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The Second Battle of the Isonzo was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Italy and of Austria-Hungary in the Italian Front in World War I, between 18 July and 3 August 1915.
Overview
After the failure of the First Battle of the Isonzo, two weeks earlier, Luigi Cadorna, commander-in-chief of the Italian forces, decided for a new thrust against the Austro-Hungarian lines with heavier artillery support.
The overall plans of the Italian offensive were barely changed by the outcomes of the previous fight, besides the role of general Frugoni's Second Army, which this time had, on paper, to carry out only demonstrative attacks all over his front. The major role, assigned to the Duke of Aosta's Third Army, was to conquer Mount San Michele and Mount Cosich, cutting the enemy line and opening the way to Gorizia.
General Cadorna's tactics were as simple as they were harsh: after a heavy artillery bombardment his troops were to advance in a frontal assault against the Austro-Hungarian line, overcome the enemy's barbed-wire fences, and take the trenches. The insufficiency of war materiel – from rifles, to artillery shells, to shears to cut barbed wire – nullified the Italians' numerical superiority.
The battle
The Karst Plateau was the site of an exhausting series of hand-to-hand fights involving the Italian Second and Third Armies, with severe casualties on both sides. Bayonets, swords, knives, and various scrap metal and debris were all used in the terrifying melee. The Austro-Hungarian 20th Honvéd Infantry Division lost two-thirds of its effective strength and was routed due to a combination of the successive Italian Army attacks and the unfavorable terrain.
On 25 July the Italians occupied the Cappuccio Wood, a position west of Mount San Michele, which was not very steep but dominated quite a large area including the Austro-Hungarian bridgehead of Gorizia from the South. Mount San Michele was briefly held by Italian forces, but was recaptured during a desperate counterattack by Colonel Richter, who commanded a group of elite regiments.
In the northern section of the front, the Julian Alps, the Italians managed to overrun Mount Batognica over Kobarid (Caporetto), which would have an important strategic value in future battles.
The battle wore down when both sides ran out of ammunition. The total casualties during the three-week battle were about 91,000 men, of which 43,000 Italians and 48,000 Austro-Hungarians.
See also
First Battle of the Isonzo – 23 June 1915 – 7 July 1915
Third Battle of the Isonzo – 18 October 1915 – 3 November 1915
Fourth Battle of the Isonzo – 10 November 1915 – 2 December 1915
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo – 9 March 1916 – 17 March 1916
Sixth Battle of the Isonzo – 6 August 1916 – 17 August 1916
Seventh Battle of the Isonzo – 14 September 1916 – 17 September 1916
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo – 10 October 1916 – 12 October 1916
Ninth Battle of the Isonzo – 1 November 1916 – 4 November 1916
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo – 12 May 1917 – 8 June 1917
Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo – 19 August 1917 – 12 September 1917
Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo – 24 October 1917 – 7 November 1917 also known as the Battle of Caporetto
References
Further reading
Macdonald, John, and Željko Cimprič. Caporetto and the Isonzo Campaign: The Italian Front, 1915-1918. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2011.
External links
The Second Battle of the Isonzo, 1915 at FirstWorldWar.com
FirstWorldWar.Com: The Battles of the Isonzo, 1915–17
Battlefield Maps: Italian Front
11 battles at the Isonzo
The Walks of Peace in the Soča Region Foundation. The Foundation preserves, restores and presents the historical and cultural heritage of the First World War in the area of the Isonzo Front for the study, tourist and educational purposes.
The Kobarid Museum (in English)
Društvo Soška Fronta (in Slovenian)
Pro Hereditate – extensive site (in En/It/Sl)
Isonzo 02
Isonzo 02
Isonzo 02
Isonzo 02
the Isonzo
1915 in Italy
1915 in Austria-Hungary
July 1915 events
August 1915 events
Battles involving Slovenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Battle%20of%20the%20Isonzo |
A Zero-Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero-Energy (NZE) building, is a building with net zero energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site or in other definitions by renewable energy sources offsite, using technology such as heat pumps, high efficiency windows and insulation, and solar panels.
The goal is that these buildings contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere during operations than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount. The development of zero-energy buildings is encouraged by the desire to have less of an impact on the environment, and their expansion is encouraged by tax breaks and savings on energy costs which make zero-energy buildings financially viable.
Terminology tends to vary between countries, agencies, cities, towns and reports, so a general knowledge of this concept and its various employments is essential for a versatile understanding of clean energy and renewables. The International Energy Agency (IEA) and European Union (EU) most commonly use "Net Zero Energy", with the term "zero net" being mainly used in the USA. A similar concept approved and implemented by the European Union and other agreeing countries is nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB), with the goal of having all new buildings in the region under nZEB standards by 2020.
Overview
Typical code-compliant buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in the US and European Union and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases. To combat such high energy usage, more and more buildings are starting to implement the carbon neutrality principle, which is viewed as a means to reduce carbon emissions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Although zero-energy buildings remain limited, even in developed countries, they are gaining importance and popularity.
Most zero-energy buildings use the electrical grid for energy storage but some are independent of the grid and some include energy storage onsite. The buildings are called "energy-plus buildings" or in some cases "low energy houses". These buildings produce energy onsite using renewable technology like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies. The zero-energy goal is becoming more practical as the costs of alternative energy technologies decrease and the costs of traditional fossil fuels increase.
The development of modern zero-energy buildings became possible largely through the progress made in new energy and construction technologies and techniques. These include highly insulating spray-foam insulation, high-efficiency solar panels, high-efficiency heat pumps and highly insulating, low emissivity, triple and quadruple-glazed windows. These innovations have also been significantly improved by academic research, which collects precise energy performance data on traditional and experimental buildings and provides performance parameters for advanced computer models to predict the efficacy of engineering designs.
Zero-energy buildings can be part of a smart grid. Some advantages of these buildings are as follows:
Integration of renewable energy resources
Integration of plug-in electric vehicles – called vehicle-to-grid
Implementation of zero-energy concepts
Although the net zero concept is applicable to a wide range of resources, water and waste, energy is usually the first resource to be targeted because:
Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel like natural gas or heating oil, is expensive. Hence reducing energy use can save the building owner money. In contrast, water and waste are inexpensive for the individual building owner.
Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint. Hence reducing energy use is a major way to reduce the building's carbon footprint.
There are well-established means to significantly reduce the energy use and carbon footprint of buildings. These include: adding insulation, using heat pumps instead of furnaces, using low emissivity, triple or quadruple-glazed windows and adding solar panels to the roof.
In some countries, there are government-sponsored subsidies and tax breaks for installing heat pumps, solar panels, triple or quadruple-glazed windows and insulation that greatly reduce the cost of getting to a net-zero energy building for the building owner.
Optimizing zero-energy building for climate impact
The introduction of zero-energy buildings makes buildings more energy efficient and reduces the rate of carbon emissions once the building is in operation; however, there is still a lot of pollution associated with a building's embodied carbon. Embodied carbon is the carbon emitted in the making and transportation of a building's materials and construction of the structure itself; it is responsible for 11% of global GHG emissions and 28% of global building sector emissions. The importance of embodied carbon will grow as it will begin to account for the greater portion of a building's carbon emissions. In some newer, energy efficient buildings, embodied carbon has risen to 47% of the building's lifetime emissions. Focusiong on embodied carbon is part of optimizing construction for climate impact and zero carbon emissions requires slightly different considerations from optimizing only for energy efficiency.
A 2019 study found that between 2020 and 2030, reducing upfront carbon emissions and switching to clean or renewable energy is more important than increasing building efficiency because "building a highly energy efficient structure can actually produce more greenhouse gas than a basic code compliant one if carbon-intensive materials are used." The study stated that because "Net-zero energy codes will not significantly reduce emissions in time, policy makers and regulators must aim for true net zero carbon buildings, not net zero energy buildings."
One way to reduced embodied carbon is by using low-carbon materials for construction such as straw, wood, linoleum, or cedar. For materials like concrete and steel, options to reduce embodied emissions do exist, however, these are unlikely to be available at large scale in the short-term. In conclusion, it has been determined that the optimal design point for greenhouse gas reduction appeared to be at four story multifamily buildings of low-carbon materials, such as those listed above, which could be a template for low-carbon emitting structures.
Definitions
Despite sharing the name "zero net energy", there are several definitions of what the term means in practice, with a particular difference in usage between North America and Europe.
Zero net site energy use In this type of ZNE, the amount of energy provided by on-site renewable energy sources is equal to the amount of energy used by the building. In the United States, "zero net energy building" generally refers to this type of building.
Zero net source energy use This ZNE generates the same amount of energy as is used, including the energy used to transport the energy to the building. This type accounts for energy losses during electricity generation and transmission. These ZNEs must generate more electricity than zero net site energy buildings.
Net zero energy emissions Outside the United States and Canada, a ZEB is generally defined as one with zero net energy emissions, also known as a zero carbon building (ZCB) or zero emissions building (ZEB). Under this definition the carbon emissions generated from on-site or off-site fossil fuel use are balanced by the amount of on-site renewable energy production. Other definitions include not only the carbon emissions generated by the building in use, but also those generated in the construction of the building and the embodied energy of the structure. Others debate whether the carbon emissions of commuting to and from the building should also be included in the calculation. Recent work in New Zealand has initiated an approach to include building user transport energy within zero energy building frameworks.
Net zero cost In this type of building, the cost of purchasing energy is balanced by income from sales of electricity to the grid of electricity generated on-site. Such a status depends on how a utility credits net electricity generation and the utility rate structure the building uses.
Net off-site zero energy use A building may be considered a ZEB if 100% of the energy it purchases comes from renewable energy sources, even if the energy is generated off the site.
Off-the-gridOff-the-grid buildings are stand-alone ZEBs that are not connected to an off-site energy utility facility. They require distributed renewable energy generation and energy storage capability (for when the sun is not shining, wind is not blowing, etc.). An energy autarkic house is a building concept where the balance of the own energy consumption and production can be made on an hourly or even smaller basis. Energy autarkic houses can be taken off-the-grid.
Net Zero Energy Building Based on scientific analysis within the joint research program "Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings" a methodological framework was set up which allows different definitions, in accordance with country's political targets, specific (climate) conditions and respectively formulated requirements for indoor conditions: The overall conceptual understanding of a Net ZEB is an energy efficient, grid-connected building enabled to generate energy from renewable sources to compensate its own energy demand (see figure 1).The wording "Net" emphasizes the energy exchange between the building and the energy infrastructure. By the building-grid interaction, the Net ZEBs becomes an active part of the renewable energy infrastructure. This connection to energy grids prevents seasonal energy storage and oversized on-site systems for energy generation from renewable sources like in energy autonomous buildings. The similarity of both concepts is a pathway of two actions: 1) reduce energy demand by means of energy efficiency measures and passive energy use; 2) generate energy from renewable sources. However, the Net ZEBs grid interaction and plans to widely increase their numbers of evoking considerations on increased flexibility in the shift of energy loads and reduced peak demands.
Positive Energy District Expanding some of the principles of zero-energy buildings to a city district level, Positive Energy Districts (PED) are districts or other urban areas that produce at least as much energy on an annual basis as they consume. The impetus to develop whole positive energy districts instead of single buildings is based on the possibility of sharing resources, managing energy efficiently systems across many buildings and reaching economics of scale.
Within this balancing procedure several aspects and explicit choices have to be determined:
The building system boundary is split into a physical boundary which determines which renewable resources are considered (e.g. in buildings footprint, on-site or even off-site) respectively how many buildings are included in the balance (single building, cluster of buildings) and a balance boundary which determines the included energy uses (e.g. heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, lighting, appliances, IT, central services, electric vehicles, and embodied energy, etc.). It should be noticed that renewable energy supply options can be prioritized (e.g. by transportation or conversion effort, availability over the lifetime of the building or replication potential for future, etc.) and therefore create a hierarchy. It may be argued that resources within the building footprint or on-site should be given priority over off-site supply options.
The weighting system converts the physical units of different energy carriers into a uniform metric (site/final energy, source/primary energy renewable parts included or not, energy cost, equivalent carbon emissions and even energy or environmental credits) and allows their comparison and compensation among each other in one single balance (e.g. exported PV electricity can compensate for imported biomass). Politically influenced and therefore possibly asymmetrically or time-dependent conversion/weighting factors can affect the relative value of energy carriers and can influence the required energy generation capacity.
The balancing period is often assumed to be one year (suitable to cover all operation energy uses). A shorter period (monthly or seasonal) could also be considered as well as a balance over the entire life cycle (including embodied energy, which could also be annualized and counted in addition to operational energy uses).
The energy balance can be done in two balance types: 1) Balance of delivered/imported and exported energy (monitoring phase as self-consumption of energy generated on-site can be included); 2) Balance between (weighted) energy demand and (weighted) energy generation (for design phase as normal end users temporal consumption patterns -e.g. for lighting, appliances, etc.- are lacking). Alternatively, a balance based on monthly net values in which only residuals per month are summed up to an annual balance is imaginable. This can be seen either as a load/generation balance or as a special case of import/export balance where a "virtual monthly self-consumption" is assumed (see figure 2 and compare).
Besides the energy balance, the Net ZEBs can be characterized by their ability to match the building's load by its energy generation (load matching) or to work beneficially with respect to the needs of the local grid infrastructure (grind interaction). Both can be expressed by suitable indicators which are intended as assessment tools only.
Design and construction
The most cost-effective steps toward a reduction in a building's energy consumption usually occur during the design process. To achieve efficient energy use, zero energy design departs significantly from conventional construction practice. Successful zero energy building designers typically combine time tested passive solar, or artificial/fake conditioning, principles that work with the on-site assets. Sunlight and solar heat, prevailing breezes, and the cool of the earth below a building, can provide daylighting and stable indoor temperatures with minimum mechanical means. ZEBs are normally optimized to use passive solar heat gain and shading, combined with thermal mass to stabilize diurnal temperature variations throughout the day, and in most climates are superinsulated. All the technologies needed to create zero energy buildings are available off-the-shelf today.
Sophisticated 3-D building energy simulation tools are available to model how a building will perform with a range of design variables such as building orientation (relative to the daily and seasonal position of the sun), window and door type and placement, overhang depth, insulation type and values of the building elements, air tightness (weatherization), the efficiency of heating, cooling, lighting and other equipment, as well as local climate. These simulations help the designers predict how the building will perform before it is built, and enable them to model the economic and financial implications on building cost benefit analysis, or even more appropriate – life-cycle assessment.
Zero-energy buildings are built with significant energy-saving features. The heating and cooling loads are lowered by using high-efficiency equipment (such as heat pumps rather than furnaces. Heat pumps are about four times as efficient as furnaces) added insulation (especially in the attic and in the basement of houses), high-efficiency windows (such as low emissivity, triple-glazed windows), draft-proofing, high efficiency appliances (particularly modern high-efficiency refrigerators), high-efficiency LED lighting, passive solar gain in winter and passive shading in the summer, natural ventilation, and other techniques. These features vary depending on climate zones in which the construction occurs. Water heating loads can be lowered by using water conservation fixtures, heat recovery units on waste water, and by using solar water heating, and high-efficiency water heating equipment. In addition, daylighting with skylights or solartubes can provide 100% of daytime illumination within the home. Nighttime illumination is typically done with fluorescent and LED lighting that use 1/3 or less power than incandescent lights, without adding unwanted heat. And miscellaneous electric loads can be lessened by choosing efficient appliances and minimizing phantom loads or standby power. Other techniques to reach net zero (dependent on climate) are Earth sheltered building principles, superinsulation walls using straw-bale construction, pre-fabricated building panels and roof elements plus exterior landscaping for seasonal shading.
Once the energy use of the building has been minimized it can be possible to generate all that energy on site using roof-mounted solar panels. See examples of zero net energy houses here.
Zero-energy buildings are often designed to make dual use of energy including that from white goods. For example, using refrigerator exhaust to heat domestic water, ventilation air and shower drain heat exchangers, office machines and computer servers, and body heat to heat the building. These buildings make use of heat energy that conventional buildings may exhaust outside. They may use heat recovery ventilation, hot water heat recycling, combined heat and power, and absorption chiller units.
Energy harvest
ZEBs harvest available energy to meet their electricity and heating or cooling needs. By far the most common way to harvest energy is to use roof-mounted solar photovoltaic panels that turn the sun's light into electricity. Energy can also be harvested with solar thermal collectors (which use the sun's heat to heat water for the building). Heat pumps can also harvest heat and cool from the air (air-sourced) or ground near the building (ground-sourced otherwise known as geothermal). Technically, heat pumps move heat rather than harvest it, but the overall effect in terms of reduced energy use and reduced carbon footprint is similar. In the case of individual houses, various microgeneration technologies may be used to provide heat and electricity to the building, using solar cells or wind turbines for electricity, and biofuels or solar thermal collectors linked to a seasonal thermal energy storage (STES) for space heating. An STES can also be used for summer cooling by storing the cold of winter underground. To cope with fluctuations in demand, zero energy buildings are frequently connected to the electricity grid, export electricity to the grid when there is a surplus, and drawing electricity when not enough electricity is being produced. Other buildings may be fully autonomous.
Energy harvesting is most often more effective in regards to cost and resource utilization when done on a local but combined scale, for example a group of houses, cohousing, local district or village rather than an individual house basis. An energy benefit of such localized energy harvesting is the virtual elimination of electrical transmission and electricity distribution losses. On-site energy harvesting such as with roof top mounted solar panels eliminates these transmission losses entirely. Energy harvesting in commercial and industrial applications should benefit from the topography of each location. However, a site that is free of shade can generate large amounts of solar powered electricity from the building's roof and almost any site can use geothermal or air-sourced heat pumps. The production of goods under net zero fossil energy consumption requires locations of geothermal, microhydro, solar, and wind resources to sustain the concept.
Zero-energy neighborhoods, such as the BedZED development in the United Kingdom, and those that are spreading rapidly in California and China, may use distributed generation schemes. This may in some cases include district heating, community chilled water, shared wind turbines, etc. There are current plans to use ZEB technologies to build entire off-the-grid or net zero energy use cities.
The "energy harvest" versus "energy conservation" debate
One of the key areas of debate in zero energy building design is over the balance between energy conservation and the distributed point-of-use harvesting of renewable energy (solar energy, wind energy and thermal energy). Most zero energy homes use a combination of these strategies.
As a result of significant government subsidies for photovoltaic solar electric systems, wind turbines, etc., there are those who suggest that a ZEB is a conventional house with distributed renewable energy harvesting technologies. Entire additions of such homes have appeared in locations where photovoltaic (PV) subsidies are significant, but many so called "Zero Energy Homes" still have utility bills. This type of energy harvesting without added energy conservation may not be cost effective with the current price of electricity generated with photovoltaic equipment, depending on the local price of power company electricity. The cost, energy and carbon-footprint savings from conservation (e.g., added insulation, triple-glazed windows and heat pumps) compared to those from on-site energy generation (e.g., solar panels) have been published for an upgrade to an existing house here.
Since the 1980s, passive solar building design and passive house have demonstrated heating energy consumption reductions of 70% to 90% in many locations, without active energy harvesting. For new builds, and with expert design, this can be accomplished with little additional construction cost for materials over a conventional building. Very few industry experts have the skills or experience to fully capture benefits of the passive design. Such passive solar designs are much more cost-effective than adding expensive photovoltaic panels on the roof of a conventional inefficient building. A few kilowatt-hours of photovoltaic panels (costing the equivalent of about US$2-3 dollars per annual kWh production) may only reduce external energy requirements by 15% to 30%. A high seasonal energy efficiency ratio 14 conventional air conditioner requires over 7 kW of photovoltaic electricity while it is operating, and that does not include enough for off-the-grid night-time operation. Passive cooling, and superior system engineering techniques, can reduce the air conditioning requirement by 70% to 90%. Photovoltaic-generated electricity becomes more cost-effective when the overall demand for electricity is lower.
Combined approach in rapid retrofits for existing buildings
Companies in Germany and the Netherlands offer rapid climate retrofit packages for existing buildings, which add a custom designed shell of insulation to the outside of a building, along with upgrades for more sustainable energy use, such as heat pumps. Similar pilot projects are underway in the US.
Occupant behavior
The energy used in a building can vary greatly depending on the behavior of its occupants. The acceptance of what is considered comfortable varies widely. Studies of identical homes have shown dramatic differences in energy use in a variety of climates. An average widely accepted ratio of highest to lowest energy consumer in identical homes is about 3, with some identical homes using up to 20 times as much heating energy as the others. Occupant behavior can vary from differences in setting and programming thermostats, varying levels of illumination and hot water use, window and shading system operation and the amount of miscellaneous electric devices or plug loads used.
Utility concerns
Utility companies are typically legally responsible for maintaining the electrical infrastructure that brings power to our cities, neighborhoods, and individual buildings. Utility companies typically own this infrastructure up to the property line of an individual parcel, and in some cases own electrical infrastructure on private land as well.
In the US utilities have expressed concern that the use of Net Metering for ZNE projects threatens the utilities base revenue, which in turn impacts their ability to maintain and service the portion of the electrical grid that they are responsible for. Utilities have expressed concern that states that maintain Net Metering laws may saddle non-ZNE homes with higher utility costs, as those homeowners would be responsible for paying for grid maintenance while ZNE home owners would theoretically pay nothing if they do achieve ZNE status. This creates potential equity issues, as currently, the burden would appear to fall on lower-income households. A possible solution to this issue is to create a minimum base charge for all homes connected to the utility grid, which would force ZNE home owners to pay for grid services independently of their electrical use.
Additional concerns are that local distribution as well as larger transmission grids have not been designed to convey electricity in two directions, which may be necessary as higher levels of distributed energy generation come on line. Overcoming this barrier could require extensive upgrades to the electrical grid, however, as of 2010, this is not believed to be a major problem until renewable generation reaches much higher levels of penetration.
Development efforts
Wide acceptance of zero-energy building technology may require more government incentives or building code regulations, the development of recognized standards, or significant increases in the cost of conventional energy.
The Google photovoltaic campus and the Microsoft 480-kilowatt photovoltaic campus relied on US Federal, and especially California, subsidies and financial incentives. California is now providing US$3.2 billion in subsidies for residential-and-commercial near-zero-energy buildings. The details of other American states' renewable energy subsidies (up to US$5.00 per watt) can be found in the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency. The Florida Solar Energy Center has a slide presentation on recent progress in this area.
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has launched a major initiative to support the development of ZEB. Led by the CEO of United Technologies and the Chairman of Lafarge, the organization has both the support of large global companies and the expertise to mobilize the corporate world and governmental support to make ZEB a reality. Their first report, a survey of key players in real estate and construction, indicates that the costs of building green are overestimated by 300 percent. Survey respondents estimated that greenhouse gas emissions by buildings are 19 percent of the worldwide total, in contrast to the actual value of roughly 40 percent.
Influential zero-energy and low-energy buildings
Those who commissioned construction of passive houses and zero-energy homes (over the last three decades) were essential to iterative, incremental, cutting-edge, technology innovations. Much has been learned from many significant successes, and a few expensive failures.
The zero-energy building concept has been a progressive evolution from other low-energy building designs. Among these, the Canadian R-2000 and the German passive house standards have been internationally influential. Collaborative government demonstration projects, such as the superinsulated Saskatchewan House, and the International Energy Agency's Task 13, have also played their part.
Net zero energy building definition
The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) published a report called Net-Zero Energy Buildings: A Classification System Based on Renewable Energy Supply Options. This is the first report to lay out a full spectrum classification system for Net Zero/Renewable Energy buildings that includes the full spectrum of Clean Energy sources, both on site and off site. This classification system identifies the following four main categories of Net Zero Energy Buildings/Sites/Campuses:
NZEB:A — A footprint renewables Net Zero Energy Building
NZEB:B — A site renewables Net Zero Energy Building
NZEB:C — An imported renewables Net Zero Energy Building
NZEB:D — An off-site purchased renewables Net Zero Energy Building
Applying this US Government Net Zero classification system means that every building can become net nero with the right combination of the key net zero technologies - PV (solar), GHP (geothermal heating and cooling, thermal batteries), EE (energy efficiency), sometimes wind, and electric batteries. A graphical exposé of the scale of impact of applying these NREL guidelines for net zero can be seen in the graphic at Net Zero Foundation titled "Net Zero Effect on U.S. Total Energy Use" showing a possible 39% US total fossil fuel use reduction by changing US residential and commercial buildings to net zero, 37% savings if we still use natural gas for cooking at the same level.
Net zero carbon conversion example
Many well known universities have professed to want to completely convert their energy systems off of fossil fuels. Capitalizing on the continuing developments in both photovoltaics and geothermal heat pump technologies, and in the advancing electric battery field, complete conversion to a carbon free energy solution is becoming easier. Large scale hydroelectric has been around since before 1900. An example of such a project is in the Net Zero Foundation's proposal at MIT to take that campus completely off fossil fuel use. This proposal shows the coming application of Net Zero Energy Buildings technologies at the District Energy scale.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
isolation for building owners from future energy price increases
increased comfort due to more-uniform interior temperatures (this can be demonstrated with comparative isotherm maps)
reduced total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficiency
reduced total net monthly cost of living
reduced risk of loss from grid blackouts
Minimal to no future energy price increases for building owners reduced requirement for energy austerity and carbon emission taxes
improved reliability – photovoltaic systems have 25-year warranties and seldom fail during weather problems – the 1982 photovoltaic systems on the Walt Disney World EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow) Energy Pavilion were still in use until 2018, even through three hurricanes. They were taken down in 2018 in preparation for a new ride.
higher resale value as potential owners demand more ZEBs than available supply
the value of a ZEB building relative to similar conventional building should increase every time energy costs increase
contribute to the greater benefits of the society, e.g. providing sustainable renewable energy to the grid, reducing the need of grid expansion
Optimizing bottom-up urban building energy models (UBEM) can make strides in the exactness of reenactment of building vitality.
Disadvantages
initial costs can be higher – effort required to understand, apply, and qualify for ZEB subsidies, if they exist.
very few designers or builders have the necessary skills or experience to build ZEBs
possible declines in future utility company renewable energy costs may lessen the value of capital invested in energy efficiency
new photovoltaic solar cells equipment technology price has been falling at roughly 17% per year – It will lessen the value of capital invested in a solar electric generating system – Current subsidies may be phased out as photovoltaic mass production lowers future price
challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of building, but new energy rating systems are being introduced gradually.
while the individual house may use an average of net zero energy over a year, it may demand energy at the time when peak demand for the grid occurs. In such a case, the capacity of the grid must still provide electricity to all loads. Therefore, a ZEB may not reduce risk of loss from grid blackouts.
without an optimized thermal envelope the embodied energy, heating and cooling energy and resource usage is higher than needed. ZEB by definition do not mandate a minimum heating and cooling performance level thus allowing oversized renewable energy systems to fill the energy gap.
solar energy capture using the house envelope only works in locations unobstructed from the sun. The solar energy capture cannot be optimized in north (for northern hemisphere, or south for southern Hemisphere) facing shade, or wooded surroundings.
ZEB is not free of carbon emissions, glass has a high embodied energy, and the production requires a lot of carbon.
Building regulations such as height restrictions or fire code may prevent implementation of wind or solar power or external additions to an existing thermal envelope.
Zero energy building versus green building
The goal of green building and sustainable architecture is to use resources more efficiently and reduce a building's negative impact on the environment. Zero energy buildings achieve one key goal of exporting as much renewable energy as it uses over the course of year; reducing greenhouse gas emissions. ZEB goals need to be defined and set, as they are critical to the design process. Zero energy buildings may or may not be considered "green" in all areas, such as reducing waste, using recycled building materials, etc. However, zero energy, or net-zero buildings do tend to have a much lower ecological impact over the life of the building compared with other "green" buildings that require imported energy and/or fossil fuel to be habitable and meet the needs of occupants.
Both terms, zero energy buildings and green buildings, have similarities and differences. "Green" buildings often focus on operational energy, and disregard the embodied carbon footprint from construction. According to the IPCC, embodied carbon will make up half of the total carbon emissions between now[2020] and 2050. On the other hand, zero energy buildings are specifically designed to produce enough energy from renewable energy sources to meet its own consumption requirements, and green buildings can be generally defined as a building that reduces negative impacts or positively impacts our natural environment [1-NEWUSDE]. There are several factors that must be considered before a building is determined to be a green building. Building a green building must include an efficient use of utilities such as water and energy, use of renewable energy, use of recycling and reusing practices to reduce waste, provide proper indoor air quality, use of ethically sourced and non-toxic materials, use of a design that allows the building to adapt to changing environmental climates, and aspects of the design, construction, and operational process that address the environment and quality of life of its occupants. The term green building can also be used to refer to the practice of green building which includes being resource efficient from its design, to its construction, to its operational processes, and ultimately to its deconstruction. The practice of green building differs slightly from zero energy buildings because it considers all environmental impacts such as use of materials and water pollution for example, whereas the scope of zero energy buildings only includes the buildings energy consumption and ability to produce an equal amount, or more, of energy from renewable energy sources.
There are many unforeseen design challenges and site conditions required to efficiently meet the renewable energy needs of a building and its occupants, as much of this technology is new. Designers must apply holistic design principles, and take advantage of the free naturally occurring assets available, such as passive solar orientation, natural ventilation, daylighting, thermal mass, and night time cooling. Designers and engineers must also experiment with new materials and technological advances, striving for more affordable and efficient production.
Zero energy building versus zero heating building
With advances in ultra low U-value glazing a (nearly) zero heating building is proposed to supersede nearly-zero energy buildings in EU. The zero heating building reduces on the passive solar design and makes the building more opened to conventional architectural design. The zero heating building removes the need for seasonal / winter utility power reserve.
The annual specific heating demand for the zero-heating house should not exceed 3 kWh/m2a. Zero heating building is simpler to design and to operate. For example: there is no need for modulated sun shading.
Certification
The two most common certifications for green building are Passive House, and LEED. The goal of Passive House is to be energy efficient and reduce the use of heating/cooling to below standard. LEED certification is more comprehensive in regards to energy use, a building is awarded credits as it demonstrates sustainable practices across a range of categories. Another certification that designates a building as a net zero energy building exists within the requirements of the Living Building Challenge (LBC) called the Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) certification provided by the International Living Future Institute (ILFI). The designation was developed in November 2011 as the NZEB certification but was then simplified to the Zero Energy Building Certification in 2017. Included in the list of green building certifications, the BCA Green Mark rating system allows for the evaluation of buildings for their performance and impact on the environment
Worldwide
International initiatives
As a response to global warming and increasing greenhouse gas emissions, countries around the world have been gradually implementing different policies to tackle ZEB. Between 2008 and 2013, researchers from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the US worked together in the joint research program called "Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings". The program was created under the umbrella of International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling Program (SHC) Task 40 / Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC, formerly ECBCS) Annex 52 with the intent of harmonizing international definition frameworks regarding net-zero and very low energy buildings by diving them into subtasks. In 2015, the Paris Agreement was created under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) with the intent of keeping the global temperature rise of the 21st century below 2 degrees Celsius and limiting temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius by limiting greenhouse gas emissions. While there was no enforced compliance, 197 countries signed the international treaty which bound developed countries legally through a mutual cooperation where each party would update its INDC every five years and report annually to the COP. Due to the advantages of energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction, ZEBs are widely being implemented in many different countries as a solution to energy and environmental problems within the infrastructure sector.
