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LIGA is a fabrication technology used to create high-aspect-ratio microstructures. The term is a German acronym for – lithography, electroplating, and molding.
Overview
The LIGA consists of three main processing steps; lithography, electroplating and molding.
There are two main LIGA-fabrication technologies, X-Ray LIGA, which uses X-rays produced by a synchrotron to create high aspect ratio structures, and UV LIGA, a more accessible method which uses ultraviolet light to create structures with relatively low aspect ratios.
Notable characteristics of X-ray LIGA-fabricated structures include:
high aspect ratios on the order of 100:1
parallel side walls with a flank angle on the order of 89.95°
smooth side walls with = , suitable for optical mirrors
structural heights from tens of micrometers to several millimeters
structural details on the order of micrometers over distances of centimeters
X-Ray LIGA
X-Ray LIGA is a fabrication process in microtechnology that was developed in the early 1980s
by
a team under the leadership of Erwin Willy Becker and Wolfgang Ehrfeld at the Institute for Nuclear Process Engineering
(Institut für Kernverfahrenstechnik, IKVT) at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, since renamed to the Institute for Microstructure Technology (Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, IMT) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).
LIGA was one of the first major techniques to allow on-demand manufacturing of high-aspect-ratio structures (structures that are much taller than wide) with lateral precision below one micrometer.
In the process, an X-ray sensitive polymer photoresist, typically PMMA, bonded to an electrically conductive substrate, is exposed to parallel beams of high-energy X-rays from a synchrotron radiation source through a mask partly covered with a strong X-ray absorbing material. Chemical removal of exposed (or unexposed) photoresist results in a three-dimensional structure, which can be filled by the electrodeposition of metal. The resist is chemically stripped away to produce a metallic mold insert. The mold insert can be used to produce parts in polymers or ceramics through injection molding.
The LIGA technique's unique value is the precision obtained by the use of deep X-ray lithography (DXRL). The technique enables microstructures with high aspect ratios and high precision to be fabricated in a variety of materials (metals, plastics, and ceramics). Many of its practitioners and users are associated with or are located close to synchrotron facilities.
UV LIGA
UV LIGA utilizes an inexpensive ultraviolet light source, like a mercury lamp, to expose a polymer photoresist, typically SU-8. Because heating and transmittance are not an issue in optical masks, a simple chromium mask can be substituted for the technically sophisticated X-ray mask. These reductions in complexity make UV LIGA much cheaper and more accessible than its X-ray counterpart. However, UV LIGA is not as effective at producing precision molds and is thus used when cost must be kept low and very high aspect ratios are not required.
Process details
Mask
X-ray masks are composed of a transparent, low-Z carrier, a patterned high-Z absorber, and a metallic ring for alignment and heat removal. Due to extreme temperature variations induced by the X-ray exposure, carriers are fabricated from materials with high thermal conductivity to reduce thermal gradients. Currently, vitreous carbon and graphite are considered the best material, as their use significantly reduces side-wall roughness. Silicon, silicon nitride, titanium, and diamond are also in use as carrier substrates but not preferred, as the required thin membranes are comparatively fragile and titanium masks tend to round sharp features due to edge fluorescence. Absorbers are gold, nickel, copper, tin, lead, and other X-ray absorbing metals.
Masks can be fabricated in several fashions. The most accurate and expensive masks are those created by electron beam lithography, which provides resolutions as fine as in resist thick and features in resist thick. An intermediate method is the plated photomask which provides resolution and can be outsourced at a cost on the order of $1000 per mask. The least expensive method is a direct photomask, which provides resolution in resist thick. In summary, masks can cost between $1000 and $20,000 and take between two weeks and three months for delivery. Due to the small size of the market, each LIGA group typically has its own mask-making capability. Future trends in mask creation include larger formats, from a diameter of to , and smaller feature sizes.
Substrate
The starting material is a flat substrate, such as a silicon wafer or a polished disc of beryllium, copper, titanium, or other material. The substrate, if not already electrically conductive, is covered with a conductive plating base, typically through sputtering or evaporation.
The fabrication of high-aspect-ratio structures requires the use of a photoresist able to form a mold with vertical sidewalls. Thus the photoresist must have a high selectivity and be relatively free from stress when applied in thick layers. The typical choice, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is applied to the substrate by a glue-down process in which a precast, high-molecular-weight sheet of PMMA is attached to the plating base on the substrate. The applied photoresist is then milled down to the precise height by a fly cutter prior to pattern transfer by X-ray exposure. Because the layer must be relatively free from stress, this glue-down process is preferred over alternative methods such as casting. Further, the cutting of the PMMA sheet by the fly cutter requires specific operating conditions and tools to avoid introducing any stress and crazing of the photoresist.
Exposure
A key enabling technology of LIGA is the synchrotron, capable of emitting high-power, highly collimated X-rays. This high collimation permits relatively large distances between the mask and the substrate without the penumbral blurring that occurs from other X-ray sources. In the electron storage ring or synchrotron, a magnetic field constrains electrons to follow a circular path and the radial acceleration of the electrons causes electromagnetic radiation to be emitted forward. The radiation is thus strongly collimated in the forward direction and can be assumed to be parallel for lithographic purposes. Because of the much higher flux of usable collimated X-rays, shorter exposure times become possible. Photon energies for a LIGA exposure are approximately distributed between 2.5 and .
Unlike optical lithography, there are multiple exposure limits, identified as the top dose, bottom dose, and critical dose, whose values must be determined experimentally for a proper exposure. The exposure must be sufficient to meet the requirements of the bottom dose, the exposure under which a photoresist residue will remain, and the top dose, the exposure over which the photoresist will foam. The critical dose is the exposure at which unexposed resist begins to be attacked. Due to the insensitivity of PMMA, a typical exposure time for a thick PMMA is six hours. During exposure, secondary radiation effects such as Fresnel diffraction, mask and substrate fluorescence, and the generation of Auger electrons and photoelectrons can lead to overexposure.
During exposure the X-ray mask and the mask holder are heated directly by X-ray absorption and cooled by forced convection from nitrogen jets. Temperature rise in PMMA resist is mainly from heat conducted from the substrate backward into the resist and from the mask plate through the inner cavity air forward to the resist, with X-ray absorption being tertiary. Thermal effects include chemistry variations due to resist heating and geometry-dependent mask deformation.
Development
For high-aspect-ratio structures the resist-developer system is required to have a ratio of dissolution rates in the exposed and unexposed areas of 1000:1. The standard, empirically optimized developer is a mixture of tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (), 2-aminoethanol-1 (), 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol (), and water (). This developer provides the required ratio of dissolution rates and reduces stress-related cracking from swelling in comparison to conventional PMMA developers. After development, the substrate is rinsed with deionized water and dried either in a vacuum or by spinning. At this stage, the PMMA structures can be released as the final product (e.g., optical components) or can be used as molds for subsequent metal deposition.
Electroplating
In the electroplating step, nickel, copper, or gold is plated upward from the metalized substrate into the voids left by the removed photoresist. Taking place in an electrolytic cell, the current density, temperature, and solution are carefully controlled to ensure proper plating. In the case of nickel deposition from NiCl2 in a KCl solution, Ni is deposited on the cathode (metalized substrate) and Cl2 evolves at the anode. Difficulties associated with plating into PMMA molds include voids, where hydrogen bubbles nucleate on contaminates; chemical incompatibility, where the plating solution attacks the photoresist; and mechanical incompatibility, where film stress causes the plated layer to lose adhesion. These difficulties can be overcome through the empirical optimization of the plating chemistry and environment for a given layout.
Stripping
After exposure, development, and electroplating, the resist is stripped. One method for removing the remaining PMMA is to flood expose the substrate and use the developing solution to cleanly remove the resist. Alternatively, chemical solvents can be used. Stripping of a thick resist chemically is a lengthy process, taking two to three hours in acetone at room temperature. In multilayer structures, it is common practice to protect metal layers against corrosion by backfilling the structure with a polymer-based encapsulant. At this stage, metal structures can be left on the substrate (e.g., microwave circuitry) or released as the final product (e.g., gears).
Replication
After stripping, the released metallic components can be used for mass replication through standard means of replication such as stamping or injection molding.
Commercialization
In the 1990s, LIGA was a cutting-edge MEMS fabrication technology, resulting in the design of components showcasing the technique's unique versatility. Several companies that begin using the LIGA process later changed their business model (e.g., Steag microParts becoming Boehringer Ingelheim microParts, Mezzo Technologies). Currently, only two companies, HTmicro and microworks, continue their work in LIGA, benefiting from limitations of other competing fabrication technologies. UV LIGA, due to its lower production cost, is employed more broadly by several companies, such as Veco, Tecan, Temicon, and Mimotec in Switzerland, who supply the Swiss watch market with metal parts made of nickel and nickel-phosphorus.
Gallery
Below is a gallery of LIGA-fabricated structures arranged by date.
Notes
See also
Photolithography
X-ray lithography
Electroplating
Molding
Synchrotron
PMMA
SU-8 photoresist
Enriched Uranium — Aerodynamic Processes
References
External links
LiMiNT - LIGA process from Singapore Synchrotron Light Source
LIGA process Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Microstrucutre Technology
Illustrated LIGA-process by Arndt Last
Materials science
Microtechnology
Lithography (microfabrication) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGA |
Henry Ware (April 1, 1764 – July 12, 1845) was a preacher and theologian influential in the formation of Unitarianism and the American Unitarian Association in the United States. Born in Sherborn, Massachusetts (in a house that survived into the 20th century), Ware was educated at Harvard College, earning his A.B. in 1785. He was from 1787 to 1805 the minister of the First Parish in Hingham, Massachusetts. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1804. In 1805 he was elected to the Hollis Chair at Harvard, precipitating a controversy between Unitarians and more conservative Calvinists. He took part in the formation of the Harvard Divinity School and the establishment of Unitarianism there in the following decades, publishing his debates with eminent Calvinists in the 1820s. His son, Henry Ware Jr., followed his father as a Harvard Divinity professor and Unitarian theologian. He is also the grandfather of Mary Lee Ware through one of his other sons, Dr. Charles Eliot Ware - Mary and her mother (his daughter-in-law) being the patron sponsors of Harvard's famed Glass Flowers exhibit.
Henry Ware Sr. was married three times. From his first marriage there were seven daughters and three sons. From his third marriage there were five sons and four daughters.
References
External links
Ware biography from The Unitarians and the Universalists by David Robinson
1764 births
1845 deaths
American Unitarians
American Unitarian clergy
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Divinity School faculty
People from Sherborn, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ware%20%28Unitarian%29 |
Thomas Arthur Van Arsdale (born February 22, 1943) is an American former professional basketball player. A graduate of Emmerich Manual High School in Indianapolis, the guard played collegiately at Indiana University under longtime head coach Branch McCracken.
Selected by the Detroit Pistons in the second round of the 1965 NBA draft, Van Arsdale was named to the NBA All-Rookie Team in 1966, together with his identical twin brother Dick. He played in the NBA for twelve seasons; with the Pistons, Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City–Omaha Kings, Philadelphia 76ers, Atlanta Hawks, and Phoenix Suns. A consecutive three-time All-Star starting in 1970, Van Arsdale’s play peaked as the Royals lost star Oscar Robertson to the Bucks. In 1970 and 1971, he averaged scoring totals of 22.8 and 22.9 points per game, the latter of which was a career high. On February 13, 1972, Van Arsdale scored a career-high 44 points in a 112-111 loss to the Houston Rockets. He retired as player in 1977.
Despite Robertson’s departure from Cincinnati in 1970 being somewhat countered by the arrival of another All-Star guard in Tiny Archibald, the Royals continued to finish below .500, and even after being traded himself Van Arsdale never was on a team that made the postseason. He still holds the NBA record for most career games played without a playoff appearance. He played 929 games without making a single playoff appearance. Van Arsdale is also the highest scoring player (14,232 career points) in NBA history without a playoff appearance.
Born and raised in Greenwood, Ind., the Van Arsdale twins played together through college and again in Phoenix during the 1976–77 season, the final for both. The original lockers of both Tom and Dick remain in the display case in the lobby of the Emmerich Manual High School gymnasium.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 79 || – || 25.8 || .374 || – || .721|| 3.9 || 2.6 || – || – || 10.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 79 || – || 27.0 || .391 || – || .784 || 4.3 || 2.4 || – || – || 12.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 50 || – || 16.6 || .371 || – || .743 || 2.6 || 1.6 || – || – || 6.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Cincinnati
| 27 || – || 25.3 || .408 || – || .750 || 3.4 || 2.8 || – || – || 10.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cincinnati
| 77 || – || 39.7 || .444 || – || .747 || 4.6 || 2.7 || – || – || 19.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cincinnati
| 71 || – || 35.8 || .451 || – || .774 || 6.5 || 2.2 || – || – || 22.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cincinnati
| 82 || – || 38.4 || .456 || – || .721 || 6.1 || 2.2 || – || – || 22.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Cincinnati
| 73 || – || 35.6 || .456 || – || .755 || 4.8 || 2.7 || – || – || 19.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Kansas City–Omaha
| 49 || – || 26.2 || .457 || – || .786 || 3.5 || 1.8 || – || – || 12.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Philadelphia
| 30 || – || 34.3|| .393 || – || .833 || 6.2 || 2.1 || – || – || 17.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Philadelphia
| 78 || – || 39.0 || .428 || – || .851 || 5.0 || 2.6 || 0.8 || 0.0 || 19.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Philadelphia
| 9 || – || 30.3 || .422 || – || .683 || 3.2 || 1.8 || 1.4 || 0.0 || 14.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 73 || – || 35.2 || .429 || – || .768 || 3.4 || 2.8 || 1.1 || 0.0 || 18.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Atlanta
| 75 || – || 27.0 || .441 || – || .759 || 2.5 || 1.9 || 0.8 || 0.1 || 10.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Phoenix
| 77 || – || 18.5 || .433 || – || .703 || 2.4 || 0.9 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 5.8
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 929 || – || 30.9 || .431 || – || .762 || 4.5 || 2.2 || 0.7 || 0.1 || 15.3
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| All-Star
| 3 || 0 || 7.7 || .375 || – || .333 || 1.0 || 0.7 || – || – || 4.3
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Tom Van Arsdale (as player)
1943 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks players
Basketball players from Indianapolis
Cincinnati Royals players
Detroit Pistons draft picks
Detroit Pistons players
Identical twins
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
Kansas City Kings players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Philadelphia 76ers players
Phoenix Suns players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
American twins
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Van%20Arsdale |
Officers' Competency Certificates Convention, 1936 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1936, with the preamble stating:
Ratifications
As of January 2023, the convention has been ratified by 37 states. It has subsequently been denounced by 26 of the ratifying states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1936
Treaties entered into force in 1939
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Vargas-era Brazil
Treaties of Cuba
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
Treaties of Estonia
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Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Israel
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Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic
Treaties of Mauritania
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of New Zealand
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Admiralty law treaties
Treaties extended to American Samoa
Treaties extended to Puerto Rico
Treaties extended to the United States Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to Guam
Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1936 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officers%27%20Competency%20Certificates%20Convention%2C%201936 |
Eloise Anne Worledge (8 October 1967 – disappeared 12 January 1976) was an 8-year-old girl who was abducted from her home in Beaumaris, Victoria, Australia, on 12 January 1976. No one has ever been arrested in her abduction, which is now considered a cold case.
Disappearance
Worledge's four-year-old brother raised the alarm when he noticed his sister was not in her room at 7:30 a.m. There was no sign of a struggle. He later told police that he had heard "robbers" who had kidnapped her – but was too scared to say anything because he thought they would take him too. He described hearing crackling noises that police believe to be consistent with steps on the sea-grass floor covering of Worledge's bedroom.
Investigation and aftermath
Police believed that Worledge was lured from her bed by someone whom she knew and trusted, and had simply left the house via the front door, which had been left unlocked. Another possibility was that she may have been abducted by a prowler known to be in the area at the time.
A dark green car speeding down Scott Street at 2 a.m. was reported by a neighbour. Another neighbour reported seeing a green Holden station wagon she did not recognize parked near the Worledges' house. Around midnight, Ann Same, another neighbour, reported having seen a young man walking down the fenceline of the Worledge home, making her feel so uneasy that she crossed the street in avoidance. Around the same time, Molly Salts, a neighbour from further down the street, saw a young man jump the fence into the Worledge property after running in front of her car and across the street. At 2 a.m., Daphne Owen-Smith heard a child's cry and a car door slam; Ann Same reported also hearing this at the same time.
Bark from a tree outside Worledge's window was found on her bedroom floor. A small hole had been cut in the flyscreen of her window, but forensic tests revealed that it had been cut from the inside. Police believed the hole was too small to have been used by the abductor, and scientific evidence found it unlikely that Worledge was taken through her open bedroom window.
Both parents were initially treated as suspects. At the time of Worledge's disappearance both her parents had been having affairs and her father was believed to be depressed due to the looming divorce. He was to move out on the day Worledge had gone missing. Senior constable Nazaretian said in 2002 that Patsy Worledge told police at the time of her daughter's disappearance she felt that her husband "was involved in the disappearance as a means of prolonging the inevitable and as a way of spiting her".
On the night of Eloise's disappearance, her father had gone to bed over an hour and a half after her, and around an hour after his wife. He left the front door open because he was unaware Patsy had forgotten to close it. A passage light was left on in the hallway when the children went to bed each night, and was turned off by the last parent to bed, but it was stated by police that on that night "Lindsay Worledge did not turn off the passageway light". At around 4:45 a.m. the next morning, Patsy awoke to go to the toilet and noted that the light was off. It is almost certain Eloise had already been taken by this time.
Despite a very extensive search and a $10,000 reward () posted in 1976, no trace of Worledge has ever been found. Homicide cold case detectives reinvestigated the case in 2001, but to no avail. Lindsay Worledge died in 2017, 41 years after his daughter disappeared.
In October 2023, Melbourne crime journalist John Silvester noted that Eloise's school, Beaumaris Primary School, is now the subject of an inquiry into the activities of five paedophiles, former teachers. In the 1960s and '70s, between fifty and one hundred children were allegedly molested, a fact unknown to police investigating the abduction of Eloise at the time.
See also
List of kidnappings
List of people who disappeared
References
External links
Crime scene photograph depicting window and flyscreen (source unknown), 1976.
Who Stole Eloise? John Silvester, The Age, 5 July 2003.
Eloise Worledge Disappearance The Trail Went Cold Podcast, Episode 10, 22 June 2016.
1967 births
1970s missing person cases
1976 crimes in Australia
1976 in Australia
Child abduction in Australia
Crime in Melbourne
Crime victims from Melbourne
Kidnapped Australian children
Missing Australian children
Missing person cases in Australia
Possibly living people
Incidents of violence against girls
Beaumaris
1970s in Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance%20of%20Eloise%20Worledge |
Kohl v. United States, 91 U.S. 367 (1875), was a court case that took place in the Supreme Court of the United States. It invoked the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and is related to the issue of eminent domain.
Facts of the case
Eminent domain was used to seize private property, with just compensation, for the construction of a post office, a customs building, and other government buildings in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The Court’s ruling
The court ruled that it is necessary for the government to be able to seize property for its uses, such as creating infrastructure, which ultimately are determined by the legislature and not the judiciary. This essentially gives the government ultimate ownership over all property, because it is not viable for the government to hold out against the obstinance of private individuals to appropriate land for government uses. This power of eminent domain is not only a privilege of the federal, but also state governments. While the petitioners protest that no act of the United States Congress was used to determine the details of the acquisition, the Court ruled such legislation appropriate but unnecessary; it did not prevent the right to acquire land from being vested in the United States Secretary of the Treasury. Another argument addressed is that the government can determine the value of the property, to “justly compensate” the individual property owners; the court ruled that the assessor of the property is determined by law, and as stands the property can be assessed by the government. There was also discussion, regarding the Court’s jurisdiction in this case to be accurate.
Important quotations
Strong's opinion
“It has not been seriously contended during the argument that the United States government is without power to appropriate lands or other property within the States for its own uses, and to enable it to perform its proper functions. Such an authority is essential to its independent existence and perpetuity. These cannot be preserved if the obstinacy of a private person, or if any other authority, can prevent the acquisition of the means or instruments by which alone governmental functions can be performed.”
“The right of eminent domain was one of those means well known when the Constitution was adopted, and employed to obtain lands for public uses. …The Constitution itself contains an implied recognition of it beyond what may justly be implied from the express grants. The fifth amendment contains a provision that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. What is that but an implied assertion, that, on making just compensation, it may be taken?”
“The time of its exercise may have been prescribed by statute; but the right itself was superior to any statute.”
Field’s dissent
“The Federal courts have no inherent jurisdiction of a proceeding instituted for the condemnation of property; and I do not find any statute of Congress conferring upon them such authority. The Judiciary Act of 1789 only invests the circuit courts of the United States with jurisdiction, concurrent with that of the State courts, of suits of a civil nature at common law or in equity; and these terms have reference to those classes of cases which are conducted by regular pleadings between parties, according to the established doctrines prevailing at the time in the jurisprudence of England.”
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 91
Chappell v. United States,
External links
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
1875 in United States case law
Takings Clause case law
Politics of Cincinnati | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%20v.%20United%20States |
Barbados is an overwhelmingly Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority religion. Due to secular nature of the country's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. Statistics for Islam in Barbados estimate a Muslim population of over 4000, most of whom are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Indian state of Gujarat. A few immigrants from Guyana, Trinidad, South Asia, and the Middle East, as well as about 200 native-born persons, constitute the rest of the growing Muslim community, representing 1.50 percent of the population Close to 90 percent of all Barbadians (also known colloquially as Bajan) are of African descent (Afro-Bajans), mostly descendants of the slave labourers on the sugar plantations. The remainder of the population includes groups of Europeans (Euro-Bajans), Asians, Bajan Hindus and Muslims, and an influential Middle Eastern (Arab-Bajans) group mainly of Syrian and Lebanese descent.
There are four mosques, an Islamic Academy, an Islamic institute, one Muslim school and various other Islamic organisations. To name them, The Islamic Academy of Barbados, Darul Imaan Institute, The Barbados Muslim Association, The Islamic Teaching Center, The Institute of Islamic Propagation and Thought, The Medinah Foundation and The Al-Falah Muslim School. Mosques include the Jama Mosque, Madina Mosque, Makki Masjid and Masjid An-Noor.
Mosques
Four mosques have fixed times for daily five times prayers along with weekly lecture programs on Qur'an and Hadith. These masajid also have Islamic classes which teach Qur'an and Sunnah to children from four years of age.
Islamic organisations in Barbados
Islamic Academy of Barbados
IAB is an organisation established in 1998 under the patronage of the esteem Shaykh Muhammad Saleem Dhorat hafizahullah to engender a greater understanding of Islam in young and old alike, amongst Muslims and interested Non-Muslims. To achieve this aim the IAB produces leaflets on various Islamic aspects along with contemporary issues facing the Muslims of today, quarterly Journal Sa'wtus Saahil, weekly broadcast of lecture, Monthly Programme for children from age of 10 & over, Youth programme for youth over 16, Annual Da'wah Conference, Annual Sister Conference, meetings with interested Non-Muslims, Islamic educational classes, religious counseling and fatawaa section (for Islamic jurisprudent guidance).
The Barbados Muslim Association
BMA is an umbrella organization for masjids & musallah on the island, which also advocates on behalf of Muslims at the national level.
The Islamic Teaching Center
The Islamic Teaching Center based in Harts Gap, Christ Church conduct salaah and various other programmes and events.
The Institute of Islamic Propagation and Thought
The Institute of Islamic Propagation and Thought supplies and distributes Islamic literature free of charge to all Islamic organizations.
The Medinah Foundation
The Medinah Foundation is a charitable organisation aimed at helping the poor and needy and building healthy community relations with others.
The Al-Falah Muslim School
The Al-Falah Muslim School, a primary and secondary school established to foster the Muslim youths with Islamic values.
The cultural centre of the Islamic community of Barbados is to the west of the city centre of Bridgetown. Near to Kensington in Saint Michael. New communities established over the past few years around Belleville and Wanstead areas as well.
Concerned for the Future - Barbados
Not an official organisation in the traditional sense. It was founded by a group of youngsters in conjunction with a few local scholars in December 2016.
As the name suggests, the sole purpose is a concern for Islam in Barbados, and to facilitate and make aware of opportunities for Islamic learning through various means such as hosting programs in their local masjids, promoting events/programs being organised (by others) in their community or through the online/social media sphere.
Street Dawah Barbados
Also not an official organisation in the traditional sense and founded by the same youngsters involved with Concerned for the Future - Barbados, though founded much earlier back in January of 2014.
Its aim is to propagate the Islamic message to the local non-Muslim population in Barbados not necessarily in a bid to convince them but more to convey to them what beliefs Muslims actually hold. The concern was that even after 100 years plus of Muslim presence in Barbados (excluding West African Muslim presence on the island from the years of the Transatlantic Slave Trade), Islam as a religion is still severely misunderstood in the island.
References
Sources
K. F. Bin Mohd Noor. Muslims Statistics. 2000 Barrett. World Christian Encyclopedia, 1982
External links
Caribbean Muslims
Islamic Academy of Barbados (IAB)
Barbados
Indian diaspora in Barbados | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Barbados |
Monty Python's Personal Best is a miniseries of six one-hour specials, each showcasing the contributions of a particular Monty Python member. Produced by Python (Monty) Pictures Ltd., the series first aired on PBS stations between 22 February and 8 March 2006, although the Eric Idle and Michael Palin episodes were initially released by A&E on two Region 1 DVDs in 2005; the remaining episodes were released in late February 2006.
The five surviving members (Eric Idle, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Michael Palin and Terry Jones) were invited to select favourite sketches they wrote or starred in, mostly from the Monty Python's Flying Circus TV series plus a handful of sketches from Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus and Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl. All five collaborated on the sixth episode, a tribute to deceased Python Graham Chapman.
Wraparound segments
With the exception of Graham Chapman's episode, each Personal Best segment features one or more wraparound sketches written by and starring the featured member:
Eric Idle's Personal Best: Reporting live from the Bollywood Howl [sic], a newscaster (Eric Idle) introduces his interviews with several people about what they thought about Eric Idle, including Idle's mother and a former Nazi soldier living in South America (both also played by Idle). Throughout the segments, the reporter confuses the members of Python with The Beatles, an homage to Idle's work on All You Need Is Cash, a parody film featuring The Rutles.
John Cleese's Personal Best: The show begins with a plaintext "memorial" to the "late" John Cleese. It then cuts to a fairytale starring the troupe ("The Princess with the Wooden Teeth" from Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus), which then cuts to a poolside interview of a cranky, senile old man (Cleese) by Dayna Devon, a reporter. The supposedly 96-year-old Cleese usually answers her questions in the raunchiest manner possible, culminating in his "death" (by heart attack, apparently) at the end of the show.
Terry Gilliam's Personal Best: The show begins with Gilliam claiming Monty Python's Flying Circus was originally to be his show alone, with animations only. The "viewer" flips a switch that turns on the lights to reveal that Gilliam and his workshop are really animations. General pandemonium ensues as the episode shows a vast collage of Gilliam's famously neurotic animations.
Michael Palin's Personal Best: The show is a pseudo-documentary about fish-slapping, with Michael Palin playing the same character he played in the original sketch hosting the show. The sketches are supposedly added because the show originally introduced the world to fish-slapping. Michael Palin "travelling" to the original filming location of the Fish-Slapping Dance jokingly references his current popularity as a travel documentarian.
Terry Jones' Personal Best: From his lavish home, Jones discusses how he conceived Monty Python as a showcase for his own considerable talents, how he reluctantly let the other members join and that 'Monty Python' is an anagram of 'Terry Jones'. Several sketches are personally (and often inaccurately) introduced by Jones.
PBS airings
The series' American broadcast preceded the return of Monty Python's Flying Circus to syndication on PBS stations. Episodes were aired two at a time over three weeks:
Eric Idle's Personal Best and Graham Chapman's Personal Best – 22 February 2006
John Cleese's Personal Best and Terry Gilliam's Personal Best – 1 March 2006
Michael Palin's Personal Best and Terry Jones' Personal Best – 8 March 2006
Recurring sketches
The fish-slapping dance sketch appears in every episode except Eric Idle's, while Conrad Pooh's Dancing Teeth appears twice.
Three variations of "The Lumberjack Song" appear in the shows; the original version, the German-language version for Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus, and the performance during Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl.
References
External links
PBS site for Monty Python's Personal Best and Flying Circus
Monty Python
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2006 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s American television miniseries
2000s British television miniseries
Monty Python retrospectives
English-language television shows
PBS original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty%20Python%27s%20Personal%20Best |
The sural nerve (L4-S1) is generally considered a pure cutaneous nerve of the posterolateral leg to the lateral ankle. The sural nerve originates from a combination of either the sural communicating branch and medial sural cutaneous nerve, or the lateral sural cutaneous nerve. This group of nerves is termed the sural nerve complex. There are eight documented variations of the sural nerve complex. Once formed the sural nerve takes its course midline posterior to posterolateral around the lateral malleolus. The sural nerve terminates as the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve.
Anatomy
The sural nerve (L4-S1) is a cutaneous sensory nerve of the posterolateral calf with cutaneous innervation to the distal one-third of the lower leg. Formation of the sural nerve is the result of either anastomosis of the medial sural cutaneous nerve and the sural communicating nerve, or it may be found as a continuation of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve traveling parallel to the medial sural cutaneous nerve. The sural nerve specifically innervates cutaneous sensorium over the posterolateral leg and lower lateral ankle via lateral calcaneal branches.
Innervation
The sural nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the skin of the posterior to posterolateral leg. This nerve is part of the sciatic nerve sensorium. It only provides autonomic and sensory nerve fibers to the skin of the posterolateral leg and ankle. These fibers originate from perikaryon located in the spinal ganglia and travel via the lumbosacral plexus via nerve roots L4-S1. When testing for deficits understand that often multiple nerves (lateral calcaneal nerve, sural nerve, and lateral dorsal cutaneous nerves of the foot) provide a complicated marriage of converging sensorium around the lower extremity.
Anatomic Course
Grossly, the course of this nerve leads it from its highly varied anastomotic formation to its more predictable terminal course down the remaining posterior leg. The anastomosis forming the sural nerve typically occurs in the deep fascia above or within the surrounding space above the gastrocnemius muscle. Once formed, the sural nerve then pierces out of a fascial crura and travels from its posterior midline position wrapping laterally around the lateral malleolus; once around the lateral malleolus the name of the nerve changes to the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve. Eight variations of sural nerve origin have been described with categorical subtyping.
Anatomic Formation
The nerves contributing to the formation of the sural nerve (medial sural cutaneous nerve, lateral sural cutaneous nerve, sural communicating nerve) are deemed the sural nerve complex by some anatomists and surgeons. Eight formations of the sural nerve complex have been described in cadaveric studies.
Morphometrics
The pathway of the sural nerve (once formed) is consistent as it travels superficially in the posterior leg over the distal part of the gastrocnemius over the beginning of the achilles tendon and then travels parallel to the achilles with the small saphenous vein to send of lateral calcaneal branches while the remaining nerve passes under the lateral malleolus and finally finding its terminal name as the sural nerve becomes the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve. The formation patterns of the sural nerve complex is much more complicated and highly varied as documented by anatomists. The most common formation is the anastomotic scenario described above; the sural communicating branch joins the medial sural cutaneous nerve to become the sural nerve. Type 1 and 2 sural nerve complex formation prevalence is estimated up to greater than 70%, Although the remaining types (3-8) provide difficulty in making consistent clinical approximation of this nerve in the random population.
The sural nerve then travels out of deep fascia to the subcutaneous posterior sura. Although, these types of sural nerve complex (type 1 and 2) are of the highest prevalence there are multiple scenarios which other contributing nerves that range in morphology of formation, sural nerve size, and location of the sural nerve union. Anatomists limit the name of the sural nerve from its origins after an anastomosis of the SCB (type 1) and medial sural cutaneous nerve or we name it for when it penetrates out of the deep fascia of the posterior sura.
Clinical significance
The sural nerve has a purely sensory function, and so its removal results in only a relatively minor consequential deficit. Due to its large size and significant length it has had a significant contribution in medicine twofold; the sural nerve is the most frequently accessed donor nerve site for peripheral nerve grafting and serves as the primary diagnostic site for nerve conduction studies for understanding of peripheral nerve pathologies. It is frequently a site of iatrogenic nerve injury during percutaneous repair of the Achilles tendon or surgical interventions on the lower extremity.
The sural nerve is also a source for iatrogenic injuries during orthopedic interventions of the lower ankle and extremity. For this reason, and due to its large size and significant length it has had a significant contribution in medicine in the form of nerve biopsy and diagnostics of peripheral nerve diseases. Sural mononeuropathy is uncommon, however If affected, it can be due to diabetes, peripheral neuropathies, or trauma. Sometimes inflammatory or vasculitic diseases will selectively involve the sural nerve. In addition, the sural nerve will be involved in any kind of generalized peripheral sensory or sensorimotor neuropathy. Sensory changes from sural neuropathy are variable but usually occur in the posterolateral aspect of the leg and the dorsolateral foot. These can sometimes be painful with paresthesias and dysesthesias. Nerve conduction studies can be used to delineate sural nerve lesions. Treatment will depend on the cause of the neuropathy. Occasionally biopsy of the nerve is performed for diagnostic purposes. For example, ganglions are usually resected. Traumatic neuropathy is usually treated non-surgically. It is often the donor nerve when a nerve allograft is performed.
Sural nerve block
A sural nerve block can be used for quick anesthetization to the foot and lower leg. Because this technique requires few injections to reach adequate anesthesia, a smaller volume of anesthetic is needed. The sural nerve is rather superficial, which makes it more accessible to surgeons. Therefore, it is relatively easier than other procedures. Also, due to its superficial properties, the sural nerve is easily blocked at multiple levels at or above the ankle. In one study, regional anesthesia of the foot and ankle, when performed by surgeons, was completely successful 95% of the time. Sural nerve block is not advised if a patient is allergic to the anesthetic solution, has infected tissue at the injection site, has severe bleeding disorder, or has preexisting neurological damage.
Additional images
References
External links
Referenced papers:
Steele et al. 208 sample cadaveric review 2021
Ramakrishnan et al.systematic review on sural nerve formation 2015
Anatomy web references
Cutaneous field
Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sural%20nerve |
Matthew 13 is the thirteenth chapter in the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament section of the Christian Bible. Verses 3 to 52 of this chapter form the third of the five Discourses of Matthew, called the Parabolic Discourse, based on the parables of the Kingdom. At the end of the chapter, Jesus is rejected by the people of his hometown, Nazareth.
Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 58 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
Papyrus 103 (~AD 200; extant verses 55–56)
Codex Vaticanus (325–350)
Codex Sinaiticus (330–360)
Codex Bezae (~400)
Codex Washingtonianus (~400)
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450)
Codex Purpureus Rossanensis (6th century)
Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus (6th century; extant verses 5–32, 42–58)
Codex Sinopensis (6th century; extant verses 7–47, 54–58)
Old Testament references
:
: Psalm
New Testament references
: ; ; ; ; .
Structure
This chapter can be grouped (with cross references, where there are parallels, to the other gospels):
= Parable of the Sower (; )
= Reason for Parables
= Parable of the Sower explained (; )
= Parable of the Tares ()
= Parable of the Mustard Seed (; )
= Parable of the Leaven ()
= Parable of the Tares explained
= Parable of the Hidden Treasure
= Parable of the Pearl
= Parable of Drawing in the Net
= Conclusion
= Jesus is rejected in Nazareth (; )
Parables
Matthew 13 presents seven parables, and two explanations of his parables. The chapter contains the following parables, in respective order:
Parable of the Sower
Parable of the Tares
Parable of the Mustard Seed
Parable of the Leaven
Parable of the Hidden Treasure
Parable of the Pearl
Parable of Drawing in the Net
The following explanations of the first two parables are included:
Explanation of the Parable of the Sower
Explanation of the Parable of the Tares
Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer identifies two groups of parables: the four first parables (up to ) "were spoken in presence of the multitude, and the other three again within the circle of the disciples". German liberal Protestant theologian David Strauss thought this chapter was "overwhelming with parables". At the beginning of the chapter, Jesus sits in a ship or a boat on the Sea of Galilee and addresses the crowd who stand on the shore or the beach. The Textus Receptus has inserted the definite article (, to ploion), suggesting that there was a boat kept waiting for him, but other texts do not include the definite article and the Pulpit Commentary therefore argues that it was "wrongly inserted".
Verses 51-52
51"Have you understood all these things?" Jesus asked.
"Yes", they replied.
52 He said to them, "Therefore every teacher of the law who has become a disciple in the kingdom of heaven is like the owner of a house who brings out of his storeroom new treasures as well as old."
These verses conclude the Parabolic Discourse and may be called a "comparative proverb". Henry Alford describes them as a "solemn conclusion to the parables. Johann Bengel suggests that Jesus would have been ready to explain the other parables if necessary, "but they understood them, if not perfectly, yet truly". The reference to scribes, or teachers of the Jewish law, who became disciples reflects the Matthean gospel focus in particular; the Jerusalem Bible suggests that this reference may portray the evangelist himself.
Verses 53-58
The final verses of this chapter see Jesus return to his home town, meaning Nazareth, where he preaches in the synagogue and experiences the rejection of his "own people", and his own country.
Dale Allison sees these verses and the following chapters as far as chapter 17 as recounting "the birth of the Church"; the Jerusalem Bible likewise holds that the same long section constitutes a narrative on the Church, followed by Matthew 18, which is often called the Discourse on the Church.
See also
Leaven
Mustard seed
Parables of Jesus
Pearl
Tare
Related Bible parts: Matthew 25, Mark 4, Mark 6, Luke 4, Luke 8, Luke 13
References
External links
King James Bible - Wikisource
English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
Gospel of Matthew chapters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%2013 |
Patty Berg (born June 6, 1942) is an American politician who served in the California State Assembly from 2002 to 2008. A Democrat, she was elected in November 2002 to represent the 1st Assembly District, which includes Del Norte County, Humboldt County, Mendocino County, Lake County, and Trinity County as well as parts of Sonoma County.
Early life
Berg was born in Seattle, and graduated from California State University at Los Angeles with a bachelor's degree in Sociology & Social Welfare in 1967. She has lived in Humboldt County since the 1970s.
Local politics
Berg founded the Executive Director of the Area Agency on Aging serving Humboldt and Del Norte Counties for 19 years. While there, she grew the agency from a staff of 4 and a budget of $300,000 to 25 employees and a multimillion-dollar budget. Berg was a regional leader advocating for policy change in Sacramento and Washington, DC on issues related to aging.
In 1993, she wrote the Humboldt County Crime Prevention Plan and chaired its first Crime Commission. Berg then worked in partnership with law enforcement taking a number of steps to make local citizens safer.
Berg has a history as an advocate for women's rights and a woman's right to choose. In 1982, she helped found "CHOICES" Humboldt County's first pro-choice Political Action Committee. She also developed California's first K-12 comprehensive family life education curriculum in 1980, which was implemented in 80% of Humboldt County School Districts. Patty designed and taught a course through Humboldt State University to teachers and parents who adopted the curriculum. The training module was published and distributed nationally.
Berg retired from the Area Agency on Aging in 1999 and later that year, ran the campaign preventing Wal-Mart from building on the coast.
State Assembly
She served as Chair of the Assembly Committee on Aging and Long Term Care as well as Chair of the Joint Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Post-Assembly career
Berg filed a statement of intent to run for California Insurance Commissioner in 2010. Two other Democrats who has filed paperwork are Assemblymember Dave Jones from Sacramento and Assemblymember Hector De La Torre from South Gate.
External links
State Assembly Website
https://web.archive.org/web/20070208225202/http://democrats.assembly.ca.gov/members/a01/
Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
Women state legislators in California
Politicians from Seattle
1942 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty%20Berg%20%28politician%29 |
The Australian Scout Jamboree is a jamboree which is held every three years by Scouts Australia. The Jamboree is traditionally held in early January and typically runs for ten nights.
The first, in 1934, was held in Frankston, Victoria, and was attended by the World Chief Scout, Robert Baden-Powell. The Frankston district still uses the original Jamboree logo as its district emblem. Jamborees have been held regularly since 1934, except for 1942 and 1945, due to World War 2, and in 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Rotation
Traditionally Australian Jamborees are hosted on a rotational basis, with the order of hosting being as follows:
South Australia
Victoria
Queensland
New South Wales
Each Scouting Branch (State) is the effective host of the Australian Jamboree and takes responsibility for its management.
By world standards, Australian Jamborees are medium-sized, with the largest Jamborees being held in Europe and North America and generally hosting between 35,000 and 40,000 participants.
List
Jamborees were not held during World War II or during the COVID-19 pandemic (AJ2022 was cancelled on 23 January 2021)
Organisational structure
Committee
The Jamboree Organising Committee (JOC) has the primary task of organising and running the Jamboree. The host state takes the responsibility for forming a JOC from local Scouters.
Contingents
The largest organisational unit of the Jamboree is a Contingent. There is one contingent for each of the Australian States and Territories - Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, - as well as New Zealand, Guides Australia, and International Contingents.
A troop consists of about 36 Scouts, six patrols of youth members and six to seven leaders. Each troop shares a common camping area where they will cook, sleep and socialise for the duration of the Jamboree. Troops are generally made up of members of the same contingent and Mixed Overseas contingent.
Youth members in troops are further subdivided into patrols of five or six Scouts. The most experienced Scout is generally given the task of being 'Patrol Leader' or 'PL', and another experienced Scout is assigned as 'Assistant Patrol Leader' or 'APL'. Scouts work in patrols for all activities and tasks during the Jamboree. At the jamboree Patrol Leaders are given special prizes and a special lunch to acknowledge the important task they carry out.
Scouts must be between the age of 10 and 14 and must have proven their Scouting skills by earning their Pioneer Badge. Participants will be expected to cook for themselves, keep their sleeping area and campsite clean and tidy, participate in their assigned activities, and cope with the experience of being away from home for the period of the Jamboree (usually about 11 days).
Other participants
Older members, namely Venturers and Rovers, also attend the Jamboree to assist with activities and other tasks. Younger members, including Joeys and Cubs, and families and friends of Scouting are able to visit the site as day visitors, especially on Future Scout Day (Market Day), where games and stalls are set up by the Scouts attending the Jamboree.
Activities
Jamboree activities are a mixture of on-site and off-site activities that seek to challenge the participants, reinforce Scouting values, provide valuable and new experiences, and most of all, be great fun.
Activities for the 2007 Australian Scout Jamboree included:
Circus Skills
Bush tracking and navigation
Flying - the AJ2007 site had its own airstrip
Canoes, rafts and swimming at Lake Nagambie
Exploring Historic Echuca
Visiting Bendigo
Plenty of mud activities
Activities for the 2019 Australian Scout Jamboree included:
The Smash Zone - an activity in which nine Scout's were given two minutes to smash three cars
Ice Skating
A camp inside a camp at Woodhouse, the site of the 2004 Australian Jamboree. Activities such as pioneering, high ropes and low ropes, archery tag, orienteering, an arcade room and an obstacle course were included
BMX Biking
Mud pits
Abseiling and rock climbing
Mountain biking
A day exploring in Adelaide
Land sailing
Shooting
Flying - like the 2007 Jamboree, AJ2019 had an airstrip on site
Skateboarding
Raft building, canoeing, swimming, rowing and sailing at Wellington Marina
Drone flying
Crate stacking
On site
During a Jamboree there could be more people on the Jamboree site than there are in some regional towns. Considerable resources and infrastructure are set up at the Jamboree sites to ensure the safety, well-being and enjoyment of all participants. Some of the Jamboree resources include:
Main and secondary stage areas
Shopping Mall
Socialisation Areas
Hospital and First Aid posts
Internet Café
On-site radio station, to which both Scouts and leaders contribute
On-site newspaper
Transport Depot
Police and security
Temporary on-site fire station
Banking facilities including ATMs
Warehousing of food and consumables
Reliable communications infrastructure
Fresh water supply and grey water processing
21st Australian Jamboree
The 21st Australian Jamboree (AJ2007) took place at the Elmore Field Days site in Elmore, Victoria, from 1 to 13 January, 2007. It was the first major Scout event in 2007 and thus the first to celebrate 100 years of Scouting. 12,000 adults and youth from Australia and 30 other counties attended the Jamboree, 8,500 of whom were Scouts. The Jamboree had a theme of "Get in the Game" to promote participation.
