also walked 18.8% of the time, the second highest rate in the majors, and led the American League with 111 walks.
On December 12, 2009, Cust was non-tendered by the Athletics making him a free agent. On January 7, 2010, Cust re-signed with the Oakland Athletics on a 1-year $2.5 million contract. However, he was designated for assignment on April 3, at the end of Spring training. On April 7, Cust cleared waivers and was outrighted to Triple-A. During his 33 minor league game tenure, he hit .273 with 4 home runs and 19 RBIs, and matched his 33 Ks w/ 33 walks. On May 15, he was added to the 40-man roster and recalled. In the first game he appeared in, he made a comedic error in left field. He appeared mostly in the outfield until Eric Chavez ended up on the DL, then assumed the primary DH spot. On September 13, Cust hit his 100th career home run in a 3–1 Athletics victory over the Kansas City Royals at Kauffman Stadium.
Seattle Mariners & Philadelphia Phillies
Following the 2010 season, Cust was non-tendered for the second year in a row, and became a free agent. On December 8, 2010, Cust signed a one-year deal with the Seattle Mariners. On July 29, 2011, the Mariners released Cust after he hit just .213 with 3 home runs.
Cust signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies on August 12, 2011. He was released a week later on August 20.
Houston Astros
In January 2012 Cust signed a one-year deal minor league contract worth $600,000 with an option for a second year with the Houston Astros, but was released on March 27 before the end of spring training.
New York Yankees
On March 28, 2012, he signed a minor league contract with the Yankees and was assigned to its Triple-A affiliate Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees, but was released by the Yankees on August 1.
Toronto Blue Jays
On August 4, 2012, Cust was signed to a minor league contract by the Toronto Blue Jays and assigned to their Triple-A affiliate Las Vegas 51s. On November 3, he was declared a minor league free agent by Major League Baseball.
Tampa Bay Rays
On February 17, 2013, the Rays announced that Cust would be attending major league spring training on a minor league contract. On March 23, 2013, the Rays announced that they had released Cust.
Baltimore Orioles
After spending all of 2013 out of professional baseball, Cust resurfaced with the Orioles after signing a minor league deal on February 5, 2014. His comeback attempt lasted 44 days; he was released on March 21.
Mitchell Report
On December 13, 2007, Cust was named in the Mitchell Report as a user of performance-enhancing drugs, although there was never any evidence outside of a conversation he once supposedly had with former teammate Larry Bigbie. Cust denied any wrongdoing or use of performance-enhancing drugs and said there were inaccuracies in his citation in the report.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Arizona League Diamondbacks players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from New Jersey
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
El Paso Diablos players
High Desert Mavericks players
Immaculata High School (New Jersey) alumni
Las Vegas 51s players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Lethbridge Black Diamonds players
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball outfielders
Oakland Athletics players
Ottawa Lynx players
People from Flemington, New Jersey
Portland Beavers players
Sacramento River Cats players
San Diego Padres players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Seattle Mariners players
South Bend Silver Hawks players
Sportspeople from Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Tucson Sidewinders players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Cust |
, also known simply as Shadow Dancer, is a side-scrolling action game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis in 1990. It was re-released via emulation services such as the Wii's Virtual Console and Microsoft Windows in 2010, and was also included in the North American version of Sega Genesis Collection for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, and a further re-release came with Sega Genesis Classics (released as Sega Mega Drive Classics in PAL regions) eight years later for Windows, Linux, macOS, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch.
It is the second game in the Shinobi series released for the Mega Drive, following The Revenge of Shinobi. However, it is not a continuation of the previous game, but rather a loose adaptation of the 1989 arcade game Shadow Dancer. Like in the original arcade game, the player controls a ninja followed by a canine companion. The Secret of Shinobi was well received by critics.
Gameplay
The play mechanics are similar to the arcade version of Shadow Dancer, with the main difference being the addition of a meter for the dog that accompanies the protagonist. In order for the dog to attack an enemy, the player must hold down the attack button until the meter is filled. The dog will only attack when he is barking towards a nearby enemy. This allows the player to sic the dog on an enemy while standing and jumping, allowing for more versatility than in the arcade game (where the dog only attacked while the player was crouching). The objective of each stage is also slightly changed from retrieving time bombs to rescuing hostages, much like in the original Shinobi. The male hostages give out bonus points and the occasional extra life, while the female hostages will enhance the protagonist's attacks until he reaches the next stage or loses a life.
While the one-hit-point-per-life system from the arcade version has been retained, there are numerous bonus lives hidden throughout the game. Between rounds, the player will participate in a bonus stage where the protagonist jumps down from a building and must shoot down an army of 50 enemy ninjas jumping across his direction. After the bonus stage ends, the player will gain a certain number of points or extra lives. If no enemies are hit, the player gains one life. Hitting all enemies rewards the player with three additional lives.
There are three difficulty settings in the game, each affecting the enemy placement and the number of continues the player gets. The player can also choose to disable shurikens, using them only for boss battles and bonus stages. Bonus points are awarded at the end of each stage and boss battle (except for the final stage), based on how long it took the player to complete the stage and whether a ninjutsu attack was used or not. There are also hidden bonuses that the player can achieve by completing a stage or boss battle under a certain condition.
There are five stages in all. The first four stages consist of three areas each, with the third area being a confrontation with an end boss. The fifth and final stage consists of a series of five rooms filled with various enemies, ultimately leading to Sauros' throne, the game's final boss.
Plot
In 1997, an evil ninja cult Union Lizard, worshipping a giant reptilian demon, has taken over New York City, turning most of the city to ruins. The few citizens who survived Union Lizard's onslaught of chaos are now kept prisoners by its members. A ninja warrior, accompanied by his faithful dog , emerges from hiding to combat Union Lizard's reign and rescue the hostages. The identity of the protagonist, which is kept ambiguous in the in-game opening, varies between supplemental materials. The Japanese manual identifies him as , son of Joe Musashi from the previous games in the Shinobi series, while the English language manual identifies him as Joe Musashi himself coming out of retirement.
Reception
Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi was very well received. Video Games & Computer Entertainment awarded this "brilliant and beautiful arcade monster" an overall score of 33 out of 40. ACE gave it a score of 778/1000 and Hobby Consolas gave it a 90%.
In 2008, Joystiq called The Secret of Shinobi "the most awesome release" in the entire Shinobi franchise, adding that the game "answers the question of what could possibly be cooler than a ninja stalking around a gritty urban landscape: that ninja's dog". According to a Virtual Console review by Nintendo Life in 2010, "this title comes highly recommended to all ninja fans".
Retro Gamer declared "this magnificent console offering" to be superior to the original Shadow Dancer due to "far better bosses and a greatly improved difficulty level", as well as "far more responsive" control system. In contrast, Computer and Video Games considered it inferior to the original Shadow Dancer arcade game and Revenge of Shinobi.
In 1992, Mega placed it at #33 in their ranking of top Mega Drive games of all time.
References
External links
Shadow Dancer at GameFAQs
1990 video games
Alternate history video games
Video games
Science fantasy video games
Sega Genesis games
Sega video games
Shinobi (series)
Side-scrolling platform games
Single-player video games
Video game sequels
Video games about cults
Video games about dogs
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set in 1997
Video games set in New York City
Virtual Console games
Windows games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20Dancer%3A%20The%20Secret%20of%20Shinobi |
Mark Freedland is professor of employment law at the University of Oxford and a fellow and tutor of St John's College.
On 1 October 2005, he commenced a special Leverhulme Major Research Fellowship in which he is working towards a re-framing of the law of personal work contracts in the context of European law and the contemporary labour market. Freedland is also a published academic author.
Notable publications
Freedland, M., From the Contract of Employment to the Personal Work Nexus, (2006) 35 Industrial Law Journal 1
Freedland, M., The Personal Employment Contract, 2003,
Freedland, M., Sciarra, S., Public Services and Citizenship in European Law - Public and Labour Law Perspectives, Oxford University Press, 1998,
Freedland, M., The Personal Employment Contract (Oxford Monographs on Labour Law), Oxford University Press, 2005,
Freedland, M., Sciarra, S., Davies, P., Employment Policy and the Regulation of Part-time Work in the European Union: A Comparative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
Freedland, M., Auby, J., The Public Law/private Law Divide: Une Entente Cordiale? (Studies of the Oxford Institute of European & Comparative Law), Hart Publishing, 2006,
Freedland, M., Davies, P., Labour Legislation and Public Policy: A Contemporary History, Clarendon Press, 1999,
External links
Mark Freedland at Oxford Law
Mark Freedland at St John's College
Year of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English lawyers
Fellows of St John's College, Oxford
British legal scholars
Legal scholars of the University of Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Freedland |
Connie Chiu (born 1969) is a fashion model and jazz musician known for being the world's first fashion model with albinism.
Chiu was born in British Hong Kong and grew up in Kowloon. The congenital absence of pigmentation in her skin and hair, makes them sensitive to the sun. To avoid Chiu's exposure to Hong Kong's intensive sun, her family moved to Sweden when she was seven years old.
Connie Chiu was first introduced to modeling at age 21, when her sister asked her to become a model at one of her final shows. After sending a black-and-white photograph to French fashion designer Jean-Paul Gaultier, he invited her to model at his autumn/winter 1994 show. At age 25, Chiu began modeling for fashion photographers such as Terry Richardson, Paul Burley, Heidi Niemala and Morten Smidt. Chiu later studied journalism.
Chiu starred in the music video for the single "Stalker" by Recoil, the solo project of Depeche Mode member Alan Wilder.
References
External links
Connie Chiu official website
1969 births
Living people
People with albinism
Hong Kong female models
Swedish female models
Chinese female models
Immigrants to Sweden
Emigrants from British Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie%20Chiu |
Erling Jevne (born 24 March 1966 in Lillehammer, Oppland) is a former Norwegian cross-country skier who competed from 1987 to 2005. He won two medals at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano with a gold in the 4 × 10 km relay and a silver in the 30 km.
Jevne also won four medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with two golds (4 × 10 km relay: 1995, 1997) and two silvers (50 km: 1997, 4 × 10 km relay: 1999).
He also won the 50 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in March 1996. He also won six races between 10 km and 30 km, between 1994 and 2001.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
2 medals – (1 gold, 1 silver)
World Championships
4 medals – (2 gold, 2 silver)
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
3 victories
12 podiums
Team podiums
10 victories
17 podiums
Note: Until the 1999 World Championships, World Championship races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
References
External links
9a at Åmot Secondary school interview with Jevne after the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.
Holmenkollen winners since 1892 - click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file
1966 births
Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Living people
Norwegian male cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers for Norway
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Lillehammer
Skiers from Innlandet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling%20Jevne |
Paul's Island or Paul Island is an island off the coast of Labrador, near the town of Nain in Canada.
The island is the geological type area of the mineral labradorite, which is a plagioclase feldspar. Labradorite is the principal component of the igneous rock type anorthosite. The Nain anorthosite batholith is a large igneous plutonic rock complex that covers a large area of this part of Labrador.
See also
Islands of Newfoundland and Labrador
References
Islands of Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%27s%20Island |
Tara Morice (born 23 June 1964) is an Australian actress, singer and dancer.
Background
Born in Hobart, Tasmania, Morice also lived in Sydney, Alice Springs and Adelaide as a child. She is a fifth-generation Australian and is of English, Irish, Scottish, Latvian, French and Jewish ancestry. She appeared in a short film for the Tasmanian Film Corporation in 1980, The ABC of Unions. She made her stage debut at Australia's oldest theatre, the Theatre Royal in Hobart in The Diary of Anne Frank, aged 16. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in Australian History and English from the Australian National University and graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1987.
Career
She has worked extensively on stage in Australia, including productions for the Sydney Theatre Company, Bell Shakespeare Company, Griffin Theatre Company, Belvoir Theatre Company, State Theatre of South Australia, Queensland Theatre Company, Malthouse and the Ensemble. She played Fran in Strictly Ballroom when it premiered as a stage play in 1988, and she was a member of Baz Luhrmann's Six Years Old Company. She was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her role in Fat Swan at the 2012 Helpmann Awards and a Victorian Green Room Award for The Venetian Twins in 1990.
Her first film appearance was as Fran in the 1992 film Strictly Ballroom (directed by Baz Luhrmann), for which she was nominated for a BAFTA award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and an Australian Film Institute award. Morice also appeared on the film's soundtrack, singing a duet of Time After Time with Mark Williams.
Morice has also appeared in the feature films Metal Skin, Hotel Sorrento, Hildegarde, Moulin Rouge!, Candy, Razzle Dazzle: A Journey Into Dance, Oranges and Sunshine, Dance Academy: The Movie and Peter Rabbit 2. Her many short films include the Oscar nominated Miracle Fish.
Her television work includes roles in Answered by Fire, After the Deluge, Salem's Lot and McLeod's Daughters. Morice had a starring role in the series of three Dogwoman telemovies with Magda Szubanski in 2000. She also plays Miss Raine in Series 1, 2 and 3 of Dance Academy for ABC/ZDF.
She wrote and directed the documentary My Biggest Fan, about her correspondence and friendship with an American great-grandmother, Mildred Levine, who wrote to her after seeing Strictly Ballroom. The film premiered at the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival, and was broadcast on the SBS network in Australia in 2008.
Morice has a daughter, Ondine Morice Pearce, who was the stills photographer (at age 11) on My Biggest Fan.
She re-recorded Time After Time for Baz Luhrmann's album Something for Everybody and sang on the Strictly Ballroom, Razzle Dazzle: A Journey Into Dance and My Biggest Fan soundtracks.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Actresses from Hobart
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Australian National University alumni
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni
Australian children's television presenters
Australian women television presenters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara%20Morice |
Volosovo () is a town and the administrative center of Volosovsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the railway between St. Petersburg and Tallinn, Estonia, southwest from St. Petersburg. Population:
History
It was founded in 1870 as a settlement around the railway station on the railway connecting St. Petersburg and Revel. The name originates from the nearby village of Volosovo. Volosovo was a part of Petergofsky Uyezd of St. Petersburg Governorate). On February 14, 1923, Petergofsky Uyezd was merged with Detskoselsky Uyezd to form Gatchinsky Uyezd, with the administrative center located in Gatchina. On the same day, Gatchina was renamed Trotsk and Gatchinsky Uyezd was renamed Trotsky Uyezd, after Leon Trotsky.
On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Volosovsky District, with the administrative center in the settlement of Volosovo, was established. The governorates were also abolished and the district became a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On April 20, 1930, Volosovo was granted suburban settlement status. On July 5, 1937, its status was changed to work settlement. Between August 1941 and January 1944, during World War II, Volosovo was occupied by German troops. On February 1, 1963, Volosovsky District was abolished and merged into Kingiseppsky District; on January 13, 1965, however, it was re-established. It had remained the last district of Leningrad Oblast the administrative center of which was not a town; this changed on April 14, 1999 when town status was granted to Volosovo. During the Soviet period it was a developed industrial town.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Volosovo serves as the administrative center of Volosovsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with the village of Lagonovo, incorporated within Volosovsky District as Volosovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation. As a municipal division, Volosovskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Volosovsky Municipal District as Volosovskoye Urban Settlement.
Economy
Industry
There are enterprises of food and timber industries in Volosovo.
Transportation
Volosovo has a railway station on the railway connecting St. Petersburg (Baltiysky railway station) with Tallinn via Narva.
The town has access to the A180 Highway, which connects St. Petersburg and Ivangorod and runs north of Volosovo. It coincides with the European route E20 connecting St. Petersburg via Tallinn with Shannon Airport. Volosovo is also connected by roads with Gatchina and Kingisepp. There are local roads as well.
Military
Southwest of Volosovo was the Sumsk air base facility, which saw some use during the Cold War.
Culture and recreation
Volosovo contains one object classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. This is a mass grave of Red Army soldiers killed during the Civil War in Russia and during World War II.
References
Notes
Sources
Cities and towns in Leningrad Oblast
Volosovsky District
Petergofsky Uyezd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volosovo%2C%20Volosovsky%20District%2C%20Leningrad%20Oblast |
Country Is My Rock is the debut studio album of American country music artist Trent Tomlinson. It was released on March 7, 2006 (see 2006 in country music) on Lyric Street Records. The album produced three chart singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts between 2005 and 2007: "Drunker Than Me" (No. 19), "One Wing in the Fire" (No. 11), and "Just Might Have Her Radio On" (No. 21). Tomlinson co-produced the album with Leigh Reynolds and "Hillbilly".
Track listing
Personnel
Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
Jim "Moose" Brown – keyboards
Chad Cromwell – drums
Eric Darken – percussion
Chip Davis – background vocals
Paul Franklin – pedal steel guitar
Mike "Frog" Griffith – production coordinator
Rob Hajacos – fiddle
Wes Hightower – background vocals
"Hillbilly" – producer
Dennis Holt – drums
Troy Lancaster – electric guitar
Greg Lawrence – assistant producer
Chris Leuzinger – acoustic guitar
Mike Logan – mixer
B. James Lowry – acoustic guitar
Brent Mason – electric guitar
Pat McGrath – acoustic guitar
Greg Morrow – drums
Gordon Mote – keyboards
Russ Pahl – lap steel guitar
Sang Park – assistant producer
Leigh Reynolds – electric guitar, producer
Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
Michael Rojas – keyboards
Marty Slayton – background vocals
Jimmie Lee Sloas – bass guitar
Trent Tomlinson – Dobro (track 1), lead vocals (all tracks), producer
Biff Watson – acoustic guitar
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
References
2006 debut albums
Lyric Street Records albums
Trent Tomlinson albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20Is%20My%20Rock |
Orthrelm is an American avant-garde band from Washington, D.C.
Biography
Orthrelm is a duo composed of Mick Barr on guitar and Josh Blair on drums. Their songwriting style is mostly experimental, and shows the influence of avant-garde music as well as shred guitar and minimalism.
Discography
Albums
2nd 18/04 Norildivoth Crallos-Lomrixth Urthiln (2002; Three One G)
OV (2005; Ipecac Recordings)
EPs
Iorxhscimtor (2001, Tolotta Records)
Orthrelm I (2001, self-released, 20 copies) / digital (2012, Orthrelm bandcamp)
Orthrelm II (2001, self-released, 50 copies) / digital (2012, Orthrelm bandcamp)
Asristir Vieldriox (2002, Troubleman Unlimited)
Untitled 7" (2004, Forge)
O-3 5" (2007, Soft Targets Journal)
Orthrelm II II (2012, Orthrelm bandcamp) - previously unreleased 2001 demo
20012 (2012, Orthrelm bandcamp)
Compilation
Untitled (2010, ugEXPLODE Records) - remastered/remixed old material
Split albums
Touchdown/Orthrelm (2002, Troubleman)
Split EPs
Orthrelm / Behold... The Arctopus (2006, Crucial Blast Releases)
Orthrelm / Trencher - Trans Atlantic Asthma Attack (2005)
External links
"Orthrelm" – Prog Archives
Heavy metal musical groups from Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthrelm |
Rhytium or Rhytion (), also called Rhytiassus or Rhytiassos, was a town of ancient Crete which Homer couples with Phaestus in the Catalogue of Ships in the Iliad as "well-peopled cities." The city belonged to the Gortynians. Earlier it was thought that the reading Rhythimne (Ῥυθίμνη) in the entry of Stephanus of Byzantium on Stelae should be emended into Rhytium (Ῥύτιον), but today it seems that Rhithymna or Rhittenia was meant.
The city continued to be independent until the Hellenistic period. According to Strabo, it then came under the rule of Gortyn and declined. Rhytion remained inhabited, although insignificant, until the Byzantine period, until, according to Claudius Aelianus, the citizens were forced to leave by an insect plague.
Its site is located near modern Rotasi.
References
Populated places in ancient Crete
Cretan city-states
Former populated places in Greece
Locations in the Iliad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhytium |
Avi Silberschatz (born in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli computer scientist and researcher. He graduated in 1976 with a Ph.D. in computer science from the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook. He became the Sidney J. Weinberg Professor of Computer Science at Yale University, USA in 2005. He was the chair of the Computer Science department at Yale from 2005 to 2011. Prior to coming to Yale in 2003, he was the Vice President of the Information Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs. He previously held an endowed professorship at the University of Texas at Austin, where he taught until 1993. His research interests include database systems, operating systems, storage systems, and network management. Silberschatz was elected an ACM Fellow in 1996 and received the Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award in 1998.
He was elected an IEEE fellow in 2000 for contributions to the development of computer systems dealing with the efficient manipulation and processing of information. He received the IEEE Taylor L. Booth Education Award in 2002 for " teaching, mentoring, and writing influential textbooks in the operating systems and database systems areas".
He was elected an AAAS fellow in 2009. Silberschatz
is a member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering.
His work has been cited over 34,000 times.
Books
Mainframe operating systems have an acquired dinosaur trope that even their manufacturers recognize.
Peter B. Galvin, co-author, notes that the series of books became informally known as the dinosaur book due to the illustrations on the front cover depicting the various operating systems as actual dinosaurs.
References
External links
Yale University faculty
American computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Stony Brook University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Yale University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Silberschatz |
Thad Michael Matta (born July 11, 1967) is an American college basketball coach and the current head coach of the Butler Bulldogs men's basketball team. From 2004 to 2017, Matta led the Ohio State Buckeyes to five Big Ten Conference regular season championships (2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012), four Big Ten tournament titles (2007, 2010, 2011 and 2013), two Final Four appearances (2007 and 2012), and the 2008 NIT Championship. He is the winningest coach in Ohio State history.
Before returning to Butler, Matta spent a season (2021–22) as the Associate Athletic Director for Indiana and the men's basketball team.
Playing career
A basketball standout for the Cornjerkers at Hoopeston-East Lynn High School in Hoopeston, Illinois, Matta was a two-year starter for the Butler University Bulldogs in three seasons after transferring from Southern Illinois University as a sophomore. He led Butler in assists (100) and three-point field goal percentage (.433) in 1987–88 and in free-throw percentage in 1988–89 (.872). He served as a team captain (one of the Butler tri-captains that year) on Barry Collier's first team in 1989–90 and finished his career in sixth place on Butler's all-time list for free-throw percentage (.800). He earned a B.S. degree from Butler in 1990. Matta enjoyed his Butler career-high point total of 21 points against Xavier University at the Cincinnati Gardens on March 2, 1989.
Early coaching years
In total, Matta spent six seasons as a full-time assistant coach at three different universities, helping his squads compile a composite 128–58 (.688) record and make six postseason tournament appearances. He was on the bench in five consecutive conference tournament championship games and won four league tournament championship rings. He was in the NCAA tournament five times as an assistant under four different head coaches and in the postseason National Invitation Tournament once.
Matta began his coaching career at Indiana State University as a graduate assistant under head coach Tates Locke in 1990–91. Matta served as an academic coordinator and administrative assistant at Butler (1991–94) before moving into the full-time coaching ranks.
Matta took his first full-time assistant coaching position under Herb Sendek at Miami University (Ohio) in 1994–95 and helped Miami to a 23–7 record, a Mid-American Conference regular-season championship and a first-round win in the NCAA tournament.
The following year, Matta accepted a coaching position at Western Carolina University under Phil Hopkins and helped the Catamounts to a 17–13 record, the school's first winning record in 10 years. Western Carolina captured the Southern Conference tournament championship and advanced to the NCAA tournament as a 16 seed, very nearly upsetting 1-seed Purdue in the round of 64. Matta returned to Miami under new head coach Charlie Coles in 1996–97 and helped the RedHawks to a 21–9 record, the MAC regular season and tournament championships and a berth in the NCAA tournament.
Matta rejoined Butler University's staff in 1997 and helped the Bulldogs to three consecutive 20-win seasons. He established himself as one of the nation's best young coaching prospects during a six-year assistant coaching stint. In his three seasons as Barry Collier's top assistant, Butler compiled a 67–29 (.698) record, won two Midwestern Collegiate Conference tournament championships and one MCC regular-season title, made two NCAA tournament appearances and earned one NIT berth. He served as Butler's primary recruiter.
Head coaching
Butler
Matta took over as head coach of Butler when Barry Collier left after the 1999–2000 season to coach at the University of Nebraska. Matta was named 2000–01 Midwestern Collegiate Conference Coach of the Year in his first and only season as head coach at Butler, after leading the Bulldogs to a school record 24 wins. He was also named National "Rookie Coach of the Year" by CBS SportsLine.com and College Insider.com.
Butler was 24–8 under Matta's direction that year with an 11–3 record and an MCC regular season championship, a MCC tournament championship and an appearance in the second round of the NCAA tournament. Butler won 13 of its last 15 games. Eventual NCAA runner-up Arizona ended the Butler run in the second round of the NCAA tournament.
Xavier
At Xavier, Matta led the Musketeers to three consecutive 26-win seasons, back-to-back Atlantic 10 Conference regular-season championships in 2002 and 2003 and two league tournament titles in 2002 and 2004. Xavier advanced to three NCAA tournaments, including an Elite Eight appearance in 2004 following two second-round trips.
Matta's 26 wins for the 2002–03 season marked the highest win total ever for a second-year Xavier head coach. He also broke the school record for most victories by a Xavier rookie head coach. Xavier's 26–6 record in the 2001–02 campaign set the record.
Matta was named 2002 Atlantic 10 Conference Coach of the Year, while leading the Musketeers to the top regular season finish in the league at 14–2 and an Atlantic 10 Conference tournament championship. In addition, Matta became the only first-year coach in conference history to ever win both the A–10 regular season and tourney championships.
Ohio State
Matta, a finalist for the 2002–03 Naismith National Coach of the Year Award, was hired as the 13th head coach in Ohio State history on July 7, 2004, after the school had fired previous coach Jim O'Brien. No time was wasted preparing for his first season in Columbus, which culminated in a 65–64 victory over undefeated and top–ranked University of Illinois in the regular-season finale at Value City Arena before a packed house and a national television audience. The Buckeyes' final record for the 2004–05 campaign was 20–12, but did not include any postseason play, as the team was ineligible.
In the 2005–06 season Matta led the Buckeyes to an outright Big Ten Championship for the first time since 1992, finishing one game ahead of Iowa and Illinois. The Buckeyes' season came to an end during the second round of the NCAA tournament when they lost to Georgetown on March 19, 2006. Their final overall record was 26–6. The Buckeyes were thought to be a year away from competing for the league crown, as they were to add a highly regarded recruiting class, dubbed the "Thad Five", led by center Greg Oden of Lawrence North High School in Indianapolis for the 2006–07 season. The Buckeyes did win the Big Ten and Matta led Ohio State all the way to the national championship game, where they lost to defending national champion Florida.
In the 2007–08 season, Matta's Buckeyes did not make the NCAA tournament. However, they won the 2008 NIT championship, despite playing with four new starters for the second consecutive year.
In 2009, Ohio State went to the NCAA Tournament, but were eliminated in the first round by Siena. In 2010, the Buckeyes won a share of the Big Ten and the 2010 conference tournament title. In the NCAA tournament they beat UC–Santa Barbara in the first round 68–51. The next round they beat Georgia Tech 75–66, but went on to lose to Tennessee in the Sweet 16.
In the 2010–11 season, Matta's Buckeyes were 29–2, ranked #1 in all polls (16–2 in conference play), and won the outright Big Ten Championship. The Buckeyes beat Penn State on March 13 to win their 2nd consecutive Big Ten tournament title. The Buckeyes were the overall number one seed in the 2011 NCAA tournament and the number one seed in the Eastern bracket, where the Buckeyes won two games in Cleveland before losing to eventual Eastern regional champion Kentucky.
In the 2011–12 season, Matta led Ohio State to its third straight Big Ten championship, shared with Michigan and Michigan State. Ohio State advanced to the Final Four for the second time in Matta's career, before losing to Kansas in a game the Buckeyes led by nine at halftime.
In the 2012–13 season, Ohio State finished second in the Big Ten regular season, one game behind league champion Indiana. The Buckeyes went on to win the Big Ten tournament in Chicago, which was Matta's fourth Big Ten tournament championship. The Buckeyes were a 2 seed in the 2013 NCAA tournament. They lost in the Elite Eight to Wichita State.
On March 12, 2015, Matta set a school record for victories, winning his 298th game for OSU after defeating Minnesota in the Big Ten tournament.
On June 5, 2017, Matta mutually agreed with Ohio State to step down as its head coach due to health issues that were causing a decline in team performance and recruiting. His final season at Ohio State was the only in Matta's entire career that he failed to achieve at least 20 wins.
Return to Butler
On April 3, 2022, it was announced that Butler hired Matta as head coach to replace LaVall Jordan.
Head coaching record
See also
List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach
References
Living people
1967 births
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Butler Bulldogs men's basketball coaches
Butler Bulldogs men's basketball players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Indiana State Sycamores men's basketball coaches
Miami RedHawks men's basketball coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball coaches
People from Vermilion County, Illinois
Point guards
Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball players
Western Carolina Catamounts men's basketball coaches
Xavier Musketeers men's basketball coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad%20Matta |
Richard Harrison is a Canadian poet and essayist.
His 2017 book, On Not Losing My Father's Ashes in the Flood, won the Governor General's Award for English-language poetry and the Alberta Writers Guild Stephan G. Stephansson Award for Poetry, and was shortlisted for the City of Calgary W.O. Mitchell Book Prize.
His fourth book of poetry, Big Breath of a Wish (1998), was nominated for a Governor General's Award and won the City of Calgary Book Prize.
25, released in the fall of 2019, is a 25th anniversary release celebrating the publication of Hero of the Play. It contains new hockey poems, poems from Hero of the Play (original and revised), and commentary.
Harrison was born in Toronto in 1957 and moved to Calgary in 1995 to spend a year as the Calgary Distinguished Writers Program Canadian Writer-in-Residence at the University of Calgary. He has lived in Calgary since then. He holds degrees from Trent University (in biology and philosophy) and Concordia University (in creative writing). He has had teaching positions at Trent University, the University of Calgary, and now Mount Royal University.
He has recently completed work on several books of essays (as an editor and contributor).
Selected bibliography
1987 Fathers Never Leave You (Mosaic Press: out of print)
1991 Recovering the Naked Man (Wolsak & Wynn: out of print)
1994 Hero of the Play (2004 - 10th Anniversary ed. Wolsak & Wynn)
1995 Big Breath of a Wish (Wolsak & Wynn)
2005 Worthy of His Fall (Wolsak & Wynn)
2016 On Not Losing My Father’s Ashes in the Flood (Wolsak & Wynn)
2019 Twenty-Five: Hockey Poems New and Revised (Wolsak & Wynn)
Essay collections
Now is the Winter: Thinking about Hockey (2009 Wolsak & Wynn)
Secret Identity Reader (2010 Wolsak & Wynn)
References
External links
Faculty profile at Mount Royal University
Bio at Wolsak & Wynn Publishers
1957 births
Living people
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male poets
21st-century Canadian poets
Writers from Toronto
Trent University alumni
Academic staff of Trent University
Concordia University alumni
Writers from Calgary
Academic staff of the University of Calgary
Academic staff of Mount Royal University
Governor General's Award-winning poets
21st-century Canadian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Harrison%20%28poet%29 |
Ambrose Elliott Gonzales (May 27, 1857 – July 11, 1926) was a newspaper founder with his brother and wrote stories about African Americans. He was born on a plantation in Colleton County, South Carolina. After working as a telegraph operator, he and his brother Narciso Gonzales founded the newspaper The State. His paper opposed lynching and advocated for voting rights. It was critical of South Carolina's white supremacist governor Benjamin Tillman whose nephew James H. Tillman murdered Narcsico Gonzalez. Ambrose Elliott Gonzales is remembered as a pioneering journalist in South Carolina and the writer of black dialect sketches on the Gullah people of the South Carolina and Georgia Lowcountry.
Family
Gonzales was the son of Colonel Ambrosio José Gonzales and Harriet Rutledge Elliot. His father was a colonel in the Confederate Army who played an instrumental role in defending South Carolina during the American Civil War after he had been a Cuban revolutionary leader who opposed the oppressive Spanish rule. His mother was the daughter of the wealthy South Carolina rice planter, state senator and writer, William Elliott.
Early career
Although he had no formal education after 17, Ambrose Gonzales became the telegraph operator in Grahamville, South Carolina, in October 1874, to help support his large extended family. His work as a telegraph operator lead to his involvement in state politics. During the controversial election of 1876, his telegraph office became the primary source of election results in the region of Beaufort County, South Carolina for both the presidential race, between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden, and gubernatorial race in which Wade Hampton III ran on a platform of ending Reconstruction. Gonzales became a Bourbon Democrat.
In 1879, Gonzales left the telegraph office in Grahamville to manage the family plantation, Oak Lawn, on the Edisto River. After several years of failing harvests, he left for New York City in 1881, where he became a telegrapher for Western Union while he partook of the rich cultural life of the city. He left for New Orleans in the autumn of 1882 to work as a telegrapher, but he returned to New York the next year. In 1885, he left New York for good and returned to South Carolina to join his brother Narciso Gener Gonzales (1858–1903) on the staff of the Charleston, South Carolina News and Courier.
Founding of The State
Ambrose and Narciso Gonzales founded The State in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1891. The newspaper supported a number of progressive causes; its editorials called for an end to lynching, the reform of child labor laws, and women's suffrage. It was also frequently critical of the policies of Benjamin Tillman, who had been elected governor of South Carolina in 1890.
In 1903, James H. Tillman, Benjamin's nephew, killed Narciso in broad daylight but was acquitted for self-defense in a trial that was widely considered to be rigged. The real reason seems to be the paper's opposition to the Tillmans.
Gullah
Gonzales grew up speaking Gullah with the slaves (and later freedmen) who worked on his family's rice plantations, and his knowledge of the language was to be considered extraordinary by other members of the Low Country planter class. After he published a few sketches in Gullah in his newspaper, public interest in his stories prompted him to author several books of Gullah writings, including The Black Border (1922) and With Aesop Along the Black Border (1924). Gonzales won accolades as a publisher and journalist during his lifetime, but he was especially proud of his literary works based on Gullah.
Modern scholars have questioned the accuracy of Gonzales's representation of Gullah speech, but his books remain a valuable source of information on how Gullah was spoken in the 19th century.
Honors
Gonzales has been inducted into the South Carolina Business Hall of Fame.
Bibliography
(1922) The Black Border: Gullah Stories of the Carolina Coast, Columbia, S.C.: The State Company. Available online
(1924) The Captain: Stories of the Black Border, Columbia, S.C.: The State Company.
(1924) With Aesop Along the Black Border, Columbia, S.C.: The State Company.
(1924) Laguerre: A Gascon of the Black Border, Columbia, S.C.: The State Company.
References
External links
Biographical Sketch on Ambrose Gonzales.
1857 births
1926 deaths
People from Colleton County, South Carolina
19th-century American businesspeople
American folklorists
American people of Cuban descent
Researchers in Gullah anthropology
Telegraphists
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Journalists from South Carolina
19th-century American male writers
People from Jasper County, South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose%20E.%20Gonzales |
Raphael Deseption "Choo" Freeman (born October 20, 1979) is a retired Major League Baseball outfielder.
Career
Freeman played American football in high school, setting a state record by catching 50 touchdowns for Dallas Christian High School in Mesquite, Texas, and being selected three times to the all-state team. In his overall athletic career at Dallas Christian, he helped the school win six state championships in various sports and signed with Texas A&M to play football, but chose baseball when he selected by the Colorado Rockies in the first round of the 1998 Major League Baseball draft.
Freeman spent four years making his way through various entry level Single-A minor league affiliates of the Rockies, even being selected as the Rockies top prospect by Baseball America in , before getting promoted to the Double-A Carolina Mudcats in . With Carolina, he hit .291 with 12 home runs and 15 stolen bases and was selected as a "Southern League" All-Star causing his stock to rise in the organization.
In , he found himself starting in center field for the Colorado Springs Sky Sox, the Rockies Triple-A affiliate, a position he would retain for most of the next couple of seasons. His best season with the Sky Sox was in where he hit .297 with 10 home runs and 50 RBI.
He made his major league debut with the Rockies on June 4, 2004, against the San Francisco Giants as a pinch hitter. He got his first two major league hits the next day in his first start for the Rockies, also against the Giants. However, he hit only .189 that season and wound up back with the Sky Sox in .
After hitting .280 with the Sky Sox in 2005, Freeman rejoined the Rockies for limited action in September before making the team full-time for the season as a reserve outfielder. He hit .237 in the 88 games he played in during the 2006 season.
On February 2, 2007, Freeman was released by the Rockies.
On February 14, 2007, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers, but he failed to make the major league roster out of spring training and was reassigned to the Dodgers Triple-A affiliate, the Las Vegas 51s. He hit .270 in 121 games with the 51s and knocked in 48 runs becoming a free agent after the season ended.
Personal life
Freeman is a cousin of Minnesota Twins Gold Glove right fielder Torii Hunter. He married Jamie Freeman in 2010. In 2008 the couple had a daughter named Zailey.
References
External links
(Freeman) chooses baseball over A&M – Baseball America article
1979 births
Living people
Major League Baseball center fielders
Colorado Rockies players
Baseball players from Arkansas
African-American baseball players
Sportspeople from Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Arizona League Rockies players
Asheville Tourists players
Salem Avalanche players
Carolina Mudcats players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Las Vegas 51s players
Texas A&M University alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choo%20Freeman |
Belledune is a port village in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It has a population of 1,325, and straddles the boundary between Restigouche County and Gloucester County, New Brunswick.
The community of Belledune was created through the amalgamation of Jacquet River, Armstrong Brook, and Belledune in 1994. The community dubbed itself a "Supervillage" after this amalgamation. Belledune's population meets the requirements as a "Town" under the Municipalities Act of the Province of New Brunswick, but it has not requested a change in municipal status and therefore remains as a village.
Belledune is one of the few municipalities not significantly affected by the province's 2023 local governance reforms.
History
The village was first settled by François Guitard around 1815. Guitard was originally from France, and after fighting in Napoleon's army he defected to the British Army. He and his wife Marie emigrated to Canada and after a brief settling in Rivière-Ouelle, Quebec, were granted land in New Brunswick. Guitard had also helped map the New Brunswick coastline with the British military. Settlers from the Miramichi Valley moved towards Belledune after the 1825 Great Miramichi Fire.
Economy
Belledune underwent unprecedented development during the 1960s when under the premiership of Louis Robichaud a major regional port was built to service various industries on the north shore of New Brunswick.