Australia
In Australia, researchers have recently developed a new approach to the construction of visually-clear solar energy harvesting windows suitable for industrialization and applications in net-zero energy buildings. Industrial production of several prototype batches of solar windows has started in 2016.
Up to the December 2017, the State of Queensland has more than 30% of households with rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system. The average size of Australian rooftop solar PV system has exceeded 3.5 kW. In Brisbane, households with 6 kW rooftop PV system and reasonable energy rating, for example 5 or 6 stars for Australian National House Energy Rating, can achieve net zero total energy target or even positive energy.
Belgium
In Belgium there is a project with the ambition to make the Belgian city Leuven climate-neutral in 2030.
Brazil
In Brazil, the Ordinance No. 42, of February 24, 2021, approved the Inmetro Normative Instruction for the Classification of Energy Efficiency of Commercial, Service and Public Buildings (INI-C), which improves the Technical Quality Requirements for the Energy Efficiency Level of Commercial, Service and Public Buildings (RTQ-C), specifying the criteria and methods for classifying commercial, service and public buildings as to their energy efficiency. Annex D presents the procedures for determining the potential for local renewable energy generation and the assessment conditions for Near Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) and Positive Energy Buildings (PEBs).
Canada
The Canadian Home Builders Association - National oversees the Net Zero Homes certification label, a voluntary industry-led labeling initiative.
In December 2017, the BC Energy Step Code entered into legal force in British Columbia. Local British Columbia governments may use the standard to incentivize or require a level of energy efficiency in new construction that goes above and beyond the requirements of the base building code. The regulation is designed as a technical roadmap to help the province reach its target that all new buildings will attain a net zero energy ready level of performance by 2032.
In August 2017, the Government of Canada released Build Smart - Canada's Buildings Strategy, as a key driver of the Pan Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, Canada's national climate strategy. The Build Smart strategy seeks to dramatically increase the energy efficiency of Canadian buildings in pursuit of a net zero energy ready level of performance.
In Canada the Net-Zero Energy Home Coalition is an industry association promoting net-zero energy home construction and the adoption of a near net-zero energy home (nNZEH), NZEH Ready and NZEH standard.
The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation is sponsoring the EQuilibrium Sustainable Housing Competition that will see the completion of fifteen zero-energy and near-zero-energy demonstration projects across the country starting in 2008.
The EcoTerra House in Eastman, Quebec is Canada's first nearly net-zero energy housing built through the CMHC EQuilibrium Sustainable Housing Competition. The house was designed by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Masa Noguchi of the University of Melbourne for Alouette Homes and engineered by Prof. Dr. Andreas K. Athienitis of Concordia University.
In 2014, the public library building in Varennes, QC, became the first ZNE institutional building in Canada. The library is also LEED gold certified.
The EcoPlusHome in Bathurst, New Brunswick. The Eco Plus Home is a prefabricated test house built by Maple Leaf Homes and with technology from Bosch Thermotechnology.
Mohawk College will be building Hamilton's first net Zero Building
China
With an estimated population of 1,439,323,776 people, China has become one of the world's leading contributor to greenhouse gas emissions due to its ongoing rapid urbanization. Even with the growing increase in building infrastructure, China has long been considered as a country where the overall energy demand has consistently grown less rapidly than the gross domestic product (GDP) of China. Since the late 1970s, China has been using half as much energy as it did in 1997, but due to its dense population and rapid growth of infrastructure, China has become the world's second largest energy consumer and is in a position to become the leading contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the next century.
Since 2010, Chinese government has been driven by the release of new national policies to increase ZEB design standards and has also laid out a series of incentives to increase ZEB projects in China. In November 2015, China's Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) released a technical guide regarding passive and low energy green residential buildings. This guide was aimed at improving energy efficiency in China's infrastructure and was also the first of its kind to be formally released as a guide for energy efficiency. Also, with rapid growth in ZEBs in the last three years, there is an estimated influx of ZEBs to be built in China by 2020 along with the existing ZEB projects that are already built.
As a response to the Paris Agreement in 2015, China stated that it set a target of reducing peak carbon emissions around 2030 while also aiming to lower carbon dioxide emissions by 60-65 percent from 2005 emissions per unit of GDP. In 2020, Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping released a statement in his address to the UN General Assembly declaring that China would be carbon neutral by 2060 pushing forward climate change reforms. With more than 95 percent of China's energy originating from fuel sources that emit carbon dioxide, carbon neutrality in China will require an almost complete transition to fuel sources such as solar power, wind, hydro, or nuclear power. In order to achieve carbon neutrality, China's proposed energy quota policy will have to incorporate new monitoring and mechanisms that ensure accurate measurements of energy performance of buildings. Future research should investigate the different possible challenges that could come up due to implementation of ZEB policies in China.
Net-zero energy projects in China
One of the new generation net-zero energy office buildings successfully constructed is the 71-story Pearl River Tower located in Guangzhou, China. Designed by Skidmore Owings Merrill LLP, the tower was designed with the idea that the building would generate the same amount of energy used on an annual basis while also following the four steps to net zero energy: reduction, absorption, reclamation, and generation. While initial plans for the Pearl River Tower included natural gas-fired microturbines used for generation electricity, photovoltaic panels integrated into the glazed roof and shading louvers and tactical building design in combination with the VAWT's electricity generation were chosen instead due to local regulations.
Denmark
Strategic Research Centre on Zero Energy Buildings was in 2009 established at Aalborg University by a grant from the Danish Council for Strategic Research (DSF), the Programme Commission for Sustainable Energy and Environment, and in cooperation with the Technical University of Denmark, Danish Technological Institute, The Danish Construction Association and some private companies. The purpose of the centre is through development of integrated, intelligent technologies for the buildings, which ensure considerable energy conservation and optimal application of renewable energy, to develop zero energy building concepts. In cooperation with the industry, the centre will create the necessary basis for a long-term sustainable development in the building sector.
Germany
Technische Universität Darmstadt won first place in the international zero energy design 2007 Solar Decathlon competition, with a passivhaus design (Passive house) + renewables, scoring highest in the Architecture, Lighting, and Engineering contests
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Freiburg im Breisgau
Net zero energy, energy-plus or climate-neutral buildings in the next generation of electricity grids
India
India's first net zero building is Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, located in New Delhi, inaugurated in 2014. Features include passive solar building design and other green technologies. High-efficiency solar panels are proposed. It cools air from toilet exhaust using a thermal wheel in order to reduce load on its chiller system. It has many water conservation features.
Iran
In 2011, Payesh Energy House (PEH) or Khaneh Payesh Niroo by a collaboration of Fajr-e-Toseah Consultant Engineering Company and Vancouver Green Homes Ltd] under management of Payesh Energy Group (EPG) launched the first Net-Zero passive house in Iran. This concept makes the design and construction of PEH a sample model and standardized process for mass production by MAPSA.
Also, an example of the new generation of zero energy office buildings is the 24-story OIIC Office Tower, which is started in 2011, as the OIIC Company headquarters. It uses both modest energy efficiency, and a big distributed renewable energy generation from both solar and wind. It is managed by Rahgostar Naft Company in Tehran, Iran. The tower is receiving economic support from government subsidies that are now funding many significant fossil-fuel-free efforts.
Ireland
In 2005, a private company launched the world's first standardised passive house in Ireland, this concept makes the design and construction of passive house a standardised process.
Conventional low energy construction techniques have been refined and modelled on the PHPP (Passive House Design Package) to create the standardised passive house.
Building offsite allows high precision techniques to be utilised and reduces the possibility of errors in construction.
In 2009 the same company started a project to use 23,000 liters of water in a seasonal storage tank, heated up by evacuated solar tubes throughout the year, with the aim to provide the house with enough heat throughout the winter months thus eliminating the need for any electrical heat to keep the house comfortably warm. The system is monitored and documented by a research team from The University of Ulster and the results will be included in part of a PhD thesis.
In 2012 Cork Institute of Technology started renovation work on its 1974 building stock to develop a net zero energy building retrofit. The exemplar project will become Ireland's first zero energy testbed offering a post-occupancy evaluation of actual building performance against design benchmarks.
Jamaica
The first zero energy building in Jamaica and the Caribbean opened at the Mona Campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI) in 2017. The 2300 square foot building was designed to inspire more sustainable and energy efficient buildings in the area.
Japan
After the April 2011 Fukushima earthquake followed by the up with Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Japan experienced severe power crisis that led to the awareness of the importance of energy conservation.
In 2012 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and Ministry of the Environment (Japan) summarized the road map for Low-carbon Society which contains the goal of ZEH and ZEB to be standard of new construction in 2020.
The Mitsubishi Electric Corporation is underway with the construction of Japan's first zero energy office building, set to be completed in October, 2020 (as of September 2020). The SUSTIE ZEB test facility is located in Kamakura, Japan, to develop ZEB technology. With the net zero certification, the facility projects to reduce energy consumption by 103%.
Japan has made it a goal that all new houses be net zero energy by 2030. The developing company Sekisui House introduced their first net zero home in 2013, and is now planning Japan's first zero energy condominium in Nagoya City, it is a three-story building with 12 units. There are solar panels on the roof and fuel cells for each unit to provide backup power.
Korea (Republic of)
South Korea's Mandatory ZEB requirements, which have been previously applied to buildings with a GFA of 1,000 m2+ in 2021 will expand to buildings with a GFA of 500 m2+ in 2022, until being applicable to all public buildings starting in 2024. For private buildings, ZEB certification will be mandated for building permits with a GFA of over 100,000 m2 from 2023. After 2025, zero-energy construction for private buildings will be expanded to GFAs over 1,000 m2. The goal of the policy is to convert all public sector buildings to ZEB grade 3 (an energy independence rate of 60% ~ 80%), and all private buildings to ZEB grade 5 (an energy independence rate of 20% ~ 40%) by 2030.
Energy X DY-Building (에너지엑스 DY빌딩), the first commercial Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB, or ZEB grade 1) and the first Plus Energy Building (+ZEB, or ZEB grade plus) in Korea was opened and introduced in 2023. The energy technology and sustainable architectural platform company Energy X developed, designed, and engineered the building with its proprietary technologies and services. Energy X DY-Building received the ZEB certification with an energy independence rate (or energy self-sufficiency rate) of 121.7%.
Malaysia
In October 2007, the Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM) successfully completed the development and construction of the PTM Zero Energy Office (ZEO) Building. The building has been designed to be a super-energy-efficient building using only 286 kWh/day. The renewable energy – photovoltaic combination is expected to result in a net zero energy requirement from the grid. The building is currently undergoing a fine tuning process by the local energy management team. Findings are expected to be published in a year.
In 2016, the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA Malaysia) started a voluntary initiative called Low Carbon Building Facilitation Program. The purpose is to support the current low carbon cities program in Malaysia. Under the program, several project demonstration managed to reduce energy and carbon beyond 50% savings and some managed to save more than 75%. Continuous improvement of super energy efficient buildings with significant implementation of on-site renewable energy managed to make a few of them become nearly Zero Energy (nZEB) as well as Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB). In March 2018, SEDA Malaysia has started the Zero Energy Building Facilitation Program.
Malaysia also has its own sustainable building tool special for Low Carbon and zero energy building, called GreenPASS that been developed by the Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) in 2012, and currently being administered and promoted by SEDA Malaysia. GreenPASS official is called the Construction Industry Standard (CIS) 20:2012.
Netherlands
In September 2006, the Dutch headquarters of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Zeist was opened. This earth-friendly building gives back more energy than it uses. All materials in the building were tested against strict requirements laid down by the WWF and the architect.
Norway
In February 2009, the Research Council of Norway assigned The Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology to host the Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB), which is one of eight new national Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME). The main objective of the FME-centres is to contribute to the development of good technologies for environmentally friendly energy and to raise the level of Norwegian expertise in this area. In addition, they should help to generate new industrial activity and new jobs. Over the next eight years, the FME-Centre ZEB will develop competitive products and solutions for existing and new buildings that will lead to market penetration of zero emission buildings related to their production, operation and demolition.
Singapore
Singapore unveiled a prominent development at the National University of Singapore that is a net-zero energy building. The building, called SDE4, is located within a group of three buildings in its School of Design and Environment (SDE). The design of the building achieved a Green Mark Platinum certification as it produces as much energy as it consumes with its solar panel covered rooftop and hybrid cooling system along with many integrated systems to achieve optimum energy efficiency. This development was the first new-build zero-energy building to come to fruition in Singapore, and the first zero-energy building at the NUS. The first retrofitted zero energy building to be developed in Singapore was a building at the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) academy by the Minister for National Development Mah Bow Tan at the inaugural Singapore Green Building Week on October 26, 2009. Singapore's Green Building Week (SGBW) promotes sustainable development and celebrates the achievements of successfully designed sustainable buildings.
A net-zero energy building unveiled more recently is the SMU Connexion (SMUC). It is the first net-zero energy building in the city that also utilizes mass engineered timber (MET). It is designed to meet the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Platinum certification and has been in operation since January 2020.
Switzerland
The Swiss MINERGIE-A-Eco label certifies zero energy buildings. The first building with this label, a single-family home, was completed in Mühleberg in 2011.
United Arab Emirates
Masdar City in Abu Dhabi
Dubai The Sustainable City in Dubai
United Kingdom
In December 2006, the government announced that by 2016 all new homes in England will be zero energy buildings. To encourage this, an exemption from Stamp Duty Land Tax is planned. In Wales the plan is for the standard to be met earlier in 2011, although it is looking more likely that the actual implementation date will be 2012. However, as a result of a unilateral change of policy published at the time of the March 2011 budget, a more limited policy is now planned which, it is estimated, will only mitigate two thirds of the emissions of a new home.
BedZED development
Hockerton Housing Project
In January 2019 the Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government simply defined 'Zero Energy' as 'just meets current building standards' neatly solving this problem.
United States
In the US, ZEB research is currently being supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Building America Program, including industry-based consortia and researcher organizations at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). From fiscal year 2008 to 2012, DOE plans to award $40 million to four Building America teams, the Building Science Corporation; IBACOS; the Consortium of Advanced Residential Buildings; and the Building Industry Research Alliance, as well as a consortium of academic and building industry leaders. The funds will be used to develop net-zero-energy homes that consume 50% to 70% less energy than conventional homes.
DOE is also awarding $4.1 million to two regional building technology application centers that will accelerate the adoption of new and developing energy-efficient technologies. The two centers, located at the University of Central Florida and Washington State University, will serve 17 states, providing information and training on commercially available energy-efficient technologies.
The U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 created 2008 through 2012 funding for a new solar air conditioning research and development program, which should soon demonstrate multiple new technology innovations and mass production economies of scale.
The 2008 Solar America Initiative funded research and development into future development of cost-effective Zero Energy Homes in the amount of $148 million in 2008.
The Solar Energy Tax Credits have been extended until the end of 2016.
By Executive Order 13514, U.S. President Barack Obama mandated that by 2015, 15% of existing Federal buildings conform to new energy efficiency standards and 100% of all new Federal buildings be Zero-Net-Energy by 2030.
Energy Free Home Challenge
In 2007, the philanthropic Siebel Foundation created the Energy Free Home Foundation. The goal was to offer $20 million in global incentive prizes to design and build a 2,000 square foot (186 square meter) three-bedroom, two bathroom home with (1) net-zero annual utility bills that also has (2) high market appeal, and (3) costs no more than a conventional home to construct.
The plan included funding to build the top ten entries at $250,000 each, a $10 million first prize, and then a total of 100 such homes to be built and sold to the public.
Beginning in 2009, Thomas Siebel made many presentations about his Energy Free Home Challenge. The Siebel Foundation Report stated that the Energy Free Home Challenge was "Launching in late 2009".
The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley participated in writing the "Feasibility of Achieving Zero-Net-Energy, Zero-Net-Cost Homes" for the $20-million Energy Free Home Challenge.
If implemented, the Energy Free Home Challenge would have provided increased incentives for improved technology and consumer education about zero energy buildings coming in at the same cost as conventional housing.
US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon
The US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon is an international competition that challenges collegiate teams to design, build, and operate the most attractive, effective, and energy-efficient solar-powered house. Achieving zero net energy balance is a major focus of the competition.
States
Arizona
Zero Energy House developed by the NAHB Research Center and John Wesley Miller Companies, Tucson.
California
The State of California has proposed that all new low- and mid-rise residential buildings, and all new commercial buildings, be designed and constructed to ZNE standards beginning in 2020 and 2030, respectively. The requirements, if implemented, will be promulgated via the California Building Code, which is updated on a three-year cycle and which currently mandates some of the highest energy efficiency standards in the United States. California is anticipated to further increase efficiency requirements by 2020, thus avoiding the trends discussed above of building standard housing and achieving ZNE by adding large amounts of renewables. The California Energy Commission is required to perform a cost-benefit analysis to prove that new regulations create a net benefit for residents of the state.
West Village, located on the University of California campus in Davis, California, was the largest ZNE-planned community in North America at the time of its opening in 2014. The development contains student housing for approximately 1,980 UC Davis students as well as leasable office space and community amenities including a community center, pool, gym, restaurant and convenience store. Office spaces in the development are currently leased by energy and transportation-related University programs. The project was a public-private partnership between the university and West Village Community Partnership LLC, led by Carmel Partners of San Francisco, a private developer, who entered into a 60-year ground lease with the university and was responsible for the design, construction, and implementation of the $300 million project, which is intended to be market-rate housing for Davis. This is unique as the developer designed the project to achieve ZNE at no added cost to themselves or to the residents. Designed and modeled to achieve ZNE, the project uses a mixture of passive elements (roof overhangs, well-insulated walls, radiant heat barriers, ducts in insulated spaces, etc.) as well as active approaches (occupancy sensors on lights, high-efficiency appliances and lighting, etc.). Designed to out-perform California's 2008 Title 24 energy codes by 50%, the project produced 87% of the energy it consumed during its first year in operation. The shortcoming in ZNE status is attributed to several factors, including improperly functioning heat pump water heaters, which have since been fixed. Occupant behavior is significantly different from that anticipated, with the all-student population using more energy on a per-capita basis than typical inhabitants of single-family homes in the area. One of the primary factors driving increased energy use appears to be the increased miscellaneous electrical loads (MEL, or plug loads) in the form of mini-refrigerators, lights, computers, gaming consoles, televisions, and other electronic equipment. The university continues to work with the developer to identify strategies for achieving ZNE status. These approaches include incentivizing occupant behavior and increasing the site's renewable energy capacity, which is a 4 MW photovoltaic array per the original design. The West Village site is also home to the Honda Smart Home US, a beyond-ZNE single-family home that incorporates cutting-edge technologies in energy management, lighting, construction, and water efficiency.
The IDeAs Z2 Design Facility is a net zero energy, zero carbon retrofit project occupied since 2007. It uses less than one fourth the energy of a typical U.S. office by applying strategies such as daylighting, radiant heating/cooling with a ground-source heat pump and high energy performance lighting and computing. The remaining energy demand is met with renewable energy from its building-integrated photovoltaic array. In 2009, building owner and occupant Integrated Design Associates (IDeAs) recorded actual measured energy use intensity of per year, with per year produced, for a net of per year. The building is also carbon neutral, with no gas connection, and with carbon offsets purchased to cover the embodied carbon of the building materials used in the renovation.
The Zero Net Energy Center, scheduled to open in 2013 in San Leandro, is to be a 46,000-square-foot electrician training facility created by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 595 and the Northern California chapter of the National Electrical Contractors Association. Training will include energy-efficient construction methods.
The Green Idea House is a net zero energy, zero-carbon retrofit in Hermosa Beach.
George LeyVa Middle School Administrative Offices, occupied since fall 2011, is a net zero energy, net zero carbon emissions building of just over 9,000 square feet. With daylighting, variable refrigerant flow HVAC, and displacement ventilation, it is designed to use half of the energy of a conventional California school building, and, through a building-integrated solar array, provides 108% of the energy needed to offset its annual electricity use. The excess helps power the remainder of the middle school campus. It is the first publicly funded NZE K–12 building in California.
The Stevens Library at Sacred Heart Schools in California is the first net-zero library in the United States, receiving Net Zero Energy Building status from the International Living Future Institute, part of the PG&E Zero Net Energy Pilot Project.
The Santa Monica City Services Building is among the first net-zero energy, net-zero water public/municipal buildings in California. Completed in 2020, the 50,000-square-foot addition to the historic Santa Monica City Hall building was designed to provide its own energy and water, and to minimize energy use through efficient building systems.
At 402,000 square-feet, the California Air Resources Board Southern California Headquarters - Mary D. Nichols Campus, is the largest net-zero energy facility in the United States. A photovoltaic system covers 204,903 square-feet between the facility rooftop and parking pavilions. The +3.5 megawatt system is anticipated to generate roughly 6,235,000 kWh reusable energy per year. The facility was dedicated on November 18, 2021.
Colorado
The Moore House achieves net-zero energy usage with passive solar design, 'tuned' heat reflective windows, super-insulated and air-tight construction, natural daylighting, solar thermal panels for hot water and space heating, a photovoltaic (PV) system that generates more carbon-free electricity than the house requires, and an energy-recovery ventilator (ERV) for fresh air. The green building strategies used on the Moore House earned it a verified home energy rating system (HERS) score of −3.
The NREL Research Support Facility in Golden is a class A office building. Its energy efficiency features include: Thermal storage concrete structure, transpired solar collectors, 70 miles of radiant piping, high-efficiency office equipment, and an energy-efficient data center that reduces the data center's energy use by 50% over traditional approaches.
Wayne Aspinall Federal Building in Grand Junction, originally constructed in 1918, became the first Net Zero Energy building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On-site renewable energy generation is intended to produce 100% of the building's energy throughout the year using the following energy efficiency features: Variable refrigerant flow for the HVAC, a geo-exchange system, advanced metering and building controls, high-efficient lighting systems, thermally enhanced building envelope, interior window system (to maintain historic windows), and advanced power strips (APS) with individual occupancy sensors.
Tutt Library at Colorado College was renovated to be a net-zero library in 2017, making it the largest ZNE academic library. It received an Innovation Award from the National Association of College and University Business Officers.
Florida
The 1999 side-by-side Florida Solar Energy Center Lakeland demonstration project was called the "Zero Energy Home". It was a first-generation university effort that significantly influenced the creation of the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Zero Energy Home program.
Illinois
The Walgreens store located on 741 Chicago Ave, Evanston, is the first of the company's stores to be built and or converted to a net zero energy building. It is the first net zero energy retail stores to be built and will pave the way to renovating and building net zero energy retail stores in the near future. The Walgreens store includes the following energy efficiency features: Geo-exchange system, energy-efficient building materials, LED lighting and daylight harvesting, and carbon dioxide refrigerant.
The Electrical and Computer Engineering building at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, which was built in 2014, is a net zero building.
Iowa
The MUM Sustainable Living Center was designed to surpass LEED Platinum qualification. The Maharishi University of Management (MUM) in Fairfield, Iowa, founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (best known for having brought Transcendental Meditation to the West) incorporates principles of Bau Biology (a German system that focuses on creating a healthy indoor environment), as well as Maharishi Vedic Architecture (an Indian system of architecture focused on the precise orientation, proportions and placement of rooms). The building is one of the few in the country to qualify as net zero, and one of even fewer that can claim the banner of grid positive via its solar power system. A rainwater catchment system and on-site natural waste-water treatment likewise take the building off (sewer) grid with respect to water and waste treatment. Additional green features include natural daylighting in every room, natural and breathable earth block walls (made by the program's students), purified rainwater for both potable and non-potable functions; and an on-site water purification and recycling system consisting of plants, algae, and bacteria.
Kentucky
Richardsville Elementary School, part of the Warren County Public School District in south-central Kentucky, is the first Net Zero energy school in the United States. To reach Net Zero, innovative energy reduction strategies were used by CMTA Consulting Engineers and Sherman Carter Barnhart Architects including dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) with dynamic reset, new IT systems, alternative methods to prepare lunches, and the use of solar photovoltaics. The project has an efficient thermal envelope constructed with insulated concrete form (ICF) walls, geothermal water source heat pumps, low-flow fixtures, and features daylighting extensively throughout. It is also the first truly wireless school in Kentucky.
Locust Trace AgriScience Center, an agricultural-based vocational school serving Fayette County Public Schools and surrounding districts, features a Net Zero Academic Building engineered by CMTA Consulting Engineers and designed by Tate Hill Jacobs Architects. The facility, located in Lexington, Kentucky, also has a greenhouse, riding arena with stalls, and a barn. To reach Net Zero in the Academic Building the project utilizes an air-tight envelope, expanded indoor temperature setpoints in specified areas to more closely model real-world conditions, a solar thermal system, and geothermal water source heat pumps. The school has further reduced its site impact by minimizing municipal water use through the use of a dual system consisting of a standard leach field system and a constructed wetlands system and using pervious surfaces to collect, drain, and use rainwater for crop irrigation and animal watering.
Massachusetts
The government of Cambridge has enacted a plan for "net zero" carbon emissions from all buildings in the city by 2040.
John W. Olver Transit Center, designed by Charles Rose Architects Inc, is an intermodal transit hub in Greenfield, Massachusetts. Built with American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds, the facility was constructed with solar panels, geothermal wells, copper heat screens and other energy efficient technologies.
Michigan
The Mission Zero House is the 110-year-old Ann Arbor home of Greenovation.TV host and Environment Report contributor Matthew Grocoff. As of 2011, the home is the oldest home in America to achieve net-zero energy. The owners are chronicling their project on Greenovation.TV and The Environment Report on public radio.
The Vineyard Project is a Zero Energy Home (ZEH) thanks to the Passive Solar Design, 3.3 Kws of Photovoltaics, Solar Hot Water and Geothermal Heating and Cooling. The home is pre-wired for a future wind turbine and only uses 600 kWh of energy per month while a minimum of 20 kWh of electricity per day with many days net-metering backwards. The project also used ICF insulation throughout the entire house and is certified as Platinum under the LEED for Homes certification. This Project was awarded Green Builder Magazine Home of the Year 2009.
The Lenawee Center for a Sustainable Future, a new campus for Lenawee Intermediate School District, serves as a living laboratory for the future of agriculture. It is the first Net Zero education building in Michigan, engineered by CMTA Consulting Engineers and designed by The Collaborative, Inc. The project includes solar arrays on the ground as well as the roof, a geothermal heating and cooling system, solar tubes, permeable pavement and sidewalks, a sedum green roof, and an overhang design to regulate building temperature.
Missouri
In 2010, architectural firm HOK worked with energy and daylighting consultant The Weidt Group to design a net zero carbon emissions Class A office building prototype in St. Louis, Missouri. The team chronicled its process and results on Netzerocourt.com.
New Jersey
The 31 Tannery Project, located in Branchburg, New Jersey, serves as the corporate headquarters for Ferreira Construction, the Ferreira Group, and Noveda Technologies. The 42,000-square-foot (3,900 m2) office and shop building was constructed in 2006 and is the first building in the state of New Jersey to meet New Jersey's Executive Order 54. The building is also the first Net Zero Electric Commercial Building in the United States.
New York
Green Acres, the first true zero-net energy development in America, is located in New Paltz, about north of New York City. Greenhill Contracting began construction on this development of 25 single family homes in summer 2008, with designs by BOLDER Architecture. After a full year of occupancy, from March 2009 to March 2010, the solar panels of the first occupied home in Green Acres generated 1490 kWh more energy than the home consumed. The second occupied home has also achieved zero-net energy use. As of June 2011, five houses have been completed, purchased and occupied, two are under construction, and several more are being planned. The homes are built of insulated concrete forms with spray foam insulated rafters and triple pane casement windows, heated and cooled by a geothermal system, to create extremely energy-efficient and long-lasting buildings. The heat recovery ventilator provides constant fresh air and, with low or no VOC (volatile organic compound) materials, these homes are very healthy to live in. To the best of our knowledge, Green Acres is the first development of multiple buildings, residential or commercial, that achieves true zero-net energy use in the United States, and the first zero-net energy development of single family homes in the world.
Greenhill Contracting has built two luxury zero-net energy homes in Esopus, completed in 2008. One house was the first Energy Star rated zero-net energy home in the Northeast and the first registered zero-net energy home on the US Department of Energy's Builder's Challenge website. These homes were the template for Green Acres and the other zero-net energy homes that Greenhill Contracting has built, in terms of methods and materials.
The headquarters of Hudson Solar, a dba of Hudson Valley Clean Energy, Inc., located in Rhinebeck and completed in 2007, was determined by NESEA (the Northeast Sustainable Energy Association) to have become the first proven zero-net energy commercial building in New York State and the ten northeast United States (October 2008). The building consumes less energy than it generates, using a solar electric system to generate power from the sun, geothermal heating and cooling, and solar thermal collectors to heat all its hot water.
Oklahoma
The first zero-energy design home was built in 1979 with support from President Carter's new United States Department of Energy. It relied heavily on passive solar building design for space heat, water heat and space cooling. It heated and cooled itself effectively in a climate where the summer peak temperature was 110 degrees Fahrenheit, and the winter low temperature was −10 F. It did not use active solar systems. It is a double envelope house that uses a gravity-fed natural convection air flow design to circulate passive solar heat from of south-facing glass on its greenhouse through a thermal buffer zone in the winter. A swimming pool in the greenhouse provided thermal mass for winter heat storage. In the summer, air from two underground earth tubes is used to cool the thermal buffer zone and exhaust heat through 7200 cfm of outer-envelope roof vents.
Oregon
Net Zero Energy Building Certification launched in 2011, with an international following. The first project, Painters Hall, is Pringle Creek's Community Center, café, office, art gallery, and event venue. Originally built in the 1930s, Painters Hall was renovated to LEED Platinum Net Zero energy building standards in 2010, demonstrating the potential of converting existing building stock into high‐performance, sustainable building sites. Painters Hall features simple low-cost solutions for energy reduction, such as natural daylighting and passive cooling lighting, that save money and increase comfort. A district ground-source geothermal loop serves the building's GSHP for highly efficient heating and air conditioning. Excess generation from the 20.2 kW rooftop solar array offsets pumping for the neighborhoods geo loop system. Open to the public, Painters Hall is a hub for gatherings of friends, neighbors, and visitors at the heart of a neighborhood designed around nature and community.
Pennsylvania
The Phipps Center for Sustainable Landscapes in Pittsburgh was designed to be one of the greenest buildings in the world. It achieved Net Zero Energy Building Certification from the Living Building Challenge in February 2014 and is pursuing full certification. The Phipps Center uses energy conservation technologies such as solar hot water collectors, carbon dioxide sensors, and daylighting, as well as renewable energy technologies to allow it to achieve Net Zero Energy status.