Activities
AJ2007 featured four off-site activities: Wet Wild & Windy, Riverforce, Bushwacked and Ready Set Bendigo.
On-site activities included Venture Extreme (learning about linking to Ventures), X-Site (circus themed), Planet Blitz (focused on recycling and the environment), Rock Sports (rock climbing and abseiling) and Sky High (joy flights over the Jamboree site Elmore, and Rochester). Game On was another activity featuring six bases. It included sports, car smashing, mud and a giant water slide.
Additional on-site activities included a carnival, contingent HQ, subcamp activities and a mall.
An amateur radio station was also set up at the Jamboree by the Scout Radio and Electronics Service Unit (Vic), utilising the special event call sign VI3JAM. A notable achievement of the station was a live link to the International Space Station when Scouts had to opportunity to talk with Astronaut LCDR Sunita Williams in orbit of the earth.
Entertainment
The Australian Jamboree 2007 featured much entertainment, with music acts such as Evermore, The Rogue Traders, Björn Again, Tripod and Taxiride performing on the main arena; along with numerous cover bands. Stunt planes and Motocross riders brought other nights alive; along with a Marquee called “The Place” which had themed discos.
Cleanup
Cleanup of the site involved removing 200 tonnes of rubbish, dismantling 16,000 square meters of marquee, and removing 208 portable buildings on site, including toilets. It was expected to take a fortnight using 50 volunteers. The Scouts had already taken down their own tents and troop facilities.
References
External links
The first Australian Jamboree
AJ2013 website
Scouts Australia website, with information on the next Jamborees.
Victorian Jamborees' daily newspapers digitised on Trove
The 25th Australian Jamboree (AJ2019) website
Scouting jamborees
Jamboree, Australian Scout | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Scout%20Jamboree |
(also shortened to ) were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the period after World War I.
were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, Germany's , France's , or China's (). By viewing through a Japanese versus Western lens, the nationalist press could use the modern girl archetype to blame such failings as frivolity, sexual promiscuity, and selfishness on foreign influence. The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Using aristocratic culture as their standard of Japaneseness, the critics of the modern girl condemned her working class traits as "unnatural" for Japanese. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent, choosing their own suitors, and apathetic towards politics. The woman's magazine was a novelty at this time, and the modern girl was the model consumer, someone more often found in advertisements for cosmetics and fashion than in real life. The all-female Takarazuka Revue, established in 1914, and the novel Naomi (1924) are outstanding examples of modern girl culture.
Origins and etymology
Jun'ichirō Tanizaki's 1924 novel Naomi is credited as creating the term "modern girl". The novel was such a hit that it caused considerable outrage among elders in Japan. However, younger women embraced the story and celebrated the values displayed by several of the main characters. The character became a feature of many silent films produced in Japan at the time by directors like Yasujirō Ozu. Actresses such as Tatsuta Shizue became known for their depiction of modern girls in contrast to the more traditional values depicted by other characters in films.
The modern girl archetype was further bolstered by magazines such as , founded in 1917, and , founded in 1922; both magazines ran articles, fashion tips, and advice on the modern girl lifestyle, with described as "the bible of the modern girl."
Behavior
The values of modern girls emphasised complete financial and emotional independence. Modern girls would work service industry-style jobs and live on their own, not dependent on their family. They smoked, watched movies, and hung out at the cafes; they were sexually liberated, choosing their own suitors. Many of them participated in casual sex. In a 1928 short story by Kataoka Teppei, a young typist dates three "modern boys" at the same time. She is described as decadent, hedonistic, and superficial.
However, the ideals of modern girls were not considered to be politically-driven, nor did young women adopt modern girl values and behaviours as a direct form of protest. Instead, modern girls sought change via themselves, with consumerism the first and foremost consideration and driving factor. Modern girls constantly shopped at the new department stores and listened to jazz records.
Appearance
A modern girl's appearance was completely Western. Modern girls wore pumps and short dresses, discarding the kimono and traditional hairstyles for Western-style "garçonne" looks; similar to flappers, the bob cut was immensely popular among modern girls, who also openly wore lipstick. Much of their dress and appearance resembled Western film stars such as Olive Thomas, Clara Bow, and Mary Pickford. Pickford is used as a symbol of modernism in Naomi.
End of era
The modern girl was a symbol of Westernization, and a symbol of extravagance and self-centred choices. However, following military coups in the mid- to late 1930s, extreme Japanese nationalism, the Great Depression and the Second Sino-Japanese War, the popularity of Western fashion, ideals and entertainment declined sharply. The decline of the modern girl, previously driven by the use of disposable income on consumerism and shopping, was only exacerbated further by the severe rationing of World War II. Following World War II, the developments of post-war Japan prompted a return to the 19th century ideal of "good wife, wise mother".
See also
New Woman
, a popular 1970s manga and anime series by Waki Yamato in which the lead character, Hanamura Benio, is a "modern girl," or "-san" ("Miss High-Collar")
References
Further reading
The Gender/Sexuality Reader: Culture, History, Political Economy, Vintage Books
The New Japanese Woman: Modernity, Media, and Women in Interwar Japan
Dunn, Michael, Taisho Chic: Modern girls and outrage, The Japan Times, May 10, 2007.
The Modern Girl Around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization Edited by Alys Eve Weinbaum, Lynn M. Thomas, Priti Ramamurthy, Uta G. Poiger, Modeleine Yue Dong, and Tani E. Barlow
Silverberg, Miriam (1991). "The Modern Girl as Militant." in Gail Bernstein, Recreating Japanese Women: 1600-1945. pp 239–66.
External links
Slang terms for women
1920s fashion
Japanese culture
1920s in Japan
Flappers
Stereotypes of working-class women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20girl |
Juan Benet (7 October 1927 – 5 January 1993) was a Spanish novelist, dramatist and essayist who also worked as a civil engineer.
Early life
Benet was born in Madrid. At the start of the Spanish Civil War, his father was executed by a firing squad in Republican held Madrid, and together with his family he left for San Sebastián to find refuge with relatives. They stayed there until 1939, when they returned to the capital. In 1944, he completed his high school education and in 1948 he entered into the School of Civil Engineering in Madrid. He frequented the discussion group at Café Gijón, in Madrid, where he met the man who would become his best friend, Luis Martín Santos, among other authors of that time.
In 1953, still a student, he started an engineering internship in Finland and published his first play, Max, in which one can see the beginnings of a singular literary style that distances itself from the popular themes of Spanish literature of that era.
In 1954, Benet finished his engineering degree, and in the following year he married. After completing several works in Switzerland, he moved to Ponferrada in Léon, and after to Oviedo, for work-related reasons.
Writing years
First stage
In 1961, Benet published Nunca llegarás a nada (You Will Never Amount to Anything), his first novel.
In 1966, he returned to Madrid, and in 1968 he published Volverás a Región (Return to Región), at the same time that he designed the reservoir of . There were already those calling his work "incorrect literature," and only a few contemporary authors, such as Pere Gimferrer, who believed that a great narrative writer had been born. In 1967, Benet was awarded the Premio Biblioteca Breve for his work, Una meditación (A meditation).
He wrote La inspiración y el estilo (Inspiration and style), an essay where he expounded his strong beliefs on art and literature, an art that is fundamentally about style more than about telling stories or making arguments.
His literary output increased between 1970 and 1973, as he published Una meditación, Un viaje de invierno (A Winter Journey), completing the trilogy that began with Volverás a Región, Puerta de tierra, Teatro, and Una tumba, La otra casa de Mazón and Sub rosa.
Second stage
In 1974, his wife, Nuria Jordana, died, causing a break in Benet's works and in his personal relationships. More introverted than ever, Benet didn't publish another work until 1976's Qué fue la guerra civil (What Was the Civil War). Until the 1980s he would travel extensively, including trips to China and to various conferences in the United States.
In 1980, he published one of his greatest works, Saúl ante Samuel (Saul Before Samuel), a complex work that received good critical notice. He was a finalist for the Planeta Prize in 1980 with his work El aire de un crimen, losing to Volaverunt by Antonio Larreta. Three years after, the first volume of Herrumbrosas lanzas (Rusty lances) was published. He continued this work with two more volumes published in 1985 and 1986.
While he was building his own engineering firm, he published the novel En la penumbra (In the Penumbra) in 1989. In 1990 and 1991, he published his final two works, the essay La construcción de la torre de Babel (The Construction of the Tower of Babel) and El caballero de Sajonia (The Knight of Saxony). He left the fourth volume of Herrumbrosas lanzas unfinished at his death on January 5, 1993.
Legacy
In the 1980s, there began a very intense debate on his works that would continue after his death. The singular character of his works set his style apart from the narrativism of Spanish authors of the second half of the 20th century. The influence of William Faulkner is evident in all of his works.
Recognized today as one of the greatest Spanish writers of the 20th century, the Times on January 18, 1993, compared him with France's Marcel Proust, Ireland's James Joyce, and the U.S. writer Faulkner.
References
External links
James Kirkup. Obituary: Juan Benet, ''The Independent, 8 January 1993; consulted: 9 September 2011
1927 births
1993 deaths
Writers from Madrid
Spanish male dramatists and playwrights
Spanish male novelists
20th-century Spanish novelists
20th-century Spanish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Spanish male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Benet |
Loggieville is a Canadian suburban neighbourhood in the city of Miramichi, New Brunswick. The community is located at the mouth of the Miramichi River on the southern bank where the river estuary discharges into the bay. Named after the Loggie family who were prominent local merchants, Loggieville was an incorporated village in Northumberland County until municipal amalgamation in 1995.
History
Originally named Black Brook, the first store opened at Loggieville sometime between 1809 and 1813.
It was settled by principally by Scottish and English immigrants, although the community also has some Acadian and Irish inhabitants. The community developed into an important shipping port in the mid-1880s after the Canada Eastern Railway built its eastern terminus on the shores of Miramichi Bay.
Fishing and fish packing were prominent industries for many years.
Notable people
See also
List of neighbourhoods in Miramichi, New Brunswick
References
Neighbourhoods in Miramichi, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggieville%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical The Wizard of Oz, though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the West, who does not appear in the musical.
Plot
Dorothy Gale (Bebe Daniels) and Imogene the Cow are chased by Hank the Mule. Dorothy runs to the cornfield and discovers that the family Scarecrow (Robert Leonard) is alive. They realize a cyclone is approaching, so they all hide in a haystack. Dorothy and Toto, Hank, Imogene, and the Scarecrow are all swept to the Land of Oz, where soldiers get scared away by the Witch Momba (Winifred Greenwood), who attacks the Wizard of Oz (Hobart Bosworth) due to his threat to her reign. As Dorothy plays with Toto, the good Witch Glinda (Olive Cox) changes Toto into a real protector. Dorothy then encounters the Cowardly Lion, and they encounter the Rusty Woodman and oil his joints. The children meet Eureka the Cat. The Witch kidnaps and imprisons the children. Dorothy throws water on the Witch Momba, killing her and allowing the gang to rescue the animals. Dorothy and her friends arrive at the Emerald City. The citizens dance, and the Scarecrow reads a note that says the Wizard has declared him king, and the whole thing ends up in a celebratory dance.
Cast
The credits to the film list Hobart Bosworth, Eugenie Besserer, Robert Leonard, Bebe Daniels, Winifred Greenwood, Lillian Leighton and Olive Cox as the performers, and Otis Turner as director.<ref name=Swartz-174>{{cite book |last1=Swartz |first1=Mark Evan |title=Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz on Stage and Screen to 1939 |date=2000 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=0801864771 |page=174 |quote=...the credits for Selig's finished Wizard of Oz film, as published in the standard reference work American Film Index, 1908-1915, list Otis Turner as the director of the film... Assuming the published credits are correct, it is likely that Turner made a trip west to shoot The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.}}</ref>
The cast list does not indicate which characters each credited actor portrayed. In his book Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Stage and Screen to 1939, Oz scholar Mark Evan Swartz concludes that Daniels, who was eight or nine years old at the time of filming, played Dorothy, and that Bosworth and Leonard likely played the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman, respectively. He takes no position on the rest of the cast assignments.
Michael Patrick Hearn has found ample evidence that both Turner and Daniels were in California at the time. At any rate, that Baum knew of Turner is confirmed by his spoofery of an "Otis Werner" in his Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West, a fictional account inspired by his optimism as an independent filmmaker.
Based on photographs, and assuming the cast list is correct, it appears that Cox is Glinda and Leighton is the servant who pulls out a list of Union rules. Besserer is most likely Momba, and Greenwood likely to be Aunt Em. There is quite a large cast before the camera, and it is unlikely that they will all ever be identified. Hearn emphasizes that this cast list is not contemporary with the film and may have no basis in fact.
Production history
The character Imogene the Cow did not appear in the novel. She replaced Toto the dog in the stage musical. Many of the costumes and much of the make-up in this film, though not the Tin Woodman's, resemble those used in the 1902 Broadway musical, The Wizard of Oz. None of the songs in the stage show were sung in the famous 1939 film. As is clear from the plot descriptions below, the presence of Eureka the kitten is drawn from the commingling of material from The Marvelous Land of Oz and Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz; Eureka appears in the latter novel.
Long thought to be culled from footage from The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (a feature length stage and film show created and presented by Baum in 1908), this was proven not to be the case when the film was recovered. Although the only known Fairylogue film footage has decomposed (and the interactive nature of the presentation makes the discovery of another print unlikely), the slides, script, and production stills are available (and many have been reprinted in books and magazines) and clearly from another production, which emphasized material from Ozma of Oz that the descriptions of the Selig films imply was ignored. This film, and its sequels, were created in the wake of Baum's loss of the rights to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and temporary licensing rights on The Marvelous Land of Oz and John Dough and the Cherub.
Other adaptationsThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz was later followed by the sequels Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz, The Land of Oz, and John Dough and the Cherub. All three were produced in 1910 and are all considered to be lost films.
Sequels
The Selig Polyscope sequels are known only from their catalog descriptions, derived from press releases printed in The Moving Picture World:
Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz
Dorothy and the Scarecrow are now in the Emerald City. They have become friends with the Wizard, and together with the woodman, the cowardly lion, and several new creations equally delightful, they journey through Oz -- the earthquake -- and into the glass city. The Scarecrow is elated to think he is going to get his brains at last and be like other men are; the Tin-Woodman is bent upon getting a heart, and the cowardly lion pleads with the great Oz for courage. All these are granted by his Highness. Dorothy picks the princess. -- The Dangerous Mangaboos. -- Into the black pit, and out again. We then see Jim, the cab horse, and myriads of pleasant surprises that hold and fascinate.
The Land of Oz
The Emerald City in all its splendor with all the familiar characters so dear to the hearts of children - Dorothy, the scarecrow, the woodman, the cowardly lion, and the wizard continuing on their triumphal entry to the mystic city, adding new characters, new situations, and scintillating comedy. Dorothy, who has so won her way into the good graces of lovers of fairy folk, finds new encounters in the rebellion army of General Jinger [sic] showing myriads of Leith soldiers in glittering apparel forming one surprise after the other, until the whole resolves itself into a spectacle worthy of the best artists in picturedom. Those who have followed the two preceding pictures of this great subject cannot but appreciate "The Land of Oz," the crowning effort of the Oz series.
John Dough and the Cherub
No description of this film was given, but it does mention the name. It was unlikely to be considered a direct sequel, but is probably based on another L. Frank Baum novel, John Dough and the Cherub.
Home media
One of the films in the 3-disc boxed DVD set called More Treasures from American Film Archives (2004), compiled by the National Film Preservation Foundation from 5 American film archives. This film is preserved by George Eastman House, has a running time of 13 minutes and an added piano score adapted from Paul Tietjens's music from the 1902 stage play and performed by Martin Marks. It is also included in the 3-disc edition of the 1939 film version. On this edition, John Thomas performs a compilation of Oz-related music by Louis F. Gottschalk.
See also
The Wizard of Oz adaptations — other adaptations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz''
Treasures from American Film Archives
References
External links
1910 films
Silent American fantasy films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Otis Turner
Films based on American novels
Films based on fantasy novels
Films based on The Wizard of Oz
Selig Polyscope Company films
Articles containing video clips
Surviving American silent films
Films about witchcraft
Films set in Kansas
1910s fantasy films
1910s American films
Silent horror films
1910s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wonderful%20Wizard%20of%20Oz%20%281910%20film%29 |
The Jamaican order of precedence is as follows:
Charles III, King of Jamaica
Governor-General of Jamaica (Sir Patrick Allen)
Prime Minister of Jamaica (Andrew Holness)
Deputy Prime Minister of Jamaica (Horace Chang)
Leader of the Opposition (Mark Golding)
Members of the Cabinet and Ministers of State
President of the Senate (Tom Tavares-Finson, KC)
Speaker of the House of Representatives (Marisa Dalrymple-Philibert)
Chief Justice of Jamaica, Bryan Sykes; President of the Court of Appeal
President of the Jamaica Council of Churches
Attorney General (Derrick McKoy)
Head of the Civil Service, Head of the Foreign Service, Ambassadors, High Commissioners, Head of the European Union delegation, Ministers, Envoys
Parliamentary Secretaries
Members of the Privy Council
Judges of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court
Deputy President of the Senate
Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives
Members of the Senate
Members of the House of Representatives
Mayors and Chairmen of Parish Councils (except on municipal occasions, when they take precedence immediately after the Prime Minister)
Chief of Staff of the Jamaica Defence Force; Commissioner of Police
Custodes of Parishes
Governor of the Bank of Jamaica, Financial Secretary, Auditor General, Permanent Secretaries, Director of Public Prosecutions, Solicitor General, Chairman of the Public Service Commission
Heads of International Organisations
Vice-Chancellor of the University of the West Indies
Chairman and Secretaries of the Political Parties having representation in Parliament
A slightly different version of the Order of Precedence is given on the website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Jamaica:
Governor-General of Jamaica (Sir Patrick Allen)
Prime Minister of Jamaica (Andrew Holness)
Deputy Prime Minister (Horace Chang)
Leader of the Opposition (Peter Phillips)
Members of the Cabinet; President of the Senate; Speaker of the House of Representatives
Former Governors-General and former Prime Ministers
Chief Justice of Jamaica; President of the Court of Appeal
Ministers of State
President of the Jamaica Council of Churches
Widows and Widowers of National Heroes; Widows and Widowers of former Governors-General; Widows and Widowers of former Heads of Government
Attorney-General (Derrick McKoy)
Cabinet Secretary (Head of the Civil Service)
Head of the Foreign Service; Dean of the Diplomatic Corps; Ambassadors and High Commissioners; Head of Delegation of the European Union; Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority
Members of the Privy Council
Deputy President of the Senate
Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives
Members of the Senate; Members of the House of Representatives
Judges of the Court of Appeal; Judges of the Supreme Court
Chairman of the Public Service Commission
Chief of Staff of the Jamaica Defence Force; Commissioner of Police
Mayors and Chairmen of Parish Councils (except on municipal occasions, when they take precedence immediately after the Prime Minister)
Custodes of Parishes
Chief of State Protocol
Resident Representative or Resident Coordinator of the United Nations Development Programme; Heads of Offices of International Organisations; Consuls-General; Members of the Consular Corps
Vice-Chancellor of the University of the West Indies
Chairman and Secretaries of the Political Parties having representation in Parliament
References
External links
Jamaican order of precedence
Government of Jamaica
Politics of Jamaica
Orders of precedence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican%20order%20of%20precedence |
The Rock Island Trail State Park is a long public rail trail in the west-central region of the U.S. state of Illinois. It was designated a National Recreation Trail in 2003.
It passes through portions of Peoria and Stark counties. The southern end of the trail is currently located at Pioneer Parkway in north Peoria, Illinois, and the northern end is in Toulon, Illinois, the county seat of Stark County. The right-of-way served as a railroad line from 1871 to 1963, was unused in 1963-1989, and has been a public trail since 1989.
History
The trail derives its name from the former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, commonly known as the Rock Island. The current Rock Island Trail is a fragment of what was once a predecessor railroad, the Peoria and Rock Island Railroad built in 1869-1871, stretching southeastward from the Quad Cities of Illinois and Iowa to Peoria. The Rock Island soon acquired the Peoria and Rock Island and added it to their extensive trackage throughout the North American Great Plains; and this branch line once delivered large quantities of barley, rye, and other small grains to the distilleries of Peoria for the manufacture of American blended whiskey. With the coming of Prohibition in 1920, use of the railroad for this purpose declined, and the last train ran in 1963.
The Rock Island Trail became one of the first rail-trail conversions in downstate Illinois. The right-of-way was acquired for public use in 1965 and was deeded to the State in 1969, but it was only after a twenty-four-year period, in 1989, that the line was opened for use as a public trail. The official dedication came in May 1990.
Points of interest
From south (Peoria) to north (Toulon):
Pedestrian tunnel under Illinois Route 6 (Kellar Branch extension)
Kickapoo Creek Recreation Area, including a Class D camping area and of restored tallgrass prairie (Fox Road, north of Alta)
Bridge over Kickapoo Creek (Cedar Hills Drive, south of Dunlap, Illinois)
Class B tallgrass prairie remnant (County Line Road, north of Princeville, Illinois)
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Depot and state trail headquarters (east side of Wyoming, Illinois)
Bridge over the Spoon River ( west of Wyoming)
References
External links
Friends of the Rock Island Trail Official Site
Rail trails in Illinois
State parks of Illinois
Protected areas of Peoria County, Illinois
Protected areas of Stark County, Illinois
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
National Recreation Trails in Illinois
Protected areas established in 1989
1989 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20Island%20Trail%20State%20Park%20%28Illinois%29 |
The Pantry, Inc. () was a publicly traded convenience store chain based in Cary, North Carolina that operated Kangaroo Express stores. The Pantry was founded in 1967 by Sam Wornom and Truby Proctor, Jr. in Sanford, North Carolina The company has been publicly traded since June 1999 and owned by investors since 1987, when then investor Montrose Capital purchased controlling shares from Wornom and Proctor. Recent CEOs have included the former chairman of the board and interim CEO Edwin J. Holman, who took over after Terrance M. Marks, the former president and CEO, resigned in December 2011. (Marks had replaced the longtime former CEO Peter Sodini who had held office since 1996 until retiring in September 2009.) Dennis Hatchell was the CEO of the company as of 2012.
The Pantry was one of the United States' largest convenience store chains and the leading independently operated chain in the southeastern U.S. As of September 29, 2014, the company operated 1,518 stores in thirteen states under several banners, including its primary operating banner Kangaroo Express. States include Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
On December 18, 2014, Quebec based Alimentation Couche-Tard, the parent company of Circle K, announced its plans to acquire The Pantry for $860 million (~$ in ) all cash tender. The acquisition was completed in March 2015, increasing Couche-Tard's presence in the Southeast and Gulf Coast. Most Kangaroo Express stores were converted to Circle K stores. Couche-Tard later began to trial a revival of the Kangaroo Express banner for use as a franchise brand.
Overview
It was the largest independently operated convenience store chain in the southeastern United States. The Pantry expanded rapidly during the late 1980s into the 2000s through various acquisitions. In 2008, it was announced that all Pantry stores would be rebranded under its primary operating banner, Kangaroo Express. In 2009, the company moved its headquarters from Sanford, North Carolina, to Cary, North Carolina.
Products and services
The Pantry offered its own private label "Kangaroo" brand of gasoline, and operated 250 in-store quick-service restaurants. Additionally, 285 stores sold Marathon gasoline under a co-branding agreement.
The Kangaroo Express chain offered "Bean Street Coffee Company", its own brand of coffee, and its own private label for selected merchandise, and Roo's Water its own label for bottled water. Company promotions included "Freeze the Swamp" in Florida, "The Battle for Bean Street" in North Carolina's Triangle Area stores, Salute Our Troops, and Roo Cup.
In 2009, then-new CEO Terrance M. Marks announced that all its stores would expand their food service offerings to include fresh fruits, improved sandwiches, and more merchandise options. Select stores offer fast food outlets such as Subway and Taco Bell.
In 2010, its "Fresh Initiative" was announced to improve the Bean Street Coffee Service, revamp nearly all Kangaroo Express stores, and add more appealing meals and snacks. The program was planned to encompass all stores by end of 2012.
More than half of Kangaroo Express stores were located within 25 miles of a military installation. The company has raised millions of dollars each year for military support organizations as part of its summer-long Salute Our Troops fundraising campaign.
In 2014, the first military-themed Kangaroo Express store opened in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Kangaroo Express hosted a round table at the USO of North Carolina Fort Bragg Center to collect input from servicemen and women, their spouses and children, and the store design was developed as a direct result of their feedback.
Acquisitions
1997 "Lil’ Champ", of Jacksonville, Florida, from Docks de France
1998 "Quick Stop", of Fayetteville, North Carolina
1998 "Zip Mart", primarily of North Carolina
1999 "Etna", of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, from Taylor Oil
1999 "Handy Way Stores", of Crescent City, Florida, from Miller
2000 "Kangaroo", from Kangaroo Inc.
2000 "On-the-Way Foods", from McKnight Oil
2003 "Golden Gallon", of Chattanooga, Tennessee, from Ahold USA
2005 "Cowboys" of Rome, Georgia from D & D Oil Co.
2007 "Petro Express", of Charlotte, North Carolina
2011 "Presto", of Olathe, Kansas
Awards and acknowledgements
Fortune 500 - since 2007
Convenience Store News 2012 Grand Spirit Award
Convenience Store News 2011 Spirit Award for companies with 500-plus stores
Convenience Store News 2014 Best Original Store Design
Convenience Store News 2014 Gold Medal Award Best Food Service/ LTO Promo
References
External links
(Archived from the original on 28 April 2016)
Kangaroo Express website
Companies based in Cary, North Carolina
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Convenience stores of the United States
Economy of the Southeastern United States
Gas stations in the United States
Retail companies established in 1967
Retail companies disestablished in 2015
1967 establishments in North Carolina
2015 disestablishments in North Carolina
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Alimentation Couche-Tard
Defunct companies based in North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pantry |
The Majorettes (released in the United Kingdom as One by One) is a 1986 American slasher film directed by S. William Hinzman, written and produced by John A. Russo, which he adapted from his own novel. Its plot follows a string of serial killings centered on the majorette squad of a small-town high school.
Plot
A camouflage-clad serial killer has begun mysteriously killing the members of the school's majorette squad under the guise of "saving their souls" before they reach adulthood. The local sheriff and a federal agent investigate the killings. Pregnant teenager Nicole Hendricks is among the first victims, who is attacked and murdered alongside Tommy Harvack, a male acquaintance. Her body is found lying on the shore of a creek. Meanwhile, detective Roland Martell is carrying on an affair with teenaged Marie Morgan, a friend of Nicole.
Meanwhile, Vicky McAllister lives with her rich but invalid grandmother and her grandmother's housekeeper, Helga Schuler. Unknown to Vicky, Helga and her son Harry (a pervert who spies on Vicky and her fellow majorette friends in the shower and takes nude photos of them) poisoned her grandmother (rendering her paralyzed, mute, and utterly helpless) and murdered Vicky's parents years earlier. Helga has rewritten the grandmother's will to inherit everything if Vicky and her grandmother die, but a small catch can foil the entire plot: Due to an irrevocable clause in the original will that had to be left intact in the forged revised will, if Vicky dies before her 18th birthday, the grandmother's fortune will go to the state without an adult heir left alive to inherit.
After another majorette, Shirley, is found murdered in her swimming pool, Roland suspects that there is a significance to the fact that the victims are being found in water—he surmises it has a symbolic significance, akin to a baptismal purification ritual. Helga ultimately finds out the identity of the killer, the local Sheriff, when Harry stumbles upon the sheriff killing another victim in the shower; after the victim managed to remove the killer's hood from his face prior to dying. The housekeeper and her son ambush the sheriff at his house, discovering that he is a religious fanatic that is murdering the majorette squad before they turn 18 so that they will stay pure and not become sinful adults who have pre-marital sex or do drugs. They instruct the sheriff that he is to kill Vicky for the pair, but only after she turns 18 so they can steal the entire family fortune.
Vicky is subsequently kidnapped by a local biker gang that seeks to rape and kill her, leading to further confusion among the police and investigators. Her boyfriend, Jeff, accrues a large number of weapons and stages a siege against the bikers' headquarters to save Vicky. In the confusion of Vicky's abduction, the sheriff turns the tables on his blackmailers: He murders Helga and destroys photographic evidence proving him to be the killer. The Sheriff subsequently frames the now-dead Harry (who was killed by the biker gang earlier) for the murders, as he had a history of being a peeping tom.
Some time later, Vicky attends her high school graduation. After the ceremony, she watches from a distance as her coach trains a young group of elementary school girls to be majorettes. Also watching the young girls is the sheriff, who has gotten away with his crimes.
Cast
Production
The Majorettes was filmed between October and November 1985, with principal photography occurring at Cornell High School in the Pittsburgh suburb of Coraopolis, with additional filming at the Fox Chapel Yacht Club. Its production budget was estimated at $85,000. The football coach was played by then head-coach of the Cornell Raiders, Wilbert Roncone (billed as "Wilbur Roncone").
Release
The film was released theatrically in Europe in March 1987 under the title One by One, though as of February 1987, the film had not secured a theatrical distributor in the United States; at the time, Russo and Hinzman were in negotiation for a home video distribution deal with Vestron Video. Vestron released the film on VHS on August 17, 1988.
Critical response
Critic Jim Harper wrote of the film: "About halfway through... the film stops being a slasher movie and swings into action-thriller territory, with chase sequences explosions and gunfights. Not that it makes the film more interesting. The kills are mostly bloodless and the suspense non-existent. Bill Hinzman (the first zombie in Night of the Living Dead) handles the direction pretty well but the script is pretty dumb."
References
Sources
External links
1986 horror films
1986 films
1980s slasher films
Films based on American novels
American independent films
American slasher films
Cheerleading films
Films set in Pittsburgh
Films shot in Pennsylvania
American serial killer films
Films directed by Bill Hinzman
Vestron Pictures films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Majorettes |
Pickwick Landing Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Tennessee River in Hardin County, in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The dam is one of nine dams on the river owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority, which built the dam in the 1930s as part of a New Deal-era initiative to create a continuous navigation channel between the river's mouth and Knoxville, and bring economic development to the area. The dam impounds the Pickwick Lake and its tailwaters are part of Kentucky Lake.
Pickwick Landing Dam is named for a community situated near the dam site at the time of construction. The community had been named after the title character in the Charles Dickens novel, The Pickwick Papers.
Location
Pickwick Landing Dam is located nearly above the mouth of the Tennessee River, a few miles north of the point where the states of Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi meet. This stretch of the river is also a geological boundary between the scattered hills of the Western Highland Rim to the northeast and the flatlands of West Tennessee to the northwest.
Most of the land just south of the dam and its immediate lakeshore is part of Pickwick Landing State Park, and Shiloh National Military Park is located a few miles to the north. Pickwick Lake stretches nearly to the base of Wilson Dam at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, and includes parts of Hardin County in Tennessee, Lauderdale and Colbert counties in Alabama, and Tishomingo County in Mississippi. The area around Pickwick Landing Dam is sparsely populated, the nearest community of note being the small community of Counce, Tennessee two (2) miles to the southwest. Tennessee State Route 128 crosses the top of the dam, connecting the area to Savannah to the north.
Capacity
Pickwick Landing Dam is high and long, and has a generating capacity of 240,200 kilowatts. The dam's spillway has 22 bays with a combined discharge of . Pickwick Lake has of shoreline and of water surface, and has a flood-storage capacity of . Pickwick Landing Dam is serviced by two locks— one measuring and the other measuring . The locks' lift raises and lowers vessels up to between Pickwick and Kentucky lakes.
Background and construction
Throughout the 19th century, a series of river rapids known as the Muscle Shoals (in northern Alabama) were a major impediment to navigation along the Tennessee River and effectively isolated the upper stretches of the river (namely Knoxville and Chattanooga) from the nation's major inland waterways. The construction of Wilson Dam by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the 1920s and the construction of Wheeler Dam by the Tennessee Valley Authority in the 1930s flooded a large section of the shoals, but serious obstacles still remained between Riverton and Florence, especially in the vicinity of Tuscumbia.
As Wheeler Dam neared completion in 1935, TVA knew a third dam would be necessary to connect the reservoirs at Muscle Shoals with the lower part of the river. Several private entities had investigated the possibility of building a dam at Parker's Landing (a few miles upstream from Pickwick), but the Corps of Engineers— which had surveyed the area in the 1920s— suggested TVA build a dam at Pickwick Landing. The Pickwick Landing project was authorized on November 19, 1934, and work began in March 1935.
The construction of Pickwick Landing Dam and its accompanying reservoir required the purchase of of land, of which had to be cleared. 506 families, 407 graves, and of roads had to be relocated. Parts of Riverton and Waterloo, Alabama were flooded. The residents of the latter demanded TVA purchase the whole town, claiming the reservoir would destroy property values, but TVA declined, citing a study that suggested the reservoir would not have a serious or detrimental impact on the town's economy. Pickwick Landing Dam's original turbines were among the largest propeller-type turbines in the world at the time in which they were installed.
Pickwick Landing Dam was completed and the gates closed on February 8, 1938, although dredge work continued until 1941. The first generator went online in August 1938. The lock was designed by the Corps of Engineers, and its lift was among the highest in the world when the lock became operational on February 19, 1938. Pickwick Landing Dam was constructed at a cost of just over $45 million.
See also
Dams and reservoirs of the Tennessee River
List of crossings of the Tennessee River
References
External links
TVA: Pickwick Reservoir
Dams on the Tennessee River
Dams in Tennessee
Bridges over the Tennessee River
Buildings and structures in Hardin County, Tennessee
Hydroelectric power plants in Tennessee
Tennessee Valley Authority dams
Dams completed in 1938
Energy infrastructure completed in 1938
1938 establishments in Tennessee
Road bridges in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickwick%20Landing%20Dam |
The Mustard Seed may refer to:
Parable of the Mustard Seed, a parable told by Jesus
The Mustard Seed (restaurant), a restaurant in Ireland
See also
Mustard seed, the seed of the mustard plant
Kisa Gotami, featuring in a Buddhist story about mustard seeds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mustard%20Seed |
Ed Badger (born November 5, 1932) is a former college and professional basketball coach.
Early life
Badger played junior varsity college basketball at the University of Iowa, and later for the U.S. Air Force and division teams. He got his first basketball coaching job at St. Mary's High School, while getting his master's degree from the University of Iowa. After receiving his master's degree, Badger moved to Marengo, Iowa to coach the Marengo High School basketball team. He won the conference in his second year.
Coaching career
Early jobs
Badger then moved up to the college coaching ranks. For the next 15 years he was a very successful head basketball coach at Wilbur Wright College. Badger's teams won 25 or more games ever year he coached. In the 1973–74 and 1974–75 seasons Badger's teams went 33–0 and were ranked number 1 nationally in the polls for junior college teams.
In international basketball, Badger was an Olympic basketball camp coach from 1968 to 1974. He also coached the Austrian national team in 1972 and coached the 1973 U.S. team during the World University Games in Moscow, winning the gold medal.
Chicago Bulls
Badger joined the Chicago Bulls as a part‐time assistant and head scout in 1973 while still athletic director and coach at Wright. He became a full-time assistant in 1975–76. He was appointed the Bulls' third-ever head coach on August 25, 1976, succeeding Dick Motta who had accepted a similar position with the Washington Bullets three months earlier on May 28. He served in that capacity for two seasons from 1976 to 1978. He had a winning record and made the playoffs in his first season.
Cincinnati Bearcats
He was head coach of the University of Cincinnati Bearcats' men's basketball team from 1978 to 1983, where he was a two-time Metro Conference coach of the year. On Dec. 21, 1981 Badger's team defeated Bradley 75–73 in a game that went into seven overtime periods.
Return to the NBA
Badger accepted an assistant coach job with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 1983. He then joined the Boston Celtics as an assistant coach and director of scouting under K.C. Jones in 1984, where he won an NBA championship with the 1985–1986 team, considered by many to be one of the greatest NBA teams of all time.
In 1988 Badger became vice president of basketball operations for the new expansion team Charlotte Hornets, where he stayed until 1990. He joined the Atlanta Hawks as director of scouting from 1990 to 1992. In 1992, he returned as an assistant coach for the Indiana Pacers, followed by assistant coach jobs with Miami Heat and Philadelphia 76ers and a chief scout job for the Minnesota Timberwolves before retiring in 2003.
Head coaching record
NBA
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||44||38|||| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Midwest||3||1||2|||| style="text-align:center;"|Lost in First Round
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Chicago
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 82||40||42|||| style="text-align:center;"|3rd in Midwest||—||—||—||—
| align="center" |Missed Playoffs
|- class="sortbottom"
! align="center" colspan=2|Career
! 164||84||80|||| ||3||1||2||||
College
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Ed Badger
1932 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
Boston Celtics assistant coaches
Charlotte Hornets assistant coaches
Chicago Bulls assistant coaches
Chicago Bulls head coaches
Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
High school basketball coaches in Iowa
Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball players
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Basketball players from New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Badger |
The Morgan Report was an 1894 report concluding an official U.S. Congressional investigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, including the alleged role of U.S. military troops (both bluejackets and marines) in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. Along with the Blount Report submitted in 1893, it is one of the main source documents compiling the testimony of witnesses and participants in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in January 1893. The Morgan Report was the final result of an official U.S. Congressional investigation into the overthrow, conducted by the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, whose chairman was Senator John Tyler Morgan, Democrat of Alabama.
The Report is formally named the Senate Report 227 of the 53rd Congress, second session, and dated February 26, 1894. It was printed as part of a large volume containing other government documents: "Reports of Committee on Foreign Relations 1789–1901 Volume 6."
Background
The Blount Report had concluded that the U.S. Minister to Hawaii John L. Stevens carried out unauthorized partisan activities, including the landing of U.S. Marines under a false or exaggerated pretext, to support the anti-royalist conspirators and that these actions were instrumental to the success of the overthrow of the queen. The Morgan Report contradicted the Blount Report, finding all individuals involved in the overthrow – with the notable exception of Queen Liliuokalani – "not guilty". The Native Hawaiians Study Commission Report of 1993, commenting on the two competing reports, states: "The truth lies somewhere between the two reports."
The Morgan Report's submission in 1894 roughly coincided with the Turpie Resolution, which terminated Cleveland's efforts to restore the Queen. Cleveland accepted the conclusions of the Morgan Report, continued to engage in diplomatic relations with the Provisional Government, recognized the Republic of Hawaii upon its declaration on July 4, 1894, and even negotiated treaties originally ratified under the Kingdom government with the Republic.
The nine-member Senate Foreign Relations Committee that submitted the report could not agree on a final conclusion, and the oft-cited executive summary was signed only by Morgan himself. Other Republican members of the Committee, including Senators Sherman, Frye, Dolph, and Davis, generally agreed with the report, but refused to endorse the actions of Blount (who was appointed by President Cleveland, a Democrat). Democratic Senators Turpie, Butler, Daniel, and Gray did not endorse the approval of Minister Stevens' actions; while Butler and Turpie generally approved annexation, they refused to endorse the Morgan Report's conclusions because of the implications for internal disorder in Hawaii. Gray and Daniel were apparently outright opposed to annexation.
Origin
The Morgan Report was the final result of Cleveland's referral of the matter of the overthrow to Congress.
Cleveland from the Blount Report:
Though I am not able now to report a definite change in the actual situation, I am convinced that the difficulties lately created both here and in Hawaii and now standing in the way of a solution through Executive action of the problem presented, render it proper, and expedient, that the matter should be referred to the broader authority and discretion of Congress, with a full explanation of the endeavor thus far made to deal with the emergency and a statement of the considerations which have governed my action...<p>...I therefore submit this communication with its accompanying exhibits, embracing Mr. Blount's report, the evidence and statements taken by him at Honolulu, the instructions given to both Mr. Blount and Minister Willis, and correspondence connected with the affair in hand. In commending this subject to the extended powers and wide discretion of the Congress, I desire to add the assurance that I shall be much gratified to cooperate in any legislative plan which may be devised for the solution of the problem before us which is consistent with American honor, integrity and morality.
GROVER CLEVELAND
Executive Mansion,
Washington, December 18, 1893
Historical background
At the time the Hawaiian Kingdom was overthrown, President Benjamin Harrison, a Republican expansionist, was only a few weeks from the end of his term. The new Provisional Government of Hawai'i immediately delivered a treaty of annexation to President Harrison, who referred it favorably to the Senate for ratification on February 15, 1893.
Grover Cleveland, a Democrat opposed to expansionism and colonialism, became President on March 4, 1893 and withdrew the treaty from the Senate on March 9, 1893.
James Henderson Blount, a Democrat, had been chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs during Harrison's term. On March 11, without seeking confirmation from the Senate (though it was in session at the time), President Cleveland appointed Blount to be a special envoy to Hawaii with "paramount" powers and secret instructions to investigate the circumstances of the revolution and the stability of the Provisional Government.
Blount held secret, informal conversations with royalists and annexationists in Honolulu. He invited certain witnesses to sit with him to give formal statements in the presence of a stenographer, to be published later in the Blount Report. These statements were not under oath, and several of them were recanted when made public. Historian Ernest Andrade wrote, "He interviewed only a few people involved in the instigation and carrying out of the revolution. He took no testimony from the officers and enlisted men of USS Boston." He delivered a report to President Cleveland on July 17, 1893, claiming improper U.S. backing for the revolution had been responsible for its success, and that the Provisional Government lacked popular support.
On the basis of Blount's report, President Cleveland began working towards the restoration of the Queen, conditional upon amnesty towards those responsible for the overthrow. Minister Willis was unable to convince the Queen to grant the Committee of Safety amnesty in return for the throne until December 18, 1893, at which point Willis, on behalf of Cleveland, then ordered Hawai'i President Sanford Dole to dissolve the Provisional Government and restore the Queen. Dole flatly refused in a blistering letter decrying Cleveland's interference. Unbeknownst to Willis, on the same day he demanded President Dole to step down, December 18, Cleveland had already given up convincing the Queen to grant amnesty, and sent a message to Congress declaring the revolution improper and decrying the U.S. involvement in it, referring the matter to their authority.
In response, the Senate passed a resolution empowering its Foreign Relations Committee to hold public hearings under oath, and cross-examine witnesses, to investigate U.S. involvement in the revolution, and also to investigate whether it had been proper for President Cleveland to appoint Blount and give him extraordinary powers to represent the U.S. and intervene in Hawaii without Senate confirmation.
The final result of this investigation is the Morgan Report, submitted on February 26, 1894.
Subsequent action by Congress
The Turpie Resolution of May 31, 1894, which was protested by Queen Liliuokalani, was a direct result of the Morgan Report. The Turpie Resolution ended all hope of the Queen for further intervention on her behalf.
Cleveland's final position
Cleveland accepted the verdict of the Congressional committee, abandoned efforts to reinstate the Queen, and treated the Provisional Government and Republic of Hawaii as the internationally recognized lawful successors of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Despite his strong words of December 18, 1893, after the investigation conducted by the Morgan Committee, and the Senate's Turpie Resolution of May 31, 1894, he never again questioned the legitimacy of the overthrow.
In his last bit of resistance to accepting the overthrow, Cleveland managed to get the wording for the Turpie Resolution changed to refer to the "people" rather than the "Provisional Government", although the net effect was still a complete renunciation of his hopes to restore Queen Liliuokalani to power.