The first major industrial projects at the port included in 1966 a lead and zinc smelter, now owned by Glencore with a nominal production of 120,000 tonnes per year. built in support of the lead and zinc mines opened south of Bathurst during the 1950s in the Bathurst Mining Camp. The smelter has managed to extract silver from its imported silver lead concentrates, and in 2011 produced 400mt of pure silver valued at 448M$; the company proposes to increase its silver production to 700mt. The current permit to operate is file number I-7107.
NB Power opened the Belledune Generating Station, a coal-fired thermal generating station, at the port in 1993.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Belledune had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Language
Notable people
See also
List of municipalities in New Brunswick
References
External links
Official website
Communities in Gloucester County, New Brunswick
Villages in New Brunswick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belledune |
Adam E. Kowalczyk (born September 27, 1975) is an American musician. He is the brother of Ed Kowalczyk, lead singer of the band Live.
Biography
Kowalczyk was born in York, Pennsylvania to a family of Polish descent. He began learning the guitar at age 12. While studying in the Radio, Television and Film program at Philadelphia's Temple University, he started writing songs and performing with his first band, Portion. Portion recorded two extended plays and opened for Live and other bands.
In 1999, Adam began playing as the touring rhythm guitarist for Live, a position which he held for 10 years. He appeared as a guest musician on the Live albums The Distance to Here and V and was featured in the band's only concert DVD release, Live at the Paradiso – Amsterdam. During his time with Live, Kowalczyk relocated to Los Angeles and formed the band Adam & the Weight, which released the album Looking Up from the Ground in 2003. By 2005, he was living in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and had recorded a solo EP, The Dream.
In January 2011, Adam became lead singer of the Lancaster-based band The Mint.
Discography
Looking Up from the Ground (2003)
The Dream EP (2005)
References
External links
1975 births
Alternative rock guitarists
American alternative rock musicians
American people of Polish descent
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Live (band) members
Living people
Musicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Musicians from York, Pennsylvania
Rhythm guitarists
Temple University alumni
Guitarists from Los Angeles
Guitarists from Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Kowalczyk |
Fluvanna is an unincorporated community in Scurry County, Texas, United States. It lies just south of the Llano Estacado, high atop the caprock, where Farm to Market Road 1269 and Farm to Market Road 612 intersect.
Fluvanna is named for a surveyor's home county — Fluvanna County, Virginia. Fluvanna was established by realty promoters who knew where the Roscoe, Snyder and Pacific Railway would terminate to satisfy its charter's 50-miles-of-line requirement.
Fluvanna's importance lessened when the railroad closed the station in 1941 and major highways bypassed the area. The population dropped from a high of 500 in 1915 to 180 in the 2000 Census. The post office has closed in Fluvanna, yet the area still retains the 79517 zip code. Several wind power generation companies (i.e.: GE) have office and shop locations in town, there is one convenience store, but no gas station in Fluvanna.
Gallery
See also
Caprock Escarpment
Double Mountain Fork Brazos River
Duffy's Peak
Farm to Market Road 669
Mushaway Peak
Salt Fork Brazos River
References
External links
Public domain photos of the Llano Estacado
Unincorporated communities in Scurry County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvanna%2C%20Texas |
Rajasthan, a state in western India, has had a close historical connection with Jainism. Southwestern Rajasthan was the main centre for Svetambara Jainism. Major Digambara centres are in the northern and eastern parts of Rajasthan. Central and Northern Rajasthan are the main centres for the Terapanth sect of Svetambara Jainism.
Major centres
Major ancient Jain centres include:
Soniji Ki Nasiyan (Ajmer Jain Temple)
Khandela
Bhinmal
Osian, Jodhpur; Mahavira Jain temple, Osian
Muchhal Mahavir Temple
Nagaur
Amer (Jaipur)
Sanganer
Kesariyaji Tirth, Rishabhdeo
Shri Mahaveerji temple
Padampura
Lodhurva Jain temple
Nakodaji
Dilwara Temples, Mount Abu
Jirawala
Ranakpur
Bijolia
Nareli Jain Temple
Pindwara
Chittorgarh
Bhandasar Jain Temple
Chand Khedi
Shree Pavapuri Tirth Dham
Jaisalmer Fort Jain temples
Mungathala
Chamatkarji
Photo gallery
See also
Tijara Jain Temple
Shri Mahavirji Jain Temple
References
Sources
Dr. Jagdish Chandra Jain, History of Towns of Rajasthan
External links
Jain heritage centers -Rajasthan
Jainism in India
Jain communities
Religion in Rajasthan
History of Rajasthan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism%20in%20Rajasthan |
Scouting started in New South Wales, a State of Australia, in 1908. In the early years, local Boy Scout patrols and troops formed independently and several separate associations began operating including the Chums Scout Patrols, League of Boy Scouts, Girl Peace Scouts, Boys Brigade Scouts and Church Lads Brigade Scouts. These were later joined by The Boy Scouts Association, The Girl Guides Association and Life-Saving Scouts and Life Saving Guards of the Salvation Army. Some local Scout groups moved affiliation between the different associations.
Scouts and Scouting groups in New South Wales are now mostly registered with Scouts Australia NSW Branch and Girl Guides NSW, ACT & NT, a member organisation of Girl Guides Australia. There is also representation by the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association. There are ethnic Scouting organisations including the Australian Association of Scouts in Exile (AASE), Polish Scouting Association, ZHP, Russian Scouts, Hungarian Scouts, Plast Ukrainian Scouts, Lithuanian Scouts, Latvian Scouts, Estonian Scouts and Guides and Homenetmen Armenian Scouts and Assyrian Eagle Scouts. There were formerly Maltese, Hellenic (Greek) and Vietnamese Scout associations.
Scouts Australia
Scouts Australia NSW Branch, formally The Scout Association of Australia New South Wales Branch, is a branch of Scouts Australia. In 1914, The Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom formed The Boy Scouts Association New South Wales Section which was incorporated in 1928 and, upon the formation of Scouts Australia in 1958, became its NSW branch.
The 2021-22 Scouts Australia NSW Branch Annual Report indicated that there were 13,942 youth members of Scouts Australia in NSW and 3,114 adult members. Scouts Australia NSW branch has 366 registered Scout Groups administered through 54 Districts in 10 Regions and operates programs for all of Scouts Australia youth sections of Joeys, Cubs, Scouts, Venturers and Rovers.
The Regions are North West, Golden West, Greater Western Sydney, Hume, Riverina, South Coast and Tablelands, North Coast, Sydney North, South Metropolitan and Hunter and Coastal. The "country" Regions have a larger area in general.
In 2004, the then Chief Commissioner of Scouts Australia NSW Branch, Graeme Fordham, discussed the future for Australian Scouting on radio.
Activity Centres
Scouts Australia NSW Branch operates six activity centres:
Air Activity Centre – Opened in 1971, the Air Activity Centre is located at Camden Airport, Camden, south-west of Sydney and has 4 Cessna 172's. The centre provides flying experiences, gliding and a flying school for pilot training.
Alpine Activity Centre – The Alpine Activity Centre is located at Jindabyne, km south-west of Sydney, close to the Snowy Mountains and snow in winter. It consists of the Tony Balthasar Lodge and the Kanangra & Bluegum cottages.
Baden-Powell Activity Centre – The Baden-Powell Scout Centre was officially opened in February 1929 and was visited by Lord and Lady Baden-Powell in 1931. It is a site located at Pennant Hills adjoining Lane Cove National Park. Much of the early development work was done by the unemployed, who camped there during the Depression. There are accommodation and training facilities.
Cataract Activity Centre – This park is located near Appin south-west of Sydney and was given to the Scout Association by the Government of New South Wales in 1978. It has hosted three Australian Jamborees and the 16th World Scout Jamboree in 1987–1988. From 2010, the Australian Jamborees were held at Cataract Scout Park every six years. It can provide camping, bunk accommodation, and activities such as water slides, ropes courses, hiking, orienteering and an obstacle course.
Water Activities Centre – The Water Activities Centre at Woolwich opened in 1973. It provides general experiences in canoeing, sailing and power boating and qualification courses including NSW Boat Licenses.
Several other centres are run by the Regions, such as Camp Ku-Ring-Gai Activity Centre, Ingleside Scout Camp, Camp Kurrajong, Camps Coutts, J. Harold Kaye Training Centre and Bundilla Scout Training Centre.
Sexual abuse cases
Scouts Australia and its NSW Branch were called before the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse for its failures in handling complaints against its leaders.
In 2014, Darryl Rubiolo, a former Scout Association of Australia, NSW Branch leader, publicity officer, leader trainer, St. George Area Commissioner and member of the New South Wales state branch council, was convicted of serial child sex offences against three boys aged 9, 13 and 14, between 1975 and 1987 while he was an official of the Scout Association of Australia. Rubiolo was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison with a non-parole period of one year.
In 2012, Steven Larkins, a former leader in New South Wales was convicted and imprisoned for offences he had committed 15 years earlier.
In February 2000, Roderick Albert Joseph CORRIE, a former NSW Branch Commissioner and scout leader of nearly thirty-two years was convicted of child sexual offences. "Corrie, one of the most senior and highly decorated Scouts in NSW, was jailed for seven years in February 2000 after pleading guilty in the District Court to eight most serious of 77 charges of sexually abusing children as young as 11, including rape and buggery, occurring 1969-1995. Two years earlier, Corrie had been convicted of eight charges of “aggravated indecent assault” and placed on a bond, given counseling and 70 hours of community service." The head of Scouts Australia, "Dr. Bruce Munro, apologized to the families of those abused after the Sydney Morning Herald obtained a copy of a 14-page report written by a senior Scout leader in 1981 that detailed serious allegations of Corrie abusing four boys, one aged 12 at the time. Munro admitted that those allegations were not properly investigated or referred to the police and that although Corrie was initially suspended, he was then simply allowed to transfer as a leader to a North Shore Scouting group. Even after police began investigating Corrie in 1994, he was allowed to continue having contact with, and sexually abusing, scouts until at least May 1995."
Mark Geoffrey Fisher, scoutmaster at 1st Hunters Hill troop in New South Wales from 1969 to 1988, pleaded guilty to charges of 35 sex offenses involving eight boys aged between 11 and 15 between 1971-88.
Girl Guides
Regions
Girl Guides NSW, ACT & NT, a member organisation of Girl Guides Australia, operates 12 Regions, each managed by a volunteer Region Manager.
ACT & South East NSW;
Central West;
Coastal Valleys;
Cumberland Plains;
Greater Rivers;
North Pacific Coast;
Northern Sydney;
Northern Territory;
North West Inland;
South Coast & Highlands;
Southern Sydney Rivers; and,
Twin Rivers.
History
In 1920 Dame Margaret Davidson, wife of the Governor of NSW, called a special meeting of prominent women in Sydney, to try to interest them in starting Guiding in the State. They decided that Girl Guides was not for them as girls already had sufficient opportunities to be outdoors. Nella Levy read about this meeting in a newspaper and wrote to the newspaper contradicting this feeling. Subsequently, Levy was invited to Government House by Davidson. Davidson reportedly told her "Queen Mary would like to see Girl Guides in New South Wales, and I want you to start it." Levy took the challenge and travelled widely, recruiting volunteers, forming Companies and enrolling Guides.
In 1926, the Australian state Girl Guide branches formed a national federation called Girl Guides Australia. Girl Guides NSW, ACT & NT remains a member of Guides Australia and adheres to the Australian Guide Program (AGP).
In January 2020, Girl Guides NT merged with Girl Guides NSW and ACT to become Girl Guides NSW, ACT & NT. This brought members numbers to 7,800, allowed girls in the Northern Territory to access opportunities run in NSW and the ACT and sought to use administrative resources more efficiently.
Properties
Araluen, near Jindabyne, is popular for snow and summer activities.
RTS Tingira, in Cabarita, New South Wales, is a watersports centre offering canoeing, kayaking, rafting, rowing and sailing.
Sold
Since 2000, Girl Guides NSW has sold most of its major properties to maintain its operations.
Glengarry, sold in 2021 was in Turramurra in northern Sydney on the edge of the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park and comprised 34 hectares of bushland with cleared camping areas and purpose-built training and accommodation facilities. The site was donated in the 1930s.
Tara, sold 2009 was in Silverdale, just southwest of Sydney and was over . Girl Guides NSW & ACT had owned the property since 1971. Its Olave Centre accommodated 27 in dormitories, had a large commercial kitchen, common dining and lounge area and a large bathroom, including disabled use. Brownie Cottage accommodated 25 with a bathroom, fully equipped kitchen and a large dining/lounge area and the adjoining Northern Room was a fully self-contained studio which slept 4. Tolhurst Cottage was a quaint terracotta roofed cottage. Nella Levy Chapel was built in 1972 to commemorate the first Guider in NSW. Tara had sports fields, a carpark, equipment shed and campsites with piped water and enclosed fireplaces.
Gang Shows and other theatrical experiences
A number of Scout and Guide Gang Shows (variety shows) are put on in NSW.
Kirrawee Gang Show – started in 1959, located in Southern Sydney.
Albury Gang Show – Started in 1965, in Albury, New South Wales.
Cumberland Gang Show – started in 1970, located in the Greater Western Sydney Region.
Hornsby Gang Show – started in 1974, based in the Hornsby district, but open to members from across the Sydney North Region.
Korimul Gang Show – started in 1975, located in Wollongong.
Central Coast Gang Show – Started in 1986. Located at North Gosford about 1 hour north of Sydney.
See also
The Barn Scout Hall, Mosman
References
External links
Scouts NSW website
South Coast & Tablelands Region Scouts
Hunter & Coastal Region Scouts
Sydney North Region Scouts
Girl Guides NSW & ACT
History of New South Wales
New South Wales, Scouting and Guiding in
Organisations based in New South Wales
World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting%20and%20Guiding%20in%20New%20South%20Wales |
Human Punk is a novel by John King that tells the story of a group of boys who leave school in 1977, and the effect the emerging punk movement has on their lives. The book is largely based in Slough, a new town on the outskirts of London, famed for its industry and large trading estate. Human Punk follows the lives of main character Joe Martin and his friends Smiles, Dave, and Chris across the next three decades.
Plot
Set against a soundtrack of Clash, Sex Pistols, Ruts, and Ramones records, sixteen-year-old Joe sets about enjoying his newfound freedom, which in the summer of 1977 means hard-drinking pubs and working-men's clubs, local Teds, soulboys, disco girls, and a job picking cherries with gypsies. A joyride to Camden Town in North London takes him to see his first band, but a late-night incident back on the streets of Slough changes his life forever.
The second part of the book takes place in 1988 and finds Joe in China, receiving bad news in a letter from home. He buys a black-market ticket and takes the Trans-Siberian Express back to England. During this journey, he reflects on the events that have filled the intervening years, eventually returning to that night in 1977. Siberia passes in a series of recollections and romance with a Russian woman, Joe arriving in Moscow during the days of Mikhail Gorbachev, continuing to Berlin, where he crosses the Wall in the early hours. More trains take him on to Slough.
The third section of Human Punk captures the main characters as they reach middle age. They are older but little wiser. Slough has changed, but not too much, the spirit that drove Joe and his friends as boys stronger than ever. He makes his living in a range of ways, one of which involves buying and selling secondhand records. His punk beliefs remain solid. Life bounces along, until a face from the past emerges from the haze of a misty morning and forces him to stop and confront his memories once more.
Cultural impact
Human Punk covers many aspects of the punk scene, from the original music and bands, to its DIY ethos. It is also a novel that charts some major shifts in British society, from the failing Labour government of 1977 to Thatcherism in the 1980s, and later the New Labour of Tony Blair and a Cool Britannia that means little to those portrayed in the book. Human Punk reflects a version of punk that is anti-fashion, its roots to be found in the broader culture of the main characters.
The novel has been praised for its literary style as well its subject matter. Reviewing the book, the New Statesman said: "In its ambition and exuberance, Human Punk is a league ahead of much contemporary English fiction." The Independent wrote, "The long sentences and paragraphs build up cumulatively, with the sequences describing an end-of-term punch-up and the final canal visit just two virtuoso examples. These passages come close to matching the coiled energy of Hubert Selby's prose... In the resolution of the novel's central, devastating act, there is an almost Shakespearean sense of a brief restoration of balance after the necessary bloodletting."
Human Punk has also been well received in punk circles. JC Carroll of The Members, whose hit single "Sound of the Suburbs" reflects similar landscapes, said of the book: "Human Punk shines as a beacon of suburban working-class literature, a fucked-up Catcher in the Rye, high on speed and punk rock. This is not the punk of the Sunday supplement arts pages, this is English culture, educated not at Oxbridge but on the streets of Slough." Watford Jon, lead singer of Argy Bargy, called Human Punk "The best book I have ever read", while Lars Frederiksen of Rancid wrote the following for the US edition (2015): "John King: the face in our subculture who lives what he writes."
References
Punk literature
British novels adapted into films
2000 British novels
Novels by John King (author)
Slough
Novels set in Berkshire
Jonathan Cape books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Punk |
Birkie or Birky is an historical Scottish west coast card game for two players that is first recorded by Sir Walter Scott in 1819. It has been equated to Beggar my Neighbour, however, its rules are different.
History
Birkie is first recorded in Scott's Bride of Lammermoor in 1819 where he writes "But Bucklaw cared no more about riding the first horse and that sort of thing, than he, Craigengelt, did about a game at birkie."
In 1820, John Galt alludes to the game in his Ayrshire Legatees thus: "It was an understood thing that not only Whist and Catch-Honours were to be played, but even obstreperous Birky itself for the diversion of such of the company as were not used to gambling games."
In 1824, Birkie is listed as one of the most popular card games in Galloway alongside "Catch the Ten, or Catch Honours, Lent for Beans, Brag and Pairs for Slaes, Beggar my Neebour... Love after Supper, and Wha to be married first." They are described as "rustic games", unlike "Whist, Cribbage and other genteel nonsense."
Although recorded initially in the west coast regions of Ayrshire and Galloway, by the 1850s it appears the game had reached Glasgow, being played by print workers alongside Catch the Ten and All Fours.
Jamieson derives the name 'birkie' from the Icelandic berk-ia, to boast.
Rules
The only description of the rules are two brief accounts by John Jamieson in his dictionaries of the Scottish language. The first runs as follows:
Later editions change "childish" to "trifling" and add that "he who follows suit [with a higher card] wins the trick, if he seizes the heap before his opponent can cover his card with one of his own".
Despite its equation to the English game of Beggar my Neighbour, it is different because a) it is listed separately by John Mactaggart; b) no pay cards (A K Q J) are mentioned i.e. cards which, when played, require the opponent to play a specified number of further cards which, if all are numerals, are captured by the player of the pay card; and c) there is a requirement to follow suit, unlike Beggar my Neighbour. However, the aim is similar: to win by acquiring all the cards. It may be that the above rules describe Common Birkie and that, in King's Birkie, the King was perhaps the highest card and also a pay card.
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Galt, John (1820). Ayrshire Legatees, London: Blackwood.
Jamieson, John (1825). Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, Vol. I. Edinburgh: W & C Tait.
Jamieson, John (1846). A Dictionary of the Scottish Language. Abridged by John Johnstone. Edinburgh: William Tait.
Mactaggart, John (1824). The Scottish Gallovidian Encyclopedia. London: Morrison.
Thomson, Alexander (1895). Random Notes and Rambling Recollections of Drydock, the Dock, Or Kelvindock. Glasgow: Kerr & Richardson.
Scott, Sir Walter (1819). Bride of Lammermoor. London: Constable.
Scottish card games
Two-player card games
19th-century card games
War group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkie |
is a book by 20th-century Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti (18951986). Originally published in 1954 with a comprehensive foreword by Aldous Huxley, it was instrumental in broadening Krishnamurti's audience and exposing his ideas. It was one of the first Krishnamurti titles in the world of mainstream, commercial publishing, where its success helped establish him as a viable author. The book also established a format frequently used in later Krishnamurti publications, in which he presents his ideas on various interrelated issues, followed by discussions with one or more participants. As of 2022 several editions of the work had been published, in print and digital media.
Background
Following his dismantling of the World Teacher Project in , Jiddu Krishnamurti embarked on a new international speaking career as an independent, unconventional philosopher. During World War II he remained at his residence in Ojai, California, in relative isolation. English author Aldous Huxley lived nearby; he met Krishnamurti in 1938, and the two men became close friends. Huxley encouraged Krishnamurti to write, and also introduced his work to Harper, Huxley's own publisher. This eventually led to the addition of Krishnamurti in the publisher's roster of authors; until that time Krishnamurti works were published by small or specialist presses, or in-house by a variety of Krishnamurti-related
About the work
Like the great majority of Krishnamurti texts, the book consists of edited excerpts from his public talks and discussions; it includes examinations of subjects that were, or became, recurrent themes in his exposition: the nature of the selfand of belief, investigations into fear and desire, the relationship between thinker and thought, the concept of choiceless awareness, the function of the mind, etc. Following an introductory chapter by Krishnamurti, each of twenty interrelated topics is covered in its own chapter. A second part ("Questions and Answers") consists of 38 named segments, taken from question-and-answer sessions between Krishnamurti and his audience; the segments broadly pertain to the topics covered in the book's first part. The book was edited (without attribution) by D. Rajagopal, Krishnamurti's thenclose associate, editor, and business manager; the included extracts were taken from "Verbatim Reports" of Krishnamurti talks between 1947 and 1952.
Huxley provided a ten-page foreword as comprehensive introduction to Krishnamurti's philosophy, an essay that "no doubt contributed to credibility and sales potential", and he may have also influenced the overall structure and style of the work. He had read a thenrecent Krishnamurti book in 1941, and was favorably impressed, especially with a section consisting of dialogues and question-and-answer sessions between Krishnamurti and his listeners a practice that normally followed his lectures. Huxley thought they enlivened Krishnamurti's philosophical subjects, and suggested a similar format for the forthcoming book, which also became a common type of presentation in later Krishnamurti
A commentator summarized that in this and other books, "Krishnamurti emphasized the importance of release from entrapment in the 'network of thought' through a perceptual process of attention, observation or 'choiceless awareness' which would release the true perception of reality without mediation of any authority, or guru. Another observed that it was instrumental in making Krishnamurti and his ideas known to a wider audience, as the "first substantial statement of his philosophy to be issued by major publishing houses in Britain and the United States"; noting the work's popularity among the college-age young, others added that the book "anticipated the preoccupations of an up-and-coming youth culture, perhaps helped to form
As in practically every work of his, Krishnamurti did not present this book as containing "a doctrine to be believed, but as an invitation to others to investigate and validate its truth for
Publication history
The book was originally published by Harper in the US and by Gollancz in the UK. In the US, it was the second Krishnamurti-authored book to be published by a mainstream commercial publisherunlike in other markets, where this would be the first such publication. Copyright was held by Krishnamurti Writings (KWINC), the organization then responsible for promoting Krishnamurti's work worldwide; publishing rights were transferred to new Krishnamurti-related organizations in the mid-1970s (the Krishnamurti foundations), and in to Krishnamurti Publications (K Publications), an entity with overall responsibility for publishing his works
The book was "an immediate success" and was in its 6th impression by the end of 1954; a 2015 reprint of was the edition's Opening to good reviews, it proved to be a "compelling entry" into publishing, helping to establish Krishnamurti as a viable author in the commercial publishing arena. Unlike the editions of the later editions of the work (such as one ), included a variety of Krishnamurti photographs on the front cover. A digital edition in several e-book formats was first published by HarperCollins e-Books in 2010 .
About a third of the work was included in The Penguin Krishnamurti Reader, a 1970 compilation edited by Krishnamurti biographer Mary Lutyens, that was also a commercial and critical success. In addition, Penguin Books through its Ebury Publishing division published a new edition of The First and Last Freedom in 2013, with an edition-specific Preface. This was marketed as a mass market paperback by the division's Rider imprint , and as an e-book by its digital media
As of 2022, according to one source, there had been 95 editions in several formats by a variety of publishers, published in eight languages. Several years prior, the work had also been made available as a freely readable electronic document through , the official Jiddu Krishnamurti online
Select editions
Reprints of this edition may have different covers and author photographs.
Reception
A Krishnamurti biographer wrote that Huxley's foreword "set the mood to take the work very seriously", and another stated that by the end of the book was responsible for attracting larger audiences to Krishnamurti's talks. Jean Burden, in a sympathetic 1959 article in the Prairie Schooner, partly attributed the increased interest in Krishnamurti to the book, while stating that as it was compiled from his "famous talks", it "suffered, as most compilations do, from repetitiveness and lack of structure. Yet Anne Morrow Lindbergh reputedly found the sheer simplicity of what he has to
Kirkus Reviews described it as a "clear and intriguing presentation of a point of view which will appeal to many who are finding the more traditional approaches to truth to be blind alleys. A review at The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution contended that Krishnamurti's thinking "has the practical ring. It is so clear, so straightforward that the reader feels a challenge in every page". In contrast, The Times of India, while finding the work's basic message unoriginal, maintained that Krishnamurti's utterances have "a fluid ambiguity and an almost insidious plausibility", before concluding that the work is "all without , and in the present context appears to be mere
The Times Literary Supplement stated that for those who regard conflict "as an unchangeable condition of human life and truth, Krishnamurti's teaching will seem to offer a delusive short-cut to a vaguely beatific freedom. But there is nothing vague about it. It is precise and penetrating." The reviewer thinks that Krishnamurti presents "a reinterpretation of the wisdom of his though he has rediscovered it for himself. Nevertheless, J. M. Cohen reviewing the book for The Observer (London) wrote, "Krishnamurti is an entirely independent master" adding, "or those who wish to listen, this book will have a value beyond
The book's publication brought Krishnamurti and his ideas to the attention of practicing and theoretical psychotherapists, setting the stage for later dialogue between Krishnamurti and professionals in this field. It was also responsible for Krishnamurti's long and fruitful relationship with theoretical physicist David Bohm, whose unorthodox approach to problems of physics and of consciousness often correlated with Krishnamurti's philosophical
The work was mentioned in education-related dissertations as early as it continued to be cited by educational researchers in the following decades. It has also interested researchers in psycholinguistics, drawing favorable remarks about Krishnamurti's views regarding the between the thinker and the thought"; and has featured in discussion of the relationship between general semantics and other
Among other fields, the book has been cited by occupational therapy papers, articles on medical ethics, and in original research of contemporary spirituality. But also in essays "on the social implications of the 'death of utopia, and in addresses to professional geography conferences. It has been quoted in influential works on media and has been commended as an aid to successful investment strategies. Meanwhile, more than half a century after original publication, articles in general-interest mediafor example, articles on meditation and mindfulness, favorably featured or mentioned the
The book has inspired artistic endeavors: it has been suggested that it influenced Huxley's writing of the 1962 novel , and a painting exhibition staged in London in 2014 was "derived from two alternative perspectives: the introduction by Aldous Huxley in the book of his long-term colleague and friend, Jiddu Krishnamurti and Krishnamurti's second major opus, The First and Last Freedom". Additionally, the book has prompted comparisons between Krishnamurti's philosophy and Emily Dickinson's poetry, and has informed the way art therapy professionals approach their
As of , according to one of several official Krishnamurti-related foundations, The First and Last Freedom had "sold more copies than any other Krishnamurti
See also
Jiddu Krishnamurti bibliography
Notes
References
.
.
.
.
.
.
1954 non-fiction books
Books by Jiddu Krishnamurti
Harper & Brothers books
Philosophy books
Victor Gollancz Ltd books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20First%20and%20Last%20Freedom |
Gavan may refer to:
People
First name
Gavan Daws (born 1933), American writer, historian, and filmmaker from Hawaii
Gavan Duffy (1874–1958), Canadian lawyer, judge, and political figure
Gavan Herlihy (born 1947), New Zealand politician
Gavan Horsley (born 1933), Australian rugby union player
Gavan Levenson (born 1953), South African professional golfer
Gavan McCarthy (born 1945), Australian rules footballer
Gavan McCormack, Australian researcher specializing in East Asia
Gavan McDonell (born 1932), Australian civil engineer
Gavan Moran (1936–1983), Australian rules footballer
Gavan O'Connor (born 1947), Australian politician
Gavan O'Herlihy (born 1954), Irish actor
Gavan Whelan, former member of James, an English rock band from Manchester
Last name
Alexandru Găvan (born 1982), Romanian mountain climber
John Gavan (1640–1679), English Jesuit
Paul Gavan (born 1965), Irish politician
Fictional characters
Gavan, from Space Sheriff Gavan, a Japanese TV series, and Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie, a 2012 movie
Places
Gavan, Karnataka, India, a village
Gavan, Ardabil, Iran, a village
Gavan-e Pain, Iran, a village
Gavan Municipal Okrug, a municipal okrug in Vasileostrovsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia
Găvan River (disambiguation)
See also
Gavin, a masculine given name and a surname
Sovetskaya Gavan, a town in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavan |
Cayce is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Fulton County, Kentucky, United States, in the state's southwestern corner. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 119.
The community was named for James Hardie Cayce, who established stores in Moscow, Clinton, and Cayce. Cayce is centrally located in Kentucky's westernmost county, Fulton. The name is a homophone of "Casey".
Cayce includes the area east and west from Willingham Bottom and Bayou de Chien Creek to Mud Creek and north and south from Moscow to the Middle Road (Kentucky Route 166). Part of the town, known as the "junction", is at the junction of Kentucky Routes 94 and 239. This is the location of the service stations and cafe. Also at that junction (on the northwest corner) is an old elementary school (now closed), with a monument out front identifying Cayce as the hometown of American cultural icon, railroad engineer Casey Jones (1864–1900), who grew up in the area.
History
Jones began work in 1878 for the north-south Mobile and Ohio Railroad (later the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio, and since the early 1970s a part of the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad); by 1890 he had worked his way up to engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad. John Luther "Casey" Jones earned his place in American folklore and legend for remaining at the throttle in the 1900 crash in which he lost his life.
In that era, railroaders with common surnames were often referred to by their hometown. John Luther Jones's nickname thus became "Cayce" Jones ("Casey" would later become the accepted spelling).
In the late 19th century and early 20th century Cayce was a thriving southern business town. Today, however it is a residential small town.
December 2021 tornado
In December 2021, during a major tornado outbreak, Cayce was hit by the Western Kentucky tornado. Dozens of structures—including approximately 2/3rds of all homes in the town—sustained major damage, and several were completely destroyed by winds rated up to EF4. These included the town's fire department and the former Cayce High School. After killing 1 person in Cayce, the tornado continued traveling east through multiple counties and cities in Western Kentucky, causing widespread devastation and killing 58 people.
In the months following the storm, residents struggled with trauma from the outbreak and the slow rebuilding process, with many continuing to live in trailers or converted containers.
Demographics
References
Bibliography
(1928). "Life and Times of Casey Jones." The Washington Post. January 12.
Census-designated places in Fulton County, Kentucky
Census-designated places in Kentucky
Casey Jones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayce%2C%20Kentucky |
("demon drum group"), sometimes referred to as "Za Ondekoza", is a Japanese troupe specializing in taiko drumming.
Founded in 1969 by Den Tagayasu, in Sado Island, Japan. Ondekoza was influential in the rise of the kumi-daiko (group taiko) style of taiko. Not a taiko player himself, Tagayasu helped transform taiko from a festival-based music form to a virtuosic performance art performed on stage. Ondekoza's performances in North America in 1975 was the first exposure for many and helped spread interest in taiko through North America.
The now widely recognized style of wearing only a 'shimekomi' ('fundoshi loincloth) was originally started by Ondekoza when Pierre Cardin suggested that the physique of the drummer be exposed. The traditional Japanese drummers do not play only in underwear.
Part of a larger movement to rediscover Japanese folk art, Tagayasu brought together a group of young men and women to Sado Island to study and live. Largely without formal musical training, the original members lived communally in an old school house while studying taiko, shamisen, koto, minyo (folk music), and traditional dance. The lifestyle was austere and rigorous with most days beginning with a run before breakfast and filled with study and practice.
One of the keys to the group's success was the arrangement of traditional melodies and styles into stylized, artistic musical pieces. Examples of these are their songs yatai-bayashi, based on the Chichibu festival and hachijo and miyake based on the drum patterns from Hachijo Island and Miyake Island. Also groundbreaking was the Odaiko (Large Drum) solo, a musical piece focused largely on one performer with only minimal background drumming, percussion and the addition of Shakuhachi in the introduction making it a unique dialogue between flute and drum. Den Tagayasu and Ondekoza's arrangements of these pieces, and their associated playing styles, have been popularized by their widespread use by other taiko groups throughout Japan and the United States.
History
In 1975, Ondekoza made their American debut. In one noteworthy performance, the members performed a full set at the finish line of the marathon after completing the Boston Marathon. The group toured America, Europe and Japan to critical acclaim.
In 1981, largely in response to the difference of opinion between Tagayasu and some Ondekoza members, Tagayasu and members broke off. Tagayasu left Sado island and kept the name Ondekoza and most of the drums. Some of Ondekoza members (except Tagayasu) formed the group Kodō on Sado island. bringing in outsider help to form the group Kodo.
Tagayasu gathered new members and formed Ondekoza again in Ikusaka Nagano prefecture, Japan in 1980. In 1981/82, they moved to Unzen in Nagazaki Prefecture where they stayed until 1988. In 1986 the new members of Ondekoza performed at the 1986 World's Fair in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and extensively toured in Europe and the United States. They moved to Atami in Shizuoka prefecture in 1988. The group performed at the New Fujiya Hotel Reiho theater twice a night for a whole year. Ichiro Inoue, Yasuko Takakubo, Marco Lienhard, Shigeru Yamamoto and Maceo Hernandez were the lead performers. Marco Lienhard played the Odaiko solo as well as other Taiko parts and Shakuhachi solos. He became one of the lead member that helped the group with their next big Marathon tour in the USA.
The group spent 3 years (1990–1993) running and performing around the United States, beginning and ending their journey with performances at the New York City marathon and performances at Carnegie Hall in New York. At the end of the journey the members had run approximately 10,000 miles (roughly 16,000 kilometers). The members would run 20–30 miles a day and perform along the way. Going from NYC to Florida, New Orleans, San Diego, Seattle, Chicago and back to New York. 13 membres started the run and 7 finished and completed the run including Marco Lienhard, Shigeru Yamamoto, Kohei and Ryouhei Inoue, Shigeru Uemura, Yutoku Asato and Akio.
the group went back to Japan and on tour with Japan Arts for a couple of years.
Similarly, in 1998, the group began a marathon tour of China, performing in various cities throughout the country while running a distance of 12,500 km.
The leader Tagaysu Den died shortly after it in early 2001 and the Chinese tour was never completed, the leader ship changed radically and the philosophy of the group changed never to be the same again.
A chapter ended with the passing of founder Tagayasu Den. Most of the members left the group and Ondekoza kept on with new directions and members since.
the new version of Ondekoza has kept some of the running and in 2005 marked the completion of their "Taiwan Marathon Tour", in which they ran the outer border of Taiwan, again while performing at various venues along the way.
Through 2006–2008, the group toured and performed mainly throughout Japan, Asia and Europe.
The group continues to tour internationally, including performances in Africa and the Middle East in 2010.
Ondekoza's founder, Den Tagayasu died in an automobile accident in April, 2001. Since then, the group has been headed by shakuhachi (bamboo end-blown flute) artist, Seizan Matsuda.
Music & Rhythms project
"Music & Rhythms" is the title of a musical outreach project launched by Ondekoza in 2005. The project is aimed at children and their communities, and involves workshops in which participants build musical instruments out of bamboo and other items occurring in nature.
The project is typically carried out in a number of steps, from instrument building, to musical experimentation, and eventually to a collaborative performance involving Ondekoza and other musicians of varying world genres. The project aims to promote the development of expressive ability amongst children through the use of construction, creativity, music and dance.
Music & Rhythms was originally launched in Korea in 2005, and has since involved children and communities in various locations around the globe including Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Japan.
Ondekoza members
Members of Ondekoza reside together in what was an abandoned/closed elementary school, in the rural setting of Higashi Chichibu-mura, in Saitama, Japan. Based on Den Tagayasu's principle of "running and drumming as one", running is a central part of the lifestyle of Ondekoza members. As a means of physical and mental training, members run about 10 km every day, at 6 in the morning before breakfast. Since the founding years of the group, Ondekoza members have competed in various marathons in Japan and the United States.
Their communal lifestyle leaves for little free time and often involves periods of concentration by writing sutra (Buddhist scriptures.) The goal in the sutra writing is to fully focus and write as beautifully as possible, preferably using your non-dominant hand.
"I want to see a performance that comes from amazing effort, a performance so serious and real that the performer plays as if their life depends on it." - Hiro Yoshi, Director of Ondekoza and member for over 20 years.
As of end of 2019, only 3 members live in their facilities while 5-6 members are spread throughout Japan, some of whom only join the group for performances.
Applicants who wish to join the group must complete a trial year, paying a monthly stipulation to cover their board and living costs. Those that complete the year successfully are paid a salary in accordance with their ability, with all funds coming from Ondekoza's performances.
Discography
Albums
DVD
See also
Kodō (taiko group) - a professional taiko drumming group formed from former members of Ondekoza
Gocoo - a seven female and 3 male taiko drumming band from Tokyo
References
External links
Official website of Ondekoza
Official Ondekoza Twitter (in Japanese)
Official Ondekoza Facebook page
Official Ondekoza Youtube channel
Ondekoza Spotify artist page
Ondekoza Google Play Music page
Ondekoza on Amazon Music
Fujisan Inc - company that produce and manage Ondekoza
'Taiko' pioneer Eitetsu Hayashi to mark 45 years of drumming to his own beat | Japan Times Culture
Ondekoza: 24 Hours with One of Japan's Most Famous and Hardcore Taiko Drumming Groups | Tokyo Survival Channel
Artist Interview; Innovating drum music, the spirit of Eitetsu Hayashi | Performing Arts Network Japan
Playing to the beat of the gods | Japan Times Culture
Interview with Kelvin Underwood of Ondekoza, December 17, 1997 on Taiko.com
Taiko groups
Japanese musical groups
Musical groups from Niigata Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondekoza |
WOLF-TV (channel 56) is a television station licensed to Hazleton, Pennsylvania, United States, serving Northeastern Pennsylvania as an affiliate of the Fox network. It is the flagship property of locally based New Age Media, LLC, and is co-owned with Williamsport-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WQMY (channel 53); New Age also provides certain services to Scranton-licensed CW affiliate WSWB (channel 38) under a management services agreement (MSA) with MPS Media. All three stations, in turn, are operated under a master service agreement by the Sinclair Broadcast Group. The stations share studios on PA 315 in the Fox Hill section of Plains Township; WOLF-TV's transmitter is located at the Penobscot Knob antenna farm near Mountain Top. However, newscasts have originated from the facilities of sister station and CBS affiliate WSBT-TV in South Bend, Indiana since January 2017.