The Lombardo Welcome Center at Millersville University became the first building in the state to become zero-energy certified. This was the largest step in Millersville University's goal to be carbon neutral by 2040. According to the International Living Future Institute, The Lombardo Welcome Center is one of the highest-performing buildings throughout the country generating 75% more energy than currently being used.
Rhode Island
In Newport, the Paul W. Crowley East Bay MET School is the first Net Zero project to be constructed in Rhode Island. It is a 17,000 sq ft building, housing eight large classrooms, seven bathrooms and a kitchen. It will have PV panels to supply all necessary electricity for the building and a geothermal well which will be the source of heat.
Tennessee
civitas, designed by archimania, Memphis, Tennessee. civitas is a case study home on the banks of the Mississippi River, currently under construction. It aims to embrace cultural, climatic, and economic challenges. The home will set a precedent for Southeastern high-performance design.
Texas
The University of North Texas (UNT) was constructing a Zero Energy Research Laboratory on its 300-acre research campus, Discovery Park, in Denton, Texas. The project is funded at over $1,150,000 and will primarily benefit students in mechanical and energy engineering (UNT became the first university to offer degrees in mechanical and energy engineering in 2006). This 1,200-square-foot structure is now competed and held ribbon-cutting ceremony for the University of North Texas' Zero Energy Laboratory on April 20, 2012.
The West Irving Library in Irving, Texas, became the first net zero library in Texas in 2011, running entirely off solar energy. Since then it has produced a surplus. It has LEED gold certification.
Vermont
The Putney School's net zero Field House was opened on October 10, 2009. In use for over a year, as of December 2010, the Field House used 48,374 kWh and produced a total of 51,371 kWh during the first 12 months of operation, thus performing at slightly better than net-zero. Also in December, the building won an AIA-Vermont Honor Award.
The Charlotte Vermont House designed by Pill-Maharam Architects is a verified net zero energy house completed in 2007. The project won the Northeast Sustainable Energy Association's Net Zero Energy award in 2009.
See also
References
Further reading
Nisson, J. D. Ned; and Gautam Dutt, "The Superinsulated Home Book", John Wiley & Sons, 1985, , .
Markvart, Thomas; Editor, "Solar Electricity" John Wiley & Sons; 2nd edition, 2000, .
Clarke, Joseph; "Energy Simulation in Building Design", Second Edition Butterworth-Heinemann; 2nd edition, 2001, .
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2000 ZEB meeting report
Noguchi, Masa, ed., "The Quest for Zero Carbon Housing Solutions", Open House International, Vol.33, No.3, 2008, Open House International
Voss, Karsten; Musall, Eike: "Net zero energy buildings – International projects of carbon neutrality in buildings", Munich, 2011, .
Low-energy building
Sustainable building
Sustainable architecture
Building biology
Energy economics
Environmental design
ru:Активный дом | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy%20building |
The UK Dark Matter Collaboration (UKDMC) (1987–2007) was an experiment to search for Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). The consortium consisted of astrophysicists and particle physicists from the United Kingdom, who conducted experiments with the ultimate goal of detecting rare scattering events which would occur if galactic dark matter consists largely of a new heavy neutral particle. Detectors were set up underground in a halite seam at the Boulby Mine in North Yorkshire.
Background
WIMPs are considered prime candidates for dark matter, which accounts for approximately nine-tenths of the mass of certain galaxies, such as the Milky Way. WIMPs are predicted by several supersymmetric theories of particle physics. The particle detectors used for this experiment are placed 1100 metres below the surface of Yorkshire's Boulby mine.
History
UKDMC began in 1987, with principal participants from several notable institutions, including the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, the CCLRC's Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, and the University of Sheffield. Funding for the programme was provided by the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), as well as Cleveland Potash Ltd. which operates the mine where the experiments were conducted. The underground laboratory was officially opened on 18 April 2003, and the experiment ran until 2007 when collaborating institutions and scientists moved on to the related projects ZEPLIN-III and DRIFT-II.
Experiments
UKDMC operated multiple dark matter detectors and developed techniques for WIMP searches in crystals and xenon.
In 1996 they published limits that were obtained using room temperature crystals. NAIAD was an array of NaI(Tl) crystals that ran 2001–2003, collecting 44.9 kg×years of exposure, setting spin-independent and spin-dependent limits on WIMPs. Then the ZEPLIN series of searches were done.
References
External links
Official site
Experiments for dark matter search
Laboratories in the United Kingdom
Research institutes in North Yorkshire
Dark Matter Collaboration
Subterranea of the United Kingdom
Underground laboratories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK%20Dark%20Matter%20Collaboration |
Sword of Vermilion is an action role-playing game developed and published by Sega for the Mega Drive console in 1989. It was released in 1990 in North America and 1991 in Europe. It was the first console exclusive game designed by the Sega AM2 studio. The game is part of the Sega Genesis Collection for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, and was available on the Wii's Virtual Console. In 2021, it was added to the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack.
Storyline
Sword of Vermilion is about the son of Erik, king of Excalabria, who takes on a quest of revenge to defeat Tsarkon and free the world of Vermilion from evil.
King Erik V and King Tsarkon were close friends who sought the 8 rings of good and evil to bring peace and balance to the realm. However, the rings of evil changed King Tsarkon and he led his army from Cartahena to invade Excalabria. The defenders were overwhelmed and the castle of King Erik V collapsed. Erik V summoned his bravest, strongest and most faithful warrior, Blade, to entrust him his infant son with an ancient family heirloom, the Ring of Wisdom. King Erik ordered Blade to save himself and the child before perishing while the castle burned. The remaining rings of good were scattered throughout the realm by King Tsarkon to deter anyone from uniting the rings. King Tsarkon turned the infant prince's mother to living stone and vowed all of Cartahena's power to finding the boy. Blade traveled to a small village named Wyclif, where he settled down and raised the child as his own son. Eighteen years later, the son of Erik begins his quest upon learning his true destiny upon Blade's death bed.
The quest consists of travelling to towns and villages, battling creatures to gain experience and finding items such as swords, shields and armour, as well as many other items such as Herbs and Candles. Boss monsters take the form of larger, stronger creatures which are integral to the story. Fighting boss monsters takes place in a side view of the battle where magic cannot be used.
Gameplay
The gameplay features different views and play styles differing from the more traditional RPGs of the time.
The "Town View" uses the typical overhead angle found in most RPGs.
The "Battle View" is a tilted overhead view where the player takes full control of the character in real-time combat. The player can use weapons and magic.
The "Dungeon View" is in the first person perspective, similar to Phantasy Star.
The "Boss View" puts the player up against a boss from a sideways viewpoint.
Release
After the release of Phantasy Star II in March 1990, Sword of Vermilion was the main role-playing game launched during the Genesis does what Nintendon't campaign.
Sword of Vermilion was one of the last Sega Mega Drive Role-playing games to come with a box-sized hint book. The hint book was 106 pages long.
Reception
Computer and Video Games said it is an "excellent" and "highly compelling arcade/adventure RPG" offering "a vast, sprawling adventure". They praised the "arcade format" action combat system as "great fun" and "an improvement over" Phantasy Star IIs turn-based combat system, found the story to be "engaging and easy to follow" with "intriguing plots and subplots", and considered the music and sound effects "amongst the best" on the Mega Drive. However, they criticized the "decidedly rough" graphics of the "3D screens" but praised the "excellent town graphics" and "detailed sprites."
MegaTech magazine said it was "probably the best RPG on the Mega Drive. A gripping plot combined with user-friendly controls and great presentation". In 1992, Mega placed the game at #11 on their list of top Mega Drive games of all time.
References
Role-playing video games
Action role-playing video games
Sega-AM2 games
Sega Genesis games
Virtual Console games
Nintendo Switch Online games
1989 video games
Fantasy video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Hiroshi Kawaguchi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword%20of%20Vermilion |
Drama is a form of fiction represented in performance in a theatre or on radio or television.
Drama may also refer to:
Subgenres of drama
Drama (film and television), a genre of film and television series with an intent for a serious tone
Comedy drama, a genre made of a combination of comedy and drama
Docudrama, a genre of film and television that involves dramatized re-enactments of events
Legal drama, a genre of film and television
Melodrama, a variant of drama that involves exaggeration of plot and characters to evoke strong emotions
Political drama, a variant of drama that involves political components
Music
Performers and labels
Drama (American band), a dance/R&B duo
Drama (British band), a rock band
Drama (Norwegian band), a 1980s boy band
Drama (rapper) (born 1981), American rapper
DJ Drama (born 1978), American DJ
Drama Records, a Puerto Rican record label
Albums
Drama (Bananarama album), 2006
Drama (Bitter:Sweet album) or the title song, 2008
Drama (Carolin Fortenbacher album), 2008
Drama (Jamelia album), 2000
Drama (Jang Minho album) or the title song, 2017
Drama (Montt Mardié album), 2005
Drama (Yes album), 1980
Drama (Aaron Yan EP), 2014
Drama (Nine Muses EP) or the title song, 2015
Drama, by Flaw, 2000
Drama, by Shindy, 2019
Songs
"Drama" (song), by Kate Miller-Heidke, 2014
"Drama!", by Erasure, 1989
"Drama", by AJR from The Click, 2017
"Drama", by Dave from Psychodrama, 2019
"Drama", by DJ Kay Slay from The Streetsweeper, Vol. 2, 2004
"Drama", by Erykah Badu from Baduizm, 1997
"Drama", by Ivy Queen from Diva, 2003
"Drama", by Pink Sweats, 2018
Film and television
Drama (2010 film), a Chilean film
Drama (2012 film), an Indian film directed by Yogaraj Bhat
Drama (2018 film), an Indian film directed by Ranjith
Drama (British TV channel), a UKTV network free-to-air television channel
Drama (MENA TV channel), a Pan-Arab television channel
Alibi (TV channel), formerly UK Drama, a pay television channel
Syrian Drama TV, a government-owned television station
Drama (British TV series), a 1977 anthology series
Drama (Spanish TV series), a 2020 streaming series
Johnny "Drama" Chase, a character in the HBO television series Entourage
Places
Drama (regional unit), Greece
Drama, Greece, the capital city
Drama, Šentjernej, a village in Slovenia
Drama, a village in Yambol Province, Bulgaria
Other uses
Drama (graphic novel), a 2012 graphic novel by Raina Telgemeier
Icona drama, a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae
The Drama, two defunct American arts magazines
See also
Dramatic (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Johann Karl Friedrich August Borsig (; 23 June 1804 – 6 July 1854) was a German businessman who founded the Borsig-Werke factory.
Borsig was born in Breslau (Wrocław), the son of cuirassier and carpenter foreman Johann George Borsig. After learning his father's trade, he first attended the Königliche Provinzial-Kunst- und Bauschule (Royal Provincial Art and Building school), then until fall of 1825 the Königliche Gewerbe-Institut (Royal Institute of Trade). He received his practical training in engine construction at the Neue Berliner Eisengießerei (New Iron Foundry of Berlin) of F. A. Egells, where one of his first tasks was the assembly of a steam engine in Waldenburg, Silesia. After the successful completion of this task, Borsig was made factory manager for eight years. In 1828, he married Louise Pahl; they had one son, Albert.
August Borsig and his company
From early on, Borsig was a supporter of railroads. Despite the lack of experience with railroads in Germany and the risks involved in the founding of a railroad machinery manufacturing company, Borsig used his savings to buy a site in Berlin at Chausseestraße (in the Feuerland) near the Oranienburger Tor, neighboring his old company's factory, and founded his own machine factory, focusing on locomotives. The founding date was declared to be 22 July 1837, the day of the first successful casting in the foundry.
Despite tremendous costs, the first locomotive, bearing factory number 1 and the name BORSIG, was finished in 1840. This locomotive had an interior frame, a two-axle front pivoted bogie and an extra dead axle behind the only drive axle. On 21 July 1840, Borsig let it compete against a Stephenson-built locomotive on the Berlin-Jüterbog railroad. The Borsig locomotive won by 10 minutes, proving that in spite of the lack of experience, Germans could build locomotives that were at least as good as the British models, and so the import of locomotives and engineers was no longer necessary. After this victory, the number of orders rose quickly. A further six machines of this type were sold to the Berlin-Stettiner Eisenbahn and the Oberschlesische Eisenbahn in 1842.
In the beginning, the Borsig company also built steam engines for their own needs and machines for other companies as well as cast parts for art and construction. However, the focus soon shifted to locomotive building, and the name Borsig is connected with locomotives to this day. By 1843, railway companies in Prussia had ordered 18 locomotives, and in 1844, Borsig could exhibit his 24th locomotive at the Berlin industrial fair. The one hundredth locomotive was finished in 1846. Meanwhile, Borsig built the steam pump for the fountain at Sanssouci and participated in the building of the domes of the Nicolai Church in Potsdam and the Berliner Stadtschloss (Berlin City Palace). The company was expanding rapidly in those years, since new railways were being built all over Germany. In 1847, construction of the new Moabit ironworks started and they became operational in 1849. The machine factory and iron foundry in Kirchstraße was bought in 1850, and this put the total number of employees at the three Berlin factories at 1800, making Borsig's company one of the large-scale enterprises of its time.
The increasing number of orders also increased Borsig's private wealth, and he soon became a rich entrepreneur who was not averse to splendor and a patron for many artists. August Borsig was said to be a strict but just boss with a zest for action. For his workers, he set up a sickness fund, a funeral expense fund, and a savings bank. His company had an instruction room, a dining room and a bath with swimming pool.
Borsig had become sufficiently important by the end of the 1840s that he was able to weather the economic crisis of 1848-1852 with little damage. Starting 1851, foreign railway companies also began to order Borsig locomotives, among them the Warsaw-Vienna Railway and the Seeländische Eisenbahn. After the 500th locomotive had been completed in 1854, Borsig was made Geheimer Kommerzienrat (Secret Commerce Councillor). This allowed him to tighten his monopoly position, and 67 of the 68 new Prussian locomotives in 1854 came from Borsig factories.
Some years earlier, his magnificent villa in Berlin-Moabit had been completed, fulfilling a dream of Borsig's. However, he could not enjoy his wealth for very long. He died in Berlin on 6 July 1854, at the height of his power.
Further history of the company
After the death of August Borsig, the company was led and expanded by his son August Julius Albert Borsig.
On the occasion of the completion of the 1000th locomotive, a large celebration with many prominent guests was held, among them the explorer Alexander von Humboldt. At this time, the company that had started out with 50 workers, had 2800 employees. It continued its expansion, and moved some part of its production to Zabrze in Silesia in 1862. In 1872, Borsig was the largest locomotive producer in Europe. Albert Borsig co-founded the Maschinenfabrik Deutschland on the Köln-Mindener Eisenbahn line in Dortmund but the most successful chapter in the Borsig business history ended with Albert's death in 1878.
The company continued to be led mostly by Borsig family members and continued to build large numbers of locomotives, but it began to lose market share to other traffic-related companies. The company moved to Tegel, a former suburb of Berlin. The works was inaugurated in 1898. The Tegel works area was one of the most modern facilities in Germany at that time. It had its own harbour where the ships brought the material for the locomotives. The works itself had long road with every production step at its place. The end of this production lane was the BORSIG Gate. The brand new locomotives left the works through this gate. The company also developed new products that are still part of the current manufacturing program: pressure vessels and compressors. The Great Depression made an end the success of BORSIG as a private company. By 1930, the company was on the verge of liquidation, the locomotive business was saved by a merger with AEG. Borsig built a number of famous locomotives, among which was the world speed record holder DRG Class 05, the first steam locomotive to hit 200 km/h. The last of a total of 16,352 locomotives was built in 1954. The rest of the company went to Rheinmetall.
BORSIG today
After World War II, the company was called Borsig AG, owned by Rheinmetall (as Rheinmetall-Borsig) and later by VIAG, a company owned by the German Federal Republic. In 1970, Borsig was sold to the private company Deutsche Babcock AG, later known as Babcock Borsig AG.
In July 2002, Borsig had to reorganize due to the insolvency of its parent company, Babcock Borsig AG, Oberhausen.
In 2004, Borsig bought ZM Zwickauer Maschinenfabrik, a manufacturer of reciprocating compressors and blowers, today known as BORSIG ZM Compression GmbH, situated in Meerane/Saxony.
In 2006, Borsig bought the industrial boiler manufacturer DIM KWE, today BORSIG Boiler Systems GmbH.
Today the BORSIG Group consists of six companies:
BORSIG GmbH, the parent company, Berlin,
BORSIG Process Heat Exchanger GmbH, Berlin, manufacturer of pressure vessels and heat exchangers,
BORSIG ZM Compression GmbH, Meerane, manufacturer of compressors and blowers,
BORSIG Membrane Technology GmbH, Gladbeck and Rheinfelden, manufacturer of membrane technology such as emission control systems or vapour recovery units,
BORSIG Boiler Systems GmbH, Hamburg, industrial boilers and power plant engineering,
BORSIG Service GmbH, Berlin and Gladbeck, industrial service.
In 2008 the whole BORSIG Group got a new owner, the KNM Group Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
The actual product and service programme of the BORSIG Group consists of pressure vessels, heat exchangers, process gas waste heat recovery systems, quench coolers, scraped surface exchangers, reciprocating compressors for process gases, turbo compressors for process gases, reciprocating compressors for CNG filling stations, blowers and blowers systems, compressor valves, membrane technologies, such as emission control units, vapour recovery systems, gas conditioning, advanced separations, industrial boilers, power plant engineering, power plant services and industrial services.
See also
Borsigwalde
References
This article is based on a translation of the German article August Borsig, which cites the following references:
Rheinmetall-Borsig Aktiengesellschaft (Hrsg.): Deutscher Maschinenbau 1837-1937 im Spiegel des Werkes Borsig. Berlin, 1937
Galm, Ulla: August Borsig. Stapp, Berlin 1987,
Kutschik, Dietrich: Lokomotiven von Borsig: Eine Darstellung der Lokomotivgeschichte der Firma A. Borsig und der Nachfolgefirmen. Transpress, Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin 1985
Kutschik, Dietrich; Wenzel, Hansjürgen; Koch, Matthias: Borsig. Lokomotiven für die Welt. EK Verlag, Freiburg 1986,
Pierson, Kurt: Borsig, ein Name geht um die Welt: die Geschichte des Hauses Borsig und seiner Lokomotiven. Rembrandt Verlag Berlin, 1973,
External links
Alte Borsig GmbH
http://www.borsig.de
1804 births
1854 deaths
Businesspeople from Berlin
German industrialists
Locomotive builders and designers
Businesspeople from Wrocław
People from the Province of Silesia
German railway entrepreneurs
Articles containing video clips
German company founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Borsig |
General Sir Reginald Alexander Dallas Brooks, (22 August 1896 – 22 March 1966) was a British military commander who went on to become the 19th and longest-serving governor of Victoria, Australia.
Early life
Brooks was born on 22 August 1896 at Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, son of Dallas George Brooks and Violet Ruth, née Shepherd. He was an only child.
Brooks was educated at Dover College and joined the Royal Marines in 1914. During the First World War he was severely wounded during the Gallipoli landings in 1915. He took part in the Zeebrugge Raid in 1918, for which he was awarded a Distinguished Service Order.
Cricketing career
Upon returning from war, Brooks made his first-class debut for the Royal Navy against Cambridge University in 1919 as a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium. The same season he made his debut for Hampshire against Surrey in the County Championship. Brooks represented Hampshire eight times in the 1919, making his maiden first-class century against Gloucestershire with a score of 107.
Brooks represented Hampshire in nine first-class matches between 1919 and 1921, with his final first-class appearance for the county coming against Middlesex. He scored 244 runs for Hampshire at a batting average of 16.26, with one century and one half century and a high score of 107.
In 1920, Brooks made his second first-class century, this time for the Royal Navy against the Army, which gave him his highest first-class score of 143. He played as an all-rounder for the Royal Navy, a role he did not fill at Hampshire.
In all, Brooks represented the Royal Navy in sixteen first-class matches, with his final appearance for them coming against the Royal Air Force in 1929. In his sixteen matches for the Royal Navy, Brooks scored 690 runs at a batting average of 23.00, with one century and two half centuries and a highest score of 143. With the ball, he took 38 wickets at a bowling average of 27.63, with one five-wicket haul, which gave him his career-best figures of 8/90.
Additionally, Brooks represented the Combined Services with four first-class matches.
Military career
Brooks graduated from the Royal Navy Staff College in 1934, and from 1943 served as Director-General (Military) of the Political Warfare Executive. In 1946, he was appointed Commandant General Royal Marines in the rank of lieutenant general. He was promoted to general in 1948, knighted that year, and retired in May 1949.
Governor of Victoria
Brooks was appointed Governor of Victoria by Premier Thomas Hollway and served from 1949 to 1963. During his term as governor, he acted as Administrator of the Commonwealth three times. He served in this capacity for almost seven months after the governor-general, Viscount Dunrossil, suddenly died in office in 1961 after serving only one year. Brooks was in effect Acting governor-general until the appointment of the Viscount De L'Isle.
Brooks served the state for over 13 years, becoming Victoria's longest-serving governor. After his term ended in 1963, he chose to remain in Australia in retirement. He built a house in Frankston and died there three years later.
Freemasonry
Brooks was Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria of Freemasons from 1951 to 1963. He was Victoria's longest serving Grand Master, and he is the only governor of any Australian state initiated to the craft while serving as governor. Brooks had expressed a desire to become a freemason while in England but he had also stated that he preferred to become initiated in Australia. He met with the Grand Master of Victoria and notified him. He was initiated in the Clarke Lodge No. 98 on 6 February 1950 and was passed and raised within two months. He became Worshipful Master of the Lodge only five months after his initiation and he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Victoria the following year.
Legacy
In 1969, the United Grand Lodge of Victoria built a concert hall in East Melbourne. The Hall was renamed in 1993 from the Dallas Brooks Hall to the Dallas Brooks Centre and was a major events venue in Melbourne until 2016 when it was demolished to build an apartment complex.
The Melbourne suburb of Dallas was named after Sir Dallas, as well as Dallas Brooks Drive in Kings Domain. The official residence of the governor of Victoria, Government House, is located on the corner of Birdwood Avenue and Dallas Brooks Drive.
Brooks was the grandfather of journalist and television presenter Jennifer Byrne.
Members of the organisation of Scouts Australia, Sir Dallas Brooks Rover Crew, also adopted the name of the General.
References
External links
Reginald Brooks at Cricinfo
Reginald Brooks at CricketArchive
Matches and detailed statistics for Reginald Brooks
Generals of World War II
|-
1896 births
1966 deaths
Australian Freemasons
Combined Services cricketers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
English cricketers
Governors of Victoria (Australia)
Hampshire cricketers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights of the Order of St John
Masonic Grand Masters
People educated at Dover College
People from Cambridge
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Royal Marines generals of World War II
Royal Marines personnel of World War I
Royal Navy cricketers
Foreign Office personnel of World War II
Royal Marines generals
Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich
Military personnel from Cambridgeshire
English emigrants to Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%20Brooks |
The following roads are named Mission Boulevard:
Mission Boulevard (East Bay, California) in the San Francisco East Bay Area, including:
the segment of California State Route 185 running from the unincorporated community of Ashland south to the City of Hayward
the segment of California State Route 238 running from Hayward south to Fremont
the entirety of California State Route 262 in Fremont
Mission Boulevard (Southern California), a former routing of California State Route 60 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission%20Boulevard |
Rose Grove railway station in Lancashire, England serves the Rose Grove area in the west of Burnley, and the nearby town of Padiham. It is served by both the Caldervale Line and the East Lancashire Line. It was once the terminus of the Great Harwood Loop between Blackburn and Burnley via Great Harwood and Padiham. The station is now a junction station for both the Caldervale and East Lancashire lines.
History
The railway reached Rose Grove in 1848, and the East Lancashire Railway Company built the station to serve the Rose Grove area together with the town of Padiham, a slight distance away. Rose Grove was formerly the site of an engine shed, which was one of the last to house steam locomotives on British Railways. The station became unstaffed in the 1980s, following the demolition of the station buildings.
The last remnants of the Great Harwood Loop towards have also disappeared, the line having been closed in 1993 with the end of oil traffic to the power station there. The site is now occupied by the M65 motorway, which runs beside the railway at this point. During the mid to late 1980s, Rose Grove was the starting point for an Inter City "Holidaymaker" Saturday service; in the 1989 timetable this ran as the 06:50 to via Preston and Birmingham New Street, leaving Paignton at 14:10 for the return journey.
Services
In the spring 2023 timetable, the station has two services per hour in each direction Mondays to Saturdays. One runs between Colne and Preston (the East Lancashire Line), whilst the other runs between Blackburn and Manchester Victoria via and (this resumed in 2015, after an absence of 50 years). Many of the latter services continue west of Manchester to Wigan Wallgate and .
On Sundays, the East Lancashire service drops to two-hourly (but running through to/from ) while the service to/from Manchester remains hourly (and continues to ).
References
External links
Railway stations in Burnley
DfT Category F1 stations
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Northern franchise railway stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Grove%20railway%20station |
Foothill Boulevard may refer to:
Foothill Boulevard (Southern California)
Foothill Boulevard (East Bay, California)
Foothill Drive, also called Foothill Boulevard, in Salt Lake City, Utah | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill%20Boulevard |
Verdoy, formerly known as Watervliet Center, is a hamlet of the town of Colonie in Albany County, New York, United States. Much of Verdoy is in the Airport Noise Overlay District due to its immediate proximity to Albany International Airport's main north/south runway, which was recently extended by 1,300 feet to the north, moving it even closer to Verdoy. The former Troy & Schenectady Branch of the New York Central Railroad runs along Verdoy's northern border with the Mohawk River; it is now part of the Mohawk Hudson Hike/Bike Trail.
History
Lewis Morrris came to the area of present-day Verdoy, then known as Watervliet Center, in 1835; along with being the second postmaster of the post office he built a hotel, store, and several shops. The hamlet was known as Morrisville for some time in his honor.
In the 19th century, Watervliet Center was home to Yearsley's Public House at the corner of Troy-Schenectady Road and Old Niskayuna Road. Elsie Lansing Whipple and Jesse Strang stopped at Yearsley's during a storm just before Strang would murder Whipple's wealthy husband at the Cherry Hill mansion in Albany.
In 1991, the New York State Department of Transportation widened Route 7 to include a center turning lane between St. David's Lane in Niskayuna and Wade Road east of Verdoy. The long widening demolished nine homes and two businesses along with taking several vacant properties.
Much of Verdoy's history has been moved to save it from development and the airport noise district. Houses found in the 1970s to be experiencing high noise levels were purchased by the Albany County Airport (today the Albany International Airport) beginning in 1981 and 22 were demolished in 1992. The Buhrmaster barn was originally built in 1760 along the Mohawk River on River View Road, but burned in the late 19th century. It was then reconstructed but the barn retained many of its original features such as the Dutch door, hand-hewn beams and wooden pegs. When the New York State Barge Canal changed the shoreline of the Mohawk River in 1915, the barn was rolled uphill, being pulled by horse and rolled on logs. The barn was moved again in 1988 to the Pruyn House historical site. The Verdoy School was built in 1910 as a one-room schoolhouse and was used up until 1958, when the North Colonie Central School District started using it as a storage building. In 1995, the school district donated the building to the town of Colonie. As part of the town's centennial, the Centennial Commission paid for the school to be transported to the Pruyn House on Old Niskayuna Road in Newtonville for use as a museum.
Due to being in the path of a runway the airport has condemned the airspace above buildings, including the former Verdoy firehouse. In 1998, the airport purchased the Verdoy Volunteer Fire Department's firehouse on Route 7 and rented it back to the department for $1.00 a year. The station, at became too small for a new ladder truck the department needed for newer and taller buildings there were being built in the district such as the airport control tower and the Hilton hotel; in 2000, the fire department moved to its current location further up the road with a building.
Geography
While Colonie's hamlets do not have specifically demarcated borders, Verdoy is generally considered to include the areas along New York State Route 7, west of the Colonie hamlet of Latham and between Albany International Airport and the Mohawk River.
Location
Services
The hamlet and surrounding areas, including the Albany International Airport is served by the Verdoy Volunteer Fire Department. The department serves approximately 7,500 residents (in 2000) and covers of the town of Colonie.
References
External links
Town of Colonie (includes Verdoy)
Colonie, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Albany County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdoy%2C%20New%20York |
The Third Battle of the Isonzo was fought from 18 October through 4 November 1915 between the armies of Italy and Austria-Hungary.
Background
This battle was a part of World War I. The first move was made in Italy, on the eastern sector; because this was their third attack that year, it was named as the Third Battle of the Isonzo (as the previous two were named the First and Second Battles of the Isonzo).
After roughly two and a half months of reprieve to recuperate from the casualties incurred from frontal assaults from the First and Second Battle of the Isonzo, Luigi Cadorna, Italian commander-in-chief, understood that artillery played a fundamental role on the front and brought the total number to 1,250 pieces. As well as improving artillery, the Italian Army was also issued Adrian Helmets, which proved useful in some situations but overall ineffective.
The main objectives were to take the Austro-Hungarian bridgeheads at Bovec (Plezzo in Italian), Tolmin, and (if possible) the town of Gorizia. Cadorna's tactic, of deploying his forces evenly along the entire Soča (Isonzo), proved indecisive, and the Austro-Hungarians took advantage of this by concentrating their firepower in certain areas. Specifically, the two objectives of the attack were Mount Sabotino and Mount San Michele.
Location
This took place on the Austro-Hungarian side of the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy. The battle is named for the river that it was fought on (the Isonzo river), as well as the previous battles and the many that would eventually follow. Unfortunately for the Italians, it was not a prime location for attack maneuvers, since it had mountainous terrain on both sides. It also had frequently flooded banks. However, it was chosen because the Austro-Hungarian side had control of most of the other areas in the Isonzo region.
Battle
Due to extensive artillery barrages, the Italians were able to advance to Plave (Plava in Italian) near Kanal ob Soči, beneath the southern end of the Banjšice Plateau (Bainsizza), and on Mount San Michele on the Karst Plateau in an attempt to outflank those forces defending Gorizia. The plateau near San Michele was the scene of heavy attacks and counterattacks involving the Italian Third Army and Austro-Hungarian reinforcements from the Eastern and Balkan fronts under the command of Svetozar Boroević; both sides suffered heavy casualties.
Thanks to the low profile held by Boroević's forces, the Austro-Hungarians were able to hold their positions despite heavy casualties, which were dwarfed by those of the Italian Army. This battle proved Boroević's tactical brilliance despite the limited scope of the front.
The lull in action lasted barely two weeks at which time the Italian offensive started anew.
The Italians made some progress before they were eventually forced back by the Austro-Hungarians. Although the second Italian army had possession of Mt. Sabotino for a brief period of time, they were countered by the Austro-Hungarians'. The Third Army was able to approach Mt. San Michele, but were met with machine gun fire when attempting to sneak around the flank that was guarding Gorizia. The Austro-Hungarians did not lose as many men during this, but proportionally, each side suffered similar losses.