Specific conclusions of the committee
The majority report submitted contained the following conclusions:
A condition of affairs existed in Honolulu which led naturally to the apprehension that violence or civil commotion would ensue, in which the peace and security of American citizens would be put in peril, as had been done on three or more separate occasions previously when changes occurred or were about to occur in the government of Hawaii;
The action of the Queen in an effort to overturn the constitution of 1887, to which she had sworn obedience and support, had been accepted and treated by a large and powerful body of the people as a violation of her constitutional obligations, revolutionary in its character and purposes and that it amounted to an act of abdication on her part, so far as her powers and the rights of the people under the constitution of 1887 were concerned. This state of opinion and this condition of the executive head of the Hawaiian Government neutralized its power to protect American citizens and other foreigners in their treaty rights, and also their rights under the laws of Hawaii;
In landing the troops from the Boston there was no demonstration of actual hostilities, and their conduct was as quiet and as respectful as it had been on many previous occasions when they were landed for the purpose of drill and practice. In passing the palace on their way to the point at which they were halted, the Queen appeared upon the balcony and the troops respectfully saluted her by presenting arms and dipping the flag, and made no demonstration of any hostile intent;
The committee agree that such was the condition of the Hawaiian Government at the time that the troops were landed in Honolulu from the steam warship Boston; that there was then an interregnum in Hawaii as respects the executive office; that there was no executive power to enforce the laws of Hawaii, and that it was the right of the United States to land troops upon those islands at any place where it was necessary in the opinion of our minister to protect our citizens;
Afterward, on February 1, 1893, the American minister caused the flag of the United States to be raised on the Government building in Honolulu, and assumed and declared a protectorate over that nation in the name of the United States. This act on the part of our minister was without authority, and was void for want of power. It was disavowed by Secretary Foster and rebuked by Secretary Gresham, and the order to abandon the protectorate and haul down the flag was in accordance with the duty and honor of the United States. To haul down the flag of the United States was only an order to preserve its honor.
A minority report by the four Republicans criticized Blount's appointment and activities.
A minority report by four of the Democrats criticized Minister Stevens for his actions.
All the Senators exonerated the actions of the U.S. military.
Broken down by topic, the votes were as follows:
9–0: U.S. military acted in neutrality
5–4: Blount's appointment was constitutional (Morgan and his fellow Democrats)
5–4: Steven's actions were justified (Morgan and four Republicans)
Members of the Committee
Republicans
John Sherman
Joseph N. Dolph
William P. Frye
Cushman K. Davis
Democrats
John Tyler Morgan
Matthew Butler
David Turpie
John W. Daniel
George Gray
Controversies
Online accessibility
The Morgan Report has been treated with a significant amount of skepticism by pro-sovereignty academics, and has largely been glossed over since the 1970s. Although the Morgan Report was planned to be digitized by the University of Hawaii as part of a collection of annexation documents in 2001, only the pro-sovereignty Blount Report was completed. The library's project ended in 2002 and no further grants were applied for; it is also understood that a devastating flood in 2004 caused significant setbacks for their program. The project narrative for the 2002 grant application to digitize documents, including the Morgan Report said, "The materials selected however are not one-sided. The Morgan Report challenges the Blount Report, which implicated the United States in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy."
It was not until volunteers outside of the University of Hawaii took on the task of digitizing the Morgan Report that it was made available online in 2006. Since its online publication, the University of Hawaii has maintained a link to the website where the report is published alongside their other annexation documents.
Morgan's racism
The Morgan Committee was chaired by Senator John Tyler Morgan of Jim Crow political fame. An Alabama Review article written by Thomas Upchurch states that Morgan wanted to find Black southerners a new homeland.
Throughout the report, Morgan used the term kanaka, derived from the Hawaiian kānaka ʻōiwi for a person of Hawaiian descent. Many native Hawaiians consider this white appropriation of the term to be a racial slur. The use of the word kanaka in the report allowed Morgan to redefine the term Hawaiian to refer to the geographical, rather than the historical, inhabitants, thus creating a literary deceit that disassociated native Hawaiians from Hawaii.
Others note that the racist bigotry of Chairman Morgan, although widespread at the time, does not necessarily invalidate the evidence gathered during the hearings, especially considering that Morgan was just one of nine senators conducting the investigation. Yet his vote was the deciding factor in the 5–4 decision of whether Stevens acted lawfully.
Selective witness list/inherent political bias of senators
Morgan Report critics note that Morgan did not visit Hawai`i before issuing his Morgan Report and instead held hearings in Washington, D.C., which, in effect, eliminated any Hawaiian representation of the royalist position. James Henderson Blount represented the royalist position well in his Blount Report, which was nearly exclusively royalist, and by his own testimony in front of the committee. Senator George Gray was particularly anti-annexationist, and brought forward witnesses with testimony critical of the Provisional Government. Of the total of nine senators, four Republicans and three Democrats indicated their support for annexation.
According to Hawaii historian Ralph Kuykendall, witnesses in the Morgan Investigation were picked to make out the best possible case for annexation. Under the guidance of Lorrin Thurston and W. D. Alexander, Morgan made the case against the queen and for annexation. The earlier Blount report did not interview members of the Committee of Safety, and their testimony as well as other evidence put forth during the Morgan Committee hearings contradicted the assertions Blount had made in hist report. Kuykendall described Blount's report as a "lawyer's brief, making the best possible case for the queen and against Stevens", while the Morgan Report "presented an equally effective case for the Provisional Government and Stevens, and against the Queen."
Unclear majority opinion
A common critique of the Morgan Report is that there was no majority opinion, and that three separate minority opinions existed – Morgan's, the Republicans' and the Democrats'. It is often argued that only Morgan signed the report in its entirety. Hawaiian historian Ralph Kuykendall characterized it this way:
In the end, the majority of the Senate committee on foreign relations found everyone 'not guilty' save the queen, although only Morgan, who wrote the final report, agreed with all parts of it. The Democrats on the committee supported Blount and Willis, imputed the blame to Stevens for his 'inopportune zeal,' and found him deserving of public censure. The Republicans on the committee also filed a report. They refused to censure Blount and Willis; they placed the blame higher up. And at the end, not a single item for future action was recommended in the report.
Towards the end of the main findings section, there is a break after the primary report, followed by a minor disagreement over the constitutionality of Blount's appointment and actions, and then the signatures of the Republicans who joined Morgan, a Democrat, in the rest of the majority opinion. The four Republicans stated their assent to the initial section of the report with the following statement:
We are in entire accord with the essential findings in the exceedingly able report submitted by the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations.
The four Democrats who disagreed with the four Republicans, and with Morgan (again, a Democrat), clearly indicate their minority dissent, signing their four names as "Members of Minority". Even though they dissented in regards to whether Minister Stevens should have been censured, they still held the U.S. troops blameless, noting that they remained scrupulously neutral throughout their time ashore:
On the other hand, we are not inclined to censure Capt. Wiltse, commanding the United States war-ship Boston, or the officers of that vessel. Their position was one of extreme delicacy and difficulty, and we appreciate their anxiety to afford protection to the lives and property of American citizens. The force of United States marines of the Boston with their ordinary arms stationed at the American legation, and at the consulate in Honolulu, would have effectually represented the authority and power of the United States Government, and would have afforded whatever protection American interests might have required; and at the same time would have avoided the appearance of coercion or duress, either upon the people of Honolulu or the Queen in the controversy between them.
References
External links
The Morgan Report (full-text, scanned images and additional commentary)
(digitized text)
A well-documented senior history paper.
Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Presidencies of Grover Cleveland
1894 in the United States
1894 in Hawaii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Report |
Renato Salvatori (20 March 1933 – 27 March 1988) was an Italian actor.
Born in Seravezza, Province of Lucca, Salvatori began his career in his teens playing juvenile, romantic roles. After working with directors such as Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini and Vittorio De Sica, he developed into one of Italy's strongest character actors.
He met French actress Annie Girardot on the set of the film Rocco and His Brothers (1960) and married her on 6 January 1962. They had a daughter, Giulia; later the couple separated but never divorced.
Salvatori died in Rome of liver cirrhosis on 27 March 1988.
Selected filmography
Three Girls from Rome (1952) - Augusto Terenzi
The Three Pirates (1952) - Il Corsaro Rosso - Rolando di Ventimiglia
Good Folk's Sunday (1953) - Giulio
Jolanda, the Daughter of the Black Corsair (1953) - Ralf, figlio di Morgan
What Scoundrels Men Are! (1953) - Carletto
Public Opinion (1954) - Mario
The Virtuous Bigamist (1956) - Gino - le frère de Maria
Poveri ma belli (1957) - Salvatore
Husbands in the City (1957) - Mario
Pretty But Poor (1957) - Salvatore
Oh! Sabella (1957) - Raffaele Rizzullo
Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958) - Mario Angeletti
Mogli pericolose (1958) - Federico Carpi
Nella città l'inferno (1959) - Piero
Poveri milionari (1959) - Salvatore
Policarpo (1959) - Mario Marchetti
Winter Holidays (1959) - Gianni
The Magliari (1959) - Mario Balducci
Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti (1959) - Mario Angeletti
Vento del sud (1959) - Antonio Spagara
Escape by Night (1960) - Renato Balducci
Rocco and His Brothers (1960) - Simone Parondi
Two Women (1960) - Florindo, il camionista (uncredited)
A Day for Lionhearts (1961) - Orlando
Disorder (1962) - Mario
Le glaive et la balance (1963) - François Corbier
The Shortest Day (1963) - Soldato
Omicron (1963) - Omicron / Angelo
La banda Casaroli (1963) - Paolo Casaroli
The Organizer (1963) - Raoul
Three Nights of Love (1964) - Nicola (segment "La vedova")
The Reckless (1965) - Ettore Zambrini
How to Seduce a Playboy (1966) - Boy Schock
Her Harem (1967) - Gaetano
Z (1969) - Yago
Burn! (1969) - Teddy Sanchez
The Light at the Edge of the World (1971) - Montefiore
The Burglars (1971) - Renzi
La prima notte di quiete (1972) - Marcello
State of Siege (1972) - Captain Lopez
Au rendez-vous de la mort joyeuse (1972) - Henri
The Burned Barns (1973) - The Hôtelier
A Brief Vacation (1973) - Franco Mataro, the husband
The Suspect (1975) - Gavino Pintus
Flic Story (1975) - Mario Poncini
The Gypsy (1975) - Jo Amila, dit "Jo le boxeur"
Illustrious Corpses (1976) - Police commissary
Live Like a Cop, Die Like a Man (1976) - Pasquini
The Last Woman (1976) - Rene
Todo modo (1976) - Dr. Scalambri
Armaguedon (1977) - Albert, called 'Einstein'
Ernesto (1979) - Cesc
La luna (1979) - Communist
Oggetti smarriti (1980) - Davide
The Cricket (1980) - Carburo
Asso (1981) - Bretella
Tragedy of a Ridiculous Man (1981) - Colonel (final film role)
External links
1933 births
1988 deaths
Actors from the Province of Lucca
Deaths from cirrhosis
Italian male film actors
20th-century Italian male actors
Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato%20Salvatori |
The 11:Metre One Design, also called the 11 Metre or 11 Meter, is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Ron Holland and Rolf Gyhlenius as a one-design racer and first built in 1990.
The design was at one time a World Sailing international class.
Production
The design was built by Precision Boat Works in Palmetto, Florida, United States, starting in 1990, with 350 boats completed, but it is now out of production.
Design
The 11 Meter is a racing keelboat, built predominantly of cored fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a sharply reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel with a weighted lead bulb. It displaces and carries of ballast.
The boat has a draft of with the standard keel.
The design has minimal cabin space, intended for storage space.
For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical masthead spinnaker.
Operational history
The boat is supported by a class club that organizes racing events, the International 11:Metre One Design Class Association.
See also
List of sailing boat types
References
External links
Keelboats
Former classes of World Sailing
1990s sailboat type designs
Sailing yachts
Trailer sailers
Sailboat type designs by Ron Holland
Sailboat type designs by Rolf Gyhlenius
Sailboat types built by Precision Boat Works | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11%3AMetre%20One%20Design |
The Englewood Public School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Englewood, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The district's offices are in the Administration Building at the Russell C. Major Liberty School.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 3,078 students and 247.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.5:1.
Students from Englewood Cliffs attend Dwight Morrow High School, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Englewood Cliffs Public Schools. In 2013, the Englewood Cliffs district announced plans to consider ending the sending relationship by creating its own high school, possibly in conjunction with the Englewood Cliffs campus of Saint Peter's University.
The district participates in the Interdistrict Public School Choice Program at Dwight Morrow High School, having been approved on November 2, 1999, as one of the first ten districts statewide to participate in the program. Seats in the program for non-resident students are specified by the district and are allocated by lottery, with tuition paid for participating students by the New Jersey Department of Education. The Dwight Morrow choice program has been the state's largest.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "DE", the fifth-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Preschool
D. A. Quarles Early Childhood Center with 417 students in grades PreK-K
Arlene Ng, principal
Elementary schools
Dr. John Grieco Elementary School with 394 students in grades 1-2
Daniela Small-Bailey, principal
McCloud School with 580 students in grades 3-5. The school had been known as Cleveland School until 2009, when it was named in memory of the district's first African-American principal, Dr. Leroy McCloud, who had a 50-year career in the district.
Dorian Milteer, principal
Middle school
Janis E. Dismus Middle School with 563 students in grades 6-8
Lamarr Thomas, principal
High school
Dwight Morrow High School / Academies @ Englewood with 1,063 students in grades 9-12
Joe Armental, principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Marnie Hazelton, superintendent
Cheryl Balletto, business administrator and board secretary
Ronel Cook, who had taken office as superintendent for the 2022-23 school year, was killed in a car crash in November 2022.
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2014) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.
Academic performance
the district's averages in the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) examinations were below the averages of the State of New Jersey and of Bergen County as a whole.
References
External links
Englewood Public School District
School Data for the Englewood Public School District, National Center for Education Statistics
Englewood, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group DE
School districts in Bergen County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood%20Public%20School%20District |
Shadrach Dingle is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, Emmerdale. Shadrach Dingle was played by Andy Devine whose character debuted during 2674th episode of Emmerdale which aired on 30 March 2000. Since early 2010, the character appeared occasionally on an episodic basis after Devine felt he could not keep up with the busy schedule. The character, who had alcohol-induced liver disease, was killed off on 23 July 2010 after collapsing into a river and drowning whilst attempting to retrieve some beer cans. He was written out of the show due to the actor's retirement at age 68. Shadrach made an unannounced return in a flashback to Cain's childhood on 17 November 2017.
Casting
In 2010, it was announced that Andy Devine had reduced his number of appearances in the serial after feeling that he could not keep up with the busy schedule at his age (67), but he agreed to appear on an episodic basis returning for key storylines and episodes. On June 20, it was revealed that the character of Shadrach would be killed off on his birthday, reportedly devastating Devine. A friend of the actor said, "Andy thought he would be able to come back every now and then, so to find out that Shadrach will leave Emmerdale in a body bag was a big disappointment." A spokesperson for the soap said "Shadrach will be leaving the village on his birthday but how he goes remains to be seen. However, it’s not one to be missed."
Development
Shadrach's main character traits were uselessness, laziness, selfishness, hypocrisy and a dependency on alcohol, although he occasionally surprised his family with sensitivity or support. This was shown when he helped Donal escape from the grasp of the games.
Storylines
2000–2005
Shadrach first appeared at his nephew Butch's (Paul Loughran) funeral and was so drunk that he fell asleep in church – infuriating his brother, Zak (Steve Halliwell) who was grieving for his son. Zak did not lash out because he believed that he owed Shadrach. When they were younger, Zak had an affair with Shadrach's wife, Faith (Gillian Jephcott). Unknown to them, this resulted in the birth of Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley). Cain had thought Shadrach was his father and after the truth was revealed, he was shocked to discover the man who'd brought him up was his uncle.
The Dingles weathered this crisis, but when Zak went to South America in search of the Dingle fortune, Shadrach begged Zak's wife, Lisa (Jane Cox), to take him in. Sticking to the Dingle code of loyalty, Lisa agreed, and Shadrach spent the next few months trying to seduce her. Order was restored when Zak returned but Shadrach's behaviour continued to provoke disgust among his family and their neighbours alike. A life of heavy drinking took a toll on Shadrach and his daughter, Chastity (Lucy Pargeter), worried that her father would die of alcoholism-related illnesses. Attempting to wean him off alcohol, Chas bet Zak and Shadrach that they could not stay dry for a month. Shadrach was unable to do so and spent the time, attempting to get his hands on booze. Shadrach's best friend, Fat Pedro, never appeared on screen but often provided horse race betting tips which always lost money.
2006–2010
On 26 August 2007, Shadrach was in the church vestry as he was drinking the communion wine but unaware that heavily pregnant Laurel Thomas (Charlotte Bellamy) was also in the church, fast asleep. Emily Kirk (Kate McGregor) had locked the doors, unaware that they were there when he and Laurel realised that she was in labour. Shadrach rang the church bells to alert the village and supported Laurel until help arrived. After Daniel was born, Shadrach showed him more love than he had any of the Dingle children and was over the moon when Laurel asked him to be godfather. Shadrach adored his godson, surprising everybody who knew him; he gave Daniel presents and promised to do things with him when he was older. However, Daniel died of sudden infant death syndrome, devastating Shadrach. Shadrach initially blamed himself, thinking that the alcohol fumes he had breathed on Daniel killed him but, supported by Laurel and Diane Sugden (Elizabeth Estensen), he stopped blaming himself. Despite Daniel's death, Shadrach was still loving to him, visiting his grave with flowers and one of his great-nephew, Samson's, old teddy bears to keep Daniel company.
In spring 2008, Laurel and Ashley learned that they had been given the wrong child at the hospital and their son had been given to Greg (Shaun Prendergast) and Melanie Doland (Caroline Strong). The hospital broke the news to Greg, following a DNA test, that their biological son had been given to Ashley and Laurel Thomas. After months of turmoil, the court gave custody of Arthur Doland to Laurel and Ashley. Shadrach was initially reluctant to see the child, feeling this was disrespectful to Daniel's memory. On Arthur's first birthday, Laurel spoke to Shadrach and told him she'd never forget Daniel but she also loved Arthur. When Shadrach spoke of his memories of helping her give birth to Daniel, she reminded him that it had actually been Arthur. This helped Shadrach come to terms with Daniel's death. Through their shared grief, Laurel and Shadrach became good friends and in March 2008, Shadrach told Laurel that years before, he had an affair with a woman named Shirley Pascoe. Eventually he had decided to leave his wife as Shirley was pregnant but died in childbirth. Their daughter, Genesis Pascoe, was born on 21 November 1987. Shadrach was devastated and put her up for adoption, feeling that he couldn't take her home to Faith. He later regretted it but it was too late, she had been adopted and Shadrach couldn't have her. Laurel told Chas and, after dealing with her initial hurt and anger, she and Shadrach went to Social Services. They learned Genesis had contacted them, wanting contact with her birth parents. Shadrach later wrote to Genesis, asking her to contact him and they agreed to meet him but she didn't turn up. Shadrach assumed she'd changed her mind, unaware that she had been injured in a road accident and was in hospital. Shadrach finally met Genesis, now Gennie Walker (Sian Reese-Williams), several weeks later, when Paddy invited her to Eli Dingle's birthday party. Shadrach was drunk and made a pass at her, horrifying Gennie when she realized that he was her birth father. Later, she told Paddy that Shadrach was her father, unaware that everyone would hear when the music was suddenly switched off. Gennie fled and Shadrach had to tell Lisa and Zak. Gennie soon returned and wanted to get to know her father. He told her about the circumstances of her birth and adoption and they began to bond. He also tried to reassure Chas who resented the efforts he was making for his new daughter when he was never there for her.
Shadrach fled the village after he flooded the Dingles' bathroom, making the ceiling collapse and Zak threw Shadrach out. He moved into Mill Cottage with Chas and her ex-boyfriend, Carl King (Tom Lister) but Carl became impatient with Shadrach and argued with Chas about letting him stay. Shadrach overheard this and decided to leave. After buying a bottle of wine, Shadrach staggered into the road and was accidentally run over by his nephew, Marlon (Mark Charnock). While in hospital, Shadrach learned that he had liver failure and a perforated ulcer, due to his drinking, and the only thing that would make any difference was to stop drinking. Shadrach didn't listen and continued to drink but when Marlon found out, he demanded Shadrach stop and got rid of all alcoholic drinks. Shadrach took advantage of this and moved in with Marlon. Marlon helped Shadrach realize the good things he had in his life. Shadrach gave up for a few days but on his 62nd birthday, Marlon threw him a party with the whole family invited, having forgiven him for the flooding. However, Shadrach couldn't face his family and went on a drinking binge, much to Marlon's disgust. He threw Shadrach out and told him that he didn't care if Shadrach drank himself to death. Shadrach immediately bought a six pack of beer and while walking over a footbridge, he staggered in pain caused by his liver condition and dropped his cans in the river. While trying to retrieve them, Shadrach lost his balance due to another sharp pain from his liver and drowned in the river. Shadrach was found by Marlon and his girlfriend, Rhona Goskirk (Zoe Henry), and was dragged out of the water but they were unable to save him. Marlon held his uncle's body in his arms, crying. The official cause of death was drowning; however, an autopsy confirmed that Shadrach would have died from a ruptured liver within the next few hours, if he not passed out in the stream and drowned.
Zak was devastated by his brother's death and blamed Marlon by banishing him from the Dingle homestead, locking him out. Angered and hurt at the way he had treated Shadrach over the years, Zak turned violent and got very drunk; Lisa, Cain, Chas and the Dingles helped him through this. Deeply upset, Zak decided to lay Shadrach to rest on the Dingles' land. Following a ceremony conducted by Ashley, the Dingles and Laurel held a private vigil for Shadrach where they all said how much they loved him and what they would remember most about him, each then taking a swig of beer. Following the ceremony, Zak sat by Shadrach's grave and cried, saying only, "I did my best, Brother, I did my best".
In 2016, Aaron went to his graveyard and told him that he had changed his name to Dingle, hoping he was proud of him. In 2017, Cain later mentioned that Shadrach was his father figure to wife Moira Barton.
Reception
The character was selected as one of the "Top 100 British soap characters" by industry experts for a poll to be run by What's on TV, with readers able to vote for their favourite character to discover "Who is Soap's greatest Legend?"
References
External links
Shadrach Dingle on the ITV official website.
Emmerdale characters
Television characters introduced in 2000
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional domestic abusers
Fictional child abusers
Fictional unemployed people
British male characters in television
Dingle family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrach%20Dingle |
A Frameserver is any program that acts as a media source in the process called frameserving, which transfers digital video data from one computer program to another without intermediate files. The program that receives the data – the frameclient – could be any type of video application.
The process is controlled by the frameclient: the frameclient requests audio/video frames and the frameserver serves them. The client can request frames in any order, allowing it to pause or jump to an arbitrary frame, just as a media player does with a file on disk. The client is most commonly a media encoder, a non-linear editing system, or a media player.
Some popular frameservers are:
AviSynth
VirtualDub
Blender
VapourSynth
Debugmode FrameServer
See also
Client–Server Model
References
Video editing software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameserver |
Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, or bend strength, or transverse rupture strength is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test. The transverse bending test is most frequently employed, in which a specimen having either a circular or rectangular cross-section is bent until fracture or yielding using a three-point flexural test technique. The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of yield. It is measured in terms of stress, here given the symbol .
Introduction
When an object is formed of a single material, like a wooden beam or a steel rod, is bent (Fig. 1), it experiences a range of stresses across its depth (Fig. 2). At the edge of the object on the inside of the bend (concave face) the stress will be at its maximum compressive stress value. At the outside of the bend (convex face) the stress will be at its maximum tensile value. These inner and outer edges of the beam or rod are known as the 'extreme fibers'. Most materials generally fail under tensile stress before they fail under compressive stress
Flexural versus tensile strength
The flexural strength would be the same as the tensile strength if the material were homogeneous. In fact, most materials have small or large defects in them which act to concentrate the stresses locally, effectively causing a localized weakness. When a material is bent only the extreme fibers are at the largest stress so, if those fibers are free from defects, the flexural strength will be controlled by the strength of those intact 'fibers'. However, if the same material was subjected to only tensile forces then all the fibers in the material are at the same stress and failure will initiate when the weakest fiber reaches its limiting tensile stress. Therefore, it is common for flexural strengths to be higher than tensile strengths for the same material. Conversely, a homogeneous material with defects only on its surfaces (e.g., due to scratches) might have a higher tensile strength than flexural strength.
If we don't take into account defects of any kind, it is clear that the material will fail under a bending force which is smaller than the corresponding tensile force. Both of these forces will induce the same failure stress, whose value depends on the strength of the material.
For a rectangular sample, the resulting stress under an axial force is given by the following formula:
This stress is not the true stress, since the cross section of the sample is considered to be invariable (engineering stress).
is the axial load (force) at the fracture point
is width
is the depth or thickness of the material
The resulting stress for a rectangular sample under a load in a three-point bending setup (Fig. 3) is given by the formula below (see "Measuring flexural strength").
The equation of these two stresses (failure) yields:
Typically, L (length of the support span) is much larger than d, so the fraction is larger than one.
Measuring flexural strength
For a rectangular sample under a load in a three-point bending setup (Fig. 3), starting with the classical form of maximum bending stress:
M is the moment in the beam
c is the maximum distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber in the bending plane
I is the second moment of area
For a simple supported beam as shown in Fig. 3, assuming the load is centered between the supports, the maximum moment is at the center and is equal to:
For a rectangular cross section,
(central axis to the outermost fiber of the rectangle)
(Second moment of area for a rectangle)
Combining these terms together in the classical bending stress equation:
F is the load (force) at the fracture point (N)
L is the length of the support span
b is width
d is thickness
For a rectangular sample under a load in a four-point bending setup where the loading span is one-third of the support span:
F is the load (force) at the fracture point
L is the length of the support (outer) span
b is width
d is thickness
For the 4 pt bend setup, if the loading span is 1/2 of the support span (i.e. Li = 1/2 L in Fig. 4):
If the loading span is neither 1/3 nor 1/2 the support span for the 4 pt bend setup (Fig. 4):
Li is the length of the loading (inner) span
See also
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
Flexural modulus
Three-point flexural test
Four-point flexural test
References
J. M. Hodgkinson (2000), Mechanical Testing of Advanced Fibre Composites, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, Ltd., p. 132–133.
William D. Callister, Jr., Materials Science and Engineering, Hoken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
ASTM C1161-02c(2008)e1, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Continuum mechanics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexural%20strength |
Holidays with Pay (Sea) Convention, 1936 is an International Labour Organization Convention. It never came into force.
It was established in 1936, with the preamble stating:
Modification
The principles contained in the convention were revised in by ILO Convention C72, Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Convention, 1946.
Ratifications
The convention did not receive enough ratifications to be brought into force.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Employee benefits
International Labour Organization conventions
Holidays
Treaties concluded in 1936
Treaties not entered into force
Admiralty law treaties
1936 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holidays%20with%20Pay%20%28Sea%29%20Convention%2C%201936 |
Anodontia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the congenital absence of all primary or permanent teeth. It is divided into two subsections, complete absence of teeth or only some absence of teeth. It is associated with the group of skin and nerve syndromes called the ectodermal dysplasias. Anodontia is usually part of a syndrome and seldom occurs as an isolated entity. There is usually no exact cause for anodontia. The defect results in the dental lamina obstruction during embryogenesis due to local, systemic and genetic factors.
Congenital absence of permanent teeth can present as hypodontia, usually missing one or two permanent teeth, or oligodontia that is the congenital absence of six or more teeth. Congenital absence of all wisdom teeth, or third molars, is relatively common. Anodontia is the congenital absence of teeth and can occur in some or all teeth; whereas partial anodontia (or hypodontia), involves two dentitions or only teeth of the permanent dentition (Dorland's 1998). Approximately 1% of the population has oligodontia. Many denominations are attributed to this anomaly: partial anodontia, hypodontia, oligodontia, the congenital absence, anodontia, bilateral aplasia. Anodontia being the term used in controlled vocabulary Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) from MEDLINE which was developed by the United States National Library of Medicine. The congenital absence of at least one permanent tooth is the most common dental anomaly and may contribute to masticator dysfunction, speech impairment, aesthetic problems, and malocclusion (Shapiro and Farrington 1983). Absence of lateral incisors represents a major stereotype. Individuals with this condition are perceived as socially most aggressive compared with people without anodontia (Shaw 1981). The occurrence of anodontia is less so than hypodontia which has a prevalence of 0.1-0.7% in primary teeth and 3–7.5% in permanent teeth.
Signs and symptoms
The main sign of anodontia is when a child has not developed any of their permanent teeth by the age of 12. Another sign of anodontia can include the absence of baby teeth when the baby has reached 12 to 13 months.
Symptoms that are associated with anodontia include: alopecia, lack of sweat glands, cleft lip or palate, and missing fingernails. Typically, these symptoms are seen because anodontia is typically associated with ectodermal dysplasia. In the rare case that ectodermal dysplasia is not present, anodontia will be caused from an unknown genetic mutation.
Cause
Anodontia typically occurs with the presence of ectodermal dysplasia, which is a group of disorders where two or more ectodermally derived structures will have abnormal development. In the rare case that ectodermal dysplasia is not associated or present, anodontia will be caused by an unknown genetic mutation. Although no specific gene has been identified, there have been many different genes found to be associated with anodontia including EDA, EDAR, and EDARADD genes. Other genes such as MSX1, PAX9, IRF6, GREM2, AXIN2, LRP6, SMOC2, LTBP3, PITX2, and WNT10B. The WNT10A gene is considered to be the major gene involved in hypodontia and oligodontia. These genes are involved in hypodontia and oligodontia. If Anodontia is present in the maternal or paternal side, the chances of this being inherited are increased.
Mechanisms and Pathophysiology
Anodontia is a genetic disorder that is typically occurs in result of another syndrome. Different results can occur depending on which gene is inherited. It remains unclear which specific gene is the direct cause but it is known that several genes can play a role when inherited. Many genes are involved with this and other relating disorders. The main genes involved include: EDA, EDAR, and EDARADD genes. One working gene and one non-working gene are inherited, one from an affected parent and one from a non-affected parent, which then result in a 50% chance of the child inheriting the genetic disorder. Anodontia alone will not have an effect on any other body part besides teeth being missing.
Associated syndromes
Hypodontia and anodontia are frequently associated with a multitude of genetic disorders and syndromes, approximately 70. Syndromes particularly involved with ectodermal involvement are a prime circumstance for anodontia to occur, some examples of these are: Rieger's, Robinson's and focal dermal hypoplasia. Three syndromes which classically have signs of anodontia are oculomandibulodyscephaly, mesoectodermal dysplasia and ectodermal dysplasia. In cases of oculomandibulodyscephaly there are no permanent teeth but there are deciduous teeth present. In mesoectodermal dysplasia the symptoms are anodontia and hypodontia. In cases of ectodermal dysplasia oligodontia is also present.
Other symptoms associated with anodontia include: Alopecia, loss of sweat glands, cleft lip or palate, or missing finger nails.
Diagnosis
Anodontia can be diagnosed when a baby does not begin to develop teeth around the age of 12 to 13 months or when a child does not develop their permanent teeth by the age of 10. The dentist can use a special X-ray, such as a panoramic image, to check if there are any teeth developing. There is also a higher risk for a child to develop anodontia if their parent has this disorder as well. In the absence of all permanent teeth, anodontia will be diagnosed. If between one and five teeth are missing, this will be diagnosed as hypodontia. In the absence of six or more teeth, this will be diagnosed as oligodontia.
Complications
The complications associated with anodontia can vary but the majority results in problems with aesthetic appearance, speaking, and masticatory function. Complications may occur with the placement of the dental implant. Although it is rare, some complications may include the screw of the implant becoming loose or sore spots.
Prevention and Treatment
Anodontia cannot be prevented due to it being a genetic disorder. Prosthetic replacement of missing teeth is possible using dental implant technology or dentures. This treatment can be successful in giving patients with anodontia a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. The use of an implant prosthesis in the lower jaw could be recommended for younger patients as it is shown to significantly improve the craniofacial growth, social development and self-image. The study associated with this evidence worked with individuals who had ectodermal dysplasia of varying age groups of up to 11, 11 to 18 and more than 18 years. It was noted that the risk of implant failure was significantly higher in patients younger than 18 years, but there is significant reason to use this methodology of treatment in those older. Overall the use of an implant-prosthesis has a considerable functional, aesthetic and psychological advantage when compared to a conventional denture, in the patients.
Prognosis
Patients diagnosed with anodontia are expected to have a normal life expectancy. Once anodontia is diagnosed, dental implants or dentures will need to be worn in order to treat this disorder. There is an 88.5% to 100% chance for dental implants in patients with ectodermal dysplasia or tooth agenesis to be successful when placed after the age of 18.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of anodontia is unknown but it is a very rare disorder. Anodontia occurs in less than 2-8% of the general population in regards to permanent teeth and 0.1-0.7% in primary teeth. Gender and ethnicity do not play a role in anodontia.
Research
A recent study in 2019 by R. Constance Wiener and Christopher water looked at anodontia, hypodontia, and oligodontia in children West Virginia. There is a high prevalence of children with missing permanent teeth in West Virginia compared to the rest of the nation. During this study, 500 panoramic images were taken of children between the ages of 6 and 11. Out of the 500 images taken, 60 children had at least one or more missing permanent teeth. The results showed that more females had one or more missing permanent teeth than males. From the 60 children who had missing permanent teeth, 15.5% were female and 8.8% were males.
A case study conducted in 2016 of a six-year-old boy presented with anodontia. There was no family history of anodontia and the patient did not present any other symptoms for ectodermal dysplasia. It was observed the hypodontia was present in the maxillary arch and the only teeth present were the left primary first molar and the bilateral primary second molars. It was also observed that the buccal mucosa, palate, and floor of the mouth were considered normal. The patient proceeded with oral rehabilitation and give removable denture to wear. The patient struggled in the beginning to keep wearing the denture until gradually learning to adjust to it. The family reported no problems with retention and began a monthly recall visit in order to monitor any eruptions of teeth or adjustments that needed to be made. Improvements in speech skills, communication, and self esteem were also observed after placement of the denture.
Another case study in 2013 of an eight-year-old boy who reported missing teeth, difficulty chewing, and difficulty speaking was seen to have other symptoms of ectodermal dysplasia. The father confirmed there is a family history of missing teeth. The patient also had sensitivity to heat, absence of sweating, dry skin, absent eyebrows and eyelashes, hyper pigmentation, and many other ectodermal dysplasia symptoms. After a full examination, the patient was diagnosed with complete anodontia. The patient was treated with a complete set of removable dentures. After the dentures were given, the patient's facial presentation and expressions improved. The patient was also set up for recall follow ups every six months. Drastic improvement was seen with improvements with chewing and speech.
See also
Hypodontia, the condition at which the patient has missing teeth
Hyperdontia, meaning more than the usual number of teeth.
References
External links
Developmental tooth pathology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodontia |
New Saint Andrews College is a private classical Christian college in Moscow, Idaho. It was founded in 1994 by Christ Church, and modeled in part on the curriculum of Harvard College of the seventeenth century. The college offers no undergraduate majors, but follows a single, integrated classical liberal arts curriculum from a Christian worldview in its associate's and bachelor's degree programs. The college also offers master's degrees in theology and letters and classical Christian studies. The New Saint Andrews board, faculty, and staff are confessionally Reformed (Calvinist). Board members are affiliated with the Communion of Reformed Evangelical Churches (CREC).
History
New Saint Andrews began with four students in the fall of 1994 and graduated its first two students in 1998. It moved to its present location in downtown Moscow when it purchased the historic Skattaboe Block (1892).
New Saint Andrews College is a fully accredited member of both the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) and the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS). Both are institutional accreditors recognized by the United States Department of Education (ED) and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA); TRACS is also a member of the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE). NWCCU awarded NSA full accreditation in July 2023, and TRACS awarded NSA a second 10-year Reaffirmation of Accreditation in May 2020. The college's authorization to issue degrees is also recognized by the Idaho State Board of Education. The college is a charter member of the Association of Classical and Christian Schools (ACCS) and a member of the Association of Reformed Institutions of Higher Education (ARIHE).
The college was featured on the Christian Broadcasting Network in March 2006. In August 2006 New Saint Andrews was named by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute as one of the top 50 schools for "conservatives, old-fashioned liberals, and people of faith." The college was also featured in the September 30, 2007, edition of The New York Times Magazine in an article titled, "Onward Christian Scholars."
Roy Atwood served as president until 2014, and was succeeded by Ben Merkle.
Academics and student life
The college's classical Christian program of studies follows the Trivium and Quadrivium in its single, integrated undergraduate curriculum in liberal arts and culture. The curriculum stresses learning from great books and developing the skills to be a lifelong learner. Rather than using textbooks, the college requires reading of primary works in the classical and Christian literature of Western civilization. The college uses "Oxford-style" small group recitations, in which six to eight students meet with individual faculty members to discuss the assigned readings. Students have examinations every eight weeks, many of which are conducted orally. Seniors are required to write theses and defend them before a faculty panel. The college offers associate and bachelor's degrees in liberal arts and culture, a Master of Arts in Trinitarian theology and culture, and a Master of Studies (and Graduate Certificate) in Classical Christian Studies.
The college limits new student enrollment to about 50–60 new undergraduates and 10–15 graduate students each year. The student body numbers about 160 students (150 full-time equivalent) from about 30 states, five foreign countries, and more than 20 Christian denominations. Approximately half of the college's students were home-schooled and a quarter attended Association of Classical and Christian Schools (ACCS) affiliated high schools.
The college provides no dormitories or food services, by board policy. Instead, it encourages students to live as responsible members of the local community, and assists students and their families in arranging appropriate housing.
As of the May 2010 Commencement, the college had more than 200 alumni. Approximately one-third of the college's graduates pursue graduate school or advanced professional studies, one-third go on to teach at classical and Christian schools, and one-third pursue other callings or professions.
Sports
New Saint Andrews College does not participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), but does offer a variety of intramural sports, namely men's rugby, women's volleyball, and co-educational soccer.
Notable faculty
Douglas Wilson
N. D. Wilson
Further reading
Molly Worthen (2007). "Onward Christian Scholars", The New York Times Magazine, September 30, 2007.
John Zmirak (2006). All-American Colleges: Top Schools for Conservatives, Old-Fashioned Liberals and People of Faith. Wilmington, Delaware: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2006.
Samuel Schuman (2010). Seeing the Light: Religious Colleges in Twenty-First-Century America. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
References
External links
Christian universities and colleges in the United States
Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools
Educational institutions established in 1994
Classical Christian schools
Seminaries and theological colleges in Idaho
Reformed universities and colleges
Buildings and structures in Latah County, Idaho
Education in Latah County, Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
1994 establishments in Idaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Saint%20Andrews%20College |
John Verity (born 3 July 1949) is an English guitarist and singer. Best known for as a member of Argent, a band formed by Zombies keyboardist Rod Argent. He joined the band alongside John Grimaldi, replacing Russ Ballard.
Early life, family and education
Verity was born in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England.
Career
Verity was a member of the band Argent from 1974 to 1976. When the band dissolved, he formed a new band, Phoenix, with Bob Henrit and Jim Rodford. The band recorded three albums with CBS Records and toured Europe before disbanding. Rodford joined the Kinks, Verity and Henrit joined Charlie, to record an album with RCA Records. Verity produced the Phoenix albums and Charlie album as well as the first Saxon album.
During the early 1980s Verity worked with Brian Connolly (former vocalist with Sweet) in an attempt to launch him as a solo artist. A single, "Hypnotised" was released on Carrere Records in 1982 produced by Verity, and written by Joe Lynn Turner. Verity was part of Connolly's backing band Encore when they supported Pat Benatar at the beginning of 1983. The line up of this band was formed from members of Verity's own band, which went on to release several albums including Interrupted Journey.
Verity continues to perform throughout the UK and overseas with the John Verity Band. He occasionally has solo outings where he will work with experienced musicians in the destination country. He additionally performs acoustic gigs as a duo with either Max Milligan or Mark Griffiths, as well as with the band. The usual line-up features Liam James Gray on drums with either Bob Skeat or Roger Iniss on bass.
In February 2020, John Verity released his 21st studio album, Passion.
Signature Guitars
In 2013 Verity worked with Trev Wilkinson of UK guitar company Fret King to design the Stratocaster-inspired Corona JV.
The relationship went further, and in 2019 the Vintage V6JV was released, which featured a hum-cancelling "Power Coil" pickup.
Discography
Albums
John Verity Band - John Verity Band (Dunhill Records) (1974)
Argent - Circus (Epic Records) (1975)
Argent - Counterpoints (RCA Records) (1975)
Phoenix - "Phoenix" (CBS Records) (1976)
Phoenix - In Full View (Charisma Records) (1979)
Charlie - Good Morning America (RCA Records) (1981)
John Verity - Interrupted Journey (PRT Records) (1983)
John Verity - Truth of the Matter (PRT Records)(1985)
John Verity - Rock Solid (1989)
John Verity Band - Hold Your Head Up (1995)
John Verity Band - Whole Lotta Love (1995)
John Verity - From the Heart (2001)
John Verity Band - Routes (Vavoom Records) (2004)
John Verity and Max Milligan - Unplugged and Unhinged (Vavoom Records) (2005)
John Verity Band - Live (Vavoom Records) (2006)
John Verity Band - Say Why? (Vavoom Records) (2007)
Phoenix - "Still Burning" (VaVoom Records) (2009)
Verity - "Rise Like The Phoenix" (VaVoom Records) (2010)
John Verity - "Unplugged and Unhinged Again" (Vavoom Records) (2010)
John Verity - "Leo Had It Right" (VaVoom Records) (2011)
John Verity - "Its a Mean Old Scene" (VaVoom Records) (2012)
John Verity - "Tone Hound on the last train to Corona" (VaVoom Records) (2014)
JohnVerity Band - "Live at Bosky" (VaVoom Records) (2015)
John Verity Band - "Back Door Santa" - (VaVoom Records) - (2015)
John Verity - "My Religion" - (VaVoom Records) - (2016)
John Verity - "My Religion - Vinyl Double Album - (VaVoom Records) - (2016)
John Verity - "Blue to my Soul" - (VaVoom Records) - (2017)
John Verity - "Passion" - (VaVoom Records) - (2020)
Singles
Phoenix - "Easy" (1976)
Phoenix - "Time Of The Season" (1977)
Phoenix - "Juliet" (1980)
Charlie - "Perfect Lover" (1981)
Brian Connolly - "Hypnotized" (1982) produced and featuring Verity
Verity - "Stay With Me" (1983)
Verity - "Rescue Me" (1984)
John Verity - "What About Me" (1984)
John Verity - "Honesty and Emotion" (1985)
Verity - "Two Hearts Burning" (1987)
John Verity - "Want You" (1987)
References
External links
John Verity official website
1949 births
Living people
Dunhill Records artists
Epic Records artists
Charisma Records artists
RCA Records artists
Musicians from Bradford
English rock guitarists
Argent (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Verity |
Tukufu Zuberi (born April 26, 1959) is an American sociologist, filmmaker, social critic, educator, and writer. Zuberi has appeared in several documentaries on Africa and the African diaspora, including Liberia: America's Stepchild (2002), and 500 Years Later (2005). He is one of the hosts of the long-running PBS program History Detectives. As founder of his own production company, he produced the film African Independence, which premiered at the San Diego Black Film Festival in January 2013. He is the Lasry Family Professor of Race Relations, professor and chair of the sociology department, and professor of Africana studies at the University of Pennsylvania.
Biography
Born Antonio McDaniel to Willie and Annie McDaniel, and raised in the housing projects of Oakland, California in the 1970s, he changed his name to Tukufu Zuberi, which is Swahili for "beyond praise" and "strength". Zuberi says that he "took the name because of a desire to make and have a connection with an important period where people were challenging what it means to be a human being."
Zuberi received a bachelor's degree from San Jose State in 1981, a master's degree from Sacramento State in 1985, and a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1989. In 1988, he joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, where he became the Lasry Family Professor of Race Relations, the chair of the sociology department between 2007 and 2013, and the director of the Center for Africana Studies between 2002 and 2008. He has been a visiting professor at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, and the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania.
Zuberi's research focuses on race and African and African diaspora populations. He has conducted research in the fields of social statistics and population studies (demography). He has been a guest lecturer at colleges and universities and on television programs.
In 2013, Zuberi produced his first documentary, African Independence. The film premiered at the San Diego Black Film Festival in January 2013. The film discusses the beginning of the independence movement and the problems faced by the movement to win independence in Africa.