History
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted an original construction permit for Hazleton's first full-service television station on September 30, 1982. The new station, given the call letters WERF, was owned by James Oyster and was to broadcast from a tower south of the city. At that location, the station could serve its city of license but not the main cities in the market, Scranton and Wilkes-Barre. In April 1983, WERF applied to move its transmitter to the Penobscot Knob antenna farm near Mountaintop where WNEP-TV (channel 16), WDAU-TV (channel 22, now WYOU), WBRE-TV (channel 28), and WVIA-TV (channel 44) also housed their transmitters. The application was denied, however.
Oyster changed the station's call letters to WWLF-TV on July 25, 1984, then sold the construction permit to Hazleton TV Associates on December 13. Two months later on February 20, 1985, the station was sold again, this time to Scranton TV Partners who completed construction of the station and brought it on-air on June 6. WWLF was a satellite of co-owned WOLF-TV in Scranton which was then on UHF channel 38 and was an independent station. That station had just begun broadcasting itself on June 3. WWLF, as a satellite of WOLF-TV, was independent for a little more than a year. On October 9, 1986, it became a charter affiliate of Fox. In 1988, WWLF moved to a new transmitter on Nescopeck Mountain near the junction of I-80 and PA 93 but remained a satellite of WOLF-TV.
On April 27, 1993, WWLF was sold to Pegasus Television and the new owners were able to accomplish something that the station's original owner could not: get permission to move the transmitter to the antenna farm at Penobscot Knob. The completion of the new transmitter ushered in a new era for WWLF. On November 1, 1998, Pegasus moved the WOLF-TV call sign to channel 56 and made it the sole outlet for Fox programming in Northeast Pennsylvania. It changed the call letters of channel 38 to WSWB and made that station an affiliate of The WB. That station's owners had sought for many years to move either the channel 38 or channel 56 transmitters to Penobscot Knob.
On January 4, 2007, WOLF-TV, along with most of the Pegasus stations, was sold to investment group CP Media, LLC with the sale consummated on March 31. For the first time in its history, the station was no longer co-owned with WSWB. However, the new owners of that station signed a local marketing agreement (LMA) with CP Media meaning that the stations continue to be commonly operated. Eventually, CP Media formed a new broadcasting group, New Age Media. More recently, WOLF-TV launched a new website using the Fox owned-and-operated station platform licensed from Fox Television Stations' interactive division; this lasted until some time in 2010 or 2011 when WorldNow took over the operation of the WOLF-TV web site. On December 4, 2011, the station's transmitter was damaged and for the next month WOLF-TV was carried on WBRE's channel 28.2 subchannel.
On September 25, 2013, New Age Media announced that it would sell most of its stations, including WOLF-TV and WQMY, to the Sinclair Broadcast Group. Concurrently, sister station WSWB was to be sold by MPS Media to Cunningham Broadcasting, while continuing to be operated by WOLF-TV. On October 31, 2014, New Age Media requested the dismissal of its application to sell WOLF-TV; the next day, Sinclair purchased the non-license assets of the stations it planned to buy from New Age Media and began operating them through a master service agreement.
On May 8, 2017, Sinclair entered into an agreement to acquire Chicago-based Tribune Media – which, through a shared services agreement with owner Dreamcatcher Broadcasting, has operated WNEP-TV since December 2013 – for $3.9 billion, plus the assumption of $2.7 billion in debt held by Tribune. The complicated SSA relationships that Sinclair has in the Scranton–Wilkes–Barre market with WOLF, WSWB and WQMY – the former two of which are currently the only legal television duopoly in the market – created an ownership entanglement, as WNEP and WOLF rank among the market's four highest-rated stations, and the market has too few independently owned full-power stations to permit a second legal duopoly in any event. (Sinclair CEO Christopher Ripley cited Scranton–Wilkes–Barre as one of three markets, out of fourteen where ownership conflicts exist between the two groups, where the proposed acquisition would likely result in divestitures). To alleviate some of the regulatory issues that the deal incurred by selling certain stations to both independent and affiliated third-party companies, on April 24, 2018, Sinclair announced that it would sell the non-license assets of WOLF-TV, WQMY, and WSWB and the full assets of eight other stations – Sinclair-operated KOKH-TV in Oklahoma City, WRLH-TV in Richmond, KDSM-TV in Des Moines and WXLV-TV in Greensboro/Winston-Salem/High Point, and Tribune-owned WPMT in Harrisburg and WXMI in Grand Rapids – to Standard Media Group (an independent broadcast holding company formed by private equity firm Standard General to assume ownership of and absolve ownership conflicts involving the aforementioned stations) for $441.1 million. Sinclair concurrently exercised its option to buy WOLF-TV and WQMY – the latter of which, for regulatory purposes, will continue to be licensed as a satellite of WOLF-TV – to allow Standard Media Group to acquire the stations outright.
Three weeks after the FCC's July 18 vote to have the deal reviewed by an administrative law judge amid "serious concerns" about Sinclair's forthrightness in its applications to sell certain conflict properties, on August 9, 2018, Tribune announced it would terminate the Sinclair deal, intending to seek other M&A opportunities. Tribune also filed a breach of contract lawsuit in the Delaware Chancery Court, alleging that Sinclair engaged in protracted negotiations with the FCC and the DOJ over regulatory issues, refused to sell stations in markets where it already had properties, and proposed divestitures to parties with ties to Sinclair executive chair David D. Smith that were rejected or highly subject to rejection to maintain control over stations it was required to sell. The termination of the Sinclair sale agreement places uncertainty for the future of Standard Media's purchases of WOLF/WQMY/WSWB and the other four Tribune- and Sinclair-operated stations included in that deal, which were predicated on the closure of the Sinclair–Tribune merger.
Newscasts
Fox required most of its affiliates to begin offering local news in 1990 in order to help the fledgling network. However, WOLF's facilities have never been large enough to accommodate an in-house news department. Rather than risk disaffiliation, what is now WSWB entered into a news share agreement with ABC affiliate WNEP-TV (then owned by The New York Times Company) in 1991. The outsourcing arrangement resulted in one of the nation's first prime time newscasts to debut known as Newswatch 16 at 10 on Fox 38. The show originated from WNEP's facility on Montage Mountain Road in Moosic featuring the ABC outlet's on-air personnel. When channel 56 became the sole Fox outlet for the area in 1998, the newscasts stayed here as well under the title of Fox 56 News at 10, with a secondary title of Newswatch 16 at 10 on Fox 56.
In November 2009, it was announced WNEP would move its production of the news at 10 to a second digital subchannel called "WNEP 2" which had recently gained Retro Television Network (RTV) affiliation. That happened December 31 of that year after which WOLF-TV and NBC affiliate WBRE-TV (owned by the Nexstar Broadcasting Group) entered into a new outsourcing agreement. After taking over production of nightly prime time newscasts on WOLF-TV starting New Year's Day 2010, WBRE expanded the show to an hour each night and changed the title to Fox 56 News First at 10.
The program later originated from a secondary set at the NBC affiliate's studios on South Franklin Street in Downtown Wilkes-Barre. The space had previously been used to produce separate newscasts on CBS affiliate WYOU. On April 2, 2012, WBRE became the market's second television station to upgrade local news to high definition level. The WOLF-TV shows were included in the upgrade complete with an updated secondary set at WBRE's studios. As was the case with the WNEP-produced broadcasts, if there were network obligations or overruns of Fox programming that prevent WOLF-TV from showing the WBRE program, it was aired on WSWB instead. Its website posts video of the first segment of Fox 56 News First at 10 and the weather forecast segment. Along with its main studios, WBRE operates news bureaus in Scranton (on Lackawanna Avenue), Stroudsburg (Main Street), Williamsport (on Pine Street), and Hazleton (East 10th Street).
On October 5, 2016, the Hazleton Standard-Speaker reported that WOLF-TV would end its outsourcing agreement with WBRE on December 31, and is beginning to hire staff for a new in-house news department. The newscast began on January 1, 2017, using local reporting staff, with anchors originating from a secondary set at Sinclair's CBS affiliate WSBT-TV in South Bend, Indiana. The anchors for WOLF's 10 p.m. show also anchor the 6 p.m. and 11 p.m. newscasts for Toledo, Ohio NBC affiliate WNWO-TV.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
WQMY cannot be received over-the-air in the Scranton and Wilkes-Barre areas due to its transmitter being in Williamsport, so it can be seen on WOLF-DT3.
Analog-to-digital conversion
WOLF-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 56, on January 19, 2009. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 45. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 56, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition.
Translators
WOLF-TV serves one of the largest geographic markets in the country. This area is very mountainous making UHF reception difficult. However, the station is in unique situation since Scranton and Wilkes-Barre is a "UHF Island". As a result, it operates a digital translator to repeat its signal. W24DB-D on UHF channel 24 has a transmitter northwest of Scranton and I-476 in Lackawanna County. WOLF-TV also operates a digital replacement translator on UHF channel 27 in Waymart. This channel exists because wind turbines run by NextEra Energy Resources at the Waymart Wind Farm interfere with the transmission of full-power television signals.
References
External links
WOLF-TV website
WQMY website
WSWB website
OLF-TV
Fox network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1985
1985 establishments in Pennsylvania
Sinclair Broadcast Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOLF-TV |
"Cytotrophoblast" is the name given to both the inner layer of the trophoblast (also called layer of Langhans) or the cells that live there. It is interior to the syncytiotrophoblast and external to the wall of the blastocyst in a developing embryo.
The cytotrophoblast is considered to be the trophoblastic stem cell because the layer surrounding the blastocyst remains while daughter cells differentiate and proliferate to function in multiple roles. There are two lineages that cytotrophoblastic cells may differentiate through: fusion and invasive. The fusion lineage yields syncytiotrophoblast and the invasive lineage yields interstitial cytotrophoblast cells.
Cytotrophoblastic cells play an important role in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus.
Fusion lineage
The formation of all syncytiotrophoblast is from the fusion of two or more cytotrophoblasts via this fusion pathway. This pathway is important because the syncytiotrophoblast plays an important role in fetal-maternal gas exchange, nutrient exchange, and immunological and metabolic functions.
An undifferentiated cytotrophoblastic stem cell will differentiate into a villous cytotrophoblast, which is what constitutes primary chorionic villi, and will eventually coalesce into villous syncytiotrophoblast. The formation of syncytiotrophoblast from cytotrophoblast is a terminal differentiation step of trophoblastic cells.
Syncytialization of cytotrophoblastic cells can be induced in vitro through multiple signalling molecules including epidermal growth factor, glucocorticoids, and human chorionic gonadotropin.
Invasive lineage
The invasive lineage creates cytotrophoblasts that are essential in the process of implantation and forming a fully functional placenta. An undifferentiated cytotrophoblastic stem cell will differentiate into an extravillous cytotrophoblast intermediate and then into an interstitial cytotrophoblast. An interstitial cytotrophoblast may then further differentiate into an endovascular cytotrophoblast or form a syncytium.
Interstitial cytotrophoblast
The primary function of an interstitial cytotrophoblast is to anchor the growing fetus to the maternal uterine tissue. These cells may invade the whole endometrium and the proximal third of the myometrium.
Once these cells penetrate through the first few layers of cells of the decidua, they lose their ability to proliferate and become invasive. This departure from the cell cycle seems to be due to factors such as TGF-β and decorin. Although these invasive interstitial cytotrophoblasts can no longer divide, they retain their ability to form syncytia. Multinucleated giant cells (small syncytia) are found in the placental bed and myometrium as a result of the fusion of interstitial cytotrophoblasts.
Interstitial cytotrophoblasts may also transform into endovascular cytotrophoblasts.
Endovascular cytotrophoblast
The primary function of the endovascular cytotrophoblast is to penetrate maternal spiral arteries and route the blood flow through the placenta for the growing embryo to use.
They arise from interstitial cytotrophoblasts from the process of phenocopying. This changes the phenotype of these cells from epithelial to endothelial. Endovascular cytotrophoblasts, like their interstitial predecessor, are non-proliferating and invasive.
Role in implantation
Proper cytotrophoblast function is essential in the implantation of a blastocyst. After hatching, the embryonic pole of the blastocyst faces the uterine endometrium. Once they make contact the trophoblast begins to rapidly proliferate. The cytotrophoblast secretes proteolytic enzymes to break down the extracellular matrix between the endometrial cells to allow finger-like projections of trophoblast to penetrate through. Projections of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast pull the embryo into the endometrium until it is fully covered by endometrial epithelium, save for the coagulation plug.
Associated disorders
The most common associated disorder is pre-eclampsia, affecting approximately 7% of all births. It is characterized by a failure of the cytotrophoblast to invade the uterus and its vasculature, specifically the spiral arteries that the endovascular cytotrophoblast should invade. The result of this is decreased blood flow to the fetus which may cause intrauterine growth restriction. Clinical symptoms of pre-eclampsia in the mother are most commonly high blood pressure, proteinuria and edema.
Conversely, if there is too much invasion of uterine tissue by the trophoblast then a hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma may arise.
Additional images
References
External links
- "Female Reproductive System: placental villi"
Diagram at McGill
Embryology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotrophoblast |
The 37th NAACP Image Awards ceremony, presented by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), honored the best in film, television, music of 2005 and took place on February 25, 2006, at the Shrine Auditorium. The show was televised live on Fox, March 3 at 8 p.m. EST and hosted by Cuba Gooding Jr.
The following is a listing of nominees, with winners in bold:
Film
Outstanding Motion Picture
Coach Carter
Crash
Hitch
Hustle & Flow
Diary of a Mad Black Woman
Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Laurence Fishburne - Assault on Precinct 13
Samuel L. Jackson - Coach Carter
Shemar Moore - Diary of a Mad Black Woman
Terrence Howard - Hustle & Flow
Will Smith - Hitch
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
Kimberly Elise - Diary of a Mad Black Woman
Queen Latifah - Beauty Shop
Rosario Dawson - Rent
Ziyi Zhang - Memoirs of a Geisha
Zoe Saldana - Guess Who
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Anthony Anderson - Hustle & Flow
Chris "Ludacris" Bridges - Crash
Don Cheadle - Crash
Larenz Tate - Crash
Terrence Howard - Crash
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Ashanti - Coach Carter
Cicely Tyson - Diary of a Mad Black Woman
Elise Neal - Hustle & Flow
Taraji P. Henson - Hustle & Flow
Thandie Newton - Crash
Outstanding Independent or Foreign Film
The Boys of Baraka
Cape of Good Hope
The Constant Gardener
Mad Hot Ballroom
Syriana
Outstanding Directing in a Feature Film/Television Movie
George C. Wolfe – Lackawanna Blues
John Singleton – Four Brothers
Malcolm Lee – Roll Bounce
Thomas Carter – Coach Carter
Tim Story – Fantastic Four
Television
Outstanding Comedy Series
The Bernie Mac Show
The Boondocks
Everybody Hates Chris
Girlfriends
Half & Half
Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series
Bernie Mac - The Bernie Mac Show
Donald Faison - Scrubs
George Lopez - George Lopez
Omar Gooding - Barbershop: The Series
Tyler James Williams - Everybody Hates Chris
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series
Holly Robinson Peete - Love, Inc.
Jill Marie Jones - Girlfriends
Rachel True - Half & Half
Tichina Arnold - Everybody Hates Chris
Tracee Ellis Ross - Girlfriends
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Chico Benymon - Half & Half
Kenan Thompson - Saturday Night Live
Mehcad Brooks - Desperate Housewives
Reggie Hayes - Girlfriends
Terry Crews - Everybody Hates Chris
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Camille Winbush - The Bernie Mac Show
Kellita Smith - The Bernie Mac Show
Telma Hopkins - Half & Half
Valarie Pettiford - Half & Half
Wanda Sykes - Curb Your Enthusiasm
Outstanding Drama Series
Commander In Chief
CSI: Miami
Grey's Anatomy
House
Lost
Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Hill Harper - CSI: NY
Ice-T - Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Isaiah Washington - Grey's Anatomy
Jesse L. Martin - Law & Order
Omar Epps - House
Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series
CCH Pounder - The Shield
Khandi Alexander - CSI: Miami
Kimberly Elise - Close to Home
Marianne Jean-Baptiste - Without A Trace
Vivica A. Fox - Missing
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Dennis Haysbert - 24
Gary Dourdan - CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Harry Lennix - Commander in Chief
James Pickens Jr. - Grey's Anatomy
Mekhi Phifer - ER
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Aisha Tyler - 24
Chandra Wilson - Grey's Anatomy
Kerry Washington - Boston Legal
Pam Grier - The L Word
S. Epatha Merkerson - Law & Order
Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special
Lackawanna Blues
Mississippi Justice
Sometimes in April
The Reading Room
Their Eyes Were Watching God
Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special
Idris Elba - Sometimes in April
Jeffrey Wright - Lackawanna Blues
Michael Ealy - Their Eyes Were Watching God
Ruben Santiago-Hudson - Their Eyes Were Watching God
Terrence Dashon Howard - Lackawanna Blues
Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series, or Dramatic Special
Carmen Ejogo - Lackawanna Blues
Halle Berry - Their Eyes Were Watching God
Macy Gray - Lackawanna Blues
Rosie Perez - Lackawanna Blues
S. Epatha Merkerson - Lackawanna Blues
Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series
Antonio Sabato Jr. - The Bold and the Beautiful
Bryton McClure - The Young and the Restless
Kristoff St. John - The Young and the Restless
Michael B. Jordan - All My Children
Shemar Moore - The Young and the Restless
Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series
Christel Khalil - The Young and the Restless
Marla Gibbs - Passions
Tonya Lee Williams - The Young and the Restless
Tracey Ross - Passions
Victoria Rowell - The Young and the Restless
Outstanding Television News, Talk, or Information (Series or Special)
CNN Coverage: Honoring Rosa Parks
Judge Mathis
Tavis Smiley
The Tyra Banks Show
Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson
Outstanding Variety (Series or Special)
2005 Black Movie Awards – A Celebration of Black Cinema: Past, Present, and Future
77th Academy Awards
BET Awards 2005
Mo'Nique's Fat Chance
Russell Simmons Presents Def Poetry
Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Series or Special
Jo Marie Payton – The Proud Family Movie
Kevin Clash – Sesame Street
Kyla Pratt – The Proud Family Movie
Raven-Symoné – That's So Raven
Tommy Davidson – The Proud Family Movie
Outstanding Directing in a Dramatic Series
Janice Cooke-Leonard – Charmed
Janice Cooke-Leonard – One Tree Hill
Janice Cooke-Leonard – Summerland
Paris Barclay – Cold Case
Phillip G. Atwell – The Shield
Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series
Eric Dean Seaton – That's So Raven
James D. Wilcox – My Wife & Kids
Ken Whittingham – Everybody Hates Chris
Mattie C. Caruthers – My Wife & Kids
Millicent Shelton – The Bernie Mac Show
Literature
Outstanding Literary Work – Fiction
72 Hour Hold – Bebe Moore Campbell
Fledging – Octavia Butler
Breaking the Cycle – Zane
Cinnamon Kiss – Walter Mosley
Genevieve: A Novel – Eric Jerome Dickey
Outstanding Literary Work – Non-Fiction
Blue Rage, Black Redemption: A Memoir by Stanley Tookie Williams – Stanley Tookie Williams
Is Bill Cosby Right? Or Has The Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind? – Michael Eric Dyson
The Autobiography of Medgar Evers: A Hero's Life and Legacy Revealed Through His Writings, Letters and Speeches – Edited by Myrlie Evers-Williams and Manning Marable
50 Years After Brown: The State of Black Equality in America – Anthony Asadullah Samad
Winning The Race: Beyond The Crisis In Black America – John McWhorter
Outstanding Literary Work – Children's
Girls Hold Up This World – Jada Pinkett Smith
I Can Make A Difference – Marian Wright Edelman
The School Is Not White! A True Story of the Civil Rights Movement – Doreen Rappaport
Honey Baby Sugar Child – Alice Faye Duncan
Please, Puppy, Please – Spike Lee
Music
References:
Outstanding New Artist
Bobby Valentino
Chris Brown
Keyshia Cole
Leela James
Omarion
Outstanding Male Artist
Common
Jamie Foxx
Kanye West
Kem
Stevie Wonder
Outstanding Female Artist
Alicia Keys
India.Arie
Mariah Carey
Mary J. Blige
Toni Braxton
Outstanding Duo or Group
The Black Eyed Peas
Destiny's Child
Earth, Wind, & Fire
Floetry
Ray Charles and Various Artists
Outstanding Jazz Artist
Billy Miles
Jermaine Gardner
Mike Phillips
Najee
Onaje Allan Gumbs
Outstanding Gospel Artist (Traditional or Contemporary)
CeCe Winans – Purified
Donnie McClurkin – Psalms, Hymns, & Spiritual Songs
Kirk Franklin – Hero
Mary Mary – Mary Mary
Yolanda Adams – Day by Day
Outstanding Music Video
Alicia Keys – Unbreakable
Common – Testify
Destiny's Child – Stand Up For Love
Kanye West – Diamonds From Sierra Leone
Mariah Carey – We Belong Together
Outstanding Song
Be Without You – Mary J. Blige
Diamonds From Sierra Leone – Kanye West
I Can’t Stop Loving You – Kem
Unbreakable – Alicia Keys
We Belong Together – Mariah Carey
Outstanding Album
Alicia Keys Unplugged – Alicia Keys
The Breakthrough - Mary J. Blige
Emancipation of Mimi – Mariah Carey
Late Registration – Kanye West
So Amazing: An All-Star Tribute to Luther Vandross – Luther Vandross and Various Artists
References
External links
Official site
NAACP Image Awards
Naacp Image Awards
Naacp Image Awards
Naacp Image Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th%20NAACP%20Image%20Awards |
Babine–Witsuwitʼen or Nadotʼen-Wetʼsuwetʼen is an Athabaskan language spoken in the Central Interior of British Columbia. Its closest relative is Carrier. Because of this linguistic relationship together with political and cultural ties, Babine–Witsuwitʼen is often referred to as Northern Carrier or Western Carrier. Specialist opinion is, however, that it should be considered a separate, though related, language (Kari 1975, Story 1984, Kari and Hargus 1989).
A term used briefly in the 1990s is Bulkley Valley – Lakes District Language, abbreviated BVLD. Ethnologue uses the bare name Babine for the language as a whole, not just for the Babine dialect.
As its name suggests, Babine–Witsuwitʼen consists of two main dialects:
"Babine/Nedut'en" spoken by the Babine (Nadot'en) around Babine Lake, Trembleur Lake, and Takla Lake, and
"Witsuwitʼen" spoken by the Wet'suwet'en ("People of the Wet'sinkwha / Wa Dzun Kwuh River, i.e. Bulkley River", literally: "People of the blue and green River") in the Bulkley Valley, around Broman Lake, and in the vicinity of Skins Lake.
The two dialects are very similar and are distinguished primarily by the fact that in Babine but not in Witsuwitʼen the Athabaskan front velar series have become palatal affricates.
Like most languages native to British Columbia, Babine–Witsuwitʼen is an endangered language. It is spoken by a minority of the population, primarily elders. There are 161 fluent and 159 partial speakers of the Babine dialect and 131 fluent and 61 partial speakers of the Witsuwitʼen dialect. At most, a handful of children are still speaking the language.
Classification
Babine-Witsuwitʼen is classified as Northern Athabaskan, in the same linguistic subgrouping as Dakelh and Chilcotin (though the latter is far more distinctly separate from Babine-Witsuwitʼen).
Several non-specialist sources (the First Peoples' Heritage Language and Culture Council, the British Columbia Ministry of Education, and the University of British Columbia Museum of Anthropology) classify Witsuwitʼen as one language and Babine as a distinct language, either on its own or together with Carrier proper under the name Dakelh. Experts on the languages reject this classification. All agree that the differences between Babine and Witsuwitʼen are small and that the major split is between Babine and Witsuwitʼen on the one hand and Carrier proper on the other hand. The distinction is because speakers of Babine and of Carrier proper call themselves and their language Dakelh but that speakers of Witsuwitʼen do not.
Writing system
Phonology
Consonants
Witsuwitʼen has 35 consonants. Aspirated and ejective labials are rarer than other consonants.
Vowels
Witsuwitʼen has six underlying vowels in its inventory.
Grammar
Lexical categories
Witsuwitʼen lexical categories include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and postpositions. Directional terms are considered to be a lexical group in Witsuwitʼen found throughout lexical categories.
Nouns
Witsuwitʼen nouns are only inflected for possession, and no case marking exists in Witsuwitʼen. Possessive morphology takes different forms depending on whether the referent is alienable or inalienable.
Because trap bait is an alienable entity which need not be possessed by anyone/anything, it does not include any possessive morphology but stands alone in its bare form. In contrast, brother is an inalienable entity; a brother cannot exist without someone else to be in relation to. Thus, brother requires possessive morphology, as exampled in səɬtsen 'my brother'.
Verbs
The basic lexical verb in Witsuwitʼen is the verb theme, a unit composed of two parts: a verbal root and required thematic prefixes.
Verbal morpheme order is stable throughout the Athabaskan family; thus, the template of the Witstuwitʼen verb is very similar to other Athabaskan languages. Prefixes which are furthest away from the lexical stem display more variability. The Witsuwitʼen verb consists of a lexical root and an aspectual, tense, or modal affix (most often a suffix). All Witsuwitʼen verbs carry tense and subject inflection; there is no Witsuwitʼen equivalent to the English infinitive.
Postpositions
Postpositional object marking is demonstrated in the examples below. Postpositions can stand by themselves, as in the example '3s was playing with it,' or attach to the verbal complex.
Directional terms
Complex directional systems and directional terms have been described in Ahtna, Slavey, Kaska, Koyukon, Tsek'ene, and Witsuwitʼen. Directional terms are composed of a directional root, prefixes which describe distance, and suffixes which indicate motion or rest.
Syntax
Like most Athabaskan languages, basic word order in Babine-Witsuwitʼen is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), demonstrated in the example below.
Grammatical relations
Babine-Witsuwitʼen uses verbal morphology to express grammatical roles. Subjects of transitive and intransitive constructions are marked in the same way and appear in identical positions within the sentence, while objects of transitive constructions may differ in position and occasionally in morphological form. Subjects are marked in different places within the verbal complex, with 1st and 2nd person subjects appearing more closely to the verb stem and 3rd person subjects and direct objects further to the left.
Two object prefixes [] and [y-]:
1st and 2nd person subjects include 1SG, 2SG, and 2PL. 3rd person subjects can be expressed as unspecified (human), indefinite, or 4th person (referred to as the obviative in Algonquian languages).
Voice / Valence
Athabaskan languages like Babine-Witstuwitʼen make use of two main argument transferring morphemes known as classifiers. However, the term classifier is recognized among Athabaskanists as a misnomer; voice and valence markers are more appropriate descriptors. Each lexical entry of Witsuwitʼen verbs features a lexicalized voice/valence marker fused with the verb stem, though this element sometimes appears as zero. The classifiers [ɬ] and [d] regulate transitivity: [ɬ] increases transitivity by creating causatives and the [d] classifier lowers transitivity to create middle voice. The valence marker [l] is more complex in nature, indicating a combination of [ɬ] and [d] where a middle is built upon a causative.
Words and phrases
Source: First Voices
See also
Babine
Wetʼsuwetʼen
Dakelh
Carrier language
References
Sources
Bibliography
Hargus, Sharon (2007) Witsuwitʼen Grammar: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Kari, James (1975) Babine, a New Athabaskan Linguistic Grouping, ms. Alaska Native Language Center, Fairbanks, Alaska.
Kari, James and Sharon Hargus (1989) Dialectology, Ethnonymy and Prehistory in the Northwest Portion of the 'Carrier' Language Area, ms. Alaska Native Language Center, Fairbanks, Alaska, and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Krauss, Michael E. and Victor Golla (1981) Northern Athapaskan Languages. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 6: Subarctic, ed. by June Helm, 67–85. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Rice, Keren (2000) Voice and valence in the Athapaskan family. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity, ed. by R.M.W. Dixon and A.Y. Aikhenvald, 173-234. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Story, Gillian L. (1984) Babine and Carrier Phonology: A Historically Oriented Study. Arlington, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
External links
First Voices: Contains Learning Resources for Witsuwitʼen
Entry on First Nations Languages of British Columbia site
Family Tree of Athabaskan Languages
Status of the Native Languages of British Columbia
Map of Northwest Coast First Nations Note, however, that the Carrier-speaking region is marked incorrectly on this map and that Babine-Witsuwitʼen is not indicated. The area around Babine Lake and Takla Lake, included in the Dakelh region on the map, is actually Babine speaking. A correct map would attach the Babine Lake and Takla Lake areas to what is shown on this map as "Wetʼsuwetʼen" and label the combination "Babine-Witsuwitʼen".
+
+
Northern Athabaskan languages
Endangered Dené–Yeniseian languages
First Nations languages in Canada
Subject–object–verb languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen%20language |
Jainism has had a notable following in Gujarat. According to the 2011 Census of India, around 0.959% of the population of Gujarat is Jain. There are several old Jain temples that draw pilgrims from Jains around the world in places such as Palitana, Taranga, Sankheshwar, Idar.
History
Jains believe that their 22nd Tirthankara (propagators of Jain religion) Neminath attained Moksha/ Nirvana on Girnar in Gujarat. Many other monks have also got attained Moksha in Gujarat; especially on the holy mountains of Girnar and Shatrunjaya. The Jain councils were held in Vallabhi c. 5th century CE. Their canonical scriptures were written down during this council. King Vanaraja Chavda (c. 720-780 CE) of the Chavda dynasty was brought up by a Jain monk named Shilaguna Suri.
Jain temples are found in Gujarat from as early as the 6th and 7th centuries CE. It was patronized by the Chaulukyas and Chavadas. Dhank Caves (3rd-7th century CE) in Rajkot district has Jain Tirthankara carvings. Northern Gujarat became a principle center of Jainism in the 13th century CE.
The earliest known Old Gujarati text Bharat-Bahubali Ras, was written by a Jain monk Shalibhadra Suri. Of the most important people in Gujarat's Jain history were the Acharya Hemachandra Suri and his pupil, the Chaulukya ruler Kumarapala.
Major Centers
Major ancient Jain centers include:
Palitana
Girnar
Bhadreshwar
Mahudi
Shankheshwar
Patan
Taranga
Songadh
Ahmedabad
Photo gallery
See also
Kanji Swami
Palitana temples
Notes
References
Jain communities
Jainism in India
Religion in Gujarat
History of Gujarat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism%20in%20Gujarat |
Hormuz Island (; Jazireh-ye Hormoz), also spelled Hormoz, is an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf. Located in the Strait of Hormuz, off the Iranian coast, the island is part of Hormozgan Province. It is sparsely inhabited, but some development has taken place since the late 20th century.
History
The earliest evidence for human presence on the island is several stone artifacts discovered at the eastern shorelines of the island. A lithic scatter was found at a site called Chand-Derakht, which is an uplifted marine Pleistocene terrace. This site yielded a Middle Paleolithic lithic assemblage characterized by Levallois methods and dates back to more than 40,000 years ago.
The island, known as Organa () to the ancient Greeks and as Jarun in the Islamic period, acquired the name of "Hormuz" from the important harbour town of Hormuz (Ormus) on the mainland 60 km away, which had been a centre of a minor principality on both sides of the strait. The principality paid tribute to the Mongol-ruled Ilkhanate and was an important source of income from maritime trade. The town's ruler decided to shift his residence to the island around 1300, in order to evade attacks by Mongolian and Turkish groups from the interior. The ruler later made peace with the Ilkhans.
A new town was built on the northern tip of Jarun island which was called New Hormuz for a number of years to distinguish it from the old town on the mainland until this fell into ruins. Slowly the name of the new town came to be used for the island as well.
The island is arid, and during the summer months, the temperature can rise to over . As such, it was not an ideal location for the capital of a principality as all provisions including water had to be brought from the mainland. Its location, however, gave the island a degree of security which let it grow to be a major trading port for several centuries. As its competitors suffered from intermittent destruction, Hormuz remained a reliable and relatively safe harborage.
Hormuz was visited by Marco Polo, around 1290, while traveling by land, as described in his travelogue.
Ibn Battuta also visited the island and New Hormuz.
In 1505, King Manuel I of Portugal established a policy of expansion in Africa and Western Asia. During attempts to expand Portuguese influence into the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese duke Afonso de Albuquerque captured the island in 1507 and it was incorporated into the greater Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese constructed a fortress on the island to deter potential invaders, naming it the Fort of Our Lady of the Conception. The island became an emergency stopover point for Portuguese ships traveling to Goa, Gujarat, and nearby Kishm. The Ottomans laid siege to the island under the admiral and cartographer Piri Reis in 1552. In 1622, the island was captured from the Portuguese by a combined Anglo-Persian force at the behest of the English East India Company.
Shah Abbas I of Persia distrusted the local population and was not interested in maintaining the island as a trading centre or military post; instead he developed the nearby mainland port of Bandar Abbas. Hormuz went into decline. Many of its inhabitants seasonally moved to their fields and orchards around the old Hormuz on the mainland, only fishermen being in permanent residence. The island continued to export small quantities of rock salt and lumps of iron oxide which were used as ballast stones for sailing ships.
After a period of Omani administration in the 19th century, it remained a sparsely inhabited fishermen's island before experiencing some development in the later years of the 20th century.
Geography and geology
Hormuz Island has an area of . It is covered by sedimentary rock and layers of volcanic material on its surface. The highest point of the island is about above sea level. Due to a lack of precipitation, the soil and water are salty. Specialists have helped cultivar white mangrove or Hara trees to grow in the climate. Due to the lack of fresh water, Iranian engineers have constructed a water pipeline from the mainland. There are many beaches that go all around the island.
Reddish ochre on the island and its beaches, called Golak by natives, has been exploited for artistic and culinary purposes, and also attracts tourists. Degradation due to overuse of the ochre has resulted in actions by the Department of Environment to protect it.
The satellite images catching the concentric arrangement of the rocks show that Hormuz Island appears to be a so called salt diapir, composed of ancient seasalt deposists which due to lack of salt dissolving groundwater and rains and due to their plastic deformabilty can flow and squeeze just like ice and thus under the squeezing pressure of other sediments on top has managed to rise above the surface over many many thousands of years, and during that time has been eroded into different shapes. The geological age of the Hormuz island is about 600 million years, and its life out of the water is about 50 thousand years.
Attractions
Statues Valley
With a few hundred meters walk to the beach, in a way that silver sands attracts attention, rocks can be seen in many different forms, each is likened to an animal, a sheep's head, poultry and many different Dragons.
Red Beach
Hormuz Island has soil rich in red ferrious oxide soil, called “Gelack”. It is a valuable mineral for industrial purposes, and it used as a spice in local cuisine, such as sauces and jams.
The mountain being on the shoreline, makes the red beach and red sea waves an unusual sight. Visitors walking along the shore will encounter areas where sand glitters with metal compounds.
Mangrove forest
Hormuz island has a forest of mangrove trees. The waterways and wild birds with its pristine nature attracts many tourists. Sea Forest has trees that live in the saltwater tidal area. Sometime most of them submerge in the sea water, but continue to survive. Iran’s southern coast is known for its aridity and salty sea water. there is a grassy area, that grows without the need for fresh water. In a story this mythical plant is grown from Adam’s tears.
Dr. Nadalian Museum
The Museum of Dr Nadalian in Hormuz Island, also known as the Museum and Gallery of Ahmad Nadalian in Hormuz Island, shows the work of Ahmad Nadalian (born 1963), whose works have been shown in galleries internationally. His environmental art projects include rock carvings, and not only his work, but also that of local indigenous women, bones of sea creatures are displayed in his museum, and dolls made of recycled materials.
The museum was created in March 2009 as the Paradise Art Centre, being renamed in 2012 to its current name. Also at this time, its entrance was redesigned with inspiration from local architecture.
Gallery
References
Sources
.الكوخردى ، محمد ، بن يوسف، (كُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِيةَ عَلي ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران) الطبعة الثالثة ،دبى: سنة 199۷ للميلاد Mohammed Kookherdi (1997) Kookherd, an Islamic civil at Mehran river, third edition: Dubai
. کامله،القاسمی، بنت شیخ عبدالله، (تاریخ لنجة) مکتبة دبي للتوزیع، الامارات: الطبعة الثانية عام ۱۹۹۳ للمیلاد
. الوحیدی الخنجی، حسین بن علی بن احمد، «تاریخ لنجه» ، الطبعة الثانية دبی: دار الأمة للنشر والتوزیع، ۱۹۸۸ للمیلاد
. اطلس گیتاشناسی استانهای ایران Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran
. دره مجسمه ها Statue Valley Hormuz Island
Further readingSpeak the Wind'' (Mack, 2021; photographs by Hoda Afshar; essay by Michael Taussig) This work documents the landscapes and people of the islands of Hormuz Island, Qeshm, and Hengam, in the Persian Gulf off the south coast of Iran. Afshar got to know some of the people there, travelling there frequently over the years, and they told her about the history of the place. She said that "their narrations led the project", and she explores "the idea of being possessed by history, and in this context, the history of slavery and cruelty”.
External links
Hormuz, The Bloody Island of Iran The Globetrotting Detective.
Islands of Iran
Qeshm County
Landforms of Hormozgan Province
Tourist attractions in Hormozgan Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuz%20Island |
Commentaries on Living: From the notebooks of J. Krishnamurti is a series of books by Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986). It consists of 3 volumes, originally published in 1956, 1958 and 1960.
About the series
During the 1930s and 1940s Krishnamurti was intermittently keeping notes of his philosophical observations, his inner states, his musings about nature, and his discussions with individuals and groups. Aldous Huxley, a longtime friend of his (they first met in 1938), encouraged him to continue writing, and to eventually publish the notes. The resulting series of books, subtitled "From the notebooks of J. Krishnamurti", was edited by Krishnamurti associate Rajagopal Desikacharya (commonly D. Rajagopal).
List
Select editions
Quest Books
Indian subcontinent
Other media
The First Series was released as an audiobook on audio cassette. The whole series is available as an ebook in several editions and formats.
Reviews
– Review of the 2006 Indian subcontinent edition.
– Comprehensive review of .