Criticism of Luigi Cadorna
Luigi Cadorna was a well-known man throughout Italy for his achievements and background; however, because of the failures the Italians suffered during World War I, Luigi Cadorna received quite a bit of negative feedback. His poor leadership skills led to many deserters during, and after the Battles of the Isonzo. He assumed that the morale of Italian soldiers would win the battles at the end of the day. It was not until this Third Battle that he actually considered the sizes of troops and the amount of gunpower they possessed.
Because he concentrated his attacks in very small areas, the Austro-Hungarians were able to do the same exact thing; therefore there was literally no advantage besides the fact that Cadorna had brought a few more troops in. However, because of the terrain and the area of the attack, the larger numbers also did not do the Italians much good.
Aftermath
Cadorna decided to attack again a week later, starting the Fourth Battle of the Isonzo. However, it was not until the Sixth that the Italians would gain any ground and establish a presence at Gorizia.
See also
First Battle of the Isonzo - 23 June–7 July 1915
Second Battle of the Isonzo - 18 July–3 August 1915
Fourth Battle of the Isonzo - 10 November–2 December 1915
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo - 9 March–17 March 1916
Sixth Battle of the Isonzo - 6 August–17 August 1916
Seventh Battle of the Isonzo - 14 September–17 September 1916
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo - 10 October–12 October 1916
Ninth Battle of the Isonzo - 1 November–4 November 1916
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo - 12 May–8 June 1917
Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo - 19 August–12 September 1917
Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo - 24 October–7 November 1917 also known as the Battle of Caporetto
References
Further reading
Macdonald, John, and Željko Cimprič. Caporetto and the Isonzo Campaign: The Italian Front, 1915-1918. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military, 2011.
Bauer, E., 1985: Der Lowe vom Isonzo, Feldmarschall Svetozar Boroević de Bojna. Aufl. Styria. Graz
Boroević, S., 1923: O vojni proti Italiji (prevod iz nemškega jezika). Ljubljana
Comando supremo R.E. Italiano, 1916: Addestramento della fanteria al combattimento. Roma. Tipografia del Senato
External links
Battlefield Maps: Italian Front
11 battles at the Isonzo
The Walks of Peace in the Soča Region Foundation. The Foundation preserves, restores and presents the historical and cultural heritage of the First World War in the area of the Isonzo Front for the study, tourist and educational purposes.
The Kobarid Museum (in English)
Društvo Soška Fronta (in Slovenian)
Pro Hereditate - extensive site (in En/It/Sl)
Isonzo 03
Isonzo 03
Isonzo 03
Isonzo 03
the Isonzo
1915 in Italy
1915 in Austria-Hungary
October 1915 events
November 1915 events
pl:Bitwy nad Isonzo
sl:Soška fronta
Battles involving Slovenia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20Battle%20of%20the%20Isonzo |
Highway 19 and Highway 625 are two provincial highways south of Edmonton in the Canadian province of Alberta that form a continuous east–west route connecting Highway 60 near Devon to Highway 21 east of Beaumont. Highway 19 was acquired by the City of Edmonton in the land annexation approved by the Province in 2019. Highway 19 passes north of the Edmonton International Airport and, in tandem with Highway 60, provides a southwest bypass of Edmonton between Highways 2 and 16. East of Highway 2, Highway 19 becomes Highway 625 and continues through Nisku Industrial Park. It intersects Highway 814 in Beaumont before ending at Highway 21.
Alberta Transportation is planning to upgrade Highway 19 to a divided highway, and has long-term plans for similar upgrades to Highway 625.
Route description
Highway 19 runs for . It begins at an intersection with Highway 60 as an eastern extension of Halicz-Gildehurst Road at the south end of Devon, proceeding east across Leduc County, intersecting several local roads and crossing Whitemud Creek, where it passes through the extreme southern extent of Edmonton and goes by the name of 105 Avenue SW. It passes north of Edmonton International Airport and becomes a divided highway before a partial cloverleaf interchange with Highway 2 shortly thereafter, marking the end of Highway 19. East of the interchange the divided highway, now designated as Highway 625, continues as the main east–west thoroughfare through industrial and business areas of Nisku. At the east end of Nisku, the divided highway ends and the two-lane road continues east to an intersection with Highway 814 in Beaumont, providing an alternate route north into Edmonton. Further east, Highway 625 ends at Highway 21 ( from Highway 2) south of the hamlet of Looma, and continues in Leduc County as Township Road 504 to Ministik Lake.
History
The original designation of Highway 19 was used for the route that connected Wetaskiwin to Westerose. In the 1940s, Highway 19 was extended around Pigeon Lake, intersecting Highway 12 near the locality of Norbuck, south of Breton. In the early 1960s, Highway 19 was realigned and continued due west from Westerose to Winfield, but was renumbered to Highway 13 in the late 1960s, coinciding with the opening of Highway 2 realignment.
The present-day alignment of Highway 19 was originally constructed as an all-weather gravel road (Township Road 504) that appeared on a 1956 Alberta road map linking Devon to Highway 2. In the 1960s, the preferred route to connecting Beaumont to Highway 2 and Highway 21 was Township Road 510, located north of Beaumont; however, as access was later consolidated and became more limited, Township Road 504 was selected as the preferred route. In , the numbered secondary highway system appeared, which at the time was under the jurisdiction of the local rural municipality. The section of Township Road 504 between Highway 2 and Highway 21 being designated as Secondary Highway 625, while the section between Highway 2 and Devon was designated as Secondary Highway 919, indicating a future upgrade to a provincially maintained, primary highway. The interchange at Nisku was opened in 1978, and in 1982, Highway 919 was renumbered to Highway 19. With the 2000 absorption of the secondary highways, Highway 625 became under provincial control.
Future
Twinning of Highway 19 from Highway 60 to Highway 2 is planned. The project includes eight intersection upgrades; two new bridges at Whitemud Creek; illumination at Highway 60 and airport access road; speed limit increase to ; and traffic signals at the airport access road intersection with a limit of . The twinned section from Range Road 253 to Highway 2 was completed in 2019. Twinning of the highway between Highway 60 and Range Road 261 was completed in 2022.
In conjunction with twinning of Highway 19, studies are underway to twin Highway 625 between Highway 2 and Highway 21.
Major intersections
References
019
625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2019 |
Margaret Stuart Barry (born Margaret Stuart Bell on 7 December 1927) is an English children's writer, and is best known for creating the Simon and the Witch series of books. She has written other series for young readers, including the Attic Toys series.
Barry is from Darlington, County Durham, and was schooled in Richmond, North Yorkshire.
Select bibliography
Boffy and the Teacher Eater (illustrated by George W. Adamson) (1971)
Woozy (1973)
Tommy Mac (1974)
Simon and the Witch (1976)
Maggie Gumption (1979)
Tilly Losh, the Rag Doll (1995)
Moggy, the Witches Cat (1995)
Oxfam, the Unloved Bear (1995)
Diz and the Big Fat Burglar (1996)
Prissy, the Stuck Up Doll (1997)
Mayor Bungle, the Mad Old Dog (1997)
References
Living people
British children's writers
1927 births
People from Darlington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Stuart%20Barry |
Flint Hill School, founded in 1956, is a private, co-educational, college preparatory school, in Oakton, Virginia, serving grades JK–12. The school has separate upper and lower school campuses about a mile apart in Fairfax County, approximately from Washington, D.C.
In 2021, Niche ranked Flint Hill School 9 out of 2489 private schools in the United States, making it the best in Virginia.
History
Flint Hill School was founded in 1956 by Don Niklason as the Flint Hill Preparatory School, a co-educational day school with 18 students in grades K–8.
The school's origins date back to the state of Virginia's resistance to the Supreme Court of the United States' 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision holding that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. In 1956, the year of the school's founding, Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. declared a policy of Massive Resistance against compliance with Brown v. Board of Education, and the Virginia Assembly enacted the Stanley Plan, a package of thirteen statutes designed to ensure Virginia's public schools remained segregated. In 1959 the Fairfax County School Board approved tuition grants for 60 students to attend private schools and thereby avoid desegregated public schools. Of those initial grants, 44 went to students attending the Flint Hill School. Fairfax County Public School Assistant Superintendent George Pope remarked to the Washington Post, "We've just about put that school in business."
The school has acknowledged this problematic past and made efforts to distance itself from that history. For example, one of the school's five core values is "respect and value all equally." Additionally, an annual event formerly called "Founder's Day" has been renamed "Flint Hill Day" in order to make clear that the founding vision of the school does not align with who the school is today.
Originally, students attended classes in the Miller House, an estate home belonging to the Francis Pickens Miller family. In 1986 Flint Hill purchased of property several blocks away at the corner of Chain Bridge and Jermantown Road, and the Miller House was transported to the new campus, where it now serves as an administrative building.
In 1990, the new academic building was only partially finished and funding for its completion was in doubt. A group of educational and civic leaders from Northern Virginia led by John T. Hazel, Jr., then acquired the school and reorganized it as a nonprofit independent day school. The 1990–91 academic year began on the new campus with 65 faculty members and an enrollment of 425 students, in grades K–12. By the late 1990s, with more than 700 students, there was a need to expand. In 1998 Flint Hill acquired parcels of property totaling within one mile of the existing campus. Groundbreaking took place for the Upper School Campus in summer 2000 and classes began there in September 2001.
In 2010, Flint Hill introduced the 1:1 technology program, providing all students with Apple Inc. computers and tablets. In 2011, it was named an "Apple Virginia Site School". In 2013 and 2015, it was recognized as an "Apple Distinguished School", an award Apple gives to schools that "demonstrate Apple's vision for learning with technology".
In 2019, Flint Hill began fundraising for a middle school facility designed to educate 7th and 8th grade students. The new Peterson Middle School opened for the 2020-2021 school year.
In June 2022, Headmaster John Thomas retired after 17 years of service to the school. Patrick McHonett succeeded Thomas as Head of School for the 2022-2023 school year.
As of 2022, Flint Hill has three campuses with more than 1,000 students and 237 teachers.
Extracurricular activities
The Upper School has three continually published, on-campus student publications: The Flint Hill View (news, arts, sports, opinion, and editorial newspaper), The Rough Draft (literary and arts magazine), and The Iditarod (yearbook, formerly entitled The Talon). Both middle and upper school students can take part in class government through the Student Council Association.
Athletics
The school participates in the Independent School League (ISL) for girls' sports and the Mid-Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAC) for boys' sports. There are 22 different sports, with 32 middle school and 35 upper school teams.
Between 2007 and 2017 Flint Hill produced 165 college athletes with 83 of them going division 1.
Flint Hill's volleyball team has been ranked 1 in the country three times and went on a span of 44 wins before losing a match.
The Flint Hill basketball team was ranked No. 1 in the country by USA Today in 1987 in former NBA player Dennis Scott's senior season.
Championships
Boys' basketball:
USA TODAY National Champions
1986
VISAA Division I State Champions 1995
VISAA Division I State Semi-finalist 2005
MAC Champions: 1995, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2019
MAC Tournament Champions: 2008, 2009, 2010
FH Tip-Off Tournament Champions: 2004, 2007, 2011, 2013
Football:
VISAA Division I State Champions: 2017, 2018
VISAA Division I State Finalist: 2008
VISAA Division I State Semi-finalist: 2006, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016
MAC Champions: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019
Boys' lacrosse:
VISAA Division II State Semi-finalist: 2007
VISAA Division I State Semi-finalist: 2009
MAC Champions: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2009, 2010
MAC Tournament Champions: 2008, 2010, 2014
Ice hockey:
Dominion Cup Champions: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015
Boys' soccer:
VISAA Division I State Semi-finalist: 2005, 2006, 2007
VISAA Division I State Finalist: 2014
MAC Champions: 1994, 2007, 2015, 2016
MAC Tournament Champions: 2014, 2015, 2016
Boys' tennis:
VISAA Division I State Champions: 2006, 2007, 2008
MAC Champions: 2006, 2008
MAC Tournament Champions: 2006, 2008
Golf:
MAC Champions: 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016
Baseball:
MAC Champions: 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
MAC Tournament Champions: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014
VISAA Division I State Semi-finalist: 2013, 2014, 2016
Volleyball:
VISAA Division I State Champions: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022
VISAA Division I State Finalist: 2016
VISAA State Semi-finalist: 2005
ISL "A" Champions: 2005
ISL "AA" Champions: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022
ISL "AA" Tournament Champions: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022
DC Metro City Champions: 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
FH Invitational Tournament Champions: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022
Washington Post No. 1 Ranking: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022
Garden State Challenge Tournament Champions: 2017
Garden State Challenge Tournament Runnerups: 2019
Rivalry with The Potomac School
Flint Hill has a sports rivalry with The Potomac School in McLean, Virginia, dating to 1992 when both schools played at George Mason University for the first time and Flint Hill defeated Potomac in an overtime basketball victory.
Notable alumni
John R. Allen, Commander, International Security Assistance Force and United States Forces - Afghanistan.
Chloe Angelides, Singer,Songwriter.
Justin Bonomo, professional poker player.
Randolph Childress, former NBA player.
John Cochran, Survivor Winner (TV SHOW)
Tommy Doyle, MLB Baseball Pitcher
Jared Leto, actor on the film Morbius and frontman of 30 Seconds to Mars, dropped out
George Lynch, former NBA player.
Dennis Scott, former NBA player.
John Stertzer, Major League Soccer player.
Ronny Thompson, Emmy Award-winning broadcaster
Lorena Castillo de Varela, First Lady of Panama 2014 – 2019.
Zain Naghmi, professional Super Smash Bros. Melee player
Qudus Wahab,Georgetown Basketball Player.
Khalil Lee, Professional Baseball Player.
References
Educational institutions established in 1956
Independent School League
Preparatory schools in Virginia
Private K-12 schools in Virginia
1956 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint%20Hill%20School |
The Battle of Asiago (Battle of the Plateaux) or the Südtirol Offensive (in Italian: Battaglia degli Altipiani), nicknamed Strafexpedition ("Punitive expedition") by the Austro-Hungarian forces, was a major counteroffensive launched by the Austro-Hungarians on the territory of Vicentine Alps in the Italian Front on 15 May 1916, during World War I. It was an "unexpected" attack that took place near Asiago in the province of Vicenza (now in northeast Italy, then on the Italian side of the border between the Kingdom of Italy and Austria-Hungary) after the Fifth Battle of the Isonzo (March 1916).
Commemorating this battle and the soldiers killed in World War I is the Asiago War Memorial.
Background
Already for some time the Austro-Hungarian commander-in-chief, General Conrad von Hötzendorf, had been proposing the idea of a Strafexpedition that would lethally cripple Italy, Austria-Hungary's ex-ally, claimed to be guilty of betraying the Triple Alliance, and in previous years he had had the frontier studied in order to formulate studies with regard to a possible invasion.
The problem had appeared to be serious, mostly because the frontier ran through high mountains and the limited Italian advances of 1915 had worsened the situation and excluded a great advance beyond the valleys of Valsugana and Val Lagarina (both connected by railway) and the plateaus of Lavarone, Folgaria and Asiago.
The geographic location of the routes of advance was conducive to the original plan which called for an advance from Trent to Venice, isolating the Italian 2nd and 3rd Armies who were fighting on the Isonzo and the Italian 4th Army who was defending the Belluno region and the eastern Trentino.
The preparations for the battle began in December 1915, when Conrad von Hötzendorf proposed to his German counterpart, General Erich von Falkenhayn, shifting divisions from the Eastern Front in Galicia to the Tyrol, substituting them with German divisions. His request was denied because Germany was not yet at war with Italy (which would declare war on Germany three months later), and because redeploying German units on the Italian Front would have diminished German offensive capability against Russia, as well as against France in the anticipated offensive in Verdun.
After having received a negative reply from the Germans, who refused the proposed replacement and actively tried to discourage the Austro-Hungarian proposed attack, Conrad von Hötzendorf decided to operate autonomously. The 11th Austro-Hungarian Army, under the command of Count Viktor Dankl, would carry out the offensive followed by the 3rd Army under Hermann Kövess. It was not so easy, however, because the Italians had deployed in the area about 250,000 well-entrenched troops (General Brusati's First Army and part of the Fourth Army).
Italian intelligence had been gathering information about an impending enemy offensive in Trentino — and a big one — for about a month, but Cadorna dismissed those reports, persuaded as he was that nothing could happen in that region.
Battle
On 15 May 1916, 2,000 Austro-Hungarian artillery guns opened a heavy barrage against the Italian lines, setting Trentino afire. The Austro-Hungarian infantry attacked along a front. The Italian wings stood their ground, but the center yielded, and the Austro-Hungarians broke through, threatening to reach the beginning of the Venetian plain. The offensive overwhelmed the undermanned and disorganized First Army, and with Vicenza about away, all the Italian forces on the Isonzo would face outflanking.
Cadorna hastily sent reinforcements to the First Army, and deployed the newly formed Fifth Army under Pietro Frugoni to engage the enemy in case they succeeded in entering the plain. The situation was critical, but the commitment of reserves and the replacement of several Italian commanders who were judged unfit gradually improved the situation.
On 20 May, Austro-Hungarian troops advanced onto the Asiago plateau, and by May 28th Asiago had fallen. The Austrians, however, were exhausted, low on munitions, and had weak supply lines, and by the end of May had failed to break out into the lowlands.
The new Italian defensive line on Mounts Pasubio, Novegno, Zugna, Buole Pass and Astico Valley held and repelled repeated Austro-Hungarian attacks; on 2 June, Italian troops started their counteroffensive, slowly regaining ground.
Furthermore, on 4 June, the Russians unexpectedly took the initiative in Galicia, where they managed to enter Austrian soil. Although they were effectively countered by German and Austro-Hungarian troops, Hötzendorf was forced quickly to withdraw half of his divisions from Trentino. With that, the Strafexpedition could no longer be sustained and the Austro-Hungarians retired from many of their positions. Italian troops in the region were increased to 400,000 to counter the Austro-Hungarian positions.
Although the Strafexpedition had been checked, it had political consequences in Italy: the Salandra Cabinet fell, and Paolo Boselli became the new Prime Minister.
Bibliography
Enrico Acerbi, Strafexpedition, Gino Rossato Editore, 1992
Gerhard Artl: Die "Strafexpedition": Österreich-Ungarns Südtiroloffensive 1916. Verlag A. Weger, Brixen 2015, .
Fritz Weber: Alpenkrieg. Artur Kollitsch Verlag, Klagenfurt 1939.
Walter Schaumann: Dall'Ortles all'Adriatico Immagini del fronte italo-austriaco 1915–1918. Wien 1993.
L'esercito italiano nella grande guerra LEINGG (1915–1918) Volume I – IV /Ministero della Guerra – Ufficio Storico, Roma 1929–1974.
References
Asiago
Asiago
Asiago
Asiago
Asiago
Asiago
1916 in Italy
1916 in Austria-Hungary
May 1916 events
June 1916 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Asiago |
Les Dudek (born August 2, 1952, at Naval Air Station, Quonset Point, Rhode Island, United States) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter.
In addition to his solo material, Dudek has played guitar with Steve Miller Band, The Dudek-Finnigan-Krueger Band, Stevie Nicks, Cher, Boz Scaggs, The Allman Brothers Band, as well as Maria Muldaur, Bobby Whitlock, Mike Finnigan, Jim Krueger and Dave Mason.
Early years
Dudek's father, Harold, was born in Campbell, Nebraska, and was a World War II veteran in the United States Navy. His mother, Alma, born in Brooklyn, was a former Radio City Music Hall Rockette. Les has one older sister, Sandy, who was born in Brooklyn. The family is of Czech, German, Italian, and Russian descent. Six years after Les was born, his father retired from the Navy and the family moved to Florida where he grew up.
Musical career
The Beatles caught Dudek's ear at an early age. In 1962, at the age of ten, Les asked his parents for a guitar for Christmas. They bought him an acoustic guitar from Sears & Roebuck. His musical influences, along with The Beatles, were Cream, Jimi Hendrix, and The Ventures. He had built quite a reputation around the Florida area as a proficient guitar player, having started playing in local bands as a teenager. Those bands were "The United Sounds", "Blue Truth" and "Power". That reputation would place him in the studio with the Allman Brothers Band for the recording of the Brothers & Sisters album. He played guitar harmonies with Dickey Betts on the well-known song "Ramblin' Man" and acoustic guitar on "Jessica". In Alan Paul's book, One Way Out: The Inside History of the Allman Brothers Band, Dudek claimed to have written the part in "Jessica" from when it modulated into G then eventually back to A.
His next stops were as a guitarist for Boz Scaggs and The Steve Miller Band. Dudek was invited to play with Journey, however, he had received an offer to record for Columbia Records as a solo artist and took that path instead. He recorded four solo albums for Columbia Records, Les Dudek, Say No More, Ghost Town Parade and Gypsy Ride. He had two minor hits with "City Magic" and "Old Judge Jones" which were played frequently on local radio stations in the Los Angeles, California area, where he lived at the time, having moved to West Hollywood in the mid-1970s.
He later collaborated with Cher, Stevie Nicks, and with two other Columbia artists, Mike Finnigan and Jim Krueger, with whom he formed The Dudek Finnigan Krueger Band in 1978. A DFKB album was released by Columbia Records a year later.
Between the years 1979 and 1982, Les and Cher had a personal as well as professional relationship. Dudek wrote and performed some of the music for the 1984 movie Mask starring Cher, Sam Elliott, Eric Stoltz, and Laura Dern. He had a small part in the film as "Bone", a biker. Dudek also appeared in the TV movie, Streets of Justice (1985). He has worked for NBC, ABC, ESPN, Fox Sports, and E! Entertainment Television. He can be heard on many television series including Friends.
In 1985, Dudek played guitar with Stevie Nicks on her album Rock a Little, and undertook her subsequent tour.
In 1989, he did a brief stint with Canadian rock group John Kay & Steppenwolf as their guitarist. But problems developed between Dudek and Kay which led to him leaving the band after a month of touring.
Two more solo albums later, Deeper Shades Of Blues (1994) and Freestyle, Dudek hit the road again with his own band, and has been performing songs from all his records, plus a few hits he has recorded with other artists.
In 2013, he released another solo album, Delta Breeze.
Discography
Les Dudek
Les Dudek (1976)
Say No More (1977)
Ghost Town Parade (1978)
Gypsy Ride (1981)
Deeper Shades of Blues (1994)
Freestyle! (2003)
Delta Breeze (2013)
The Dudek, Finnigan, Krueger Band
The Dudek, Finnigan, Krueger Band (1980)
Steve Miller Band
Fly Like an Eagle (1976)
Book of Dreams (1977)
Living in the 20th Century (1986)
Wide River (1993)
Stevie Nicks
Rock a Little (1985)
Cher
Black Rose (1980)
Boz Scaggs
Silk Degrees (1976)
Maria Muldaur
Southern Winds (1978)
Richard T. Bear
Red Hot & Blue (1978)
Mike Finnigan
Black & White (1978)
The Allman Brothers Band
Brothers & Sisters (1973)
Bobby Whitlock
Rock Your Sox Off (1976)
References
https://www.mercurynews.com/2009/08/20/a-real-guitar-hero/
External links
Les Dudek website
1952 births
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American people of Czech descent
American people of German descent
American people of Italian descent
American people of Russian descent
Living people
Guitarists from Florida
Steppenwolf (band) members
American rock singers
Songwriters from Rhode Island
Lead guitarists
Slide guitarists
American male singers
American session musicians
20th-century American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Dudek |
John Harrison Surratt Jr. (April 13, 1844 – April 21, 1916) was an American Confederate spy who was accused of plotting with John Wilkes Booth to kidnap U.S. President Abraham Lincoln; he was also suspected of involvement in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. His mother, Mary Surratt, was convicted of conspiracy by a military tribunal and hanged; she owned the boarding house that the conspirators used as a safe house and to plot the scheme.
He eluded arrest following the assassination by fleeing to Canada and then to Europe. He thus avoided the fate of the other conspirators, who were hanged. He served briefly as a Pontifical Zouave but was recognized and arrested. He escaped to Egypt but was eventually arrested and extradited. By the time of his trial, the statute of limitations had expired on most of the potential charges which meant that he was never tried.
Early life
He was born in 1844, to John Harrison Surratt Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Jenkins Surratt, in what is today Congress Heights. His baptism took place in 1844 at St. Peter's Church, Washington, D.C. In 1861, he was enrolled at St. Charles College, where he was studying for the priesthood and also met Louis Weichmann. When his father suddenly died in 1862, Surratt was appointed the postmaster for Surrattsville, Maryland.
Plot to kidnap Lincoln
Surratt served as a Confederate Secret Service courier and spy. After he had been carrying dispatches about Union troop movements across the Potomac River. Dr. Samuel Mudd introduced Surratt to Booth on December 23, 1864, and Surratt agreed to help Booth kidnap Lincoln. The meeting took place at the National Hotel, in Washington, D.C., where Booth lived.
Booth's plan was to seize Lincoln and take him to Richmond, Virginia, to exchange him for thousands of Confederate prisoners of war. On March 17, 1865, Surratt and Booth, along with their comrades, waited in ambush for Lincoln's carriage to leave the Campbell General Hospital to return to Washington. However, Lincoln had changed his mind and remained in Washington.
William H. Crook, one of Lincoln's bodyguards, claimed that Surratt had boarded the River Queen shortly before the Third Battle of Petersburg, using the name of Smith and demanding to see Lincoln (who was aboard at the time). Crook later stated his belief that Surratt "was seeking an opportunity to assassinate the President at this time".
Assassination of Lincoln
After the assassination of Lincoln, on April 14, 1865, Surratt denied any involvement and said that he was then in Elmira, New York. He was one of the first people suspected of the attempt to assassinate Secretary of State William H. Seward, but the culprit was soon discovered to be Lewis Powell.
In hiding
When he learned of the assassination, Surratt fled to Montreal, Canada East, arriving on April 17, 1865. He then went to St. Liboire, where a Catholic priest, Father Charles Boucher, gave him sanctuary. Surratt remained there while his mother was arrested, tried, and hanged in the United States for conspiracy.
Aided by ex-Confederate agents Beverly Tucker and Edwin Lee, Surratt, disguised, booked passage under a false name. He landed at Liverpool in September, where he lodged in the oratory at the Church of the Holy Cross.
Surratt would later serve for a time in the Ninth Company of the Pontifical Zouaves, in the Papal States, under the name John Watson.
An old friend, Henri Beaumont de Sainte-Marie, recognized Surratt and notified papal officials and the US minister in Rome, Rufus King.
On November 7, 1866, Surratt was arrested and sent to the Velletri prison. He escaped and lived with the supporters of Garibaldi, who gave him safe passage. Surratt traveled to the Kingdom of Italy and posed as a Canadian citizen named Walters. He booked passage to Alexandria, Egypt, but was arrested there by US officials on November 23, 1866, still in his Pontifical Zouaves uniform. He returned to the US on the USS Swatara to the Washington Navy Yard in early 1867.
Trial
Eighteen months after his mother was hanged, Surratt was tried in a Maryland civilian court. It was not before a military commission, unlike the trials of his mother and the others, as a US Supreme Court decision, Ex parte Milligan, had declared the trial of civilians before military tribunals to be unconstitutional if civilian courts were still open.
Judge David Carter presided over Surratt's trial, and Edwards Pierrepont conducted the federal government's case against him. Surratt's lead attorney, Joseph Habersham Bradley, admitted Surratt's part in plotting to kidnap Lincoln but denied any involvement in the murder plot. After two months of testimony, Surratt was released after a mistrial; eight jurors had voted not guilty, four voted guilty.
The statute of limitations on charges other than murder had run out, and Surratt was released on bail.
Later life
Surratt tried to farm tobacco and then taught at the Rockville Female Academy. In 1870, as one of the last surviving members of the conspiracy, Surratt began a much-heralded public lecture tour. On December 6, at a small courthouse in Rockville, Maryland, in a 75-minute speech, Surratt admitted his involvement in the scheme to kidnap Lincoln. However, he maintained that he knew nothing of the assassination plot and reiterated that he was then in Elmira. He disavowed any participation by the Confederate government, reviled Weichmann as a "perjurer" who was responsible for his mother's death and said his friends had kept from him the seriousness of her plight in Washington. After that revelation, it was reported in Washington's Evening Star that the band played "Dixie" and a small concert was improvised, with Surratt the center of female attention.
Three weeks later, Surratt was to give a second lecture in Washington, but it was canceled because of public outrage.
Surratt later took a job as a teacher in St. Joseph Catholic School in Emmitsburg, Maryland. In 1872, Surratt married Mary Victorine Hunter, a second cousin of Francis Scott Key. The couple lived in Baltimore and had seven children.
Some time after 1872, he was hired by the Baltimore Steam Packet Company. He rose to freight auditor and, ultimately, treasurer of the company. Surratt retired from the steamship line in 1914 and died of pneumonia in 1916, at the age of 72.
He was buried in the New Cathedral Cemetery, in Baltimore.
In film
Surratt was portrayed by Johnny Simmons in the 2010 Robert Redford film The Conspirator.
See also
James W. Pumphrey – Surratt introduced Booth to Pumphrey, who supplied Booth's getaway horse.
References
Sources
External links
John Surratt
Text of John Surratt's public lecture giving his version of the conspiracy
A map and timeline of John Surratt's two-year flight and eventual capture
John H. Surratt's career as a teacher after the assassination aftermath
1844 births
1916 deaths
American prisoners and detainees
Confederate States Army soldiers
People from Washington, D.C.
Maryland postmasters
Lincoln assassination conspirators
People of Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland
St. Charles College alumni
American Roman Catholics
Papal Zouaves
Burials in Maryland
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Surratt |
The lake chub (Couesius plumbeus) is a freshwater cyprinid fish found in Canada and in parts of the United States. Of all North American minnows, it is the one with the northernmost distribution. Its genus, Couesius is considered monotypic today. The genus was named after Elliott Coues, who collected the holotype specimen.
Description
The body is fusiform and somewhat elongate. It is usually 100 to 175 mm (4 to 7 in) long, where the maximum length is approximately 225 mm (9 in). The back is olive-brown or dark brown, and the sides are leaden silver, hence the word plumbeus, referring to lead, in the scientific name of this fish. The snout is blunt and projects slightly beyond the upper lip. The corners of the mouth each bear a small barbel. The scales are small but well visible, and some may be black and form isolated dark spots on the lower sides. The dorsal, pelvic and anal fins each have 8 rays. The pectoral fins are broad and have 13-18, but more usually 15-16, rays. The fish has no teeth, adipose fin, or spines. The mouth is relatively small and the tail is forked. Breeding males can develop patches of bright orange or red at the base of the pectoral fins and sometimes near the mouth, and small nuptial tubercles on the top of the head, dorsal surface of pectoral rays, and on the belly near the base of the pectorals. The juveniles are similar to the adults, but have less obvious mottling or stripe. The females are typically larger than the males.