Educational career
Professor Tukufu Zuberi is the Lasry Family Professor of Race Relations, and Professor of Sociology and Africana Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. He has been a visiting professor at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda; the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania; in 2014 he held the chair of the Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; and in 2016 he served as the distinguished visiting professor for the Coordination Foundation for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel- CAPES at the University of Brasilia and the Federal University of Bahia. During his time at the University of Pennsylvania he has served as the chair of the Graduate Group in Demography, the director of the African Studies Program, the director of the Afro-American Studies Program, and faculty associate director of the Center for Africana Studies. From 2002 to 2008, he served as the founding director of the Center for Africana Studies. From 2007 to 2013, he served as chair of the department of sociology.
Zuberi's educational career ranges from teaching to formal demographic analysis, archival creation and research, writing, curator of museum exhibitions, hosting a TV series (the PBS History Detectives), and producing and directing documentaries. His work is collaborative, interdisciplinary, and academically rigorous. His work ranges from the hard social sciences to the softest of the humanities.
His research interests have focused on sociology, demography, and Africana Studies. Zuberi is the author of "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: The Mortality Cost of Colonizing Liberia in the Nineteenth-Century", published by the University of Chicago Press in 1995; "Thicker than Blood: How Racial Statistics Lie", published by the University of Minnesota Press in 2001; "Más espeso que la sangre: la mentira del análisis estadístico según teorías biológicas de la raza", published by Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, in 2013; and "Africa Independence: How Africa Shapes the World", published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers in 2015. He has edited or co-edited eight volumes. These edited volumes include "White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology" (with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva) that was awarded the Oliver Cromwell Cox Book Award by the American Sociological Association.
Curatorial Projects
Zuberi is the curator of several exhibitions. He curated Tides of Freedom: African Presence on the Delaware at the Independence Seaport Museum (Premiered in May 2013). He produced and directed five interstitials for inclusion in the Tides of Freedom gallery. His exhibition, Black Bodies in Propaganda: The Art of the War Poster premiered at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in June 2013. Black Bodies in Propaganda presents 33 posters from Zuberi's private collection. The Black Bodies in Propaganda exhibit was also presented at the Northwest African American Museum in Seattle, Washington (2016), and at the Thomas Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art, Tulsa, Oklahoma (2017). Professor Zuberi curated the redesign of the Penn Museum Africa Gallery "AFRICA GALLERIES from Maker to Museum" (2019). He directed ten interstitials for inclusion in the AFRICA GALLERIES from Maker to Museum gallery.
African Census Analysis Project
Zuberi has headed the African Census Analysis Project (ACAP), a project initiated by the United Nations to advance the process of census enumeration in Africa. Although census-taking eventually became routine, the preservation and analysis of the resultant data were not fully developed within African statistical offices. In recognition of the need to preserve African census data, to avoid perpetual loss due to poor storage, and to encourage and enhance further analysis, dissemination, and utilization of the massive census data, ACAP was undertaken as a joint initiative of the Population Studies Center at the University of Pennsylvania and African governmental and research institutions. The goal was to promote collaboration among African governments and research institutions at archiving and analyzing African census data, both at national and sub-national levels, and to inform appropriate policy interventions on the continent.
History Detectives
Zuberi is a host on the PBS television program History Detectives. The show devotes itself "to exploring the complexities of historical mysteries, searching out the facts, myths and conundrums that connect local folklore, family legends and interesting objects." Zuberi has taken the audience on an investigation by racing around Death Valley in a 1932 Ford roadster and tracked down a Japanese internment camp survivor. Producer of the show, Tony Tackaberry says "Along with his expertise, Tukufu has a strong, engaging, excited personality that comes through."
Documentary Projects
He is the writer and producer of African Independence, a feature-length documentary film that highlights the birth, realization, and problems confronted by the movement to win independence in Africa. African Independence was selected and featured at over a dozen film festivals, and was the recipient of various awards. Completed in 2020, his feature-length documentary on the history of ancient Ghana, Mali, and Songhay is entitled Before Things Fell Apart (2020). His most recent short documentary on African material culture in museums is entitled Decolonizing the Narrative: Africa Galleries from Maker to Museum (2020). The first in a series of 3 short documentaries, Africa Galleries from Maker to Museum, is a 33-minute exploration of the debates about Museums, Reparations; Restitution; and Race.
Publications
Book Projects
Tukufu Zuberi. African Independence: How Africa Shapes the World (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).
Tukufu Zuberi. Thicker Than Blood: An Essay on how Racial Statistics Lie (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001). Honorable Mention for the 2002 Gustavus Myers Book Award.
Antonio McDaniel. Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: The Mortality Cost of Colonizing Liberia in the Nineteenth-Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
Edited volumes
Tukufu Zuberi and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (editors). White Logic, White Methods: Race and Methodology (New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2008) — Winner of the 2009 Oliver Cromwell Cox Book Award, American Sociological Association.
Tukufu Zuberi, Amson Sibanda and Eric Udjo (editors). The Demography of South Africa Volume 1 of the General Demography of Africa series, General Editor Tukufu Zuberi (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2005).
Edited journal issues
Tukufu Zuberi and Tanji Gilliam (Special Editors), "Perspectives on Africa and the World". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, November 2010, vol. 632 (132 pages).
Tukufu Zuberi and Gale Garrison (guest editors), "Back to the Future of Civilization: Celebrating 30 Years of African American Studies". Special Issue of Journal of Black Studies 2004, Vol. 35, Number 2.
Tukufu Zuberi (guest editor), "Racial Statistics and Public Policy". Special issue of Race and Society 2003 (mistakenly listed as 2001 on volume cover), Volume 4, Issue 2 (132 pages).
Laura Chrisman, Farah Griffin and Tukufu Zuberi (guest editors), "Transcending Traditions: African, African Diaspora, and African American Studies in the 21st Century", Special issue of Black Scholar 2000, Vol. 30, No. 3-4 (80 pages).
Elijah Anderson and Tukufu Zuberi (guest editors) "The Study of African American Problems: Papers In Honor of W.E.B. Du Bois". Special issue of The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2000, vol. 568 (316 pages).
Selected video clips
African Independence Trailer
History Detectives – Fan Q&A
How Many in the Slave Trade
Global Agenda Summit-Dubai-2008
"Divided and Dangerous: Human History from a Different Angle"
"The Final Demographic Racial Transition"
References
External links
Sociology site
African Census Analysis site
Center for Africana Studies site
History Detective site
1959 births
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American pan-Africanists
African-American television personalities
African-American sociologists
American social scientists
University of Chicago alumni
Living people
American demographers
PBS people
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukufu%20Zuberi |
Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Convention, 1946 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1946, with the preamble stating:
The treaty has never been brought into force.
Modification
The principles contained in the convention were subsequently revised and included in the ILO Convention C91, Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Convention (Revised), 1949 (shelved).
Ratifications
The convention has not been brought into force and is not binding upon any country that ratified it.
External links
Text.
Ratifications and denunciations.
International Labour Organization conventions
Leave of absence
Treaties concluded in 1946
Admiralty law treaties
Treaties not entered into force
1946 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid%20Vacations%20%28Seafarers%29%20Convention%2C%201946 |
Andachtsbilder (singular Andachtsbild, German for devotional image) is a German term often used in English in art history for Christian devotional images designed as aids for prayer or contemplation. The images "generally show holy figures extracted from a narrative context to form a highly focused, and often very emotionally powerful, vignette".
The term is especially used of Northern Gothic art around the 14th and 15th centuries, when new subjects such as the Pietà, Pensive Christ, Man of Sorrows, Arma Christi, Veil of Veronica, the severed head of John the Baptist, and the Virgin of Sorrows became extremely popular.
Subjects and genres
Traditional subjects from the narrative of the Passion of Christ such as the Ecce Homo and the Crucifixion of Jesus were also treated in the same way. Though the Crucifix had been treated as an intense, isolated image for centuries, at least as far back as the 10th century Gero Cross in Cologne, many images showed a new emphasis on graphically depicted streaming blood, wounds and contorted poses. This process started around 1300, so the influence appears to be from the Crucifixion to other subjects.
The traditional Ecce Homo is a very crowded scene, in which the figure of Christ is often less prominent than those of his captors, but in the andachtsbilder versions the other figures and complex architectural background have vanished, leaving only Christ, with a plain background in most painted versions (see the example by Antonello da Messina in the gallery below).
Andachtsbilder have a strong emphasis on the grief and suffering of Christ and the figures close to him. Their use was encouraged by movements such as the Franciscans, the Devotio Moderna and German mysticism in late medieval Europe, which promoted affective meditation on the sufferings of Christ by intense mental visualization ("imitation") of them and their physical effects. The most extreme, even gruesome, examples often came from the eastern edge of the Holy Roman Empire and beyond in Poland, Lithuania and the Baltic states, where large carved gobbets of congealed blood can cover the body. But the style spread all over Europe, including Italy, although the extremes of emotionalism were avoided there until the Baroque.
Scope
Sculptures
The term was first devised for a group of mainly sculptural subjects, including the Pietà and Pensive Christ, that were thought to have emerged in convents in south-western Germany in the 14th century, although their history is now believed to be more complicated.
In churches such images were often given a side-chapel, and sometimes are given special places in the rituals of Holy Week. For example, consecrated hosts might be stored in the cavity of the spear wound in a sculpted Pietà between Good Friday and Easter Sunday.
Paintings, carvings, and prints
The term is often used specifically for small works intended for personal contemplation in the home. By the 15th century the emerging urban middle classes of Northern Europe were increasingly able to afford small paintings or carvings. The depiction was often very "close-up", with a half-length figure occupying nearly the whole picture space. Andachtsbilder subjects were also very common in prints. However larger works for churches or outdoor display are also covered by the term.
By the mid-15th century andachtsbilder were influencing large monumental works, a process James Snyder discusses in relation to major works such as Rogier van der Weyden's Prado Deposition, the Isenheim Altarpiece of Matthias Grünewald, and the carved Altarpiece of the Holy Blood by Tilman Riemenschneider at Rothenburg ob der Tauber. The Mass of St Gregory, which included a vision of the Man of Sorrows, was a composition often used on altarpieces which took a common andachtsbilder subject and expanded it into a subject suitable for more monumental works.
The art historian Jeffrey F. Hamburger observed that the term has now "lost whatever precision it could ever lay claim to, having been applied to virtually any object that might have been used to stimulate devotional experience".. Although works in the andachtsbilder tradition remained very popular in Catholic art for centuries, for example in Baroque Spain and Italy, the term is less likely to be applied to much later images. The English term "devotional image" or "picture" etc. can apply to a wide range of images, in all media, included modern commercially printed reproductions or prayer cards, especially those featuring a portrait-like image rather than a narrative scene.
Gallery
Notes
References
Sources
google books
Google books
Google books
Art depicting New Testament themes
Christian iconography
German art
Gothic art
Jesus in art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andachtsbilder |
Choszczno County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Choszczno, which lies south-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Recz, north-east of Choszczno, Pełczyce, south-west of Choszczno, and Drawno, east of Choszczno.
The county covers an area of . As of 2006 its total population is 50,066, out of which the population of Choszczno is 15,753, that of Recz is 2,995, that of Pełczyce is 2,698, that of Drawno is 2,399, and the rural population is 26,221.
The county includes the lake districts of Pojezierze Choszczeńskie, Pojezierze Myśliborskie, Pojezierze Ińskie and Równina Drawska. Within Gmina Drawno is a large forest (Puszcza Drawska) which is part of the Drawno National Park.
Neighbouring counties
Choszczno County is bordered by Drawsko County to the north, Wałcz County to the east, Strzelce-Drezdenko County to the south, Myślibórz County to the south-west and Stargard County to the north-west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into six gminas (four urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
Transport
Railways
in use: Szczecin Gł. - Poznań Gł. (through Choszczno and Bierzwnik).
unused, existing: Stargard Szczeciński - Piła Główna (through Recz Pomorski) and Barlinek - Kalisz Pomorski (through Pełczyce, Lubiana Pyrzycka, Choszczno and Drawno).
unused, non-existing: Lubiana Pyrzycka - Strzelce Krajeńskie.
Roads
national grade: 10: Lubieszyn - Płońsk (through Recz).
voivodship grade: 151: Recz - Świdwin, 155: Recz - Gorzów Wielkopolski (through Choszczno and Pełczyce), 160: Suchań - Miedzichowo (through Choszczno and Bierzwnik), 161: Choszczno - Kalisz Pomorski (through Drawno), 122: Piasecznik - Krajnik Dolny.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Choszczno | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choszczno%20County |
Alfred Rehder (4 September 1863 in Waldenburg, Saxony – 25 July 1949 in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts) was a German-American botanical taxonomist and dendrologist who worked at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. He is generally regarded as the foremost dendrologist of his generation.
Life
Georg Alfred Rehder was born in the castle of Waldenburg to Thekla née Schmidt (1839–1897) and Paul Julius Rehder (1833–1917), the superintendent of parks and gardens of the principality of Schönburg-Waldenburg. Through his father, Rehder was introduced to the gardening profession. On his mother's side of the family, Rehder was likely descended from Henry, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (1778–1847).
Rehder broke off his attendance at the gymnasium in Zwickau in 1881 and did not pursue university studies, instead working for three years as an apprentice under the tutelage of his father. His professional career began in 1884 at the Berlin Botanical Garden. Here he was able to attend lectures by Paul Friedrich August Ascherson and August Wilhelm Eichler, among others. In 1886, he went to work for a florist in Frankfurt am Main, and half a year later he moved to the Muskau Park. Here he first met the daughter of the local parks superintendent, Anneliese Hedwig Schrefeld (1875–1967), whom he married in 1906.
In 1888, Rehder accepted an appointment as head gardener at the Darmstadt Botanical Garden. He moved next to the Göttingen Botanical Garden, where he was head gardener from 1889 to 1895. During this time, he was involved in the creation of the Brocken Garden for Alpine plants, initiated by Albert Peter in 1890 on the highest mountain of the Harz range. In addition, he became a contributing editor of several professional periodicals. In 1895, he was appointed associate editor of Möller's Deutsche Gärtner-Zeitung (published in Erfurt), Germany's premier horticultural journal, for which he wrote numerous articles.
In 1898, he was assigned by the Deutsche Gärtner-Zeitung to travel to the United States and study woody plants and orchards. The German government also asked him to research American grape species, known to be resistant to the grape phylloxera that were threatening to infest German vineyards and destroy the wine industry. He undertook research at the Arnold Arboretum, and here he came to the attention of the director, Charles Sprague Sargent, who quickly recognized Rehder's abilities and persuaded him to stay at the arboretum and work on the comprehensive study of woody plants eventually published as The Bradley Bibliography (5 vols., 1911–18). At about this time, he was also introduced to Liberty Hyde Bailey of Cornell University, who asked him to prepare the text on woody genera for the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture (4 vols., 1900–02).
Rehder was naturalized as an American citizen in 1904, but he maintained his ties with Germany. During World War I, he was subject to surveillance by the Bureau of Investigation.
Collaborating closely with Charles Sprague Sargent, Rehder launched the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, which appeared as a quarterly from 1919 to 1990. The journal had a particular focus on dendrology but also covered other botanical fields. He was instrumental in systematizing the thousands of plants collected by Ernest Henry Wilson in China.
Rehder created the first system of isothermic zones for the United States that related average winter minimum temperatures to the hardiness of specific plants. The system, along with another developed by Wladimir Köppen, is the basis for the USDA Hardiness zone maps in use today.
In 1913, Harvard conferred upon him an honorary Master of Arts degree. In 1914, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. From 1918 to 1940, he served as the herbarium curator of the Arnold Arboretum. In 1934, he was appointed to an associate professorship in dendrology at Harvard University. This position was extraordinary not just because Rehder had never enrolled at a university, but also because he never taught a course due to a speech impediment.
More than 60 plant taxa have been named in honor of Rehder, and the genera Rehdera (family Verbenaceae, 1935,), Rehderodendron (family Styracaceae, 1932,), and Rehderophoenix (now a synonym of Drymophloeus,), were all named after him.
Works
Rehder's œuvre comprises about 1,000 publications. His most well-known work is the Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs, Hardy in North America (1927), which became a virtual "bible of the dendrologist". His most comprehensive work, however, is the Bibliography of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Cooler Temperate Regions of the Northern Hemisphere (1949), truly a mammoth work that brings together 150,000 individual data compiled over decades.
Rehder also produced The Bradley Bibliography: A Guide to the Literature of the Woody Plants of the World Published Before the Beginning of the Twentieth Century (5 vols., 1911–18). He was co-author, with Ernest Henry Wilson, of Plantae Wilsonianae: An Enumeration of the Woody Plants Collected in Western China for the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University During the Years 1907, 1908, and 1910 (3 vols., 1913, 1916–17) and A Monograph of Azaleas: Rhododendron subgenus Anthodendron (1921). Finally, he authored Synopsis of the Genus Lonicera (1903).
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Gärtnerisch-Botanischer Brief 1999/4, no. 137, contains a biography (pdf-file; 125 kB)
Historical Biographies: Alfred Rehder (1863–1949), Archived from original on 5 September 2015 Archives of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
"Professor Alfred Rehder's Retirement", Arnold Arboretum Bulletin of Popular Information No. 11 (October 25, 1940): 57–58
Obituary by Clarence E. Kobuski, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Vol. XXXI, January 1950.
Archives of the Arnold Arboretum II A–Z Alfred Rehder (1863–1949) papers, 1898–1949: Guide (with detailed Biography) with photographs
"Remembering Alfred Rehder" by Lisa Pearson, head of the Library and Archives at Arnold Arboretum, 7 pp.
Arnd Rüdiger Grimmer, "Alfred Rehder: His German Roots".
1863 births
1949 deaths
19th-century American botanists
20th-century American botanists
19th-century German botanists
American horticulturists
Arnold Arboretum
Botanists active in North America
Dendrologists
German gardeners
German horticulturists
Harvard University faculty
People from Waldenburg, Saxony
People with speech impediment
American scientists with disabilities
German people with disabilities
Scientists with disabilities
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Rehder |
The Jesse H. Jones Hall for the Performing Arts (commonly known as Jones Hall) is a performance venue in Houston, Texas, and the permanent home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts. Jones Hall is also frequently rented as a venue for contemporary pop musicians and other performers and is estimated to draw over 400,000 audience members yearly.
History
Officially completed on October 2, 1966, at the cost of $7.4 million, it is named after Jesse H. Jones, a former United States Secretary of Commerce and Houstonian. (For the Hall's opening concert a special work was commissioned of the American composer Alan Hovhaness entitled 'Ode to the Temple of Sound'). Construction of the hall was underwritten by Houston Endowment, Inc., a foundation endowed by Jones and his wife Mary Gibbs Jones. Upon completion, the hall was donated to the city, and today is operated by the Houston First Corporation.
Designed by the Houston-based architectural firm Caudill Rowlett Scott, the hall, which occupies an entire city block, features a white Italian marble exterior with eight-story tall columns. The interior includes a basement and a sub-basement which houses a rehearsal room. The lobby is dominated by a high ceiling featuring a massive hanging bronze sculpture by Richard Lippold entitled "Gemini II". The inside of the concert hall itself is unique in that the ceiling is made of 800 hexagonal segments which can be raised or lowered to change the acoustics of the hall. The segments can actually be lowered enough to close the upper balcony, so the seating capacity therefore fluctuates from about 2,300 with the balcony covered to 2,911 with the balcony open. The building won the 1967 American Institute of Architects' Honor Award, which is bestowed on only one building annually.
The acoustics were designed by the firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman, who also designed New York City's Avery Fisher Hall and San Francisco's Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall, both of which have also been subject to much criticism. However, the only renovations since the hall's construction have been unrelated. In 1993, it was renovated to bring it in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. From 2001-2003, a $28 million renovation took place to reaffix marble panels which had begun to fall from the building's exterior façade, to renovate parts of the building that had been flooded during 2001's Tropical Storm Allison, and to remove asbestos from the interior.
Over the past two summers, 2021 and 2022, this cherished theater has been undergoing extensive renovations. And there’s much more to come.
Jones Hall’s iconic exterior profile remains intact, while the interior is being enhanced and redesigned to significantly enhance the concert-going experience. But the popular introduction of vertical aisles and the already dramatically improved acoustics are just the beginning.
Further substantial enhancement of acoustics in the hall are planned, to give audiences the best, most natural, and excellent audial experience.
By the time the 2023/24 season begins, there will be new seats in the auditorium and a sizeable increase to the number of bathroom facilities on the Hall’s courtyard level. Future changes will reconfigure the lobby to create more spaces for patrons to enjoy Jones Hall, including expansion and enhancement of the green room. And it’ll be easier to get to the restrooms, with a new, much wider staircase that goes directly from the Louisiana Street lobby to the courtyard men’s and women’s lounges.
Also to come are technical and infrastructure renovations backstage, including new, modernized stage automation control, and the introduction of fiber networks, ushering in a new era for Jones Hall of state-of-the-art audio and visual capabilities for broadcasting, livestreaming, and stage effects.
ADA improvements to the auditorium and to the Texas Avenue entrance will make the Hall more accessible that it has ever been.
Jones Hall will be better than ever when it celebrates its 60th anniversary in 2026.
See also
List of concert halls
External links
Jones Hall at the Handbook of Texas Online
References
Concert halls in Texas
Theatres in Houston
Texas classical music
Buildings and structures completed in 1966
Performing arts centers in Texas
Music venues in Houston
Buildings and structures in Houston
Downtown Houston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones%20Hall |
Anterior horn disease is one of a number of medical disorders affecting the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Anterior horn diseases include spinal muscular atrophy, poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
References
Central nervous system disorders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20horn%20disease |
Kevin Billington (12 June 1934 – 13 December 2021) was a British film director, who worked in the theatre, film and television from the 1960s.
Biography
The son of a factory worker, and educated at Bryanston School and Queens' College, Cambridge, early in his career he worked for the BBC as a radio producer in Leeds (1959–60) and then for television in Manchester (1960–61) before working on the early evening Tonight and on documentaries for the BBC and ATV until 1967. Billington's films include The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer (1970), which stars Peter Cook, while his theatre work includes several productions of plays by Harold Pinter, who was married to his wife's sister, Lady Antonia Fraser.
Billington's television work includes Henry VIII (1979) for the BBC Television Shakespeare project, one of the best received productions in the series. He also directed The Good Soldier (Granada 1981), based on the novel by Ford Madox Ford, and A Time to Dance (BBC 1992), adapted by Melvyn Bragg from his own work of fiction.
He was married to Lady Rachel Billington; having met while they were both working in New York, they married the following year in 1967. The couple had four children and five grandchildren.
Billington died from cancer on 13 December 2021, at the age of 87.
Filmography as director
Whicker; Down Mexico Way (TV documentary, 1963)
Mary McCarthy's Paris (TV documentary, 1964)
A Few Castles in Spain (TV documentary, 1966)
Interlude (1968)
The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer (1970)
The Light at the Edge of the World (1971)
And No One Could Save Her (TV, 1973)
Voices (1973)
Henry VIII (TV, 1979)
The Jail Diary of Albie Sachs (TV, 1981)
The Good Soldier (TV, 1981)
Outside Edge (TV, 1982)
Reflections (1984)
The Deliberate Death of a Polish Priest (TV, 1986)
Heartland (TV, 1989)
A Time to Dance (TV series, 1992)
References
External links
Entry in The International Who's Who (2004), p. 163
1934 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
English film directors
People educated at Bryanston School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Billington |
Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Convention (Revised), 1949 (shelved) is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1949, with the preamble stating:
Modification
The concepts contained in this convention were revised and included in ILO Convention C146, Seafarers' Annual Leave with Pay Convention, 1976.
Ratifications
Prior to it being shelved, the convention had been ratified by five states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Leave of absence
Treaties concluded in 1949
Treaties entered into force in 1967
Admiralty law treaties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid%20Vacations%20%28Seafarers%29%20Convention%20%28Revised%29%2C%201949%20%28shelved%29 |
The Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board (HWDSB), formerly known as English-language Public District School Board No. 21 prior to 1999, is the public school board for the city of Hamilton. Established on January 1, 1998, via the amalgamation of the Hamilton and Wentworth County school boards, the board currently operates 93 elementary and secondary schools.
The board has approximately 50,000 students in its 93 neighbourhood schools. In addition to the programming offered at 80 elementary and 13 secondary schools, a number of alternative programs focusing on sports, academics, science, arts and languages are available. The current director of education is Sheryl Robinson Petrazzini.
Secondary schools
Elementary schools
A.A. Greenleaf
A.M. Cunningham
Adelaide Hoodless Public School
Ancaster Meadow
Ancaster Senior Public School
Balaclava
Bellmoore
Bell-Stone
Bennetto
Beverly Central
Billy Green
Buchanan Park
C.B. Stirling
C.H.Bray
Cardinal Heights
Cathy Wever
Central
Chedoke
Collegiate Avenue
Cootes Paradise
Dalewood
Dr. J. Seaton
Dr. J.E Davey
Dundana
Dundas Central
Earl Kitchener
Eastdale
Elizabeth Bagshaw
Fessenden
Flamborough Centre
Franklin Road
G.L. Armstrong
Gatestone
Glen Brae
Glen Echo
Glenwood
Gordon Price
Green Acres
Greensville
Guy Brown
Helen Detwiler
Hess Street
Highview
Hillcrest
Holbrook
Huntington Park
James MacDonald
Kanétskare
King George
Lake Avenue
Lawfield
Lincoln Alexander
Linden Park
Lisgar
Mary Hopkins
Memorial - Hamilton
Memorial - Stoney Creek
Millgrove
Mount Albion
Mount Hope
Mountain View
Mountview
Norwood Park
Parkdale
Pauline Johnson
Prince of Wales
Queen Mary
Queen Victoria
Queensdale
R.A. Riddell
R.L. Hyslop
Ray Lewis
Richard Beasley
Ridgemount
Rosedale
Rousseau
Roxborough Park
Sir Isaac Brock
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Sir William Osler
Spencer Valley
Strathcona
Tapleytown
Templemead
Tiffany Hills
Viscount Montgomery
W.H. Ballard
Westview
Westwood
Winona
Woodward Avenue
Yorkview
Former schools
Hamilton Central Collegiate Institute was a high school until 1985 and traced its history to Gore District Grammar School (1821) and Central School. Gore District and Central School merged in 1838, renamed as Hamilton High School in 1871, Hamilton Collegiate 1897,
Hamilton Central Collegiate in 1923. HCI moved in to Central High School of Commerce (established 1897) in 1950 and closed with building reused as an Sanford Avenue elementary school from 1985 to 2011.
Queens Rangers Elementary school closed in 2019, after 60 years of service.
Trustees
The HWDSB consists of 11 trustees elected from wards across the City of Hamilton. These wards either match or are the combination of multiple municipal wards for council elections. Trustees are elected for a four-year term during each municipal election. The last election for trustees was held on October 22, 2018. The next election for trustees will be held on October 24, 2022.
The Chair of the Board, the Vice-Chair and the Honorary Treasurer are elected at the Inaugural meeting of the Board, and serve for one year. Trustees are officials, elected to serve parents, students, taxpayers and the school system. They are the link between communities and the school board, ensuring Hamilton public schools meet the diverse needs of students in their communities. Student trustees are elected by Grade 7-12 students to represent the interests of students during deliberations and decision making of the board.
2022-2026 Board of Trustees
2018-2022 Board of Trustees
See also
Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board
High Schools in Hamilton
List of school districts in Ontario
List of secondary schools in Ontario
References
External links
Official website
School districts in Ontario
Education in Hamilton, Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton-Wentworth%20District%20School%20Board |
Damian Jacques Jackson (born August 16, 1973) is an American former major league second baseman who played 11 seasons for nine Major League Baseball (MLB) teams. He batted and threw right-handed.
Early life
Jackson grew up in Los Angeles, but moved to Northern California when he was in high school. Jackson transferred to Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord, California, when he was a junior. Jackson only played one year of high school baseball, his senior year. He decided to try out for baseball on a whim the first day of baseball, when he saw a friend walking to practice. That season, Jackson caught the eye of pro scouts because of his blazing speed and potent bat.
Major league career
Jackson was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 44th round of the 1991 draft. He did not play a full season until he joined the San Diego Padres in 1999 when he led all rookies in stolen bases. He sustained an injury in 2001, when he was hit by A. J. Burnett during Burnett's no-hit game.
On July 14, 2001, Jackson hit a broken-bat grand slam against Wade Miller that helped the Padres beat the Houston Astros. The home run barely cleared the fence down the left-field line, near the 315-foot sign in the hitter-friendly Minute Maid Park, then named "Enron Field".
During the 2003 American League Division Series, Jackson collided with his Red Sox teammate, center fielder Johnny Damon, knocking Damon unconscious.
He was released by the Washington Nationals on August 25, 2006, and signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers, but was released from them on March 11, 2007.
Atlantic League
On April 14, 2008, Jackson signed with the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs of the independent Atlantic League. He was released on July 22 and was immediately signed by the Long Island Ducks, but was traded on August 2 to the Camden Riversharks. He later played for the Orange County Flyers of the independent Golden Baseball League.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball outfielders
African-American baseball players
Canton-Akron Indians players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Indianapolis Indians players
Portland Beavers players
Omaha Royals players
Iowa Cubs players
Washington Nationals players
Cleveland Indians players
Cincinnati Reds players
San Diego Padres players
Detroit Tigers players
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Kansas City Royals players
Southern Maryland Blue Crabs players
Long Island Ducks players
Camden Riversharks players
Orange County Flyers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian%20Jackson |
John Fallon (born 16 August 1940) is a Scottish former professional footballer and member of the Celtic squad that won the European Cup in 1967, which came to be known as the Lisbon Lions.
Career
Fallon signed for Celtic, the team he supported in childhood, from junior team Fauldhouse United in December 1958 to understudy for Frank Haffey and made his debut in September 1959 against Clyde. He replaced Haffey as first choice goalkeeper in 1963 and played his part in the Cup Winners' Cup run of 1964, where they lost out to the Hungarian team MTK Budapest 4–3 in the semi-finals, after holding a 3–0 lead from the first leg at Celtic Park. He remained first choice goalkeeper until the signing of veteran Ronnie Simpson from Hibernian in 1965.
Fallon became the only Lisbon Lion not to play in Celtic's win in the 1967 European Cup Final against Inter Milan, as he was the (unused) substitute goalkeeper. At that time the only substitute permitted was for the goalkeeping position.
He was presented with a winner's medal by captain Billy McNeill at a post-match dinner, but then had it taken from him in suspicious circumstances. According to his autobiography, Keeping in Paradise (2015), manager Jock Stein, asked Fallon for his medal back. Fallon was then presented with a replica, while the real medal ended up with Celtic's chairman, Sir Robert Kelly.
As a result of winning the European Cup, Celtic entered the Intercontinental Cup later that year, a two-leg match against Racing Club of Argentina. While warming up for the second leg, a brick (Robert Kelly said in his book, Celtic that it was a "flat iron bar") thrown or catapulted by a member of the crowd, struck Ronnie Simpson on the head. With Simpson unable to play, Fallon was called on to keep goal in a bad-tempered second leg, and an even more bad-tempered play-off. Although Celtic lost the return leg, and the subsequent play-off in Montevideo, amid accusations of extreme foul play from the Racing players, Fallon distinguished himself with a string of saves which caused one commentator to remark: "If that's the reserve keeper, what must the other guy be like?"
According to Kelly, when Celtic tried to get the second leg declared void because of the Simpson incident, Racing Club used Fallon's heroic performance as their counter argument, and the result stood. Fallon also played in the team that won the Alfredo di Stefano Trophy, a testimonial for the Real Madrid player.
After Simpson's retirement, Fallon took over as first choice at Celtic. He lost his place to Evan Williams due to a long illness, sitting out the 1970 European Cup Final. He left the club in 1971 and subsequently played for Motherwell and Morton before retiring from senior football. He later owned a pub in Blantyre, where he had lived for many years.
In May 2019, Fallon was reunited with his European Cup winner's medal after an "eagle-eyed good samaritan" spotted it and returned the medal to Celtic. "It feels great to be reunited with my medal, and I've got to thank [Celtic chairman] Peter Lawwell and everyone at Celtic for going to all this effort and finding the medal that was lost," Fallon told Celtic TV. "I did get a replica one at one point, but it didn't seem the same."
References
External links
1940 births
Living people
Footballers from Cambuslang
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Celtic F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players
Greenock Morton F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Fauldhouse United F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
UEFA Champions League winning players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fallon%20%28footballer%29 |
Kiss Unplugged is a live album by the American rock band Kiss, released in 1996. It was recorded in studio for the television program MTV Unplugged and released as part of a series of live and video albums. It is the first Kiss live album that is not part of the Alive! series.
Overview
On August 9, 1995, the band performed at Sony Music Studios in New York City for the TV show MTV Unplugged. Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons contacted former members Peter Criss and Ace Frehley and invited them to participate. It marked the only time the original lineup performed publicly without their trademark makeup and was also the only time Frehley and Criss shared a stage with Eric Singer and Bruce Kulick. It was the first time Singer had part of a lead vocal on an album (shared with Criss on "Nothin' to Lose").
Fan reaction to Criss and Frehley at the show was so positive that, in 1996, the original lineup of Kiss reunited, with all four original members together for the first time since 1979.
"The sound was deafening: the sound of rock 'n' roll history coming full circle in a TV studio", wrote Kerrang!s Don Kaye in a review of the taping at New York's Sony Music Studios. "Complete pandemonium ensued as they struck the opening chords to '2,000 Man', and it continued when Ace's voice rang out in the clear, sardonic manner we all know and love.
Release
On March 12, 1996, the concert was released on CD. The LP version of the album includes a poster and some were pressed on yellow marbled vinyl.
A stand-alone VHS and DVD documentary were produced around the same time as the CD release, with archival footage of the band's rehearsal sessions at SIR Studios in New York. It also shows the first "KISS Konvention" appearance earlier in the year, with Criss joining the touring members on stage to sing a few tunes. According to Criss, this invite gave Simmons the idea of reaching out to both him and Frehley to be a part of the Unplugged taping in an unannounced reunion. Because of the contentious split, the worldwide fan base never thought this would happen, and it was kept a closely held secret until the day of the event.
On December 18, 2007, the performance appeared as part of the Kissology Volume Three: 1992–2000 DVD set. This included the original DVD release of the concert plus five previously unreleased songs: "Hard Luck Woman" (with Stanley on vocals), "Heaven's on Fire", "Spit" (mostly sung by the audience), "C'mon and Love Me", and a country version of "God of Thunder". An overseas release of the album on two DVDs features outtakes from the show that were edited out of every other release, such as Gene forgetting the lyrics to a song or Paul breaking a string on his guitar in the middle of a song, plus some banter between the band and the audience while they were changing the stage for Ace and Peter to come out. "Got To Choose" also appeared much earlier in the album, right after "Domino".
Reception
Contemporary reviews were mixed. Rolling Stone defined the show "one of the most pointless MTV Unplugged segments imaginable", while Rock Hard called Unplugged "the weakest output of the entire KISStory", saved only by a few classic songs. On the other hand, Danny Eccleston in Q observed that "cheatingly, the ambience is muscularly electro-acoustic, but the tunes happily hail from the classic slap period, throwing the simply great pop of 'Goin' Blind' and the Beatley 'Sure Know Something' into pin-sharp focus."
Modern reviews are more positive. AllMusic reviewer stated that the musicians "exceeded expectations and, given their newfound energy, charisma, and love for the music, their performance provided the catalyst for the beginning of a successful world reunion tour." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff remarked how many tracks "sound campfire comfy done this way, the unplugged format exposing the no-brains all-heart pop craft of these songs".
Track listing
Personnel
Kiss
Paul Stanley – acoustic guitar, lead and backing vocals
Gene Simmons – acoustic bass guitar, lead and backing vocals
Bruce Kulick – acoustic guitar (all tracks except 12–13)
Eric Singer – drums (all tracks except 12–13), lead vocals (14)
Additional musicians
Ace Frehley – acoustic guitar (12–15), lead vocals (12, 15), backing vocals (14–15)
Peter Criss – drums (12, 14–15), lead vocals (13–15), backing vocals (14–15)
Phillip Ashley – piano on "Every Time I Look at You"
Jon Grindstaff – conductor, string arrangements on "Every Time I Look at You"
Production
Alex Coletti – producer
Joe Perota – director
Randy Ezratty – engineer
James 'Jimbo' Barton – mixing
Ralph Patlan, Tat – mastering at Precision Mastering, Hollywood
Stephen Marcussen, Don C. Tyler – mastering assistants
Susan McEowen – design
Tim Rozner, Tommy Thayer – production coordinators
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
References
1996 live albums
Kiss
Kiss (band) live albums
Kiss (band) video albums
1996 video albums
Live video albums
Mercury Records live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20Unplugged |
Seafarers' Annual Leave with Pay Convention, 1976 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1976, with the preamble stating:
Modification
The convention revised Convention C91, Paid Vacations (Seafarers) Convention (Revised), 1949 (shelved).
Ratifications
As of 2023, the convention had been ratified by 17 states. Subsequently, 14 of the ratifying states have denounced the treaty.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Leave of absence
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1976
Treaties entered into force in 1979
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Cameroon
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Kenya
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Turkey
Admiralty law treaties
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to French Polynesia
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to New Caledonia
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Treaties extended to Aruba
1976 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafarers%27%20Annual%20Leave%20with%20Pay%20Convention%2C%201976 |
Firass Dirani (born 1984) is an Australian film and television actor.
Early life
Dirani was born in Sydney in 1984, and is of Lebanese descent.
He attended St Paul's Grammar School and graduated in 2014.
Career
Dirani pursued his acting career in Hollywood before receiving a call to play the role of John Ibrahim in Underbelly: The Golden Mile. In April 2010, Dirani was named Cleo Bachelor of the Year.
In 2020, it was announced Dirani would be participating the Seven Network's reality program SAS Australia.
In 2023, Dirani was cast in The Office Australia but did not make it to the production stage.
Following the start of the Israel–Hamas war in October 2023, Dirani expressed support for Hamas.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Sydney Dream Ball (2003) as Aerial Acrobat
Stories (2003)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (2003) as Puck
Kid Stakes/Other Times (2003)
The Tempest (2004) as Caliban
References
External links
1984 births
Male actors from Sydney
Australian male film actors
Australian people of Lebanese descent
Living people
Logie Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firass%20Dirani |
The American television network Fox has aired numerous animated television series. During the more than thirty-year existence of the network, there have been many successful prime time animated series. The first and most famous of these, The Simpsons, was the first such series since the end of The Flintstones in the 1960s.
History
1980s
When the upstart young Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox) was formed in 1986 by Rupert Murdoch, early shows tended to attract low viewership, with the exception of some early ratings successes such as Married... with Children and 21 Jump Street. The animation industry had experienced a decline in the 1980s, but later experienced a revival after the success of films made by Disney and Steven Spielberg such as An American Tail, The Land Before Time, Who Framed Roger Rabbit and The Little Mermaid.
In 1987, The Tracey Ullman Show premiered with mild success. During this time, a series of short cartoons originally intended to be bumpers gained a following with young and old audiences, and Fox ordered thirteen episodes of a new animated television series based on these, titled The Simpsons. When The Simpsons premiered in December 1989, the series was instantly popular. Merchandise featuring the show's breakout character Bart Simpson has accumulated over US$1 billion in sales. The Simpsons was the first successful primetime animated series since The Flintstones, paving the way for other animated series on major broadcast networks. Since its debut, a total of episodes of The Simpsons have aired, and the series is currently airing its 34th season, with two more on the way.
1990s
In September 1992, Batman: The Animated Series made its debut, and from December 1992 to March 1993, it aired in primetime while also airing on Fox Kids for several more years.
Also in September 1992, Eek! The Cat premiered on Fox Kids. In 1994, it was renamed to Eek! Stavaganza. Eek! ended in 1997. The only episode of the series to air in primetime was a Christmas special in 1993.
A few Tiny Toon Adventures specials were also aired in primetime during that show's run on Fox Kids.
In 1994, X-Men: The Animated Series had a brief primetime run as the first two episodes of season 3 aired in primetime on Friday nights in July and August 1994 for two consecutive weeks. The last episode of season 3 (along with an episode of Spider-Man) would premiere in primetime in June 1995.
Also, in 1994, The Tick, an animated superhero/satirical Children's show based on the comic of the same name aired on Fox Kids. A repeat of the show's Christmas episode aired in primetime in 1996.
A boom in new adult-oriented animated programming began thereafter, with MTV's Beavis and Butt-head beginning in 1992, and Simpsons producers Al Jean's and Mike Reiss' own series, The Critic, in 1994. The Critic ran for one season (13 episodes) on its original network, ABC (in 1994); from there, it moved to Fox, where it ran for another season of 10 episodes (1995). The Critic can be described as a minor success, with DVD sales and late-night showings on cable networks (such as Comedy Central) making it a cult hit. It received critical acclaim, being the only television series to ever be reviewed on Siskel and Ebert, in which it received "Two Thumbs Up".
Two episodes of Life with Louie aired in primetime before it debuted on Fox Kids. It was created by Louie Anderson. It ended in 1998.
Mike Judge left Beavis and Butt-head in the mid-1990s to begin a new project with Simpsons writer Greg Daniels. King of the Hill premiered in January 1997, and was a huge success for the network. In August 1997, Trey Parker and Matt Stone's South Park debuted on the cable network Comedy Central, and with its subversive humor and numerous obscenities, it became controversial in a way similar to The Simpsons seven years earlier. Ironically, Parker and Stone originally developed South Park for Fox, which declined to pick up the show due to the inclusion of a talking stool character (Mr. Hankey) being over the top for the network.
2000s
Created by comedian Eddie Murphy, the series The PJs debuted in January 1999. The show was a minor success similar to The Critic, but the show's high budget caused it to be moved to The WB in 2001, where it lasted one season.
Seth MacFarlane's animated series Family Guy premiered after Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999. The show was canceled in 2000, but fan petitions convinced Fox to renew it for a third season. After its third season ended in 2002, the network canceled the series again and reruns soon began airing on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim.
Ratings for the series increased soon after, and DVD sales increased. Family Guy was revived and began airing again on Fox on May 1, 2005. Family Guy has remained a large success for the network. It is currently airing its 21st season, with two more on the way. MacFarlane's follow-up series, American Dad!, began airing on February 6, 2005, and despite low ratings, the series was renewed for multiple seasons on the network before being transferred to TBS in 2014.
Futurama, the follow-up series from The Simpsons creator Matt Groening, began in late March 1999, and was later canceled (with its last episode aired on August 10, 2003) thanks to scheduling changes (the same fate met previously by Family Guy during its original run). In a similar move to Family Guy, high DVD sales and ratings led to four separate DVD movies released from 2007 to 2009, all later broadcast on Comedy Central. Futurama was brought back in 2009 to Comedy Central, with new episodes airing from 2010 to 2013.
King of the Hill aired its final episode on September 13, 2009. The Cleveland Show, another endeavor from Seth MacFarlane, premiered on the network on September 27, 2009. It stars Family Guy character Cleveland Brown. The show was cancelled on May 19, 2013.
Arrested Development creator Mitch Hurwitz and former Simpsons executive producer Josh Weinstein developed an American version of Sit Down, Shut Up, which aired from April 19 to November 21, 2009.
2010s
On January 9, 2011, Bob's Burgers premiered. It is currently airing its 13th season, with two more on the way.
From October 30, 2011, to May 22, 2016, Allen Gregory, Napoleon Dynamite, Axe Cop, High School USA!, Lucas Bros. Moving Co., Golan the Insatiable, and Bordertown have been all canceled after one season.
On October 8, 2013, Fox removed the unaired series Murder Police without airing a single episode. In 2014, Fox canceled American Dad! (which moved to TBS) and stopped using the Animation Domination branding. It was brought back in September 2019 when Bless the Harts debuted, which was renewed for a second season in October 2019.
2020s
Duncanville debuted on February 16, 2020. Its second season premiered on May 23, 2021. In April 2021, ahead of the second-season premiere, Fox renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on May 1, 2022.
The Great North premiered on January 3, 2021. In June 2020, the series was renewed for a second season ahead of its premiere. In May 2021, Fox renewed the series for a third season, one day after airing its first-season finale. In August 2022, a fourth season of the series was picked up.
In April 2021, Fox canceled Bless the Harts after two seasons. It concluded on June 20, 2021.