See also
Jiddu Krishnamurti bibliography
Notes
External links
"Commentaries on Living: First Series" – J. Krishnamurti Online [JKO]. Website serial no./id: JKO 179. Krishnamurti Foundations. "J. Krishnamurti Online, the official repository of the authentic teachings of Jiddu Krishnamurti." Retrieved 2011-03-06.
1956 non-fiction books
1958 non-fiction books
1960 non-fiction books
Books by Jiddu Krishnamurti
Philosophy books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentaries%20on%20Living |
These Words is the debut album of Japanese singer Angela Aki, released on January 4, 2000. The album is completely in English and is her only album to date released in the United States. Tony Alany is credited with working on and producing the album. Alany and Aki recorded the album in a recording studio located in a back room of a coffee house in Vienna, Virginia called Jam'n Java. Following production of the album, Tony Alany and Aki were married.
Track listing
* Length is combined length of Magic and Come Home to Me as both are contained on the same track (Track 10).
References
2000 debut albums
Angela Aki albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These%20Words%20%28album%29 |
A brass fastener, butterfly clips, brad, paper fastener or split pin is a stationery item used for securing multiple sheets of paper together.
A patent of the fastener was issued in 1866 to George W McGill.
The fastener is inserted into punched holes in the stack of paper, and the leaves, or tines, of the legs are separated and bent over to secure the paper. This holds the pin in place and the sheets of paper together. For few sheets of paper, holes can be made using the sharp end of the fastener.
A split pin may be used in place of staples, but they are more commonly used in situations where rotation around the joint is desirable. This lends split pins to use in mobile paper and cardboard models, and they are often used as modern scrapbooking embellishments. In the film industry, brass fasteners are an industry standard in binding screenplays.
It is shaped somewhat like a nail with a round head and flat, split length. Brass fasteners are made of a soft metal such as brass and the tines are typically of two slightly different lengths to allow easy separation. A brass fastener is similar in design and function to the mechanical counterpart split pins.
References
External links
Paper Fasteners
Brass Fasteners
Fasteners
Stationery
Office equipment
Metallic objects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass%20fastener |
Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos or Mário Cesariny (August 9, 1923 – November 26, 2006) was a Portuguese surrealist poet and painter. He published several major works of poetry during a career spanning 50 years. Cesariny was also a painter, but his work became more centered on poetry in the 1950s.
Early life
Mário Cesariny was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the youngest child and only son of Viriato de Vasconcelos and María de las Mercedes Cesariny, a Spaniard of French but originally Italian ancestry.
Education
Mário Cesariny studied in the prestigious Escola de Artes Decorativas António Arroio and also studied music with the composer Fernando Lopes Graça. Later he joined the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris, where he met André Breton in 1947. He soon became influenced by the French surrealist movement and was one of the biggest supporters of the movement in Portugal, where he founded the Lisbon Surrealist Movement with other Portuguese artists including Alexandre O'Neill and José-Augusto França and where he met João Artur da Silva.
After being acquainted with the surrealist movement, Cesariny moved away from the neorealist movement, important at the time in the country for being composed mainly by members of the resistance against the fascist leaning regime of Oliveira Salazar. He adopted an attitude of constant experimenting in his work. This principle is the main characteristic of his work and has been present throughout his career.
From 1960 until April 25, 1974, Cesariny was mercilessly harassed by the Portuguese Polícia Judiciária for being a suspect of vagrancy, a euphemistic term used by the police in those days for homosexuality, which the poet lived courageously in spite of persecution. This fact shows up several times in his writings in a veiled way ("Lisboa-os-Sustos") and was one of the causes of his intermittent stayings in Great Britain and France during the 1960s and 1970s. Later he talked publicly about this.
Works
1950 —
1952 —
1953 —
1956 —
1957 —
1958 —
1959 —
1961 —
1961 —
1964 —
1965 —
1972 —
1980 —
1994 —
Notes
External links
Perve Gallery Exhibitions - Paintings, Draws and Objects
Interview
Some poems
Interview
Page on MCV
Page on MCV
Autografia, film about Mário Cesariny
Article in IPLB
Poems in Poetry International Web
Last interview (audio)
Genealogy
1923 births
2006 deaths
Gay poets
Gay painters
Portuguese LGBT painters
Portuguese LGBT poets
Portuguese gay writers
Portuguese gay artists
Writers from Lisbon
20th-century Portuguese poets
Portuguese male poets
Portuguese surrealist writers
Deaths from cancer in Portugal
Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière
20th-century Portuguese painters
20th-century Portuguese male artists
20th-century Portuguese male writers
Portuguese male painters
Portuguese people of Italian descent
20th-century Portuguese LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio%20Cesariny%20de%20Vasconcelos |
Reduction of Hours of Work (Glass-Bottle Works) Convention, 1935 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1935, with the preamble stating:
Ratifications
Prior to it being shelved, the convention had been ratified by ten states.
References
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
History of glass
Working time
Treaties concluded in 1935
Treaties entered into force in 1938
Glass industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction%20of%20Hours%20of%20Work%20%28Glass-Bottle%20Works%29%20Convention%2C%201935%20%28shelved%29 |
Columbia Island may refer to several places:
Columbia Island (New York), U.S., in Long Island Sound
Columbia Island (District of Columbia), U.S., in the Potomac River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%20Island |
Nathan Nurgitz (June 22, 1934 – October 19, 2019) was a Canadian lawyer, judge, and Senator.
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, his parents, Hymie and Dora, had come to Manitoba in the early 1900s as refugees from tsarist Russia. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1954 and a Bachelor of Law degree in 1958 from the University of Manitoba and had taken attended a Harvard course on mediation. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1977. From 1968 to 1975, he sat as a Magistrate in the city of West Kildonan. He was elected a Bencher of the Law Society of Manitoba in 1978, and re-elected in 1980.
From 1963 to 1969, he was an alderman of the City of West Kildonan, which is now a suburb of Winnipeg. From 1970 to 1971, he was the National Vice-President and President of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.
In 1979, he was summoned to the Senate representing the senatorial division of Winnipeg North, Manitoba on the recommendation of Prime Minister Joe Clark. Sitting as a Progressive Conservative, Nurgitz was variously appointed to Senate committees on agriculture and forestry, foreign affairs, banking, trade and commerce, and national finance, and chaired the Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs from 1989 to 1991 and also served as co-chair of the Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on Scrutiny. In 1987, he was elected chair of the Canadian Group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and was subsequently re-elected in 1989 and 1990.
He resigned from the Senate in 1993 to accept an appointment as a Judge of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, remaining with the court until his retirement in 2009. He also served as a deputy judge of the Nunavut Court of Justice from 2005 to 2009.
On May 28, 2009, Nurgitz re-joined the Winnipeg Law Firm of Thompson Dorfman Sweatman, he had previously practiced law at the firm between 1979 and 1993 before his appointment to the bench.
He is the co-author of Strong and Free (1970) and No Small Measure, with Hugh Segal (1983).
Nurgitz died on October 19, 2019, after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for several years.
References
External links
1934 births
2019 deaths
Canadian senators from Manitoba
Jewish Canadian politicians
Judges in Manitoba
Lawyers in Manitoba
Politicians from Winnipeg
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada senators
University of Manitoba alumni
Canadian King's Counsel
Robson Hall alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Nurgitz |
During World War I, recruitment marches or snowball marches to state capital cities were a feature of volunteer recruiting drives for the Australian Imperial Force in rural Australia. Between October 1915 and February 1916, nine marches were held starting from various points in the state; the most notable was the first march from Gilgandra, New South Wales, known as the Cooee march. The March of the Dungarees took place in south-eastern Queensland in November 1915. In 1918, in an effort to promote recruitment, another march was staged, but this was less spontaneous and the marchers in fact travelled by train.
The marches were called "snowball marches" in the hope that like a snowball rolling down a hill will pick up more snow, gaining more mass and surface area, and picking up even more snow as it rolls along, the marchers would also collect more marchers as they progressed to the recruiting depot.
Background
The Australian Imperial Force was formed promptly on the declaration of World War I as a volunteer force; many men signed up immediately. From mid-June 1915 there was a substantial increase in recruitment, as state-based Parliamentary recruiting committees were formed and became active in towns, boroughs and shires. In June 1915 the Minister for Defence George Pearce set recruitment goals at 5,300 men per month in order to maintain the forces fighting at Gallipoli.
This target was exceeded in Victoria when 21,698 men enlisted in that month, the largest number from any state during the war. The campaign in New South Wales by contrast was disappointing for state leaders — especially so in light of interstate rivalry between the two neighbors. It was suggested by the Premier of New South Wales, William Holman, that one of the reasons New South Wales was not meeting the targets was because the military authorities were not ready to accept the men at the time they offered to enlist and told them to come back later.
In response to these embarrassing recruitment shortfalls, some New South Wales residents launched a series of snowball recruiting marches, which were intended to encourage men to enlist through the marchers' example. The first march was a locally based initiative led by the captain of the local Rifle Club in October 1915; eight other marches were known to have taken place over the next four months. Military authorities were initially ambivalent about the marches; they were not certain whether or not the men should march with rifles, when their pay would start, and who would clothe or feed them. Along the route however, local communities fed and housed the men, and the marches gained tremendous publicity. About 1,500 men marched in total, and they are credited by some sources with persuading anywhere from two to three times that number to enlist as a result.
Marches in 1915 and 1916
Cooee March
Twenty six men left Gilgandra on 10 October 1915 on the 'Cooee March', led by the captain of the local rifle club, William Thomas Hitchen. At each town on the route the marchers shouted "cooee" to attract recruits and held recruitment meetings. By the time they reached Sydney just over one month later on 12 November, the numbers had swelled to 263 recruits, marching a total of and being welcomed by large crowds along the way.
During the march, the Cooees were issued about 50 dungarees in Dubbo, Army greatcoats in Orange and some additional dungarees in Lithgow.
After the close of World War I, parishioners of St Ambrose Church in Bournemouth, England, grateful for the assistance England had received from the dominions in defending the British Empire, decided make a peace thanks-giving gift of £1,200 to the town in the Empire with a good church and wartime service record. The money was to be used to construct an Anglican church. Gilgandra was selected by the Bournemouth church authorities as the recipient of the peace and thanks-giving gift in December 1919 and the construction of St Ambrose Church in Gilgandra commenced in 1920.
The March of the Dungarees
The March of the Dungarees in south-east Queensland started with 28 men leaving Warwick on 16 November 1915. Their march followed the Southern railway line, making its way through Allora, Clifton, Greenmount, Cambooya, Toowoomba, Helidon, Gatton, Laidley, Rosewood, Ipswich and Oxley. The 270 kilometre march ended in Brisbane with 125 recruits.
Waratahs
Men marched from the South Coast: Nowra, Bomaderry, Meroo, Berry, Gerringong, Kiama, Jamberoo, Albion Park, Dapto, Unanderra, Port Kembla, Wollongong, Balgownie, Corrimal, Woonona, Bulli, Thirroul, Coledale, Scarborough, Stanwell Park, Helensburgh, Heathcote, Sutherland, Hurstville, Kogarah, Rockdale, arriving at The Domain. The contingent included men from Jervis Bay and Kangaroo Valley even though these towns were not on the route. The Waratahs entered camp at Liverpool on 17 December 1915.
Kangaroo March
Eighty eight potential soldiers left Wagga Wagga on 1 December 1915. They marched via Harefield, Junee, Illabo, Bethungra, Cootamundra and Wallendbeen. At Wallendbeen on 9 December, the Governor-General addressed the marchers. After Wallendbeen, they marched via Nubba to Murrumburrah and the next day they were at Harden. They then marched through Galong, Binalong and Bowning to Yass. From Wagga Wagga to Yass was a total of 132 miles, the march travelled at an average of 8.8 miles per day. As with other marches, the men were fed and feted by the local population; at Murrumburrah, for instance, donations included 114 puddings and 9 sheep to be baked gratis by the local bakers, 200 loaves of bread, 850 potatoes and 30 dozen eggs. They marched to Campbelltown via Goulburn. The Kangaroo recruits travelled from Campbelltown into Sydney by train arriving on 7 January 1916 with somewhere between 210 and 230 recruits. It had been decided that this recruitment drive would finish at Campbelltown so that a country contingent could be created. There were reports of rowdy and drunken behaviour along the route by the marchers. The best known recruit from this march was John Ryan, who was awarded the Victoria Cross.
The Wallabies
'Maitlands Own' Battalion, the 34th, was formed from a core of men who had commenced a recruitment march at Narrabri on 8 December 1915 and finished in Newcastle on 8 January 1916. Forty-three men began the march and 281 miles later there were 265 new recruits.
A re-enactment of the march was held on the 75th anniversary in 1990/1991.
Men from Snowy River
Following the successes of the 'Cooee' march in December 1915, 12 men set out from Delegate on 6 January 1916 to march the 220 miles to the nearest AIF Training Depot in Goulburn (currently the site of Goulburn High School). Marching under the 'Men from Snowy River' banner (now housed in the Western Front gallery at the Australian War Memorial), the recruitment march passed through the major regional centres of the Monaro, with civil receptions at Bombala, Cooma, Queanbeyan, Bungendore and Goulburn.
Although volunteers joined the 'Snowies' as they passed through smaller towns and villages, massive civil receptions at the larger centres celebratised the 'Snowy' recruits, which was intended to entice further 'eligibles' at the meetings to do likewise. Such was the case with recruit Timothy McMahon, who despite volunteering to march with the Men from Snowy River at Michelago, was employed by recruiting staff to dramatically 'volunteer' at several of these receptions in order to appeal to the patriotism of the crowd, and lure other volunteers into enlisting.
The Men from Snowy River recruitment march arrived in Goulburn on 28 January 1916 144 men strong. Despite the massive media attention the recruitment march received in the local press, the end result of 144 recruits was disappointing to recruiting staff who had envisaged at least 200 men.
One recruit who did join the march was Ernest Albert Corey, a blacksmith from Nimmitabel. Corey later served with the 55th Battalion as a stretcher bearer, and is recognised as the only soldier in the British Empire to be awarded the Military Medal four times.
The majority of recruits who enlisted during the march later formed the 4th reinforcements of the 55th Battalion, AIF, all of which saw service on the Western front. Of the 144 men who enlisted in the march, 39 were later to be killed in action and 75 became casualties.
The Men from Snowy River recruitment march was revived during World War II when men retraced the original path of the 'Snowies', albeit diverting to Canberra. Both recruitment marches were commemorated by a reenactment of the march and a civil reception at the hall at Delegate in January 2006, on the 90th anniversary of the original Men from Snowy River march.
The Kookaburras
Twenty three men set out in January 1916 from Tooraweenah on a march to Bathurst to recruit men for service in World War I. Men were recruited from Coolah, Mendooran and Dunedoo, Binnaway, Merrygoen and Tucklan. En route, the Kookaburras are remembered for sleeping on the floor of the Capertee school. There is a veteran's plaque on the Tooraweenah village common.
North Coast Boomerangs
Twenty seven men left Grafton on 18 January 1916 and arrived at Maitland with 240 recruits. The march was accompanied by Bill Hitchen who had organised the original Snowball march of the Cooees.
Cane Beetles March
The Cane Beetles March was a snowball march in April 1916 in North Queensland, Australia, to recruit men into the Australian Imperial Force during World War I at a time when enthusiasm to enlist had waned after the loss of life in the Gallipoli campaign. The march began at Mooliba near Babinda with 4 men and ended in Cairns 60 kilometers later with 29 recruits.
Central West Boomerangs
Seventy one men left Parkes by train on 19 January 1916. They marched from Daroobalgie to Donaghey’s Hill, and then on to Forbes, Yamma Station, Eugowra, Gooloogong, Canowindra, Billimari, Cowra, Woodstock, Lyndhurst, Carcoar, Blayney, Newbridge (to Georges Plains by train) and Perthville. They arrived in Bathurst with 202 recruits on 5 February 1916 at the same time as the Kookaburras from Tooraweenah and were given a combined reception. Each marcher was presented with a medallion in the shape of a boomerang, engraved with their name and town and the words "Come Back".
On the Light Horse memorial at Cowra, a plaque commemorates the re-enactment of the 1916 Boomerang march held in February 1999.
Other possible marches
Casterton to Melbourne
A "snowball" march of recruits from Casterton, Victoria in the Western District to Melbourne, a distance of about 245 miles, was planned in 1916. It is not certain if this proceeded.
1918 marches
Southern March to Freedom
A 1918 recruitment march from Albury via Yass to Sydney. The march stopped at 12 towns but the 'marchers' travelled by train.
March to Freedom – Brisbane November 1918
There was a 'march to freedom' recruiting march in Brisbane in November 1918.
Butler's 500 ‘Snowball March’
The 1918 march, from Edithburgh, South Australia to Adelaide, raised 170 men just before the war’s end. Colonel Charles Butler, who'd fought on the Western Front, volunteered to raise 500 fighting men, but despite an enthusiastic response only 170 men enlisted.
References
External links
Australian Army
Military history of Australia during World War I
Australia in World War I
1915 in Australia
1916 in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball%20marches |
Gailard Sartain (born September 18, 1946) is an American retired actor, often playing characters with roots in the South. He was a regular on the country music variety series Hee Haw. He is also known for his roles in three of the Ernest movies and the TV series Hey Vern, It's Ernest!, which ran for one season on CBS in 1988. He is also an accomplished and successful painter and illustrator.
Early years and education
Sartain was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the son of a Tulsa fire chief. He attended Cascia Hall Preparatory School, is a 1963 graduate of Will Rogers High School in Tulsa and was a member of the Epsilon Mu chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity at the University of Tulsa, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. In 1968, Gailard moved to New York City, where he worked as an assistant to illustrator Paul Davis.
Career
Sartain's entry into entertainment was launched in Tulsa. Working originally as a cameraman at a local television station, he gained notoriety through the creation of a late night off-the-wall comedy program entitled The Uncanny Film Festival and Camp Meeting. Dressed as a wizard, wearing a dark blue robe and pointed wizard's cap, Sartain hosted the program as "Dr. Mazeppa Pompazoidi". Other cast members included fellow Tulsa native Gary Busey and Jim Millaway. The program was broadcast on the Tulsa CBS affiliate KOTV and later the ABC affiliate KTUL. It featured B-movies, with skits written and performed by Sartain, Busey and company between the movie segments.
Discovered by a talent scout during his stint as Mazeppa, Sartain was hired in 1972 as a regular on the television program Hee Haw. Sartain remained as a regular cast member of the popular show for nearly 20 seasons. He also served as a regular on other series including Cher (1975–76) and Shields and Yarnell (1978). Sartain played C.D. Parker for one episode during the pilot season of Walker, Texas Ranger. He supplied the voice of a social worker in the pilot episode of the animated series King of the Hill. Sartain also portrayed an advisor to Louisiana Governor Earl Long (played by Paul Newman) in the movie Blaze.
Sartain has appeared in more than forty motion pictures, most notably as The Big Bopper in The Buddy Holly Story, Sheriff Ray Stuckey in Mississippi Burning, The Outsiders, The Hollywood Knights, Fried Green Tomatoes, The Replacements as Offensive Assistant Coach Leo Pilachowski, The Big Easy, The Grifters, Getting Even with Dad, The Patriot, and an uncredited role in the 1994 comedy Wagons East starring John Candy and Richard Lewis. Sartain also appeared in a deleted scene from the Steve Martin comedy The Jerk as a Texas oil millionaire who successfully begs for $1500 (in cash) to replace the cracked leather seats on his private airplane: "You know what this means? I can fly my friends to the Super Bowl like a man, not like some kinda god-danged bum!"
Sartain also appeared in Mel McDaniel's music video for "Stand Up" in 1985.
His final film role was in 2005, in Cameron Crowe's Elizabethtown. He is also known for his roles in three of the Ernest P. Worrell films starring Jim Varney (as well as the Hey Vern, It's Ernest! television series). With fellow Hey Vern co-star Bill Byrge of Nashville, the duo performed as brothers Chuck and Bobby in a series of "Me and my brother, Bobby..." pitches for local TV stations and product ads.
He was replaced by a younger brother named Tom Tulip (Dallas native John Cadenhead) in Ernest Scared Stupid.
A successful illustrator, Sartain's artistic credits range from record cover designs for such artists as Leon Russell (Will O' the Wisp) to illustrations for nationally published magazines.
Filmography
Film
Nashville (1975) .... Man at Lunch Counter (uncredited)
The Buddy Holly Story (1978) .... Big Bopper
Smokey and the Good Time Outlaws (1978) .... Arthur Leddy
The Jerk (1979) .... Guy with Cracked Airplane Seats (uncredited)
The Hollywood Knights (1980) .... Bimbeau
Roadie (1980) .... B.B. Muldoon
Hard Country (1981) .... Johnny Bob
Endangered Species (1982) .... Mayor
The Outsiders (1983) .... Jerry
Choose Me (1984) .... Mueller
All of Me (1984) .... Fulton Norris
Songwriter (1984) .... Mulreaux
Trouble in Mind (1985) .... Fat Adolph
Uphill All the Way (1986) .... Private
The Big Easy (1986) .... Chef Paul
Ernest Goes to Camp (1987) .... Jake (Chef #1)
Leader of the Band (1987) .... Elmo De Lavallard
Made in Heaven (1987) .... Sam Morrell
The Moderns (1988) .... New York Critic
Ernest Saves Christmas (1988) .... Chuck
Mississippi Burning (1988) .... Sheriff Ray Stuckey
Blaze (1989) .... LaGrange
Love at Large (1990) .... Taxi Driver
Ernest Goes to Jail (1991) .... Chuck
The Grifters (1990) .... Joe
The Chase (1991, TV Movie) - Hammer
Guilty by Suspicion (1991) .... Chairman Wood
Fried Green Tomatoes (1991) .... Ed Couch
Death Falls (1991) .... Hearse Driver
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992) .... Munroe
Equinox (1992) .... Dandridge
Wishman (1992) .... Dr. Abe Rogers
Walker, Texas Ranger (1993, TV Series) .... C.D. Parker
The Real McCoy (1993) .... Gary Buckner
Sandman (1993) .... Dave
Clean Slate (1994) .... Judge Block
Getting Even with Dad (1994) .... Carl
Wagons East (1994) .... J.P. Moreland (uncredited)
Speechless (1994) .... Lee Cutler
Open Season (1995) .... George Plunkett
The Spitfire Grill (1996) .... Sheriff Gary Walsh
Murder in Mind (1997) .... Charlie
RocketMan (1997) .... Mr. Randall (uncredited)
Joe Torre: Curveballs Along the Way (1997, TV Movie) .... Don Zimmer
The Patriot (1998) .... Floyd Chisolm
Existo (1999) .... Colette Watchuwill
The All New Adventures of Laurel & Hardy in For Love or Mummy (1999) .... Oliver Fattius Hardy
Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999, TV Movie) .... Ed Roberts
The Replacements (2000) .... Pilachowski
Ali (2001) .... Gordon Davidson
The Round and Round (2002) .... Jim Stoops
Elizabethtown (2005) .... Charles Dean
References
External links
Official Website
Mazeppa article by Lindsey Neal Kuykendall in This Land Press January 2011
1946 births
American male film actors
American illustrators
Living people
Male actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
University of Tulsa alumni
Horror hosts
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Will Rogers High School alumni
Cascia Hall Preparatory School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gailard%20Sartain |
"Lean on Me" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Bill Withers. It was released in April 1972 as the first single from his second album, Still Bill. It was a number one single on both the soul and Billboard Hot 100 charts, the latter chart for three weeks in July 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 7 song of 1972. It was ranked number 208 on Rolling Stones list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2010. Numerous other versions have been recorded, and it is one of only nine songs to have reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 with versions recorded by two different artists.
In 2007, the 1972 recording of the song by Bill Withers on Sussex Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Background and writing
Bill Withers' childhood in the coal mining town of Slab Fork, West Virginia, was the inspiration for "Lean on Me", which he wrote after he had moved to Los Angeles and found himself missing the strong community ethic of his hometown. He had lived in a decrepit house in the poor section of his town.
Withers recalled to SongFacts the original inspiration for the song: "I bought a little piano and I was sitting there just running my fingers up and down the piano. In the course of doing the music, that phrase crossed my mind, so then you go back and say, 'OK, I like the way that phrase, Lean On Me, sounds with this song.'"
Withers stated in the same interview that he made an effort to keep the lyrics simple.
Several members of the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band were used for the recording session in 1972. A string section was also included.
Personnel
Bill Withers – Piano, vocals
Benorce Blackmon – Guitar
Raymond Jackson – Wurlitzer electric piano, string arrangement
Melvin Dunlap – Bass
James Gadson – Drums
Track listings
7-inch single
"Lean on Me" – 3:45
"Better Off Dead" – 2:13
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Club Nouveau version
The R&B group Club Nouveau covered the song with go-go beat and took it to number one, for two weeks, on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in March 1987. It also reached number one on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, kept out of the top spot by Jody Watley's "Looking for a New Love". It won a Grammy Award in 1987 for Bill Withers, as the writer, for Best R&B Song.
The song ranked at number 94 in VH1's 100 Greatest One-hit Wonders of the 80s.
Track listings
7-inch single
"Lean on Me" – 3:58
"Pump It Up (Lean on Me)" (reprise) – 2:38
12-inch single
"Lean on Me" (remix)" – 7:42
"Lean on Me" (LP version) – 5:56
"Pump It Up (Lean on Me)" (remix) – 4:51
"Pump It Up (Lean on Me)" (reprise – LP version) – 2:38
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
2-4 Family version
In 1999, 2-4 Family released "Lean on Me (With the Family)", a remake with a hip hop arrangement and additional lyrics. Epic Records published a 12-inch single and a CD maxi single in Germany.
In 2008, several years after the dissolution of 2-4 Family, founding band-member Mike Johnson performed the song with backing vocalists and dancers at the Eurovision Song Contest in Bulgaria.
Track listings
12-inch single
"Lean on Me (With the Family)" (Special radio version) – 3:58
"Lean on Me (With the Family)" (DSP mix) – 4:04
"9 Lives" (Album Version) – 4:06
"Stay" (Special Radio Version) – 4:12
"Lean on Me (With the Family)" (Lounge mix) – 6:38
"Stay" (Jay's D-Style Mix) – 4:15
CD maxi single
"Lean on Me (With the Family)" (Radio version) – 3:38
"Lean on Me (With the Family)" (DSP mix) – 4:04
"Lean on Me (With the Family)" (Lounge mix) – 6:38
"Lean on Me (With the Family)" (Special radio version) – 3:58
"Stay" (Jay's D-Style mix) – 4:15
"9 Lives" (Album version) – 4:06
Charts
Year-end charts
In popular culture
The song is used in the ending scene of the Season 7 episode of The Simpsons titled "Radioactive Man".
Mary J. Blige performed this song at the HBO We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial (January 18, 2009). The next day, a crowd spontaneously began singing the song in the Purple Tunnel of Doom under the National Mall as they waited to gain entrance to the inauguration ceremonies.
On October 3, 2015, Hillary Clinton, during her presidential campaign, made a cameo appearance on Saturday Night Live in a comedy sketch alongside Kate McKinnon, who regularly parodied Clinton for the show. At the end of the sketch, the duo sang "Lean on Me" together.
In the animated series Amphibia, the song plays at the climax of the first-season finale "Reunion".
Notable cover versions
In 1989, remakes of "Lean on Me" by the Winans and Sandra Reaves-Phillips provided the emotional uplift for the film Lean on Me. For the same film, the song was adapted by Big Daddy Kane in "hip hop" form.
In 2020, the song was recorded by an ad hoc supergroup of Canadian musicians credited as ArtistsCAN, both in tribute to Withers' recent death and to raise funds for the Canadian Red Cross during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participating artists included Bryan Adams, Jann Arden, Justin Bieber, Michael Bublé, Fefe Dobson, Scott Helman, Shawn Hook, Avril Lavigne, Geddy Lee, Marie-Mai, Sarah McLachlan, Johnny Orlando, Josh Ramsay, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Tyler Shaw, Walk Off the Earth, Donovan Woods, and Olivia Lunny.
In 2023, Japanese-American singer Ai performed the song live at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park during the 49th G7 summit. Her cover of "Lean on Me" later was included on her thirteenth studio album, Respect All.
References
External links
1972 songs
1972 singles
1987 singles
1999 singles
2010 singles
Bill Withers songs
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Charity singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Bill Withers
Pop ballads
Soul ballads
1970s ballads
Songs about friendship
Sussex Records singles
Warner Records singles
Epic Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean%20on%20Me%20%28song%29 |
Caza (), the pseudonym of Philippe Cazaumayou (; born 14 November 1941), is a French comics artist.
Biography
At 18, Cazaumayou started a career in advertising which lasted for ten years, but in 1970 he entered the field of bandes dessinées, releasing his first album, Kris Kool. Caza began to publish work in Pilote magazine, starting with his series Quand les costumes avaient des dents (When Costumes had Teeth) in 1971, followed by other short work. The series of stories Scènes de la vie de banlieue (Scenes of Suburban Life) was published in 1975, followed by the L'Âge d'Ombre stories, Les Habitants du crépuscule and Les Remparts de la nuit.
With the emergence of the magazine Métal Hurlant in 1975, Caza began to supply work within the science-fiction genre, with titles such as Sanguine, L'oiseau poussière, initially working with an exhaustive black and white dot technique. This was later abandoned for a style of colour use which would become a trademark, as seen in later work such as Arkhê, Chimères and Laïlah.
From 1985 to 1987, he worked closely with René Laloux on the animated film Gandahar, based on the novel by Jean-Pierre Andrevon. In 2002–2003, he worked with Philippe Leclerc on the animated film The Rain Children, based on a novel by Serge Brussolo.
Partial bibliography
Kris Kool (1970, Eric Losfeld, )
Scènes de la vie de banlieue (3 albums, 1977–1979, Dargaud)
Arkhé (1982, Les Humanoïdes Associés, )
L'âge d'ombre
Les habitants du crépuscule (1982, Dargaud, )
Les remparts de la nuit (1984, Dargaud, )
Laïlah (1988, Les Humanoïdes Associés, )
Le monde d'Arkadi (7 albums, 1989–2004, Les Humanoïdes Associés)
Chroniques de la terre fixe-Nocturnes (1999, Decourt, )
Kronozone (2004, Delcourt, )
Dialogue avec l'extraterrestre (2005, Le Pythagore, )
Le Jardin Délicieux (2012, Quinoa Design éditions, Collection CAZA/eBOOK )
Newspaper cartoons
Pour en finir avec 2009 (2012, Quinoa Design éditions, 2012, Collection CAZA/eBOOK eBOOK (PDF and ePUB))
La Fin du Monde ne passera pas ! (2012, Quinoa Design éditions, Collection CAZA/eBOOK – Paper book et eBOOK (PDF et ePUB )
Album art
Slift, Ummon (2020)
Citations
General and cited sources
Caza publications in Pilote and Métal Hurlant BDoubliées
Caza albums Bedetheque
External links
Caza biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia
La case à Caza
CAZA eBOOK
Caza site on Hollywoodcomics
Caza interview on Krinein
1941 births
French comics artists
French comics writers
French male writers
French speculative fiction artists
Living people
Science fiction artists
Writers from Paris | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caza |
is a book attributed to Jiddu Krishnamurti (18951986), authored when he was 14 years old. Written under the name , it was first published in 1910. The work was closely related to the World Teacher Project, a contemporary messianic endeavor launched by the Theosophical Society. The book is considered a spiritual classic and was still in print in 2012. By that time it had been published in dozens of editions and had been translated in many languages; by 2004 early editions were in the public domain. Throughout its publication history the work has also generated controversy, regarding the author's identity.
Background
The work was an important early milestone of the World Teacher Project, a worldwide enterprise launched by the Theosophical Society in early This endeavor, which received widespread publicity, proclaimed the imminent arrival of the World Teacher, a new messiah. Jiddu Krishnamurti, an adolescent Brahmin from South India, and the presumed author of At the Feet of the Master, was considered the likely "vehicle" for the World Teacher. As a result, the book was seen as being closely related to Krishnamurti's expected mission, an early indication of his spiritual and worldly destiny.
About the work
The title was reputedly chosen by Annie Besant, thenPresident of the Theosophical Society, who was also Krishnamurti's legal guardian. The author was listed as , a pseudonym assigned to Krishnamurti by one of his mentors, the prominent and controversial Theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater.
The original edition's front cover features an illustration (in gold on blue background), of a path leading to an Egyptian-style gateway; in the frontispiece there is a contemporary photograph of Alcyone. The book includes a preface by Besant, and a dedication page with the inscription, "To those who knock". Following, is an additional full-page photograph of Alcyone (uncaptioned), a page with a short, unattributed quote in Sanskrit and English, and a foreword by Alcyone. The body of the work is then laid out in four parts, corresponding to its proclaimed requirements for disciples on the spiritual path:
The book closes with an unsigned, two-verse devotional poem.
The following is stated in the book's foreword: "These are not my words; they are the words of the Master who taught me. This is related to Leadbeater's statement that over a period of about five months during , Master Kuthumi (or Koot Hoomi) a postulated embodied spiritual entity was releasing to Krishnamurti, through a mystical process and while the boy was asleep, the spiritual instruction that makes up the work. Upon waking, Krishnamurti "with great laboriousness" put the instructions into notes; afterwards, the notes were checked for spelling and grammar, and then arranged and typed by Leadbeater. The resulting typescript formed the basis for the book's original edition; Krishnamurti's handwritten notes were lost sometime after the book's publication.
Publication history
The original edition was published at Adyar, India, through the facilities of The Theosophist, the Society's main organ; the publisher is listed as "Theosophist Office, Adyar". The book, introduced during the Theosophical Convention at Adyar, was bound in blue cloth, with a limited number of copies bound in blue leather.
This edition quickly sold out; within a year the book had been published in twenty-seven editions, and by 1925 there were at least forty. In the ensuing decades, dozens of editions in many languages and formats were published by Theosophical and non-Theosophical publishers, including the Star Publishing Trust (SPT), publishing arm of the World Teacher Project. Following its founding in 1926, the SPT had assumed the copyright to the work. This entity became the official publisher of Krishnamurti's work after he effectively ended the World Teacher Project by rejecting his messianic role and leaving the Theosophical Society in ; however, the SPT still held the rights to At the Feet of the Master as of 1946. Meanwhile, according to one source, the original edition of the book may have never been legally copyrighted.
The book is considered a spiritual classic, and was still in print in 2012. Around that time, early editions of the work had been in the public domain within several jurisdictions.
Select editions
Later editions may list the author as both Alcyone and Jiddu Krishnamurti, or solely as Jiddu Krishnamurti. They may also omit material, or add new material.
edition is in the public domain .
expanded edition includes "Towards Discipleship", a previously published private transcript of informal 1924 talks by Krishnamurti, and background material by John Algeo, past president of the Theosophical Society in America.
Reception
The book was enthusiastically received by Theosophists and members of the Order of the Star in the East, a worldwide organization established by the Theosophical leadership to promote the World Teacher Project. According to a Krishnamurti biographer, since Blavatsky, carried the sort of authority soon ascribed to Alcyone's document"; contemporary press reports described it as "a holy book to his disciples". In 1925 the Finnish Section of the Theosophical Society published "At the of the Master (Alcyone)" a work for voice and piano by the composer Leevi Madetoja ( 71/2); the composition, whose lyrics include the book's closing poem, was commissioned by the Section for the 50thanniversary of the parent organization's founding. It was republished as "The Word of the Master" () in 1929.
The extraordinary publicity surrounding Krishnamurti and the World Teacher Project brought increased attention to the book. Favorable early press coverage was complemented by more neutral or strict assessments, which included the tentative characterization of Krishnamurti's writing style as "artless".
Others have found the book though not draws on the pious morality that all ". It has also been pointed out that the main body's themes, and four-part layout, bear close resemblance to Advaita Vedanta treatises by, or attributed to, the Indian philosopher and theologian Adi Shankara.
Despite the demise of the World Teacher Project in 1929, and the subsequent dismantling of the infrastructure supporting it (which included the book), millions of copies have been sold. Soon after its original publication, commentaries and detailed analyses by prominent Theosophists started to appear, "in which every line of Alcyone's original is weighed, analyzed, laboriously expanded upon"; in addition, the book became a frequent subject of lectures, a practice that continued past the Project's ending, and into the early 21st century. The work reputedly also played a role in later occult endeavors by Leadbeater.
Authorship debate
The identity of the author has been the subject of debate, starting with the appearance of the first edition. It has been proposed that Leadbeater was the actual producer of the work; this proposition has had opponents as well as supporters. Shortly after the original publication, the matter found its way to court in India. It was brought up during a custody battle over Krishnamurti between Besant and Jiddu Narayaniah, Krishnamurti's father. Narayaniah believed the book was "fathered" on Krishnamurti in order to promote his messianic credentials, citing as one proof the boy's poor prior knowledge of English. In related litigation, Besant alleged The Hindu newspaper was in contempt over the "publication of certain relating to the authorship of the book At the feet of the Master.
Since the original publication, statements reputedly made by Krishnamurti have appeared in a variety of sources, implying he accepted or rejected authorship; his own recorded statements on the matter have been subject to interpretation. Decades after the original publication, he stated that he had no memory of writing it, although he did not discount the possibility.
As the original notes by Krishnamurti are missing, the extent of any differences with Leadbeater's typescript and with the original published edition is not clear. The debate regarding the role of Krishnamurti in the production and promotion of this work persisted, a century after its original publication.
See also
Jiddu Krishnamurti bibliography
Notes
References
External links
.
1910 non-fiction books
Books by Jiddu Krishnamurti
Theosophical texts
Works published under a pseudonym | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%20the%20Feet%20of%20the%20Master |
India has the world's largest number of vegetarians. Vegetarianism has been present in India since antiquity although a non-vegetarian diet may be present even on the highest priest caste. Many Indians who do not regularly follow a vegetarian diet may adopt one during religious festivals.
Also, many Indian vegetarians eschew eggs as well as meat. There are many vegetarian cuisines across India.
Air catering
On demand most airlines offer Indian vegetarian dishes. Some regard these as dietary meals, some as religious meals. Details may vary.
Pre-ordering the IATA meal code AVML (Asian vegetarian meal) usually results in a meal without meat, poultry, fish, seafood, and eggs. Ingredients can be vegetables, legumes, fresh and dried fruit, dairy products, tofu, cereal, grains, vegetarian gelatine, spices and aromas associated with the Indian sub-continent. The meal can be spiced mildly to hot.