Distribution
The lake chub is generally found throughout Canada up to the Arctic Circle. Some scattered populations are also present in the northern United States, more precisely in New England, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Washington, Idaho and Utah. The lake chub is also the only minnow known to live in Alaska. Its range also includes Lake Michigan in Illinois and the Platte River system in Wyoming. There are relict populations of the lake chub in the upper Missouri River drainage.
Habitat
As its common name implies, the lake chub is most commonly found in cold-water lakes with clean gravel, and it can also live in cold-water rivers and streams. It often lives in shallows, but during mid-summer, it may move to the deeper parts of a lake to avoid the warmer waters of the lake shore.
Diet
The diet of the lake chub is varied: zooplankton, insects, aquatic insect larvae, and algae. The largest individuals can capture small fishes. The lake chub itself can be eaten by large predatory fishes and is therefore suitable as bait for fishing.
Growth
In and around Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick, Canada, lake chubs over 5 cm long (2 inches) were found to grow by about 0.8 cm (0.3 inch) a month in summer.
Reproduction
During spawning, male lake chub will pursue females. Spawning-ready males will charge a female which causes her to swim upward, sometimes breaking the water surface. The male swims next to the female, and if multiple males are present, they swim next to one another in order to compete for the female. During this process, the male's mouth will open and close rapidly until the female swims to a rock and the remaining male moves against her until her eggs are released.
Lake chubs normally undergo spawning migrations in early summer. Temperature plays a role in triggering migration onset, as migrations are delayed on colder years. Migrating chubs leave their lakes and rivers to ascend tributary streams, in which they mate (by day or night) and release their eggs over gravel or rocks. There is no parental care. During migration the fish move mostly during dusk and at night.
Behavior
In the laboratory, lake chubs have expressed free-running circadian rhythms that are among the most precise of the few fish species studied to date. These fish are usually diurnal in the laboratory, but in the wild they can be diurnal, crepuscular, or nocturnal.
The lake chub has large optic lobes in its brain and is therefore presumed to be a good sight feeder. It can, however, feed at night also. Comparisons with other freshwater fishes such as stickleback, northern pike, sculpin, and burbot have revealed that it has a superior hearing capacity.
Common name
The lake chub is sometimes called by other names such as northern chub, lake northern chub, chub minnow, plumbeus minnow, or bottlefish. The species is also found in Quebec and its French name is "mené de lac". The lake chub must not be confused with various cisco species of the genus Coregonus living in Lake Michigan, which are often called Michigan Lake chubs.
Identification
Subspecies
Three distinct subspecies of lake chub have been identified: C. p plumbeus, C. p greeni, and one formerly known as C. p dissimilis. A name is no longer available for the C. p dissimilis.
References
External links
FishBase valid species list
University of Guelph species description
lake chub
lake chub
Lake fish of North America
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fish of Canada
Fish of the Great Lakes
lake chub | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20chub |
St. Charles College was a minor seminary in Catonsville, Maryland, originally located in Ellicott City, Maryland.
History
Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737–1832) was a signer of the Declaration of Independence for Maryland. One of the wealthiest men in the Americas at that time and a newly elected delegate to the Second Continental Congress and the only Roman Catholic to vote on independence and sign the document, Carroll staked his fortune on the American Revolution. After the Revolution, Carroll became president of the Maryland Senate in the General Assembly and divided his time between the family mansion and estate Doughoregan Manor in western Anne Arundel County (later Howard County), near Ellicott Mills on the upper Patapsco River, and Annapolis. One of his most important tasks he said was when he helped lay the "first stone" for the new technology of transportation, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on Independence Day, July 4, 1828, west of the city near modern Halethorpe. At his death in 1832, he was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence and was laid to rest with other Carrolls in the crypt at the family chapel at Doughoregan.
In 1784 Charles bought Marys Lott, a farm from Jacob Burgoon, a Catholic immigrant from Alsace-Lorraine, France, who came to America in about 1745 and settled in Elkridge, Maryland. Jacob and his wife Elizabeth were indentured servants, Jacob working as a cordwainer (shoemaker). They had bought Marys Lott in 1762. They had eight children, and after selling Marys Lott they moved to a farm in what is now Carroll County, Maryland. Marys Lott became part of the land later given for St. Charles College.
Ambrose Maréchal (1764–1828), the future third Archbishop of Baltimore, and other Sulpician priests were frequent guests at Doughoregan, saying Mass there often and gaining the ear of the Charles Carroll. During subsequent years a request of land was made for a minor seminary. Carroll, however, denied the request because he felt he could not break up or donate any part of his patrimony.
In 1830, Emily Caton MacTavish, favorite granddaughter of the Signer and sister of the "Three American Graces", convinced Carroll to give to the Sulpician Fathers for the erection of a minor seminary — Saint Charles. She accomplished this by suggesting he donate land that he had bought during his lifetime. Included was Mary's Lott, aptly named for a gift to the Church, thought Carroll at the time. The college was incorporated on February 3, 1830, with the name "St. Charles" chosen for its benefactor, Charles Carroll.
Construction started on the college building in 1831. The building would reach a size of in length, with ceilings using gas lighting and radiant heat.
The first building of Saint Charles College (minor seminary) was completed in 1848, and the college opened on October 31 with two faculty: the president, Father Oliver Jenkins; a deacon, Edward Caton; and four students.
Two wings were added in 1859 and blessed by Francis Patrick Kenrick, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore. "Our Lady of the Angels Chapel" was started at this time, but completion was delayed by the Civil War until 1866. An imitation of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, the building was long, wide and high. It was lavishly decorated mainly through the generosity of its first rector and president, Father Oliver Jenkins.
Two additional wings were added to the building in 1878 for a 190-person enrollment.
In 1898 a vastly enlarged Saint Charles College celebrated its 50th anniversary. The park-like grounds of St. Charles looked southeast towards the Frederick Road, later the eastern end of the historic National Road, the first federally sponsored interstate route begun in the early 1800s from Baltimore to Cumberland and on to the western states finally ending near the Mississippi River in Vandalia, Illinois, then the territorial capital of the Territory of Illinois. In later years the college would overlook Wilkens Avenue, which also runs southwestward out of the city near the intersection of Maiden Choice Lane.
On March 16, 1911, disaster struck: the college was completely destroyed by a fire that began in the chapel cellar. None of the 200+ faculty and students were killed or injured. Sacred vessels and vestments, along with thousands of priceless manuscripts and books were lost. The burned-out shell was pulled down, and the salvageable building materials were transported to Catonsville, where the college was quickly rebuilt. All that remained were standing ruins of the 1906 Recreation Hall.
After the fire, the heirs of the Carroll family requested that the of land be returned, since it was not then used as a college, by selling off the land and dividing the profits among the family. The area was purchased by Howard County Planning Board member William Phillip Brendel, who ran Brendel Manor Park opening in 1942. Brendel's Manor Park (also known as Gospel Park) hosted the first Howard County Fair onsite in 1946 and 1950, with prison labor used to build structures. In the early 1970s, it was the home of Robert G. Millar's Christian Identity community. It has since been upzoned and developed into a suburban housing community. The property was subdivided several times, with Robert J. Lanceolott and Synergy Development Corp. developing over the historic ruins of the first college buildings in 1991 to build the "Terra Maria Community". The ruins of the old minor seminary's recreation hall and laundry are now located in the middle of Terra Maria Way circle with the grotto removed for a storm water retention pond.()
In 1969, St. Charles' High School Department with boarding school was closed and the junior college merged with the upper college of St. Mary's Seminary and University now on Roland Avenue and Belvedere Avenue/Northern Parkway in the Roland Park neighborhood of north Baltimore (having moved there from North Paca Street by St. Mary's Street in the old Seton Hill neighborhood to new landmark buildings of Beaux Arts/Classical Revival style architecture on a new expansive park-like campus in 1929). The old St. Charles second campus was renamed "St. Mary's Seminary College" and continued its educational programs, now opened up to ecumenical participation.
In 1977 the college closed and the property was sold to Erickson Retirement Communities, Inc.; it is presently known as Charlestown Retirement Community.
St. Charles College Historic District
St. Charles College Historic District is a historic Roman Catholic church seminary and national historic district at Catonsville, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The main complex consists of six interconnected buildings, three of which form the central group: Chapel, Administration Building, and Old Dormitory. Each has a rusticated stone first floor and upper levels of buff brick with stone trim in the Italian Renaissance style. The complex includes three additional buildings: the Dining Hall, connected by a passageway; the Convent, physically attached to the Dining Hall, and the Power House.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Notable alumni
Patrick Joseph Byrne, Maryknoll missionary who served as Apostolic Delegate to Korea
John F. Collins (1872–1962), Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island 1939–1941
George Sterling, poet and playwright
Thomas Frederick Price, cofounder of Maryknoll
John Surratt, conspirator in the assassination plot of 16th President Abraham Lincoln in 1865
Louis J. Weichmann
Notes
References
External links
, including undated photo, at Maryland Historical Trust
Defunct Catholic universities and colleges in the United States
Defunct private universities and colleges in Maryland
Catholic seminaries in the United States
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Buildings and structures in Baltimore County, Maryland
Educational institutions established in 1848
Educational institutions disestablished in 1977
Catholic universities and colleges in Maryland
1848 establishments in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Baltimore County, Maryland
1977 disestablishments in Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Charles%20College%20%28Maryland%29 |
The Inter-American Highway (IAH) is the Central American section of the Pan-American Highway and spans between Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, and Panama City, Panama.
History
The idea of a road being built across all of Central America became a tangible goal in 1923 as the United States began conducting aerial surveys using the United States Army new photo reconnaissance and photographic aerial mapping technology. However, the aerial mapping effort was not directly tied to the upcoming Inter-American Highway project and was conducted with the cooperation of several of the Central American republics.
By 1940, the United States had a strong presence in Central America, especially in Panama. The American-owned and operated both the Panama Canal and the Panama Railroad, but with the looming war in Europe, the United States felt it necessary to establish a more direct connection with Panama. Therefore, the United States and Panamanian governments agreed to begin the construction of a trans-isthmian highway located outside of the Canal Zone. Thus, the construction of the actual Inter-American Highway was instigated by the United States as a safety precaution at the beginning of World War II.
As with the Panama Canal project, the principal engineers and administrators of the highway construction were supplied by the United States. Working and living conditions varied depending on the location and season, but they were described by the North American crew as "primitive" and they recall their experiences as both "hilarious and tragic". For those stationed in larger cities, their families were allowed to come and stay with them as an incentive to keep them from returning to the United States.
Many pieces of what is now the Inter-American Highway were constructed independently by individual countries prior to 1940. However, these roads only existed between large cities and were not in very good condition. Unlike in the United States, transportation in Central America had progressed rapidly from ox-cart paths to air transport creating numerous gaps in the ground transportation network. One of the greatest challenges faced by the workers was bridging these gaps.
Progress on the IAH was painstakingly slow due to the isolation of the building sites and frequent natural obstacles such as mountains and rivers. Nonetheless, construction on the IAH was hastened as the threat of the German U-boats in the Atlantic and Caribbean increased. As part of the American war effort, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began the construction of a "Military Road" in conjunction with the IAH. This group of engineers was allowed access to all the Central American nations involved in the original highway project due to the war emergency status of the Military Road.
The construction of both the IAH and the auxiliary military road progressed at a breakneck speed, and construction supplies quickly ran out. The scarcity of construction material only served to augment local unease concerning the project since local merchants had no precedence over imported materials from the United States or shipping rights, and therefore made little profit from the whole affair. Although construction did not directly benefit local business, it did provide employment of many of the local people. However, this positive impact only lasted as long as the construction team was in an area. For example, after the German submarine threat subsided - due to the presence of the United States Navy - the Corps of Engineers ceased construction on the Military Road project, suddenly leaving many people unemployed and upset.
After the American engineers left Central America, IAH construction started back up at full steam, having inherited a significant amount of supplies and equipment from the abandoned military project. By 1946, the IAH was ready for inspection by American diplomats and engineers, but was far from being finished. Most of the road was only passable by Jeep, but the basic road outline had been carved out of the surrounding jungle and mountains. The road was finally finished in 1967 and existed as a continuous strip of gravel, dirt, or asphalt between Panama and Mexico. The only section of the IAH that was constructed without any form of American aid was the 1,600 mile strip between Nuevo Laredo and Malacatán, on the Mexico-Guatemala border.
See also
El Salvador during World War II
Panama during World War II
Latin America during World War II
American Theater (1939-1945)
References
External links
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/blazer009a.htm
Pan-American Highway
Highways in Laredo, Texas
Military history of Mexico during World War II
Military history of Panama during World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American%20Highway |
Homero Aridjis (born April 6, 1940) is a Mexican poet, novelist, environmental activist, journalist, former ambassador and ex-president of PEN International, known for his rich imagination, poetry of lyrical beauty, and ethical independence.
Family and early life
Aridjis was born in Contepec, Michoacán, Mexico, on April 6, 1940, to a Greek father and a Mexican mother; he was the youngest of five brothers. His father fought in the Greek army during World War I and the Greco-Turkish War, when his family was forced to flee from their home in Tire, southeast of Smyrna, in Asia Minor. His mother grew up in Contepec amidst the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution. After nearly losing his life at age ten in a shotgun accident, Aridjis became an avid reader and began to write poetry. In 1959 he was awarded a scholarship at the Rockefeller Foundation-supported Mexico City Writing Center (Centro Mexicano de Escritores), the youngest writer to have received the award in the center's 55-year history.
Aridjis has published 50 books of poetry and prose, many of them translated into a dozen languages. His achievements include: the Xavier Villaurrutia Award for best book of the year for Mirándola dormir, in 1964, the youngest writer to receive the prize; the Diana-Novedades Literary Prize for the outstanding novel in Spanish, for Memorias del nuevo mundo, in 1988; and the Grinzane Cavour Prize, for best foreign fiction, in 1992, for the Italian translation of 1492, Vida y tiempos de Juan Cabezón de Castilla. 1492: The Life and Times of Juan Cabezón of Castile was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year. He received the Prix Roger Caillois in France for his poetry and prose and Serbia's highest literary honor, the Smederevo Golden Key Prize, for his poetry. In 2005 the state of Michoacán awarded him the first Erendira State Prize for the Arts. Recently he received three poetry prizes in Italy: the Premio Internazionale di Poesia 2013, Premio Letterario Camaiore and the Premio Internazionale di Poesía Elena Violani Landi, Centro di Poesia Contemporanea, University of Bologna (2016);Premio Letterario Internazionale L'Aquila (2019).
Twice the recipient of a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship, Aridjis was named Doctor Honoris Causa by Indiana University.
He has been a visiting professor at Indiana University, New York University and Columbia University, and held the Nichols Chair in Humanities and the Public Sphere at the University of California, Irvine. He has been an editorial page columnist at the Mexican newspapers La Jornada, Reforma and El Universal since 1985, publishing hundreds of articles about environmental, political and literary topics.
Homero Aridjis has served as Mexico's ambassador to the Netherlands and Switzerland and to UNESCO in Paris. For six years between 1997 and 2003 he was President of PEN International, the worldwide association of writers.
Personal life
In 1965, Aridjis married Betty Ferber. They have two daughters, Eva Aridjis, a filmmaker in New York City (Niños de la calle, La Santa Muerte, The Favor, The Blue Eyes, "Chuy, el hombre lobo") and writer Chloe Aridjis, in London (Asunder, Book of Clouds, Sea Monsters. Topografía de lo insólito).
Critical appreciation
Octavio Paz: "In the poetry of Homero Aridjis there is the gaze, the pulse of the poet, the discontinuous time of practical and rational life and the continuity of desire and death: there is the poet's primal truth."
Kenneth Rexroth: "He is a visionary poet of lyrical bliss, crystalline concentrations and infinite spaces... I can think of no poet of Aridjis' generation in the Western Hemisphere who is as much at ease in the blue spaces of illumination – the illumination of transcending love. These are words for a new Magic Flute." (Introduction to "Blue Spaces")
Juan Rulfo: "The poetry of Homero Aridjis is a symbol of love. His work is very beautiful, above all, his style is very original, very novel."
Guillermo Sucre: "All his poetry – ever since "Antes del reino" (1963)-- is a continual conquest of splendor."
Seamus Heaney: "Homero Aridjis' poems open a door into light."
Mirándola dormir:
Joaquín Marco: "Mirándola dormir" is one of the most beautiful, profound and invigorating love poems in our language."
José Miguel Oviedo: "Mirándola dormir" is a work of exceptional intensity and beauty. An admirable poetic prose has been the ideal channel for this erotic crossing. Handled with perfect control of its rhythms, its internal breathing and the precise integrity of its sounds, it has shown the voice of the Mexican poet in all its deep singularity."
Persephone:
André Pieyre de Mandiargues: "This vast poem in prose which is narrative but never stops being poetic, which is realistic but always fantastical, is a unique book in contemporary literature. The power of this poem, or of this scandalous and fascinating illumination, is incomparable."
Harvard Bookshelf: "A dazzling work of literature in any tradition, or language, by any standards."
Le Nouvel Observateur: "Aridjis reinvents the multiplicity of language with rare mastery. This poetical form gives the story a new and splendid dimension."
1492: The Life and Times of Juan Cabezón of Castile:
The New York Times Book Review: "Succeeds in magisterially recreating that woeful and bizarre period of Spanish history that prefigured the discovery and conquest of America. The overall effect is one of splendidly rendered originality and authenticity... Swarms of minor characters cannot fail to remind us of classics like Cervantes' Don Quixote or of certain canvases by Velázquez or El Greco."
The Times Literary Supplement: "An extraordinary account of religious persecution in the fifteenth century. The sense of menace and threat that Aridjis conjures up is extraordinary."
La Quinzaine Litteraire: "This superb book reads like the wind, like an epic chronicle. Homero Aridjis retrieves, through the miracle of his magical prose, the very essence of the twilight of Spain."
Le Soir (Brussels): "With 1492, Homero Aridjis has achieved a novel of exceptional grandeur."
The Guardian (England): "A book of remarkable imaginative power, a looming shadow of a book, a pit and a pendulum all in one, measuring and burying, remorselessly bizarre. It is impossible not to respect the eloquence which Aridjis brings to lives facing the threat of sudden death at every point and the subtlety with which he insists that the death of the spirit is more terrible than anything that may befall the body."
Espaces Latino-Américains (Michel Schneider): "1492 - Les Aventures de Juan Cabezón de Castille and 1492" – "Mémoires du Nouveau Monde": "Le diptyque sur et autour de 1492 constitue une fresque romanesque monumentale et exceptionnelle, qui place Homero Aridjis au premier plan de la littérature hispanique et latino-américaine d'aujourd'hui ».
The Lord of the Last Days: Visions of the Year 1000:
The Washington Post (James Reston): "The test is 'whether the past is convincingly imagined and vividly evoked'. That is what Homero Aridjis accomplishes so brilliantly in this phantasmagoric, luminous novel, The Lord of the Last Days: Visions of the Year 1000."
Giuseppe Bellini: "Through the two currents of his fiction, with historical background and futuristic themes, Aridjis has brought and is bringing a contribution to Hispano-American narrative which places him among the greatest authors of the 20th Century."
Moctezuma:
Luis Buñuel: "It's perfect. It's a very profound and strange play. I think the author is completely surrealist, which for me is great praise."
El último Adán (The Last Adam)":
Luis Buñuel: "That the apocalypse will be the work of man and not of God is, for me, an absolute certainty. Therein lies the difference between the apocalyptic delirium of The Last Adam and Saint John's mediocre apocalyptic descriptions. Obviously, man's imagination has been enriched over the centuries."
Los invisibles:
Alberto Manguel: "Contemporary literature in Spanish generally lacks the voluptuousness and richness evident in Los Invisibles. It too often chooses between exacerbated realism and a kind of free-for-all fantasy. Aridjis, on the contrary, can use all kinds of voice, showing absolute mastery in all, and an astonishing narrative virtuosity. If "Los Invisibles" had to claim a lineage, it would be that of Voltaire's Contes philosophiques, Umberto Eco's Foucault's Pendulum and (because of its literary humour) Marcel Aymé's "La tête des autres."
J. M. G. Le Clézio: "After reading the novel, I believe it will be impossible to walk the streets of Paris without feeling surrounded by invisibles forces."
Solar Poems:
Yves Bonnefoy: "A great flame passes through the words, the poetry of Homero Aridjis, who sets reality alight in images that at once illuminate and consume it, making life a sister of dream. Homero is a great poet; our century has great need of him." (Preface to "Les poemes solaires")
Quincy Troupe: "Solar Poems" constantly serves up an exhilarating feast of wonderfully evocative images and metaphors that are also daring, cutting edge, full of surprises, often irreverent, historical, but sensual --- even erotic... Aridjis' poetry is full of love and a profound wonder for all of the universe and its inhabitants --- humans, animals, the earth, the seas, the sky and the sun and the moon. Solar Poems is a beautiful and necessary collection of poems by a wise poet at the peak of his powers."
News of the Earth:
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.: "Aridjis's new book covers more than thirty years of fighting to preserve our natural wonders. It will be an inspiration to future generations."
Jacob Scherr, NRDC: "Homero is one of the planet's great environmental heroes."
Lester Brown, founder of Worldwatch and Earth Policy Institutes: "No one in Mexico has made a more important contribution to protecting the country's environment, an effort that has had ripple effects throughout the world."
Alejandro Jodorowsky: "The Group of 100 is a movement of conscience that strives to change our relationship with nature. Thanks to this group, presided over by the saintly poet Homero Aridjis, in our world we can still enjoy the magic of monarch butterflies, sea turtles and gray whales."
J.M.G. Le Clézio: "The great strength of Aridjis's work is the faith it transmits in a creative virtue of the world, pessimism notwithstanding, and in the possibility of saving it thanks to environmentalism. Aridjis's writings are not gratuitous; they are militant. Their source is the reality of the natural world."
Pierce Brosnan: "Our journey together to visit those great gentle creatures [gray whales] was one I will live with forever."
Serge Dedina, founder-director of Wildcoast:"News of the Earth can be read as a chronicle of the history of environmental activism in Mexico, but its scope reaches beyond Mexico, as so many of the issues featured are shared with the United States and Canada, its North American partners in NAFTA, and the world...It is an invaluable contribution to understanding why we must preserve our global environment."
Smyrna in Flames:
Stephanos Papadopoulos: "[T]he book's power is unmistakable. It lies in its indelible images, and in the very fact that Homero Aridjis, named after the greatest poet of Ionia, returns to his own bloody history by rewriting his father's memoirs, by giving the dead a voice, by returning the story to its owners. It is a bleak, terrifying, undeniably moving accomplishment."
Environmental activism
Aridjis is increasingly renowned as one of Latin America's leading environmental activists. As a child, he would often walk up a hillside behind his village to watch the migrating monarch butterflies. As he grew older logging thinned the forest and his concern for the fate of the butterflies and the trees triggered his earliest public defense of the environment.
In March 1985 Aridjis founded and became president of the Group of 100, an association of prominent artists and intellectuals, including Octavio Paz, Juan Rulfo, Rufino Tamayo, Gabriel García Márquez, Álvaro Mutis, Augusto Monterroso, Francisco Toledo, Leonora Carrington, Mathias Goeritz, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Elena Poniatowska and others, devoted to environmental protection and the defense of biodiversity in Mexico and Latin America. Under his leadership the Group of 100 achieved in 1986 the official decree ensuring protection for the forests where the migratory monarch butterfly overwinters and in 1990 a permanent ban on the capture and commercialization of all seven species of sea turtle in Mexico. The Group was able to thwart the building of dams on the Usumacinta River that would have flooded 500 square kilometers of the Lacandon forest and submerged important Mayan ruins. For five years Aridjis spearheaded the defense of San Ignacio Lagoon, the gray whale nursery in Baja California, successfully preventing Mitsubishi and the Mexican government from building the world's largest solar salt works at the lagoon. Thanks to Aridjis and the Group of 100 the government agreed to publish daily reports of air quality in Mexico City, leaded gasoline was phased out and lead content in pottery drastically reduced, construction of an airport extension which would have obliterated a bird and wildlife sanctuary in Lake Texcoco was halted, thousands of tons of powdered milk contaminated by fallout from Chernobyl were returned to Ireland before they could be distributed in Mexico and a program limiting the circulation of cars in Mexico City one day each week was put into practice by the city government.
In 1991 he conceived of, organized and presided over the first "Morelia Symposium: Approaching the Year 2000", an international gathering of more than 40 prominent writers, scientists, environmentalists and representatives of indigenous peoples, to discuss the state of the planet and to establish a network for international cooperation. Among the participants were J. M. G. Le Clézio, Sherwood Rowland, Petra Kelly, Gert Bastian, Peter Raven, Lester Brown, and Augusto Roa Bastos.
In 1992 he presented the Morelia Declaration, a statement on the environment signed by more than 1000 writers and scientists from 66 countries, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, where he spoke at the Global Forum with the Dalai Lama, Petra Kelly, Tom Hayden, Ted Turner and Jane Fonda, among others.
In 1994 he organized and presided over the second "Morelia Symposium: Approaching the Year 2000". Among the participants were J. M. G. Le Clézio, Rita Dove, Kjell Espmark, Bärbel Bohley, Bei Dao, W. S. Merwin, John Ralston Saul, Bill McKibben and Breyten Breytenbach. The Second Morelia Declaration was presented at the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994. Aridjis obtained funding for both meetings from the Rockefeller Foundation.
In 2000 he organized and presided over "The Earth in the Year 2000", a joint International PEN—UNESCO symposium of writers and scientists in alliance for sustainable development.
As a pioneer of Mexican civil society, Aridjis played a crucial role in raising environmental awareness and promoting public participation for solving environmental problems, as well as defending freedom of expression about environmental matters.
Public service
While still in his thirties Homero Aridjis served as Mexico's ambassador to the Netherlands and Switzerland. In 1980 he founded the Michoacán Institute of Culture, and as its Director General held an historic international poetry festival, established public libraries throughout the state, founded Mexico's first Museum of Mexican Masks, oversaw restoration of historical buildings, the recovery and restoration of colonial art, protection of cultural heritage, and promotion of cultural diversity in traditional celebrations throughout the state of Michoacán.
Besides the Morelia (Michoacan) Festival in 1981, Aridjis also organized and presided over two international poetry festivals in Mexico City, in 1982 and 1987, bringing to Mexico poets such as Jorge Luis Borges, Seamus Heaney, Günter Grass, Vasko Popa, Allen Ginsberg, Kazuko Shiraishi, Ted Hughes, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Andrei Voznesensky, João Cabral de Melo Neto, Katerina Anghelaki-Rooke, Lars Forssell, Marin Sorescu, Tadeusz Różewicz, André du Bouchet, Eliseo Diego, Mazisi Kunene, Günter Kunert, Breyten Breytenbach, W. S. Merwin, Rita Dove and Paul Muldoon.
In 1997, a coalition of seventeen centers led by American, Japan, Swedish and Belgian (Dutch-speaking) PEN nominated Aridjis for International President of the worldwide association of writers, and he was elected President at the International PEN Congress in Edinburgh, winning a second three-year term at the Moscow Congress held in 2000. He is the first PEN President living in Latin America. During his presidency he oversaw a complete revision of PEN's constitution, achieved acceptance of Spanish as PEN's third official language and led the organization in bettering its governance and accountability. In 2003 he was elected International PEN President Emeritus.
From April 2007 until the abolition of the post in January 2010 he was Mexico's ambassador to UNESCO, where he was a staunch defender of human rights, freedom of expression and cultural diversity and an outspoken critic of lack of transparency and accountability in the UNESCO bureaucracy.
While Aridjis was Mexico's ambassador to UNESCO, he was the driving force behind UNESCO's decision to name Mexico's Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve a UN World Heritage Site.
Teaching activities
Visiting professor, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1969.
Visiting professor, New York University, 1969-1971.
Visiting professor and writer-in-residence, Columbia University, 1979-1980.
Nichols Chair in Humanities and the Public Sphere at the University of California, Irvine, 2002.
Poetry workshop at the Social Security Institute in Mexico City from 1986-1988.
Inaugural J.H. Tans Lecture, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 1991.
Cecil Green Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 1993.
Professor, "The Contemporary Novel" at Salzburg Seminar Session 354, Salzburg, Austria.
Writer-in-Residence, The Sweet Briar Seminars 1999-2000 International Writers, Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, Virginia.
Professor, Bennington Writing Seminar, Bennington College, Vermont, 2002.
Rachel Carson Distinguished Lecture, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, 2007.
Awards and honors
As a writer:
Fellowship from the Mexican Writers' Center (1959–60)
Xavier Villaurrutia Prize for best book of the year, for Mirándola dormir (1965)
Chosen by Henry Kissinger to take part in the International Seminar for Politics and Humanities, Harvard University, 1966.
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship (1966–1967 and 1979–1980)
French government fellowship (1966–1968)
Guest of the Berliner Kunstlerprogramm of the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst in West Berlin (1986 and 1988).
Diana-Novedades Prize for Memorias del Nuevo Mundo, for the outstanding novel in Spanish (1988)
Grinzane Cavour Prize for 1492, Vida y Tiempos de Juan Cabezón de Castilla, best foreign novel translated into Italian, 1992
1492: Life and Times of Juan Cabezón of Castile, New York Times Notable Book of the Year
Doctor Honoris Causa in Humanities, Indiana University (1993)
Residency at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy. (1994 & 2010)
Festival de Poesía Ramón López Velarde, Zacatecas, Mexico, held in his honor, 1995.
Prix Roger Caillois for the ensemble of his work as a poet and novelist, France (1997)
Smederevo Golden Key for Poetry, Serbia (2002)
First Erendira State Prize for the Arts, Michoacán, Mexico (2005).
Premio Internazionale di Poesia 2013, Premio Letterario Camaiore, Italy
Premio Internazionale di Poesía Elena Violani Landi, Centro di Poesia Contemporanea, University of Bologna (2016).
Premio Letterario Internazionale L'Aquila Laudomia Bonanni, Italy (2019).
Emeritus Member, National System of Creative Artists, Mexico, since 1999
Honorary member, Hellenic Authors Society.