HouseBroken premiered on May 31, 2021. It was renewed for a second season in August 2021.
In June 2022, Fox canceled Duncanville after three seasons. It concluded on Fox on June 26, 2022; however, the final six episodes were released on October 18, 2022, on Hulu.
Krapopolis and Grimsburg were originally scheduled to premiere sometime in the 2022–23 season, but were pushed back to the 2023–24 season. In October 2022, Fox renewed Krapopolis and Grimsburg each for a second season ahead of their premieres. In March 2023, Krapopolis was renewed for a third season. Krapopolis premiered on September 24, 2023. Grimsburg will premiere on January 7, 2024.
Universal Basic Guys/The Hoagie Bros. will premiere in 2024.
List of cartoon series
The Simpsons (1989–present)
Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1993)
Tiny Toon Adventures specials (1992–95)
Eek! The Cat special (1993)
The Tick (one episode) (1996)
X-Men: The Animated Series (1994–1995)
Life with Louie (two episodes) (1994–1996)
The Critic (1995; 1994 on ABC)
Spider-Man (one episode) (1995)
King of the Hill (1997–2010)
Family Guy (1999–2002, 2005–present)
The PJs (1999–2000, 2001–2002 on the WB)
Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013 on Comedy Central, 2023 on Hulu)
American Dad! (2005–2014, 2014–present on TBS)
Sit Down, Shut Up (2009)
The Cleveland Show (2009–2013)
Bob's Burgers (2011–present)
Allen Gregory (2011)
Napoleon Dynamite (2012)
Axe Cop (2013, 2015 on FXX)
High School USA! (2013, 2015 on FXX)
Lucas Bros. Moving Co. (2013–2014, 2014–2015 on FXX)
Golan the Insatiable (2013–2015)
Bordertown (2016)
Son of Zorn (2016–2017)
Bless the Harts (2019–2021)
Duncanville (2020–2022)
The Great North (2021–present)
HouseBroken (2021–present)
Krapopolis (2023–present)
Upcoming
Grimsburg (January 7, 2024)
Universal Basic Guys/The Hoagie Bros. (2024)
Unaired
Murder Police (2013)
See also
List of programs broadcast by Fox
Animation Domination
20th Century Animation
20th Television Animation
Fox Sunday Night
Animation Throwdown: The Quest for Cards
References
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Fox animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation%20on%20Fox |
Lisa Webb GM (née Potts) is a former nursery teacher. On 8 July 1996, her class at St Luke's Primary School in Blakenhall, Wolverhampton, England, was attacked by a man with severe paranoid schizophrenia wielding a machete.
Potts' arm was almost severed in the attack, in which four children were also injured. Potts, who was 21 years old at the time, also suffered severe cuts to her head, back, and to both arms. In 1997, Queen Elizabeth II presented Potts with the George Medal. Her attacker, Horrett Campbell, was sentenced to indefinite detention in a secure mental hospital.
Potts suffered severe scarring, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. She was awarded £68,000 compensation more than four years after the attack. The compensation was widely criticised as inadequate, especially by comparison with high libel awards. Potts subsequently worked as a counsellor and, in 2001, founded a charity, Believe To Achieve, based in schools in Wolverhampton. The charity aims to encourage independence and to increase self-esteem in children.
Potts published an autobiography entitled Behind the Smile in 1998. A foreword was contributed by Cherie Blair. Potts went on to study a degree in counselling in 2004. In 2010 she retrained as a nurse at Wolverhampton University and then went on to become a specialist public health nurse.
Earlier in 2022 Potts was made the first Freewoman of the City of Wolverhampton. On 24 July 2022, she participated in the Queen's Baton Relay marking the 2022 Commonwealth Games when it visited Wolverhampton.
Books
Thank You God: Book of Children's Prayers (editor) (1997) Hodder Children's Books, London
Behind the Smile: My story by Lisa Potts (1998) Hodder & Stoughton, London
Heroes for a Day (2000) Hodder & Stoughton, London
References
External links
London Gazette - George Medal citation
Living people
Recipients of the George Medal
People from Wolverhampton
Schoolteachers from the West Midlands
English women non-fiction writers
Women autobiographers
English autobiographers
English nurses
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Potts |
Benjamin Ide Wheeler (July 15, 1854– May 2, 1927) was a professor of Greek and comparative philology at Cornell University, writer, and President of the University of California from 1899 to 1919.
Life and career
Early years
Benjamin Ide Wheeler was born in Randolph, Massachusetts, on July 15, 1854, the son of the Rev. Benjamin and Mary Eliza (Ide) Wheeler. His father was successively a church pastor in Plaistow, New Hampshire; Pawtucket, Rhode Island; Randolph, Massachusetts; Haverhill, Massachusetts; Saco, Maine; Franklin, New Hampshire. His mother, Mary Eliza Ide, was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, daughter of Ebenezer Ide of the Ide family which had its origin in South Attleborough, then Rehoboth. Their only son, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, had his education first in the public schools of Haverhill and Saco, Maine. It was at Saco that he first entered a high school in 1866. This high school was the institution which formerly had been called Thornton Academy, and subsequently resumed that name.
Higher education
On moving in 1868 to Franklin, New Hampshire, he entered the Franklin Academy, and after six months there, went to the New London Academy, subsequently Colby–Sawyer College. From this school he was duly graduated in the summer of 1871. In the following autumn he entered Brown University where he was a member of the Brunonian chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity. He graduated from Brown University in 1875. His studies at college followed the usual curriculum without any suggestion of specialization. On the commencement stage he had the honour of the classical oration. During his college course he received the Dunn premium, given for the best work of the year in the department of English, with special reference to writing and speaking, and also one of the Carpenter prizes given to the two students of the year who in the opinion of the faculty combined in the highest degree the elements of success in life.
Teaching career
After graduation, Wheeler taught for four years in the Providence High School. During the first two years, he instructed mostly in mathematics; during the last two year, his work was evenly divided between classics and mathematics. In 1879, he was appointed Tutor in Brown University to take the place, during a temporary absence of two years, of Professor Poland, Assistant Professor in Greek and Latin.
Marriage
On June 25, 1881, Wheeler married Amey Webb of Providence, Rhode Island. She was the daughter of Henry Aborn Webb, a banker of Providence. Her mother, Amey Gorham Webb, was the daughter of Jabez Gorham founder of Gorham Silver, that became Gorham Silver Manufacturing Company after his son John Gorham took over.
Studies abroad
For four years, 1881–85, Wheeler studied in German universities—for a year at Leipzig, then for two years at Heidelberg, a half year at Jena, and a half year at Berlin. In the spring of 1885, he received on examination at Heidelberg the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, summa cum laude, presenting a thesis under Hermann Osthoff entitled Der griechische Nominalaccent, afterwards published at Strassburg as a separate book. The thesis led to what is known as the law of dactylic retraction or "Wheeler's Law". Joseph Wright, future Corpus Christi Professor of Comparative Philology at Oxford, completed his PhD the same year as Wheeler and also writing his thesis under Osthoff.
Return to America
On returning to America he was for one year Instructor at Harvard, 1885–86, then for thirteen years Professor at Cornell University, holding at first the title Acting Professor of Classical Philology, 1886–87, then of Professor of Comparative Philology 1887–88, and from 1888 to 1899 that of Professor of Greek and Comparative Philology. In 1899, he became President of the University of California.
During the year 1895–96, he was Professor of Greek Literature at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, and during the year 1909–10, Roosevelt Professor at the University of Berlin. He was member of the American Oriental Society, the American Philological Association, and the Kaiserliches Archaeologisches Institut. He received the degree of Doctor of Laws from nine different universities, Princeton, 1896; Harvard, 1900; Brown, 1900; Yale, 1901; Johns Hopkins, 1902; University of Wisconsin, 1904; Dartmouth, 1905; Columbia, 1906; and a degree of Doctor of Letters from the University of Athens in Greece.
During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire he was a member of Mayor Eugene Schmitz's Committee of Fifty.
During World War I his "well-known German sympathies and admiration for the kaiser" brought suspicion upon him and he retired as President of the University of California after the armistice. Wheeler had previously nominated the kaiser for the Nobel Peace Prize.
Under Wheeler the University of California underwent one of its periods of greatest growth. He also expanded the powers of the president, gaining the power to appoint all faculty.
Legacy
The University of California, Berkeley named Wheeler Hall in his honor.
The Liberty ship SS Benjamin Ide Wheeler was named in his honor.
The Benjamin Ide Wheeler Medal was created in 1929.
Founding member of the Commonwealth Club of California in 1903.
Benjamin Ide Wheeler Medal
Since 1929, the award has been given to members of the community of Berkeley for exhibited outstanding contributions. Since 1994, the Berkeley Community Fund has been granting "Berkeley's Most Useful Citizen" award. Until 1991, it was bi-annual but changed to annual in 1994. Several notable people have received the award:
1929 William H. Waste
1931 August Vollmer
1933 Robert Gordon Sproul
1935 Chester R. Rowell
1937 William B. Herms
1939 Monroe E. Deutsch
1941 Louise Marks
1943 Lester W. Hink
1945 E.O. Lawrence
1947 Vere V. Loper
1949 Emery Stone
1951 Clarence A. Bullwinkel
1953 Galen M. Fisher
1955 Walter A. Gordon
1957 Lilly M. Whitaker
1959 Robert R. Porter
1961 Redmond C. Staats, Jr.
1963 Claude B. Hutchison
1965 Katherine Towle
1967 Wallace J.S. Johnson
1969 Roger W. Heyns
1971 Wilmont Sweeny
1973 Carol Sibley
1975 Thomas B. Shaw
1977 Sylvia C. McLaughlin
1979 Robert W. Ratcliff
1981 Paul E. Harberts
1983 Robert G. Eaneman
1985 Robert A. Rice
1987 Margaret S. Gordon
1989 Fred S. Stripp
1991 Mary Lee Jefferds
1994 Ira Michael Heyman
1995 Alba and Bernard Witkin
1996 John A. Martin, Jr.
1997 Chang-Lin Tien
1998 David R. Brower
1999 Marian Cleeves Diamond
2000 Thelton E. Henderson
2001 Jeffrey Shattuck Leiter
2002 Alice Waters
2003 Kent Nagano
2004 Arthur Rosenfeld, Ph.D.
2005 Davida Coady, M.D.
2006 Mal Warwick
2007 Robert Cole
2008 Helen Meyer
2008 John Meyer
2009 Steven H. Oliver
2010 Denny Abrams
2010 Richard Millikan
2011 Narsai M. David
2012 Susan Medak
2013 Wavy Gravy
2014 Arlene Blum
2015 Archana Horsting
2016 Skip Battle
2017 Vicki Alexander
2018 Susan Muscarella
2019 Frances Dinkelspiel, Lance Knobel and Tracey Taylor
Works
Wheeler authored Analogy in Language (1887); Introduction to the Study of the History of Language (1890); Organization of the Higher Education in the United States (1896), published in Munich; Dionysos and Immortality (1899); Life of Alexander the Great (1900); Instruction and Democracy in America (1910) (published in Strassburg, Germany).
Articles
A commencement address at the University of Michigan titled The old world in the new, an address delivered at the commencement exercises of the University of Michigan, June 30, 1898, was published in the August 1898 issue of The Atlantic and Art in Language was published in the December 1900 issue.
Publications
Der griechische Nominalaccent (1885)
Analogy, and the Scope of its Application in Language (1887)
Principles of Language Growth (1891)
Introduction to the Study of the History of Language (1891)
The Organization of Higher Education in the United States (1897)
Dionysos and Immortality (the Ingersoll Lecture for 1898)
Alexander the Great: The Merging of East and West in Universal History (1900)
The Whence and Whither of the Modern Science of Language (1905)
References
External links
Guide to the Benjamin Ide Wheeler Papers at The Bancroft Library
Three Faces of Berkeley--Competing Ideologies in the Wheeler Era, 1899-1919
Benjamin Ide Wheeler materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
1854 births
1906 San Francisco earthquake
1927 deaths
Brown University alumni
Cornell University faculty
University of California regents
Leaders of the University of California, Berkeley
People from Randolph, Massachusetts
Educators from Massachusetts
People from San Francisco
Colby–Sawyer College alumni
Thornton Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Ide%20Wheeler |
Charles Markwood Eckman Jr. (September 10, 1921 – July 3, 1995) was an American basketball head coach and professional basketball referee for the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was also a sports broadcaster.
Early life
Eckman was born in Baltimore, Maryland and graduated from the Baltimore City College high school in 1940. Eckman was a three-sport star as a youngster, excelling in baseball, basketball and track. His father, who was gassed in World War I, died when Charlie was 12 years old; after that he and his mother struggled to make ends meet. Among the odd jobs Eckman did to raise extra money, he officiated basketball games. Baseball was Eckman's primary sport, however, in those days, it was the only professional team sport of any note. He was drafted by the Washington Senators after graduating from Baltimore City College and played in their farm system, but never made it to the majors.
Officiating career
Eckman's career got sidetracked for two years when he enlisted in the US Army Air Forces in late 1943, but he continued to keep his eyes in shape by refereeing the Reserve intramural basketball games. Upon his discharge in 1945, Eckman moved his wife and newborn son to Arizona, where he had been stationed. He continued to officiate basketball games, this time with the American League West Coast, while working for the Phoenix office of the War Assets Administration.
The American Basketball League's Hollywood Shamrocks called in 1947 and hired him to officiate a number of the team's games; two years after that he began refereeing games for the Basketball Association of America. The BAA merged with the National Basketball League in late 1949 and became the National Basketball Association.
Eckman was ranked as one of the top officials in the NBA during his time as a referee, until 1954, when Pistons owner Fred Zollner signed the 32-year-old Eckman to a three-year coaching contract.
Eckman officiated at the first NBA All-Star Game in 1951, and later was the head coach of the Western Conference All-Star teams in 1955, and 1956, becoming the only person to have officiated and coached in an NBA All-Star Game.
In 1967, after 29 years and over 3,500 collegiate and professional basketball games, Eckman, announced his retirement from officiating, after experiencing leg problems. Eckman is the only person to have ever officiated the NIT, NCAA and NBA Finals games.
Coaching career
During his first year as head coach, the Pistons finished with a 43–29 record, and first place in the Western Division. During the 1955 NBA Finals, the Pistons lost a hard-fought seven-game to the Syracuse Nationals. The first-year head coach was honored as NBA Coach of the Year. The following season, Eckman led the Pistons to another trip to the NBA Finals, where the Pistons fell to the Philadelphia Warriors, 4–1. In his third season as head coach, Eckman led the Pistons to the playoffs, where they lost to the Minneapolis Lakers in the semifinals. During the 1957–58 season, the Pistons relocated from Fort Wayne, Indiana to Detroit, Michigan. Unfortunately for Eckman, his stay in Detroit didn't last long. He was relieved of his coaching duties just 25 games into the season following a 9–16 start. Eckman's overall coaching record was 123–118. He eventually returned to officiating.
Broadcasting career
Eckman began working as a sportscaster on the radio in 1961 with "The voice of the Chesapeake Bay." Later in 1965, Charley accepted a position as sportscaster for WCBM and WFBR. Eckman became an award-winning radio sportscaster, handling color commentary for the Baltimore Bullets, Orioles and Colts.
Death
On July 3, 1995, Eckman died of colon cancer, at the age of 73.
References
Further reading
Charley Eckman and Fred Neil, It's a Very Simple Game! The Life and Times of Charley Eckman, Borderlands Press (1995),
Rand Hooper, "Charley Eckman's Rise Basketball's Top Story", The Christian Science Monitor, April 8, 1955, p. 11.
1921 births
1995 deaths
American radio sports announcers
Baltimore City College alumni
Basketball coaches from Maryland
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Detroit Pistons head coaches
Fort Wayne Pistons head coaches
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Basketball Association referees
Sportspeople from Baltimore
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley%20Eckman |
Greatest Hits from the Bong is the greatest hits album by American hip hop group Cypress Hill. It was released on December 13, 2005 via Columbia Records. Production was handled by Alchemist, DJ Khalil, Fredwreck, T-Ray and Cypress Hill themselves. It features guest appearances from Tego Calderón.
The compilation contains nine hit songs from previous CDs and two new tracks, "EZ Come EZ Go" and "The Only Way". The disc also contains a bonus Reggaeton mix of "Latin Thugs" featuring Tego Calderon. European pressings contained an additional three bonus tracks. A European reissue, with substantially different artwork, was released in 2006 via Sony BMG Music Entertainment. Although this album is called Greatest Hits from the Bong, it does not include the song "Hits from the Bong".
Track listing
Notes
Tracks 1 to 3 are taken from the 1991 album Cypress Hill
Tracks 4 and 5 are taken from the 1993 album Black Sunday
Track 6 is taken from the 1995 album III: Temples Of Boom
Tracks 7 and 13 are taken from the 1998 album IV
Tracks 8 and 14 are taken from the 2000 album Skull & Bones
Track 9 is taken from the 2004 album Til Death Do Us Part
Track 15 is taken from the 2001 album Stoned Raiders
Tracks 10 to 12 were recorded in 2005.
Personnel
Louis "B-Real" Freese – rap vocals, producer & mixing (track 11)
Senen "Sen Dog" Reyes – rap vocals
Lawrence "DJ Muggs" Muggerud – producer (tracks: 1-4, 6-8, 13-15), mixing (tracks: 1-8, 13-15), arranger (tracks: 7-8, 13-15)
Camillo Wong "Chino" Moreno – speech (track 8)
Erik "Everlast" Schrody – speech (track 8)
Tego Calderón – toasting (tracks: 9, 12)
Barron Ricks – rap vocals (track 13)
Todd Ray – producer (track 5)
Alan "The Alchemist" Maman – producer (tracks: 9, 12)
John Kirby – keyboards (track 10)
Daniel Seeff – bass (track 10)
Khalil Abdul-Rahman – producer (track 10)
Farid "Fredwreck" Nassar – keyboards, guitar, producer, mixing (track 11)
DJ Kazzanova – remixer (track 12)
Joe "The Butcher" Nicolo – mixing (tracks: 1-5)
Jason Roberts – recording (tracks: 1-3), engineering (tracks: 4-6)
Michael Miller – recording (tracks: 1-3), engineering (tracks: 13-15)
Troy Staton – additional mixing (track 8)
Rob Hill – recording & mixing (track 9)
Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering (tracks: 10-11)
James Cruz – mastering (track 12)
Rob Abeyta – design
Estevan Oriol – photography
Ryan Ruden – coordinator
Paul D. Rosenberg – management
Tracy McNew – management
Charts
References
External links
Cypress Hill albums
2005 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by DJ Muggs
Albums produced by DJ Khalil
Albums produced by Fredwreck
Columbia Records compilation albums
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest%20Hits%20from%20the%20Bong |
Richard Peter Brancatisano (born 29 October 1983), also known by his stage name Richie Branco, is an Australian television actor and musician, best known for his roles as Xander Bly, the Green Mystic Ranger, in Power Rangers: Mystic Force and Dominic Russo on the ABC Family drama series, Chasing Life.
Early life and education
Brancatisano was born in Sydney, in Australia, to an Italian father and an Australian mother. His interest in the dramatic arts began at an early age, and he appeared in several musicals and plays at his high school, The King's School in Parramatta.
He studied for three years at Theatre Nepean.
Career
Before appearing in Power Rangers, Richard performed as Corey in the 2005 season of Boyband: The Musical, put on by Ricochet Working Productions, an Australian theatre company, and in the theatre production "Vin," as the lead character, Vin..
In the Australian theatre and music circles, he is also known as "Richie Branco". He was touring with New Zealand Artist (Gin Wigmore).
He appears in the international children's TV series The Elephant Princess (season 2) as Caleb and in Home and Away as Prince Vittorio Secca.
He is the main protagonist in the hit Australian stage play, turned to big screen sensation, Alex & Eve (2015), written by Alex Lykos. A modern take on Romeo and Juliet and likened to My Big Fat Greek Wedding but taken to the next level, the synchronous multicultural dating landscape between a Greek Orthodox Alex and a Muslim Lebanese, Eve, played by Andrea Demetriades, and also stars Tony Nikolakopoulos, Zoe Carides and George Kapiniaris.
He released his debut single "Fight Me" on 10 July 2018.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Public appearances
Richard was one of the guests of the Power Morphicon, the first Power Rangers convention, at Los Angeles in June 2007 and August 2014.
References
External links
1983 births
Australian male television actors
Australian people of Italian descent
Living people
Musicians from New South Wales
Actors from New South Wales
People educated at The King's School, Parramatta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Brancatisano |
Report of the committee appointed to investigate phenomena connected with the Theosophical Society, commonly called the Hodgson Report was an 1885 report by the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) on Helena Blavatsky and purportedly apported Mahatma Letters.
History
Richard Hodgson, a member of the SPR and a research worker of paranormal phenomena, was sent to India. Hodgson's task was to examine if the mode of appearance attributed to the Mahatma Letters represented genuine psychical phenomena. In December 1884 Hodgson arrived in Adyar. He eventually concluded that the evidence supported Emma Coulomb, and that various inconsistencies, misrepresentations, and provable falsehoods in sworn statements by certain Theosophical Society members destroyed their credibility. He included in his research examination of the physical spaces where phenomena had been reported, including architectural features that had been concealed or removed from their original placements. Hodgson wrote a 200-page report, in which Blavatsky was described "as one of the most accomplished, ingenious, and interesting impostors in history."
The report considers at length if letters from Blavatsky provided by the Coulombs as evidence for fraudulent activity were genuinely from her hand, the consistency and credibility of various people who claimed to have witnessed psychic phenomena that occurred through Blavatsky, possible methods by which many purported phenomena might have been humanly produced, and references to various accounts of these phenomena as they had been published or circulated in public knowledge. The Hodgson report is detailed and contains extensive appendices.
Blavatsky's reputation was seriously damaged due to the Hodgson Report, and she wrote on 14 January 1886: "That Mr. Hodgson's elaborate but misdirected inquiries, his affected precision, which spends infinite patience over trifles and is blind to facts of importance, his contradictory reasoning and his manifold incapacity to deal with such problems as those he endeavoured to solve, will be exposed by other writers in due course – I make no doubt."
Vernon Harrison's examination of the Hodgson Report
In 1986, Vernon Harrison, a researcher of paranormal phenomena and member of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR), attempted to undermine the accuracy of the Hodgson Report. According to Harrison, the Hodgson Report is not a scientific study, it "is flawed and untrustworthy" and "should be read with great caution, if not disregarded." Harrison blamed the SPR committee "for publishing this thoroughly bad report" without a fact checked critical reading of it and "the quondam Council of the Theosophical Society for their failure to allow their founder fair defense." Harrison concluded that the report's "errors of procedure, its inconsistencies, its faulty reasoning and bias, its hostility towards the subject and its contempt for the 'native' and other witnesses, would have become apparent; and the case would have been referred back for further study." Since Blavatsky "was the most important occultist ever" investigated by the SPR, the process was a wasted opportunity.
Harrison accused Hodgson of selection bias and wrote that "whereas Hodgson was prepared to use any evidence, however trivial or questionable, to implicate HPB, he ignored all evidence that could be used in her favor. His report is riddled with slanted statements, conjecture advanced as fact or probable fact, uncorroborated testimony of unnamed witnesses, selection of evidence and downright falsity." Harrison does not address whether there was any real phenomenon.
He concluded that Hodgson's case against Blavatsky was not proven, and that there is no evidence that the Mahatma Letters were written by her. However, the Hodgson report did not just deal with forgery, but addressed the crude psychic tricks used by Blavatsky such as her séances where spirits respond to her with "raps" on the table, the dropping of Mahatma Letters from the ceiling and onto peoples heads, and various letters written by Blavatsky incriminating herself, and the actions of Theosophists to cover up the fraud.
Harrison criticizes Hodgson for failing to conduct himself as if he were in a court of law. However, Hogdson was not in a court of law, but was a parapsychologist sent to India and reporting back to the Society of Psychical Research. It is likely Hodgson had hoped to find the phenomena true. Harrison does not address the evidence that Blavatsky was simply another fraudulent medium using "spirit rapping" such as that uncovered by the Seybert Commission in 1887. The investigations of mediums in the late 1880s dealt a blow to spiritualists worldwide.
Harrison believes that the Hodgson Report "matters a great deal" since it "is still accepted by many compilers of encyclopedias and dictionaries as the last word on" Blavatsky. Harrison does not "claim to demonstrate from an analysis of [...] Blavatsky's 'ordinary' writing that she could not have been responsible for the" letters attributed to Koot Hoomi.
The Madras Christian College magazine made a similar analysis of fraud on the part of Blavatsky, and addresses Blavatsky's ruses because the Madras Christian College had previously written positively concerning Blavatsky.
See also
Coulomb Affair
Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky
References
Further reading
Transcribed from
Transcribed from
Hastings, Beatrice: Defence of Madame Blavatsky (Band 2). The Hastings press, Worthington 1937
Transcribed from
Kingsland, William: The real H. P. Blavatsky, a study in theosophy and a memoir of a great soul. J.M. Watkins, London 1928
Vania, K. F.: Madame H. P. Blavatsky, her occult phenomena and the society for physical research. Sat Publishing Co., Bombay 1951
Transcribed in
External links
Reported in
Helena Blavatsky
Theosophy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgson%20Report |
Melanie Vallejo (born 27 October 1979) is an Australian actress who is best known for portraying Madison Rocca, the Blue Mystic Ranger in Power Rangers Mystic Force, and Sophie Wong in the Australian television series Winners & Losers.
Personal life
Vallejo is a native Australian of Filipino and Ukrainian descent.
She dated her co-star Firass Dirani (Nick Russell/Mystic Red Ranger) from 2006 until 2009.
Vallejo married New Zealander Matt Kingston, an advertising planner, in June 2011. They live in New Zealand and have two children: Sonny Kingston, born October 2016, and Luna Grace, born October 2019. In 2001, she graduated from Flinders University Drama Centre.
Career
Vallejo played the role of shy Madison Rocca in Power Rangers Mystic Force. Since then, she has starred in other Australian shows, including Winners & Losers.
Filmography
Films
Dying Breed (2008) .... Rebecca
The Sculptor (2009) .... Renee
Upgrade (2018) .... Asha Trace
TV work
All Saints (2005) .... Lynica Forbes
Power Rangers: Mystic Force (2006) .... Madison Rocca (Blue Mystic Ranger)
Packed to the Rafters (2008) .... Kat Ripley
Dance Academy (2010) .... Dana Strong
Winners & Losers (2011–2016) .... Sophie Wong
Australia's Cheapest Weddings .... Narrator
Theatre
The Return (2002–2003) .... Lisa, productions at Adelaide Fringe Festival, Adelaide Come Out Festival, Edinburgh Festival Fringe
Gosling (2003) .... Sydney Theatre Company production
Myth, Propaganda and Disaster in Nazi Germany & Contemporary America (2003 and 2005) .... Marguerite, Sydney Theatre Company production
Morph (2004) .... Grace Black, Adelaide Fringe Festival production
Baghdad Wedding (2009) .... Luma, Belvoir St Theatre production
References
External links
Filmography (maintained by her theatrical agency)
1979 births
Australian people of Filipino descent
Australian people of Ukrainian descent
Australian television actresses
Australian stage actresses
Australian film actresses
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie%20Vallejo |
Chuhra, also known as Bhanghi and Balmiki, is a Dalit caste in India and Pakistan. Populated regions include the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, as well as Uttar Pradesh in India, among other parts of the Indian subcontinent such as southern India. Their traditional occupation is sweeping, a "polluting" occupation that caused them to be considered untouchables in the caste system.
Originally following the Balmiki sect of Hinduism, many Chuhras converted to Sikhism, Islam and Christianity during the colonial era in India. Today, Churas in Indian Punjab are largely followers of Sikhism. A minority continue to follow Hinduism, which incorporates elements of Sikhism in its practices, as well as Christianity. In Pakistani Punjab 90-95% of its Christian population are Dalit Christians of the Chuhra caste; other Chuhras practice Islam or continue to follow Hinduism.
Etymology and history
The word "Chuhra" is derived from the word "Shudra", one of the varnas in Indian society.
The Bhangis claim descent from Balmiki (also known as Lal Beg or Balashah), a Brahmin who composed the Ramayana and who is worshipped as a Hindu patron saint by the Bhangis. The word Bhangi is derived from Bhanga which means broken. The Bhangi community claims that they were made to sweep the floor and do other menial jobs when they refused to convert into Islam during Mughal era.
Originally following the Balmiki sect of Hinduism, many Chuhras converted to Sikhism, Islam and Christianity during the colonial era in India. The faith practiced by the Lal Begi Chuhras came to syncretize elements of Hinduism, Islam and Christianity. The Arya Samaj drew the majority to mainstream Hinduism while conversions similarly happened to Islam, Christianity, and Sikhism in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
In 1932 in colonial India, the Balmiki Sabha was created to advocate for the rights of the Chuhras. The Balmiki Sabha was applauded by the Indian National Congress in the mid-1940s for heralding its political message among the Chuhras.
By religion
In Hinduism
As with the Lal Begi, the majority of Hindu Chuhras belong to the Balmiki sect of Hinduism. In the Baluchistan Province of colonial India, the majority of Chuhras in the 1931 Indian Census thus recorded themselves as "Hindu Balmiki".
In Christianity
In colonial India, there were waves of conversions to Christianity among the Chuhra and Chamar between the 1870s and 1930s in the Punjab Province and United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. The censuses of British India became increasingly confused regarding Chuhra Dalits' religious beliefs because the respondents were allowed to choose their designation. Jeffrey Cox says that in the 1920s and 1930s they described themselves variously as
In what is now Pakistan, the conversions to Christianity and consequent invention of a new identity were largely responsible for the name Chuhra becoming archaic. It is often considered pejorative and applied to almost all of the Christians in the country, whom John O'Brien describes as "descended from one tribe-caste of oppressed and excluded people". The status of the Christian Chuhra as Dalit Christians continues to be "distinct feature of social discrimination" against them.
In Islam
Chuhras who converted from Hinduism to Islam were known as Musalis. Despite placing great emphasis on social equality and brotherhood among all Muslims, early South Asian Muslims did not address the problem of untouchability for the Chuhras or Bhangis. As a result, only a very few members from this community ever embraced Islam, most converting to Christianity. Chuhras adopted the externals of Islam by keeping Muslim names, observing Ramadan and burial of the dead. However they never underwent circumcision. Only a few cases of circumcision have ever been recorded for Chuhras or Bhangis and these were Chuhras who lived very near Jama Masjid. The Chuhras did not accept Mohammed as their prophet and also continued observing traditional Hindu festivals, such as Diwali, Rakhi and Holi. Just like their Hindu brethren they continued with their traditional caste work. In India the caste system was fully observed by Muslims. In the same way that Hindu Chuhras who were barred from entrance to temples in historical times, Muslim Chuhras are still today barred from entrance to mosques and never allowed to go past the outside steps to Muslim religious places. The Untouchability even extended after death; Chuhras were to bury their dead in separate graveyards away from other Muslims.
In Sikhism
Chuhras who converted from Hinduism to Sikhism became known as Mazhabi Sikhs.
Demographics
According to the 2001 Census of India, the Balmikis formed 11.2 per cent of the Scheduled Caste population in Punjab and were the second-most populous Scheduled Caste in Delhi National Capital Region.
The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Balmiki population, which was classified as a Scheduled Caste, as 1,319,241.
The Balmikis represent 0.7 per cent in Andhra Pradesh and are mainly concentrated in Anantapur, Kurnool and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh. They also built a temple of Valmiki in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh they are known as Boya Valmikis or Valmikis.
In the UK, the Council of Valmiki Sabhas UK was established to represent the Balmiki.
Sub-castes
The following are sub-castes of the Balmiki/Bhangi/Chuhra caste:
Borat
Bhatti
Boya Valmiki
Chhapriband
Dharival
Gill
Hansi
Kandabari
Khosar
Ladhar
Lal Begi
Mattu
Muslim Shaikh
Rahmani
Sahotra/Sotra
Sindhu
Untwal
Valmikis
Use as an epithet
The location "Chuhra-Chamar" is a locution used derisively by some members of the Jat caste to refer to both Dalit castes, the Chuhra and Chamar.
See also
Mazhabi Sikh
Valmiki
Chamar
Dalit theology
References
Further reading
Social groups of Pakistan
Dalit Christian communities
Punjabi tribes
Christian communities of Pakistan
Scheduled Castes of Delhi
Scheduled Castes of Haryana
Scheduled Castes of Andhra Pradesh
Scheduled Castes of Jammu and Kashmir
Scheduled Castes of Gujarat
Scheduled Castes of Daman and Diu
Scheduled Castes of Chhattisgarh
Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh
Scheduled Castes of Assam
Scheduled Castes of Kerala
Scheduled Castes of Uttarakhand
Scheduled Castes of Tamil Nadu
Scheduled Castes of Karnataka
Scheduled Castes of Jharkhand
Scheduled Castes of Himachal Pradesh
Scheduled Castes of Punjab
Scheduled Castes of Odisha
Scheduled Castes of Madhya Pradesh
Scheduled Castes of Bihar
Scheduled Castes of Meghalaya
Scheduled Castes of Mizoram | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuhra |
Shipowners' Liability (Sick and Injured Seamen) Convention, 1936 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1936, with the preamble stating:
The convention was ratified by the United States Senate and made effective by proclamation of the President on 29 October 1939, 54 Stat. 1963, 1704. In Warren v. United States, 340 U.S. 523 (1951), the Supreme Court considered the application and interpretation of Article 2 of the Convention in a seaman's case against his employer, the United States, in its capacity as owner of the merchant ship S. S. Anna Howard Shaw.
While on shore leave, the seaman visited a dance hall. An adjoining room overlooking the ocean had French doors that opened to an unprotected ledge. The seaman stepped out onto the ledge, lost his balance, and fell. He sued to recover maintenance and cure.
The district court awarded maintenance and cure and the Second Circuit Court of Appeals disallowed it. Reversing, the Supreme Court noted:
"The Convention was a product of the International Labor Organization. Its purpose was to provide an international system of regulation of the shipowner's liability. That international system was aimed at providing a reasonable average which could be applied in any country. . . . The aim indeed was not to change materially American standards but to equalize operating costs by raising the standards of member nations to the American level."
Ratifications
As of 2023, 18 states have ratified the convention. It has subsequently been denounced by 13 of those ratifying states.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1936
Treaties entered into force in 1939
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Belize
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of the United States
Admiralty law treaties
Liability treaties
Treaties extended to American Samoa
Treaties extended to Guam
Treaties extended to Puerto Rico
Treaties extended to the United States Virgin Islands
Occupational safety and health treaties
1936 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipowners%27%20Liability%20%28Sick%20and%20Injured%20Seamen%29%20Convention%2C%201936 |
In Northern Ireland, the A7 is a major trunk road running 15.0 miles (24.1 km) from Downpatrick, through Crossgar and Saintfield, to Carryduff. Here the A7 joins the A24 (running from Newcastle) at an at-grade roundabout, and continues to Belfast.
The section between Carryduff and Saintfield was constructed in the latter half of the 19th century, to bypass Ouley Hill, as the previous route along Old Saintfield Road/Killynure Road was proving too arduous for stagecoach horses.
Composition
The road is standard single-carriageway throughout most of its length, with two short sections of climbing lanes (approx 500m each).
The first of these runs northbound, starting about two miles north of Downpatrick at the former site of the Abbey Lodge Hotel.
The second runs southbound and begins about a mile south of Saintfield near Doran's Rock.
Junctions
Apart from its terminus junction with the A24, the A7 road crosses these A and B roads:
B2 (2 miles north of Downpatrick)
B7 (Crossgar)
B6 (Saintfield)
A21 (Saintfield)
References
Roads in Northern Ireland
Roads in County Down | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A7%20road%20%28Northern%20Ireland%29 |
James Neal (born September 3, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He has previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Dallas Stars, Pittsburgh Penguins, Nashville Predators, Vegas Golden Knights, Calgary Flames, Edmonton Oilers, and St. Louis Blues.
While playing junior ice hockey with the Plymouth Whalers of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), he was selected in the second round, 33rd overall, by the Dallas Stars in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. After one season with the Stars' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Iowa Stars, Neal played his NHL rookie year with Dallas in 2008–09. During his third NHL season, he was traded to the Penguins, where he played four seasons before being traded to the Predators.
After three seasons with the Predators, Neal was selected in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft by the Golden Knights. A free agent after one year in Vegas, Neal signed with the Flames in July 2018 before being traded to the Edmonton Oilers just over a year later, where he played two seasons.
Playing career
Minor
Neal started in the CYO in Oshawa, grew up playing minor ice hockey for the Whitby Wildcats of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA)'s Eastern AAA League. He played in the 2001 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with Whitby. Among his minor hockey coaches was NHL and TSN broadcaster Bob McKenzie. His father, Peter, coached him for the major part of his minor hockey career. After his midget season, he was selected by the Plymouth Whalers in the third round, 80th overall, of the 2003 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection. Before joining the major junior ranks, he was assigned to the Bowmanville Eagles, a Junior A club of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), for the 2003–04 season.
Junior
Following his rookie season in the OHL, Neal was selected in the second round, 33rd overall, of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Dallas Stars. Competing in his first NHL training camp, the Stars returned him to junior, where he recorded 21 goals and 58 points with Plymouth in 2005–06. Although Neal was returned again to junior following the Stars' 2006 training camp, he was signed by the club to a three-year, entry-level contract in late October 2006. He recorded a junior career-high 27 goals and 65 points over 45 games in 2006–07. During the season, he was chosen to represent the Western Conference in the 2007 OHL All-Star Game and scored a goal. He also helped Plymouth win the OHL title, scoring the championship winning goal in overtime in Game 6 against the Sudbury Wolves. He led all tournament scorers with five goals in the Memorial Cup, held in Vancouver.
Professional
Dallas Stars (2008–2011)
After turning professional for the 2007–08 season, Neal played with Dallas' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Iowa Stars. In 62 games, he scored 18 goals and 19 assists for 37 points. The next season, 2008–09, he scored his first career NHL goal in his first NHL game on October 10, 2008, against Pascal Leclaire of the Columbus Blue Jackets. His first multi-point NHL game came on November 26, 2008, with a two-goal effort against the Minnesota Wild. Famously, Neal's first NHL fight proved to be a memorable and quick victory. On December 18, 2008, he was challenged to a fight by Columbus forward Derick Brassard after Neal checked Blue Jacket Fedor Tyutin hard into the corner of the Columbus defensive zone in the first period. Neal obliged, and produced a gash near Brassard's left eye with a powerful right punch. Brassard quickly called the fight off, where it was later disclosed that he had dislocated his right shoulder which ended his season. Five days later, Neal scored his first NHL hat-trick during a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs on December 23, 2008, in an 8–2 win. His early season performance led to a nomination to the YoungStars roster for the 2008 NHL All-Star Game in Montreal. He also broke the Stars' team record for goals scored by a rookie (not including the franchise's years as the Minnesota North Stars), surpassing Jussi Jokinen's record of 17 goals set in 2005–06, in a 10–2 rout of the New York Rangers on February 6, 2009. He completed the campaign with 24 goals and 37 points.
In the Stars' 2009–10 season opener, on October 3, 2009, Neal recorded Dallas' first and second goals of the season against the Nashville Predators. He improved to 55 points in his second NHL season. On September 16, 2010, just prior to the commencement of the 2010–11 season, Neal signed a two-year contract extension with the Stars worth $2.25 million in the first year and $3.5 million in the second.
Pittsburgh Penguins (2011–2014)
Leading up to the 2011 trade deadline, on February 21, Neal was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins (along with defenceman Matt Niskanen) in exchange for defenceman Alex Goligoski. Neal scored his first career Stanley Cup playoff goal on April 20 against the Tampa Bay Lightning in double overtime to give Pittsburgh a 3–1 series lead.
On February 19, 2012, one day after scoring 30 goals for the first time in his career, Neal signed a six-year contract extension with an average annual value of $5 million. He scored his second career hat-trick, and first as a Pittsburgh Penguin, in an 8–4 win against the Winnipeg Jets on March 20, 2012. Neal had a break-out season in 2011–12, finishing with 40 goals and 81 points. On May 24, 2013, he scored his first career playoff hat-trick, against the Ottawa Senators.
Nashville Predators (2014–2017)
On June 27, 2014, during the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, Neal was traded to the Nashville Predators in exchange for Patric Hörnqvist and Nick Spaling. He scored his first goal with the Predators on October 17, 2014, in a 2–0 victory over the Winnipeg Jets.
Neal had an impressive year in 2015–16, scoring 31 goals and 58 points and setting a new Predators franchise single-season record for plus-minus with +27. In the 2016–17 season, Neal helped lead the Predators to the organization's first Stanley Cup Finals appearance. The Predators faced Neal's old team, the Pittsburgh Penguins, but lost the series four games to two, with the player he was traded for, Patric Hörnqvist, scoring the game-winning goal in the deciding Game 6.
Vegas Golden Knights (2017–2018)
On June 21, 2017, Neal was selected by the Vegas Golden Knights in the expansion draft as the Predators' unprotected player. After attending the Golden Knights' first training camp, Neal secured a top-line role to open the 2017–18 season.
On October 6, 2017, he scored the franchise's first two goals in a 2–1 comeback victory over the Dallas Stars, helping the Golden Knights achieve victory in their debut. In 71 games for the Golden Knights' successful inaugural season, Neal had 25 goals and 19 assists, placing fourth on the club in goals.
In the playoffs, Neal helped the Golden Knights claim the Western Conference title and secure his second successive appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals. He contributed with 6 goals and 11 points in 20 games before losing to the Washington Capitals in five games.
Calgary Flames (2018–2019)
After leaving Vegas as a free agent, on July 2, 2018, Neal signed a five-year, $28.75 million contract with the Calgary Flames. Neal severely underwhelmed in his season with Calgary, only scoring a total of 19 points, less than his lowest single-season goal total on any of his previous teams. He was benched on multiple occasions during the campaign, including being healthy scratched prior to a pivotal game 5 Stanley Cup Playoffs first round matchup against the Colorado Avalanche.
Edmonton Oilers (2019–2021)
On July 19, 2019, the Flames traded Neal to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Milan Lucic and a 2020 conditional third-round pick. Both Neal and Lucic had struggled to live up to the expectations attached to their large salaries on their previous teams and the trade gave both players a chance for a fresh start. On October 8, 2019, Neal scored four goals in a game against the New York Islanders, setting a franchise record for the most goals in the first three games of a season, with six goals. Neal scored 11 goals in the month of October 2019 alone.
However, Neal's production began to tail off as the season progressed, as he battled injury and his ice-time decreased. Neal missed 16 games with an ankle injury he suffered against the Flames on January 29, 2020, and he failed to score a single goal in the 13 games he did play in 2020.
At the time of the Lucic-for-Neal trade, the Flames and Oilers had agreed that, should Neal score at least 21 goals in the 2019-20 NHL season and Lucic score at least 10 fewer goals than Neal, the Oilers would owe the Flames a third-round draft choice in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft. Due to the abrupt and incomplete finish to the 2019-20 season, the Flames and Oilers remained at an impasse over how to resolve the trade condition, given that Neal finished with 19 goals (two fewer than the required threshold) but was on pace to surpass 21 if the season played to its 82-game conclusion. On July 31, 2020, the NHL ruled that the Oilers owed the Flames a third-round draft choice in Edmonton's choice of either the 2020 or 2021 NHL Entry Drafts as a result of a trade condition the two teams had made as part of the Lucic/Neal swap.
On July 27, 2021, the Oilers placed Neal on waivers for the purpose of buying out the remaining two years of his contract.
St. Louis Blues (2021–2022)
As a free agent over the summer and approaching the season, Neal was invited to attend the St. Louis Blues training camp on a professional tryout contract on September 18, 2021. On October 9, Neal agreed to a one-year contract with the Blues. On January 2, 2022, Neal was placed on waivers by St. Louis.
As a free agent over the summer and approaching the season, Neal was invited to attend the Columbus Blue Jackets training camp on a professional tryout contract on September 1, 2022. He was released from his PTO a month later, on October 3.