Another option is to pre-order the code VJML (Vegetarian Jain Meal). Compared to AVML only vegetables that grow above the ground are accepted, so onions, garlic, potatoes, carrots, beets, radishes, mushrooms, ginger and turmeric are excluded. No dairy products are used.
See also
Indian cuisine
List of Indian sweets and desserts
Vegetarian cuisine
Marwari Bhojanalaya
References
Vegetarian
Vegetarian dishes of India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20vegetarian%20cuisine |
Matthew 10 is the tenth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. This chapter opens with Jesus calling some of his disciples and sending them out to preach and heal. This section is also known as the Mission Discourse or the Little Commission, in contrast to the Great Commission at the end of the gospel (Matthew 28:18–20). The Little Commission is directed specifically to the "lost sheep of the house of Israel", while the Great Commission is directed to all nations. The Pulpit Commentary suggests that Jesus' message in this discourse "was hardly likely to have been remembered outside Jewish Christian circles".
Matthew names the twelve apostles, or "twelve disciples", in verses 2 to 4 and gives them careful instruction as they travel around Israel. The remainder of the chapter consists almost entirely of sayings attributed to Jesus. Many of the sayings found in Matthew 10 are also found in Luke 10 and the Gospel of Thomas, which is not part of the accepted canon of the New Testament.
Text
The oldest known texts were written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 42 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
Papyrus 110 (3rd/4th century; extant verses 13–15, 25–27)
Uncial 0171 (~300; extant verses 17–23, 25–32)
Codex Vaticanus (325–350)
Codex Sinaiticus (330–360; complete)
Codex Bezae (~400)
Papyrus 19 (4th/5th century; extant verses 32–42)
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; complete)
Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus (6th century)
The twelve (10:1–15)
The text in verse 1 refers to "his twelve disciples" (, tous dōdeka mathētas autou). Verse 2 calls them "the twelve apostles" (, tōn dōdeka apostolōn):
Verse 5 refers to them simply as "the twelve" (, tous dōdeka) but the verb which follows is "ἀπέστειλεν" (apesteilen), meaning "sent forth".
Verses 17–39
The Jerusalem Bible refers to these verses as a "missionary's handbook", and suggests that their scope is wider than that of the "first mission of the apostles" in verses 1–16.
Verse 34
"Think not that I am come to send peace on earth: I came not to send [or bring] peace, but a sword."
This is a much-discussed passage, often explained in terms of the "apocalyptic-eschatological" context of the 1st century.
R. T. France explains the verse, in context with the subsequent verse 35: "The sword Jesus brings is not here military conflict, but, as vv. 35–36 show, a sharp social division which even severs the closest family ties. … Jesus speaks here, as in the preceding and following verses, more of a division in men’s personal response to him."
The text of Matthew's Gospel in the Book of Kells alters , the Vulgate translation of makhairan "sword", to , "joy", resulting in a reading of "I came not [only] to bring peace, but [also] joy".
Verse 38
And he who does not take his cross and follow after Me is not worthy of Me.
"Take his cross": is in the sense of "willingly to undergo the severe trials that fall to his lot" (; ); a figurative expression taken from the practice that "condemned criminals were compelled to take up their own cross and carry it to the place of execution" (; ; ).
Parallels in the Gospel of Thomas
Matthew 10 contains many parallels found in the Gospel of Thomas.
Matthew 10:16 parallels saying 39 in the Gospel of Thomas.
Matthew 10:37 parallels sayings 55 and 101
Matthew 10:27b parallels saying 33a.
Matthew 10:34–36 parallels saying 16.
Matthew 10:26 parallels saying 5b.
See also
Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles
Coming Persecutions
Notes
References
External links
King James Bible – Wikisource
English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
Matthew 10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%2010 |
One is an Angela Aki's first mini-album. It was her debut Japanese language release, under the independent Virgo Music Entertainment label. The album features three original compositions and three cover songs (with the cover songs' lyrics being rewritten into Japanese by Aki herself). The entire album is in Japanese except for the song "Warning". It debuted at #2 in the HMV's indies charts and by the end of the year it had reached #1. The song "Aisuru Mono" was used as the Hitachi DVD Cam CM song.
Track listing
Charts
One - Oricon Sales chart (Japan)
References
External links
Official discography
2005 EPs
Angela Aki albums
Japanese-language EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20%28Angela%20Aki%20EP%29 |
The collectible card game Magic: The Gathering has released compilation sets, reprint sets, and box sets over its history. These are distinct from core sets and expansion sets, the most heavily marketed sources of new cards. With the exception of Chronicles, reprint sets generally do not affect tournament legality in supported formats; for example, cards reprinted in the Modern Masters reprint set, while legal for tournament play, did not necessarily cause the card to be included in the "Standard" environment. (If a card happened to be in Standard due to a separate reprinting, though, all "versions" of the card automatically become legal, including ones from a reprint set.)
These sets tend to be of two types: sets with a fixed deck buyers receive, and sets sold in randomized booster packs, similar to "normal" expansion sets, but only consisting of reprint cards. Chronicles, Premium Foil Booster, and sets of the Masters brand are printed in randomized boosters; others have a fixed card set.
Chronicles
Chronicles was the first compilation set of Magic: The Gathering, released in July 1995. Unlike many later compilation sets, Chronicles was treated like a normal expansion set, including renewing tournament legality for cards reprinted in it. For tournament play, Chronicles was designated as an extension of the Fourth Edition base set. Chronicles reprinted cards from Arabian Nights, Antiquities, Legends, and The Dark. Wizards of the Coast released a similar set called Renaissance into the German, French and Italian markets.
Masters
Masters is a series of Magic: The Gathering compilation sets. The "original" Masters Editions were Magic: The Gathering Online (MTGO) exclusive sets designed to put old cards created before the release of MTGO into circulation. Masters became an official printed series in 2013 with the release of Modern Masters.
The paper Masters series consists of:
Modern Masters, released in 2013
Modern Masters 2015 Edition
Eternal Masters, released in 2016
Modern Masters 2017 Edition
Iconic Masters, released in 2017
Masters 25, released in 2018
Ultimate Masters, released in 2018
Double Masters, released in 2020
Booster boxes of the Masters series generally contain only 24 booster packs, compared to a regular expansion containing 36 packs, with the intent that they be used for an 8-player Limited draft. Basic Lands, which are present in most expansion set booster packs, are absent in the Masters sets. Instead, a premium card (foil), which traditionally existed in a common card slot on random basis, is included in every pack.
Modern Masters is a set that consists of reprints of cards which are legal in the Modern format. Modern includes all cards from Eighth Edition onwards, barring a small number of banned cards. The first Modern Masters ("MMA") was released on June 7, 2013. It has 229 cards (101 commons, 60 uncommons, 53 rares, and 15 mythic rares) ranging from Eighth Edition through Alara Reborn. The set was released in the English language only. The original Modern Masters distribution was highly limited and Wizards of the Coast stated they would not like to release as much as they did with Chronicles. Wizards of the Coast eventually loosened this, and printed considerably more of the 2015 and 2017 editions of Modern Masters. Notable reprints in the original Modern Masters included Dark Confidant, Tarmogoyf, and Vendilion Clique.
The second set, Modern Masters 2015 Edition ("MM2"), was released May 22, 2015. It has 249 cards (101 commons, 80 uncommons, 53 rares, and 15 mythic rares). In addition to the blocks in the original Modern Masters, the 2015 edition features cards from Zendikar block, Scars of Mirrodin block, Magic 2010, Magic 2011, and Magic 2012. The set was released in Japanese and Simplified Chinese in addition to English. Twenty to thirty cards feature new artwork, and a number of new tokens are included. The English booster pack in Modern Masters 2015 Edition used recyclable paper cardboard as packaging material instead of foil packs, the first set doing so in Magic history. It also raised some complaints of easier theft of the cards, however. Notable reprints in Modern Masters 2015 Edition included Bitterblossom, Emrakul, the Aeons Torn, and Karn Liberated.
Eternal Masters is a Magic compilation set released in June 2016. Similar to the Modern Masters sets, it reprints cards, but from all of Magics history rather than restricting itself to the Modern format, thus aiming itself at casual formats such as Cube as well as the Vintage and Legacy formats.Modern Masters 2017 Edition ("MM3") was released on March 17, 2017. It was also released in English, Simplified Chinese, and Japanese. The 2017 edition added Innistrad block, Return to Ravnica block, Magic 2013, and Magic 2014 to the sets eligible for a Modern Masters reprint. Notable reprints in Modern Masters 2017 Edition included Tarmogoyf, Damnation, Liliana of the Veil, Snapcaster Mage, Voice of Resurgence, and the enemy color "fetchlands" such as Scalding Tarn.Iconic Masters is a Magic compilation set; it was released at Hasbro's HasCon's 25th anniversary celebration of Magic in September 2017, and released to the wider public in November 2017. It is a compilation set with reprinted cards originating throughout the history of Magic, similar to Eternal Masters. The set is generally perceived to have had poor sales due to the two month delayed nature of its wide release, which happened only a few weeks before the release of Unstable. Wizards of the Coast would later apologize for setting wrong expectations for the set as well as the strange scheduling after receiving negative feedback about the set.Masters 25 (A25) was released on March 16, 2018. It was themed as a celebration of 25 years of the history of Magic, with cards from every printed set.Ultimate Masters (UMA) was released on December 7, 2018. In the set's official announcement, it was noted that it would have an unusually high price point, but would contain unusually high-value reprints. It is the first Magic set to include a regular-sized "box topper" promotional card with each booster box. Wizards of the Coast announced that it would be the last Masters set for some time; however, Double Masters would be released less than two years later. Double Masters (2XM) was released on August 7, 2020. Due to the "double" theme of the set, each draft booster contains two rare or mythic cards and two foil cards of any rarity, and each booster box contains two "box topper" promotional cards. It is the first Masters set to be released without an official list price.
AnthologiesAnthologies was a box set and the second compilation set. It was printed in November 1998 to celebrate the 5th anniversary of Magic. It featured cards from Alpha through Urza's Saga. The print run was unknown.
Unlike Chronicles, but like other box sets such as Battle Royale, the reprinted cards did not count as current product, and thus were only legal in formats which allowed the original cards being reprinted to be used, and were not automatically legal in Standard at the time the product was available.
Anthologies had two decks: "Dark Alliance", a black/red "aggressive deck" with goblins; and "Defenders of the Cause", a green/white control deck. It was printed with and without expansion symbols. The cards had white borders and standard backs.
The Anthologies cards with identical copies in 5th Edition (e.g. Armageddon, Nevinyrral's Disk, etc.) bear a striking resemblance to those from 5th Edition and can be difficult to differentiate. They can be told apart by looking at the copyright line: 5th Edition cards have "© 1997", whereas the Anthologies reprints have "© 1993-1998", which became the new standard for the copyright line with the release of Exodus.
The reviewer from the online second volume of Pyramid stated that "For latecomers to the game, this is a great way to get a taste of some cards from supplements long ago out of print and snapped up by the collectors."
Battle RoyaleBattle Royale was a Magic: The Gathering boxed set, the third compilation set, released in November 1999 as a collection of cards emphasizing the multiplayer aspect of the game. Most of the cards included are ones that can affect multiple opponents. This promotion included cards from all different sets that existed previous to it. The cards still retained their original expansion symbols although they were printed with white borders, which was the standard for reprinted Magic: The Gathering cards of "core sets" until the 2007 release of Tenth Edition. These are the only sets that are printed with white borders (which started with Unlimited.) Another interesting aspect is that colored expansions symbols were added to the cards that didn’t have them previously (namely cards from Tempest, Portal: Second Age, Stronghold and Ice Age.)
The set included 160 cards built into four different two-color theme decks which are 40 cards each: Spirit Gale (blue / white), Chargoyf (green / red), The Deluge (green / white), and Cinder Heart (black / red).
BeatdownBeatdown is a box set for Magic: The Gathering, and the fourth compilation set. It was not legal in Standard at the time of its release. Beatdown was released as a pair of preconstructed decks combined with accessories, unlike the normal distribution of Magic cards in randomized packs. Alternate art was done for four cards: Sengir Vampire, Erhnam Djinn, Ball Lightning, and Clockwork Beast. The set is white-bordered, and the expansion symbol is a mace. There are no White cards in the set.
The set includes 122 special edition Magic cards divided into two theme decks, Aerodoom and Ground Pounder. The focus of the two decks in the Beatdown box set is to overwhelm your opponent with decks that included some of the more powerful creatures in the game, to that date, such as the aforementioned Erhnam Djinn, Sengir Vampire, Ball Lightning and Clockwork Beast. The Beatdown set was released in October 2000.
Clockwork Avian was misprinted without flying in Beatdown.
From the VaultFrom the Vault is a series of limited-edition Magic: The Gathering boxed sets. Each set consists mostly of cards released in previous Magic: The Gathering expansions, but in foil and sometimes with new artwork. Some From the Vault decks contain a pre-release of a card due to be released in the next Magic: The Gathering expansion. Typically, the boxed set also contains a 20-sided spin-down life counter die in addition to the cards. Because From the Vault releases are not normal expansion sets, the tournament-legality of the cards depends on the most recent normal expansion they were printed in.
In February 2018, it was announced that the From the Vault series would be cancelled and spiritually succeeded by the Signature Spellbook series. The following is a list of all the From the Vault sets:From the Vault: Dragons was released August 29, 2008. It contained 15 cards, all of which were Dragons or Dragon-related, and one of which was a pre-release of a card in the Shards of Alara set. 7 of the cards had new artwork (counting the pre-release).From the Vault: Exiled was released August 28, 2009. It contained 15 cards, all of which are or were banned or restricted in at least one format. 8 of the cards had new artwork.From the Vault: Relics was released August 27, 2010. It contained 15 cards, all of which were artifacts, and one of which was a pre-release of a card in the Scars of Mirrodin set. 11 of the cards had new artwork (counting the pre-release).From the Vault: Legends was released August 26, 2011. It contained 15 cards, all of which were legendary creatures, and one of which was a pre-release of a card in the Innistrad set. 8 of the cards had new artwork (counting the pre-release).From the Vault: Realms: was released on August 31, 2012. It contained 15 cards, all of which were lands. 7 of the cards had new artwork.From the Vault: Twenty was released on August 23, 2013. It contained 20 cards, each of which represented a year in Magic's history, in commemoration of Magic's 20th anniversary. 9 of the cards had new artwork.From the Vault: Annihilation was released on August 22, 2014. It contains 15 cards, with a "sweep the battlefield" theme. 6 of the cards have new artwork.From the Vault: Angels was released on August 21, 2015. It contains 15 cards, all of which were angel themed (14 creatures, 1 sorcery), with five of them having new artwork.From the Vault: Lore was released on August 19, 2016. It contains 15 cards, all of which showcased important moments in Magic's story.From the Vault: Transform was released on November 24, 2017. It contains 15 cards, all of which are double faced.
Premium Deck SeriesPremium Deck Series was a set of preconstructed 60-card Magic: The Gathering decks. All cards were foil and were reprints of cards first printed in other Magic sets. All of the cards are black bordered and tournament legal in their original formats.
There have been three Premium Deck Series printed:Premium Deck Series: Slivers was released November 20, 2009. All creatures in this deck were of the Sliver subtype (including the mythic-rare Sliver Overlord).Premium Deck Series: Fire & Lightning was released November 19, 2010. The set was mono-red and revolved around Elemental creatures and various red spells that dealt direct damage to creatures or opponents.Premium Deck Series: Graveborn was released November 18, 2011. The set revolved around cards that deal with the graveyard.
In July 2012 at San Diego Comic-Con, Wizards of the Coast announced that the Premium Deck Series would be discontinued after Graveborn.
Duel DecksDuel Decks are a series of boxed sets for Magic: The Gathering, each consisting of a pair of 60-card decks built around a rivalry between two forces, often planeswalkers or creature type "tribes". Typically, each deck contains a mythic rare, several rares, and a number of cards with alternate art. Most cards are reprints of cards from previous sets; however, some duel decks contain pre-release cards from unreleased future sets.
Other
Deckmasters: Garfield vs. Finkel, usually known as simply Deckmasters, was a set released in 2001 featuring copies of the decks used in a promotional match between Richard Garfield, the creator of the card game, and Jon Finkel, a Magic World Champion. Two decks were included in the set, a red/green deck used by Richard Garfield, and a red/black deck that was played by Finkel. It is the fifth compilation set. The match from which the decks are taken was held in January 2002. About a year before, Wizards of the Coast challenged Garfield and Finkel to build a deck out of Ice Age and Alliances cards to compete against each other with. They were given very strict criteria to build these decks, such as that each deck could only use four rare cards and no more than two copies of any one card. Some cards were banned for the purpose of this event such as Kjeldoran Outpost. Finkel won match one because Garfield misplayed the current timing rules at least twice during the course of the game. Garfield joked, "Shouldn't we be playing by the rules as I made them?" In the second match, Garfield was defeated by lack of mana. "This is the first time I am sitting up here and am honestly unhappy that my opponent is manascrewed," Finkel confessed.
Premium Foil Booster''' was released by Wizards of the Coast in 2010. It was sold as booster packs which contained a randomized collection of 15 cards from Alara block, except all guaranteed to be foiled. All 539 cards printed in Shards of Alara, Conflux, and Alara Reborn'' were potentially included.
References
External links
Wizards of the Coast Anthologies page
Wizards of the Coast Battle Royale page
Wizards of the Coast Eternal Masters page
Magic: The Gathering sets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%3A%20The%20Gathering%20compilation%20sets |
Alí Chumacero Lora (9 July 1918 – 22 October 2010) was a Mexican poet, translator, literary critic and editor. He was a member of the Mexican Academy of Language.
Biography
Alí Chumacero Lora was born on July 9, 1918, in Acaponeta, state of Nayarit, Mexico. His family moved to Guadalajara, where Chumacero studied from primary school to high school. In 1937 he went to Mexico City planning to study Philosophy and Literature at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), but he could not immediately enroll due to having failed some courses in high school. He was living with an aunt and sharing a room with four people, and used the time to read and explore the city.
In 1940, while studying at the university, he founded the magazine Tierra Nueva, along with Jorge González Durán, Leopoldo Zea y José Luis Martínez, which was in circulation until 1942. In this publication the authors sought to balance the spontaneity of modern literature with the rigor of academic literary studies.
He married in 1949 with Lourdes Gómez Luna and the couple had five children.
He died in Mexico City from pneumonia in 2010, aged 92.
Career
Between 1952-53, Chumacero received scholarships for the Colegio de México and for the Mexican Center of Writers. He became a member of the Mexican Academy of Language in 1964. He was a director of the Fondo de Cultura Económica.
He worked as an editor of various publications, starting as joint editor of Tierra Nueva magazine from 1940–42 and going on to edit Letras de México, El Hijo Pródigo and La cultura en México (a cultural supplement to the Mexican newspapers Novedades and Ovaciones).
Works
Chumacero's works include:
Desert of Dreams (Páramo de sueños) (1944)
Exiled Images (Imágenes desterradas) (1948)
Words in Rest (Palabras en reposo) (1956)
The critical moments (Los momentos críticos)
Awards and recognition
Xavier Villaurrutia Award (1984)
Alfonso Reyes International Prize (1986)
National Art and Sciences Award (Linguistics and Literature) (1987)
Medalla Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor from the Mexican Senate (1996)
In 2008 he received a homage in the Palacio de Bellas Artes on the occasion of his 90th birthday, attended by some of his friends such as Carlos Montemayor, and Eduardo Lizalde.
The Ali Chumacero People's Theater was inaugurated in 1987 in Tepic, and is the most important cultural venue in the state of Nayarit.
References
1918 births
2010 deaths
Mexican male poets
Writers from Nayarit
Members of the Mexican Academy of Language
Deaths from pneumonia in Mexico
20th-century Mexican poets
20th-century Mexican male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD%20Chumacero |
Ángeles Mastretta (born October 9, 1949, in Puebla) is a post-boom Mexican author, journalist, actress, and film producer. She is well known for creating inspirational female characters and fictional pieces that reflect the social and political realities of Mexico in her life. She is a recipient of the Rómulo Gallegos Prize and the Mazatlán Prize for Literature for Best Book of the Year. Her book, Arráncame la vida (Tear This Heart Out) was adapted into a movie, which won an Ariel Award in Mexico.
Background
Mastretta began writing as a journalist for a Mexican magazine, Siete and an afternoon newspaper, Ovaciones. She claims that her father – a journalist in his youth – inspired her to be a writer. Her father died when the writer was still very young, but this did not prevent her from following in his footsteps. She later went on to marry writer, Héctor Aguilar Camín.
Career
In 1974, she received a scholarship from the Mexican Writers' Center. She attended the center and was able to work on her writing abilities along with other authors such as Juan Rulfo, Salvador Elizondo, and Francisco Monterde. After a year of working at the Mexican Writers' Center, a collection of Mastretta's poetry entitled La pájara pinta (The Colorful Bird) was published in 1978.
Mastretta really wanted to focus on a novel that she had been thinking about for years. She finally got her chance to work on this novel when an editor offered to sponsor Mastretta on a six-month leave of absence, allowing her to focus solely on writing. She took the offer and ended up embarking on a sabbatical to complete Arráncame la vida (Tear This Heart Out). The novel (published in 1985) was an immediate success, and earned her the Mazatlán Prize for Literature for Best Book of the Year.
Arráncame la vida was a critical and popular success in Mexico and abroad. As a result, Mastretta was able to focus more on her fiction-writing passion. The film of the same name and based upon the novel was released in September 2008.
Mastretta won the Rómulo Gallegos Prize for her 1996 novel, Mal de Amores (Lovesick).
When her infant daughter unexpectedly fell ill, Mastretta sat next to her child in the hospital and began to tell stories of interesting and different women in her family who were important to her in critical moments of her life. These stories of women who "decided their own destinies" became the inspiration for Mujeres de ojos grandes (Women with Big Eyes) (published in 1990). The publication — autobiographical narratives based on each of the women – was intended to preserve the stories for posterity.
Verdadero
Mastretta has also contributed to the film industry as both an actress and a producer. She worked as an actress and a producer in the 2008 short film, Tabacotla where she played the role of Verónica. In the same year she worked on the film based on her novel, Tear This Heart Out. The film, Tear This Heart Out went on to win 6 awards and 3 nominations. In 2009 Mastretta was awarded at the Ariel Awards in Mexico with Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Source alongside director Roberto Sneider.
Although journalism is not her main focus like it was when she first started her career as a writer, Mastretta still actively contributes to newspaper, El País, and magazine NEXOS, which was founded by her husband Héctor Aguilar Camín.
Tear This Heart Out
After a poor translation titled Mexican Bolero, this novel was translated by Margaret Sayers Peden, as Tear This Heart Out. This novel was Mastretta's first text translated to English, therefore her debut into the English literature scene. The novel explores the life of Catalina Guzman, and takes place in Puebla, Mexico, the city where Mastretta was born. Mastretta uses her experiences as a little girl in Puebla to create the scene for the novel. The book takes place during, and after, the Mexican Revolution, and focuses on Catalina's difficult life married to a political figure, and philanderer, who commits murders of his enemies. Mastretta points out the political infighting of the post-Revolution period, and patriarchal system in Mexico. Catalina's character develops into a force of resistance against machismo and sets the tone for Mastretta's future texts including strong female protagonists. Her subsequent novel, Mal de amores (1996), in translation as Lovesick, is an extensive view of social involvement during and following the significant Revolution of 1910. Her protagonist here, like many other women, accompanies the rebels as they travel on the trains, administers to their wounds as a curandera (important role in small communities, as a healer), and after the war studies in the US to become a medical doctor and returns to the city where she grew up. This novel received the prestigious Romulo Gallegos award (similar to the Pulitzer), making her the first woman in Latin America to receive the award.
Lovesick
Published in 1996, six years after her debut novel, Mastretta takes a similar approach to Tear This Heart Out. She sets the novel in Puebla, Mexico once again, and uses the Mexican Revolution as her temporal space. Her main character Emilia Suari, takes on the role that Mastretta is well known for characterizing, a strong independent woman. Following the trend of her past writing, Mastretta focuses on the social and political problems that are relevant to Mexico at the time.
Puerto libre
Fe y quimera
This chapter of Puerto libre focuses on how and who writes and expresses fiction. She emphasizes the necessary characteristics that a person needs to hold in order to write fiction. A main point she develops throughout this chapter is the connection between fiction as a genre, reality, and the truth. She presents all of these concepts as thing that can be easily manipulated and constructed depending on who is behind the action.
Guiso feminista
This chapter of Puerto libre clearly states Mastretta's position as a feminist woman writer. She allows spaces, specifically the kitchen and an office space, to represent the constraints women must face due to societal norms. Using two characters, Marichu and Pepón, Mastretta points out the oppression that women struggle with when they are obligated to take on traditional and domestic roles, mainly providing for their husbands and family. Mastretta highlights the freedom that writing provides women, and how feminism can only be fostered in specific environments, out of reach from societal pressures. She emphasizes the idea that feminism is something instinctive for women, and that society is what makes it difficult to further develop.
Works
Novels
Arráncame la vida (Tear This Heart) (1985)
Mal de Amores (Lovesick) (1996)
Ninguna eternidad como la mía (No Eternity Like Mine) (1999)
Short stories
Mujeres de ojos grandes (Women with Big Eyes) (1985)
Maridos (Husbands) (2007)
“El viento de las horas” (2015)
Memoirs
Puerto libre (Free port) (1993)
El mundo iluminado (The Illuminated World) (1998)
El cielo de los leones (2003)
La emoción de las cosas (2012)
Filmography
Tabacotla (2008), Véronica
Tear This Heart Out (2009), executive producer
Hecho en México (2012), as Ángeles Mastretta
References
Profile @ PenguinGroup
Hispanic Online feature
Ensayistas
El País
LA Times
NY Times
External links
Book report from the Washington Post
The Ultimate Latin American Bucket List on Popsugar
1949 births
Living people
Mexican women journalists
Mexican women novelists
People from Puebla
Mexican people of Italian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngeles%20Mastretta |
The Black Sessions is the second compilation album by Swedish heavy metal band Katatonia, released on February 21, 2005, through Peaceville. The compilation includes hit songs, B-sides and rarities recorded on the band's previous studio albums (from Tonight's Decision to Viva Emptiness). A live DVD for the band performing in Kraków, Poland, in April 2003 is also included in the compilation.
The song "Wait Outside" is recorded during the Viva Emptiness recording session but previously unreleased anywhere. A remixed and remastered version of the song is included on the 10th anniversary edition of Viva Emptiness.
Track listing
Disc one – CD
Disc two – CD
Disc three – DVD
Personnel
Katatonia
Jonas Renkse – lead vocals, production on Disc 1 & 2, songwriting on all other tracks other than "Nightmares by the Sea", drums on Discouraged Ones, Disc 1 & 2, additional guitar, mixing & programming on Viva Emptiness on Disc 1 & 2
Anders Nyström – lead guitar, production Disc 1 & 2, songwriting on Discouraged Ones & Tonight's Decision, music on Teargas EP / Last Deal Gone Down / Tonight's Music & Viva Emptiness, keyboards on Discouraged Ones, Tonight's Decision & Viva Emptiness, mellotron on Teargas EP / Last Deal Gone Down / Tonight's Music backing vocals, mixing & programming on Viva Emptiness Disc 1 & 2
Fred Norrman – rhythm guitar on Disc 1-3, bass guitar on Tonight's Decision Disc 1 & 2), music on Teargas EP / Last Deal Gone Down / Tonight's Music, "A Premonition"
Mattias Norrman – bass guitar on Last Fair Deal Gone Down & Viva Emptiness Disc 1 & 2, Disc 3
Daniel Liljekvist – drums on Last Fair Deal Gone Down & Viva Emptiness Disc 1 & 2, Disc 3, backing vocals on track 7, Disc 1
Additional personnel
Micke Oretoft – bass guitar and production on Discouraged Ones Disc 1 & 2
David Castillo - remastering on Discouraged Ones Disc 1 & 2
Fred Estby - engineering on Discouraged Ones Disc 1 & 2
Tomas Skogsberg - engineering & mixing Discouraged Ones, Teargas EP & Last Fair Deal Gone Down Disc 1 & 2, engineering on Tonight's Music Disc 1 & 2
Mikael Åkerfeldt - vocals production on Discouraged Ones & Tonight's Decision Disc 1 & 2
Dan Swanö – drums on Tonight's Decision Disc 1 & 2 & editing on Viva Emptiness Disc 1 & 2
Joakim Petterson - engineering on Tonight's Decision Disc 1 & 2
Jonas Kjellgren - engineering on Tonight's Music Disc 1 & 2
Mia Lorentzon - mastering on Tonight's Music Disc 1 & 2
Peter in de Betou - mastering on Teargas EP, Viva Emptiness & Last Fair Deal Gone Down Disc 1 & 2, editing on Last Fair Deal Gone Down Disc 1 & 2
Jocke Pettersson - mixing & engineering on Teargas EP / Last Fair Deal Gone Down / Tonight's Music Disc 1 & 2
Ian Agate - assisting engineering on Viva Emptiness Disc 1 & 2
Jens Bogren - mixing on Viva Emptiness'' Disc 1 & 2
Jeff Buckley - songwriter on "Nightmares by the Sea"
See also
List of "Greatest Hits" albums
References
2005 compilation albums
2005 live albums
2005 video albums
Katatonia albums
Live video albums
Albums with cover art by Travis Smith (artist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Black%20Sessions |
, republished as is a diary of 20th-century Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti (18951986). Originally published in print in 1982, it was republished under the new title in an extended edition in 2023. The diary, a handwritten journal that eschews the first person, is composed of entries dated in 1973, 1975 and (in the extended edition) 1981. The entries touch on favorite Krishnamurti topics like meditation, the dangerous effects of identification and of conditioned thinking, and the need for radical individual psychological reset. The diary is also known for poetic and nuanced descriptions of nature, and of nature's relationship with human consciousness. The published work is considered one of the very few books Krishnamurti wrote himself.
About the work
Mary Lutyens, authorized biographer and longtime friend of Krishnamurti, writes in Foreword that in he "suddenly started keeping a journal. Yet elsewhere she states that she had at the time suggested the journal to Krishnamurti. This is affirmed in contemporary notes by Mary Zimbalist, Krishnamurti's personal secretary and close associate; she writes that following Lutyens' suggestion Krishnamurti recounted a strange experience he reputedly had two weeks earlier, and agreed to start the journal. He began writing the next day, while at Brockwood Park in
Krishnamurti kept writing (in pencil) almost daily for a period of six weeks, during his stay at Brockwood Park and then while in Rome; he resumed the diary in in California, committing the last entry there on at Malibu. These entries comprise the original edition of the published diary; however six years later Krishnamurti wrote additional entries. Zimbalist states he added to the journal in when he was at Gstaad, Switzerland; he continued writing intermittently after he returned to Brockwood Park later the same month, with the final entry dated . The additions, consisting of 13 new entries in 36 pages, were published in an extended edition 42 years later,
Lutyens considers the published diary "one of two books K wrote himself", as almost all known Krishnamurti texts are verbatim or edited transcripts of his talks and discussions, edited collections of his notes, and material he dictated in person or on audiotape. In print, the extended edition contains most of which are between one and three pages long. Krishnamurti wrote in second or third person, referring to himself in the latter mode exclusively; in a few cases there is an anonymous interlocutor. A typical entry expounds on one or more of Krishnamurti's favorite themes through observations of nature, consciousness, and life that often flow seamlessly into each
A commentator stated that in this and other diaries "depictions of nature are stunning in their fine detail, suggestive nuance, and variety. The observations about consciousness and about meditation are at one with the teachings as they were articulated to the public." He adds that in the Journal there are no overt references to the reputed experiences called , that permeate the previously published Krishnamurti's Notebook (1976). Instead, in this diary "he psychological observations closely parallel his statements from the public platform, although in a somewhat condensed and, if possible, a more immediate form. Lutyens believes this diary reveals "more about personally than any of his other work and offers, "only in his we have these lovely descriptions of
Publication history
The book was originally published in early 1982 by Gollancz in the UK and by Harper & Row in the US. The UK edition, in hardcover, has a portrait photograph of Krishnamurti on the front jacket; the US paperback a front cover portrait illustration of him. Without a table of contents, the short foreword by Lutyens is followed by the diary entries ordered and titled according to place and date. Copyright was held by the Krishnamurti Foundation Trust (KFT), a UK organization. A UK paperback version was published by Gollancz in .
In 2003, the Krishnamurti Foundation India (Chennai) published a "2nd revised edition", while was published by the KFT in 2004. Both are based on the original edition; they feature still life front covers and small author photographs on the back
In the work was republished in the extended "third, revised full-text edition" under the title (subtitled Krishnamurti's Journal. This edition includes the additional entries of 1981, and an edition-specific Introduction. Also, a table of contents listing in chronological order the places the diary was written; the front cover features a still life photograph. It was published in the UK and US by Watkins (an imprint of UK publisher Watkins Media) in print (hardcover) and digital media (e-book) versions, with copyright by the KFT. Previously, the diary entries of 1981 had originally been published in the KFT's Bulletin, a subscription-based periodical, between 1989 and 1991 as "reprint from a
a free-to-read text version of the work's first edition was available at (JKO), the official Jiddu Krishnamurti web-based repository .
Select editions
Reception
A review in the Yoga Journal commended the book as "vividly illustrating his philosophy of meditation-in-action", and the author as an "observer of great compassion" whose sensitive descriptions are applied to the smallest detail. The work's frequent commentary on meditation, and its perceived overall meditative quality, has been used as an example for certain types of meditation practice in school settings; such practices are considered an aid in reducing antisocial behavior and classroom
In an unrelated book review published in College English, the reviewer juxtaposes parts of the diary entry for with a quote from a reviewed academic work as examples of nature writing, and noting their differences asks, "why can't scholarly have the lyric beauty and deep personal concern of Krishnamurti's journal, instead of turning so often ritualistic ideological
The diary entry for is discussed in an anthology of contemplative literature, as an illustration of Krishnamurti's ideas about direct observation, the perils of identifying with concepts and ideas, and the need for a radically new human
The work has been cited in 21st century theoretical revisions of psychoanalysis, and has inspired published poetry. The first edition's reputed favorable public reception lead to the publication in 1987 of yet another Krishnamurti diary, Krishnamurti to Himself.
See also
Jiddu Krishnamurti bibliography
Notes
References
.
.
.
.
External links
"Krishnamurti's Journal" Home page for the full text of the original edition, hosted as a free resource at J. Krishnamurti Online, the "official repository of the teachings of J. Krishnamurti". Krishnamurti foundations.
1982 non-fiction books
2023 non-fiction books
Books by Jiddu Krishnamurti
Diaries
Harper & Row books
Philosophy books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnamurti%27s%20Journal |
Piatt's Landing was an early nineteenth century riverboat and ferry landing on the Ohio River in Boone County, Kentucky. It is located near Route 338 almost due west of downtown Union. The landing and Winnfield Cottage, which no longer exists, were built by Robert Piatt, the grandfather of Civil War General Edward Canby. Ferries owned by the Piatts crossed the Ohio River to Indiana at several points; Touseytown to Lawrenceburg, Rabbit Hash to Rising Sun, and East Bend to North Landing. (Shaffer, p. 42) A number of the Piatts associated with this family also lived in Norwood, Ohio.
The name Piatt is of Italian origin, according to N. L. Lodge (p. 1), and the original spelling was Piatti. (Note: N.L. Lodge's work is not deemed reliable by many researchers. The name Piatt was FRENCH, and was originally spelled Piat. The family came from the Province of Dauphine, near Grenoble, France. Rene Piat LeFleur was a Huguenot refugee who emigrated in the 1670s. He first went to London, where he was "denizated" a British citizen. He later migrated to Long Island, where he married Elizabeth Sheffield, an Englishwoman. They settled in New Jersey. Virtually all Piatts in America are descended from them.)
See also
Anderson Ferry: current ferry also in Boone County
National Register of Historic Places listings in Boone County, Kentucky
References
James F. Shaffer, Piatt's Landing, East Bend, Boone County, Kentucky (Cincinnati: Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co., 1978) 103 pages, plus index.
N. L. Lodge, The Tribe of Jacob Piatt, ed. 3 (Springfield, Mo.: Privately Published, 1934) 170 pages, plus index.
Notes
External links
"Piatt's Landing," Chronicles of Boone County, Boone County Public Library (KY)
The Piatts of East Bend, KY 1803 - 1865
National Register of Historic Places in Boone County, Kentucky
Geography of Boone County, Kentucky
Transportation in Boone County, Kentucky
Ferries of Kentucky
Former buildings and structures in Kentucky
Demolished but still listed on the National Register of Historic Places
1800 establishments in Kentucky
Crossings of the Ohio River
Water transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places
Transportation in Ohio County, Indiana
Transportation in Dearborn County, Indiana
Water transportation in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatt%27s%20Landing%2C%20Kentucky |
London Blues is a novel by Anthony Frewin first published in 1997 about Soho in the late 1950s and early 1960s and in particular about the early days of pornographic movie production in Britain. London Blues is a mystery novel in that it describes not just the dangerous life but also the disappearance of a young photographer in the wake of the Profumo affair.
Plot summary
Tim Purdom is born in 1937 in a small village on the Kentish coast as the illegitimate son of a young woman who dies in her early forties. After her death in 1959, Purdom decides to move to London as he does not have any sense of belonging to his home town any more. He finds cheap accommodation in Bayswater and work in a snack bar in Soho. Purdom is not only a jazz fanatic (his favourite musician is Thelonious Monk) but also an intellectual who reads books and who is interested in what is going on in the world, both politically and culturally. His intellectual pursuits do not go together with his lifestyle or his job. However, without any formal education or money, he is reduced to the kind of life he is leading; but, unambitious by nature, he is quite content with it for the time being.
Very early during his stay in London Purdom is confronted with petty crime through his contact with guests and workmates. When he is offered some extra money by one of the older regulars he tags along with him and suddenly finds himself in a place where "dirty pictures"—which were illegal at the time—are taken. He is then approached by the owner of some adult bookshops and encouraged to become a pornographic photographer himself. The customers like his pictures, which are sold under the counter, and Purdom makes some good money.
He is initiated into the world of private parties where old blue movies of foreign origin are shown to middle-aged upper middle class men in the company of young, attractively made up women. At one of those parties, where he works as the projectionist, he meets a man who later turns out to be Stephen Ward, one of the key figures in what will later be referred to as the Profumo affair. Ward supplies Purdom with a good many "models" for his photographic sessions. Eventually Purdom buys an 8 mm amateur movie camera and starts shooting pornographic movie shorts himself.