As an environmentalist:
Global 500 Award from the United Nations Environment Program on behalf of the Group of 100
Latin Trade magazine's Environmentalist of the Year
José Maria Morelos Medal, the state of Michoacan's highest award
John Hay Award from the Orion Society "for significant achievement in writing that addresses the relationship between people and nature", bestowed during a colloquium of writers and scientists in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico
Natural Resources Defense Council Force for Nature Award
•Green Cross Millennium Prize for International Environmental Leadership, given by Mikhail Gorbachev and Global Green (also awarded to his wife, Betty Ferber)
Bibliography
English
Blue Spaces/Los espacio azules, Selected Poems of Homero Aridjis, edited with an Introduction by Kenneth Rexroth, The Seabury Press, 1974
Exaltation of Light, Boa Editions, 1981 (translated by Eliot Weinberger)
Persephone, Aventura/Vintage Books, 1986 (translated by Betty Ferber)
1492: The Life and Times of Juan Cabezón of Castile, Summit Books, 1991 (translated by Betty Ferber)
The Lord of the Last Days: Visions of the Year 1000, William Morrow, 1995 (translated by Betty Ferber)
Eyes to See Otherwise/Ojos de otro mirar, selected and edited by Betty Ferber and George McWhirter, Carcanet, 2001, New Directions, 2002 (translated by Philip Lamantia, Kenneth Rexroth, W. S. Merwin, Jerome Rothenberg, George McWhirter, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Eliot Weinberger)
Solar Poems/Los poemas solares, City Lights Publishers, 2010, English and Spanish (translated by George McWhirter)
Time of Angels/Tiempo de ángeles, City Lights Publishers, 2012 English and Spanish (translated by George McWhirter)
An Angel Speaks, The Swedenborg Society, London, 2015.
The Child Poet, Archipelago Books, New York, 2016 (translated by Chloe Aridjis).
Maria the Monarch, Mandel Vilar Press, Simsbury, CT, 2017 (translated by Eva Aridjis).
News of the Earth, Mandel Vilar Press, Simsbury, CT, 2017 (edited and translated by Betty Ferber).
Contributor to A New Divan: Lyrical Dialogue Between East and West, Gingko Library 2019.
Smyrna in Flames, Mandel Vilar Press, Simsbury, CT, and Dryad Press, Takoma Park, MD, 2021 (translated by Lorna Scott Fox)
Spanish
Poetry
Los ojos desdoblados, Ed. La Palabra, Mexico, 1960.
Antes del reino, Ed. Era, Mexico, 1963.
Mirándola dormir, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico, 1964.
Perséfone, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, 1967.
Ajedrez-Navegaciones, Ed. Siglo XXI, Mexico, 1969.
Los espacios azules, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico, 1969.
Quemar las naves, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico, 1975.
Vivir para ver, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico, 1977.
Construir la muerte, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico, 1982.
Imágenes para el fin del milenio & Nueva expulsión del paraíso, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico, 1990.
El poeta en peligro de extinción, Ediciones El Tucán de Virginia, Mexico, 1992.
Tiempo de ángeles, Espejo de Obsidiana, Mexico, 1994. English translation, Time of Angels, City Lights Publishers, San Francisco, 2012.
Ojos de otro mirar, Ediciones El Tucán de Virginia, Mexico, 1998.
El ojo de la ballena, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2001.
Los poemas solares, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2005. English translation, Solar Poems, City Lights Publishers, San Francisco, 2010.
Diario de sueños, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2011.
Del cielo y sus maravillas, de la tierra y sus miserias, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2013.
Esmirna en llamas, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, DF, 2013
La poesía llama, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2018.
Novels
La tumba de Filidor, Ed. La Palabra, Mexico, 1961.
El poeta niño, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1971.
El encantador solitario, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1972.
1492 vida y tiempos de Juan Cabezón de Castilla, Ed. Siglo XXI, Mexico, 1985.
Memorias del nuevo mundo, Editorial Diana, Mexico, 1988.
La leyenda de los soles, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1993.
El señor de los últimos días: Visiones del año mil, Alfaguara, Mexico, 1994.
¿En quién piensas cuando haces el amor?, Alfaguara, Mexico, 1996.
La montaña de las mariposas, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2000.
La zona del silencio, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2002.
El hombre que amaba el sol, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2005.
Sicarios, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2007.
Los invisibles, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2010.
Los perros del fin del mundo, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2012.
Esmirna en llamas, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2013.
Ciudad de zombis, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2014
Carne de Dios, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2015.
Los peones son el alma del juego, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2021.
Short fiction
Noche de independencia, Ed. Ultramar, Salvat, Madrid, 1978.
Playa nudista y otros relatos, Ed. Argos Vergara, Barcelona, 1982.
La Santa Muerte, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2004.
Drama
Espectáculo del año dos mil y Moctezuma, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, México, 1981.
El último Adán, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, México, 1986.
Gran teatro del fin del mundo, Joaquín Mortiz, México, 1989.
Non-fiction
Apocalipsis con figuras, Taurus, Mexico, 1997.
Noticias de la Tierra, with Betty Ferber, Random House Mondadori, Mexico, 2012.
Testamento del dragón, Alfaguara Penguin Random House, Mexico, 2018.
El nuevo Apocalipsis, Editorial Verbum, Madrid, 2020.
Children's books
El silencio de Orlando, Alfaguara Infantil, Mexico, 2000, Ediciones Castillo, Mexico, 2015.
El día de los perros locos, Alfguara Infantil, Mexico, 2003.
El tesoro de la noche triste (Vuelven los perros locos), Alfaguara Infantil, Mexico, 2005.
La búsqueda de Archelon: Odisea de las siete tortugas, Alfaguara, Mexico, 2006.
María la monarca, Ediciones Castillo, Mexico, 2015.
Poetry anthologies
Antología, Ed. Lumen, Barcelona, 1976.
Antología poética, Ocnos Editores, Barcelona, 1976.
Sobre una ausencia, Akal Editor, Madrid, 1977.
Obra poética 1960-1986, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico, 1987.
Obra poética 1960-1990, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico, 1991.
Antologia poetica 1960-1994, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1994.
Ojos de otro mirar: Poesía 1960-2001, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2002.
Infancia de luz, Ediciones SM, Mexico, 2003.
Antología poética, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2009.
Antología poética, 1960-2018, Ediciones Cátedra, Madrid, 2018.
Critical anthologies
Poesía en movimiento: México 1915-66, Ed. Siglo XXI, México, 1966, with Octavio Paz, Alí Chumacero and Jose Emilio Pacheco.
330 grabados originales de Manuel Manilla, Homero Aridjis y Arsacio Vanegas Arroyo, Editorial A. Vanegas Arroyo, Mexico, 1971.
Seis poetas latinoamericanos de hoy, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York, 1972.
New Poetry of Mexico, E.H. Dutton, New York, 1972; Secker and Warburg, London, 1974.
Heimwee naar de dood: Zeven Mexicaanse dichters van deze eeuw, Meulenhoff, Amsterdam, 1974.
Savremena poezija Meksika, Bagdala, Belgrade, 1976.
Snabbare an tanken ror sig bilden: Modern Mexikansk poesi, with Pierre Zekeli, Fibs Lyrikklubs, Stockholm, 1979.
Antología del Primer Festival Internacional de Poesía, Morelia 1981, Ed. Joaquín Mortiz, Mexico 1982.
Antología del Festival Internacional de Poesía de la Ciudad de México, El Tucán de Virginia, Mexico, 1988.
Artistas e intelectuales sobre el Ecocidio Urbano, with Fernando Cesarman, Consejo de la Crónica de la Ciudad de México, Mexico, 1989.
Recordings
Recording of his poetry for the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1966.
The World's Greatest Poets Reading at the Festival of Two Worlds, Spoleto, Italy, Spanish Poets, Volume I, Applause Productions, Inc., New York, 1968.
Homero Aridjis: antología poética, Voz Viva de México, UNAM, Mexico, 1969.
Poetry International 1973, Rotterdamse Kunststichting, Rotterdam, 1973.
Homero Aridjis: Ojos de otro mirar, Entre voces, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 2003.
Further reading
Edenes subvertidos. La obra en prosa de Homero Aridjis, Laurence Pagacz, Bonilla Artigas, 2018
I tempi dell'apocalisse. L'opera di Homero Aridjis, Giuseppe Bellini, Bulzoni, 2013
Latin American Novels of the Conquest: Reinventing the New World/Kimberle S. Lopez, University of Missouri Press, 2002
El deseo colonial en 1492 y Memorias del Nuevo Mundo de Homero Aridjis/Kimberle s. Lopez, read at the Sexto Congreso de Literatura Mexicana Contemporánea, El Paso, Texas, March 1–4, 2001.
La luz queda en el aire, Estudios internacionales en torno a Homero Aridjis, ed. Thomas Stauder. Vervuert Verlag, 2005
Mexico in the 21st century: selected essays/Alina Camacho Rivero de Gingerich., 2003
Actualización de temas precolombinos en tres poetas contemporaneos Mexicanos/María Socorro Tabuenca Córdoba., 1979
Homero Aridjis: neoliberalismo y ficción narrativa en En quién piensas cuando haces el amor?/Stéphanie Valdés-Besson., 2005
El último Adán: Visión apocalíptica de la ciudad en la narrativa de Homero Aridjis, Lucia Guerra, Contexto, vol. 6, No. 8, 2002
La fantasia milenarista de Homero Aridjis, Summa crítica, Saul Yurkievich, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1997.
References
External links
www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/homero_aridjis/
Biography from the international literature festival berlin Biography from the International Literature Festival Berlin
Group of 100
Homero Aridjis' 2009 publication from City Lights, Solar Poems
"El último Adán: Visión apocalíptica de la ciudad en la narrativa de Homero Aridjis"
Keynote Lecture: "The Birds, or My Life as a Writer and Environmentalist Activist"
PEN International
Enough! Mexico Is Ready to Explode
Migrants Ride a 'Train of Death' to Get to America & We're Ignoring the Root of the Problem
We're Mad as Hell, and We're Not Going to Take It Anymore
Last Call For Monarchs
40 Years Ago the World 'Discovered' Mexico's Monarch Habitat -- Today Its Survival Is at Stake
Charlie Hebdo Deserves the PEN Award. Censorship Is Complicity.
Instead Of Trump's Wall, Let's Build A Border Of Solar Panels
https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-poet-of-mythologies-homero-aridjis-at-80/
Homero Aridjis recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on February 23, 1966.
1940 births
Living people
Mexican people of Greek descent
PEN International
Mexican male poets
Writers from Michoacán
Mexican environmentalists
Mexican columnists
Ambassadors of Mexico to the Netherlands
Ambassadors of Mexico to Switzerland
Mexican expatriates in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homero%20Aridjis |
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is a committee within the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that provides advice and guidance on effective control of vaccine-preventable diseases in the U.S. civilian population. The ACIP develops written recommendations for routine administration of vaccines to the pediatric and adult populations, along with vaccination schedules regarding appropriate timing, dosage, and contraindications of vaccines. ACIP statements are official federal recommendations for the use of vaccines and immune globulins in the U.S., and are published by the CDC.
Purpose and impact
The ACIP was established in March 1964 by the US Surgeon General to assist in the prevention and control of communicable diseases, it recommends licensed new vaccines to be incorporated into the routine immunization schedule, recommends vaccine formulations, and reviews older vaccines to consider revising its recommendations.
Both private insurers in the United States and the federal government use ACIP recommendations to determine which vaccines they will pay for.
Recommendation process
Regularly scheduled ACIP meetings are held three times a year. Notices of each meeting, along with agenda items, are published in the Federal Register in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA). A vote on vaccine recommendations may be taken when a quorum of at least eight eligible ACIP members are present. Eligible voters are those members who do not have a conflict of interest. If there are not eight eligible voting members present, the ACIP executive secretary can temporarily designate ex officio members as voting members, as provided in the committee charter. Meetings are advertised and open to the public, and are now available online via webcast. The minutes of each meeting are available on the CDC website within 90 days of the conference.
In October 2010, ACIP adopted the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) framework. Their process includes review of labeling and package inserts; review of the scientific literature on the safety and efficacy; assessment of cost effectiveness; review of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease; review of the recommendations of other groups; and consideration of the feasibility of vaccine use in existing programs. Each piece of evidence is judged as very low, low, moderate, or high quality. Problems such as lack of reliability and biases are taken into account and the quality of the evidence is adjusted accordingly. Vaccines suitable for nearly all persons in an age- or risk-factor-based group are assigned Category A. Category B recommendations are made for individual clinical decision-making between the patient and physician. Both Category A and Category B vaccines must be covered by insurance companies (following the ACA).
At meetings the ACIP may vote to include new vaccines into the VFC program or to modify existing vaccine schedules. These votes are codified as VFC resolutions. In most cases, a resolution takes effect after establishing a CDC contract for the purchase of that vaccine in the necessary amounts.
Recommendations are then forwarded to the CDC Director for approval. Once approved, the recommendations appear in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report and represent the official CDC recommendations for immunizations in the US.
Working groups
To ensure thorough review of available information, ACIP often appoints working groups to assist drafting its recommendations, composed of ACIP members, CDC staff and others with immunization expertise. Work groups work year round to catalog specific vaccines and safety information. They review all available scientific information about vaccines which will be discussed at the next ACIP meeting so that they can present the relevant information after the vaccine is licensed at the meeting. Work groups do not vote on the final recommendation.
Members
The ACIP nominally contains fifteen regular members, each an expert in one of the following fields:
immunization practices and public health
use of vaccines and other immunobiologic agents in clinical practice or preventive medicine
clinical or laboratory vaccine research
assessment of vaccine efficacy and safety
consumer perspectives and/or social and community aspects of immunization programs; at least one member must be an expert in this category.
No-one who is currently employed by or involved with any employees of vaccine manufacturing companies or who holds a patent for a vaccine can be a member of ACIP. In addition, the ACIP includes ex officio members from Federal agencies involved with vaccine issues, and non-voting liaison representatives from medical and professional societies and organizations.
Recent recommendations
On February 26, 2015, ACIP voted to deliver a Category A recommendation for administering MenB vaccines to persons older than 10 years who were at higher risk of meningococcal disease.
On June 24, 2015, ACIP heard the arguments for recommending Pfizer and Novartis's serogroup B meningococcal vaccines for everyone in the 16-22 age group. The vaccines were licensed to be administered to persons 10 to 25 years of age. ACIP was unable to grade all of the evidence according to the GRADE system, but they considered the evidence given to be of enough quality to consider a recommendation. The proposed wording was as follows:
“A serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccine series may be administered to adolescents and young adults 16 through 23 years of age to provide short term protection against most strains of serogroup B meningococcal disease. The preferred age for MenB vaccination is 16 through 18 years of age. (Category B)”
The motion was passed, 14 to 1.
In 2020 ACIP created a phased vaccine allocation recommendation for the COVID vaccines. A preliminary version of the recommendation prioritized essential workers over people 65 or older. Online commentators criticized the panel for its decision, characterizing the panel as "saying that racial equity considerations militate against prioritizing the elderly even though they concede that doing so would save the most lives of people of all races."
See also
National Immunization Technical Advisory Group, generic terms for immunization advisory committee
Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation, the National Health Service counterpart in the United Kingdom
National Advisory Committee on Immunization, immunization advisory committee in Canada
Standing Committee on Vaccination, immunization advisory committee in Germany
References
External links
ACIP home page
American advisory organizations
Vaccination-related organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Vaccination in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory%20Committee%20on%20Immunization%20Practices |
The Arctic lamprey (Lethenteron camtschaticum), also known as the Japanese river lamprey or Japanese lampern (Petromyzon japonicus Martens 1868, Lampetra fluviatilis japonica (Martens 1868), Lampetra japonica (Martens 1868), Lethenteron japonicum (Martens 1868) ), is a species of lamprey, a jawless fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. It inhabits coastal freshwater habitat types in the Arctic. Some populations are anadromous, spending part of their lives in the ocean. It is the most common and widespread lamprey in the Arctic region.
Description
This lamprey is usually about long, but specimens have been known to reach and in weight. Non-anadromous individuals are rarely over long. It is brown, gray, or olive in color with a paler belly. There are two dorsal fins located near the tail, the posterior one larger than the anterior. Males are larger than females. The caudal fin has two lobes, the lower longer than the upper. It is continuous with the dorsal and anal fins. The anal fin of the male takes the form of a small ridge.
Distribution and habitat
The Arctic lamprey is a circumpolar species. Its range extends from Lapland eastward to Kamchatka and southward to Japan and Korea. It also inhabits the Arctic and Pacific drainages of Alaska and northwestern Canada. The adults live in freshwater habitat near the coast, such as rivers and lakes. It can be found over stony and sandy substrates, and shelters under vegetation.
Behaviour
The adult Arctic lamprey spawns in the gravel of riffles. The ammocoetes, as the lamprey larvae are known, are found in muddy freshwater habitats where they burrow in the mud and feed on detritus. It is generally an anadromous species, living in the ocean before migrating to fresh water to spawn, but some populations are permanent residents of fresh water.
The adult is generally a parasitic feeder that attaches to any of a number of other fish species, including salmon, lake trout, and lake whitefish. The smaller, non-migratory form is not parasitic. The juvenile consumes aquatic invertebrates, algae, and organic debris. This species is prey for other fish such as inconnu, northern pike, and burbot, and gulls feed on spawning aggregations. The eggs and larvae are food for sculpins.
Status
The Arctic lamprey is a commercially important edible fish with fatty flesh. It is reared in aquaculture. The ammocoetes are used as bait. Threats to the spawning habitat of this species include pollution and the regulation of water flow by damming. Nevertheless, the IUCN has assessed this species as being of "Least Concern".
References
Lethenteron
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Animal parasites of fish
Fish described in 1811
Taxa named by Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau
Holarctic fauna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20lamprey |
The Light at the Edge of the World is a 1971 Spanish-American adventure film, directed by Kevin Billington and starring Kirk Douglas, Yul Brynner, Samantha Eggar, and Fernando Rey. It was adapted from Jules Verne's classic 1905 adventure novel The Lighthouse at the End of the World (Le Phare du bout du monde). The plot involves piracy in the South Atlantic during the mid-19th century, with a theme of survival in extreme circumstances, and events centering on an isolated lighthouse.
Despite having a large Hollywood budget, collaboration with prestigious foreign film studios, exotic shooting locations in Europe and some of the biggest name movie stars, the movie was mainly a failure at the box office.
Plot
The year is 1865. Will Denton (Kirk Douglas) is a jaded American miner escaping a troubled past. Seeking isolation for two reasons – to mend his broken heart after a failed romance during the California Gold Rush, and also to escape punishment after he murdered a man in a gunfight – Denton tends a lonely and isolated lighthouse with a minimal crew of three men, himself included.
The lighthouse sits on a fictional rocky island adorned with many caves carved by the crashing waves of the Atlantic Ocean; it is however set in the geographic location of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago at the southern tip of South America. Before the building of the Panama Canal, the waters off Cape Horn were perhaps the busiest and richest shipping lanes in the world (all shipping between Europe and the western coast of The United States had to go around the Cape) and therefore very lucrative.
Denton is contented to retreat from the world and be away from the problems of civilization, and quickly adjusts to his new supervisor, old Argentine sea dog Captain Moriz (Fernando Rey) and his youthful and innocent assistant Felipe (Massimo Ranieri).
A shipload of utterly malicious and sadistic pirates show up, murder Moriz and Felipe, and extinguish the light. They are wreckers, brigands who mislead ships into the rocks to loot the cargo and prey upon the victims. Their leader Captain Jonathan Kongre (Yul Brynner) is a diabolical fiend with a seductive and charismatic facade.
Denton hides out in the caves and amongst the rocks, hiding from the pirates. He saves Italian wreck survivor Montefiore (Renato Salvatori) from the pirates' massacre, and together they wage a war of guerrilla tactics against Kongre and his cutthroats.
Kongre breaks his own rule by keeping one captive alive – a beautiful Englishwoman named Arabella (Samantha Eggar).
Montefiore is captured while creating a diversion for an attempt by Denton to rescue Arabella, who however opts for remaining with Kongre.
On the next day, Kongre has Montefiori flayed alive on his ship, trying to draw Denton out of hiding, but Denton shoots Montefiori from afar.
Angered, Kongre gives Arabella to his men and withdraws to the lighthouse. Denton uses the pirates' cannon to sink their ship, along with all the pirates except for Kongre.
The finale of the film is a showdown between the only two survivors left on the island, Denton and Kongre. During the fight an explosion occurs. Kongre is set on fire and falls from the lighthouse.
Cast
Kirk Douglas as Will Denton
Yul Brynner as Jonathan Kongre
Samantha Eggar as Arabella
Jean-Claude Drouot as Virgilio
Fernando Rey as Captain Moriz
Renato Salvatori as Montefiore
Massimo Ranieri as Felipe
Aldo Sambrell as Tarcante
Tito García as Emilio
Víctor Israel as Das Mortes
Production
In 1962 it was announced Hardy Kruger and Jean Marais would star in an adaptation of the novel for Columbia Pictures.
The project was re-activated in the late 1960s by Bryna, Kirk Douglas' production company. Douglas hired Kevin Billington to direct in March 1970. Douglas made the film as a co production with Alexander Salkyind's Vulkano Productions. National General Pictures agreed to distribute.
Finance was mostly raised from a bank in Spain. It involved people from France, Spain and Italy. Billington said "there are about 23 c-production deals; there are problems about casting and about language." Douglas said he was paid "a lot of money" for the movie, estimated at being $1 million.
Filming took place in Spain.
Some of the shooting locations included:
Jávea, Alicante, Valencia, Spain
La Manga del Mar Menor, Murcia, Spain
Cadaqués, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
Cap de Creus, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
La Pedriza, Manzanares el Real, Madrid, Spain
References
External links
DVD Savant Review: "The Light at the Edge of the World"
1970s adventure films
1971 films
American historical adventure films
Bryna Productions films
English-language Spanish films
Films based on French novels
Films based on works by Jules Verne
Films directed by Kevin Billington
Films scored by Piero Piccioni
Films set in Argentina
Films set in Chile
Films set in 1865
Films set on beaches
Films set on islands
Pirate films
Spanish historical adventure films
1970s Spanish-language films
Tierra del Fuego
Films set in lighthouses
1970s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Light%20at%20the%20Edge%20of%20the%20World |
Red ale can refer to two styles of beer which are some shade of red or light brown in hue:
Irish red ale
Flanders red ale, from Belgium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20ale |
Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis), also known as omul , is an anadromous species of freshwater whitefish that inhabits the Arctic parts of Siberia, Alaska and Canada. It has a close freshwater relative in several lakes of Ireland, known as the pollan, alternatively regarded as conspecific with it, or as a distinct species.
Taxonomy
The freshwater omul of Lake Baikal, formerly considered a subspecies Coregonus autumnalis migratorius of the Arctic cisco, has no close genetic relationship to it and is now classified as a separate species, Coregonus migratorius.
Description
The Arctic cisco have a relatively small head with a non-prominent snout. They have metallic silver body, a brown or dark green back, and nearly colorless fins. They have neither spots nor teeth on their jaws. They do have a patch of teeth on their tongue. They can reach 50 cm (20 in) in length and can weight up to 2 kg (4.4 lbs), but are usually less than 40 cm (16 in) in length and 1 kg (2.2 lbs) in weight.
Distribution and habitat
Arctic cisco can be found in the Beaufort Sea, Colville River delta, and freshwater drainages east of the Sagavanirktok River. They can be found in several drainages in the Northwest Territories and Siberia, such as the Chaun River, and are not often found east of Point Barrow.
Food chain
Diet
The Arctic cisco preys upon plankton, crustaceans, and small fishes.
Predators
Predators of the Arctic cisco include marine mammals, seabirds, and large fishes such as the Dolly Varden trout and burbot.
Behaviors
Reproduction
Arctic cisco are able to spawn at 8 or 9 years of age. Females may only be able to spawn two or three times in their life, and do not necessarily produce eggs every year.
The Arctic cisco reproduce in September. They do not reproduce in Alaskan waters, but do reproduce in Mackenzie River.
Females have up to 90,000 eggs.
Migration
Young Arctic cisco migrate along the Beaufort Sea coast. They are then aided by winds to the Colville River delta, where they are over 160 km (100 mi) from where they spawned. They return to the Mackenzie River to spawn. They do not feed while migrating upward.
Life history
Arctic cisco can live to be 13 years old or more.
Conservation
Little is known of the abundance of the Arctic cisco in Alaska.
Threats
The largest threats to the Arctic cisco appear to be climate change and oil and gas development.
References
Coregonus
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Freshwater fish of Europe
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fish of Canada
Fish described in 1776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20cisco |
John Doxie Moore (February 13, 1911 – April 23, 1986) was an American basketball player and coach. He attended Delphi High School in Delphi, Indiana, and played college basketball at Purdue University from 1930 to 1934, playing alongside John Wooden as Purdue laid claim to the 1932 Helms Athletic Foundation National Championship. He coached several professional basketball teams, including the Sheboygan Red Skins, the Anderson Packers and the Milwaukee Hawks in the 1940s and 1950s.
Moore was hired to coach Sheboygan for the 1946–47 season. The Red Skins finished with a 26–18 record and qualified for the National Basketball League (NBL) playoffs, where they were ousted in the first round. In 1947–48, Moore began the season as Sheboygan's head coach, but gave up the duties when the Red Skins obtained player-coach Bobby McDermott, a Hall of Fame guard, from the Chicago American Gears. The Gears players had been distributed among the NBL's teams when Chicago's league, the fledgling Professional Basketball League of America, folded in November 1947 after only three weeks in operation. McDermott coached Sheboygan to a 4–5 record in one month of duty before leaving for the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and handing the reins back to Moore. The Red Skins finished a disappointing 23–37 and missed the playoffs. Moore served as the commissioner of the NBL in its final season.
Following the NBL-BAA merger, Moore was hired as coach of the Anderson Packers in the middle of the 1949–50 NBA season. When the Packers jumped to the National Professional Basketball League for the 1950–51 season, Moore served as the NPBL's commissioner as the league struggled to finish its only season. Moore served as coach and vice-president of the Milwaukee Hawks for 1951–52, their first season in Milwaukee. In the 1950s, he was an administrative assistant to Indiana Governor George N. Craig.
Moore was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 1978, and served as the first president of the Hall of Fame Foundation.
References
External links
Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame: Doxie Moore
BasketballReference.com: Doxie Moore
1911 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American sports executives and administrators
Anderson Packers coaches
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball executives
Basketball players from Indiana
Milwaukee Hawks head coaches
People from Delphi, Indiana
Purdue Boilermakers football players
Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball players
Sheboygan Red Skins coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxie%20Moore |
George Edward John Mowbray Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke, (19 November 1862 – 20 December 1947) was a British nobleman from Suffolk who served as a Territorial Army officer, as a junior government minister, and as the 15th Governor of Victoria, Australia.
Early years
He was born on 19 November 1862, the only son and heir of John Rous, 2nd Earl of Stradbroke. Under the courtesy title of Viscount Dunwich, he was educated at Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge (Bachelor of Arts 1884, Master of Arts 1890). He succeeded his father as the 3rd Earl of Stradbroke and owner of the family seat at Henham Park in Suffolk on 27 January 1886.
Military career
Viscount Dunwich was commissioned captain in the 1st Norfolk Artillery Volunteers (which included Suffolk batteries) in 1882. He was promoted major in 1884, and lieutenant colonel to command the unit in 1888. He was promoted to colonel in the Volunteers on 26 June 1902, and was awarded the Volunteer Decoration on 15 August 1902. He was appointed an aide-de-camp to King Edward VII in the 1902 Coronation Honours list on 26 June 1902, serving until the King's death in 1910 when he was re-appointed by King George V.
When the Volunteer Force was replaced by the Territorial Force on 1 April 1908, his unit was split up: Stradbroke became Honorary Colonel of the 1st East Anglian Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (TF) (which contained the Norfolk batteries), while remaining lieutenant colonel commanding the 3rd East Anglian (Howitzer) Brigade (which contained the Suffolk batteries). He led the 3rd East Anglian Brigade and its successor units on active service on the Western Front in Egypt and Palestine during the First World War. He was awarded the Territorial Decoration, appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1919 and a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1920.
After the war he remained Honorary Colonel of the Norfolk artillery brigade (now known as the 84th (East Anglian) Brigade) and from 18 May 1927 filled the same role with the Suffolk brigade (now the 103rd Suffolk Brigade) until it was split up, when he continued as Honorary Colonel of the 409th (Suffolk) Independent Anti-Aircraft Battery until its renewed merger with the Norfolk batteries to form the 78th (1st Anglian) Anti-Aircraft Regiment in 1938.
He also served as chairman of the Suffolk Territorial Army Association and as president of the Council of the National Artillery Association. He finally retired from an active role with the Territorial Army and as ADC to the King in 1930.
Politics
Stradbroke was appointed as Governor of Victoria in 1920 and held the position until 1926. He also served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1928 until the defeat of the 1924–1929 Conservative Government.
Scouting
As ex. officio the Chief Scout of Victoria as governor, Lord Stradbroke also sponsored the Victorian Scouting competition, the Stradbroke Cup. This event is still held every year and is immensely popular.
Freemasonry
A Freemason, Stradbroke was initiated to the craft in the Lodge of Prudence No. 388. After he became Worshipful Master of the Lodge, he was appointed Provincial Grand Master of Suffolk in October 1902, holding the position for forty-five years. Two years after being appointed Governor of Victoria, he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Victoria. He was also Provincial Grand Master of Mark Masons of East Anglia.
Public life
In addition to his political and military positions, Stradbroke held the office of Vice-Admiral of Suffolk, was Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk and a Justice of the Peace, and an Alderman and chairman of East Suffolk County Council. He was also president of the National Sea Fisheries Protection Association.
Both the Earl and Countess were supporters of thoroughbred racing. While in Victoria they separately owned or leased several horses, notably Trice, trained for the Countess by Jack Holt.
Family
Helena Violet Alice Fraser (died 14 April 1949), daughter of Lieutenant General James Keith Fraser, married Stradbroke on 23 July 1898. As Countess of Stradbroke she was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1927. They had the following children:
Lady Pleasance Elizabeth Rous (born 11 May 1899 – died 1 September 1986)
Lady Catherine Charlotte Rous (born 5 May 1900 – died 19 September 1983)
Lady Betty Helena Joanna Rous (24 April 1901 – 4 November 1969)
John Anthony Alexander Rous, 4th Earl of Stradbroke (1 April 1903 – 1983)
William Keith Rous, 5th Earl of Stradbroke (10 March 1907 – 1983)
Major Hon. George Nathaniel Rous (5 April 1911 – 1982)
Major Hon. Peter James Mowbray Rous (23 January 1914 – 17 May 1997), married Elizabeth Alice Mary Fraser on 24 June 1942 and had issue
Hon. Christopher Simon Rous (3 January 1916 – 22 February 1925)
Death
The 3rd Earl of Stradbroke died on 20 December 1947 and was succeeded by his eldest son. His widow, the Dowager Countess of Stradbroke, died in an accident on 14 April 1949.
Honours
In addition to the honours noted above, the Earl of Stradbroke was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1904 and a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1906. He was a Knight of the Order of St John and held the Grand Cross of the Order of the Savior of Greece.