International play
In the 2006 off-season, Neal was invited to the Canadian national junior team's summer evaluation camp. His physical presence and hard-hitting impressed Canada's coaches, and he was brought back to the team's selection camp in December 2006. His play earned him a spot on the club for the 2007 World Junior Championships in Sweden, where he helped Canada to a gold medal. Two years later, Neal moved on to Canada's men's team for the 2009 IIHF World Championship in Switzerland. He scored three points in as many contests, helping Canada to a silver medal finish in the tournament. In 2011, he again represented Canada at the 2011 IIHF World Championship in Slovakia.
Personal life
Neal has three younger brothers—Michael, Peter and Nicholas—who also play hockey. Michael was drafted by the Dallas Stars in the fifth round, 149th overall, of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft; Peter last played with the Knoxville Ice Bears in the Southern Professional Hockey League in 2014–15 season; and Nicholas last played for the Cobourg Cougars of the Ontario Junior Hockey League in 2013–14.
Neal also has a younger sister named Rebecca. In March 2012, he was featured on an episode of NHL 36, which followed him for 36 hours.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Calgary Flames players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Dallas Stars draft picks
Dallas Stars players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Iowa Stars players
Manitoba Moose players
Nashville Predators players
National Hockey League All-Stars
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Plymouth Whalers players
Sportspeople from Whitby, Ontario
Springfield Thunderbirds players
St. Louis Blues players
Vegas Golden Knights players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Neal%20%28ice%20hockey%29 |
Djun djun may refer to:
a Western misnomer for dunun, a cylindrical drum of the Malinké people
Dundun, an hourglass-shaped talking drum of the Yoruba people
Junjung, a war drum of the Serer people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djun%20djun |
Paul Birch may refer to:
Paul Birch (basketball) (1910–1982), American basketball player and coach
Paul Birch (actor) (1912–1969), American stage and film actor
Paul Birch (writer) (1956–2012), British author and astronomer
Paul Birch (footballer, born 1962) (1962–2009), English football midfielder
Paul Birch (footballer, born 1968), English football striker
Paul Hansen Birch (1788–1863), Norwegian general | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Birch |
Friedrich Karl Florian (4 February 1894 – 24 October 1975) was the Gauleiter of Gau Düsseldorf throughout its existence in Nazi Germany.
Early life
The son of a Prussian railway master, Florian moved in his youth to East Prussia. After graduating from the gymnasium in Stallupönen he became a mining official in Buer in the Prussian Province of Westphalia. In August 1914, he volunteered for military service in World War I as a and was assigned to the 1st (1st East Prussian) Grenadiers "Crown Prince" Regiment (Garrison: Königsberg). He served in this unit until 1916, when he volunteered for the and was assigned after training to Jagdstaffel 51 in Jagdgeschwader Richthofen. Shot down and captured by British troops in May 1918, he spent the remainder of the war as a prisoner of war and was released from captivity in November 1919.
In the postwar years, he resumed his work as a mining official until 1929. From 1920–1922 he was a member of Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund, the largest, most active, and most influential anti-Semitic federation in Germany. Active in the resistance to the French occupation of the Ruhr, he was briefly banished from the area in 1923. He was co-founder of the Westphalia Loyalty Federation and returned to Buer in 1924. Politically, he was a leader in the Ruhr area of the Völkisch-Social Bloc and the National Socialist Freedom Movement, both right-wing nationalist parties.
Nazi career
Florian joined the Nazi Party on 18 August 1925 (membership number 16,699). He founded the local Party organization in Buer and was its Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) from 1925 to 1927. He also joined the Sturmabteilung (SA) in August 1925 as a Sturmführer. He advanced to Kreisleiter (County Leader) from 1927 to 1929. He concurrently served until 1929 as the only Nazi City Councilor in Gelsenkirchen.
On 1 October 1929, Florian was named the Bezirksleiter (District Leader) for Bergisches Land-Niederrhein, succeeding Fritz Hartl. When this area was upgraded to Gau status on 1 August 1930, Florian was named the first (and only) Gauleiter of Gau Düsseldorf. In September 1930 he was elected as a member of the Reichstag from electoral district 22, Düsseldorf. In these years Florian also founded the publishing company Volkischer Verlag and the Nazi newspapers Wuppertaler Zeitung and Bergischer Beobachter.
In April 1932, he became a member of the Landtag of Prussia and in September 1933 of the Prussian State Council. On 25 September 1933 he was promoted to SA-Gruppenführer. Also in 1933 he was made Chairman of the Rhenish Local Parliament and appointed to the Rhenish Provincial Landtag. In 1934 he was made a member of the Prussian Provincial Council for the Rhine Province, and in 1935 was elected to the Academy for German Law. In May 1936, he was appointed to the Reichsleitung, the Nazi Party national leadership. On 30 January 1937 he attained the rank of SA-Obergruppenführer.
On 10 November 1938, Florian played an active part in the Kristallnacht pogrom in Düsseldorf, leading SA and Hitler Youth in attacking the home of the Regierungspräsident Carl Christian Schmid, whose wife was Jewish. In the city-wide attacks on Jewish homes and businesses, five persons were killed and hundreds were injured or left homeless.
On 16 November 1942, Florian was named Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau and in October 1944 he was made head of the Düsseldorf Volkssturm contingent.
On 23 March 1945, Florian and two other Gauleiters from the industrial Ruhr area (Albert Hoffmann and Fritz Schlessmann) met with Reichsminister of Armaments and War Production Albert Speer. Speer tried to convince them to ignore Adolf Hitler’s Nero Decree mandating a scorched earth policy ahead of the Allied armies’ advance. A rabid Nazi, Florian alone argued in favor of the policy. He read aloud a proclamation he intended to issue ordering the evacuation of the population of Düsseldorf and setting fire to all buildings, leaving the Allies a burned-out, deserted city. However, in the end, he did not issue the proclamation and was unable to implement these drastic actions before the Allies captured the city.
Postwar life
Captured by US forces on 17 April 1945 and interned at the Esterwegen concentration camp, Florian made two suicide attempts while in custody, by poison and by jumping out a third-floor window. He was charged with ordering the execution of five Düsseldorf citizens who in April 1945 had attempted to surrender the city to the US Army, but he has acquitted in March 1949. Shortly afterwards in June 1949, Florian was convicted by the denazification court and was sentenced to six years in prison and a 20,000 Reichsmark fine because of his leadership role in the Nazi Party. Taking into consideration the time already served, he was released on 1 May 1951. He then found employment as an industrial representative. He remained a convinced Nazi and maintained contact with former associates from the Nazi era.
Character assessment
During his stay in Düsseldorf, the racialist, right-wing journalist Lothrop Stoddard described Florian thus: "He was a distinctly sinister-looking type; hard-faced, with a cruel eye and a still crueler mouth. A sadist, if I ever saw one. I can imagine how unpopular he must be among the good-natured, kindly Duesseldorfers."
Decorations and awards
1914 Iron Cross Second Class
Golden Party Badge, c.1933
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard, February 1934
The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 with Swords, 1934
Anschluss Medal, c.1938
Sudetenland Medal, c.1939
Notes
External links
Picture of Friedrich Karl Florian
Sources
1894 births
1975 deaths
Gauleiters
German Army personnel of World War I
German prisoners of war in World War I
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Military personnel from Essen
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
Nazis convicted of crimes
People from the Rhine Province
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Shot-down aviators
Sturmabteilung officers
Volkssturm personnel
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
World War I prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Karl%20Florian |
Wazouba may refer to:
Wazouba, Mali, a village in the commune of Kassa, Mali, in the Cercle of Koro in the Mopti Region of Mali, inhabited by Dogon People
Wazouba (dialect), one of the Dogon languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazouba |
The Oddi altarpiece, or more correctly the degli Oddi altarpiece, is an altarpiece of the Coronation of the Virgin painted in 1502-1504 by the Italian Renaissance master Raphael for the altar of the Oddi family chapel in the church of San Francesco al Prato in Perugia, Italy, now in the Vatican Pinacoteca. The altarpiece was commissioned for the Oddi family chapel in San Francesco al Prato in Perugia, was taken to Paris in 1797 (for the Musée Napoleon) and in 1815 brought back to Italy, not to Perugia but to the Vatican Pinacoteca.
The altarpiece was commissioned by Leandra Baglioni, widow of Simone degli Oddi; in Perugia there were different Oddi and degli Oddi families, but English sources often ignore this, including the English version of the Vatican Museums website..
The crowning of the Virgin
The actions of the painting occur in two related scenes, one in heaven and the other terrestrial. Above the coronation shows the Virgin being crowned by Jesus, while angels are playing music; while below the section depicts the apostles gathering around the empty tomb of Mary, whose body was raised to heaven without corruption. St Thomas holds in his hands the girdle Mary dropped down to him as a testament to her assumption. The saints raise their eyes to the heavenly spectacle.
The predella
The predella (39 × 190 cm) is composed of three 27 × 50 cm paintings, showing scenes of The Life of the Virgin:
The Annunciation, The Adoration of the Magi, Presentation in the Temple
See also
List of paintings by Raphael
Notes
External links
The altarpiece and the predella at the Vatican Pinacotheca.
The altarpiece and the left, center and right part of the predella at the Web Gallery of Art.
Paintings by Raphael
1500s paintings
Paintings in the Vatican Museums
Raphael
Altarpieces
Musical instruments in art
Dogs in art
Horses in art
Adoration of the Magi in art
Paintings of apostles
Raphael
Paintings depicting the Annunciation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddi%20Altarpiece%20%28Raphael%29 |
The Gibson L5S is a solid-body electric guitar model produced by the Gibson Guitar Corporation.
Introduced in 1972, the Gibson L5S was essentially a smaller, thinner solid-body version of the popular Gibson L-5 hollowbody. Like the L-5, it featured multiple binding on the single-cutaway 3-ply solid maple body, 5-piece maple neck, and headstock, and also featured an ebony fingerboard with block inlays. The headstock featured a flower-pot inlay similar to the L-5 archtop and most L5S models featured the L-5 trapeze tailpiece (though some had stop-bar or TP-6 fine-tuning tailpieces). The L5S was available in various finishes, such as ebony, cherry sunburst, wine red and natural.
Upon its introduction in 1972, the L5S featured two low-impedance pickups, similar to those found on several Gibson Les Paul models of that period, such as the Recording model, the Signature model, the Personal model, and the Professional model. This incarnation of the model was not a success, however, thus Gibson switched from low-impedance pickups to regular [[humbucker] Super Humbucking Tarback pickups, which were designed by Bill Lawrance.]. Though it was considered one of Gibson's more top-of-the-line models, it was still not particularly popular among guitarists. In the mid-1980s, the L5S was dropped from the Gibson line. L5-S guitars were produced with a one-piece top and back (very rare), two-piece top and back (also quite rare). The Norlin era in the production of Gibson guitars did not pass over the L5-S model, and that is why guitars with a three-piece top and back are the most common. [probably they were saving on materials and that's why they started gluing tops from three pieces]. Today, the L5-S is sought after by collectors and blues and jazz musicians, the sound of the L5-S is clear and warm. They work great with different types of music. Today it is extremely difficult to find a guitar with the original [Tarback] pickups.
Only 1,813 units were produced, according to Gibson.
Notable L5S players
The L5S was a unique high-end solid body, and once Gibson adorned it with super humbuckers, famous guitarists took notice, especially jazz and fusion virtuosos like Pat Martino and John McLaughlin. Additionally other players picked up the L5S such as Paul Simon and others including possibly Keith Richards at one time. Ronnie Wood has been seen playing a new incarnation of the Gibson L5S which is currently a signature model in production, the 'Ronnie Wood L-5S'as well as Mark Farner from Grand Funk.
References
L5S | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson%20L5S |
In mathematics and physics, the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (often abbreviated as KP equation) is a partial differential equation to describe nonlinear wave motion. Named after Boris Borisovich Kadomtsev and Vladimir Iosifovich Petviashvili, the KP equation is usually written as
where . The above form shows that the KP equation is a generalization to two spatial dimensions, x and y, of the one-dimensional Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. To be physically meaningful, the wave propagation direction has to be not-too-far from the x direction, i.e. with only slow variations of solutions in the y direction.
Like the KdV equation, the KP equation is completely integrable. It can also be solved using the inverse scattering transform much like the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
In 2002, the regularized version of the KP equation, naturally referred to as the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (or simply the BBM-KP equation), was introduced as an alternative model for small amplitude long waves in shallow water moving mainly in the x direction in 2+1 space.
where . The BBM-KP equation provides an alternative to the usual KP equation, in a similar way that the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation is related to the classical Korteweg–de Vries equation, as the linearized dispersion relation of the BBM-KP is a good approximation to that of the KP but does not exhibit the unwanted limiting behavior as the Fourier variable dual to x approaches .
History
The KP equation was first written in 1970 by Soviet physicists Boris B. Kadomtsev (1928–1998) and Vladimir I. Petviashvili (1936–1993); it came as a natural generalization of the KdV equation (derived by Korteweg and De Vries in 1895). Whereas in the KdV equation waves are strictly one-dimensional, in the KP equation this restriction is relaxed. Still, both in the KdV and the KP equation, waves have to travel in the positive x-direction.
Connections to physics
The KP equation can be used to model water waves of long wavelength with weakly non-linear restoring forces and frequency dispersion. If surface tension is weak compared to gravitational forces, is used; if surface tension is strong, then . Because of the asymmetry in the way x- and y-terms enter the equation, the waves described by the KP equation behave differently in the direction of propagation (x-direction) and transverse (y) direction; oscillations in the y-direction tend to be smoother (be of small-deviation).
The KP equation can also be used to model waves in ferromagnetic media, as well as two-dimensional matter–wave pulses in Bose–Einstein condensates.
Limiting behavior
For , typical x-dependent oscillations have a wavelength of giving a singular limiting regime as . The limit is called the dispersionless limit.
If we also assume that the solutions are independent of y as , then they also satisfy the inviscid Burgers' equation:
Suppose the amplitude of oscillations of a solution is asymptotically small — — in the dispersionless limit. Then the amplitude satisfies a mean-field equation of Davey–Stewartson type.
See also
Novikov–Veselov equation
Schottky problem
Dispersionless KP equation
References
Further reading
. Translation of
External links
Partial differential equations
Exactly solvable models
Integrable systems
Solitons
Equations of fluid dynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadomtsev%E2%80%93Petviashvili%20equation |
Heath Nelson Macquarrie (September 18, 1919 – January 2, 2002) was a Canadian politician, teacher, scholar, and writer. Macquarrie described himself as a Red Tory, using the term in the title of his autobiography Red Tory Blues.
During the October Crisis of 1970, he agonized over the implementation of the War Measures Act, and was prepared to vote against it, but relented for the sake of keeping the Tory caucus united behind Robert Stanfield. Writing in retrospect, Macquarrie described his vote in favour of the Act as "fundamentally wrong".
He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 1957 federal election that brought John Diefenbaker to power. He served as a member of parliament for twenty-two consecutive years, until he was appointed to the Senate of Canada in 1979 on the advice of Joe Clark. He sat in the upper house for a further fifteen years, retiring at the mandatory age of 75 in 1994.
He was publicly loyal to Clark's successor, Brian Mulroney, but privately disagreed with the government on several occasions, once saying during a caucus meeting, "You know, a lot of people think I have a prominent nose because of my enjoyment of a certain beverage. Well, that's all nonsense. I got it that way by having to hold it so often while voting for some of Mulroney's bills."
Macquarrie remained active following his retirement from the Senate in 1994, by contributing a column to the Hill Times and to newspapers in his home province of Prince Edward Island.
Macquarrie was educated at Prince of Wales College, the University of Manitoba, the University of New Brunswick and McGill University. He studied for his doctorate at McGill, choosing for his thesis topic Robert Borden. He lectured at Brandon University and at Mount Allison University, in economics, political science and international relations.
He edited and wrote the introduction to the published edition of Sir Robert Borden's diaries. An admirer of the World War I-era prime minister, Macquarrie considered Borden to be the architect of Canadian independence.
Bibliography
The Conservative Party (1965)
Robert Laird Borden: His Memoirs (1969, 2 vols.) (ed.)
Canada and the Third World (1976)
Canada and the Palestinians, 1947–1982 (1982),
Red Tory Blues: A Political Memoir (1992),
Archives
There is a Heath Nelson Macquarrie fonds at Library and Archives Canada.
Electoral record
References
External links
1919 births
2002 deaths
Canadian Presbyterians
Canadian non-fiction writers
Canadian political scientists
Canadian senators from Prince Edward Island
McGill University alumni
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Prince Edward Island
People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada senators
University of Manitoba alumni
Writers from Prince Edward Island
20th-century non-fiction writers
20th-century political scientists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath%20MacQuarrie |
Li Nina (, born January 10, 1983, in Benxi, Liaoning) is a Chinese aerial skier who won silver at both the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. She placed 5th at the 2002 Winter Olympics, and has won three World Championships in aerials.
External links
FIS-Ski.com Biography/Results
1983 births
Living people
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Benxi
Olympic silver medalists for China
Olympic freestyle skiers for China
Chinese female freestyle skiers
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Skiers from Liaoning
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in freestyle skiing
Freestyle skiers at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Universiade medalists in freestyle skiing
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
FISU World University Games gold medalists for China
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Nina |
Tom Sestito (born September 28, 1987) is an American former professional ice hockey forward. He most recently played with the Toronto Marlies in the American Hockey League (AHL). He has previously played for the Columbus Blue Jackets, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Vancouver Canucks in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Playing career
As a youth, Sestito played in the 2001 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Syracuse, New York.
Sestito was drafted 85th overall in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the Columbus Blue Jackets from the Plymouth Whalers of the Ontario Hockey League, where he had shown his potential by scoring 42 goals in the 2006–07 season with the Whalers.
Sestito signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Blue Jackets on March 29, 2007. After playing with the Blue Jackets AHL affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch, Sestito made his NHL debut with Columbus in the last game of the 2007–08 season against the St. Louis Blues on April 6, 2008.
He scored his first NHL goal on December 15, 2010, against Roberto Luongo of the Vancouver Canucks in a 3–2 overtime loss. He scored his second NHL goal on December 23, 2010, against Cory Schneider, also of the Vancouver Canucks in a 7–3 losing effort. On February 28, 2011, the Blue Jackets traded Sestito to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for forwards Greg Moore and Michael Chaput.
On September 27, 2011, the Flyers placed him on waivers with the intention of having him play for their AHL affiliate, the Adirondack Phantoms.
On October 8, 2012, he signed for EIHL team Sheffield Steelers on a temporary contract during the 2012–13 NHL lockout, joining fellow NHL players Anthony Stewart and Drew Miller who were playing for Nottingham Panthers and Braehead Clan respectively.
On March 1, 2013, Sestito was claimed off waivers by the Vancouver Canucks and on May 29, 2013, he signed a two-year, one-way contract worth US$ 1.5 million.
In his first full NHL season (2013–14), Sestito led the league in penalty minutes with 213, edging out Chris Neil by 2. In the 2014–15 season, with the role of enforcer declining in importance in the NHL, Sestito appeared sparingly in only 3 games with the Canucks before he was reassigned to their AHL affiliate, the Utica Comets. On February 23, 2015, the Vancouver Canucks cut Sestito after 10 games with the Comets.
After sitting out the remainder of the season, Sestito accepted an invitation to attend the Pittsburgh Penguins's training camp on August 26, 2015. Pittsburgh did not offer Sestito a contract at the conclusion of camp, but was offered a try-out with AHL affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins to begin the 2015–16 season on October 2, 2015. At the midpoint of the season, Sestito was signed by Pittsburgh to a one-year, two-way contract for the remainder of the year on February 1, 2016. He was immediately placed on waivers in order to continue to play in Wilkes-Barre.
Though Sestito was technically a member of the Penguins' 2017 Stanley Cup winning squad, he was ultimately not permitted to hoist the trophy after being a healthy scratch for the entirety of the team's playoff run.
As a free agent prior to the 2018–19 season, Sestito received an offer from an AHL team to continue playing. However, he chose to retire citing his family as his reason. On December 18, 2018, Sestito agreed to attempt a comeback, signing a professional tryout contract with the Toronto Marlies of the AHL, after he was approached by the club to add a physical presence.
Criticism
During his NHL career, Sestito was referred to as a "talentless thug" and infamously as a "boxing hobo on skates" by ESPN commentator Keith Olbermann. The Hockey News referred to Sestito as a "goon with limited hockey talents", noting that he embodied a culture of violence and revenge which the modern game needs to move away from.
While with the Canucks, Sestito made headlines after accumulating twenty-seven combined penalty minutes while officially receiving only one second of total ice time in a game against the Los Angeles Kings on January 13, 2014. Afterwards, ESPN's Olbermann named Sestito "The Worst Person in the Sports World" on his show while stating that Sestito is "not a hockey player". Sestito's teenage sister, Victoria, subsequently attacked Olbermann via Twitter, claiming that "the $7,268 for 1 second of work" was "probably just a little bit more than your liberal left wing ass makes." She added that the Sestito family was looking forward to Olbermann losing his job.
Sestito's penchant for taking ill-advised penalties resulted in a somewhat messy departure from the Canucks organization. The Canucks ultimately announced that Sestito would receive his full pay but would no longer play for the Vancouver Canucks or Utica Comets. Canucks' General Manager Jim Benning stressed that his club needed players who could play in the opposition's end and contribute with more than an occasional fight. Sestito subsequently found work painting a friend's restaurant in Rome, NY.
In late 2014, Sestito received criticism for tweeting that police were justified in the shooting death of an 18-year-old unarmed African American man named Michael Brown. The shooting incident sparked mass riots in Ferguson, MO, and received international media attention. Sestito later deleted the tweets.
Former NHL player John Scott, MVP of the 2016 National Hockey League All-Star Game, said of Sestito in 2019, "I don’t like him. I have never liked him. I just don’t like how he plays the game." Scott noted that Sestito would typically only fight him when he had the opportunity to jump him from behind. "All through the AHL, I’d ask him to fight and he’d be like, 'My hand’s broken,' then he would fight someone else or this and that and he would duck me."
Personal life
Sestito's older brother Tim, most recently a member of Dinamo Riga of the Kontinental Hockey League, retired in September 2017. He also has a younger sister named Victoria.
Career statistics
Bold indicates led league
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Adirondack Phantoms players
American men's ice hockey left wingers
American people of Italian descent
Columbus Blue Jackets draft picks
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Ice hockey players from New York (state)
Sportspeople from Rome, New York
Philadelphia Flyers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Plymouth Whalers players
Sheffield Steelers players
Sportspeople from Utica, New York
Springfield Falcons players
Syracuse Crunch players
Toronto Marlies players
Utica Comets players
Vancouver Canucks players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Sestito |
Iiro Rantala (born 1970, in Helsinki) is a Finnish jazz pianist. He studied piano in the jazz department of Sibelius Academy and classical piano at the Manhattan School of Music. He is one of the best known Finnish jazz pianists, both in Finland and abroad. Rantala is a pianist and composer with Trio Töykeät, a Finnish jazz trio. In addition to jazz, he has composed some classical pieces, most notably the Concerto for Piano and Concerto in G♯ΔA♭.
In 2008, he released the album Elmo with his new formation, the Iiro Rantala New Trio. The members of the trio are Rantala (piano), Marzi Nyman (guitar) and Felix Zenger (beatbox).
Discography
Trio Töykeät
Päivää (Sonet, 1990)
International version: G'day (Emarcy, 1993)
Jazzlantis (Emarcy, 1995)
Sisu (PolyGram Emarcy, 1998)
Kudos (Universal Music Group, 2000)
High Standards (EMI Blue Note, 2003)
Wake (EMI Blue Note, 2005)
One Night in Tampere (EMI Blue Note, 2007)
Big Bad Family
Big Bad Family (Kompass, 1988)
Big Bad Family (re-release) (Final Mix Records, 1996)
Tango Kings
Tango Kings (Big World, 1995)
Sinfonia Lahti, Trio Töykeät, Jaakko ja Pekka Kuusisto
Music! (BIS Records, 2002)
SaloRantala Soi
SaloRantala Soi! (Johanna Kustannus, 2003)
Talvijalka (Sateen ääni, 2009)
Rantala & Tapiola Sinfonietta
Concerto for Piano and Concerto in G♯ΔA♭ (Ondine, 2006)
Iiro Rantala New Trio
Elmo (Rockadillo Records, 2008)
Pekka Kuusisto & Iiro Rantala
Subterráneo, (Liverace, 2009)
Iiro Rantala solo piano
Lost Heroes, (ACT, 2011)
My History of Jazz, (ACT, 2012)
Iiro Rantala String Trio
Anyone with a Heart, (ACT, 2014)
Iiro Rantala
My Working Class Hero, (ACT, 2015)
How Long Is Now?, (ACT, 2016)
Good Stuff, (ACT, 2017)
My Finnish Calendar, (ACT, 2019)
Potsdam, (ACT, 2022) (live)
References
External links
Iiro Rantala official homepage
Homepage of Espoo Big Band
1970 births
Living people
Musicians from Helsinki
Finnish classical pianists
Finnish jazz pianists
Manhattan School of Music faculty
Avant-garde jazz pianists
Finnish jazz composers
ACT Music artists
21st-century classical pianists
Trio Töykeät members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiro%20Rantala |
Sickness Insurance (Sea) Convention, 1936 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1936, with the preamble stating:
Ratifications
As of 2013, the treaty has been ratified by 20 states. 16 of the ratifying states have subsequently denounced the convention.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
Employee benefits
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1936
Treaties entered into force in 1949
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Admiralty law treaties
Occupational safety and health treaties
1936 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickness%20Insurance%20%28Sea%29%20Convention%2C%201936 |
WKNX-TV (channel 7) is an independent television station in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It is owned by Lockwood Broadcast Group alongside Fox affiliate WTNZ (channel 43). Both stations share studios on Executive Park Drive (along I-75/I-40) in Knoxville's Green Valley section, while WKNX-TV's transmitter is located on Sharp's Ridge, near the city's Oakwood section (just north of downtown Knoxville).
History
WKNX signed on the air on July 31, 2004, as WMAK-TV. It was one of the first stations in the United States to sign on exclusively as a digital station, with no full-powered analog counterpart. The station was originally owned by South Central Communications, which also owns or operates five radio stations in the Knoxville area, and formerly owned CBS affiliate WVLT-TV (channel 8) from 1954 to 1989. As an independent station, WMAK ran syndicated programs as well as recent and classic motion pictures. On September 8, 2008, the station added programming from the Retro Television Network on its second digital subchannel. This, however, would soon compromise the network's entire schedule on its main channel.
On April 27, 2009, Dallas-based religious broadcaster Daystar Television Network bought WMAK for $2 million; the deal was completed on July 14 of that year. WMAK would retain its RTV affiliation on its main channel until mid-2012, when it switched it over to Daystar, moving RTV programming to DT2.
On November 13, 2012, Lockwood Broadcast Group entered into an agreement to purchase WMAK from Daystar for $2.95 million. Simultaneously with the purchase, Lockwood filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to change the station's call letters to WKNX-TV. The FCC approved the sale on December 21.
On February 25, 2013, Lockwood took control of the station, which reverted to a general entertainment programming format (Daystar replaced RTV's programming on the station's second digital subchannel; at some point 7.2 was deleted); its branding was also changed to "WKNX, The Knox", although the station did not formally change its callsign until March 19 (the WKNX callsign was formerly used on Saginaw, Michigan's WEYI-TV from 1953 to 1972). Formal consummation of the Lockwood purchase occurred on March 4, 2013, creating the Knoxville television market's first station duopoly with CW affiliate WBXX-TV.
On October 1, 2015, Gray Television, owners of WVLT-TV, announced that it would acquire WBXX-TV from Lockwood, separating the station from WKNX-TV. The purchase was made as part of Gray's acquisition of the broadcasting assets of Schurz Communications; as part of the deal, Lockwood received KAKE in Wichita, Kansas (which Gray put up for sale following the deal with Schurz), and paid $11.2 million to Gray. Gray (through WVLT-TV, Inc.) took the operations of the station via a local marketing agreement. The sale was completed on February 1, 2016.
On August 20, 2018, it was announced that Lockwood Broadcast Group would purchase WTNZ from Gray Television, as part of a series of divestures from the $3.5 billion merger of Gray Television and Raycom Media, as part of a group deal that also see Lockwood to buy WFXG in Augusta, Georgia, WPGX in Panama City, Florida, and WDFX-TV in Dothan, Alabama, and made WKNX another duopoly, this time with a Fox affiliate. The sale was completed on January 2, 2019.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Former translators
WKNX (as WMAK) previously operated through two low-power analog translators: WEZK-LP (channel 28) in Knoxville, and WJZC-LP (channel 22) in Sevierville. These stations were sold in 2009 to Living Faith Ministries, and now relay Grundy, Virginia–based WLFG (channel 68).
References
External links
Official website
Television channels and stations established in 2004
Lockwood Broadcast Group
KNX-TV
Independent television stations in the United States
Get (TV network) affiliates
Court TV affiliates
2004 establishments in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKNX-TV |
Yurcak Field is a 5,000 seat soccer-specific stadium on the main campus of Rutgers University in Piscataway Township, New Jersey. Fully acknowledged as The Soccer Stadium at Yurcak Field, it is named in honor of Ronald N. Yurcak, a 1965 All-American Rutgers Lacrosse player. The stadium opened in 1994.
History
The stadium is the official home of the Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's and women's soccer teams. It was the home of NJ/NY Gotham FC of the National Women's Soccer League until 2019 and the Rutgers men's and women's lacrosse teams from 1994 until 2013 when the Scarlet Knights' lacrosse teams moved to nearby SHI Stadium.
In 1999, Yurcak Field hosted a third round match of the 1999 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup between the Staten Island Vipers of the A-League and the MetroStars, now the New York Red Bulls, of Major League Soccer. In 2003, the stadium hosted two matches of the 2003 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. A quarter-final match between the New England Revolution and the MetroStars and a semi-final match between D.C. United and the MetroStars with the MetroStars winning both matches.
The facility has hosted the Division II & III NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship games in 1998, 2001, and 2002. It was also the home the New Jersey Pride of Major League Lacrosse from 2006 through 2008.
In June 2015, it was announced that Yurcak Field would receive enhanced locker rooms, a new training room and new general office space in the coming years as part of a campus wide program to upgrade Rutgers athletic facilities.
In March 2019, Yurcak Field underwent a surface renovation, as the pitch was replaced with Kentucky Bluegrass, cut at 7/8 inch and placed on a sand base surface. The grass was provided by Tuckahoe Turf Farm in New Jersey.
Rutgers hosted the 2019 Big Ten Women's Soccer Tournament with the Semifinals and Final being played at Yurcak Field on November 8 & 10, 2019.
Rutgers hosted the 2021 Big Ten Women's Soccer Tournament with the Semifinals and Final being played at Yurcak Field on November 4 & 7, 2021. The championship game between Rutgers and Michigan set a new venue record with a total of 5,103.
References
External links
Yurcak Field, Rutgers University
Rutgers Scarlet Knights
NJ/NY Gotham FC
Women's Professional Soccer stadiums
Former National Women's Soccer League stadiums
Soccer venues in New Jersey
College soccer venues in the United States
Lacrosse venues in the United States
College lacrosse venues in the United States
Former Major League Lacrosse venues
Sports venues in New Jersey
Sports venues in the New York metropolitan area
Multi-purpose stadiums in the United States
Buildings and structures in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Piscataway, New Jersey
1994 establishments in New Jersey
Sports venues completed in 1994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurcak%20Field |
Murray Joseph Mendenhall (March 5, 1898 – July 27, 1972) was an American basketball coach. Murray began coaching at the high school level, at New Castle in 1923, before moving to Ft. Wayne Central the following year, coaching the Tigers to the state championship in 1943. He also coached in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1949 to 1951 as the first coach of the Fort Wayne Pistons, and has been inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame. Prior to coaching the Pistons, he coached the now-defunct Anderson Packers of the National Basketball League.
His son, Murray Jr. played for him on the 1943 championship team, before being inducted into the United States Navy. Both Murray, Jr. and his son, Murray Mendenhall, III, coached high school basketball in Indiana.
External links
BasketballReference.com: Murray Mendenhall
1898 births
1972 deaths
American men's basketball players
Anderson Packers coaches
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball players from Indiana
DePauw Tigers football players
DePauw Tigers men's basketball players
Fort Wayne Pistons head coaches
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Players of American football from Indiana
People from Hendricks County, Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%20Mendenhall |
Maria Luisa Puga (February 3, 1944 – December 25, 2004) was a Mexican writer. Her 1983 novel Pánico o peligro won the Xavier Villaurrutia Award.
Biography
Puga was born in Mexico City. She and her siblings went to live with her grandmother in Acapulco when she was 9 years old, after the death of their mother. After her father’s second marriage, they moved to Mazatlán. When she was 24 years old, she traveled to both Europe and Africa (Nairobi, Kenya). After about a decade in Europe, María Luisa Puga returned to Mexico and published her first novel, Las Posibilidades del Odio (The Possibilities of Hate), in 1978. There was a lot of critical attention about her first novel because of the comparison she made of Kenya’s seventy-year struggle for a better future with the situation in Mexico.
Many critics remark that Puga’s work is simple storytelling; the simplicity of her writing is what gives it its charm. Common themes in Puga’s work include the socio-psychological makeup of the individual and history. She is said to examine the social situation in Mexico from the late 1960s to the present day by telling her own personal story. Political and social situations are reflected by how they affect the protagonists in the stories she writes.
The last years of her life she lived in Zirahuén, Michoacán, Mexico. She was a coordinator of literary workshops around Mexico. María Luisa Puga died on December 25, 2004, in Mexico City. Her unpublished diaries, where Puga touched upon many facets of her literary and personal life, were donated to the University of Texas at Austin's Benson Latin American Collection by her sister Patricia in January 2017. See http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlac/00471/lac-00471.html for more details.
Works
Novels
Las posibilidades del odio. México: Siglo XXI, 1978; 2nd edition: 1981; 3rd edition: Aldus-Conaculta, 2003.
Cuando el aire es azul. México: Siglo XXI, 1980.
Pánico o peligro. México, Siglo XXI, 1983. 2nd edition: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2002.
La forma del silencio. México: Siglo XXI, 1987.
Antonia. México: Grijalbo, 1989. 2nd edition: Ariadne: 1999; 3rd edition: Punto de Lectura, 2004.
Las razones del lago. México/ Barcelona/ Buenos Aires: Grijalbo, 1991.
La viuda. México: Grijalbo, 1994.
La reina. México: Planeta Mexicana, 1995. (= Biblioteca Breve)
Inventar ciudades. México: Alfaguara, 1998.
Nueve madrugadas y media. México: Alfaguara, 2003.
Diario del dolor. Mèxico: Alfaguara, 2004.
Collections of short stories
Inmóvil sol secreto. México: La Máquina de Escribir, 1979.
Accidentes. México: Martín Casillas, 1981.
Intentos. México: Grijalbo, 1987.
De intentos y accidentes. México: Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, 2001.
Essays, chronicles and interviews
La cerámica de Hugo X. Velázquez: cuando rinde el horno. México: Martín Casillas, 1983.
Itinerario de palabras, together with Mónica Mansour. México: Folios Ediciones, 1987.
De cuerpo entero (autobiography). México: UNAM/ECO, 1990.
Ruptura y diversidad. México: Coordinación de Difusión Cultural, Dirección de Literatura, UNAM, 1990.
Lo que le pasa al lector. México: Grijalbo, 1991 (= Narrativa Grijalbo).
Crónicas de una oriunda del kilómetro X en Michoacán. México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 1995 (= Cuaderno de viaje).
Diario del dolor. México: Alfaguara/Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana/Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 2004.
Children's literature
El tornado. Illustrations by Rosario Valderrama. México: CIDCLI - LIMUSA, 1985 (= La Hormiga de Oro).
Los tenis acatarrados. México: ECO, 1991.
La ceremonia de iniciación. México: FCE, 1994 (= Travesías).
A Lucas todo le sale mal. México: FCE, 2005 (= A la orilla del viento).
Translations
Helmut and Florian.. Trans. Leland H. Chambers. Mississippi Review 16, no. 1 (1987): 66-70.
The Trip.. Trans. Nick Caistor. The Faber Book of Contemporary Latin American Short Stories, 86-91. London & Boston: Faber & Faber, 1989.
The Hidden Language of Reality.. Trans. Leland H. Chambers. Rolling Stock 17/18 (1990):28.
You Take Off for the Beach.. Trans. Leland H. Chambers. Rolling Stock 17/18 (1990):29.
Butterflies.. Trans. Alfred Mac Adam. Review: Latin American Literature and Arts 44 (January–June 1991): 165-171.
Memories of the Oblique.. Trans. Leland H. Chambers. Secrets of Wood and Silence: Short Stories by Latin American Women Writers. Special issue of Latin American Literary Review 19, no. 37 (January–June 1991): 165-171.
A Terrible Situation.. Trans. Leland H. Chambers. Latin American Literary Review 20, no.39 (January–June 1992):58-61.
The Hidden Language.. Trans. Annette Cowart and Reginald Gibbons. New Writing from Mexico. Special issue of TriQuarterly 85 (Fall 1992):317-335.
The Natural Thing to Do.. Trans. Judith de Mesa. New Writing from Mexico. Special issue of TriQuarterly 85 (Fall 1992):219-225.
New Paths.. Trans. Elizabeth Gamble Miller. Manoa: A Pacific Journal of International Writing 4, no.2 (Fall 1992): 17-20.
The Trip.. Trans. Nick Caistor. Pyramids of Glass: Short Fiction from Modern Mexico, 157-163. San Antonio: Corona, 1994.
Selected criticism
Bradu, Fabienne: Señas particulares: Escritoras (Ensayos sobre escritoras mexicanas del siglo XX). México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1987, 118-135. (Spanish)
De Beer, Gabriella. Contemporary Mexican Women Writers: Five Voices. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996, 11-57.
López, Irma M.: Historia, escritura e identidad: la novelística de Maria Luisa Puga. New York / Vienna [etc.]: Peter Lang, 1996. (Wor(l)ds of change ; 23) (Spanish)
Pfeiffer, Erna: EntreVistas. Diez escritoras mexicanas desde bastidores. Frankfurt a.M.: Vervuert Verlag, 1992, 123-135. (Spanish)
References
Beer, Gabriella de (1996). Contemporary Mexican Women Writers. University of Texas Press: Austin.
External links
Webpage of CONACULTA - INBA about María Luisa Puga as Author of the Month (Spanish)
María Luisa Puga Papers, Benson Latin American Collection, UT Austin
María Luisa Puga: A Life in Diaries
Mexican women novelists
1944 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Mexico City
20th-century Mexican novelists
20th-century Mexican women writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20Luisa%20Puga |
Western Guilford High School is located in Greensboro, North Carolina, and is part of the Guilford County School system. The school has approximately 1,300 students and its sports teams are the Fighting Hornets.
The school opened in the fall of 1968.
In September 2000, Western Guilford was renovated via public bond. The design of the new addition integrates different components of the campus by introducing new circulation patterns. A new entry gallery at the front entry to the school was designed; along with art and classroom additions that form an internal courtyard. The addition consists of four basic elements: Classroom addition to the vocational building, a new "auxiliary" gym, a two-story classroom addition and a single-story art addition.
Keith Barnett is the principal of Western Guilford High. The Student-Teacher ratio is 18:1. The school's mascot is Buzz the Hornet and the school colors are Black and Old Gold. Western is a member of the Metro 3A Conference and the Athletic Director is Christopher Causey.
Beginning the program in 2014, Western Guilford High School was North Carolina's first high school to offer College Board's AP Capstone Program. The AP Capstone Program, also known as the Advanced Placement Academy, is a challenging two-year program designed to train students for the independent research and collaborative projects common in college-level courses.
Advanced Placement Academy
The Advanced Placement Academy was an option for students since the fall of 2014. Western Guilford is the first school in North Carolina to offer the College Board approved AP Capstone Program. Students can apply via application to take part in this unique and rigorous program of study.
All Advanced Placement Academy students participate in enrichment sessions throughout the year. Sessions utilize SpringBoard materials to assist students in preparing for collegiate level writing, test taking, test data analysis, college planning, and career exploration.
Service Learning
Service Learning Diploma: awarded to students who have completed a minimum of 250 hours of service learning in their high school years.
Service Learning Exemplary Award: awarded to students who have completed a minimum of 100 hours of service learning in their high school years.
The school has a group of 8 Service-Learning Ambassadors with a goal of promoting Service-Learning and hosting school-wide service projects.
Athletics
Baseball
Basketball
Cheerleading
Cross country
Football
Golf
Lacrosse
P.E. classes
Soccer
Softball
Swimming
Tennis
Track
Ultimate Frisbee
Volleyball
Wrestling
Demographics
39.4% African American
1.0% American Indian
4.1% Asian
11.4% Hispanic
4.0% Multi-Racial
40.0% White
Notable alumni
Saundra Baron, soccer goalkeeper, member of Trinidad and Tobago women's national team
Lisa Stockton, women's college basketball head coach
References
http://wghs.gcsnc.com/pages/Western_Guilford_High
External links
Public high schools in North Carolina
Schools in Greensboro, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Guilford%20High%20School |
Larrys Creek is a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. A part of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin, its watershed drains in six townships and a borough. The creek flows south from the dissected Allegheny Plateau to the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians through sandstone, limestone, and shale from the Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian periods.
The valley's first recorded inhabitants were the Susquehannocks, followed by the Lenape and other tribes. The Great Shamokin Path crossed the creek near its mouth, where Larry Burt, the first Euro-American settler and the man who gave the creek its present name, also lived by 1769. In the 19th century, the creek and its watershed were a center for logging and related industries, including 53 sawmills, grist mills, leather tanneries, coal and iron mines. A 1903 newspaper article claimed "No other stream in the country had so many mills in so small a territory". For transportation, a plank road ran along much of the creek for decades, and two "paper railroads" were planned, but never built.
As of 2006, the Larrys Creek watershed is 83.1% forest and 15.7% agricultural (a reforestation of land clear-cut in the 19th century). Nearly of second-growth forest are protected public and private land for hunting and trout fishing, with more land protected in parts of Tiadaghton State Forest. Pollution from past industrial use is gone and Larrys Creek "has an exceptionally scenic, ultra-highwater, whitewater run" for canoeing. Despite agricultural runoff and small amounts of acid mine drainage, water quality is quite good, and a water filtration plant on Larrys Creek supplies over 2500 customers.
Name
Larrys Creek is named for Larry Burt, the first European settler in the area, who lived near the mouth of the creek outside what is now the hamlet of Larrys Creek in Piatt Township. He traded with the indigenous peoples, and, according to a tradition reported by Meginness (1892), he had a Native American wife. Larry Burt was already there when surveyors came through in 1769 (after the land was purchased by the colonial government of Pennsylvania on November 5, 1768, as part of the "New Purchase" in the first Treaty of Fort Stanwix), but disappeared sometime soon after, perhaps moving west with the Native Americans who left the area.
Larrys Creek is the only major creek in Lycoming County for which a Native American name is unknown. As of 2006, it is the only stream named "Larrys Creek" on USGS maps of the United States and in the USGS Geographic Names Information System. The possessive apostrophe is not part of the official name of the creek, although records from the 19th century often spell it as "Larry's Creek" (as do some highway bridge signs today).
Today the creek has given its name to the hamlet at its mouth, as well as the village of "Larryville" further upstream. Before it became a borough, Salladasburg was also known as "Larrys Creek" (from the name of its post office). The "First Fork" and "Second Fork" of Larrys Creek are named in the order in which they are encountered traveling upstream, with "Fork" here denoting a major tributary. "Lawshe Run", the major tributary of the Second Fork, is named for Robert Lawshe, who established a tannery in Salladasburg in 1848. "Seeley Run", a minor tributary entering the creek at Larryville, is named for Mr. Seely, who built the first sawmill on Larrys Creek in 1796. While the USGS uses "Seeley Run", it is still "Seely Run Road" that follows the stream. The First Fork, Canoe Run, Joes Run, and Wolf Run also have roads named for them.
Course
Larrys Creek is the only major watershed in Lycoming County entirely within the county. Measured directly, Lycoming County is about northwest of Philadelphia and east-northeast of Pittsburgh. It is from the mouth of Larrys Creek along the West Branch Susquehanna River to its confluence with the Susquehanna River at Northumberland, Pennsylvania. The source of Larrys Creek is in northern Lycoming County in Cogan House Township, just south of the hamlet of Steam Valley, at an elevation of It flows west-southwest through the village of Cogan House, and then under the Cogan House Covered Bridge.