His short-lived career is already over in early 1963 when he is told by his employer that the industry has moved on and that cheap Scandinavian imports are now in demand, which are also in colour rather than black and white. Purdom keeps on working at the snack bar and in addition is commissioned to do some serious photography about London for foreign magazines. He has become a respectable citizen with a new girlfriend who does not know anything about the shady business he has left behind. It is then that he feels he is being haunted by his past.
Publication
In an interview, Frewin said about finding a publisher for London Blues, his first novel: "Simon & Schuster were going to go with it but they got cold feet. Nobody really understood it, and I almost gave up trying to get it published. I think the feeling was that it wasn't in a clearly defined genre—it had too many literary pretensions for a sexy thriller, and for a literary novel it was too thrillerish. They felt it was neither fish nor fowl. Most publishers are into genre publishing and they're very conservative."
London Blues was eventually published in 1997 by No Exit Press.
See also
London in fiction
1997 British novels
English novels
Crime novels
Novels set in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Blues |
This is an incomplete list of conspiracy thriller films and TV series.
Films
TV series and miniseries
24
In the television series 24, many seasons plot involved a vast conspiracy from the government. For example, in season 5, terrorist took Ontario airport terminal passenger in hostage to take possession of a deadly gas. CIA had put gas there for terrorist to take it and explode it while in transit in Middle-East, providing a reason for United States to send troops in Middle East. In season 8, President Taylor tried to cover up the Russian involvement in IRK president.
Burn Notice
A 2007 American TV series, airing on the USA Network, following the exploits of Michael Westen, a former covert operative for the American intelligence community who is stranded in his hometown of Miami after a burn notice is put out against him for reasons unknown. Although individual episodes of the series generally focus on Westen's work as an unlicensed private investigator and mercenary, the series' overall story arc involves his investigation of the reasons behind his burn notice and his discovery that he is a pawn in an international conspiracy.
Damages
A 2007 American TV series, airing on the FX cable television network, following the exploits of Ellen Parsons, a naive and idealistic young lawyer who goes to work for Patty Hewes, one of the nation's wealthiest litigators. Told in flashbacks, the series relates Ellen's involvement in Patty's cases against high-flying corporate fraudsters, the murder of her fiancée, and her discovery that Patty can be every bit as ruthless and cruel as her opponents.
Edge of Darkness
A 1985 British miniseries that ran for six episodes, following the exploits of Ronald Craven, a Yorkshire police officer who investigates the brutal murder of his environmentalist daughter and stumbles upon a web of corruption and deceit involving British and American intelligence agencies and revolving around the nuclear power industry.
Kidnapped
A 2006 American TV series that ran for one season of 13 episodes, following the investigation into the kidnapping of Leopold Cain, son of Wall Street billionaire Conrad Cain. Although the case at first appears to involve a simple ransom demand, after the senior Cain brings in a mysterious "retrieval expert" named Knapp and an FBI agent named Latimer King becomes involved, it soon develops that the crime is actually the work of an international conspiracy, and that the motive is vengeance on the Cains themselves.
Law & Order
An American TV series that combines elements of police procedural and legal drama, Law & Order has aired for 19 seasons since its debut in 1990, making it the longest running primetime drama on the television. Although not specifically a "conspiracy thriller" show, many episodes have focused on conspiracy theories taken in whole or in part from real-life news stories, as well as wholly original conspiracy plot lines. These include:
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
A 2001 spinoff of the original Law & Order, this series focuses more on elements of police procedural, with the elements of legal drama associated with other shows in the franchise often almost non-existent. Although not specifically a "conspiracy thriller" show, many episodes have focused on conspiracy theories taken in whole or in part from real-life news stories, as well as wholly original conspiracy plot lines. These include:
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
A 1999 spinoff of the original Law & Order, this series focuses on investigations into sex crimes and crimes against children and the elderly. Although not specifically a "conspiracy thriller" show, several episodes have focused on conspiracy theories taken in whole or in part from real-life news stories, as well as wholly original conspiracy plot lines. These include:
Life
An American police procedural which ran for two seasons and 32 episodes. In it, LAPD officer Charlie Crews, recently exonerated after serving 12 years in prison for a crime he did not commit, is returned to the force and promoted to detective, as well as receiving a sizable settlement. Although individual episodes of the series generally focused on Crews using his unique experiences and Zen Buddhist outlook to solve individual and unrelated murders, the series' overall story arc revolved around his secret investigation of the murders for which he was convicted, and his discovery that they were the result of an intricate conspiracy involving police corruption and the missing multimillion-dollar haul from a violent bank robbery shootout.
Nowhere Man
The series explores the adventures of a photojournalist's efforts to uncover a conspiracy that has consumed his life. While at dinner in a restaurant, Thomas Veil (played by Bruce Greenwood) returns from the restroom to discover that no one knows who he is—including his wife. His entire life seems to have been erased. The only clue he possesses is the negative of a photo he took at a hanging conducted by American soldiers in South America.
Numb3rs
An American police procedural featuring the exploits of FBI special agent Don Eppes (Rob Morrow) and his brother, Professor Charlie Eppes (David Krumholtz), a mathematics prodigy who applies his knowledge to solving crimes. Although not specifically a "conspiracy thriller" show, several episodes have focused on fictional conspiracy theories. These include:
Prison Break
An American TV series, which ran for four seasons and 81 episodes from 2005 to 2009. In it, structural engineer Michael Scofield infiltrates the prison in which his brother, Lincoln Burrows, has been unjustly imprisoned for the murder of the Vice President's brother, a murder he did not commit. Eventually, the two successfully escape along with several other inmates and learn that Lincoln's framing was the work of a shadowy consortium of conspirators called "The Company". The two spend the rest of the series combatting the Company's machinations.
The series was temporarily rebooted for a mini event series (season 5) that aired from 4/04/17-5/30/17, containing 9 episodes, picked up where the original series left off, with one last escape. But this time it's not only escaping from prison, the gang has to escape an entire country with many people hunting them down. Lincoln Burrows hears rumors of his thought to be dead brother, Michael Scofield, might just be alive but living by a different name altogether (Kaniel Outis).
The Prisoner
A British TV series, which ran for one season of 17 episodes from 1967 to 1968. In it, a British secret agent who has recently resigned his position is abducted by unknown forces and taken to a mysterious, idyllic village in an undisclosed location, which is seemingly populated entirely by other former agents of various international intelligence agencies. There, he is designated "Number Six", and a succession of interrogators, known collectively as "Number Two", attempt to extract the reason for his resignation from him via a variety of methods, including 24-hour surveillance, torture, double agents, mind control, hallucinogens, hypnosis, gaslighting, and a series of elaborate confidence tricks.
A Very British Coup
A 1988 British miniseries, based on a novel of the same name by future Member of Parliament Chris Mullin. The series concerns the events following the election of an avowedly socialist Labour Party leader as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on a platform of unilateral nuclear disarmament, withdrawal from NATO, nationalization of major industries, and other policies unacceptable to the power elite. Following his assumption of office, a conspiracy is hatched that includes high-ranking officials of MI5 and MI6, the CIA, and wealthy business moguls, who plot to bring down the Government through subterfuge, rather than violence.
See also
Conspiracy fiction
Assassinations in fiction
References
Lists of films by genre
Thriller films by genre
Conspiracy
Lists of films and television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20conspiracy-thriller%20films%20and%20television%20series |
Recruiting of Indigenous Workers Convention, 1936 is a shelved International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1936, with the preamble stating:
Ratifications
Prior to it being shelved in 2018, the convention was ratified by 33 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1936
Treaties entered into force in 1939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruiting%20of%20Indigenous%20Workers%20Convention%2C%201936 |
Although there was regular contact between practising Buddhists and Europeans in antiquity the former had little direct impact. In the latter half of the 19th century, Buddhism came to the attention of Western intellectuals and during the course of the following century the number of adherents has grown. There are now between 1 and 4 million Buddhists in Europe, the majority in Italy, Germany, Hungary, France and the United Kingdom.
Early history
European contact with Buddhism first began after Alexander the Great's conquest of northwestern India in the 3rd century BC. Greek colonists in the region adopted Indian Buddhism and syncretized it with aspects of their own culture to make Greco-Buddhism, which developed between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in Bactria and the Indian subcontinent. Emperor Ashoka The Great sent Buddhist missionaries to the Hellenistic world, where they established centers in places such as Alexandria on the Caucasus, creating a noted presence in the region.
Modern history
An interest in Buddhism had been circling among academic circles in modern Europe since the 1870s, with philosophers like Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche and esoteric-minded scholars such as Helena Blavatsky. Europe has in recent times been increasingly receptive to Modern Buddhism as an alternative to traditional Buddhist precepts.
Russia, Austria and Italy are the only three European states today that recognize Buddhism as an "official", though not necessarily "state religion" in their respective countries. Hungary also recognizes Buddhism. There are five state-recognized Buddhist churches and one of Europe's largest stupa. On top of that, Russia also recognizes it, along with Islam, Judaism, and Orthodox Christianity, as native to Russian soil in the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. Apart from Siberian Buddhist nations, the Kalmyk people's 17th century migration into Europe has made them today's only traditionally Buddhist nation west of the Ural. They now live in the Republic of Kalmykia, a Russian Republic.
Major Buddhist temples in Europe
Western Europe
Das Buddhistische Haus (engl.: the Buddhist house) is a Theravada Buddhist temple complex (Vihara) in Frohnau, Berlin, Germany. It is considered to be the oldest and largest Theravada Buddhist center in Europe and has been declared a National Heritage site. The main building of Das Buddhistische Haus was designed by the architect Max Meyer for Dr. Paul Dahlke, a German physician who had undertaken a number of trips to Ceylon prior to World War I and became a Buddhist. It incorporates elements of Buddhist culture from several Buddhist traditions and was completed in 1924.[2] Under Dahlke's direction it became a center of Buddhism in Germany. After the war Asoka Weeraratna, founder of the German Dharmaduta Society, became aware of its existence. In December 1957 he bought the building converted it into a Buddhist Vihara. Missionary Buddhist (Dhammaduta) monks, primarily from Sri Lanka, have come to stay at the Haus since 1957. It has now become an important center for spreading the teachings of the Buddha in Western Europe.[4]
In 1982 Vietnamese monk Thich Nhat Hanh and his colleague Sister Chân Không founded Plum Village Monastery (Làng Mai), a monastery and Practice Center in the Dordogne in the south of France. Since the mid 60s he has headed a monastic and lay group, the Order of Inter-Being, teaching the Five and Fourteen Mindfulness Trainings and "Engaged Buddhism." The Plum Village Community of Engaged Buddhism (formerly known as the Unified Buddhist Church) is the legally recognized governing body for Plum Village (Làng Mai) in France.
The Four Dhagpo in France: Since its simple beginnings at Dhagpo Kagyu Ling in 1976, the mandala of the Karma Kagyu lineage in Europe has expanded in accordance with specific instructions left behind by the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa. Placing Gendun Rinpoche in charge and appointing Jigme Rinpoche as his European representative, Gyalwa Karmapa said it was necessary to build a center open to the public, a library, a university, a monastic hermitage and a retreat centre, if an authentic transmission and long term preservation of the Dharma were to take place. Since then Dhagpo Kagyu Ling, Dhagpo Kundreul Ling, Dhagpo Dargye Ling, Dhagpo Dedreul Ling have the role of preserving and transmitting the Buddha's teachings. Together they form a unified whole in which each centre complements the activity of the three others.
Lerab Ling is a Tibetan Buddhist centre founded in 1992 by Sogyal Rinpoche near Lodève in Languedoc-Roussillon, France. It was officially inaugurated by the Dalai Lama in 2008 at a ceremony attended by Carla Bruni-Sarkozy.
Diamond Way Buddhism founded by Hannah Nydhal and Ole Nydahl under the guidance of Trinley Thaye Dorje have undertaken large projects in Western Europe, including "Europe Center" in the German Alps, a 50 hectare historic property that hosts 4000 Buddhists during summer courses; Karma Berchen Ling in Greece where a Kalachakra Stupa was inaugurated in 2010 by Lama Chogdrup Dorje and Ole Nydhal; and Karma Guen in Spain where the first Kalachakra Stupa was built in Europe. In 1994, Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche inaugurated this Stupa together with Ole Nydahl.
Eastern and Central Europe
The largest temple in eastern Europe is the Golden Temple in Elista, the capital of Kalmykia, which was opened in December 2005. Kalmykia is the only Buddhist majority region in Europe. The highest stupa in the area is the 30-meter-high stupa in Zalaszántó, Hungary.
Northern Europe
Samyé Ling monastery in Scotland, which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2007, includes the largest Buddhist temple in western Europe. There is an associated community on Holy Isle which is owned by Samyé Ling who belong to the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The settlements on the island include the Centre for World Peace and Health and a retreat centre for nuns. Samyé Ling has also established centres in more than 20 countries, including Belgium, Ireland, Poland, South Africa, Spain and Switzerland.
The first stupa of Northern Europe was built by Vello Vaartnou and Estonian Buddhist Brotherhood (also Estonian Nyingma) in 1983 in Estonia. In 1984-85 three more stupas were built, and in 2009, the 5th stupa in Estonia (10 m high) was built by Vaartnou and Estonian Nyingma Buddhists.
Southern Europe
In Spain, Buddhism began to become visible in the late 1970s, brought from other parts of Europe, especially France. In 2007, the Government of Spain recognized Buddhism as notorio arraigo ("notorious rooted" religion), obtaining official consideration. The first schools in the country were Zen (thanks to Maestro Antonio Shoten Orellana, who founded the first center, Dojo Zen in Seville, 1976, Dokushô Villalba, Denkō Mesa, and other monks) and Kagyu (from Akong Rinpoche's visit to Barcelona in 1977, invited by Lama Tsondru Zangmo). Currently, the Buddhist schools with the most presence in Spain are Tibetan Buddhism in first place (64,20%), and Zen in second place (23,30%). In 2013 were estimated 40,000 assiduous practitioners of Buddhism in Spain.
Also in 1977 there was the first visit to Ibiza by the lamas Thubten Yeshé and Zopa Rinpoche, promoters of the network of Tibetan centers of the Gelugpa school, who took the name of Nagarjuna.
There are several centers in all the big cities of the country. In the mountains of the Aragonese Pyrenees is Dag Shang Kagyü (DSK), a monastery founded by Kalu Rinpoche in 1984. Sakya Tashi Ling is a monastery located near Barcelona, founded in 1977. In 1998 the Samye Dechi Ling monastery was founded in the province of Girona. The O Sel Ling monastery is located on the southern slope of Sierra Nevada, Granada. In all of them it is allowed to practice the long term retreats.
The first stupa to be built in Spain was the O Sel Ling stupa in 1990. With 33 m (108 feet) high, in 2003 the Enlightenment Stupa was built as the final project of Teacher Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche. Both stupas are located in Andalusia.
The International Center for Buddhist Studies near Pedreguer in the Alicante region of Spain, built in 2006, is a Sakya Buddhist monastery. It is managed by the Sakya Foundation and led by the Sakya Trizin. The resident teacher at the monastery is . It is worth highlighting Ediciones Dharma, the main Buddhist publishing house in Spain.
In Italy there's a vast representation of Buddhist traditions: most of them are registered with the Unione Buddista Italiana. Historically Asia has been a major object of interest both for the Catholic church (i.e. the Jesuit Asia missions) and the Italian merchants (i.e. Marco Polo) which made Buddhism a major academic topic for a long time. For these reasons in 1732 the Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" was founded in Naples, specifically focusing on Asia: still today is one of the world most prestigious Universities on the topic. Buddhism as a religion has begun finding some roots in Italy since the 1930s thanks to the work of the great tibetologist Giuseppe Tucci. In 1960 Tucci brought to Italy the Tibetan tulku Chögyal Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche to teach Tibetan language at "L'Orientale" University. Years later the same Tibetan Lama established his own Dharma center in Tuscany naming it Merigar, of international renown. Tuscany also host the Istituto Lama Tsong Khapa, another very important international Buddhist center under the patronage of Lama Zopa Rinpoche, attracting in the area Buddhist leaders like the XIV Dalai Lama and academic scholars interested in the dialogue with Buddhism (i.e. B. Alan Wallace's CCR ). Many other Buddhist traditions have established in Italy in the last 40 years, from Theravada (i.e. Santacittarama) to Zen, etc.
See also
Buddhism in the West
Buddhism by country
Buddhism in Kalmykia
Buddhist modernism
References
Bibliography
Baumann, Martin (2001). Global Buddhism: Developmental Periods, Regional Histories, and a New Analytical Perspective, Journal of Global Buddhism 2, 1-43
Offermanns, J. (2005). Debates on atheism, quietism, and sodomy: the initial reception of Buddhism in Europe. Journal of Global Buddhism 6, 16-35
Koné, A. (2001). Zen in Europe: a survey of the territory. Journal of Global Buddhism 2, 139-161
External links
Baumann, Martin (2001). Buddhism in Europe, Annotated Bibliography
Pew Research Center (18 December 2012). Religious Composition by Country 2010
Das Buddhistische Haus ( Berlin Buddhist Vihara) in Berlin - Frohnau, Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism%20in%20Europe |
Richard Albert Van Arsdale (born February 22, 1943) is an American former professional basketball player and coach, and a current National Basketball Association (NBA) executive.
College career
A graduate of Emmerich Manual High School in Indianapolis, Van Arsdale played collegiately at Indiana University under longtime head coach Branch McCracken. At Indiana, Van Arsdale averaged 17.2 points and 10 rebounds per game over his collegiate career. In 1963-64, he was named to the All-Big Ten team after averaging 22.3 points and 12.4 rebounds per game in his second year with the Hoosiers.
Professional career
He was selected by the New York Knicks in the second round of the 1965 NBA draft, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Team in 1966, together with his identical twin brother Tom.
Van Arsdale played in the NBA for twelve seasons; three with the Knicks and the remainder with the Phoenix Suns (their first selection in the 1968 expansion draft). Van Arsdale, a three-time All-Star, was consistently one of the best free throw shooters in professional basketball. He retired from the NBA in 1977 and is remembered in Phoenix basketball lore as the "original Sun".
Post-playing career
Van Arsdale later became the Suns' general manager; he is currently the team's senior vice president of player personnel. Following the firing of John MacLeod in February 1987, he was the interim head coach for that season's final 26 games.
Personal life
He is the identical twin brother of Tom Van Arsdale. The twins played together through college and again in Phoenix during the 1976–77 season, the final for both.
References
External links
Basketball-Reference.com: Dick Van Arsdale (as coach)
Phoenix Suns History: Dick Van Arsdale
1943 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball players from Indianapolis
Identical twins
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association executives
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
New York Knicks draft picks
New York Knicks players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Phoenix Suns announcers
Phoenix Suns expansion draft picks
Phoenix Suns head coaches
Phoenix Suns players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
American twins
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Van%20Arsdale |
The 35th NAACP Image Awards ceremony, presented by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), honored the best in film, television, music of 2003 and took place on March 6, 2004 at the Universal Amphitheatre.
The following is a listing of nominees, with winners in bold:
Winners
Film
Outstanding Motion Picture
The Fighting Temptations
Bad Boys II
Bend It Like Beckham
Deliver Us from Eva
Whale Rider
Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Cuba Gooding Jr. - Radio
Samuel L. Jackson- S.W.A.T.
Will Smith- Bad Boys II
Denzel Washington- Out of Time
Laurence Fishburne- The Matrix Revolutions
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
Queen Latifah - Bringing Down the House
Halle Berry- Gothika
Beyoncé- The Fighting Temptations
Keisha Castle-Hughes- Whale Rider
Gabrielle Union- Deliver Us from Eva
Outstanding Supporting Actor: Morgan Freeman - Bruce Almighty
Outstanding Supporting Actress: Alfre Woodard - Radio
Television
Outstanding Comedy Series
The Bernie Mac Show
Girlfriends
Half & Half
Whoopi
My Wife and Kids
Outstanding Drama Series
Soul Food
24
Boston Public
CSI: Miami
The Wire
Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series
Bernie Mac- The Bernie Mac Show
Dave Chappelle- The Chappelle Show
George Lopez- The George Lopez Show
Flex Alexander- One on One
Damon Wayans- My Wife and Kids
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series
Mo'Nique- The Parkers
Tisha Campbell-Martin- My Wife and Kids
Tracee Ellis Ross- Girlfriends
Kellita Smith- The Bernie Mac Show
Whoopi Goldberg- Whoopi
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Dorien Wilson- The Parkers
Chico Benymon- Half & Half
Blair Underwood- Sex and the City
George O. Gore II- My Wife and Kids
Jeremy Suarez- The Bernie Mac Show
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Camille Winbush- The Bernie Mac Show
Dee Dee Davis- The Bernie Mac Show
Kyla Pratt- One on One
Telma Hopkins- Half & Half
Valarie Pettiford- Half & Half
Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Steve Harris- The Practice
Gary Dourdan- CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Jesse L. Martin- Law & Order
Dennis Haysbert- 24
Wendell Pierce- The Wire
Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series
Nia Long- Third Watch
Nicole Ari Parker- Soul Food
C. C. H. Pounder- The Shield
Malinda Williams- Soul Food
Vanessa A. Williams- Soul Food
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Mekhi Phifer- ER
Darrin Henson- Soul Food
Dulé Hill- The West Wing
Boris Kodjoe- Soul Food
Ice-T- Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Loretta Devine- Boston Public
Vanessa Bell Calloway- The District
Pam Grier- Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Terri J. Vaughn- Soul Food
Anna Deavere Smith- The District
Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear
Good Fences
Jasper, Texas
Deacons for Defense
Sounder
Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
Charles S. Dutton- D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fear
Ossie Davis- Deacons for Defense
Louis Gossett Jr.- Jasper, Texas
Forest Whitaker- Deacons for Defense
Danny Glover- Good Fences
Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
Whoopi Goldberg- Good Fences
Suzzanne Douglas- Sounder
Mo'Nique- Good Fences
Vanessa Ferlito- Undefeated
Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series
Kristoff St. John- The Young and the Restless
Tyler Christopher- General Hospital
Keith Hamilton Cobb- The Young and the Restless
James Reynolds- Days of Our Lives
Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series
Victoria Rowell- The Young and the Restless
Tracey Ross- Passions
Tamara Tunie- As the World Turns
Renée Elise Goldsberry- One Life to Live
Tonya Lee Williams- The Young and the Restless
Outstanding News/Information – Series or Special
Judge Mathis
106 & Park Top 10 Live
American Experience
Brother Outsider: The Life of Bayard Rustin
Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives
Outstanding Variety – Series or Special
The 2003 Essence Awards
BET Awards 2003
The 11th Annual Trumpet Awards
Chappelle's Show
Def Poetry Jam
Outstanding Performance by a Youth (Series, Special, Television Movie or Limited-series)
Raven-Symoné- That's So Raven
Tommy Davidson- The Proud Family
Kyla Pratt- The Proud Family
Cree Summer- All Grown Up!
Lynn Whitfield- The Cheetah Girls
Music
Outstanding New Artist
Ruben Studdard
Beyoncé
Byron Cage
Anthony Hamilton
Heather Headley
Outstanding Male Artist
Luther Vandross
Mos Def
Gerald Levert
Musiq Soulchild
Seal
Outstanding Female Artist
Alicia Keys
Beyoncé
Mary J. Blige
Aretha Franklin
Heather Headley
Outstanding Duo or Group
OutKast
Mary J. Blige and Eve
The Neptunes
The Roots
Outstanding Jazz Artist
Ramsey Lewis
Outstanding Gospel Artist
Donnie McClurkin
Shirley Caesar
Byron Cage
Bishop TD Jakes and The Potter's House Mass Choir
Vickie Winans
Outstanding Music Video
Luther Vandross- Dance with My Father"
Beyoncé - Crazy in Love
India Arie-"The Truth"
Outkast- Hey Ya!
Outkast- The Way You Move
References
N
N
N
NAACP Image Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th%20NAACP%20Image%20Awards |
Reduction of Hours of Work (Public Works) Convention, 1936 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1936, with the preamble stating:
Withdrawn
The convention was never brought into force, and was withdrawn at the ILO General Conference May 30, 2000.
Ratifications
The convention was not ratified by any states.
External links
Text.
International Labour Organization conventions
Working time
Treaties concluded in 1936
Treaties not entered into force
1936 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction%20of%20Hours%20of%20Work%20%28Public%20Works%29%20Convention%2C%201936 |
Columbia Island (formerly Little Pea Island), is an island in the Long Island Sound and part of New Rochelle, New York. It is situated off the south-eastern coast of Davids Island, immediately adjacent to Pea Island. Before sea walls and other structures were built on the island, the exposed rock varied in size from about one acre to 175 square feet depending on the tide.
It was once owned by the Iselin family who sold it to the Huguenot Yacht Club along with Pea Island in 1936. Three years later, the club sold Little Pea Island to the Columbia Broadcasting System, which appropriately renamed it "Columbia". As a result of engineering surveys designating the area around New Rochelle and Port Washington on Long Island Sound as the ideal locality for a radio transmitter to serve the metropolitan New York area, new stations were constructed on these sites by both the Columbia ("CBS") and National ("NBC") broadcasting systems in 1940. CBS purchased the island as the site for a new broadcast antenna tower for WCBS (then known by the call sign WABC).
CBS spent approximately $500,000 to construct the transmitter building with emergency housing for ten workers, and the 410-foot (125 m) broadcast tower. The station contained a 50,000-watt transmitter housed in a copper-walled building. There also was a 5,000-watt transmitter unit for emergency use. Electric power was supplied through two submarine cables, which were connected to separate power plants to prevent interruption of service. Emergency generators were installed on the island for protection against power failure. The men who operated the station lived within a grounded metal shell under which were living quarters for engineers, workshops, electrical units that supplied tube voltages, and the backup generator. The transmitter remained in operation until 1963, when it became obsolete, and the station was moved to nearby High Island.
CBS work to build a high-power broadcasting station included drilling through bedrock to a source of fresh water, found at a depth of .
The island was then purchased by the show-business couple Peter Lind Hayes and Mary Healy, who broadcast a breakfast conversation show from their home there. It was part of a package that included a strip of waterfront property, a speedboat, and a tugboat. The couple later gave the island to the College of New Rochelle. In 2005, the then-current owner of the island sought to demolish the old transmitter building and replace it with a private residence.
Pathologist Al Sutton bought Columbia Island in 2007. To make the island more livable, he constructed an off-the-grid "green" home within the concrete building with solar panels. In June 2019, Columbia Island and nearby Pea Island were jointly put on sale with a list price of $13 million. According to The New York Times, Sutton described the property as a "money pit", constantly needed more money to maintain. Sutton spent $8 million on the property.
References
External links
(GNIS) - Columbia Island
Google - Map / Satellite image
NYHometown Locator - Columbia Island / Map
Jim Hawkins WCBS WFAN Transmitter Tour
Geography of New Rochelle, New York
Long Island Sound
Islands of Westchester County, New York
Islands of New York (state)
Private islands of New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%20Island%20%28New%20York%29 |
The modern form of the piano, which emerged in the late 19th century, is a very different instrument from the pianos for which earlier classical piano literature was originally composed. The modern piano has a heavy metal frame, thick strings made of top-grade steel, and a sturdy action with a substantial touch weight. These changes have created a piano with a powerful tone that carries well in large halls, and which produces notes with a very long sustain time. The contrast with earlier instruments, particularly those of the 18th century (with light wooden frames, lightly sprung actions, and short sustain time) is very noticeable. These changes have given rise to interpretive questions and controversies about performing earlier literature on modern pianos, particularly since recent decades have seen the revival of historical instruments for concert use.
Background
The earliest pianos by Cristofori (ca. 1700) were lightweight objects, hardly sturdier in framing than a contemporary harpsichord, with thin strings of low tensile strength iron and brass and small, lightweight hammers. During the Classical era, when pianos first became used widely by important composers, the piano was only somewhat more robust than in Cristofori's time; see fortepiano. It was during the period from about 1790 to 1870 that most of the important changes were made that created the modern piano:
An increase in pitch range, from five octaves (see image at right) to the modern standard of seven and 1/3 octaves.
iron framing, culminating in the single-piece cast iron frame
ultra-tough steel strings, with three strings per note in the upper 2/3 of the instrument's range
felt hammers
cross-stringing
in general, an enormous increase in weight and robustness. A modern Steinway Model D weighs 480 kg (990 lb), about six times the weight of a late 18th-century Stein piano.
The hammers and action became much heavier so that the touch (key weight) of a modern piano is several times heavier than that of an 18th-century piano.
The prototype of the modern piano, with all of these changes in place, was exhibited to general acclaim by Steinway at the Paris exhibition of 1867; by about 1900, most leading piano manufacturers had incorporated most of these changes.
These huge changes in the piano have somewhat vexing consequences for musical performance. The problem is that much of the most widely admired piano repertoire was composed for a type of instrument that is very different from the modern instruments on which this music is normally performed today. The greatest difference is in the pianos used by the composers of the Classical era; for example, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. But lesser difference are found for later composers as well. The music of the early Romantics, such as Chopin and Schumann—and even of still later composers (see below) --was written for pianos substantially different from ours.
One view that is sometimes taken is that these composers were dissatisfied with their pianos, and in fact were writing visionary "music of the future" with a more robust sound in mind. This view is perhaps plausible in the case of Beethoven, who composed at the beginning of the era of piano growth. However, many aspects of earlier music can be mentioned suggesting that it was composed very much with contemporary instruments in mind. It is these aspects that raise the greatest difficulties when a performer attempts to render earlier works on a modern instrument.
Sources of difficulty
Sustain time
The modern piano has a considerably greater sustain time than the classical-era piano. Thus, notes played in accompaniment lines will stay loud longer, and thus cover up any subsequent melodic notes more than they would have on the instrument that the composer had used. This is felt to be a particular impediment to realizing the characteristic textural clarity of Classical-era works. As an anonymous commentator (see References below) writes, "[the] earlier instruments all demonstrate a lighter and clearer sound than their modern counterparts. Lines can emerge more clearly; rapid passages and ornaments are more easily enunciated by instruments whose main purpose is not volume and power."
Pedal marks in Classical-era works
During the Classical era, the damper pedal was generally not used as it is in later music; that is, as a more or less constant amplification and modulation of the basic piano sound. Instead, pedaling was employed as a particular expressive effect, applied to certain individual musical passages.
Classical composers sometimes wrote long passages in which the player is directed to keep the damper pedal down throughout. One example occurs in Haydn's Piano Sonata H. XVI/50, from 1794-1795; and two later well-known instances occur in Beethoven's work: in the last movement of the "Waldstein" sonata, Op. 53; and the entire first movement of the "Moonlight" sonata, Op. 27 No. 2. Because of the great sustain time of a modern piano, these passages sound very blurred and dissonant if the pedal is pressed all the way down and held for the duration of the passage. Thus, modern pianists typically modify their playing style to help compensate for the difference in instruments, for example by lifting the pedal discreetly (and often partially), or by half or quarter-pedaling. For further discussion of such modifications, see Piano Sonata No. 14 (Beethoven).
Ensemble issues
Pianos are often played in chamber ensembles with string instruments, which also evolved considerably during the 19th century. Charles Rosen, in The Classical Style (p. 353) offers a clear characterization of the problems that arise in Classical-era works:
"Instrumental changes since the eighteenth century have made a problem out of the balance of sound in ... all chamber music with piano. Violin necks (including, of course, even those of the Stradivariuses and Guarneris) have been lengthened, making the strings tauter; the bows are used today with hairs considerably tighter as well. The sound is a good deal more brilliant, fatter, and more penetrating. ... The piano, in turn, has become louder, richer, even mushier in sound, and, above all, less wiry and metallic. This change makes nonsense out of all those passages in eighteenth-century music where the violin and the piano play the same melody in thirds, with the violin below the piano. Both the piano and the violin are now louder, but the piano is less piercing, the violin more. Violinists today have to make an effort of self-sacrifice to allow the piano to sing out softly ... The thinner sound of the violin in Haydn's day blended more easily with the metallic sonority of the contemporary piano and made it possible for each to accompany the other without strain."
The una corda pedal
The una corda pedal is also called the "soft pedal". On grand pianos (both modern and historical), it shifts the action sideways, so that the hammers do not strike every string of a note. (There are normally three strings, except in the lower range.)
On the modern piano, the soft pedal can only reduce the number of strings struck from three to two, whereas the pianos of the classical era were more flexible, permitting the player to select whether the hammers would strike three strings, two, or just one. The very term "una corda", Italian for "one-string", is thus an anachronism as applied to modern pianos.
In two of his best-known works for piano Beethoven made full use of the capabilities of the "una corda" stop.
In the Piano Sonata, Op. 101 (1816), he marks the beginning of the third movement with the words "Mit einer Saite", German for "on one string". At the end of this movement, there is a passage that forms a continuous transition to the following movement. Here, Beethoven writes "Nach und nach mehrere Saite", "gradually more strings".
More elaborate instructions are given in the second movement of the Fourth Piano Concerto: during a long crescendo trill at the start of the cadenza, "due e poi tre corde", Italian for "two and then three strings" (the movement up to this point has been played una corda). The effect is reversed on a long decrescendo trill at the end of the cadenza: "due poi una corda".
Concerning the Fourth Piano Concerto example, Owen Jander has written, "the una corda on [the type of piano for which Beethoven wrote the concerto] is hauntingly beautiful and evocative. To shift the action from the una corda position to the full tre-corde position produces only a slight increase in volume; what is exciting is the unfolding of the timbre of the instrument."
Historically informed performance
Not all performers attempt to adapt the older music to the modern instruments: participants in the historically informed performance movement have constructed new copies of the old instruments (or occasionally, restored originals) and used them in performance. This form of musical exploration, which has been widely pursued the music of the Classical era, has provided important new insights and interpretations of the music. It has also made it possible to get a clearer idea of what a Classical composer meant in specifying particular pedaling directions; thus, performances of Beethoven's works on historical pianos can and typically do respect the composer's own pedal marks.
Differences in pianos used by later composers
Although most of the scholarly focus on differences in pianos covers the Classical era, it is also true that even in the Romantic era—and later— the pianos for which the great composers wrote were not the same as the pianos that are generally used today in performing their music.
Brahms
One example is the last piano owned by Johannes Brahms. This instrument was made in 1868 by the Streicher firm, which was run by the descendants of the great pioneer 18th-century maker Johann Andreas Stein. It was given by the Streicher company to Brahms in 1873 and was kept and used by him for composition until his death in 1897. The piano was evidently destroyed during the Second World War. Piano scholar Edwin Good (1986; see References below) has examined a very similar Streicher piano made in 1870, with the goal of finding out more about Brahms's instrument. This 1870 Streicher has leather (not felt) hammers, a rather light metal frame (with just two tension bars), a range of just seven octaves (four notes short of the modern range), straight- (rather than cross-) stringing, and a rather light Viennese action, a more robust version of the kind created a century earlier by Stein.
Good observes (p. 201): "the tone, especially in the bass, is open, has relatively strong higher partials than a Steinway would have, and gives a somewhat distinct, though not hard, sound." He goes on to note the implications of these differences for the performance of Brahms's music:
"to hear Brahms's music on an instrument like the Streicher is to realize that the thick textures we associate with his work, the sometimes muddy chords in the bass and the occasionally woolly sonorities, come cleaner and clearer on a lighter, straight-strung piano. Those textures, then, are not a fault of Brahms's piano composition. To be sure, any sensitive pianist can avoid making Brahms sound murky on a modern piano. The point is that the modern pianist must strive to avoid that effect, must work at lightening the dark colors, where Brahms himself, playing his Streicher, did not have to work at it."
Although the revival of later such 19th-century pianos has not been pursued to anywhere near the extent seen in the Classical fortepiano, the effort has from time to time been made; for instance, the pianist Jörg Demus has issued a recording of Brahms's works as performed on pianos of his day.
Ravel
Good (1986) also describes an 1894 piano made by the Erard company of Paris. This instrument is straight- (not cross-) strung, has only seven octaves, and uses iron bracing but not a full-frame. According to Good (p. 216) "[while], some Erards were equal in volume and richness of Steinways and Bechsteins...the "typical" Erard sound was lighter than that of its competitors." He goes on to say "though Claude Debussy preferred the Bechstein, Maurice Ravel liked the glassy sound of the Erard."
Thus, even for major composers of the first part of the 20th century, the possibility exists that performers might profitably experiment with what would count as "authentic" pianos, in light of the particular composer's own musical preferences. To this end the pianist Gwendolyn Mok has recently made commercial recordings of Ravel's music on an 1875 Erard piano; see External Links below.
See also
Historically informed performance
Bartolomeo Cristofori
Fortepiano
Piano
Piano pedals
Piano wire
Notes
References
Banowetz, Joseph (1985) The Pianist's Guide to Pedaling. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Luca Chiantore (2019) Tone Moves: A History of Piano Technique. Barcelona: Musikeon Books.
Good, Edwin (1982) Giraffes, Black Dragons, and Other Pianos: A Technological History from Cristofori to the Modern Grand. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Jander, Owen (1985) "Beethoven's 'Orpheus in Hades': the Andante con moto of the Fourth Piano Concerto," Nineteenth-Century Music 8:195-212.
Libin, Kathryn Shanks (1993) Review of Newman (1988). Notes, Second Series, 49:998-999A. critique of Newman's coverage of the capabilities of the pianos of Beethoven's day.
Newman, William (1988) Beethoven on Beethoven: Playing his piano music his way. New York: W. W. Norton.
Rosen, Charles (1997) The Classical Style, 2nd ed. New York: Norton.
Rosen, Charles (2002) Beethoven's Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion. New Haven: Yale University Press. This volume includes extended discussion of the role of the pedal in Beethoven's piano music, along with guidance in how to use the pedal of modern instruments in performing these works.
The words of the anonymous commentator cited above appear as annotation material for a recording of Mozart's piano music (K. 330, 331, 540, 281, 570, 574) performed by fortepianist Malcolm Bilson and issued by Golden Crest Records (CRS-4097).
External links
Web site of pianist Gwendolyn Mok, with a discussion of her recordings of Ravel on an Erard piano.
Video: Fortepianist Malcolm Bilson demonstrates the use of the fortepiano's soft pedal in playing one, two, or three strings per note.
Calgary, Alberta: Home of the Cantos Music Foundation - This interactive collection of historical musical instruments must be seen.