References
1862 births
1947 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Royal Artillery officers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Governors of Victoria (Australia)
Lord-Lieutenants of Suffolk
Members of East Suffolk County Council
People from Blythburgh
British Army personnel of World War I
Australian Freemasons
Masonic Grand Masters
People educated at Harrow School
Military personnel from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Rous%2C%203rd%20Earl%20of%20Stradbroke |
Pavlo Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble (; also referred to simply as Virsky) is a Ukrainian dance company based out of Ukraine, notable for its innovative approach to the art form. The ensemble was founded in 1937 by Pavlo Virsky and Mykola Bolotov, and guided by Virsky until his death in 1975. During World War II, Virsky performed for the soldiers at the front. In 1980, the company's artistic direction was overtaken by Myroslav Vantukh, who had been a disciple of Virsky. Virsky's aim is to create dances that embrace historical Ukrainian dance traditions as well as dances that are innovative and forward-moving.
Repertoire
Choreography by Pavlo Virsky
My Z Ukraine ()
Povzunets (), a Cossack comedy dance
Oi, Pid Vishneiu ()
Zaporozchi, National Ukrainian dance of Cossacks
Vyshyvalnytsi ()
Moriaky ()
Hopak
Choreography by Myroslav Vantukh
Carpathians
Tambourine Dance
The Years of Youth
In Peace and Harmony
Russian Suite
Ukraino, My Ukraino ()
Tsygansky, a Gypsy dance
The Volynsk Patterns
Kozachok
See also
List of folk dance performance groups
References
External links
Official Website of Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble Named After P.Virsky
A News Article on Virsky
Ukrainian Weekly Article
Folk dance companies
Dance in Ukraine
Soviet performing ensembles
Cultural organizations based in Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20Virsky%20Ukrainian%20National%20Folk%20Dance%20Ensemble |
Peter Hutchinson (born December 17, 1949) is an American politician, businessman and philanthropy executive from the U.S. state of Minnesota. He ran as the Independence Party of Minnesota nominee for governor of Minnesota in 2006.
Early life and education
Hutchinson was born in Faribault, Minnesota, and moved to Rochester, New York with his family at a young age. He graduated from Dartmouth College with a bachelor's degree in government and urban studies, then from Princeton University with a master's degree in public affairs and urban planning.
Career
In 1975, Hutchinson returned to Minnesota and, in 1977, was elected Deputy Mayor of Minneapolis in the administration of Mayor Albert Hofstede, serving in that post until 1979. After leaving office, he was hired by the Dayton Hudson Corporation, of which he was Vice President of External Affairs and Chairman of the Dayton Hudson Foundation. As chairman of the foundation, he oversaw the distribution of $110 million nationwide for use in community improvement projects.
In 1989, Governor Rudy Perpich appointed Hutchinson the state's Commissioner of Finance. That year, a budget deficit seemed likely, but Hutchinson helped balance the budget by cutting spending. After Perpich was succeeded by Arne Carlson, Hutchinson tendered his resignation. The next year, he joined two partners. Babak Armajani and John James, in forming the Public Strategies Group, a consulting firm that works mainly with public sector customers. In the mid-'90s, PSG had a contract to run the Minneapolis public schools and Hutchinson served as the superintendent of the Minneapolis Public Schools. In 2004, he and David Osborne wrote The Price of Government: Getting the Results We Need in an Age of Permanent Fiscal Crisis. In 2008, Hutchinson was elected as a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration.
Campaign for governor
On January 25, 2006, Hutchinson announced his candidacy for governor of Minnesota as an independent, although he would seek the Independence Party's endorsement. His campaign slogan was "Open Up Minnesota", and he promised to restore competence to a state government that he claimed was gridlocked by partisanship. He promised not to campaign on what he called "the 5 G's"—guns, gays, God, gambling, and gynecology—which he claimed were political straw men.
The Independence Party convention was held on June 24 at Midway Stadium in St. Paul. Hutchinson and his team were endorsed on the first ballot, with Hutchinson receiving 90% of the vote and his team running unopposed. He defeated former Jesse Ventura aide Pam Ellison in the September primary with 66% of the vote. The Pioneer Press, Winona's Daily News, and the University of Minnesota's Minnesota Daily endorsed Hutchinson. He faced incumbent Republican Tim Pawlenty and Democrat Mike Hatch in the general election. He received 141,735 votes, 6.4% of the total, and Pawlenty was reelected.
Team Minnesota
On June 15, 2006, Hutchinson unveiled "Team Minnesota", a group of professionals, politicians, and public servants he recruited to run for various statewide offices on the Independence ticket. His lieutenant governor running mate was Maureen Reed, a former chairman of the University of Minnesota board of regents.
Other members of Team Minnesota included Lucy Gerold, Minneapolis's deputy chief of police, for state auditor; former state commissioner of revenue John James for attorney general; and Brooklyn Park Economic and Redevelopment Director Joel Spoonheim for secretary of state. Former Governor Jesse Ventura endorsed Hutchinson in a series of commercials.
Bush Foundation
In late 2007, Hutchinson joined the (Archibald) Bush Foundation as its president. Under his leadership, in July 2008 the foundation announced its Goals for a Decade, which seek in Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota to (1) develop courageous leaders and engage entire communities in solving problems, (2) support the self-determination of Native nations and (3) increase educational achievement.
References
External links
Peter Hutchinson for Governor
Team Minnesota
Minnesota Public Radio profile
Minnesota 2006 Election endorsements from state newspapers
The Public Strategies Group
Bush Foundation
1949 births
Living people
People from Faribault, Minnesota
Dartmouth College alumni
Princeton University alumni
School superintendents in Minnesota
State cabinet secretaries of Minnesota
Independence Party of Minnesota politicians
20th-century American educators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Hutchinson |
The broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) is a freshwater whitefish species. Dark silvery in colour, and like a herring in its shape. Its distinctive features includes: a convex head, short gill rakers, and a mild overbite. It is found in the Arctic-draining streams, lakes, and rivers of far eastern Russia and North America. Its prey includes larval insects, snails, and shellfish. It is eaten by humans and brown bears.
Description
The broad whitefish is a herring-shaped fish with a more compressed body and convex head than other whitefishes. It is iridescent, with a dark olive-brown back, silvery grey sides, and a whitish bottom. Features that distinguish it from other species include a mild overbite and 18–25 short gill rakers. The fins of adults are grey, while those of young fish are grey. It reaches a maximum length of , and a maximum weight of .
Distribution and habitat
The broad whitefish is found in Arctic-draining basins in northern Eurasia and North America from the Pechora River to the Perry River. Most commonly inhabiting streams, it is also found in lakes and estuaries with a salinity of less than 15 percent. Fish from freshwater populations sometimes migrate to or through ocean waters, especially in the winter. It is nerito-pelagic, meaning that it is found in inshore open water. Throughout its range it is widespread and abundant, and there are no known threats to its survival, though it could potentially be threatened by overfishing, habitat destruction caused by oil exploration, and alteration of rivers. It has a number of genetically distinct forms in the various basins it occurs in. It has been stocked successfully in Belgium and unsuccessfully in Latvia, Ukraine, Estonia, China. An introduction has been made in Mining, Austria, where a rod and reel record fish was caught in 2002.
Ecology
Recorded items in the broad whitefish's diet are chironomid midges, mosquito larvae, snails, bivalves, and crustaceans. It migrates upstream to spawn, except in some estuaries. These migrations are difficult for it, and many individuals become heavily scarred from infestations, lampreys, and fishing nets. It prefers streams with gravel bottoms, especially those with finer gravel, for spawning. After hatching, larval fish move downstream. In Russia, spawning occurs between July and November in various populations.
As food
This fish is commonly consumed by humans, especially on a subsistence basis, and its good-tasting flesh is sold fresh, smoked, or dried. Also known as Chir, the broad whitefish is one of the species used in the Arctic Siberian dish stroganina.
It is also eaten by brown bears, especially when their preferred salmon is not available.
References
Literature cited
Alaska Natural Heritage Program (2005). "Coregonus nasus." Fishes Tracking List and Status Reports. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
Barker, Oliver E., and Derocher, Andrew E. (2009). "Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Predation of Broad Whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in the Mackenzie Delta Region, Northwest Territories." Arctic 62(3):312–316. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
Harris, Les N. (2008). "Population genetic structure of North American broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus (Pallas), with emphasis on the Mackenzie River system". Dissertation for the Degree of Master of Science. Retrieved 12 February 2010
Machacek, Heinz. "Fishing World Records" Fishing World Records. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
Page, Lawrence M., and Burr, Brooks M. (1991). A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Reist, J. D.; R. A. Bodaly, R. J. P. Fudge, K. J. Cash, and T. V. Stevens (1987). "External scarring of whitefish, Coregonus nasus and C. clupeaformis complex, from the western Northwest Territories, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology 65(5): 1230–1239. .
External links
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Coregonus
Fish described in 1776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad%20whitefish |
Mercury Brewing Company is a brewery founded in 1999 in Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA. when Ipswich Brewing Co was renamed. In subsequent years the brand would return to its roots operating under the Ipswich Ale Brewery name. They also operate an onsite restaurant the Ipswich Ale Brewer’s Table.
Brands
The company produces the brands of: Ipswich Ale, Five Mile Ales, Stone Cat (In 1999, Mercury Brewing Company bought the Stone Cat brand from Modern Brewers in Cambridge, Massachusetts), and Mercury Soda Pop.
History
Ipswich Brewing Company, founded in 1991 by Paul Sylva and Jim Beauvais, encompassed an initial product line of Ipswich Ale and Dark Ale, introduced on draft, in 64 fl oz growlers, and in 1-liter swing tops. Rob Martin takes Ipswich’s Mercury Brewing Company to the next level with some sweat equity and a love for beer. The product line was extended in 1995 with the addition of Ipswich IPA and Oatmeal Stout. All styles were introduced in 12 fl oz bottles. Ipswich 1722 Commemorative Porter was introduced in 1996.
In 1997, Ipswich Brewing Co. formed an alliance with United States Beverage for sales and marketing support and introduced Ipswich Winter Ale. Ipswich Brand was purchased by United States Beverage in 1999 but kept the brewery separately owned and operated.
The product line was further extended in 1998 with Porter, Nut Brown, and Ipswich Ale Mustard. All packaged product was contracted by Clipper City Brewing Co., in Baltimore, MD.
Rob Martin purchased Ipswich Brewing Co. from Sylva and Beauvais in September 1999 and renamed the brewery “Mercury Brewing and Distribution Company.” Martin further bought Stone Cat brand, which sells and self-distributes Stone Cat Ale, I.P.A., and E.S.B.
In 2000, the Mercury Premium Soda line was established with 13 flavors of caffeine free, old-school sodas made with real sugar. The Stone Cat brand was expanded to include Blonde, Blueberry Ale, Hefewiezen, Octoberfest, Pumpkin Ale, Winter Lager, and Scotch Ale. Mercury also starts contract brewing for Dornbush and Farmington River beer companies. In 2001 the Mercury Bubbly Water line was introduced, but Dornbush ceased production.
Cisco Brewers enlist Mercury to brew their Whale's Tail draft in 2002.
Mercury purchased Ipswich Ale brand from United States Beverage in 2003. This caused all Ipswich production to revert to Mercury. Ipswich Summer was introduced and Ipswich E.S.B. was discontinued. Ipswich was now available in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
Endurance Brewing Company contracts Mercury to design a recipe and brew Endurance Pale Ale in 2004. Ipswich Harvest Ale was introduced as a Fall seasonal in 2005. Contracts grew to include Cisco Brewers Whale's Tail and Sankaty Light, Cape Ann Brewing's Fisherman Ale and Fisherman's IPA (no longer a Mercury contracted customer), and the entire Z Street portfolio.
As of 2006, new contracts included various Opa-Opa Steakhouse and Brewpub Ales, and John Harvard's Pale Ale and Amber Ale. Beer production topped 9700 BBLs and 15,000 cases of soda for 2006. Distribution of Ipswich was expanded to parts of Pennsylvania and New York City.
In 2007, capacity expanded with the addition of three 80BBL fermentation tanks and three 128BBL bright tanks. Contract work expands to include Hook & Ladder, Offshore Ale, Sherwood Forest Brewers, and Kennebec River Brewing Company. Ipswich distribution is expanded to all of New Jersey and New Hampshire. Mercury now produces 47 different beers and 19 soft drinks. In 2007, beer production topped 14,000 bbl (434,000 gal), a 44% increase from 2006. Soda production came to 1180 bbl (36,580 gal), an increase of 22% from the previous year.
In 2009, the company accepted a contract to begin brewing the Clown Shoes Beer line at the facility.
In 2011, Chapter 11 paperwork, was filed with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Boston in the first week of May, includes disputes between Ipswich Ale and Brewery Properties Group.
In 2023,a merger between Essex County Brewing Company and Ipswich Ale Company that the brands are calling a “Craft Brewing Alliance” that will combine operations at Ipswich Ale’s brewery and taproom at 2 Brewery Place in Ipswich.
References
Companies based in Massachusetts
Beer brewing companies based in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20Brewing%20Company |
Henry Ware (died 1420) was a medieval clergyman who became a diplomat and Lord Privy Seal for King Henry V of England from 1416 to 1418. He later became the Bishop of Chichester. Originally from Wales, Ware served as a canon from the 1390s and then studied law, of which he was made a master, at Oxford University. He later became an official in the court at Canterbury. He also spent some time in diplomatic missions to France. In early 1418 he was elected bishop of Chichester, and was consecrated in July 1418. He died in July 1420, between the 7th and the 26th.
Early life
Ware almost certainly was from Glamorgan in Wales. he probably came from a modest background, as in his will he referred to a brother and ‘poor kinsfolk’, and to his sister, Margaret, who married one John Hayward. Despite this apparent relative lack of advantage in his early life, Ware went on to Oxford University, where he studied law, and was a MA by 1399.
Career
Ware's earliest post was in Glamorgan as a canon of Llandaff, by May 1394 and as rector of Marcross by 1398. His career was twofold. He had become a notary public by 30 July 1398 and was still active in this on 28 February 1402, as he is known to have witnessed an actum by Archbishop Thomas Arundel at Lambeth. In June 1402 the archbishop appointed him as scribe and Henry was soon sitting over legal disputes in the diocese on Arundel's behalf. By July 1408 he was official of the court of Canterbury and he continued in this post till at least 1416.
Ware was appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal, for Henry V, on 11 September 1416. He was a member of a mission sent, on 12 March 1417, to seek a peace treaty with France and Burgundy. On his return to England he spent some time sorting out various disputes that had arisen in his absence.
On 14 May 1414 the crown awarded Ware the Parish of Tring, Hertfordshire.
On 28 February 1418 Ware was elected and confirmed by Pope Martin V, to the see of Chichester. Consequently, he was then required to renounce, in the presence of the king, any papal requirements that would be prejudicial to the authority of the crown. He was consecrated at Pont de l'Arche in Normandy on 17 July 1418.
Also in 1418, Ware joined a royal expedition to Normandy, again as part of a diplomatic mission to seek a treaty with the Dauphin on 26 October. He had previously resigned from his position as keeper of the privy seal on 21 September 1418, presumably because of his forthcoming trip to France. Ware was involved in further talks on 22 January 1419 and 8 March 1419.
Ware evidently returned to England shortly after March 1419 as he was listed at a convocation in October 1419, and he is known to have been in Chichester on 10 December 1419.
Death
Ware seems to have become sick on his return to England, as he undertook very little formal business. He made his will on the 7 July 1420 and died shortly afterwards between 7 and 26 July.
In his will Ware asked for an ‘old bible’ to be returned to Margam Abbey, and left vestments to St Buruoc's, Barry. He also left money for repairs to the Bishop's Palace at Chichester.
Ware was buried, as requested, in Chichester Cathedral.
Citations
References
1420 deaths
Lords Privy Seal
Bishops of Chichester
15th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Year of birth unknown
15th-century English diplomats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Ware%20%28bishop%20of%20Chichester%29 |
Arakawa's syndrome II is an autosomal dominant metabolic disorder that causes a deficiency of the enzyme tetrahydrofolate-methyltransferase; affected individuals cannot properly metabolize methylcobalamin, a type of Vitamin B12.
Presentation
This disorder causes neurological problems, including intellectual disability, brain atrophy and ventricular dilation, myoclonus, hypotonia, and epilepsy.
It is also associated with growth retardation, megaloblastic anemia, pectus excavatum, scoliosis, vomiting, diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly.
Genetics
Arakawa's syndrome II is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means the defective gene responsible for disorder is located on an autosome, and one copy of the defective gene is sufficient to cause the disorder when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.
Diagnosis
Management
Eponym
It is called "Arakawa syndrome 2" after Tsuneo Arakawa (1949–2003), a Japanese Physician.; in this context, "Arakawa syndrome 1" refers to Glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency.
References
External links
Syndromes affecting blood
Vitamin, coenzyme, and cofactor metabolism disorders
Autosomal dominant disorders
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes with intellectual disability
Diseases named for discoverer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakawa%27s%20syndrome%20II |
Coregonus sardinella, known as the least cisco or the sardine cisco, is a fresh- and brackishwater salmonid fish that inhabits rivers, estuaries and coastal waters of the marginal seas of the Arctic Basin, as well as some large lakes of those areas.
In North America it is found from the Murchison River (Nunavut) west through the Bering Strait to the Bristol Bay (Bering Sea) in Alaska, and in the Russian Arctic from the northern part of the Bering Sea across the Siberian Arctic coast to the Kara Sea and Kara River and further to the Pechora River drainage on the European side.
It has been introduced in some lakes and rivers in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
Coregonus sardinella is closely related to the European cisco or vendace Coregonus albula, and also is close to the Siberian peled whitefish C. peled. Most recently, it has been argued to be the same species as the European cisco.
References
External links
C. sardinella Valenciennes,1848 - сибирская ряпушка www.sevin.ru
Il coregone siberiano, Coregonus sardinella Valenciennes, 1848 www.ittiofauna.org (with distribution map & photo)
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
sardinella
Fish described in 1848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregonus%20sardinella |
The round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) is a freshwater species of fish that is found in lakes from Alaska to New England, including the Great Lakes. It has an olive-brown back with light silvery sides and underside and its length is generally between . They are bottom feeders, feeding mostly on invertebrates, such as crustaceans, insect larvae, and fish eggs. Some other fish species, like white sucker in turn eat their eggs. Lake trout, northern pike and burbot are natural predators. Other common names of the round whitefish are Menominee, pilot fish, frost fish, round-fish, and Menominee whitefish. The common name "round whitefish" is also sometimes used to describe Coregonus huntsmani, a salmonid more commonly known as the Atlantic whitefish.
While it was once common, numbers have been decreasing in the last century due to a number of possible causes. The round whitefish is now protected in some states, such as New York, under the Endangered Species Act from harvest or possession. In Alaska, the whitefish is occasionally caught by anglers, but in general, the fish is not sought after, is rarely caught, since it is a bottom feeder; and the species is not protected.
Description
The whitefish is part of the salmon family, and the distinctive traits of this subfamily (in comparison to the rest of the salmon family) include larger scales, smaller mouth, weak or no teeth, and other internal characteristics. The round whitefish is a cylindrical fish (hence cylindraceum) and is considered a deep-bodied fish. It is mostly silver in color with a few exceptions. Its back has a green tinge to its appearance with scales that range from sepia brown to bronze and are edged with black. Its lower fins can be various shades of amber, and its adipose fin is normally brown spotted. The round whitefish has between 42–46 scales around its body, 22–24 scales around its caudal peduncle, and 83–96 scales in its lateral line. In addition, this species has 87–117 pyloric caeca, 59–63 vertebrae, and less than 20 gill rakers. The round whitefish is different than other whitefish by having one flap between the nostril openings (instead of two). It can grow up to 50 centimeters (cm) in length and typically grow in increments of 55–65 millimeters (mm) annually. Most of its growth takes place in its first five years of life. Round-fish can live up to 12 years.
Life cycle
Round whitefish have regular migrations to and from freshwater tributaries, where spawning takes place. Spawning sites are layered with various-sized pebbles and are below shoreline currents, roughly 1-1.5 meters (m) deep. Even at this depth, there is an underwater current, with a velocity of 0.5–1.0 m/s (meters per second), that disperses some of the deposited eggs downstream in the tributary system. Fertilized eggs are 3.10–3.25 mm in diameter and are held in spaces between rocks as well as in the ice crystals of the slushy, tributary floor. The sexual dimorphism is subtle in round whitefish in comparison to other species in the salmon family. Males develop defined pearl organs along the side of its body and have altered coloration during spawning. Its pelvic, pectoral, and anal fins, as well as its belly, become anywhere from yellow-orange to red in color. Round-fish are fall spawners, laying their eggs between early October and late November, when the water temperature is at or below 2.5 °C. The spawning migration begins in August, although first maturation fish tend to start migrating as early as June. The round-fish experience their first spawning normally at age seven. These species do not spawn annually, but it is common for first year spawners to spawn the following year. After sexually mature round-fish reach the tributary system, overall growth slows down and annual growth increments decrease from 55–65 mm to 40–45 mm due to a decrease in food intake.
Habitat range
Round whitefish are found in cold freshwaters of Arctic seas, post-glacial lakes, rivers, and brackish waters. The wide-ranging pilot fish inhabits the northern waters of North America to the northeastern waters of Asia, normally at a depth of 180 to 700+ feet. In Asia, they commonly inhabit from the Siberian Yenisei River to the Kamchatka and the Bering Sea. The North American range of the round-fish includes the Great Lakes (except Lake Erie), areas of the Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay, waterways in northern Canadian provinces, arctic brackish waters, and throughout Alaska. Although they are freshwater species, the round-fish can be found in areas in the Arctic Ocean that have very low salinity, which occurs from the abundance of rivers and waterways that empty into the Arctic Sea. This explains their wide distribution in northern waters.
Dietary habits
Round whitefish are considered benthivores, feeding on benthos and plankton. In addition to the previous list, the generalized feeding pattern of the round-fish diet includes amphipods, gastropods, isopods, chironomid larvae and pupae, and various aquatic insects, such as spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimarus). Round whitefish are stable generalized feeders due to the majority of their food being found in the deeper parts of the water. They are considered opportunistic feeders in that round-fish feed on the kind of prey that is available. Among different populations, the main food source each group preys on may differ from one another in relation to what kind of food is available. Other factors that influence food availability are location, neighboring species, and time of year. In different bodies of water at different times of the year, the kind and amount of prey change, and round-fish are adapted to be able to feed on what is seasonally available. This capability allows them to migrate periodically to and from spawning sites. Food availability is also influenced by the abundance of other species sharing and/or around the range of the round-fish. When species return to their non-spawning body of water after spawning and winter, round-fish diet consists of more of chironomids, isopods, and gastropods. During the migration to spawning sites, they mostly feed on spiny water fleas, black fly larvae, and other aquatic insects. These species do not feed during spawning, so it is important for them to increase their food intake to accumulate energy for storage to survive through spawning.
Human uses and influence
Round whitefish is not a primary target of subsistence or sport fisheries. Relatively, low numbers of round-fish are caught, and currently, there are not any fisheries that specifically target these species.
Human activity near round whitefish habitats have some influence on these species. Various studies have taken place near developing projects to learn if and how nearshore developments, such as mining, are influencing fish populations. A slight decrease has been observed in round whitefish globally, and this small decline may be caused by various reasons. In several studies, a decrease in round-fish food sources has been observed as well as a decrease in water quality. Human influence, on a broader scale, fuels the global warming phenomenon, currently occurring. Although, this change in round-fish populations is minimal in comparison to other aquatic species, this could grow into a larger problem if global warming continues to progress. Round whitefish live and spawn in cold waters, so if ocean temperatures continue to rise as a result of global climate change, these species may be greatly impacted. If these influences are detrimental enough, conservation measures may need to be taken into consideration for the round whitefish.
References
External links
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation fact sheet
Wisconsin Sea Grant Fish of the Great Lakes fact sheet
Round whitefish
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Freshwater fish of North America
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fish of Canada
Fish of the Eastern United States
Fish of the Western United States
Fish of the Great Lakes
Round whitefish
Taxa named by Thomas Pennant | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20whitefish |
The Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). The 11 member universities that compete in 19 sports are located in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia. Basketball teams compete as a single division in the NAIA.
History
The Southern States Athletic Conference was established as the Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) on March 16, 1999. On June 27, 2004, the conference changed its name to the Southern States Athletic Conference.
Chronological timeline
1999 - On March 16, 1999, the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC) was founded as the Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC). Charter members included Auburn University at Montgomery, Brenau University, Brewton–Parker College, Emmanuel College, Faulkner University, Georgia Southwestern State University, North Georgia College & State University (now the University of North Georgia), Shorter College (now Shorter University), Southern Polytechnic State University, and Southern Wesleyan University beginning the 1999-2000 academic year.
2000 – Reinhardt College (now Reinhardt University) joined the GACC in the 2000–01 academic year.
2004 - On June 27, 2004, the GACC was rebranded as the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC) in the 2004–05 academic year.
2004 - Berry College and Lee University joined the SSAC in the 2004–05 academic year.
2005 - North Georgia left the SSAC and the NAIA to join the Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Peach Belt Conference (PBC) after the 2004–05 academic year.
2005 - Columbia College of South Carolina joined the SSAC in the 2005–06 academic year.
2006 - Georgia Southwestern State left the SSAC and the NAIA to join the NCAA Division II ranks and the Peach Belt (PBC) after the 2005–06 academic year.
2009 - Reinhardt left the SSAC to join the Appalachian Athletic Conference (AAC) after the 2008–09 academic year.
2010 - Berry left the SSAC and the NAIA to join the NCAA Division III ranks as an NCAA D-III Independent (which would later join the Southern Athletic Association (SAA) beginning the 2012–13 academic year) after the 2009–10 academic year.
2010 - Belhaven University, Loyola University New Orleans, the University of Mobile, Spring Hill College, Truett–McConnell College (now Truett–McConnell University), and William Carey University joined the SSAC in the 2010–11 academic year.
2011 - Columbia (S.C.) left the SSAC to join the Appalachian (AAC) after the 2010–11 academic year.
2012 - Shorter left the SSAC and the NAIA to join the NCAA Division II ranks and the Gulf South Conference (GSC) after the 2011–12 academic year.
2012 - The College of Coastal Georgia joined the SSAC in the 2012–13 academic year.
2016 - Lee left the SSAC and the NAIA to join the NCAA Division II ranks and the Gulf South (GSC) after the 2012–13 academic year.
2013 - Bethel University of Tennessee, Blue Mountain College, and Martin Methodist College (now the University of Tennessee Southern) joined the SSAC in the 2013–14 academic year.
2014 - Three institutions left the SSAC and the NAIA to join the NCAA Division II ranks and their respective new home primary conferences: Emmanuel (Ga.) and Southern Wesleyan to the Conference Carolinas (CC) and Spring Hill to the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC). Southern Poly announced that it would drop its athletic program and close once it is consolidated by Kennesaw State University. All changes were effective after the 2013–14 academic year.
2014 - Dalton State College and Middle Georgia State University joined the SSAC in the 2014–15 academic year.
2015 - Belhaven left the SSAC and the NAIA to join the NCAA Division III ranks and the American Southwest Conference after the 2014–15 academic year.
2016 - Auburn–Montgomery left the SSAC and the NAIA to join the NCAA Division II ranks as an NCAA D-II Independent (which would later join the Gulf South (GSC) beginning the 2017-18 academic year) after the 2015–16 academic year.
2017 - Two institutions left the SSAC to join their respective new home primary conferences: Brenau to join the Appalachian (AAC) and Coastal Georgia to join the Sun Conference, both effective after the 2016–17 academic year.
2018 - Florida College and Stillman College joined the SSAC in the 2018–19 academic year.
2020 - Bethel (Tenn.) and Martin Methodist left the SSAC to join the Mid-South Conference (MSC) after the 2019–20 academic year.
2021 - Florida College left the SSAC to become an NAIA Independent within the Continental Athletic Conference after the 2020–21 academic year.
2021 - Talladega College joined the SSAC in the 2021–22 academic year.
2022 - Life University joined the SSAC in the 2022–23 academic year.
2023 – Talladega left the SSAC to join the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC) after the 2022–23 academic year.
2023 - Point University and Thomas University joined the SSAC (with the University of Tennessee Southern, formerly Martin Methodist, re-joining) in the 2023–24 academic year.
2024 – Stillman will leave the SSAC to join the GCAC, and Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College will join, beginning the 2024–25 academic year.
Member schools
Current members
The SSAC currently has 13 full members, all but three are private schools:
Notes
Future members
Former members
The SSAC had 19 former full members, all but five were private schools. School names and nicknames reflect those used in the final school year of SSAC membership:
Notes
Membership timeline
Sports
The SSAC holds championships in the following 19 sports:
References
External links
College sports in Alabama
College sports in Georgia (U.S. state)
College sports in Louisiana
College sports in Mississippi
College sports in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20States%20Athletic%20Conference |
John Hyde Sweet (usually referred to as J. Hyde Sweet) (September 1, 1880 – April 4, 1964) was an American newspaper publisher Republican Party politician. He was most notable for his brief service as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska.
Sweet was born in Milford, New York on September 1, 1880, and moved to Palmyra, Nebraska in 1885. He attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Lincoln Business College in Lincoln, Nebraska.
After graduating, he worked as court reporter in western Nebraska from 1899 to 1900, and then as a grocer in Nebraska City from 1902 to 1909. After that he served as manager and then editor of the Nebraska City News newspaper and was a Nebraskan delegate to the 1912 Progressive National Convention.
In 1940 was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-sixth United States Congress to fill the vacancy left by the previous representative George H. Heinke, who had died in a car crash in the January of that year. Sweet served for less than a year, and did not run in the following election.
He died April 4, 1964, in Wickenburg, Arizona and was buried at Wyuka Cemetery, Nebraska City, Nebraska.
References
External links
papers at the Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved on Nov. 16, 2009.
1880 births
1964 deaths
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
People from Milford, New York
People from Otoe County, Nebraska
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
People from Wickenburg, Arizona
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hyde%20Sweet |
Self defined ethnicity (SDE) codes are a set of codes used by the Home Office in the United Kingdom to classify an individual's ethnicity according to that person's self-definition.
The codes are also called "18 + 1" codes, as there are 18 of them, plus one code (NS) for "not stated". In addition to the previously used 16+1 codes, they contain the categories W3 and O2, while A4 is now replacing O1 (Chinese).
The code system originated in the United Kingdom Census 2001 based on Recommendation 61 of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry Report (SLIR).
British police forces are required to use the SDE 18+1 codes (as opposed to the commonly used radio shorthand IC codes) when spoken contact has taken place and an individual has been given an opportunity to state their self-perceived ethnicity.
List of SDE codes
White
W1 – British
W2 – Irish
W3 – Gypsy or Irish Traveller
W9 – Any other White background
Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups
M1 – White and Black Caribbean
M2 – White and Black African
M3 – White and Asian
M9 – Any other Mixed or Multiple background
Asian or Asian British
A1 – Indian
A2 – Pakistani
A3 – Bangladeshi
A4 – Chinese
A9 – Any other Asian background
Black, Black British, Caribbean or African
B1 – Caribbean
B2 – African
B9 – Any other Black, Black British or Caribbean background
Other ethnic groups
O2 – Arab
O9 – Any other ethnic group
Not stated
NS – Not Stated.