The creek next heads due south through Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 114. There it runs for about with only a trail or unimproved road beside it. It passes through Mifflin Township for a short distance and heads southeast into Anthony Township, where it leaves the State Game Lands and passes a water filtration plant; there is a dam tall and wide here. Further south, it receives Roaring Run (on the left bank). Roaring Run receives the only acid mine drainage in the watershed and enters Larrys Creek from the mouth.
Larrys Creek then heads southwest back into Mifflin Township, where it passes through the borough of Salladasburg, with Pennsylvania Route 973 running parallel to the creek from the township line to the borough. At Salladasburg, Larrys Creek receives its major tributary, the Second Fork of Larrys Creek, on the right bank from the mouth.
The Second Fork rises in Cogan House Township near the village of White Pine and runs south through the village of Brookside, then a few miles through Cummings Township, and last through Mifflin Township and Salladasburg. Lawshe Run is its major tributary. Pennsylvania Route 287 runs parallel to the Second Fork its whole length, and continues parallel to Larrys Creek from Salladasburg south to its terminus on U.S. Route 220 (near the creek's mouth).
Just south of Salladasburg, Larrys Creek receives the First Fork of Larrys Creek, from the mouth. The First Fork has its source in Cummings Township and flows south-southeast into Mifflin Township. from its mouth Larrys Creek receives Canoe Run. Both these tributaries enter on the right bank.
Larrys Creek then enters Piatt Township, flowing east around a ridge and through the village of Larryville where it receives Seeley Run on the left bank, from the mouth. It next flows back southwest, then south to the hamlet of Larrys Creek and finally into the West Branch Susquehanna River, east of the borough of Jersey Shore, at an elevation of . U.S. Route 220 and the Lycoming Valley Railroad cross the creek on separate bridges just north of its mouth. The direct distance between the source and mouth is only . The difference in elevation between source and mouth, , divided by the length of the creek, , gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of creek or relief ratio of 53.5 feet per mile (10.1 m/km). The meander ratio is 1.08, so the creek is fairly straight in its bed.
Discharge
From 1960 to 1979, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) operated one stream gauge on Larrys Creek at the village of Cogan House, for the uppermost of the watershed. The mean discharge measured at this site from 1961 to 1978 was 10.8 cubic feet per second (0.306 m³/s), with a peak discharge of 1,130 cubic feet per second (32.0 m³/s) and peak gauge height of , both on June 22, 1972, during Hurricane Agnes. The USGS also estimated mean monthly and annual groundwater recharge at the Cogan House stream gauge. Using data from 1961 to 1977, the upper and lower annual recharge estimates were , and the greatest monthly recharge was in March, with 20.1% of the annual total.
The USGS also measured discharge at the village of Larrys Creek, very near the creek's mouth, as part of water quality measurements on seven occasions between 1970 and 1975. The average discharge was 66.0 cubic feet per second (1.87 m3/s), and ranged from a high of 114 cubic feet per second (3.23 m3/s) to a low of 8.8 cubic feet per second (0.25 m3/s). Lycoming County operates a stream gauge at Salladasburg as part of the county-wide flood warning system. It only measures the water height (not discharge) and had a peak gauge height of , on September 18, 2004, during Hurricane Ivan.
Geology
Larrys Creek is in a sandstone, limestone, and shale mountain region, with the source in the dissected Allegheny Plateau and the mouth in the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. The southern part of the Larrys Creek watershed has sedimentary surface rocks from the Devonian period, with a large area from the Mississippian period in the north of the watershed and a small Pennsylvanian period region within this area. The Cogan House anticline runs north of and parallel to the upper part of the creek. Iron ore within the watershed was mined south of Salladasburg and along Canoe Run in the 19th century; there are also deposits on Puterbaugh Mountain.
Larrys Creek is in a narrow valley formed by mountains and hills, with steep to moderate slopes. The channel pattern is regular, with a dendritic drainage pattern. South of its source, the creek turns to flow southwest along the northern edge of Green Mountain, turns south into the State Game Lands at Buckhorn Mountain, and flows south along the western edge of Coal Mountain. The only named peak on the west bank of Larrys Creek itself is Harris Point, where it leaves the dissected Allegheny Plateau.
The Second Fork flows south along the eastern side of Henson Ridge, then east of Puterbaugh Mountain. The only named peak on the east bank of the Second Fork is Clapp Point, which marks the boundary of the dissected plateau and is southwest of Harris Point. The First Fork flows past the southwest edge of Little Round Top and then continues on the southwest side of Puterbaugh Mountain. Fishery Point is at the southern end of the Allegheny Plateau, just west of the First Fork. The three features named Point are each part of the Allegheny Front, the edge of the Allegheny Plateau.
The Larrys Creek watershed has two deposits of low volatile bituminous coal along Roaring Run and a small, deep natural gas field. A potentially large source of natural gas is the Marcellus Shale, which lies below the surface here and stretches from New York through Pennsylvania to Ohio and West Virginia. Estimates of the total natural gas in the black shale from the Devonian era range from 168 to 516 trillion cubic feet (4.76 to 14.6 trillion m3), with at least 10 percent considered recoverable. In November 2007, drilling within the Larrys Creek watershed started in Mifflin Township, just west of Salladasburg, with a deep well. A second well was drilled in Mifflin Township in December 2007, and by February 2008 every well drilled in Lycoming County was producing natural gas. The Marcellus Shale requires special techniques to fracture the rock and release the gas, including pumping sand and water into the well, and, in some cases, horizontal drilling.
Watershed
The Larrys Creek watershed is entirely in Lycoming County and accounts for 7.17% of the county by area. It is the only major creek whose watershed is entirely in the county, and lies between the Pine Creek watershed (including Little Pine Creek) to the west and the Lycoming Creek watershed to the east (as measured on the river).
The Larrys Creek watershed has a total population of 2,513 (as of 2000) and a total area of . Of that area, are forested and are given to agricultural uses. Larrys Creek is the largest creek in Lycoming County without its own watershed association.
Tributaries
The major smaller streams in the Larrys Creek watershed include the First and Second Forks, Roaring Run, Lawshe Run, and Canoe Run. The Second Fork is the largest tributary, with a watershed of or 28.0% of the total watershed. The First Fork is next largest, with a watershed of or 19.8% of the total. Roaring Run accounts for 5.7% of the total watershed with and other tributaries are less than 5% of the total.
Starting at the mouth, the tributaries of Larrys Creek are: Seeley Run, Canoe Run, First Fork Larrys Creek, Second Fork Larrys Creek, Mash Run, "Pond Hollow", "Spook Hollow", Roaring Run, "Cramer Hollow", "Pot Lick Hollow", "Match Pine Hollow", "Watt Hollow", Long Run, Wendell Run, Crayton Hollow Run, Wolf Run, Dibber Hollow Run, and Birch Run (unnamed streams in a named feature are given as the name of the feature in quotation marks).
Water quality, pollution, and filtration plant
The clear-cutting of forests in the 19th century adversely affected the ecology of the Larrys Creek watershed and its water quality. Polluting industries on the creek and its tributaries during that period included coal and iron mines and tanneries. As of 2006, water quality in Larrys Creek is quite good, although two small unnamed tributaries of Roaring Run do receive acid mine drainage from an abandoned coal mine. Agricultural runoff is another source of pollution. Effluent limits for Larrys Creek in Mifflin Township for the 5-day test for carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD5) are 25 mg/L, while fecal coliform bacteria count limits are 200 per 100 mL in May through September, and 2000 per 100 mL in October through April.
The mean annual precipitation for Larrys Creek is . According to the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission: "Pennsylvania receives the most acid deposition of any state in the nation because, in addition to being the third highest producer of the gases that cause acid deposition, we are also located downwind from the highest concentration of air pollution emitters." The region's geology gives it a relatively low capacity to neutralize added acid. This makes the creek especially vulnerable to increased acidification from rain, which poses a threat to the long-term health of the plants and animals in the creek.
The Jersey Shore Area Joint Water Authority's water filtration plant is on Larrys Creek, near the border between Mifflin and Anthony Townships. The plant has been there since at least 1914 and provides water from the creek to 2,500 industrial and residential customers in the boroughs of Jersey Shore and Salladasburg, as well as Anthony, Mifflin, Nippenose, Piatt, and Porter Townships in southwestern Lycoming County, and Pine Creek Township in the southeastern part of neighboring Clinton County, Pennsylvania.
Recreation
There are at least two camps along Larrys Creek. "Camp Kiwanis" has a main lodge, four cabins, picnic pavilion, and various recreational facilities on on Route 287, south of Salladasburg in Mifflin Township. It is operated as a service by the Williamsport Kiwanis and rented out for fire department training, Girl Scouts, weddings, church, and other groups. Further south along the creek in Piatt Township is the New Tribes Mission camp for preparing Christian missionaries for field work with indigenous peoples in remote parts of the world. The training at the camp lasts one year.
Edward Gertler writes in Keystone Canoeing that Larrys Creek "has an exceptionally scenic, ultra-highwater, whitewater run that is really worthy of your attention". Canoeing and kayaking on Larrys Creek are possible when the water is high enough (in Spring and after hard rain), with of Class 3 whitewater on the International Scale of River Difficulty from Township Road 786 south through the State Game Lands to Route 973, and of Class 1 to 2 whitewater south from PA 973 to U.S. 220.
In addition to the in State Game Lands No. 114, opportunities for hunting and fishing are available in the areas of Tiadaghton State Forest in the western part of the watershed, along the First and Second Forks. In 2002, a Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) report on "State Forest Waters with Special Protection" rated the First Fork as a "High Quality-Cold Water Fishery". A stretch of Larrys Creek from the water company filtration plant (near the border between Mifflin and Anthony Townships) to downstream of the confluence with the First Fork has been designated as approved trout waters by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. This means the waters will be stocked with trout and may be fished during trout season.
There are also private hunting and fishing clubs and cabins along Larrys Creek and its tributaries. The largest is the "Larrys Creek Fish and Game Club", incorporated August 1, 1906, which owns over along Route 287 on the Second Fork. As of 2006, the club has 55 active and 15 honorary members (all male). The club promotes conservation and stocks its of trout stream with three to four thousand brook and brown trout each year. The club's facilities include a trapshooting range and a helipad, to aid in medical evacuations from its remote location.
Another large private club is the Ogontz Lodge on the First Fork, established by banker Jay Cooke about 1884 for fishing and hunting. Cooke owned nearly the whole First Fork, long, with the main "Lodge" from the mouth, and a smaller "Upper Cabin" upstream of that. Herbert Hoover found solitude at the Ogontz Lodge as a guest of Jay Cooke III three times: in June, 1918 (just before leaving for Europe as head of the American Food Administration), mid-May, 1928 (just before his selection as the Republican presidential candidate), and finally in late May, 1930 (as President of the United States). Other notable guests at the Ogontz Lodge include Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and Katharine Hepburn, and it is still in operation as of 2007.
History
Early inhabitants
Two Clovis points found in the Salladasburg area in a "stream site" are the earliest evidence of human activity along Larrys Creek (circa 10,000 BCE). The earliest recorded inhabitants of the Susquehanna River valley were the Iroquoian speaking Susquehannocks. Their name meant "people of the muddy river" in Algonquian. Decimated by diseases and warfare, they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes by the early 18th century. The lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River Valley were then chiefly occupied by the Munsee phratry of the Lenape (or Delaware), and were under the nominal control of the Five (later Six) Nations of the Iroquois. The Great Shamokin Path crossed the creek at a ford near its mouth; however, no trails of the indigenous peoples are recorded as having followed Larrys Creek north.
On November 5, 1768, the British acquired the "New Purchase" from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, opening what is now Lycoming County to settlement. However, the Line of Property (or Purchase Line) border defined by "Tiadaghton Creek" dividing colonial and Native American lands was disputed. The colonists claimed this was Pine Creek, the Iroquois and other tribes that it was Lycoming Creek. Larrys Creek was in the disputed territory between these, so the illegal settlers there were part of the "Fair Play Men" system of self-government, with their own Declaration of Independence from Britain on July 4, 1776.
In the Revolutionary War, settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists and Native Americans allied with the British. After the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre) and smaller local attacks, the "Big Runaway" occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna valley. Settlers fled feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies. Homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to Muncy, then further south to Sunbury. The abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers soon returned, only to flee again in the summer of 1779 in the "Little Runaway". Sullivan's Expedition helped stabilize the area and encouraged resettlement, which continued after the war.
On April 13, 1795, Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County, prompting further growth. In 1800, the "State Road" was the second major road built in the county and followed part of Larrys Creek in Cogan House Township as it ran from Newberry (the western part of Williamsport today) north to the Pennsylvania-New York state line near Painted Post, New York. Larrys Creek had a bridge near the mouth by 1806, the first of the major creeks in the county for which a bridge is mentioned.
Lumber
Like all creeks in Lycoming County, Larrys Creek served as an area for settlers to establish homesteads and farms. As logging became a major industry in the mid-19th century, the creek was a source of power for sawmills and other mills. The first sawmill on the creek, in what is now Mifflin Township, was built in 1799. The relatively low flow of water in the creek did not allow rafts of logs to be floated downstream to the river and the lumber boom at Williamsport (as they were on Pine Creek to the west).
This and the lack of logging railroads along the creek led to the development of many small sawmills: the Larrys Creek watershed once had 53 sawmills within of the mouth (as well as other industries of the time). No other stream in the country had so many sawmills in so small a territory. Twelve sawmills were on the Second Fork, six on the First Fork, one each on Canoe Run and Lawshe Run, and the rest were on Larrys Creek itself. Eight were structures rebuilt on the site of previous sawmills, and only four were steam powered (the rest were water powered). The earliest of these sawmills was built in 1796 (near Seeley Run), the last in 1902 (on Lawshe Run), and by 1903 just two mills were still standing and only one of those was operating.
Lumbering removed the tree trunks, but left many flammable limbs, branches, and stumps behind. On May 2, 1872, a large forest fire destroyed the villages of Carter and Gould, north of Salladasburg on Larrys Creek in Mifflin Township. There are large tracts of second growth forest and small lumber companies still operate in the watershed today.
Paper railroads
Two "paper railroads" were proposed for Larrys Creek: the "Larry's Creek Railroad and Coal Company", incorporated June 24, 1839 to hold and operate up to of railroad from the mouth of the creek north to the coal mines; and the "Jersey Shore, Pine Creek & State Line Railroad", incorporated on April 11, 1853, to run north from Jersey Shore up Pine Creek to Tioga or Long Run, and thence to the New York state line. Its charter was amended April 4, 1854 to run up Marsh Creek (then known as the Third Fork Pine Creek) and Crooked Creek to the Tioga Railroad, and again on March 26, 1856, to run up Little Pine Creek (then known as First Fork Pine Creek) to the Larrys Creek Plank Road and then up Blockhouse Creek to Blossburg. It was still an active corporation in 1865, but the charter of the "Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway" in 1870 (New York City-Reading interests) superseded it. Neither railroad was actually ever built. The only railroad in the watershed is the Lycoming Valley Railroad, which runs parallel to the river and crosses the creek just north of the mouth.
Plank road
In 1851 a plank road or puncheon was built along Larrys Creek from the village of Larrys Creek at the creek's mouth north to Salladasburg, then later along the Second Fork and on to the village of Brookside in Cogan House Township. It was later extended north to the village of White Pine and finally to the village of English Center in Pine Township (along the current course of Pennsylvania Route 287). A spur of the plank road along Larrys Creek into Anthony Township was also built, but it is not known how far it extended. (Landis claims it may have run nearly as far north as the covered bridge in Cogan House Township).
The plank road was a toll road run by "The Larrys Creek Plank Road Company", a corporation founded May 8, 1850. It served the sawmills, grist mills, mines, and leather tanneries along the creek. There was a connection to the railroad and the West Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal at the hamlet of Larrys Creek, as well as the West Branch Susquehanna River.
Hemlock logs were used to build the plank road. At that time, the tree's bark was a major source of tannin used to tan leather. The wood was not used much for lumber, so hundreds of thousands of stripped hemlock logs were normally left to rot. There were sawmills and experienced lumber workers available from the local timber industry.
The earth under the plank road was first graded, then ties (similar to those used for railroad tracks) were set into the ground. Next long narrow stringers (similar to rails on a railroad track) were nailed to the ties, with a distance between stringers of about . The road surface consisted of planks about wide nailed to the stringers and was fairly smooth. The road had turnoffs (as it was not wide enough for horse-drawn vehicles to pass each other). Toll houses were at regular intervals, with variable tolls for pedestrians, riders on horseback and various carts and wagons. No toll schedule has survived.
The plank road was operational for about 38 years when a major flood on June 1, 1889, washed out much of it. The flood also destroyed the canal at the creek's mouth. The same storm system caused the Johnstown Flood, which killed over 2200 people. The Cogan House Covered Bridge was the only one on Larrys Creek to survive the flood, as a fallen tree formed a protective dam just upstream. The 90 foot (27 m) long Burr arch truss bridge was built in 1877, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, rehabilitated in 1998, and is today one of just three left in the county.
By then most of the original forests in the county had been clear-cut, so no cheap source of wood was available as before. While the road from Salladasburg south to the West Branch Susquehanna River was repaired and rebuilt, the rest was not. In 1900 the county courts recognized a petition to end tolls on this last portion of the road. The corporation was dissolved and the road and its maintenance passed to the county. As sections of plank road wore out they were replaced by graded dirt and gravel, so that it soon became a regular road. The plank road operated as a toll road for about 49 years. Today only the "Plank Road" name survives, in a section of road that runs north from U.S. Route 220, parallel to Route 287.
See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
External links
Note: Official Lycoming County Map showing cities, boroughs, townships, villages, county roads, rivers, and some streams
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River
Rivers of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Allegheny Plateau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrys%20Creek |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 18, commonly referred to as Highway 18, is a highway in Alberta, Canada. It stretches from Highway 43 at the hamlet of Green Court, through the towns of Barrhead and Westlock, to Highway 63 east of the hamlet of Thorhild.
Route description
Highway 18 begins northwest of the town of Mayerthorpe at the junction of Highway 43 at the hamlet of Green Court. It proceeds east for , crossing the terminus of Highway 22 prior to reaching Highway 757. It turns north for a few kilometres and bends east again until it crosses Highway 764, then curves north again.
The jog in the road skirts Thunder Lake Provincial Park to the north. Upon reaching Highway 763, Highway 18 turns east to the Town of Barrhead where it meets Highway 33. The two highways run concurrently to the north for approximately until a T–intersection north of town. Highway 18 then turns east from this intersection while Highway 33 turns west. Highway 769 branches to the north towards Neerlandia, east of this intersection.
Highway 18 then crosses Highways 776 and 777 before it reaches Westlock at Highway 44, some from the starting point. It continues east, crossing Highway 2 at Clyde at an intersection known as "Clyde Corner". The highway goes through Thorhild as it crosses Highway 827 and proceeds west until it reaches Highways 63 and 656 where it ends.
History
Highway 18 originally was a connection between Highway 2 at Clyde Corner and the towns of Westlock and Barrhead. In the 1940s it was extended northwest from Barrhead to Fort Assiniboine, and then in 1960 to Swan Hills. In , the section of Highway 18 between Barrhead and Swan Hills was renumbered to Highway 33, while Secondary Highway 655 between Barrhead and Thunder Lake Provincial Park, as well as Secondary Highway 656 between Clyde and Highway 46 (present-day Highway 63) west of Thorhild became part of Highway 18. Around the same time, gravel roads between Thunder Lake and Green Court were designated as Secondary Highway 918, and was upgraded and paved throughout the 1980s, becoming part of Highway 18 in .
Major intersections
From west to east:
References
018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2018 |
The Convention concerning Hours of Work on Board Ship and Manning or Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention, 1936 is an International Labour Organization Convention which never entered into force. It was established in 1936, and closed for ratification on 24 February 2002, when the 1996 Convention concerning Seafarers' Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships entered into force.
Revisions
The convention was revised by the Convention concerning Wages, Hours of Work on Board Ship and Manning of 1946 as well as its 1949 and 1958 revision, none of which entered into force. The entry into force of the 1996 Convention concerning Seafarers' Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships (which also revised the convention) in 2002 signified the end of the opening for signature of the convention.
Ratifications
The convention was ratified by three countries, but automatically denounced by two upon entry into force of the 1996 Convention for those countries. The convention is not legally binding upon any state.
External links
Text.
Ratifications.
International Labour Organization conventions
Working time
Hours of Work on Board Ship and Manning
Hours of Work on Board Ship and Manning
Admiralty law treaties
1936 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hours%20of%20Work%20and%20Manning%20%28Sea%29%20Convention%2C%201936 |
Tim Sumner may refer to:
Tim Sumner (physicist), Professor of Experimental Physics at Imperial College London
Tim Sumner (footballer) (born 1994), Australian rules footballer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Sumner |
Singapore Science Park is a research, development and technologies hub in Queenstown, Singapore. Managed by Ascendas, a subsidiary of Capitaland, it was set up under a government initiative in 1980 to provide the necessary infrastructure for local retail and development companies to flourish in the country.
One of the most prominent local tenants headquartered within the parks is Singaporean multinational technology company Shopee.
Milestones
Singapore Science Park I
In 1980, the Government gave its seal of approval to proceed with the construction of the Singapore Science Park on a 30-hectare plot of land. In 1982, Singapore Science Park I welcomed its first tenant, Det Norske Veritas (DNV).
On 3 September 2019, Shopee officially opened its new six-storey regional headquarters at Singapore Science Park I. The new building has of space, which can accommodate 3,000 employees and is six times larger than the previous headquarters at Ascent Building, also located within the park.
Singapore Science Park II
In 1993, construction of Singapore Science Park II began on a 20-hectare plot of land, the first building constructed was the Institute of Microelectronics (IME). The Alpha, a multi-tenant building was the next building constructed in Singapore Science Park II.
In 2000, Arcasia would expand and develop a 15-hectare plot of land next to the Singapore Science Park II into a Singapore Science Park III at a cost of about $600 million. However, it was revealed that the latter was an expansion of Singapore Science Park II. Galen, the first building on the Singapore Science Park II's expanded plot was completed on 29 June 2003.
See also
Biopolis
Notes
References
External links
Singapore Science Park
1982 establishments in Singapore
Places in Singapore
Science and technology in Singapore
Scientific organisations based in Singapore
Queenstown, Singapore
Business parks of Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Science%20Park |
Johann Friedrich Horner (27 March 1831 – 20 December 1886) was an ophthalmologist based at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Biography
Horner was born in Zurich. After receiving his medical degree from the University of Zurich in 1854, he continued his studies in Vienna, where he learned ophthalmoscopy from Eduard Jäger von Jaxtthal (1818–1884), and in Berlin, where he served as an assistant to ophthalmologist Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870). It was during this time that Horner decided to become an ophthalmologist himself. He returned to Zurich in 1856, and later opened his own eye clinic named "Hottinghof".
Horner became a full professor of ophthalmology in 1873. After his death in 1886, his position at the University of Zurich was filled by Otto Haab (1850–1931).
Horner's syndrome, a disorder of the sympathetic nervous system, was named after him following his description of the condition in 1869. His name is also associated with "Horner's muscle", the lacrimal portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle that is sometimes referred to as the "tensor tarsi muscle". With Alexios Trantas (1867–1960), the "Horner-Trantas spots" are named, being defined as small whitish-yellow chalky concretions of the conjunctiva around the corneal limbus
He was the author of numerous articles on ophthalmic medicine, published in Carl Wilhelm von Zehender's Klinische Monatsblatt für Augenheilkunde.
References
Whonamedit.com entry on Horner URL accessed 27 Feb 2006
External links
Swiss ophthalmologists
1831 births
1886 deaths
University of Zurich alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
Physicians from Zürich | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Friedrich%20Horner |
Ansariyeh may refer to:
Ansari (disambiguation)
Ansariyeh, Razavi Khorasan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansariyeh |
The Battle of Humin-Bolimów was an inconclusive battle of World War I fought on January 14, 1915 - February 28, 1915 between Imperial German Army and Russia and considered a preliminary to the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.
Battle
January 16, 1915 the German 4th Infantry Division carried out several attacks on the sector of the front south of Borzymów, in the direction of Humin. After a two-hour artillery preparation (at the same time, tear gas shells were used for the first time - 2200 shots), units of the Russian 55th Infantry Division were knocked out of the trenches by a bayonet attack of the four German regiments. The commander of the 2nd Army, Infantry General V. Smirnov, ordered to organize a counterattack with all the forces of the VI Army Corps, Lieutenant General Vasily Gurko (4th, 16th, 55th Infantry Divisions and a brigade of the 76th Infantry Division - a total of 42,895 men, 68 machine guns, 130 guns). However, until nightfall, the Russian troops failed to recapture the lost trenches near vil. Humin and Dołowatka.
On the night of January 17, the Russian infantry, having made several attacks, took the enemy in pincers and knocked him out of the trenches he had captured the day before. Attempts by the Germans to resume the offensive until the evening were repulsed by machine-gun and artillery fire. The German troops managed to advance only 20 m in two days of stubborn battle; two regiments lost 3 officers and 297 soldiers, in the 14th infantry regiment was killed commander, and his attack failed. The casualties of the Russian side amounted to 725 killed, 101 missing, 3,019 wounded and poisoned.
For a new attack on Humin and Sucha, the commander of the German 9th Army, Colonel General August von Mackensen, concentrated the troops of the reinforced XVII Army Corps and I Reserve Corps - the 4th, 35th, 36th Infantry and 1st, 36th and 49th reserve divisions. On the left, the attack was to be supported by the 26th Infantry Division of the XIII Army Corps, on the right, forces of the group of artillery general Friedrich von Scholtz, the 11th and XX Army Corps. But in connection with the disclosure of the concentration of Russian troops south of Mlawa, Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East Paul von Hindenburg ordered to strengthen this direction with the forces of the XX Army Corps (37th and 41st Infantry Divisions), the 1st Guards Reserve Division and the 5th Guards Infantry Brigade.
By January 31, 1915, the German troops concentrated six divisions (up to 40,000 men) and 92 batteries with 596 guns, 150 of them heavy and 2 Austrian 30.5-cm mortars, in the breakthrough area. 18,000 shells filled with tear gas and chlorine were prepared. Russian troops were also reinforced, but the Germans managed to create an overwhelming superiority in artillery. It should also be noted that the tactics of defensive combat on the eve of the war were not developed in any of the armies. Going on the defensive was seen only as a means to wear down the enemy and gather strength for a new offensive. Accordingly, even knowing exactly or approximately about the enemy’s offensive, the Russian command at all levels could only demand from subordinate troops “to hold their positions at all costs”, the creation of fortified zones of great depth was not practiced.
At 8.30 am on January 31, heavy fire was opened on the Russian positions near Humin and Wola Szydłowska. Then attacks began, mainly against the 4th and 55th Infantry Divisions. By 16 o'clock the Germans knocked out units of the 4th, 27th and 55th infantry divisions from the trenches. At night, a counterattack was prepared by the forces of the detachment of Major General Mikhail Sokovin, but it did not bring success. Vasily Gurko was also transferred the 13th Siberian Rifle Division. The commander of the 2nd Army, V. Smirnov, reported to the commander-in-chief of the armies of the North-Western Front: “According to the reports of the chiefs of the sections, the withdrawal of the battalions of the 13th and 14th regiments is due to the intoxicating effect of gases from enemy shells, from which people suffocated and could not look”.
From 5 o'clock on February 1, Russian troops launched a counterattack, which, despite the introduction of the 59th Infantry and 13th Siberian Rifle Divisions into battle, was unsuccessful. From 9 o'clock the Germans opened heavy artillery and mortar fire of great destructive force, destroyed the advanced trenches and from 16 o'clock resumed the offensive, attacking the left flank of the 98th Yuryevsky Infantry Regiment. By nightfall, most of the Germans's attacks were repulsed, and new regiments brought into battle stopped his advance. The casualties of the two German corps exceeded 5,200 men, they captured 6,232 Russian prisoners, 7 machine guns, and most importantly - the key points of the first Russian line.
On February 3, the Germans attacked the flank of the sector's Major General P. Zakharov. The 3rd Siberian Rifle Division was sent to reinforce Gurko’s group (he himself fell ill and returned to the corps only on February 6 under the threat of dismissal), and the neighboring 1st Army of Cavalry General Alexander Litvinov organized a distracting offensive by the forces of the 1st Siberian corps, reinforced by the 14th Siberian Rifle Division and the 3rd Turkestan Rifle Brigade.
By the night of February 4, the position of the Russian VI Army Corps was partially restored, the village of Wola Szydłowska was occupied, but the main strongholds could not be recaptured from the Germans. In the morning, the Germans again went on the offensive, pushing back the 13th Siberian Rifle Division that had arrived. The German 93rd Reserve Infantry Regiment battalion-by-battalion reinforced the brigade of the 4th Infantry Division and dealt a decisive blow to the Siberians. The 4th Siberian Rifle Division of the II Siberian Army Corps and the combined division of Major General N. Karepov from the IV Army Corps were thrown into battle, but they only managed to stop the onslaught of the Germans. The 93rd German Reserve Infantry Regiment lost 36 killed, 152 wounded and 11 missing and captured 1,556 Russian prisoners.
The actions of the units of the 1st Army on January 21-February 4 were more successful. All corps were involved in the offensive; as a result, at Borzymów and Witkowice, the Germans was pushed back, four machine guns were captured from him (6th Siberian Rifle Regiment). An unexpected blow from the northern flank, which ended in a heavy defeat of the German reserve regiment of Lieutenant Colonel V. Keller, forced the Germans to stop attacks on the 2nd Army, but the 14th Siberian Rifle Division sent to Humin was met by a powerful counterattack of reserves, could not cross the Bzura and suffered large losses. The commander of the 21st Turkestan Rifle Regiment was killed. The 8th German Landwehr Regiment during this counterattack lost seven killed and 14 wounded and captured 325 Russian prisoners.
Outcome
By the end of January, fighting at Dołowatka, Humin, Wola Szydłowska, Bolimov and Borzymów drew in almost all formations of the 1st and 2nd Russian armies. A calmer situation was on the front of the 5th Army, from which separate regiments were also taken to reinforce the attacks on the positions occupied by the Germans. Nevertheless, the build-up of forces on a narrow sector of the front only increased losses without leading to a change in the position of the troops. Directly at Humin, Borzymów and Wola Szydłowska Russian troops lost 7,911 killed, 12,248 missing, 20,614 wounded. The commanders of the 18th Siberian Rifle Regiment and the 21st Turkestan Rifle Regiment, Major General S. Moskvin and Colonel A. Selyadtsev, were killed. The German army directly at Humin, Borzymów and Wola Szydłowska lost 57 officers and 2584 soldiers killed, 4 officers and 1,308 soldiers missing, 79 officers and 6,811 soldiers wounded.
The Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East considers the task of the 9th Army completed, while defining the goal of the battle as pinning down the Russian troops before the decisive offensive in East Prussia. The German troops managed to move forward an insignificant distance, gain a foothold in key strongholds, and chain significant Russian forces to themselves. Over 7,000 prisoners were taken. Arrived February 7th to the front, Emperor Wilhelm II congratulated the troops on their victory and handed out awards.
But the disappointment of the military leaders was also great. “The attacks of the 9th Army east of Rawka brought excellent tactical success, but there was no breakthrough, however, achieved. For the first time used chemical projectiles did not lead to the expected effect. Captured Russians complained of lacrimation, headache, but were not put out of action” the commander of the 1st reserve corps, Lieutenant General C. von Morgen, was stated.
The fighting, without the previous activity and bitterness, continued along the entire front from the mouth of the Bzura to Pilica until the end of February. The German troops failed to break through the Russian positions, but it became clear that the loss of key defense points forces the Russian command to make great efforts to return them, regardless of victims.
See also
Friendly fire incidents of World War I
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
References
Additional Reading
Бои на Бзуре и Равке (ноябрь 1914 – январь 1915 года). Перлюстрированные письма, воспоминания, фронтовые корреспонденции / сост., перевод, автор коммент. и предисловия Н.Д. Постников. – М.: ИИУ МГОУ, 2018 – 238 с.
Постников Н.Д. Битва на Равке (январь 1915 г.): управление войсками командованием VI-го армейского корпуса в условиях оборонительного боя // Ключевские чтения – 2014. Россия и русский мир перед лицом глобальных угроз: Материалы Всероссийской научной конференции: Сборник научных трудов. М.: «Спутник +», 2015. С. 217–222.
Постников Н.Д. «Великая битва на Равке» в январе 1915 года: взгляд с немецкой стороны // Международная жизнь. Специальный выпуск. История без купюр. Великая война. Начало. 2014. С. 144–159.
Постников Н.Д. Воспоминания русских офицеров и фронтовые письма о сражении под Волей Шидловской и Гуминым 18–23 января 1915 года как исторический источник // Первая мировая война и историческая память. Материалы Декабрьских научных чтений, состоявшихся 18 декабря 2014 г. М., 2015. С. 293–307.
Постников Н.Д. Забытые станицы Великой войны: Равка, сражение за Гумин и Волю Шидловскую (январь 1915 г.) // Россия в годы Первой мировой войны, 1914–1918: материалы Междунар. науч. конф. (Москва, 30 сентября – 3 октября 2014 г.). /отв. ред.: А.Н. Артизов, А.К. Левыкин, Ю.А. Петров; Ин-т рос. истории Рос. акад. наук; Гос. ист. музей; Федеральное арх. агентство; Рос. ист. о-во. – М.: [ИРИ РАН], 2014. 712 с.: ил., 16 л. ил. С. 667–671.
Постников Н.Д. Первая газовая атака на русско-германском фронте в январе 1915 года // Преподавание истории в школе. 2017. No.3. С. 27–31.
Постников Н.Д. Последний бой Юрьевского полка // Великая война: сто лет. М., СПб.: Нестор-История. 2014. С. 87–108. https://histrf.ru/uploads/media/default/0001/07/2dacf59d881aec5bee5f84d2f5b462c412e5e2f0.pdf
Постников Н.Д. «Те, кто был в эти дни под Гуминым, вряд ли забудет их». Русские офицеры 97-го Лифляндского и 98-го Юрьевского полков о сражении 18–31 января 1915 г. // Исторический архив. 2014. No.3. С. 40–62.
Постников Н.Д. Убитые на Равке М.: ИИУ МГОУ, 2016. - 286 с.
Постников Н.Д. Убитые на Равке. 2-е изд., испр. и доп. М.: ИИУ МГОУ, 2018. – 296 с.
Постников Н.Д. «Куда ни взгляни всюду носится призрак смерти». Бои на Бзуре и Равке в фронтовых письмах (декабрь 1914-январь 1915) // Международная жизнь. No.8. Август. 2015. С. 167–185.
Постников Н.Д. Фронтовые письма как исторический источник Первой мировой войны. На примере боев на реке Равке в январе 1915 г. // Преподавание истории в школе. 2016. No.5. С. 25–30.
Постников Н.Д. «Этот бой напоминал Бородинское сражение». Бои на Равке в письмах с фронта (декабрь 1914 – январь 1915) // Вестник Московского государственного областного университета. Серия «История и политические науки». 2014. No.4. С. 8-19.https://vestnik-mgou.ru/Articles/View/7737
Kaliński, Stanisław Ataki gazowe w bitwie pozycyjnej 9 Armii Niemieckiej nad Rawką i Bzurą 1914–1915. Przemyśl. 2010.
Conflicts in 1915
Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I)
Battles of World War I involving Germany
Battles of World War I involving Russia
Military operations of World War I involving chemical weapons
Friendly fire incidents of World War I
1915 in the Russian Empire
January 1915 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Humin-Bolim%C3%B3w |
Siavash Alamouti is an Iranian-born business executive, and entrepreneur. and electrical engineer. He is the Executive Vice President of Innovation R&D at Wells Fargo, and the executive chairman of Mimik Technology, Inc. He is known for the 1998 invention of the Alamouti's code, a type of space–time block code.
Early life and education
Siavash Alamouti was born on March 16, 1962, in Tehran, Iran. He graduated from Kharazmi Highschool in 1979. He attended Sharif University of Technology in 1980 for one year, and was expelled during the Iranian Cultural Revolution. Alamouti received B.A.Sc. (1989) and M.A.Sc. (1992) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of British Columbia.
He holds dual citizenship of Canada and the United States.
Alamouti started his professional career at MPR Teltech, part of BC Telephone Company (now Telus) in Vancouver, where he worked on early mobile data protocols, including cellular digital packet data (CDPD).
Career
In 1995, he joined McCaw Cellular (now AT&T Wireless) as a Senior Scientist where he worked on the physical and MAC layer design of United States’ first commercial OFDM/MIMO system, known as Project Angel. He worked at several other companies prior to 2004, including Vivato, Cadence, McCaw Cellular, and MPR Teltech. He was an Intel Fellow and the CTO of Mobile Wireless Group at Intel, starting in 2004. Alamouti supported Intel's Mobile WiMAX technology.
Siavash Alamouti was the Group R&D Director at Vodafone Group from March 2010 until 2013.
He was awarded the 2022 Marconi Prize.
Alamouti's code
He invented a 2xN MIMO scheme which today is referred to as the Alamouti's code (or Alamouti code). Alamouti’s October 1998 paper in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications (volume 16, number 8) was selected by IEEE Communication Society for publication in, The Best of the Best: Fifty Years of Communications and Networking Research (2007).
Alamouti's code provided some inspiration for the development of more valuable and general Space Time Block Codes by others, including Nambirajan Seshadri, Vahid Tarokh, Robert Calderbank, and Hamid Jafarkhani. Tarokh, Jafarkhani and Alamouti received the 2013 IEEE Eric E. Sumner award "For contributions to block signaling for multiple antennas".
References
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Iranian engineers
21st-century Iranian inventors
Living people
Iranian chief technology officers
Iranian expatriate academics
1962 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siavash%20Alamouti |
Royal Canin is a French manufacturer and global supplier of cat and dog food. The company is a subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated. It undertakes research into the specific nutritional needs of dogs and cats.
The company was established by French veterinary surgeon Jean Cathary, after he successfully treated a number of skin and coat conditions in pets by feeding them a cereal-based diet he prepared in his garage. He realized that nutrition was an important part of pets' health. After importing an extruder from the United States, a process used in this industry for the first time in 1956, the company was the first to manufacture dry pet food in France. Aimed primarily at breeders, production steadily increased and distribution extended further into the European market. Royal Canin was sold to the Guyomarc'h Group in 1972, and underwent a further period of expansion, especially in the area of research and development, before being purchased by the Paribas Bank in 1990. The company was floated on the French stock exchange but removed later after it was sold to Mars, Incorporated in 2002.
History
Early history
The company was established by the French veterinary surgeon Jean Cathary in 1968. He had a veterinary practice in a village in the Gard region of France and was concerned many people's pets were being presented with a variety of health problems, especially skin and coat conditions. Convinced the cause was dietary, Cathary devised a cereal–based recipe, which he prepared in an oven in his garage.
The diet successfully alleviated the problems pets were presented with, so in 1968, Cathary registered the food with the trademark “Royal Canin”. He closed his veterinary practice to concentrate on manufacturing and distributing the feed. An extruder was imported from the U.S. and Royal Canin became the first manufacturer of dry pet food in France and the first European company to use an extruder. The target market was primarily breeders and German Shepherd associations; television advertising was used to promote the product.
Production steadily increased and in 1970, the company was incorporated as "Royal Canin S. A."; a larger factory was opened in Aimargues and began distribution throughout Europe. Forty staff were employed in the annual production of five–thousand five hundred tons of feed. A subsidiary, Royal Canin Iberica, was established in Spain. In March 1972, Cathary sold the company to the Guyomarc'h Group, a much larger, family-run animal feed business founded by Jean Guyomarc’h in 1954, which specialised in livestock feed.
In 1972, Royal Canin was sold to the Guyomarc'h Group. The new ownership allowed the company to further undergo a period of expansion, especially in the area of research and development. A second factory was inaugurated in 1975 in Cambrai, France.
The period under the ownership of Guyomarc'h saw a marked expansion of the company, particularly in the area of research and development. A dedicated research centre was opened in Saint-Nolff, Brittany, during 1973. Over the ten years up to 1982 additional subsidiaries were also set up in other European countries. These included Italy, Sweden, Belgium, Spain, Germany and Denmark. Another factory was built in northern France to service sales in the countries of the north of Europe. From 1982 onwards, Royal Canin diversified its portfolio to products such as canned food and bird seed and saw its production quadruple to 200,000 tons in 10 years.
The Guyomarc'h group of companies was purchased by the Paribas Bank in 1990. Royal Canin recorded a loss in 1993; the following year the Guyomarc'h group was divided into four separate businesses, one of which remained as Royal Canin. In 1994, a new CEO was appointed and focused on 3 pillars: dry food, health through nutrition and dog-handling expertise. The bank wished to sell Royal Canin but its chairman managed to persuade it to list it on the Paris stock exchange instead, which took place in 1997. Forty–three percent of the company was floated on the stock market and it raised the company's valuation to four and half billion francs. The additional revenue raised provided the funding to buy Crown Pet Foods in 1999 and the James Wellbeloved brand in 2000.
In 1999, Guyomarc'h site was recognized and Royal Canin's activities became autonomous from the other activities of Guyomarc'h site.
Recent history
The bank sold its holding in the company to Mars, Incorporated in July 2002 for in excess of one and a half billion euros. The majority of this payment, almost ninety–three percent, was for "goodwill". The European Commission only agreed to the takeover by Mars if Royal Canin disposed of some assets to Agrolimen, a Spanish company. Royal Canin was removed from the stock exchange listing after the take over by Mars.
In 2002, Mars acquired 40% of Royal Canin's stakes. According to the economic daily newspaper Les Echos, it was a marriage between a French SME, European leader, with a powerful global distribution network.
In March 2004, Royal Canin acquired the US and Canadian veterinary-grade food brands IVD, Medi–Cal and Techni–Cal from Del Monte Foods for $82.5 million.
The company was one of the many brands affected by the 2007 pet food recalls. As at 30 April 2012, the FDA had reported no subsequent Class I, II, or III recalls by Royal Canin.
By 2008, as much as eighty percent of Royal Canin's one and a half billion euro revenue was generated from sales outside France. The number of staff employed worldwide was around four thousand five hundred.
In 2012, Royal Canin established one of its logistics platforms in Verdun, France.
In 2018, Royal Canin celebrated its 50th anniversary.
In 2021, Mars announced that it would invest 46 million euros in France, among which 22 million euros dedicated to its French and Global headquarters in Aimargues, France, where the historic plant, a pilot plant and an R&D center are located.
Royal Canin's motto is "A Better World for Pets"
Products and services
Royal Canin has about 260 different formulas. The food adapted to each animal, physiology and sensitivities and meets the needs of the dog or cat, exactly according to the firm.
The principle of Royal Canin is 'the health of animals through good nutrition'.
Food
In the UK, Royal Canin is a member of the Pet Food Manufacturers Association (PFMA).
The products are adapted for different digestive capacity and divergent growth periods.
Veterinary food
The company develops several different diet formulas, also for medical prevention and care such as Renal Feline Special for feline urinary, tract health, suitable kibbles for dogs with allergies or digestive disorders.
Some veterinary foods are available through prescription only, such as the Wet Diet brand.
Veterinary products
Pill Assist, a treat designed to help owners to give medication to their cats by masking tablets and capsules. In some countries, Royal Canin has its own Veterinary Channel.
Publications
In collaboration with experts, Royal Canin led in the development of publications such as the Dog's Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Canine Clinical Nutrition, the Royal Canin Cat Encyclopedia, and other books like Nutrition of the pets with the French Veterinary Academia.
Research
Royal Canin bases the production of its feeds on scientific research and set up its first research centre in St-Nolff in 1973; a subsequent research centre was established in Missouri in the late 1980s, and a research facility was also opened in Brazil. Products are tested non-invasively on a "focus group" of about 500 pets (dogs and cats) selected for the characteristics of their breeds. Daniel Cloche was one of the scientists who first worked at the company's French research facility and was described as "one of the pioneers in researching bone–related disorders and diseases among dogs". Research indicated bone problems in large dogs could be dietary, so different recipes were developed to specifically address this. In 1980, Royal Canin brought out a new feed called AGR, especially for puppies categorised as large breeds. At that time, the company also turned its attention towards producing cat foods to suit specific dietary requirements.