Piano
Piano | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%20history%20and%20musical%20performance |
Haemadipsidae (From Greek "haima" and "dipsa" ("blood" and "thirst", respectively)) are a family of jawed leeches. They are a monophyletic group of hirudiniform proboscisless leeches. These leeches have five pairs of eyes, with the last two separated by two eyeless segments. The family is monotypic, containing only the subfamily Haemadipsinae, though as the family can apparently be divided into two or three distinct lineages, at least one of the proposed splits, while not a distinct family, might be a valid subfamily.
Haemadipsids have two or three jaws. The two-jawed (duognathous) species were classified in a number of largely monotypic or non-monophyletic genera, so they were placed into a single monophyletic genus called Chtonobdella.
To increase grip, their caudal suckers have textured "friction" or "sucker" rays.
Commonly known as jawed land leeches, these annelids are known from subtropical and tropical regions around the Indian and Pacific Ocean. Well-known Haemadipsidae are for example the Indian Leech (Haemadipsa sylvestris) and the yamabiru or Japanese Mountain Leech (Haemadipsa zeylanica). Members of the family feed on blood, except Idiobdella which has adapted to eat small snails.
The other notable group of jawed blood-sucking leeches are the aquatic Hirudinidae. The Xerobdellidae are sometimes included in the Haemadipsidae, but their status as a distinct family is supported by sequence analysis of the nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA and mitochondrial COI genes as well as the anatomy of their sexual organs and nephridia; the latter are located at the belly rather than along the body sides as in the Haemadipsidae proper. All Xerobdellidae have three jaws.
Haemadipsidae probably originated in the Triassic, more than 150 million years ago (mya). The diversification of the large Asian genus Haemadipsa probably did not take place until the Eocene, about 50 mya.
Because members of this family are terrestrial, feed on vertebrate blood, and digest blood meals fairly slowly, they are used in invertebrate-derived environmental DNA (eDNA) research. By extracting DNA from leech guts and sequencing vertebrate-specific genes, it is possible to identify which vertebrate the leech in question has fed upon, and therefore what animals are in the surrounding habitat. This methodology can be complementary to camera trap biodiversity surveys, which often undercount smaller animals.
Genera
Chtonobdella Grube, 1866
Diestecostoma Vaillant, 1890
Domanibdella Richardson, 1974
Geobdella de Blainville, 1827
Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859
Hygrobdella Caballero, 1940
Idiobdella Harding, 1913
Leiobdella Richardson, 1974
Malagabdella Richardson, 1975
Mesobdella Blanchard, 1893
Neoterrabdella Richardson, 1969
Nesophilaemon Nybelin, 1942
Philaemon Lambert, 1898
Planobdella Blanchard, 1894
Sinospelaeobdella Liu, Huang & Liu, 2019
Tritetrabdella Moore, 1928
Footnotes
References
https://translate.google.com/#en/el/thirst, https://translate.google.com/#en/el/blood
External links
Japanese Mountain Leech video on YouTube
Leeches
Annelid families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemadipsidae |
William Emmerson (born October 28, 1945) is a former Republican California State Senator who represented the 23rd district in Riverside County. He previously represented the 37th Senate District, having been elected in a June 8, 2010, special election and sworn into office the next day. Preceding his tenure in the State Senate, Emmerson served as California State Assemblyman from the District 63 representing the counties of Riverside and San Bernardino, having been first elected in November 2004.
Early life and education
Born in Oakland, California, his family moved to Orange County when his father opened a dental practice in Corona Del Mar, then moved again to Riverside County, where he attended high school.
Emmerson received a B.A. degree in history and political science from La Sierra University in Riverside, California. He then studied public administration at American University in Washington, D.C., while working as an aide for Congressman Jerry Pettis. Emmerson moved back to California and joined the staff of the Assembly Majority Leader W. Craig Biddle, where he worked from 1969 to 1974 while also continuing his post graduate studies at California State University, Sacramento.
Career
He then enrolled in The School of Dentistry of Loma Linda University. Upon graduating with his D.D.S. (1980) and M.S. (1982) degrees, Emmerson embarked upon a 26-year orthodontic practice in Hemet. He served as president of Tri-County Dental Society, chair of the California Dental Association's Council on Legislation, and chair of the Association's Political Action Committee.
Volunteer work
Emmerson helped to establish the dental hygiene program at Riverside Community College and to rehabilitate Redlands Fire Station 1, and served on the alumni association of Loma Linda University. He is active in the Kiwanis Club of Hemet, and he serves as a board member on the Ramona Bowl Advisory Board and as a volunteer with the Kiwanis Club of Redlands and Redlands Bicycle Classic.
Personal life
Bill and his wife, Nan, have two daughters, Kate and Caroline.
References
Pratte, Bob. "A capitol friend," The Press-Enterprise, November 4, 2004
External links
Join California Bill Emmerson
1945 births
American dentists
American Seventh-day Adventists
American University School of Public Affairs alumni
Republican Party California state senators
California State University, Sacramento alumni
Legislative staff
Living people
La Sierra University alumni
Loma Linda University alumni
Republican Party members of the California State Assembly
People from Redlands, California
Politicians from Oakland, California
People from San Bernardino County, California
21st-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Emmerson |
Alpha-thalassemia (α-thalassemia, α-thalassaemia) is a form of thalassemia involving the genes HBA1 and HBA2. Thalassemias are a group of inherited blood conditions which result in the impaired production of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood. Normal hemoglobin consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains; in alpha-thalassemia, there is a quantitative decrease in the amount of alpha chains, resulting in fewer normal hemoglobin molecules. Furthermore, alpha-thalassemia leads to the production of unstable beta globin molecules which cause increased red blood cell destruction. The degree of impairment is based on which clinical phenotype is present (how many genes are affected).
Signs and symptoms
The presentation of individuals with alpha-thalassemia consists of:
Cause
Alpha-thalassemias are most commonly inherited in a Mendelian recessive manner. They are also associated with deletions of chromosome 16p. Alpha thalassemia can also be acquired under rare circumstances.
Pathophysiology
The mechanism sees that α thalassemias results in decreased alpha-globin production, therefore fewer alpha-globin chains are produced, resulting in an excess of β chains in adults and excess γ chains in newborns. The excess β chains form unstable tetramers called hemoglobin H or HbH of four beta chains. The excess γ chains form tetramers which are poor carriers of O2 since their affinity for O2 is too high, so it is not dissociated in the periphery. Homozygote α0 thalassaemias, where numerous γ4 but no α-globins occur at all (referred to as Hb Barts), often result in death soon after birth.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia is primarily by laboratory evaluation and molecular diagnosis. Alpha-thalassemia can be mistaken for iron-deficiency anaemia on a full blood count or blood film, as both conditions have a microcytic anaemia. Serum iron and serum ferritin can be used to exclude iron-deficiency anaemia.
Types
Two genetic loci exist for α globin, thus four alleles are in diploid cells. Two alleles are maternal and two alleles are paternal in origin. The severity of the α-thalassemias is correlated with the number of affected α-globin alleles: the greater, the more severe will be the manifestations of the disease. When noting the genotype, an "α" indicates a functional alpha chain, and '-' a pathological one.
Laboratory diagnosis
The ability to measure hemoglobin Barts makes it useful in newborn screening tests. If hemoglobin Barts is detected on a newborn screen, the patient is usually referred for further evaluation since detection of hemoglobin Barts can indicate either one alpha globin gene deletion, making the baby a silent alpha thalassemia carrier, two alpha globin gene deletions (alpha thalassemia), or hemoglobin H disease (three alpha globin gene deletions).
Deletion of four alpha globin genes was previously felt to be incompatible with life, but there are currently 69 patients who have survived past infancy. All such children too show high level of hemoglobin Barts on newborn screen along with other variants.
Post-newborn ages, initial laboratory diagnosis should include a complete blood count and red blood cell indices. As well, a peripheral blood smear should be carefully reviewed. In hemoglobin H disease, red blood cells containing hemoglobin H inclusions can be visualized on the blood smear using new methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue stain.
Hemoglobin analysis is important for the diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia as it determines the types and percentages of types of hemoglobin present. Several different methods of hemoglobin analysis exist, including hemoglobin electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography.
Molecular analysis of DNA sequences (DNA analysis) can be used for the confirmation of a diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia, particularly for the detection of alpha-thalassemia carriers (deletions or mutations in only one or two alpha-globin genes).
Treatment
Treatment for alpha-thalassemia may include blood transfusions to maintain hemoglobin at a level that reduces symptoms of anemia. The decision to initiate transfusions depends on the clinical severity of the disease. Splenectomy is a possible treatment option to increase total hemoglobin levels in cases of worsening anemia due to an overactive or enlarged spleen, or when transfusion therapy is not possible. However, splenectomy is avoided when other options are available due to an increased risk of serious infections and thrombosis.
Additionally, gallstones may be a problem that would require surgery. Secondary complications from febrile episode should be monitored, and most individuals live without any need for treatment. Additionally, stem cell transplantation should be considered as a treatment (and cure), which is best done in early age. Other options, such as gene therapy, are still being developed.
A study by Kreger et al combining a retrospective review of three cases of alpha thalassemia major and a literature review of 17 cases found that in utero transfusion can lead to favorable outcomes. Successful hematopoietic cell transplantation was eventually carried out in four patients.
Epidemiology
Worldwide distribution of inherited alpha-thalassemia corresponds to areas of malaria exposure, suggesting a protective role. Thus, alpha-thalassemia is common in sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, and generally tropical (and subtropical) regions. The epidemiology of alpha-thalassemia in the US reflects this global distribution pattern. More specifically, HbH disease is seen in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, while Hb Bart hydrops fetalis is acknowledged in Southeast Asia only.
The data indicate that 15% of the Greek and Turkish Cypriots are carriers of beta-thalassaemia genes, while 10% of the population carry alpha-thalassaemia genes.
See also
Beta-thalassemia
Delta-thalassemia
Hemoglobinopathy
References
Further reading
External links
Disorders of globin and globulin proteins
Hereditary hemolytic anemias | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-thalassemia |
Freedom from the Known is a book by Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986), originally published 1969.
About the work
The book contains excerpts from previously unpublished Krishnamurti talks selected and edited by Mary Lutyens. Lutyens was one of his authorized biographers and a lifelong friend.
Select editions
See also
Jiddu Krishnamurti bibliography
References
External links
Freedom from the Known – J. Krishnamurti Online [JKO]. Web document serial no./id: JKO 237. Krishnamurti Foundations. "J. Krishnamurti Online, the official repository of the authentic teachings of Jiddu Krishnamurti." Retrieved 2011-03-04.
Freedom from the Known – Book download page from Theosophy World Resource Centre.
1969 non-fiction books
Books by Jiddu Krishnamurti
Philosophy books
Harper & Row books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20from%20the%20Known |
Liscard and Poulton railway station was located in Wallasey, Wirral, Cheshire and was an intermediate station on the Seacombe branch of the Wirral Railway.
History
The station opened to passengers on 1 June 1895, hosting regular passenger services to Wrexham, Chester, West Kirby and New Brighton. The station consisted of an island platform, located deep in a sandstone cutting accessed from a road bridge on Mill Lane, with a booking office at street level. A coal siding with an adjoining sloping approach road were also located at the station.
Passenger numbers were poor, although the line was also regularly used by goods traffic. When the majority of the Wirral Railway was electrified in 1938, the Seacombe branch was omitted.
Closure
The station was closed to passengers on 4 January 1960, although the line did continue to serve goods trains up until 1963. The route was then used to form the approach road to the Kingsway (Wallasey) Tunnel.
References
Further reading
Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Former Wirral Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1895
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960
Wallasey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liscard%20and%20Poulton%20railway%20station |
Philip Alexander Gibney (; born October 23, 1953) is an American documentary film director and producer. In 2010, Esquire magazine said Gibney "is becoming the most important documentarian of our time."
Gibney's works as director include The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley, Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief (winner of three Emmys in 2015), We Steal Secrets: The Story of Wikileaks, Mea Maxima Culpa: Silence in the House of God (the winner of three 2013 primetime Emmy awards), Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (nominated in 2005 for Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature); Client 9: The Rise and Fall of Eliot Spitzer (short-listed in 2011 for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature), Casino Jack and the United States of Money, and Taxi to the Dark Side (winner of the 2007 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature), focusing on a taxi driver in Afghanistan who was tortured and killed at Bagram Air Force Base in 2002. In 2019, he released his documentary Citizen K, about Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Russian billionaire exile Mikhail Khodorkovsky.
Life and career
Gibney was born in New York City, the son of Harriet (Harvey) and journalist Frank Gibney. His stepfather was the Rev. William Sloane Coffin. After attending Pomfret School, Gibney earned his bachelor's degree from Yale University and later attended the UCLA Film School.
Gibney developed an anti-authoritarian view from the journalism career of his father: "They say to succeed you're supposed to suck up and kick down. Well, he was the classic guy who sucked down and kicked up, which is never a good career path! He was at Time, then fired. At Newsweek, fired. At Life, fired." His stepfather was equally an influence on him. "There was something about my father, my mother, and then my stepfather, I think they all ruddered against authority in their own peculiar ways. And that probably rubbed off on me, too."
He served as executive producer of the documentary No End in Sight (2007). His film
Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson (2008) is a documentary based on Hunter S. Thompson's life and his "Gonzo" style of journalism. Under executive producer Martin Scorsese, Gibney was series producer for the PBS television series The Blues (2003) (producing individual episodes directed by Wim Wenders and Charles Burnett) and writer-producer of The Pacific Century (1992) (which won the News & Documentary Emmy for Outstanding Historical Program). Several films he directed and/or produced have been screened at the Cannes, Sundance, Toronto and Tribeca Film Festivals.
In an interview with Robert K. Elder for The Film That Changed My Life, Gibney credits much influence on his filming style to The Exterminating Angel:
[The Exterminating Angel is] dark, but it's also wickedly funny and mysterious in ways that can't be reduced to a simple, analytical explanation. I always thought that's what's great about movies sometimes—the best movies have to be experienced; they can't just be written about.
In an interview with David Poland for MIFF, Gibney disagrees with the view from nowhere, the idea that journalists can be objective:
"Objectivity is dead. There's no such thing as objectivity. When you're making a film, a film can't be objective.
Gibney's frequent documentary mode is the expository style akin to Ken Burns- in which the filmmaker relies on testimony from subjects involved in the subject matter and voice-over narration.
Gibney's Taxi to the Dark Side premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival where it won Best Documentary. The film probes the killing of a taxi driver named Dilawar at Bagram Air Force Base in Afghanistan.
Gibney is president of Jigsaw Productions, which produces independent films, documentaries and television series. On June 16, 2020, Imagine Entertainment, a film, television and documentary production company run by Brian Grazer and Ron Howard, invested in and acquired an ownership stake in the company. Gibney has been honored by the Yale Film Studies program for his contributions to film culture. In 2010, Utne Reader listed him as one of "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World."
His 2013 film We Steal Secrets: The Story of WikiLeaks, is a comprehensive look at WikiLeaks, Julian Assange, and Chelsea Manning. The Wikileaks organization itself has objected to the way Gibney portrayed it, and has posted a line-by-line rebuttal to the entire film. Gibney posted a rebuttal.
In 2015, Gibney received the inaugural Hitchens Prize, awarded in honor of the late writer Christopher Hitchens. Gibney had previously collaborated with Hitchens on a documentary film adaption of Hitchens's book The Trial of Henry Kissinger.
Gibney's most recent projects include work on The Armstrong Lie (about Lance Armstrong), Catching Hell (a contribution to ESPN's '30 for 30' series which looks at "The Inning" in Game 6 of the 2003 National League Championship Series), Going Clear (a documentary about Scientology), Dirty Money (doc-series that explores corporate greed and corruption), The Looming Tower (fiction series based on the book by Lawrence Wright of which he directed the pilot), and The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley, which premiered at Sundance 2019.
In 2023 Gibney showed the first part of two-part documentary at the Berlin film festival called Boom! Boom! The World Vs Boris Becker, concerning the life of troubled German tennis star Boris Becker. In March 2023 he announced that he was “several months” into a documentary film called Musk, about entrepreneur Elon Musk.
Gibney writes for The Atlantic, and has written for Huffington Post and other publications.
He has been a resident of Summit, New Jersey.
Lawsuit
On June 19, 2008, Gibney's company filed for arbitration, arguing that THINKFilm failed to properly distribute and promote his film Taxi to the Dark Side. He sued for over a million dollars in damages and stated that the film has grossed only $280,000.
Filmography (as director)
The Ruling Classroom (1980)
Manufacturing Miracles (1988)
Inside Japan, Inc." (1992)The Fifties (1997), television mini-series documentaryAFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies: Love Crazy (1998; TV special documentary)The Sexual Century: Sexual Explorers (1999; TV movie)The Sexual Century: The Sexual Revolution (1999; TV movie)Jimi Hendrix and the Blues (2001)Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (2005; documentary)3 Doors Down: Away from the Sun, Live from Houston, Texas (2005) Behind Those Eyes (2005; documentary)Time Piece (segment "Empire of the Pushcarts") (2006; documentary)The Human Behavior Experiments (2006; TV movie documentary)Taxi to the Dark Side (2007; documentary)Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson (2008; documentary)Casino Jack and the United States of Money (2010; documentary)My Trip to Al Qaeda (2010; documentary)Freakonomics (segment Pure Corruption) (2010; documentary)Client 9: The Rise and Fall of Eliot Spitzer (2010; documentary)Magic Trip: Ken Kesey's Search for a Kool Place (2011; documentary)Catching Hell (2011; ESPN Films documentary)The Last Gladiators (2011)Mea Maxima Culpa: Silence in the House of God (2012; documentary)Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream (2012; documentary)We Steal Secrets: The Story of WikiLeaks (2013; documentary)The Armstrong Lie (2013; documentary)Finding Fela (2014; documentary)Ceasefire Massacre (2014) ESPN 30 for 30: Soccer StoriesFields of Fear (2014) ESPN 30 for 30 ShortMr. Dynamite: The Rise of James Brown (2014; documentary)Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief (2015; documentary)Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine (2015; documentary)Sinatra: All or Nothing at All (2015; TV mini-series documentary)Zero Days (2016; documentary)Cooked (2016; miniseries, episode "Fire")Billions (2017; TV series, episode "Optimal Play")No Stone Unturned (2017; documentary)Rolling Stone: Stories From The Edge (2017; documentary)Dirty Money (2018; TV series documentary, episode "Hard Nox")The Looming Tower (2018; TV mini-series, episode "Now it Begins...")
Enemies: The President, Justice and the FBI (2018; TV series documentary, episode "You're Fired")
The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley (2019; documentary)
Citizen K (2019; documentary)
Crazy, Not Insane (2020; documentary)
Agents of Chaos (2020; documentary)
Totally Under Control (2020; documentary)
The Crime of the Century (2021; documentary)
The Forever Prisoner (2021; documentary)
Boom! Boom! The World Vs Boris Becker (2023: two-part documentary)
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
American documentary film directors
American documentary film producers
Critics of Scientology
Directors of Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Film producers from New Jersey
Grammy Award winners
Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Summit, New Jersey
Pomfret School alumni
UCLA Film School alumni
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Yale University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Gibney |
John Francis Wetzel (born October 22, 1944) is an American former professional basketball player and coach. A 6'5" guard, he played collegiately at Virginia Tech and was selected by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 8th round of the 1966 NBA draft. Over a seven-year career, Wetzel played for three teams: the Lakers, the Phoenix Suns, and the Atlanta Hawks. He later coached the Suns during the 1987-88 NBA season. He served as an assistant for several other teams, retiring from basketball in 2004. Wetzel currently splits time in Tucson, Arizona and Maui, Hawaii.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: John Wetzel (as player)
BasketballReference.com: John Wetzel (as coach)
1944 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball coaches from Virginia
Basketball players from Virginia
Los Angeles Lakers draft picks
Los Angeles Lakers players
People from Waynesboro, Virginia
Phoenix Suns assistant coaches
Phoenix Suns expansion draft picks
Phoenix Suns head coaches
Phoenix Suns players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Virginia Tech Hokies men's basketball players
Western Basketball Association coaches
Virginia Tech Hokies women's basketball coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wetzel%20%28basketball%29 |
Holidays with Pay Convention, 1936 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1936, with the preamble stating:
Modification
This convention was subsequently revised in 1970 by Convention C132 - Holidays with Pay Convention (Revised), 1970.
Ratifications
The convention was ratified by 54 states. Upon the revised version being ratified by various countries, it was thereby subsequently renounced automatically by 17 of those states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Employee benefits
International Labour Organization conventions
Holidays
Treaties concluded in 1936
Treaties entered into force in 1939
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Burundi
Treaties of the Central African Republic
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of the Comoros
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Ivory Coast
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of the Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Treaties of Gabon
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya
Treaties of Mali
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Myanmar
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Paraguay
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of Senegal
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of the United Arab Republic
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Uzbekistan
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
1936 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays%20with%20Pay%20Convention%2C%201936 |
Mahāyoga (Sanskrit for "great yoga") is the designation of the first of the three Inner Tantras according to the ninefold division of practice used by the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.
Mahāyoga is held to emphasise the generation stage (or "development stage") of Tantra, where the succeeding two yana, anuyoga and atiyoga, emphasise the completion stage and the synthesis or transcendence of the two, respectively.
Practice
Reginald Ray (2002: p. 124) associates the Mahāyoga with removing aggression, or anger. An embedded quotation by Tulku Thondup identifies the focus of Mahayoga as viewing the universe as a manifestation of the Buddhist deities, a practice associated with the two truths doctrine that recognises both a conventional and an ultimate truth:
Mahāyoga-yana is associated with the masculine principle and is for those whose primary defilement is aggression. In Mahāyoga, one visualizes oneself as the divinity with consort. "All manifestation, thoughts and appearances are considered to be the sacred aspects of the divinities within relative truth," in the words of Tulku Thondup. By visualizing all phenomena as the deities of the mandala of buddhahood, in the development stage, all appearances are purified.
Ray (2002: p. 124) highlights the pre-eminent usage of visualization amongst the techniques of tantric sadhana and the teaching of the "eight cosmic commands":
One particular keynote of mahāyoga-yana has to do with the use of visualization. In the Vajrayana in general, one visualizes oneself as the buddha, thus giving external form to the enlightenment within. Like-wise, one visualizes the external world as pure and sacred, thus under-cutting the usual practice of taking things as impure and defiled. In mahāyoga, one comes to the realization that actually all of our everyday experience is a visualization. Just as we can visualize ourselves as a buddha and the world as pure, so we can visualize ourselves as an existent ego and the world as defiled. Realizing that all of our images and conceptions of reality are in fact complex visualizations, we gain a unique entry into the underpinnings of the conventional world and gain a certain kind of unparalleled leverage over it. This is reflected in the mahāyoga-yana teaching of the "eight cosmic commands," eight kinds of ways to intervene in the operation of the conventional world and alter its momentum for the benefit of others.
Mahāyoga textual tradition
As with the other yanas, Mahāyoga represents both a scriptural division as well as a specific emphasis of both view (Tibetan: ta-ba) and practice (Tibetan: yod-pa). Mahāyoga scriptures are further divided into two sections: the Sadhana section, consisting of practice texts for meditation on specific deities, and the Tantra section.
In introducing the mTshams brag Edition of the Collected Tantras of the Ancients [[Nyingma Gyubum|rnying ma rgyud 'bum]], the textual tradition of the Mahāyoga-yana, the "Tibetan and Himalayan Library" states:
The Mahāyoga section of the Collected Tantras of the Ancients is the largest of the three. It is divided into two major sections: the Tantra Series (rgyud sde) and the Practice Series (sgrub sde). One of the seminal Tantras of the Ancients found in this section is the Secret Essence Tantra or ''gsang ba'i snying po'i rgyud'', which has spawned not only a plethora of Indo-Tibetan commentaries but also a heated debate in Tibet over its authenticity.
The "Tibetan and Himalayan Library" states that "although the mTshams brag edition of The Collected Tantras does not rigorously organize its texts according to sub-categories, the Mahāyoga category can be further subdivided according to the following scheme":
Tantra Series (rgyud sde)
The eightfold set of root Magical Emanation Tantras (Mayajala, rtsa bar gyur sgyu 'phrul sde brgyad)
The eighteenfold set of explanatory tantras (bshad pa dang cha mthun gyi rgyud tantra sde bco brgyad) (see below)
Enlightened Body (sku)
Enlightened Speech (gsung)
Enlightened Mind (thugs)
Enlightened Qualities (yon tan)
Enlightened Activities (phrin las)
Miscellaneous
Practice Series of the Eight Proclamation Deities (sgrub sde bka' brgyad)
The Practice Series (sgrub sde)
Summary of the Highest Intention (bla ma dgongs pa 'dus pa)
Consortium of Sugatas (bde gshegs 'dus pa)
Miscellaneous
The Eight Proclamation Deities (bka' brgyad)
The Mañjushrī Cycle on Enlightened Form ('jam dpal sku'i skor)
The Lotus Tantras on Enlightened Communication (pad ma gsung gi rgyud)
The Real Tantras on Enlightened Mind (yang dag thugs kyi rgyud)
The Nectar Tantras on Enlightened Qualities (bdud rtsi yon tan gyi rgyud)
The Sacred Dagger Cycle on Enlightened Activities (phrin las phur pa'i skor)
The Cycle on Invoking the Fierce Ma-mo Deities (ma mo rbod gtong skor)
Offerings and Praises to Protect the Teachings (bstan srung mchod bstod)
The Cycle on Fierce Mantras (drag sngags skor)
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Eighteen great tantras of Mahāyoga
The 'eighteen great tantras' (Wylie: bshad pa dang cha mthun gyi rgyud tantra sde bco brgyad) from the Tantra series described above are at the heart of the Mahāyoga tradition. These are grouped into 'five root tantras' (Wylie: rtsa ba sku gsung thugs yon tan phrin las kyi rgyud chen po lnga), 'five practice tantras' (Wylie: sgrub pa lag len du bstan pa rol pa' rgyud chen po lnga), and 'five activity tantras' (Wylie: spyod pa'i yan lag tu 'gro ba'i rgyud chen po lnga), and the 'two supplementary tantras' (Wylie: ma tshang kha bskong ba'i rgyud chen po gnyis). Together they are known as the Māyājāla. They are as follows:
The "Guhyagarbha Tantra" (Wylie: rDo rje sems dpa' sgyu 'phrul drwa ba; gSang ba snying po) is the foremost of all of these and it abridges the content of the seventeen others as follows:
Root tantras
Equalizing Buddhahood (the tantra of the body) (Wylie: Sangs rgyas mnyam sbyor gyi rtsa ba mkha' 'gro ma bde mchog rtsa ba'i rgyud) Skt: sarva buddha sama yoga tantra rāja
The Secret Moon, (the tantra of speech) (Wylie: dPal Zla gsang thig le rtsa ba'i rgyud) Skt: candra guhya tilaka
The Assembly of Secrets (Guhyasamāja Tantra) (the tantra of mind) (Wylie: dPal gSang ba 'dus pa) Skt: sarva tathāgata kāya vāk citta rahasyo guhya samāja nāma mahā kalpa rāja
The Glorious Supreme Primal Tantra (the tantra of qualities) (Wylie: dPal mchog dang po) Skt: śrī paramādya nāma mahāyāna kalpa rāja
The Activity Garland Tantra (the tantra of activities) (Wylie: Kar ma ma le) Skt: tantra rāja mahā karma māla
Practice tantras
The Heruka Practice Tantra (Wylie: He ru ka rol pa'i rgyud) Skt: śrī heruka tantra
The Hayagriva Supreme Practice Tantra (Wylie: rTa mchog rol pa'i rgyud) Skt: sarva tathāgata guhya sandhi śrī aśvottama lalita sama tantra nāntra
The Compassion Tantra (Wylie: sNying rje rol pa'i rgyud) Skt: śrī heruka karuṇā krīḍita tantra guhya gaṃbhīrottama
The Nectar Practice Tantra (Wylie: bDud rtsi rol pa'i rgyud) Skt: mahā tantra rāja śrī amr̥ta lalita
The Arising of the Twelve Kilayas Tantra (Wylie: Byit to ta ma rol pa'i rgyud; Phur pa bcu gnyis) Skt: kīlaya dvādaśa tantra mahāyāna sūtra
Activity Tantras
The Mountain Pile (Wylie: Go 'phang dbang gis bgrod pa ri bo brtsegs pa'i rgyud)
The Awesome Wisdom Lightning (Wylie: La spyod pas dor ba rngam pa glog gi 'khor lo'i rgyud)
The Array of Samayas (Wylie: gZhi dam tshigs gis bzung ba bkod pa rgyal po'i rgyud) Skt: mahā samaya racita sarva kaṭa tantra
The One-Pointed Samadhi (Wylie: Nyams su ting 'dzin gyis blangs pa rtse gcig bsdus pa'i rgyud) Skt: āryāvalokiteshvara samādhyeka tantra
The Rampant Elephant (Wylie: 'Phang lta bas bcad pa glang po rab 'bog gi rgyud) Skt: hasti gajipa dama tantra
Last Tantras that complete whatever is incomplete
The Vairochana Net of Magical Display (Wylie: rNam par snang mdzad sgyu 'phrul drwa ba'i rgyud) Skt: guhya garbha tattva niścaya
The Noble, Skilful Lasso, the Concise Lotus Garland (Wylie: Thabs kyi zhags pa pad mo'i phreng ba'i rgyud) Skt: ārya kala pāśa padma māle saṃgraha
Eight Herukas of the Nyingma Mahāyoga
The eight Herukas (Wylie: sgrub pa bka’ brgyad) of the Nyingma mahāyoga tradition (and their corresponding sadhanas) are said to have been received by Padmakara from the Eight Vidyadharas (Tib. Rigdzin), or Eight Great Acharyas: Manjushrimitra, Nagarjuna, Vajrahumkara, Vimalamitra, Prabhahasti, Dhanasamskrita, Shintamgarbha and Guhyachandra. They were proficient in the practices of, respectively,
1) Yamantaka (Tib. Jampal Shinje, ’jam dpal sku) the wrathful Manjushri, the deity of body
2) Hayagriva (Tib. Pema Sung, padma gsung) the wrathful Avalokiteshvara, the deity of speech
3) Vishuddha/Sri Samyak (Tib. Yangdak Thuk, Wylie: yang dag thugs) the wrathful Vajrapani deity of mind
4) Vajramrita (Tib. Dudtsi Yonten, bdud rtsi yon tan) the wrathful Samantabhadra, the deity of enlightened qualities
5) Vajrakilaya/Vajrakumara (Tib. Dorje Phurba, phur ba ‘phrin las), the wrathful Nivaranavishkambin, the deity of action
6) Matarah (Tib. Mamo Botong, ma mo rbod gtong) the wrathful Akasagarbha, the deity of calling and dispatching
7) Lokastotrapuja-natha (Tib. Jigten Chotod, ’jig rten mchod bstod) the wrathful Ksitigarbha, the deity of worldly offering and praise
8) Vajramantrabhiru (Tib. Mopa Dragnak, mod pa drag sngags) the wrathful Maitreya, the deity of wrathful mantras
Diffusion
The Tibetan master Pelyang (dPal dbyangs) was influential in bringing Mahayoga to Tibet. He was known for his focus on view as opposed to practice - an emphasis that is later evident and upheld in the radical immediacy of experiential Dzogchen.
References
External links
Mahā-yoga Tantra in the Collected Tantras of the Ancients
Nyingma tantras
Tantric practices
Vajrayana practices
Buddhist tantras | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayoga |
Hell Up in Harlem is a 1973 blaxploitation American neo-noir film, starring Fred Williamson and Gloria Hendry. Written and directed by Larry Cohen, it is a sequel to the film Black Caesar.
The film's soundtrack was recorded by Edwin Starr and released by Motown Records in January 1974.
Plot
Having survived the assassination attempt at the end of Black Caesar, Tommy Gibbs takes on corrupt New York District Attorney DiAngelo, who had sought to jail Gibbs and his father, Papa Gibbs, in order to monopolize the illicit drug trade. Gibbs decides to eliminate drug pushing from the streets of Harlem, while continuing to carry out his other illicit enterprises. Gibbs falls in love with Sister Jennifer (Margaret Avery), a woman who works with Reverend Rufus, a former pimp who has found a religious calling.
Gibbs and his father have a falling out after Gibbs is told by his enforcer, Zach, that his father ordered the death of Gibbs' ex-wife, Helen. Gibbs and Jennifer move to Los Angeles, leaving Papa Gibbs in charge of the Harlem territory. It is later revealed that Zach himself killed Helen as part of a move to take over the territory, with the assistance of DiAngelo. Gibbs defeats hit men sent to take him out in Los Angeles, while Papa dies from a heart attack while fighting Zach.
Knowing that DiAngelo will be having the New York airports and roads watched, Gibbs flies in to Philadelphia, and then enters New York City on foot in order to carry out a personal war against Zach and DiAngelo.
Cast
Fred Williamson as Tommy Gibbs
Julius Harris as Papa Gibbs
Gloria Hendry as Helen Bradley-Washington
Margaret Avery as Sister Jennifer
D'Urville Martin as Reverend Rufus
Tony King as Zach
Gerald Gordon as DiAngelo
Bobby Ramsen as Joe Frankfurter
James Dixon as "Irish" Bryant
Esther Sutherland as The Cook
Charles MacGuire as Charles MacGregor
Release on DVD & HD
In 2001 it was released on DVD.
In 2010 it was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGMHD.
See also
List of American films of 1973
References
External links
1973 films
1970s action thriller films
American International Pictures films
Blaxploitation films
Films set in Harlem
Films set in New York City
American independent films
American sequel films
1970s crime action films
American crime action films
Films directed by Larry Cohen
American action thriller films
Films about African-American organized crime
American neo-noir films
1973 drama films
Films with screenplays by Larry Cohen
1970s English-language films
1970s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%20Up%20in%20Harlem |
Ruby Jean Dandridge (née Butler; March 3, 1900 – October 17, 1987) was an American actress from the early 1900s through to the late 1950s. Dandridge is best known for her role on the radio show Amos 'n Andy, in which she played Sadie Blake and Harriet Crawford, and on radio's Judy Canova Show, in which she played Geranium. She is recognized for her role in the 1959 movie A Hole in the Head as Sally.
Early life
Born Ruby Jean Butler in Wichita, Kansas, on March 3, 1900, she was one of four children. Dandridge's parents were Nellie Simon, a maid, and George Butler, who was a janitor, grocer and entertainer. Dandridge's father was also "a famous minstrel man."
Career
In 1937, Dandridge played one of the witches in what an article in The Pittsburgh Courier called a "sepia representation" of Macbeth in Los Angeles. California. The production began on July 8 at the Mayan Theater. Five years later, she appeared in a production of Hit the Deck at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, California. One of Dandridge's earliest appearances (uncredited, as were many of the minor roles she played) was as a native dancer in King Kong (1933). In other films, she played Rheba, a maid, in Junior Miss (1945), Dabby in Tap Roots (1948), the housekeeper in Three Little Girls in Blue (1946), Mrs. Kelso in Cabin in the Sky (1943) and Violet in Tish (1942). Dandridge played Oriole on both radio and TV versions of The Beulah Show, and Geranium in The Judy Canova Show, and was a regular cast member on Tonight at Hoagy's. She is heard as Raindrop on Gene Autry's Melody Ranch (August 1949 - April 1951). For one season (1961-1962), Dandridge played the maid on the television version of Father Knows Best.
Other business
In 1955, Dandridge and her business partner Dorothy Foster bought land in Twentynine Palms, California, with plans to construct a subdivision of 250 homes. Also in the 1950s, Dandridge formed a nightclub act that played in clubs around Los Angeles. A review of her act cited her "flashes of effervescent showmanship" and stated "What Ruby lacks in her voice, she invariably makes up for it with her winsome personality."
Personal life, death and legacy
On September 30, 1919, she married Cyril Dandridge. Dandridge moved with her husband to Cleveland, Ohio, where her daughter, actress Vivian Dandridge, was born in 1921. Her second daughter, Academy Award-nominated actress Dorothy Dandridge, was born there in 1922, five months after Ruby and Cyril divorced. It is noted that after her divorce, Dandridge became involved with her companion Geneva Williams, who reportedly overworked the children and punished them harshly. Dandridge attended her daughter Dorothy's funeral in 1965.
On October 17, 1987, Dandridge died of a heart attack at a nursing home in Los Angeles, California. She was interred next to Dorothy at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. In the 1999 film Introducing Dorothy Dandridge, Ruby is portrayed by Loretta Devine.
Filmography
Features
King Kong (1933) - Native Dancer (uncredited)
Black Moon (1934) - Black House Servant (uncredited)
Midnight Shadow (1939) - Mrs. Lingley
The Night Before the Divorce (1942) - One of Roselle's Fans (uncredited)
Gallant Lady (1942) - Sarah
Tish (1942) - Violet (uncredited)
The War Against Mrs. Hadley (1942) - Maid (uncredited)
Broken Strings (1942) - Dancer (uncredited)
A Night for Crime (1943) - Alice Jones - Cook (uncredited)
Cabin in the Sky (1943) - Mrs. Kelso
Corregidor (1943) - Hyacinth
Melody Parade (1943) - Ruby
I Dood It (1943) - Mammy, in the Show (uncredited)
Never a Dull Moment (1943) - Daisy (uncredited)
Hat Check Honey (1944) - Ophelia (uncredited)
Ladies of Washington (1944) - Nellie (uncredited)
Carolina Blues (1944) - Josephine (uncredited)
Can't Help Singing (1944) - Henrietta (uncredited)
The Clock (1945) - Milk Customer (uncredited)
Junior Miss (1945) - Rheba
Saratoga Trunk (1945) - Turbaned Vendor (uncredited)
Inside Job (1946) - Ivory (uncredited)
Three Little Girls in Blue (1946) - Mammy (uncredited)
Home in Oklahoma (1946) - Devoria
Dead Reckoning (1947) - Hyacinth
The Arnelo Affair (1947) - Maybelle - Parkson's Maid
My Wild Irish Rose (1947) - Della
Tap Roots (1948) - Dabby
Father Is a Bachelor (1950) - Lily (uncredited)
A Hole in the Head (1959) - Sally
Short subjects
Flop Goes the Weasel (1943) - Mammy Hen (voice, uncredited)
Screen Snapshots: The Judy Canova Show (1946) - Geranium, Radio Show Character
Silly Billie (1948) - Maid
Television
The Amos 'n' Andy Show (1951-1953) - supporting roles in at least four different episodes
Father of the Bride (1961-1962) - main cast, as Delilah
The Beulah Show (1952–1953) - Oriole
References
External links
Ruby Dandridge gravestone indicating 1900 as year of birth
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American radio actresses
American television actresses
1900 births
1987 deaths
LGBT actresses
African-American LGBT people
LGBT people from Kansas
Actresses from Kansas
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Actors from Wichita, Kansas
20th-century African-American people
20th-century American actresses
20th-century African-American women
20th-century American LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby%20Dandridge |
"Good Wife, Wise Mother" is a phrase representing a traditional ideal for womanhood in East Asia, including Japan, China and Korea. First appearing in the late 1800s, the four-character phrase "Good Wife, Wise Mother" (also ) was coined by Nakamura Masanao in 1875.
During the late 1800s, women in East Asian society were expected to master domestic skills such as sewing and cooking, and to develop the moral and intellectual skills to raise strong, intelligent sons for the sake of the nation. Childbearing was considered a "patriotic duty", and although this philosophy declined in Japan after World War II, feminist historians have argued it existed there as recently as the 1980s.
This traditional view of women was similarly shared in Chinese society throughout the early 1900s, and on numerous occasions was criticized by Chinese academics such as Lu Xun and Zhu Ziqing. The phrase, and its related effects and ideals, influenced and continue to influence traditional views of women in East Asian societies to the modern day.
China
Traditionally in Chinese feudal society, a wife must consider her husband's family more important than her own. This sentiment is prevalent to this day, particularly in rural areas. The relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law and the relationship between father and son is more important than the relationship between husband and wife. A wife must always be submissive to her husband, and she can neither be offensive nor jealous. The husband has duties outside of the home and the wife has duties inside, and they do not interfere with the tasks of each other. To fulfill the role of "good wife, wise mother," the woman must educate her children accordingly. Since Chinese families puts emphasis on prosperity, a wife should also not only be fertile, she need to produce sons and educate them so that they can succeed in society.
Japan
The phrase "good wife, wise mother" appeared in the latter part of the Meiji period in the late 19th century. During World War II it was taught to promote conservative, nationalistic, and militaristic state policies and to help a developing capitalistic economy. From the late 1890s to the end of World War II, the phrase became increasingly prevalent in mass media and higher levels of public and private girl's schools. During the 1890s, "good wife and wise mother" was taught only in the higher levels where elite, upper-class girls attended. It was introduced to elementary schools’ curriculum when the 1911 revision of the ethics textbooks came out.
Women were taught to fulfill this role due to nationalism. The Empire wanted to prevent Western invasion. While Western countries were making improvements in women's social rights, such as suffrage, Japan was just beginning to confront women's movements. Japan tried to establish the woman's role and control new social movements through regularized education and prohibiting social and political rights.
Usage
Currently, the phrase has conflicting meanings. While some people use it to refer to a woman having traditional motherly and wife characteristics, many others use it to criticize prejudice against women.
Criticism
For feminists, the idea of "Good Wife, Wise Mother" disguises the real intention of denial of women's equity in education, profession, and marriage.
See also
Barefoot and pregnant
Bluestocking (magazine)
Kinder, Küche, Kirche
Proverbs 31
Shōjo
Three Obediences and Four Virtues
Women in Japan
Women in China
Women in Taiwan
Women in South Korea
Yamato nadeshiko
References
Further reading
小山静子、『良妻賢母という規範』、東京：勁草書房、1991.
小山静子、『家庭の生成と女性の国民化』、東京：勁草書房、1999.
Making Village Women into "Good Wives and Wise Mothers" in Prewar Japan
Natalism
Japanese nationalism
Society of Japan
Japanese words and phrases
Patriotism
Women in Japan
Women in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Wife%2C%20Wise%20Mother |
Matthew 23 is the twenty-third chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible, and consists almost entirely of the accusations of Jesus against the Pharisees. The chapter is also known as the Woes of the Pharisees or the "Seven Woes". In this chapter, Jesus accuses the Pharisees of hypocrisy. Some writers treat it as part of the final discourse of Matthew's gospel.
Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 39 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
Papyrus 77 (~AD 200; extant: verses 30–39)
Codex Vaticanus (325-350)
Codex Sinaiticus (330-360)
Codex Bezae (c. 400)
Codex Washingtonianus (c. 400)
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (c. 450)
Codex Purpureus Rossanensis (6th century)
Codex Sinopensis (6th century; extant verses 1-35)
Papyrus 83 (6th century; extant verses 39)
A Warning Against Scribes and Pharisees (23:1–12)
Matthew presents a concerted attack on the Jewish religious authorities at this point in his gospel narrative; there is a briefer warning about the scribes in , and Luke has, according to Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer, "inserted at Luke 11 portions of this discourse in an order different from the original". The pharisees themselves have been silenced in Matthew 22. According to Richard Thomas France, this section shows Jesus as a fierce controversialist concerning the values of the kingdom of heaven as opposed to the superficial approach to religion. Meyer thinks that Matthew's account is closer to the actual directive of Jesus, "although much that was spoken on other occasions may perhaps be mixed up with it"; Heinrich Ewald, on the other hand, thinks that the discourse is made up of passages that were probably original, though uttered on very different occasions.
Verse 2
"The scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses seat."
Dale Allison states that "'Moses' seat' is ambiguous. It may either refer to a literal chair for synagogue authorities or be a metaphor for teaching authority (cf. the professor's 'chair')." Thus, the New Century Version presents this verse as:
The teachers of the law and the Pharisees have the authority to tell you what the law of Moses says.
Allison observes that "only here (in Matthew's gospel) are the Jewish leaders presented in a positive light: they should be obeyed". Moses "sat to judge the people" in , although Meyer counsels against the suggestion that the "seat of Moses" refers to this passage.
Meyer also suggests that the word ἐκάθισαν (ekathisan, "have sat down") should be read as "have seated themselves", meaning that they have "assumed to themselves the duties of this office".
Verse 5
But all their works they do to be seen by men. They make their phylacteries broad and enlarge the borders of their garments.
Arthur Carr notes that "Jesus does not prohibit the practice of wearing phylacteries, but the ostentatious enlargement of them". He also observes that "it is thought by many that our Saviour Himself wore phylacteries". Their use is prescribed in Exodus 13:9 and Deuteronomy 6:8.
The Scribes and Pharisees Denounced (23:13–36)
While the previous pericope was directed to the crowd and the disciples, this part addresses the scribes and Pharisees, in the form of 'seven woes', a powerful climax to repudiate their leadership.
Verse 13
But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you shut the kingdom of heaven in people's faces. For you neither enter yourselves nor allow those who would enter to go in.
Some manuscripts add here (or after verse 12) verse 14: Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you devour widows' houses and for a pretense you make long prayers; therefore you will receive the greater condemnation.
The phrase "enter the kingdom of heaven" appears three other times in the Gospel, at Matthew 5:20, 7:21, and 18:3.
Verse 36
Assuredly, I say to you, all these things will come upon this generation.
"These things" in the Greek texts are ταῦτα πάντα (tauta panta) in the Textus Receptus and critical Westcott-Hort text but Meyer points out that the reversed reading, πάντα ταῦτα (panta tauta), is also "well attested".
The Fate of Jerusalem (23:37–39)
This last part acts as the inevitable conclusion of the hypocrisy of the leaders to the total guilt of Israel in its rejection of God's messenger: Jerusalem has rejected the call of God's last and greatest messenger and will receive judgment for it.
Verse 39
for I say to you, you shall see Me no more till you say, 'Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord!'
Citing Psalm 118:26, echoing Matthew 21:19.
Other Gospels
Luke 11:37-54 parallels Matthew 23, but Luke's version has six, not seven, accusations, and is thus known as the "Six Woes". Luke's version is also shorter than Matthew's. Luke 13:34-35 parallels Jesus' lament over Jerusalem in verses 37-39.
See also
Jerusalem
Pharisees
Tefillin
Tzitzit
Related Bible parts: Exodus 13, Numbers 15, Deuteronomy 6, Deuteronomy 11, Deuteronomy 22, Mark 12, Luke 11, Luke 13, Luke 20.
Notes
The "anise" mentioned in some translations is dill (A. graveolens), rather than anise. The Pharisees apparently grew it in order to pay some tithes.
References
Citations
Sources
.
External links
King James Bible - Wikisource
English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
Gospel of Matthew chapters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%2023 |
Holidays with Pay Convention (Revised), 1970 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1970:
Provision
The central provision of the convention is found in Article 3, which states that people to whom the convention applies shall be entitled to an annual paid holiday of a specified minimum length, and that although the ratifying state may select the length of the minimum holiday, it "shall in no case be less than three working weeks for one year of service".
Modification
This Convention revised Convention C52 – Holidays with Pay Convention, 1936.
Ratifications
As of 2020, the convention has been ratified by 38 states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Employee benefits
International Labour Organization conventions
Leave of absence
Holidays
Treaties concluded in 1970
Treaties entered into force in 1973
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Belarus
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Burkina Faso
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Chad
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Guinea
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Rwanda
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Moldova
1970 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays%20with%20Pay%20Convention%20%28Revised%29%2C%201970 |
The 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans (French: 72e 24 Heures du Mans) was a non-championship 24 hour automobile endurance race held from 12 June to 13 at the Circuit de la Sarthe near Le Mans, France, for teams of three drivers each fielding Le Mans Prototype and Grand Touring cars. It was the race's 72nd edition, as organised by the automotive group, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) since 1923. A test day was held eight weeks before the race on 25 April. Approximately 200,000 people attended the race.
Jamie Davies, Johnny Herbert and Guy Smith of Audi Sport UK Team Veloqx R8 started from pole position after Herbert set the overall fastest lap time in the fourth qualifying session. The car led for the majority of the first 18 hours, until a rear suspension issue caused handling issues that were resolved in the garage. The Audi Sport Japan Team Goh car of Seiji Ara, Rinaldo Capello and Tom Kristensen took the lead, and despite catching fire during a pit stop, Ara held off the faster Herbert for the remainder of the race to win by 41.354 seconds. It was Ara's first Le Mans win, Capello's second and Kristensen's sixth. Kristensen tied Jacky Ickx's record of six overall victories and became the first driver to win the race five times in a row Audi's fourth overall victory since its first in the 2000 edition. The Audi Sport UK Team Veloqx car finished second, while Champion Racing's JJ Lehto, Emanuele Pirro and Marco Werner recovered from a crash in the second hour to finish third overall.
The Intersport Racing Lola B2K/40 car of William Bennie, Clint Field and Rick Sutherland won the Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) category, finishing eight laps ahead of the Rachel Welter WR LM2001 car of Yojiro Terada, Patrice Roussel and Olivier Porta. The Le Mans Grand Touring Sport (LMGTS) class was won by a Chevrolet Corvette C5-R driven by Olivier Beretta, Oliver Gavin and Jan Magnussen, with the sister car of Ron Fellows, Max Papis and Johnny O'Connell finishing eleven laps behind in second place. Colin McRae, Rickard Rydell and Darren Turner finished third in their Prodrive Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello. Porsches took the first six places in the Le Mans Grand Touring (LMGT) class, with the White Lighting Racing Porsche 911 GT3-RS of Jörg Bergmeister, Patrick Long and Sascha Maassen winning for the second consecutive year.
Background and regulation changes
The 72nd 24 Hours of Le Mans took place from 12 to 13 June on the Circuit de la Sarthe road racing track near Le Mans, France. The race was first held in 1923 after the automotive journalist Charles Faroux, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) general secretary Georges Durand and the industrialist Emile Coquile agreed to hold a test of vehicle reliability and durability. The 24 Hours of Le Mans is considered one of the world's most prestigious motor races and is part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport.
The ACO announced changes to the Le Mans Prototype (LMP) classes in March 2003, which went into effect for the 2004 race. The former Le Mans Grand Touring Prototype and Le Mans Prototype 900 (LMP900) categories were merged and renamed Le Mans Prototype 1 (LMP1), with only manufacturers competing. Because the Le Mans Prototype 675 (LMP675) category lacked a car capable of challenging for the overall victory, the ACO renamed it Le Mans Prototype 2. (LMP2). LMP900 and LMP675 cars built in accordance with the ACO technical regulations for the LMP and LMGTP categories could enter until 31 December 2005. Skid blocks were thickened by and the air restrictor size was reduced by five per cent. LMP1 and LMP2 teams could choose between an open or closed cockpit. The maximum weight of LMP2 vehicles was established at and for LMP1 cars. Engine displacement for normally aspirated engines set at , turbocharged engines were limited to and engine displacement for diesel power units was restricted to .
Following a series of airborne accidents in sports car racing, such as those involving a Porsche 911 GT1 at the 1998 Petit Le Mans and a Mercedes-Benz CLR at the 1999 Le Mans race, the ACO altered the bottom of the new LMP1 and LMP2 cars to reduce the amount of downforce produced outside of their wheelbase and a reduction in rear overhang coupled with an increase in front overhang for less pitch sensitivity to reduce the possibility of such a crash occurring. The rear wing was moved forward and shortened from to . A plank was added to the underside of all new LMP1 and converted "hybrid" cars to force a ride height increase and reduce the effectiveness of underfloor aerodynamics.
Entries
By the deadline for entries on 11 February 2004, the ACO had received 77 applications (40 for the LMP classes and 37 for the Grand Touring (GT) categories). It issued 50 invitations to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with entries split between LMP1, LMP2, Le Mans Grand Touring Sports (LMGTS), and Le Mans Grand Touring (LMGT).
Automatic entries
Teams that won their class in the 2003 24 Hours of Le Mans received automatic entries. Teams that won Le Mans-based series and events in 2003, such as the Petit Le Mans, the 1000 km of Le Mans and the American Le Mans Series (ALMS), were also invited. Some second-place finishers also received automatic entries into specific series and races. Entries were also granted to the 2003 FIA GT Championship winners and runners-up in the GT and N-GT categories. Had the entry of the 2003 Petit Le Mans category winner been the same as the 2003 American Le Mans Series class champion, the second automatic entry would have been awarded to another team in that category under an agreement with the ACO and the ALMS. Because entries were pre-selected to teams, teams were not permitted to switch cars from one year to the next. They were allowed to switch categories as long as they did not change the car make and the ACO gave official permission for the switch.
The ACO published its initial list of automatic invitations on 20 November 2003. Team Bentley, Infineon Team Joest, Pescarolo Sport (after switching engine suppliers from Peugeot to Judd), RN Motorsport, Dyson Racing and Alex Job Racing declined their automatic entries; their places were taken by Champion Racing, Audi Sport Japan Team Goh and Lister Racing due to their performance in the GT category during the 2003 FIA GT Championship.
Entry list and reserves
On 25 March 2004, the ACO's seven-member selection committee announced the full 50-car entry list for Le Mans, plus six reserves. Following the publication of entries, several teams withdrew their entries. Arena Motorsport withdrew its Dome S101 car, promoting the 4 Taurus Sports Racing Lola B2K/10-Judd vehicle. Thierry Perrier's Porsche 911 GT3-RS was allowed to race after one of pre-selected BMS Scuderia Italia Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello's was withdrawn, because the team did not have enough time to make the car compliant with ACO regulations and it wanted to focus on the 2004 FIA GT Championship. Later, Risi Competizione's Ferrari 360 Modena GTC was replaced in the list of entries by XL Racing's Ferrari. Following that, Konrad Motorsport and Welter Racing were granted the fourth and fifth reserve entries, respectively, and XL Racing withdrew its Ferrari. A second Racing for Holland Dome car was promoted, giving the team two LMP1 entries.
On 21 April, the Car Racing team confirmed that its No. 67 Ferrari 550 was withdrawn due to financial problems from a lack of sponsorship and its place in the LMGT category was taken by a second Chamberlain-Synergy Motorsport-entered TVR Tuscan 400R. Force One Racing withdrew its Pagani Zonda from the race after a heavy crash at the ACI Vallelunga Circuit in Italy halted development. This allowed Seikel Motorsport's No. 84 Porsche into the race. When the Spinnaker Clan Des Team withdrew on 1 June due to a lack of preparation and testing, the No. 36 Gerard Welter car took its place. Officials required Courage Compétition and its satellite operation Epsilon Sport to withdraw one C65 chassis per team after an engine supply agreement with Mecachrome was terminated, and both outfits sourced replacement engines from JPX.
Testing
On April 25, the circuit hosted a mandatory pre-Le Mans test day split into two daytime sessions of four hours each, involving all 50 entries and two of the six reserve cars. With six minutes to go, Allan McNish's No. 8 Audi Sport UK Team Veloqx R8 set the pace with a 3 minute, 32.613 second lap, followed by Johnny Herbert's No. 88 Audi. Marco Werner of Champion Racing was third with Team Goh's Tom Kristensen fourth. The two fastest non-Audis were fifth-placed David Brabham's No. 22 Zytek 04S car and sixth-placed Hiroki Kato's No. 9 Kondo Racing Dome S101 vehicle. Max Papis led the LMGTS class in the No. 63 Corvette Racing C5-R in the final minutes of the second session with a lap of 3 minutes, 49.982 seconds, ahead of Oliver Gavin's sister No. 63 Corvette and Christophe Bouchut's No. 69 Larbre Compétition Ferrari. Tomáš Enge and Rickard Rydell's Prodrive Ferrari cars were fourth and fifth, respectively. Jörg Bergmeister's No. 90 White Lightning Porsche 911 GT3-RSR led LMGT with a lap of 4 minutes, 5.975 seconds, followed by Marc Lieb's No. 87 Orbit Racing car, which was sidelined for hours with a broken steering rack after hitting the guardrail at Tertre Rouge corner. A seal failure in the Taurus Lola that mixed oil and diesel and leaked oil on the Mulsanne Straight, as well as a crash for Noël del Bello Racing's entry at Mulsanne Corner, caused further testing delays.
Qualifying
On 9 and 10 June, all entrants had eight hours of qualifying, divided into four two-hour sessions. To qualify for the race, all entrants were required to set a time within 110 per cent of the fastest lap established by the fastest car in each of the four categories during the sessions. Audi led early on and Herbert's No. 88 car recorded a fastest lap of 3 minutes, 34.907 seconds on the session's final lap. Kristensen's Team Goh Audi was more than two seconds slower in second, and McNish in the No. 8 car was third. Jan Lammers' Racing for Holland Dome car was fourth, the fastest non-Audi. JJ Lehto's No. 2 Champion Audi was fifth with Soheil Ayari's No. 18 Pescarolo C60 finished sixth and Brabham's No. 22 Zytek 04S seventh. Pierre Kaffer damaged the No. 8 Audi Sport UK car when he went off the track at the first Mulsanne Chicane due to an error. With a lap of 3 minutes, 46.020 seconds, Jean-Marc Gounon's No. 31 Courage C65 vehicle led in LMP2, more than eleven seconds ahead of its sister No. 35 Epsilon Sport car and the No. 24 Rachel Welter WR LM2001 entry. Olivier Beretta's No. 64 Corvette C5-R set the early pace in LMGTS, and his co-driver Gavin improved on his effort to set the class' best lap time of 3 minutes, 54.359 seconds. Peter Kox's Prodrive Ferrari came second and Ron Fellows' No. 63 Corvette was third. The second Prodrive Ferrari finished fourth through rally driver Colin McRae's lap. Bergmeister's No. 90 White Lightning Porsche led LMGT with a lap of 4 minutes, 9.679 seconds, followed by Stéphane Daoudi in the No. 70 JMB Racing Ferrari 360 Modena GTC.
Teams used the opening minutes of the second session to fine tune their cars and record their fastest laps in lower ambient and track temperatures. Due to a minor gear selection issue and slower traffic, Herbert failed to improve the best lap of the No. 88 Audi Sport UK R8. McNish's sister No. 8 car beat it by 3 minutes and 34.683 seconds. No other driver improved their times over the rest of the session, enabling the No. 8 Audi to take provisional pole position from the No. 88 vehicle. After a collision with a Chevrolet Corvette C5-R at Arnage corner damaged Kristensen's Team Goh car's front splitter, Werner moved Champion's entry to fourth and completed an Audi sweep of the first four positions. Despite a fuel pressure issue and a minor crash by co-driver Nicolas Minassian, Sébastien Bourdais drove the No. 17 Pescarolo C60 to fifth. The No. 15 Racing for Holland Dome car improved to sixth with the No. 6 Rollcentre Racing Dallara SP1 entry seventh. Courage No. 31 C65's LMP2 lap time moved the car to eleventh overall, ahead of the clutch-stricken No. 15 Racing for Holland car. It remained eleven seconds ahead of the Epsilon Sport team. Corvette Racing maintained its lead in LMGTS, with Gavin's No. 64 C5-R improving its best lap to 3 minutes, 52.158 seconds. He was over two seconds faster than Fellows' No. 63 entry and a second faster than Enge's No. 66 Prodrive Ferrari, which collided with a barrier at Indianapolis corner. Bergmesiter improved the No. 90 White Lighting Porsche's best lap in LMGT to 4 minutes, 9.679 seconds, finishing three seconds ahead of the JMB Ferrari.
Rain showers on 10 June removed car rubber from the track, and lap times in the third session were expected to be slower than before. However, ambient and track temperatures rose, allowing drivers to improve on their previous day's lap times. McNish went fastest overall before his Audi Sport UK teammate Herbert recorded the fastest lap at 3 minutes, 33.024 seconds on a new gurney flap with five minutes to go. Brabham, driving the No. 22 Zytek 04S, advanced from provisional seventh to third with his first clear lap of the weekend. Rinaldo Capello improved Team Goh Audi's best lap, but the team fell to fourth and the Champion car to fifth. Bourdais set a lap that kept the No. 17 Pescarolo C60 in sixth place, while Katoh was the fastest of the Dome S101 cars in seventhlace. Gounon's No. 31 Courage C65 car continued to lead LMP2, while the Paul Belmondo Racing team was second. In LMGTS, Rydell's No. 65 Prodrive Ferrari took the lead, which he held until Gavin's 3 minutes, 49.750 seconds lap in the No. 64 Corvette reset the class lap record ten minutes later. The second Corvette, driven by Johnny O'Connell, was third with Kox's other Prodrive Ferrari fourth. In the LMGT category, Sascha Maassen's No. 90 White Lightning Porsche improved its lap time to 4 minutes, 7.394 seconds. Mike Rockenfeller's No. 87 Orbit car finished second, less than two seconds behind. Stéphane Ortelli's No. 85 Freisinger Motorsport entry was third.
Herbert's No. 88 Audi set a new fastest time of 3 minutes, 32.838 seconds eight minutes into the final session. He set the fastest time to earn his first pole position at Le Mans and the fourth of his racing career. McNish improved the No. 8 Audi's time to join Herbert on the front row after missing much of the session due to a lack of power caused by a failed fuel injector, necessitating an engine change. Brabham was unable to improve on his third session lap and started from third. Kristensen bettered Team Goh Audi's best time but remained in fourth, as Bourdais took fifth in the No. 17 Pescarolo C60 car. Werner's Champion Audi went faster for sixth after a front shock absorber repair, and Katoh took seventh. Gounon gave the Courage team the LMP2 pole position by improving the No. 31 car's best lap to 3 minutes, 41.126 seconds and finishing 12th overall. The Paul Belmondo Racing team was second in its class, ten seconds slower. After the No. 66 Prodrive Ferrari was damaged in an accident at the Porsche Curves, Enge took the lead from Gavin's No. 64 Corvette in LMGTS with a 3:49.438-second lap with ten minutes to go in the session. O'Connell's No. 63 Corvette improved to third place. White Lighting's third session lap secured the LMGT category pole position, with Jaime Melo's JMB Ferrari and Rockenfeller's Orbit Porsche second and third in class, respectively.
Qualifying results
Pole position winners in each class are indicated in bold. The fastest time set by each entry is denoted in gray.
Warm-up
The drivers had a 45-minute warm-up session at 09:00 Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00) in clear weather. Teams used warm-up as a final opportunity to check car setup and reliability. Lehto's No. 2 Champion Audi set the fastest time of 3 minutes, 36.078 seconds. The two Audi Sport UK R8s were second and third, with the No. 8 narrowly ahead of the No. 88. Bourdais' No. 17 Pescarolo C60 car came fourth. The Team Goh Audi was fifth, followed by the Lammers' Racing for Holland Dome vehicle and the No. 22 Zytek 04S vehicle. Intersport Racing's Lola car set the fastest LMP2 lap time at 4 minutes, 5.032 seconds. The No. 63 Corvette led LMGTS, while JMB's No. 70 Ferrari led LMGT. Although the session passed without major incident, Bourdais' engine cover came off his Pescarolo C60 car, and several drivers ran into the trackside gravel traps.
Race
Start
The weather at the start before 200,000 people was overcast with an air temperature of and a track temperature of . At 16:00 local time, François Fillon, Minister of National Education, Higher Education, and Research, waved the French tricolour to begin the race, which was led by pole sitter Jamie Davies. There were 48 cars scheduled to start, but the No. 10 Lola B2K/10 and the No. 61 Barron Connor Racing Ferrari 575-GTC started from the pit lane due to clutch and engine changes, respectively. The No. 14 Team Nasamax DM139 was forced off the track after a fuel consumption test, but it rejoined the grid. Davies held off teammate McNish into the Dunlop Curve to lead the opening laps. The other two Audis of Lehto and Capello, as well as Lammers' Racing for Holland Dome entry, passed Andy Wallace's Zytek car, demoting it from third to sixth. The top five LMGTS cars were nose-to-tail, with Kox leading and Lammers had a throttle sensor problem on the Mulsanne, falling to 24th. Capello spun into a gravel trap at the Dunlop Curves four laps later and rejoined behind Lammers. Before the first hour ended, Capello's Team's electronic control unit was replaced. Goh's Audi dropped him off the lead lap as Gavin's Corvette took the lead of LMGTS. His teammate Fellows was forced to enter the pit lane after colliding with a tyre barrier at Arnage corner. Repairs to the No. 63 car's front cost it five laps and O'Connell replaced Fellows.
On 1 hour and 52 minutes, McNish and Lehto's cars lost control when they drove onto a patch of oil laid on the track at the entrance to the Porsche Curves, spun across a gravel trap and crashed into a tyre barrier in unison, temporarily knocking McNish unconscious. McNish and Lehto were able to return to the garage for extensive repairs after both cars sustained significant damage. McNish collapsed shortly after leaving the garage in the No. 8 car, and two doctors examined him. He was taken to the circuit's medical centre with a sore knee and a concussion. Doctors ruled him unfit for the rest of the event. The safety cars were deployed to slow the race as marshals cleared debris from the track. Brabham's Zytek suffered bodywork damage from a puncture as the safety cars were recalled, and John Field crashed the No. 27 Intersport Lola car at the second Mulsanne Chicane. Later in the second hour, the Champion and Team Goh Audi entries returned to the track outside of the top 40 overall positions. Ryo Michigami's No. 9 Kondo Dome vehicle had a transmission failure on the final third of the lap and he drove to the garage for repairs. He fell to fifth, behind Érik Comas No. 18 Pescarolo C60 car and Katsutomo Kaneishi's No. 15 Racing for Holland car. The attrition rate promoted Sam Hancock's No. 31 Courage C65 car to sixth overall.
Smith's No. 88 Audi R8 led Team Goh's Seiji Ara by one lap at the front of the pitch. Enge set the fastest LMGTS lap time of 3 minutes, 53.327 seconds, trailing the class-leading Jan Magnussen's No. 64 Corvette by 17 seconds. Lammers' Racing for Holland Dome car overtook Benoît Tréluyer's No. 17 Pescarolo C60 car for third overall until a fuel pump failed and had to be replaced. Hancock's No. 31 Courage C65 car ceded the lead in LMP2 to the sister Epsilon Sport entry, after a faulty rear gearbox selection mechanism required attention from mechanics. Repairs took 20 minutes and dropped the car down the race order. Soon after, Robert Hearn lost control of Freisinger's No. 86 Porsche and collided with the inside barrier at the Karting Esses exit. Hearn was unable to restart the Porsche and retired. After relieving Smith, Herbert responded to Ara's faster pace by closing the gap at the front of the field, which had grown larger after Ara entered a gravel trap on the Mulsanne Straight. McRae's No. 66 Prodrive Ferrari was second in LMGTS until he spun at the Mulsanne Chicane after moving onto a dirty section of track to let a faster LMP car past. After that, his clutch began to slip, and Prodrive replaced it; the resulting pit stop dropped McRae eight laps behind Gavin's LMGTS-leading Corvette.
Night
With the alternator belt broken, the No. 17 Pescarolo C60 car was driven into the team's garage as night fell. Hayanari Shimoda's No. 22 Zytek car was repaired in 14 minutes and re-entered the top ten. Fellows' No. 63 Corvette was thrown into a barrier after a rear-left puncture on a crest on the Mulsanne Straight. The rear and left-hand corner of the car were severely damaged. When a thick dust cloud obscured Paul Belmondo's vision, the No. 37 Courage C65 car crashed. The car had a puncture in the tub's front-right section and was retired to the garage. The accident prompted a second brief safety car intervention. As the safety car period ended, Darren Turner spun the No. 65 Prodrive Ferrari into a gravel trap at the Dunlop Chicane, and Chris Dyson made a pit stop after driving the No. 15 Racing for Holland car into a gravel trap. At midnight, the two lead Audis were separated by a lap, and Lehto drew closer to the LMGTS class leader, the No. 64 Corvette, which was fifth overall. In the Porsche Curves, Maassen slid the No. 90 White Lightning Porsche on oil, but he still led the LMGT class. Lehto overtook Beretta to take the lead over all LMGTS entries, bringing the number of Audis in the top five overall to three.
After Davies' No. 88 Audi received a stop-and-go penalty for passing under yellow flag conditions, he and Magnussen collided at the Ford Chicane, sending the No. 64 Corvette into a trackside tyre wall. Davies and Magnussen were able to return to the pit lane for repairs. The incident gave Alain Menu's No. 66 Prodrive Ferrari the lead in LMGTS, and the gap between Davies and Kristensen was reduced to less than one lap. The No. 66 Prodrive Ferrari was later forced to enter the pit lane with a suspected misfire though it was later discovered that a section of rubber was lodged inside an air restrictor. Menu's Ferrari spent seven minutes undergoing repairs; it rejoined the race with his lead in the LMGTS category over the No. 64 Corvette lowered from four to laps and the Kondo Dome moved ahead of him. The No. 90 White Lightning Porsche continued to lead the LMGT class but in the eleventh hour, the car ceded the lead it had held for the majority of the race when Bergmeister entered the pit lane to replace a broken shifter linkage cable on its sequential gearbox and to change brakes. Patrick Long relieved Bergmeister and returned to the track in second, three laps behind Ralf Kelleners' No. 85 Freisinger Porsche. The No. 32 Intersport Lola car of William Binnie was required to enter the pit lane with a broken right-rear halfshaft but the car rejoined the circuit more than half an hour later without losing the lead in LMP2.
The No. 22 Zytek car began leaking oil across the circuit at the Porsche Curves as the race approached half distance, possibly due to a broken chunk of bodywork hitting an oil union as the engine compartment caught fire due to a lack of oil pressure. As the safety cars were dispatched for the third time, Brabham drove the car into the pit lane with flames erupting from its compartment bay. During the safety car period, Kristensen brought the Team Goh Audi into the pit lane to correct a two-hour misfire and the Barron Connor No. 61 Ferrari experienced a left-front brake disc fire that required the car's retirement after mechanics were unable to extinguish the fire and a change of uprights on its suspension system failed to work. Gavin damaged the No. 64 Corvette's front when he missed the braking point for the first Mulsanne Chicane in the 12th hour. A 15-minute pit stop dropped the Corvette to 11th overall, six laps behind Kox's LMGTS-leading No. 66 Prodrive Ferrari. Soon after, Turner's No. 65 Prodrive Ferrari experienced gear selection issues, and the car spent the majority of the past hour in the garage, falling to fifth in LMGTS. The safety cars separated the field at the front, with Herbert's Audi Sport UK R8 one lap ahead of Ara's Team Goh R8.
Morning to early afternoon
Pirro's Champion Audi was fifth early in the morning but fell behind Martin Short's No. 6 Rollcentre Dallara SP1 car owing to an eight-minute brake disc change. The No. 17 Pescarolo vehicle passed Enge for eighth overall. IIntersport's Clint Field picked up a right-rear puncture, causing the No. 31 Lola to spin out of the Ford Curves before entering the pit lane. He was able to return to the pit lane for a replacement wheel, and the Lola maintained its lead in LMP2. Short's No. 6 Dallara was hit from behind by Bourdais' No. 17 Pescarolo entry while lapping the car after the Dunlop Curve and beached in a gravel trap before the end of the 15th hour. Short was extricated from the gravel by trackside equipment and continued in fourth place. Davies' No. 88 Audi Sport UK R8 returned to the garage for seven minutes to correct a handling imbalance caused by a seized rear suspension pushrod bearing, promoting Capello's Team Goh car to the lead. Short's No. 6 Dallara car, which lost fourth to the Champion Audi, suffered a left-rear suspension failure in the Karting Esses. The car spun 360 degrees before crashing broadside into a tyre barrier at high speed. Short was unharmed, but the car was damaged and was retired.
At this point, Davies set the race's fastest lap at 3 minutes and 34.264 seconds to lower Capello's lead. Comas maintained third place by driving the No. 17 Pescarolo car into the pit lane for engine repairs. Pirro, in fourth, ran straight at the Mulsanne Corner and beached the Champion Audi R8 in a gravel trap. He recovered with the help of marshals, made a pit stop for new tyres, and Lehto relieved him. Capello, the race leader , soon locked his tyres and ran through the second Mulsanne Chicane. He drove the Team Goh Audi into the pit lane due to a heavily flat spotted tyre disintegrating and Kristensen took over the No. 5 car. Tréluyer's No. 17 Pescarolo 60 car launched over a kerb at a Mulsanne Chicane, and a subsequent crash into the barrier dropped him to third behind Lehto's Champion Audi R8. Enge's No. 66 Prodrive Ferrari was leading the LMGTS category by five laps when its front-left wheel bearing seized in the Dunlop Chicane, damaging the front splitter. The car was returned to the garage, giving Beretta's No. 64 Corvette the class lead.Davies spun the No. 88 Audi Sport UK R8 at the Dunlop Chicane, but the error cost him little time. Further down the order, the No. 85 Freisinger Porsche suffered an oil feed problem, allowing White Lighting to take the lead of LMGT.
When fuel was spilt on the rear of Capello's R8 and ignited, Team Goh became concerned. Capello quickly exited the car as flames spread to its right rear, though marshals extinguished the fire. Capello resumed driving after 30 seconds after mechanics checked for damage. The incident allowed Davies' No. 88 Audi Sport UK R8 to close to within 90 seconds of the Team Goh Audi, but then slower traffic delayed him. Over an hour after losing the LMGTS lead, Menu, driving the No. 66 Prodrive Ferrari, was forced to replace the front splitter in order to correct a handling issue. It did not, however, result in an improvement, and Menu drove into the garage for additional undertray repairs. Enge replaced Menu and damaged the front of the Ferrari during his first lap out of the pit lane when he collided with a wall at Indianapolis corner. He fell to fourth in class, trailing Papis' No. 63 Corvette and Rydell's No. 65 Prodrive Ferrari. ChoroQ Racing Team moved to second in LMGT after Freisinger's Porsche of Ortelli developed a misfire and fell to third in class.
Finish
Ara's No. 5 Team Goh Audi held off Herbert's faster No. 88 Audi Sport UK car in the race's final two hours to take Audi's fourth win in five years at Le Mans by 41.354 seconds, at a distance of and an average speed of . It was Ara's first Le Mans win, Capello's second and Kristensen's sixth. Kristensen equalled Jacky Ickx's all-time record of six victories and was the first driver to win the 24-hour race five times in a row. Champion Racing recovered from its crash in the second hour to finish third. The highest-placed non-Audi was the No. 18 Pescarolo C60 car of Ayari, Comas and Tréluyer in fourth and Frank Biela and Kaffer's No. 8 Audi Sport UK R8 finished fifth. Although Corvette Racing ran out of spare parts because of the incidents it was involved in, the No. 63 held an 11-lap lead over the No. 64 to finish sixth overall and win the category, earning the team their third class victory. McRae, Rydell, and Turner's No. 65 Prodrive Ferrari finished third in class, ahead of Enge, Kox, and Menu's No. 66 car. Porsche took the first six positions in the LMGT class as the No. 90 White Lighting entry won its second consecutive category race following its 2003 victory with Alex Job Racing, bringing the Porsche 911-GT3 RS's total Le Mans class victories to six since its debut in the 1999 edition. Team Nasamax's bio-ethanol-powered DM138 finished 17th, making it the first renewable-fuelled car to complete the Le Mans race. The No. 32 Intersport crew won the LMP2 class, finishing 25th overall and eight laps ahead of the No. 24 Rachel Welter WR LM2001 vehicle, the only other vehicle in the category.
Race results
The minimum number of laps for classification (70 per cent of the overall winning car's race distance) was 265 laps. Class winners are denoted with bold.
References
External links
Le Mans
Le Mans
Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans races | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%2024%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans |
Kobra may refer to:
Places
Maharashtrian Konkanastha Brahmins, community in western state of Maharashtra in India (abbreviated KoBra)
Kobra, Estonia, village in Vändra Parish, Pärnu County, Estonia
Comics, games and amusements
Kobra (Mortal Kombat), a character from the Mortal Kombat series of fighting games
Kobra (DC Comics), a 1976 villain in the DC Comics universe
Kobra (comic book), the title and main character of a Yugoslav comic book
Kobra Khan, a character from the Masters of the Universe franchise
Kobra (ride), a Zamperla flat ride based in Chessington World Of Adventures, a theme park in London
People
Kobra (born 2006), American Youtuber who releases Minecraft content
Eduardo Kobra (born 1976), Brazilian graffiti artist known as Kobra
Kobra Paige (born 1988), lead vocalist for Canadian heavy metal band Kobra and the Lotus
Military
9K112 Kobra, an anti-tank missile system of the Soviet Union
Otokar Cobra, a Turkish infantry mobility vehicle
Television
Kobra (TV programme), a 2001 Swedish culture television programme
Software
KobrA method, as used in Reuters 3000 Xtra; a design process that is supported through a standard approach to constructing software
See also
Cobra (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobra |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.