Henri Lagarde was chairman of the company during the 1990s, and drove the implementation of three core policies. Firstly, the physiology and biology of pets should be studied to increase the company's knowledge base. Secondly, all products had to address specific needs; this was further endorsed by the Research and Development section having mandatory instructions that "no veterinarian or university should be able to refute any of Royal Canin's nutritional arguments". Finally, animals and their nutritional requirements were to be treated with "knowledge and respect" rather than being humanised. The company theme became "knowledge and respect".
Veterinary and peer-reviewed journals
With the help of academics, the company also produces encyclopedias about dog and cat breeds, which have been translated into fifteen languages. There are also books on breeding, nutrition and publications aimed at breeders and veterinary surgeons. Royal Canin also published the scientific quarterly titled FOCUS which was circulated to in excess of seventy thousand veterinarians worldwide in eleven different languages. FOCUS is now called Veterinary Focus magazine. This is in addition to the one thousand four hundred fifty veterinary literatures produced for the Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition.
Studies
Royal Canin conducted some studies, like the one on the life expectancy of dogs and cats, which shows that due to the progress in veterinary medicine and animal food, dogs and cats live longer.
In 2012, Royal Canin participated in a Peer-Reviewed Publication which concluded that diets high in saturated fat are not associated with adverse effects in healthy cats. The same year, another research was conducted by the WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, provided new insights into dogs' natural feeding.
Royal Canin partners with some veterinarians, employed or not, in studies and medical recommendations.
Recruitment of specialists and sponsorships
In 1994, Lagarde was determined the company should be seen as dealing with "specialists". He insisted that the word "traditional" must never be used and the word was removed from every document and company computer file being replaced by "specialist" instead.
There are teams of trained veterinary technicians to help and advise breeders and other professionals. The company coined a new description for its teams of trained sales staff as "cynotechnicians", who were already well established and passionate about the canine world; some were show judges or had gained an international reputation for their breeding skills.
In 2019, Royal Canin signed an agreement to partner with MAssey University Foundation by offering a scholarship in health nutrition for cats and dogs veterinary science.
Sponsorships and partnership
The company sponsors and participates in thousands of cat and dog shows each year around the world, like local and regional Canine Club. The company withdrew from sponsoring the UK Contest of Champions event in 2009 but was quoted as stating it was increasing its sponsorship of dog shows. In 2010, Royal Canin financed the Subculture Animal Friends association, animal rights activists linked to punk band Subculture which fight animal cruelty.
In 2017, Royal Canin collaborated with an association which promotes the integration of people wih disabilities through sport in the context of Para Skiing Championships in Spain.
In 2013, Four Paws, an international animal welfare group, accused Royal Canin of sponsoring events that included illegal bear-baiting in Ukraine. The company confirmed the allegations and promised to take action to put an end to its sponsorship of such events. Subsequently, the company made a commitment to support the rescue of bears used and began negotiations with the group to determine a detailed project plan. In July, the company announced that it would fund the constructions of a rescue facility for bears.
In 2022, in the field of healthcare, Royal Canin partnered with PDSA, a UK-veterinary charity, to tackle obesity among pets. The same year, Royal Canin and RACE Foundation renewed their collaboration on the theme of the well-being and safety of animals during travel.
Factories and logistics
Royal Canin's head office is in Aimargues, southern France. There are sixteen production facilities worldwide, in addition to Aimargues including at Cambrai in northern France; Johannesburg, South Africa; Descalvado, Brazil; and González Catán, near Buenos Aires, Argentina.
The plant located in Rolla, Missouri, produces only dry pet feeds. Royal Canin was fined for "violating the Clean Water Act" in 2005 at this site.
In 2004, production facilities at Dmitrov, near Moscow, Russia, opened. Royal Canin committed twelve million euros in the construction of the factory and anticipated annual production of twenty–two thousand tons a year.
The Polish government announced construction was to start in February 2006 on a fifty million euro factory in Niepołomice, Poland, which would provide employment for in excess of one hundred fifty staff. At the time of the announcement, it was described as "the ninth and most modern of all of those which belong to the company"; this was because of the laboratory that was to be included in the design.
The company's first UK facility, at Castle Cary, near Bristol, opened in December 2007, two years later than expected. Annual production was expected to be two thousand tons, employing eighty staff. Although objections were raised by some local residents, others welcomed the facility. The Environment Agency received complaints of an "unbearable smell" after production started. The company installed carbon filters and a new condenser at a cost of a million pounds in attempts to address the problem.
In 2008, the company invested seventy–three million dollars in the construction of a factory at Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
A factory at North Sioux City, South Dakota, USA, was originally purchased by Mars in 2007 and worked under the Mars Petcare brand. This was then re-branded to Royal Canin in 2011, where it manufactures wet pet food.
Royal Canin's twelfth production facility was fully built at the end of 2009 and is located in Shanghai, China.
A new plant has been opened in 2017 in South Korea in Gimje, North Jeolla Province.
In 2021, the company announced that it would invest $185 million for its facility in North Sioux City in South Dakota. The project aimed at creating 149 new full-time jobs. The same year Royal Canin announced an investment of $200 million to expand its manufacturing facility in Lebanon, Tennessee. The expansion began in 2019.
Corporate information
Governance
Since July 2022, Cécile Coutens has been the new president. She succeeds Loïc Moutault. She is the first woman at the head of Royal Canin.
List of chief executive officers
1972-1994: René Gillain
1994-2004: Henri Lagarde
2004-2007: Alain Guillemin
2007-2014: Jean-Christophe Flatin
2014-2022: Loïc Moutault
2022-present: Cécile Coutens
Royal Canin Foundation
Founded in 2020, the Royal Canin Foundation aims to reinforce the positive role that domestic animals play in the health and well-being of people,with topics such as COVID-19 detection, cancer detection, puppy education and disabled children. For example, the foundation partners with Dogpoint, in spain, to facilitate access to assistance dogs for disabled children. In France, the foundation supports the France Victimes Project and has signed an agreement to finance the deployment of 3 new local assistance dogs per year by 2025. In Mexico, the Foundation uses a brigade of assistant dogs called BREC K-9 to help with natural catastrophes such as earthquakes.
ESG
In October 2021, the Royal Canin brand announced its commitment to become carbon neutral certified by 2025 and adhere to the PAS 2060 standard for carbon neutrality. The brand claimed to have begun moving toward carbon neutrality in 2022, by having its first product range carbon-neutral certified.
The Royal Canin brand announced that it would carry out the following actions: transitioning to renewable electricity, procuring sustainable ingredients, reducing waste and boosting circularity and implementing climate-smart business transformation. For any residual emissions that Royal Canin cannot completely remove or reduce, the brand will invest in high-quality, removal-based certified carbon credits. Royal Canin declares qualifying the carbon footprint of 100% of its raw materials. Around 2020, Royal Canin's factories already used 72% of renewable electricity for its factories around the world powered by systems that had been built in the past 20 years.
Events
Royal Canin organizes events related to the pet and industry, such as the Vet Symposium, aimed at veterinarians, and the PRO Experts Forum, aimed at breeders.
In popular culture
A Royal Canin advertisement from the 1980s featured a running German Shepherd in slow motion, set to the instrumental theme "Chi Mai" composed by Ennio Morricone. Alain Chabat parodied this advertisement by including a slow-motion chase scene (with "Chi Mai" as the background music) between Idéfix and a legionary in the 2002 film Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra.
Controversies
In 2013, following a controversy sparked by the support of dog and bear fights by its Ukrainian subsidiary, the company announced its commitment to assisting in the protection of bears in Ukraine.
In 2017, the brand was mentioned in a report by France 5, "What Kind of Kibble for Our Pets?" and in the book "Ce Poison Nommé Croquette" by Jérémy Anso, criticizing the quality of products from Hill’s Pet Nutrition and Royal Canin, among others.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Cat food brands
Dog food brands
Mars brands
Companies formerly listed on the Paris Bourse
Food and drink companies established in 1968
French companies established in 1968
French brands
Aimargues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Canin |
WDF may refer to:
Westdeutsches Fernsehen, now WDR Fernsehen, German regional TV
Windows Driver Frameworks, Microsoft software tools
World Darts Federation
Wigner distribution function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDF |
USS Chase (DE-158/APD-54) was a in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1946.
History
USS Chase was named in honor of Admiral Jehu V. Chase (1869–1937). She was launched 24 April 1943 by Norfolk Navy Yard; sponsored by Mrs. J. V. Chase ; and commissioned 18 July 1943.
Battle of the Atlantic
Between 14 September 1943 and 23 November 1944, Chase escorted six transatlantic convoys between New York and Norfolk, Virginia and North African ports. During her second such crossing, while approaching Bizerte on 20 April 1944, Chase fired on attacking enemy torpedo bombers, driving them off, then rescued swimming survivors from three torpedoed merchant ships. During the return passage, Chase joined in the search for the , which torpedoed on 5 May, and rescued 52 survivors of the sinking.
Chase was converted to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport, reclassified APD-54 on 24 November 1944, and with conversion completed, sailed from Boston on 4 February 1945 for Pacific action waters.
Pacific War
She reached Ulithi on 18 March, and next day got underway for the Okinawa operation, sailing with the group scheduled to simulate a landing on the southern coast of the island as a diversion from the main assaults. This diversion received more attention from enemy aircraft than did the main landings as they made their demonstration on 1 April. Chase joined in the blaze of anti-aircraft fire which drove the enemy off, then moved north to join the anti-submarine screen protecting the landings.
Aside from two brief voyages to Guam and Ulithi, Chase continued on the dangerous duty of patrol off Okinawa until 20 May. On 20 May, Chase fired successfully on a diving kamikaze, but had to maneuver violently to avoid the falling aircraft. It splashed, a scant from the ship, and the explosion of the two bombs it carried ripped Chases hull open, flooding the engine and fire rooms. With her steering gear jammed at hard left rudder, Chase drove off another suicide plane. Listing so badly as to be in danger of capsizing, Chase was kept afloat by the skillful work of her crew and towed into Kerama Retto for repairs. She was later towed across the Pacific to San Diego, arriving 11 October. Here she was decommissioned 15 January 1946, and sold for scrap on 13 November 1946.
Awards
Chase received two battle stars for World War II service.
References
External links
Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
1943 ships
Ships built in Portsmouth, Virginia
Maritime incidents in May 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Chase%20%28DE-158%29 |
WFLX (channel 29), branded on-air as Fox 29, is a television station in West Palm Beach, Florida, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by Gray Television, which maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with the E. W. Scripps Company, owner of NBC affiliate WPTV-TV (channel 5) and Stuart-licensed news-formatted independent station WHDT (channel 9), for the provision of certain services. The stations share studios on South Australian Avenue in downtown West Palm Beach (mailing address says Banyan Boulevard, also known as 1st Street), while WFLX's transmitter is located near Wellington west of US 441/SR 7.
History
WFLX was to begin operations in August 1982 but delays pushed the sign-on date back to October 1, 1982, as an independent station, the market's first. Originally owned by Malrite Communications, it ran a programming lineup typical of independent stations at the time—early-morning cartoons, older sitcoms later in mornings, movies in early afternoons/prime time (hence the slogan "South Florida's Free Movie Station"), classic sitcoms in the late-afternoon, and current sitcoms during early/late-evenings. WFLX originally operated from studios located on West Blue Heron Boulevard/SR 708 in Riviera Beach. Unlike most independents, the amount of children's programming seen on WFLX during this time was low compared to similar stations in other markets, a trend owing to the older demographics of the West Palm Beach area; instead, the station focused on its movies, owning a library of 3,600 titles by 1984. The station was an aggressive promoter, using a red macaw named Firecracker as its mascot in station advertisements and events, playing movie requests from viewers and counterprogramming West Palm Beach's three network-affiliated stations.
One of WFLX's original programs was Bedtime Movies, which aired late on Saturday night. Although rarely making a dent in the ratings against NBC's Saturday Night Live, the show gained a loyal cult following thanks to its rotating group of hosts: attractive young women, who would announce the films while lying on a queen sized bed, wearing a lace teddy. The "Bedtime Movie Girls" (as well as a few male hosts) were also sent out on station promotions, at county fairs, jai alai matches and even tractor pulls. Bedtime Movies was cancelled at the end of 1987, but was brought back briefly in the late 1990s.
On October 9, 1986, WFLX became one of the charter affiliates of Fox. At the time, it was the de facto affiliate of the network in all of South Florida, since WCIX, the Fox affiliate in Miami (now CBS O&O WFOR-TV), had a signal unable to reach most Broward and northern Miami-Dade county viewers, an issue eventually rectified on January 1, 1989, when a number of affiliation swaps in Miami and West Palm Beach resulted in Miami's WSVN becoming Miami's Fox affiliate. WPTV and WFLX would be the only two West Palm Beach stations unaffected by any of the affiliation shuffles.
As the 1990s approached, WFLX picked up Fox Kids programming in afternoons and phased out older sitcoms for talk and reality shows. After the 1993–1994 season, it was recognized as the "Fox Affiliate of the Year". In 1998, Malrite was purchased by Raycom Media. Shortly after the merge, ratings came out affirming that WFLX was one of Fox's highest affiliates in terms of network ratings, including bleed-over numbers into Miami/Fort Lauderdale to the south. In April 2002, WFLX was the first station in the West Palm Beach market to broadcast in high definition, carrying network programming in the format.
In April 2005, Raycom tested The Tube Music Network, one of the first digital subchannel networks, on this station for three weeks. Raycom then announced on April 25, 2005, that it would be the launch station group for The Tube affiliating 29 stations. On October 1, 2007, The Tube ceased operations due to financial issues.
WFLX discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 29, at noon on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 28. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 29.
In March 2011, Raycom announced that WFLX would be operated through a shared services agreement with WPTV-TV, the NBC affiliate for the Treasure Coast owned and operated by E. W. Scripps Company. In addition to news content, which WPTV has produced for WFLX since the beginning of 2011 (see "News operation" below), WPTV will handle technical, promotional, and online operations for WFLX, along with possible production of local content outside of news. The stations will have separate sales departments; WFLX's sales team (which will remain separate from WPTV) will lease space at WPTV's studios on South Australian Avenue in downtown West Palm Beach. It was later announced that WFLX would vacate their existing studio in Riviera Beach at the end of May.
Programming
WFLX frequently broadcasts New York Giants games due to a large number of transplants from the New York area. The only exception is when the Miami Dolphins are on Fox at the same time (which only occurred when the Dolphins played host to an NFC team prior to the introduction of cross flexing procedures in 2014; most Dolphins games still air on WPEC due to CBS' contract with the AFC).
News operation
WFLX presently broadcasts 17 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with three hours each weekday and one hour each on Saturdays and Sundays).
News share with WPEC
After Fox required most of its affiliates to air newscasts in 1990, WFLX entered in a news share agreement with CBS affiliate WPEC (then owned by the Photo Electronics Corporation). On September 11, 1991, that station started producing a nightly prime time broadcast at 10:00 p.m. on WFLX known as The Fox 29 10 O'Clock News. Originally thirty minutes long, it soon expanded to a full hour. In 2000, an hour-long weekday morning show at 7:00 a.m. began to air entitled Fox 29 Morning News; this was expanded to two hours on September 6, 2006.
WFLX and WPEC maintained separate news sets and on-air identities but shared a weather set and most on-air personnel, except for a few that only appeared on one station. While produced by WPEC, the broadcasts maintained their own separate identity and look, similar to other Raycom stations. As with network programming, the newscasts also rated in the Miami–Fort Lauderdale market, a trend some have attributed to backlash to that area's Fox affiliate WSVN. As a result, Adelphia (whose system was later acquired by Comcast) pulled WSVN off its West Palm Beach cable lineup in 2005. On January 31, 2008, WPEC and WFLX became the second and third stations respectively in all of South Florida to offer newscasts in high definition behind NBC affiliate WPTV.
WFLX is the first station in the West Palm Beach market to air a prime time newscast at 10:00 p.m., and compete with CW affiliate WTVX, which aired their own 10:00 p.m. newscast (produced at the studios of its Salt Lake City sister station, KUTV, and including two locally based reporters) from August 4, 2008, until it was moved to 6:30 p.m. on March 2, 2009 (and was discontinued altogether three months later). Five years later, WPEC began airing a weeknight-only 10:00 p.m. newscast for that station.
Partnership with WPTV
It was announced on October 22, 2010, that the agreement with WPEC would end on December 31, 2010. On January 1, 2011, WPTV established a new partnership with WFLX and began producing the two-hour weekday morning show and nightly hour-long prime time newscast. These newscasts originate from a secondary set at WPTV's facilities on South Australian Avenue in downtown West Palm Beach (its mailing address actually says Banyan Boulevard, which is also known as 1st Street) and required the addition of more than a dozen new personnel. The new news agreement eventually led to WFLX's shared services agreement with WPTV later in 2011.
WPTV's agreement marked the first time that a Scripps station has produced such a newscast since a now-defunct arrangement between WXYZ-TV and WKBD-TV (which was then a UPN affiliate) in Detroit. An entire new format was introduced and the coverage is different. On Friday and Sunday nights at 10:45, there is a fifteen-minute sports highlight show called The Wayne Akers Ford Sports Zone (named after a local dealership). On September 19, 2011, WPTV added a half-hour weekday late afternoon newscast to WFLX known as Fox 29 News First at 4. With this addition, there is now 57 hours of local news each week provided by the two stations. This addition makes it the third Fox affiliate to air a newscast produced by another station in the same market to carry a late afternoon or early evening newscast, along with WSYM-TV in Lansing, Michigan and WQRF in Rockford, Illinois. Fox 29 News - First at 4 was canceled in Fall of 2014 as WPTV shifted production of the half-hour from WFLX to WPTV and the newscast (now an hour-long) became The Now South Florida, as all Scripps stations adapted The Now branding for their 4:00 p.m. newscasts.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Until the network's shutdown on October 1, 2007, WFLX offered The Tube Music Network on its second digital subchannel and Comcast digital channel 220. From there on until fall 2011, WFLX-DT2 remained unoccupied but showed a simple station identification and the current time of day. This TV, which is currently not cleared in West Palm Beach, has been picked up by most Raycom Fox affiliates except for WFLX. The network has been airing on the second digital subchannel of Miami–Fort Lauderdale CW affiliate WSFL-TV which can be picked up over-the-air in southern areas of the market. On September 26, 2011, WFLX relaunched subchannel 29.2 with Bounce TV.
References
External links
Fox network affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Circle (TV network) affiliates
Start TV affiliates
Quest (American TV network) affiliates
Gray Television
Television channels and stations established in 1982
FLX
1982 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFLX |
The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification and is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage treatment system. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore less suitable for small communities and developing nations.
History
Rapid sand filters were first developed in the 1890s, and improved designs were developed by the 1920s. The first modern rapid sand filtration plant was designed and built by George W. Fuller in Little Falls, New Jersey. Rapid sand filters were widely used in large municipal water systems by the 1920s, because they required smaller land areas compared to slow sand filters.
Design and operation
Rapid sand filters are typically designed as part of multi-stage treatment systems used by large municipalities. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore less suitable for small communities and developing nations. The filtration system requires a relatively small land area in proportion to the population served, and the design is less sensitive to changes in raw water quality, e.g. turbidity, than slow sand filters.
Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove particles and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation chemicals—typically alum. Since media other than silica sand can be used in such filters, a more modern term is "rapid filtration" instead of "rapid sand filtration." The unfiltered water flows through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped pressure and the floc material is trapped in the sand matrix.
Mixing, flocculation and sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages that precede filtration. Chemical additives, such as coagulants, are often used in conjunction with the filtration system.
The two types of rapid sand filter are the gravity type (e.g. Paterson's filter) and pressure type (e.g. Candy's filter).
A disinfection system (typically using chlorine or ozone) is commonly used following filtration. Rapid sand filtration has very little effect on taste and smell and dissolved impurities of drinking water, unless activated carbon is included in the filter medium.
Rapid sand filters must be cleaned frequently, often several times a day, by backwashing, which involves reversing the direction of the water and adding compressed air. During backwashing, the bed is fluidized and care must be taken not to wash away the media.
The byproduct of backwashing is sludge which is either tankered away or is run to waste if the composition is within the tolerable limits. These tanks are known as "Dirty washwater tanks".
See also
Automated pool cleaner
Notes
References
Water filters
Water technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20sand%20filter |
Jamal ad-Din, Jamal ud-Din or Jamal al-Din (), meaning 'Beauty of the Faith', is a male Muslim name formed from the elements Jamal and ad-Din. In Egyptian pronunciation it appears as Gamal el-Din or in similar forms. In Bosnian usage it is usually written Džemaludin. It may also refer to:
Government and politics
Jamal ad-Din I (fl. mid-14th century), provincial governor in Ethiopia
Jamal al-Din al-Ustadar (died 1411), emir in Egypt
Jamal ad-Din II (died 1433), Adal ruler
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838–1897), Islamic political activist
Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi (1848–1917), senior judge of the Ottoman Empire
Djamaluddin Malik (1917–1970), Indonesian film producer and politician
Jamaluddin Jarjis (1951–2015), Malaysian politician
Ahmed Gamal El-Din Moussa (born 1951), Egyptian politician and lawyer
Gamal El Deen Muhammad Hosni Sayed Mubarak, or just Gamal Mubarak (born 1963), Egyptian politician
Iyad Jamal Al-Din (born 1961), Iraqi politician
Abdel Ahad Gamal El Din, Egyptian politician
Khairy Jamaluddin, Malaysian politician
Sports
Džemaludin Mušović (born 1944), Bosnian football manager
Džemaludin or Džemal Hadžiabdić (born 1963), Bosnian footballer
Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (born 1964), Uzbek racing cyclist
Dzhamaldin Khodzhaniyazov (born 1996), Russian footballer
Jameleddine Limam (born 1967), Tunsian footballer
Jamaluddin (cricketer) (born 1985), Pakistani cricketer
Jamaluddin Ahmed (born 1977), Bangladeshi cricketer
Rifat Zhemaletdinov (born 1996), Russian footballer
Timur Zhamaletdinov (born 1997), Russian footballer
Writers
Jamal-ud-Din Hansvi (c. 1187–c. 1261), Afghan scholar, poet, Sufi
Jamal al-Din Yusuf bin al-Amir Sayf al-Din Taghribirdi, or just Ibn Taghribirdi (1410–1470), Egyptian historian
Djamaluddin Adinegoro (1904–1967), Indonesian journalist
Jamal-ud-din Abro, or just Jamal Abro (1924–2004), Sindhi writer
Yousef Gamal El-Din (born 1985), Swiss-Egyptian journalist and television personality
Other
Jamal ad-Din Bukhari (fl. 1260s), Persian astronomer
Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut (fl. early died 1240), Abyssinian slave who rose to a position of influence in the Delhi Sultanate
Jamal al-Din al-Isnawi (1304-1370), a Shafi'i jurist and Qur'anic exegete
Jamal ad-Din Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn Muthahhar al-Hilli (1250–1325), Iraqi Twelver Shi'a theologian
Džemaludin Čaušević (1870–1938), Bosniak reformer and imam
Jamaaladeen Tacuma (born 1956), (adopted name), American jazz bassist
Jamal Udeen Al-Harith (1966–2017), British Muslim imprisoned in Guantanamo
M. Jamal Deen (born 1955), Guyanese IT professor working in Canada
Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal%20ad-Din |
The Convention concerning Wages, Hours of Work on Board Ship and Manning (or Wages, Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention) is a convention of the International Labour Organization originally drafted in 1946 and revised conventions in 1949 and 1958, none of which entered into force.
Entry into Force
The criterion of entry into force for all three conventions required a minimum number countries acceding with a significant sea trade volume as well as requirements of the aggregate of trade volume by ratifying countries:
ratification by nine countries from the group: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (1958 convention only), Greece, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan (1958 convention only), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain (1958 convention only), Sweden, Soviet Union (1958 convention only), Turkey, United Kingdom, United States and Yugoslavia;
ratification from at least five countries with over one million gross register tons of shipping;
an aggregate tonnage by ratifying countries of more than fifteen million gross register tons.
Ratifications
An overview of number of ratifications of the conferences is shown below. Although the number of ratifications was larger for the revised conventions, the entry into force criteria were met in none of them. The conventions were closed for signature upon the entry into force of the Seafarers' Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996.
An overview of the ratifications of the conventions as of 27 May 2013 is shown below. Only the 1958 received ratifications from the list of countries of which 9 were required to ratify. Six such ratifications were received (Yugoslavia also ratified, but is depicted in the list as its successor states). Denouncements of the convention were a result of the entry into force of the Seafarers' Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships Convention, 1996 for those countries. Also ratification of the Maritime Labour Convention results -after it enters into force on 20 August 2013- in denouncement of the conventions.
See also
Convention concerning Hours of Work on Board Ship and Manning, a 1936 convention revised by these conventions
Convention concerning Seafarers' Hours of Work and the Manning of Ships, a 1996 convention which revised these conventions
Maritime Labour Convention, a 2005 convention revising these conventions (which not entered into effect)
External links
Full text of the 1946, 1949, 1958 conventions at the ILO website
Ratification status of the 1946, 1949, 1958 conventions at the ILO website
International Labour Organization conventions
Working time
Treaties concluded in 1946
Treaties concluded in 1949
Treaties concluded in 1958
Treaties not entered into force
Admiralty law treaties
1946 in labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventions%20concerning%20Wages%2C%20Hours%20of%20Work%20on%20Board%20Ship%20and%20Manning |
The First Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary on the northeastern Italian Front in World War I, between 23 June and 7 July 1915.
The aim of the Italian Army was to drive the Austrians away from its defensive positions along the Isonzo ( Soča) river and on the nearby mountains and hopefully capture the port of Trieste.
Although the Italians enjoyed a 2:1 numeric superiority, their offensive failed because the Italian commander, Luigi Cadorna, employed frontal assaults after impressive (but short) artillery barrages. The Austro-Hungarians had the advantage of fighting from uphill positions barricaded with barbed wire which were able to easily resist the Italian assault.
The Italians had some early successes. They partially took Monte Nero (Monte Krn), took Monte Colowrat, and captured the heights around Plezzo. However, they were unable to dislodge the Austro-Hungarian troops from the high ground between Tolmino and the Isonzo, which would later form a launching off point for the Caporetto Offensive. The heaviest fighting occurred around Gorizia. In addition to the natural defenses of the river and mountains, bastions were created at Oslavia and Podgora. The fighting at Gorizia consisted of street-by-street urban combat interspersed with artillery fire. Italian troops, such as the Italian Re and Casale Brigades, were able to advance as far as the suburbs but could get no further and were driven back. They made small footholds at Sagrado and Redipuglia on the Karst Plateau south of Gorizia but were unable to do much else.
On the Austrian-Hungarian side two commanders distinguished themselves: Major General Géza Lukachich von Somorja, commander of the 5th Mountain Brigade, who retook Redipuglia, and Major General Novak von Arienti who retook Hill 383 (overlooking Plave) with his 1st Mountain Brigade.
Early in July the commander of the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army, General Svetozar Boroević, received two reinforcement divisions, which put an end to the Italian efforts at breaking through the Austro-Hungarian lines.
The final Italian gains were minimal: in the northern sector, they conquered the heights over Bovec (Mount Kanin); in the southern sector, they conquered the westernmost ridges of the Karst Plateau near Fogliano Redipuglia and Monfalcone.
Involved units
See also
History of Austria
Italy in World War I
References
Österreichisches Staatsarchiv/Kriegsarchiv Wien
L'esercito italiano nella grande guerra (1915–1918) Volume I–IV / Roma: Ministerio della Guerra – Ufficio Storico, 1929–1974
Ministero della Guerra Stato Maggiore centrale – Ufficio Storico. Guerra Italo-Austriaca 1915–18. Le medaglie d'Oro. Volume secondo – 1916. Roma: 1923
Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914–1918 Band II Verlag der Militärwissenschftlichen Mitteilungen Wien 1931–1933
Anton Graf Bossi-Fedrigotti: Kaiserjäger – Ruhm und Ende. Stocker Verlag, Graz 1977
http://www.worldwar1.com/itafront/ison1915.htm
Further reading
Macdonald, John, and Željko Cimprič. Caporetto and the Isonzo Campaign: The Italian Front, 1915–1918. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2011.
Page, Thomas Nelson, (1920) "Italy and the World War". New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, Full Text Available Online.
External links
First Battle of the Isonzo, 1915 at FirstWorldWar.com
Battlefield Maps: Italian Front
11 battles at the Isonzo
The Walks of Peace in the Soča Region Foundation. The Foundation preserves, restores and presents the historical and cultural heritage of the First World War in the area of the Isonzo Front for the study, tourist and educational purposes.
The Kobarid Museum (in English)
Društvo Soška Fronta (in Slovenian)
Pro Hereditate – extensive site (in En/It/Sl)
Isonzo 01
Isonzo 01
Isonzo 01
Isonzo 01
the Isonzo
1915 in Italy
1915 in Austria-Hungary
June 1915 events
July 1915 events
Battles involving Slovenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Battle%20of%20the%20Isonzo |
George Henry Heinke (July 22, 1882 – January 2, 1940) was a Nebraska Republican politician.
Early life
He was born on a farm on July 22, 1882, near Dunbar, Nebraska, and moved in 1889 to Douglas, Nebraska, in 1891 to San Angelo, Texas, and in 1894 to Talmage, Nebraska. He graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln College of Law and passed the bar in 1908. He set up practice in Nebraska City, Nebraska.
Career
He became the prosecuting attorney for Otoe County, Nebraska, from 1919 to 1923 and 1927 to 1935. In 1939, he was elected to the Seventy-sixth United States Congress and served from January 3, 1939, until January 2, 1940.
Death
On January 2, 1940, while en route to Washington, D.C., he died in a car crash in Morrilton, Arkansas. He is buried in Wyuka Cemetery in Nebraska City.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
References
"Memorial Services held in the House of Representatives of the United States, together with remarks presented in eulogy of George Henry Heinke late a Representative from Nebraska frontispiece 1941"
1882 births
1940 deaths
People from Nebraska City, Nebraska
University of Nebraska College of Law alumni
District attorneys in Nebraska
Road incident deaths in Arkansas
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Heinke |
The Potomac School is a coeducational, college-preparatory independent day school located on a wooded 90-acre campus in McLean, Virginia, United States, three miles (5 km) from Washington, D.C. Average class size is 15-17 students. For the 2021-22 school year, Potomac enrolled 1,066 students in grades K-12. The school has four divisions – Lower School (K- 3), Middle School (4-6), Intermediate School (7-8), and Upper School (9-12) – each providing a balanced educational experience.
History
At the turn of the 20th century, three Washington, D.C. residents, Edith Draper Blair, Hetty Fairfax Harrison, and Ellen Warder Thoron traveled to New York City to research John Dewey’s teaching model and educational philosophy. The women’s interest in early childhood education as a joyful and enriching endeavor led them to found The Potomac School in 1904. The school’s original location was in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. In 1906, Potomac relocated to 18th and M Streets NW; a decade later, the school, at that point enrolling students through grade 8, moved to a larger facility at 2144 California Street in Northwest Washington, D.C.
Looking toward greater future expansion, Potomac’s Board of Trustees purchased 55 acres of farmland in McLean, Virginia, in 1948. The ensuing years brought significant growth, with additions of land and facilities, an increase in the student population, and the addition of new programs. In 1987, Potomac added an Upper School to serve students in grades 9-12. The first senior class graduated from The Potomac School in 1990, and in 2004 the school celebrated its Centennial. Enrollment reached 1,000 for the first time in 2009.
Arts
The school has extensive programs in vocal and instrumental music, fine arts, and theater. The school offers extensive arts programming in during the summer season in partnership with the Handwork Studio.
Scandal
In 2011, a former Potomac student accused a former Intermediate School teacher and administrator of abusing her in the late 1960s. The accused individual was arrested by Fairfax County police in November 2012. He was convicted in October 2013 of molesting five girls and sentenced to 43 years in prison.
In addition to the police probe, The Potomac School initiated an independent investigation, which was completed in June 2014. The school announced that it would turn its findings over to Fairfax County police and would institute comprehensive training in abuse prevention, background checks of all employees and volunteers, and standardized practices for handling abuse complaints.
Notable alumni
Michael Arndt, screenwriter, Little Miss Sunshine
Chris Ayer, solo guitar artist
Rostam Batmanglij, rock musician, Vampire Weekend
Zal Batmanglij, film director, The East
Alice Louise Davison, linguist
Sasha DiGiulian, rock climber
Julie Finley, former ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Davis Guggenheim, writer and director
Sarah Meeker Jensen, architect
Dwaune Jones, professional football coach, Atlanta Falcons
Thomas Kean, politician and businessman
Roger Kent, politician
Nick Lowery, former professional football player, Kansas City Chiefs, New England Patriots, and New York Jets
Robert McDowell, 2-time Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Commissioner
Ellen McLaughlin, playwright
Jon Metzger, vibraphonist
Pierre Omidyar, founder of eBay and philanthropist with Omidyar Network
Antonio de Oyarzabal, Spanish diplomat
Adam Platt, New York magazine restaurant critic
Keshia Knight Pulliam, actress best known for playing Rudy Huxtable on The Cosby Show
Lee Radziwill, socialite
Alex Ross, music critic for The New Yorker
Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd, socialite
Frances Sternhagen, actor in television, theater, and film
Whit Stillman, film director
Nina Auchincloss Straight, author and socialite
Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud, retired Saudi Arabian diplomat
Derek Thompson, journalist, The Atlantic
Russell E. Train, second administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
References
External links
Preparatory schools in Virginia
Independent School League
Educational institutions established in 1904
Private K-12 schools in Virginia
McLean, Virginia
1904 establishments in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac%20School%20%28McLean%2C%20Virginia%29 |
Richard S. "Rick" Krebs is a role-playing game and simulation game designer.
His initial game design was in the early 1960s when he created simulation games using toothpicks, American plastic bricks, cardboard chits, bingo chips and the box-like design of his bed quilt (buildings). The periods covered by these rules began with medieval & fantasy knights, through gangster wars, and continued into modern warfare. His mother frequently commented that Rick used to get in trouble with the neighborhood kids, as he was always changing or making up new rules. Briefly, putting aside his toys and games, Krebs trained as a social/cultural/intellectual historian, and received a B.A. from Albright College in 1971. His senior thesis was on the biographer/journalist/historian, Burton J. Hendrick.
Game career
Rick Krebs is the original game designer for TSR, Inc.'s Gangbusters, a historical role-playing game set in the 1920s.
Krebs's professional involvement in the industry goes back to a fantasy fanzine Phanta Carta, and the first edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons game, where he contributed to and is credited in the Preface to the 1979 Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Dungeon Master's Guide. He also wrote the articles, "D&D meets the Electronic Age", and "Non-player characters Have Feelings Too", for Dragon magazine.
He founded and operated the original Gamer's Guild game store from 1977 to 1982. During this time created the Krebikoff Gambit for use in the Cosmic Encounter board game, designed a simplified rule set for space gaming with miniature figures, and rules for English Civil War military miniatures.
In the mid 1990s, he worked on the play-by-mail game ElderLords (based on his D&D campaign), promoted and designed adventures for the computer game Eamon adventures, created and programmed Radio Horse Racing, a computerized horse racing simulation, created the 'rainbow doozi' cyber creaturatons and refined several artificial intelligence computer games. Maintained a correspondence with Gary Gygax from 1975 until Mr Gygax's death in 2008. Created and produced "Foam Wars" gaming system as well as "No Paint Armies" using "Granny Grate".
Krebs's Law of Gaming
"The one rule, to rule them all, is to have fun."
References
Sources
RPG Encyclopedia (G)
Swan, Rick. The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games (St Martin Press, 1990).
Albright College alumni
American game designers
Dungeons & Dragons game designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Krebs |
Liberty High School is a large urban, public high school located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Liberty is the larger of two public high schools in the Bethlehem Area School District; Freedom High School is the other. Liberty's current attendance area includes students from Bethlehem, Fountain Hill, Freemansburg, and Hanover Township. As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,702 students, according to National Center for Education Statistics data.
Liberty High School students may choose to attend the Bethlehem Area Vocational-Technical School for training in the construction and mechanical trades. In 2015, the Bethlehem School District reported that over 1,000 Bethlehem Area pupils were enrolled in the Vocational school's programs. The Colonial Intermediate Unit IU20 provides the school with a wide variety of services like: specialized education for disabled students; state-mandated training on recognizing and reporting child abuse; speech and visual disability services; criminal background check processing for prospective employees and professional development for staff and faculty.
Liberty High School holds football games and other sporting events at the Frank Banko Field at the Bethlehem Area School District Stadium, one of the state's largest high school football stadiums. Graduation takes place annually at Stabler Arena.
History
Liberty High School was built in 1918 and opened in 1922. At the ceremony in May 1923, Liberty High School was dedicated to "the progressive spirit of the citizens of Bethlehem." At the opening of the school, Liberty was seen as "one of the greatest achievements of the City of Bethlehem" and designed to not only "further the well-being of youth" but also to stand as a "War Memorial, commemorating the valor of Bethlehem men who went to the front, the sacrifice of the heroic dead and the manifold contributions and productions of the city toward bringing the war to swift and just conclusion." Liberty High School was given its name to cement this War Memorial status. It is located in the geographical center of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of the state.
Liberty High School served all of Bethlehem until Freedom High School was built. Following the opening of Freedom High School, Center City, Pembroke, and South Side residents in Bethlehem attended Liberty while Bethlehem Township and Hanover Township residents went to Freedom. Adjustments have since been made to these borders, and Liberty now has students from Hanover, Center City, Pembroke and some of South Side (with some South Side residents attending the Freedom school).
Up until Liberty's recent remodel, the school was composed of three classroom buildings, two buildings with four floors and one science center with two. Over the years, several renovations have been performed on the school, with the most recent being an overhaul of the main building, along with the construction of a new student activity center.
Liberty High School's Main building (Common's Building) is currently home to the Freshman Center. It is a new program established in 2013 meant to help freshmen make the transition the high school a little easier. Students there are now following a different schedule than the 10-12 graders attending Liberty. All freshmen take classes in the 2nd and 3rd floor of the commons building and travel for gym, business and sciences classes. It was developed due to the fact that freshmen typically struggle academically with such a big transition from middle school. This is the first time Liberty High School has done something like this in its history.
Athletics
The school's athletic teams compete in the Eastern Pennsylvania Conference, one of the premier high school athletic conferences in the nation that also includes high schools from Allentown, Easton, Emmaus, and other Lehigh Valley locations.
Liberty High School sports include cheerleading (non-competitive and competitive), baseball, field hockey, boys and girls soccer, boys and girls track and field, boys and girls basketball, football, softball, boys and girls volleyball, Co-ed golf, boys and girls swimming, rifle, boys and girls tennis, girls and boys lacrosse, wrestling, and boys and girls cross country. In December 2008, the Liberty High School varsity football team won the Pennsylvania 4A State Championship. Liberty High School has the fifth most Eastern Pennsylvania Conference championships in all sports, behind Parkland High School, Emmaus High School, Easton Area High School, and Allentown Central Catholic High School.
Liberty High School (as well as Freedom High School and Bethlehem Catholic High School) plays at Frank Banko Field at Bethlehem Area School District Stadium, a 12,000 capacity high school stadium that is one of the largest in Pennsylvania.
In 2022, Liberty High School's baseball team placed second in Pennsylvania's state tournament for 6A teams.
Grenadier Band
The Liberty High School Grenadier Band is the official marching band of the school. The band is unique in that is uses the format for military bands in the British Army's Household Division, a format it began using in 1967. Since then, it has been adapted and made suitable for the American high school marching bands with the addition of Sousaphones, Mellophones, Baritone horns and fewer trumpets. The band was originally founded as the Bethlehem High School Band in 1926. At that time, the school was one of its kind since it opened in 1922. After the school's name change in 1966, the band began to orient itself towards the Coldstream Guards by issuing new uniforms and creating a pipe band, which itself resembles the Scots Guards. As of 2019, the LHSGB consists of 300 students which, besides the bagpipe section, also includes a color guard section, majorettes, corps of drums, fanfare trumpeters, and a drum major.
The Grenadier Band was featured in a 2016 PBS39 documentary, Second to None: Liberty High School Grenadier Band. The documentary follows the historic legacy of the band, as well as the process by which the band conducts itself every year.
Notable alumni
David Bader, computer scientist and professor, Georgia Institute of Technology
Thomas Baron, former Apollo 1 whistleblower
Chuck Bednarik, former professional football player, Philadelphia Eagles, Pro Football Hall of Fame member, responsible for The Hit, one of the most famed plays in NFL history
John B. Callahan, former mayor of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Pete Carril, former basketball coach, Princeton University, Basketball Hall of Fame member
Alexandra Chando, actress, CBS's As the World Turns and ABC's The Lying Game
Jimmy DeGrasso, drummer, Alice Cooper band; former drummer, Megadeth
Ted Deutch, former U.S. Congressman
Martin C. Faga, former director, National Reconnaissance Office
Peter Feaver, former special advisor for strategic planning and institutional reform, U.S. National Security Council
Jonathan Frakes, actor and director, William Riker in Star Trek: The Next Generation
Murray H. Goodman, real estate developer
Erica Grow, meteorologist, WPIX in New York City
Mike Hartenstine, former professional football player, Chicago Bears and Minnesota Vikings
Darrun Hilliard, professional basketball player with Maccabi Tel Aviv, formerly with Detroit Pistons and San Antonio Spurs
Loren Keim, real estate author and magazine editor
Gary Lavelle, former professional baseball player, Oakland Athletics, San Francisco Giants and Toronto Blue Jays
Barry W. Lynn, political activist and former executive director, Americans United for Separation of Church and State
Zora Martin-Felton, former education director, Smithsonian Institution
J. J. Maura, former voiceover artist and television announcer, WCAU and QVC
Matt McBride, former professional baseball player, Colorado Rockies and Oakland Athletics
Paul McHale, former assistant secretary of Defense for Homeland Security and former Member of Congress
Billy Packer, former college basketball television sportscaster, CBS Sports
Dan Persa, former quarterback for the Northwestern Wildcats and finished his college career with the highest completion percentage in the NCAA
James J. Reed, former head coach, United States men's national soccer team
Thom Schuyler, country music songwriter, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame
Bill Shuey, outside linebackers coach, Jacksonville Jaguars
Sheetal Sheth, actress, Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World
Devin Street, former professional football player, Dallas Cowboys, Houston Texans, Indianapolis Colts, New England Patriots, and New York Jets
David Zinczenko, diet author, editor of Men's Health magazine
Notable faculty
James Delgrosso, former mayor of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
References
External links
Official website
Liberty High School athletics
Liberty High School on Facebook
Liberty High School on Twitter
Liberty High School profile at U.S. News & World Report
Liberty High School sports coverage at The Express-Times
1922 establishments in Pennsylvania
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1922
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Schools in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Schools in Northampton County, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty%20High%20School%20%28Bethlehem%2C%20Pennsylvania%29 |
vsftpd, (or very secure FTP daemon), is an FTP server for Unix-like systems, including Linux. It is the default FTP server in the Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, NimbleX, Slackware and RHEL Linux distributions. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License. It supports IPv6, TLS and FTPS (explicit since 2.0.0 and implicit since 2.1.0).
Compromised website
In July 2011, it was discovered that vsftpd version 2.3.4 downloadable from the master site had been compromised. Users logging into a compromised vsftpd-2.3.4 server may issue a ":)" smileyface as the username and gain a command shell on port 6200. This was not an issue of a security hole in vsftpd, instead, an unknown attacker had uploaded a different version of vsftpd which contained a backdoor. Since then, the site was moved to Google App Engine.
See also
Comparison of FTP server software
Pure-FTPd
References
External links
Guide to setting up vsftpd including TLS/SSL encryption
FTP server software
Free server software
Free file transfer software
FTP server software for Linux
Unix Internet software
Free software programmed in C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsftpd |
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