See also
Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
IC codes
External links
Ethnicity facts and figures. Government data about the UK's different ethnic groups.
References
Demographics of the United Kingdom
Encodings
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self%20defined%20ethnicity |
Justine Simone Freha Suissa (born 21 March 1970) is a British singer-songwriter, the vocalist of trance group OceanLab.
Career and collaborations
She has collaborated with Armin van Buuren, Markus Schulz and Robbie Rivera, and has continued to work with Above & Beyond outside of OceanLab, most recently on their 2016 world tour and participating on four songs on the band's 2018 album Common Ground. Three songs "Cold Feet", "Naked" and the album's lead single "Alright Now" she appeared as a featured artist and the song "Bittersweet & Blue", featuring Richard Bedford, which marked her first co-written credit.
Suissa came to wider notice when she featured on the hit Chicane album Behind The Sun in 2000. She formed OceanLab with Above & Beyond, achieving a top-twenty UK hit with "Satellite" in 2004. She also collaborated on a major dance hit, "Burned With Desire", with Armin van Buuren in 2003.
She has been called "[one] of the electronic world's most powerful vocalists" and "a mainstay in the trance world".
Discography
Studio albums
as OceanLab
Singles
As lead artist
As OceanLab
As Keylime
As featured artist
Guest appearances
Songwriting and Production credits
References
External links
Above and Beyond
Living people
Trance singers
Armada Music artists
1970 births
Singers from London
British women singer-songwriters
21st-century British singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine%20Suissa |
The Ontario Classical Association (OCA) was founded in 1944 with Eric A. Havelock as its first president. The association promotes the study of classics through lobbying, scholarships, and colloquia for members. Its membership consists primarily of university and secondary school classics teachers, as well as students and amateurs.
The group's second president was Reginald Seeley, who would go on to become the first president of the Classical Association of Canada in 1947. The OCA was the original publisher of Phoenix, and it was edited at the time by Mary White.
References
External links
Official website
Classical associations and societies
Educational organizations based in Ontario
1944 establishments in Ontario
Organizations established in 1944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Classical%20Association |
Marko John "Mike" Todorovich (June 11, 1923 – June 24, 2000) was an American basketball player and coach of Serbian descent born in St. Louis, Missouri. He played college basketball at the University of Wyoming. He also played college football at Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Notre Dame.
Todorovich began his professional career with the Sheboygan Red Skins of the National Basketball League (NBL). He was named NBL rookie of the year and chosen a first-team pick after a 1947–48 season in which he scored 777 points in 60 games. The other four first-team selections from that season—Jim Pollard, George Mikan, Red Holzman and Al Cervi—are enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Sheboygan, however, suffered through a season of turmoil and finished with the second-worst record (23–37) in the franchise's 13-season history. The following season, Todorovich again led the Red Skins in scoring, with 648 points in 60 games, and Sheboygan finished with a 35–29 record. He was named to the NBL's second team.
Later, he played for the St. Louis Bombers and the Tri-Cities Blackhawks. He later would coach the Blackhawks for several games.
Career statistics
NBA
Source
Regular season
Playoffs
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Mike Todorovich (as player)
BasketballReference.com: Mike Todorovich (as coach)
1923 births
2000 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American people of Serbian descent
Basketball coaches from Missouri
Basketball players from Missouri
Centers (basketball)
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Player-coaches
Power forwards (basketball)
Sheboygan Red Skins players
St. Louis Bombers (NBA) players
Tri-Cities Blackhawks head coaches
Tri-Cities Blackhawks players
Washington University Bears football players
Wyoming Cowboys basketball players
People from Zeigler, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Todorovich |
Spectre, specter or the spectre may refer to:
Religion and spirituality
Vision (spirituality)
Apparitional experience
Ghost
Arts and entertainment
Film and television
Spectre (1977 film), a made-for-television film produced and written by Gene Roddenberry
Specters (film), a 1987 horror film starring Donald Pleasence
Spectre (1996 film), an American-Irish horror film
Spectres (film), a 2004 supernatural drama
Specter (2005 film), a Japanese tokusatsu film
DC Showcase: The Spectre, a 2010 short animated film
Spectre (2015 film), a James Bond film
Specter (Battlestar Galactica), a Cylon in the original Battlestar Galactica television series
Harvey Specter, a character from the TV series Suits
Kamen Rider Specter, a character from the tokusatsu series Kamen Rider Ghost
The Spectres, the main protagonists of the animated TV series Star Wars Rebels
Music
Spectre (musician), alias of producer and rapper Skiz Fernando
The Spectre (rapper) (born 1986), British
Akhenaton (rapper) (born 1968), French hip hop artist who uses Spectre as one of his aliases
Spectres (album), 1977, by Blue Öyster Cult
Spectre (Laibach album), 2014
"Spectre" (Radiohead song), by the English band Radiohead
"Spectre" (Alan Walker song), 2015
"The Spectre" (song), 2017, by Norwegian record producer and DJ Alan Walker
"Spectre", a song by Christian Death
"Spectres", a song from the Avantasia album The Mystery of Time
"Spectres", a song from the Black Veil Brides album The Phantom Tomorrow
"Spectres", a song from the God Is an Astronaut album Ghost Tapes #10
Spectre: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, from the James Bond movie
Literature
SPECTRE, an evil organisation in the James Bond novels and films
Spectre (His Dark Materials), ghostly beings in Philip Pullman's fantasy novel trilogy
Spectre (novel), a 1998 Star Trek novel by William Shatner
Spectre (DC Comics character), any of several DC Comics characters
Silk Spectre, a DC Comics character
The Specter (novel), a 1938 novel by Maxim Gorki
The Specters, creatures in the manga Saint Seiya and its sequel
Video games
Spectre (1982 video game), released in 1982
Spectre (1991 video game), 1991, for the Macintosh computer
Spectre, an elite intelligence and military unit in the series Mass Effect
Specter, a villain in the series Ape Escape
Spectre, a vehicle in the Halo series
Mercurial - The Spectre, a hero in the game mod Defense of the Ancients and its sequel
Spectre, a necropolis unit in the Heroes of Might and Magic series
Spectre, a character/vehicle in the first and second installments of the Twisted Metal series
Specter, a character in SOCOM U.S. Navy SEALs series
Spectre team, a covert ops military unit in the PlayStation 3 game Resistance 2
Spectre, callsign of the player character in MechWarrior 4: Mercenaries
Spectre, a cloaking sniper unit in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty
Master Spectre, a character from the game Adventures in the Magic Kingdom
BRD-01 Spectre, an artificial intelligence controlled robotic unit in Titanfall
Spectre, callsign of a multiplayer character in Call of Duty: Black Ops III
Spectres, a type of monsters from the MMORPG game The Secret World
Specter Knight, a boss in Shovel Knight
Other
Spectre (Blake), one of the elements of humans in William Blake's mythology
Spectre (Dungeons & Dragons), an undead creature
Military and aircraft
USS Specter (AM-306), a minesweeper which served in World War II
Lockheed AC-130H Spectre, an American gunship aircraft
de Havilland Spectre, a 1950s rocket engine intended for Royal Air Force aircraft
Spectre M4, an Italian submachine gun
Specter Aircraft, an American aircraft manufacturer
Specter Aircraft Specter II, an American homebuilt aircraft design
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, was briefly assigned the name "F-110A Spectre" by USAF, but it was never used in practice
Places
Spectre (fictional town), an abandoned movie set located in Alabama, created for the film Big Fish
Specter Range, a mountain range in Nevada, US
The Spectre (Antarctica), a rock spire in the Queen Maud Mountains
Technology
HP Spectre, a Hewlett-Packard computer
Spectre (security vulnerability), a computer security vulnerability
Spectre Circuit Simulator, for analog integrated circuits
Spectre GCR, an add-on cartridge to run Macintosh software on an Atari ST computer
Other uses
Specter (surname)
Spectre (political party), in the United Kingdom
Spectre R42, a British sports car by Spectre Supersports and Spectre Motors
Spectre tile, an aperiodic monotile discovered in 2023
See also
Brocken spectre, the magnified shadow of an observer cast upon clouds opposite of the Sun's direction
Spectre-hound, a phantom black hound in Manx folklore, for example Moddey Dhoo
Spector (disambiguation) (includes Spektor)
Spectra (disambiguation)
Spectrum (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre |
Eastwood Rugby is a rugby union club playing in the Sydney Premier Rugby competition. The Eastwood District extends from the Parramatta River at Meadowbank to the Hawkesbury River at Wisemans Ferry. The Club currently plays at TG Millner Field. On 25 November 2020, the Club announced that it had secured approval for its new home ground at the Old Pony Club in Fred Caterson Reserve, Gilbert Rd Castle Hill
Honours
Shute Shield Titles: 1999, 2002, 2003, 2011, 2014, 2015
Australian Club Champions: (2) 2015, 2016
Club history
Rugby has been played in the Northern Districts of Sydney since the latter part of the 19th century. In the late 1890s a number of local sides existed playing at a variety of venues, the main one being Brush Farm.
With the outbreak of the Great War, senior rugby was suspended with many of the players enlisting, a number paying the supreme sacrifice.
Following W.W.1, the strength of Rugby in Eastwood and in Epping was centred around the respective Young Men's Institutes which fielded junior and senior sides in the Suburban Competition. At this time, Epping played at Epping Oval and Eastwood played at Eastwood Oval. Epping won the Kentwell Cup in 1926 and Eastwood won the Burke Cup in 1927.
Following further success in the 1930s, momentum was building to seek admission into the District Competition. The outbreak of the Second World War caused a deferral of this plan until 1946 when a successful application was made for inclusion in the District Competition from the beginning of the 1947 Season. This was following the amalgamation of the Eastwood and Epping Clubs. As a result, the Eastwood District Rugby Union Football Club was formed and it has played in the Sydney District Competition ever since. Initially the new club's home ground was the Top Oval in Eastwood. In 1963, EDRUFC moved its home ground to TG Millner.
The Club has won a number of minor grade and Colts competitions over the years but did not win the 1st-grade major premiership trophy until 1999. In an historic win, the Club won the Shute Shield for the first time by defeating Sydney University in the Grand Final.
Since formation, the Club has produced numerous players who have played International rugby. Eastwood has a strong junior base which has won many NSW Junior Rugby Union State Championships.
Junior Clubs
Northern Barbarians (formerly Beecroft-Cherrybrook)
Central Eastwood (formerly Hillview and Epping Juniors)
Dural Rugby
North Rocks Rugby
Redfield Rugby (Minis only)
Ryde Rugby
Eastwood players who have at some time played some level of International rugby
Current provincial representatives
Super Rugby
Tim Anstee
Lachie Anderson
Tane Edmed
Mark Nawaqanitawase
References
External links
Eastwood Rugby
Rugby union teams in Sydney
Rugby clubs established in 1947
1947 establishments in Australia
Eastwood, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwood%20Rugby%20Club |
John Rous, 1st Earl of Stradbroke (30 May 1750 – 27 August 1827), known as Sir John Rous, Bt, from 1771 to 1796 and as The Lord Rous from 1796 to 1821, was a British nobleman, race horse owner and Member of Parliament. He married Charlotte Maria Whittaker on 23 February 1792 at 11 Manchester Square, London, England.
Stradbroke was the son of Sir John Rous, 5th Baronet, and succeeded as sixth Baronet on his father's death in 1771. In 1780 he was elected to the House of Commons for Suffolk, a seat he held until 1796. The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rous, of Dennington in the County of Suffolk. In 1821 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Dunwich, in the County of Suffolk, and Earl of Stradbroke, in the County of Suffolk. Lord Stradbroke owned a stud farm in Suffolk and won the 1815 2,000 Guineas with the colt Tigris.
Lord Stradbroke died in August 1827, aged 77, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John. His second son, Henry John Rous, became an admiral in the Royal Navy and a renowned steward of the Jockey Club.
Notes
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
External links
Peers of Great Britain created by George III
Peers of the United Kingdom created by George IV
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Rous, John
1750 births
1827 deaths
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British racehorse owners and breeders
People from Mid Suffolk District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rous%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Stradbroke |
Wade Flaherty (born January 11, 1968) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who has played in the National Hockey League for the San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders, Tampa Bay Lightning, Florida Panthers, and the Nashville Predators, as well as several teams in the American Hockey League and ECHL. He last played professionally for the China Sharks of the Asia League Ice Hockey, before being named the developmental goaltending coach for the Chicago Blackhawks.
Flaherty was drafted 181st overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft. While playing with the Islanders, Flaherty was the last NHL goalie to give up a goal to Wayne Gretzky.
Flaherty backed up Curtis Joseph for Team Canada in the 2007 Spengler Cup. In 2008, he signed with the China Sharks of the Asia League Ice Hockey, being named the starting goaltender and goaltender coach. Flaherty also assisted the Chinese national team in the same capacity. In January 2009, Flaherty was named goaltending coach for the Chicago Blackhawks.
Since the 2011–12 season, Flaherty has served as the goaltending coach for the Winnipeg Jets of the NHL.
Career statistics
Transactions
June 11, 1988 - Drafted by Buffalo Sabres in the 9th round, 181st overall.
September 3, 1991 - Signed by the San Jose Sharks as a free agent.
July 22, 1996 - Signed by the New York Islanders as a free agent.
February 16, 2001 - Traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning for future considerations.
August 2, 2001 - Signed by the Florida Panthers as a free agent.
March 9, 2003 - Traded to the Nashville Predators for Pascal Trepanier.
July 7, 2004 - Signed by the Vancouver Canucks as a free agent.
July 11, 2007 - Signed by the Chicago Blackhawks as a free agent.
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks coaches
China Dragon players
Florida Panthers players
Greensboro Monarchs players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Kansas City Blades players
Kelowna Wings players
Kentucky Thoroughblades players
Manitoba Moose players
Milwaukee Admirals players
Nashville Predators players
New York Islanders players
People from Terrace, British Columbia
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
San Antonio Rampage players
San Jose Sharks players
Seattle Thunderbirds players
Spokane Chiefs players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Utah Grizzlies (AHL) players
Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players
Victoria Cougars (WHL) players
Winnipeg Jets coaches
Canadian ice hockey coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%20Flaherty |
John Edward Cornwallis Rous, 2nd Earl of Stradbroke (13 February 1794 – 27 January 1886) was a British soldier and nobleman.
Biography
He was the eldest son of the 6th Baronet and 1st Earl of Stradbroke. He joined the Army at the age of 16, being gazetted as an ensign in the Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards on 30 June 1810.
During the Peninsular War, he took part in the battles of Salamanca, Burgos, Vittoria and San Sebastian. He was present at the crossing of the Bidassoa, at the Nivelle and Nive, the crossing of the Ardour and the invasion of Bayonne. On 4 May 1814 he was promoted to lieutenant.
Rous returned to the family estate, Henham Park, for 12 months leave, but was ordered to rejoin his regiment in Brussels following Napoleon's escape from Elba in March 1815. While serving in Wellington's campaign in Belgium, Rous was wounded at Quatre Bras and so did not take part in Napoleon's defeat two days later at Waterloo.
On 6 November 1817 he transferred to the 93rd Regiment of Foot with the rank of captain. Rous retired from the Army in 1821.
His military service earned him the Military General Service Medal with five clasps.
After the death his father in August 1827 he became the 2nd Earl of Stradbroke. He pursued an active life as a peer and politician, also serving as the Colonel of the East Suffolk Regiment of Militia from 24 May 1830
to 1844, and as Lord Lieutenant and the Vice-Admiral of Suffolk, 1844–1886.
Family
On 26 May 1857 he married Augusta Bonham (1830–1901), the widow of Colonel Henry Frederick Bonham, and the daughter of the Reverend Sir Christopher John Musgrave, 9th Bt., by whom he had six children:
Lady Augusta Fanny Rous (1858–1950), who married Lt. Cecil Francis William Fane, son of Judge Robert Fane and grandson of Vice-Adm. Sir Henry Blackwood, 1st Baronet. They had two sons.
Lady Sophia Evelyn Rous (1859–5 Nov 1940), she married Major George Hamilton Heaviside. No known issue.
George Edward John Mowbray Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke (1862–1947)
Lady Adela Charlotte Rous (1865–1911), who married R.N. Lt. Thomas Belhaven Henry Cochrane. They had one son.
Lady Hilda Maud Rous (1867–1904), married Charles Fitzroy Ponsonby McNeill, great-grandson of Maj.-Gen. Sir William Ponsonby and great grandson of the Ver. Rev. Charles Talbot. They had a son, and daughter.
Lady Gwendoline Audrey Adeline Brudenell Rous (1869–1952), who married in 1895 Brigadier-General Sir Richard Beale Colvin, KCB (1856–1936), and had issue.
Augusta, Countess of Stradbroke died suddenly, during a visit to her daughter Lady Hilda McNeill, 10 October 1901.
Publications
References
|-
1794 births
1886 deaths
Coldstream Guards officers
British Army personnel of the Peninsular War
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Lord-Lieutenants of Suffolk
People from Suffolk Coastal (district)
British Militia officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rous%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Stradbroke |
"Öküz" Mehmed Pasha ("Mehmed Pasha the Ox"; died 23 December 1619), also known as Kara Mehmed Pasha ("the Black") or "Kul Kıran" Mehmed Pasha ("the Slavebreaker"), was an Ottoman statesman, administrator and military figure of the early 17th century who held the office of Grand Vizier twice, the first time from 17 October 1614 to 17 November 1616 (during the reign of Ahmed I) and the second time from 18 January 1619 to 23 December 1619 (during the reign of Osman II the Young). He was also governor of Egypt from 1607 to 1611. Okuz Mehmed's nickname "Kul Kiran" (slavebreaker) came from his success in crushing the mutiny in Egypt during the early 1600s (soldiers were often known as kul or slave).
Background
He was of Turkish origin and was born in Karagümrük district of Istanbul. It is reported that his father was an ox blacksmith. He was nicknamed "Black" and also given the nickname "Ox" by is enemies, based on the profession of his father. Before holding governmental positions, Mehmed Pasha had been a silahdar, a high-ranking position in the sultan's guard.
He married princess Gevherhan Sultan, the daughter of sultan Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan. They had a son died in infancy.
Governor of Egypt
Before his first term as grand vizier, Mehmed Pasha was appointed as governor of Egypt in 1607, a post he held until 1611. In 1604, three years before he assumed the office, the Governor of Ottoman Egypt Maktul Hacı Ibrahim Pasha was murdered by mutinying sipahi soldiers of his own troops. This event caused three years of instability in Egypt, with the subsequent two governors, Hadım Mehmed Pasha and Yemenli Hasan Pasha unable to completely quell the rebellion.
When Mehmed Pasha came into office, his strong-handed methods and personality allowed him to suppress the sipahis and abolish the illegal tulba protection tax they had been imposing on the Egyptian countryside. After first landing at Alexandria, he gathered public support by visiting the tombs of local saints and treating the Mamluks well, ordering repairs on Mamluk-built buildings and structures. He then proceeded to execute district governors who had allowed the sipahis to impose the tulba and warned others of the same fate.
Tensions came to a head in February 1609, when the rebels gathered in the city of Tanta and met at the tomb of Ahmad al-Badawi, Egypt's most popular saint, to swear that they would resist Mehmed Pasha's efforts; they then began to gather troops and pillage villages for supplies. Mehmed Pasha also gathered troops, although some of his officers suggested diplomacy, which Mehmed agreed to, sending a mufti named Altıparmak Mehmed Efendi and an officer to negotiate with the rebels. The mufti advised the rebels to give into "those in authority," and upon refusal, Mehmed Pasha's forces began to mobilize.
Mehmed Pasha's forces met the rebels just north of Cairo. The rebels, discouraged, lost the battle, and the pasha's forces summarily executed over 250 of them, while others were later exiled to Yemen.
In the aftermath of this event, Mehmed Pasha became known as Kul Kıran ("slavebreaker" in Turkish) for subjugating the Mamluks and the soldiers to Ottoman rule. He went on to promote public works and attempted to reform the fiscal and military organization of the Egypt eyalet, reducing the number of local beys to 12, although this measure was later abandoned. In 1611, he was recalled to the capital Constantinople by the sultan.
Grand Vizierates
Mehmed Pasha was grand vizier from 17 October 1614 to 17 November 1616, and again from 18 January 1619 to 23 December 1619. While in office, he was usually called Kara Mehmed Pasha, the nickname "ox" having been invented behind his back (although he almost certainly must have overheard it) by virtue of his heavy build and his father having been a blacksmith for cattle in the Karagümrük quarter of Constantinople. History retained this nickname rather than Kara, which means "black" in Turkish and which may refer to one's complexion or hair or, in the figurative, to courage and daring.
One episode during his time as grand vizier involved an attack on Vienna accompanied with only 47 raiders, and without having informed the sultan or any other authority in the Ottoman capital; it ended in complete failure and nearly cost him his head. Some historians consider his foray as a third siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Turks, alongside the better known incidences, undertaken first by sultan Süleyman the Magnificent in 1529 and later by grand vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in 1683.
Governor of Aidin
In between his two terms as grand vizier, he held the office of governor of Aidin Vilayet (then a province covering a large part of western Anatolia), and his governorship is marked by the construction of a caravanserai in Kuşadası, named the Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai after him, aimed at attracting international trade through the port there (which shifted, in time, much more towards the port of İzmir upon the preference displayed by European merchants). The caravanserai in Kuşadası is used as a luxury hotel and shopping center today. He has had another solid caravanserai built in Ulukışla on the way to a campaign against the Safavids during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18), which eventually ended with a decisive Ottoman defeat.
Death
He was strangled to death in office in 1619 by a young Janissary whose favors he had sought.
See also
List of Ottoman grand viziers
List of Ottoman governors of Egypt
Öküz Mehmed Pasha Caravanserai
References
1619 deaths
Pashas
Civil servants from the Ottoman Empire
17th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
17th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt
Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Persian Wars
Turks from the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman governors of Egypt
Year of birth unknown
Damats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96k%C3%BCz%20Mehmed%20Pasha |
The deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii) is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cottidae of order Scorpaeniformes. It is a glacial relict, native to a limited number of deep, cold lakes in Canada and the United States.
The deepwater sculpin was first described in 1851 by Charles Frédéric Girard under the name Triglopsis thompsonii. The description was based on specimens obtained by Spencer Fullerton Baird for the Smithsonian Institution from the stomachs of Burbot caught by fishermen on Lake Ontario. The name Triglopsis referred to its resemblance to the Piper gurnard. The specific epithet honored fellow naturalist Rev. Zadock Thompson of Burlington, Vermont.
The similarity between this species and the Fourhorn sculpin led to some taxonomic discussion. Some authors considered it a subspecies (Myoxocephalus quadricornis thompsonii), while other authors maintained it as a species within the same genus (Myoxocephalus thompsonii). Mitochondrial DNA analysis was able to establish that the two species were distinct while providing additional support for the proposal that the deepwater sculpin evolved from the fourhorn sculpin during the early Pleistocene era.
The deepwater sculpin is a small fish on average between in length Its body is generally flattened in shape and tapers from the head to the tail. It does not have true scales. Spines are present on the body and fins. The skin is mottled green, gray and brown on the back and whitish underneath. The deepwater sculpin can be distinguished from other freshwater sculpins in its range by a distinct gap between the two dorsal fins. It is most similar in appearance to the fourhorn sculpin, a fish found in salt and brackish water in the arctic but lacks the four bony spines found on the head of that species.
The deepwater sculpin is found from the Gatineau through the Great Lakes, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan to the Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes. It is also found in Waterton Lake within Waterton Lakes National Park and Glacier National Park. Within its range, it is limited to deep, well oxygenated lakes with ties to former Wisconsinan glacial lakes or the Champlain Sea.
The deepwater sculpin inhabits the demersal zone. It prefers water temperatures that remain less than . In lakes in the southern part of its range, it has been observed only in deep water where the water temperature remains cold year round.
The deepwater sculpin feeds primarily on small crustaceans Mysis diluviana and Diporeia. They will also take chironomid larvae. Zooplankton are the likely food of the larval stage.
Deepwater sculpin eggs hatch from November to August, peaking in March. Larvae are initially pelagic, staying in the water column above the reach of their adults. Beginning in July, larvae that have grown to go through metamorphosis and settle to the bottom. Fish are thought to reach maturity at three years for females and two years for males.
Deepwater sculpin are a significant food source for other fish including lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and burbot (Lota lota). They are an intermediate host for the parasites Bothriocephalus cuspidatus, and Proteocephalus sp. which also are found in the crustaceans they eat and the fish species that prey on them.
The deepwater sculpin is an indicator species for the health of the deepwater communities in the lakes where it occurs. It is of special interest to those interested in zoogeography.
The deepwater sculpin is classified as of Least Concern by the IUCN based on the apparent stability of the population. In Canada, it is considered a species at risk under the Species at Risk Act. Threats include habitat loss, lake eutrophication, invasive species, and water pollution.
References
External Links
Deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii) management plan, Species at Risk, Government of Canada
Fish of the Great Lakes
Fish described in 1851
Myoxocephalus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater%20sculpin |
Katie Marie Harman Ebner (born August 18, 1980) is an American classical vocalist and actress who won the Miss America 2002 and Miss Oregon 2001 pageants. She is the first and only contestant from the Pacific Northwestern United States to hold the title of Miss America.
After her pageant career, Harman has worked as a singer and actress, appearing in stage productions in the United States, as well as having a guest role on the HBO series Big Love in 2010.
Early life
Harman was born in Portland, Oregon. Her family relocated to North Carolina during her childhood, but returned to Oregon when she was eight years old, settling in Gresham. She graduated from Centennial High School in Gresham in 1999, where she was involved in the drama department.
After high school, Harman enrolled at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington, later transferring to Portland State University, where she graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in communications.
Career
Miss America 2002
In 2001, she was selected as Miss Multnomah County, and then won the Miss Oregon pageant, allowing her to compete for Miss America. She was selected as Miss America the Saturday after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Her first official appearances in the new role of Miss America were at the World Trade Center site and The Pentagon to visit rescue workers, at the request of journalist Janet Langhart Cohen.
In her speech, Harman said: "This is an opportunity for Miss America to rally the hopes of the American public. I want to make sure that this tragedy does not bring America down."
Post-Miss America
Since completing her duties as Miss America, she played Kathie in The Student Prince with the Gold Coast Opera in Florida. She also played Barbarina in Le nozze di Figaro. As a vocalist, she has performed with pianist André Watts with the Shreveport Symphony and others. Katie also appeared as herself in an episode of the improvisational comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway? in 2002.
She delivered the keynote address for Portland State University's 2002 Commencement. This resulted in protests from the Progressive Student Union and other students and faculty who expressed concerns related to her credentials as Miss America and the pageant's promotion of a "sexist" attitude. In response to the controversy, Harman stated: "The Miss America program is offering young women to have a voice. The elements of competition and judging is such that it doesn't concentrate on a woman's appearance. It's about intellect and passion for issues. It has little or nothing to do with the way she looks. I'm 5'3", and I grew up never thinking I could be a supermodel. Miss America embraces women who have inner beauty. If you have joy and hope, it makes you beautiful. This is not a sexist competition in any way.
Harman acted in a production of "The Secret Garden" at the Portland Center for the Performing Arts in 2006 and 2007. In 2007, she released her first music CD, Soul of Love, featuring light classical music. In 2010, she made her acting debut as Miss Provo in an episode of the HBO series Big Love, during which she performed a musical number at a campaign rally.
She has appeared in several television commercials in the Portland metropolitan area, including promotional spots for Portland Rescue Mission. In September 2016, she appeared onstage as Emma in a production of Jekyl & Hyde at the Brunish Theatre, Antoinette Hatfield Hall in Portland.
Personal life
Harman married Oregon Air National Guard pilot Tim Ebner in 2003 and she gave birth to a son Tyler Glen Ebner in 2005. In 2005, Harman moved with her husband and son to Klamath Falls, Oregon where he continues to work for the Oregon Air National Guard. In 2009 she gave birth to a daughter.
Works
Filmography
Discography
Soul of Love (2007)
Notes
References
External links
Katie Harman's official website
Katie Harman at National Public Radio
"Miss America 2002 Katie Harman Sings Romantic Favorites", Oregon Symphony, January 24, 2003. (press release)
Interview with Katie Harman by TravelAndLeisure.com
1980 births
American beauty pageant winners
American opera singers
Living people
Miss America winners
Miss America 2002 delegates
Miss Oregon winners
Miss America Preliminary Talent winners
People from Gresham, Oregon
Actresses from Portland, Oregon
Portland State University alumni
University of Puget Sound alumni
21st-century American singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie%20Harman |
The slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) is a freshwater species of fish belonging to the family Cottidae, which is the largest sculpin family. They usually inhabit cold rocky streams or lakes across North America, ranging from the Great Lakes, southeast Minnesota, northeast Iowa, southwest Wisconsin and northeast Canada. Slimy sculpins have also been found roaming the cold streams of eastern Siberia.
They are commonly confused with their closely related relatives, Mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi), and with tubenose gobies who are both freshwater fishes as well.
The slimy sculpin is a nocturnal fish that usually spends most of its time on the stream bottom and seeks shelter under rocks and logs, especially during spawning season. When it swims, it sometimes appears to be "hopping" along the bottom because of its inefficient ability to swim. This is partly due to the absence of a swim bladder, which normally gives buoyancy to a fish.
The fish has been studied in waters where there is current freshwater acidification. Sculpin were found to be less active and have lower rates of reproduction when found in these waters. For these reasons, slimy sculpin have been identified as a good indicator species for changes in acidification among lakes, ponds, and streams.
Distribution
Slimy sculpin are native to the United States, Canada, and the Russian Federation. In North America, slimy sculpins are found mainly in Lake Superior and its tributaries, Lake Michigan, and small cold streams found in southwestern Wisconsin, as well as the upper Mississippi River basin. They have also been found in other areas of North America such as southeast Minnesota (mostly in the Mississippi River), northeast Iowa, the upper Columbia River, Alaska, and most all of Canada, especially in Ottawa. Slimy sculpins have also been found in eastern Siberia, Russia.
Physical description
The slimy sculpin can easily be distinguished by its pair of free and independent pelvic fins, as well as not possessing any scales. The first and second lobed dorsal fins are narrow and touch, the first dorsal fin has 7–9 soft spines while the second has 16–18 fin rays. The lateral line ends below the second dorsal fin and is incomplete, but the lateral line system still helps orient the slimy sculpin in streams by balancing the pressure of currents. The anal fin has 11–13 fin rays and the pelvic fins possess 13–14 fin rays and is in the thoracic position. The mouth and snout are terminal and very wide, and also contain a band of fine conical teeth in both the upper and lower jaw, but do not possess barbels. Adults weigh in around 3-7g and measure up to 6.3–9.1 cm long. The maximum weight of a slimy sculpin is 16.86g and the maximum length is 12.8 cm. When the fish moves, it is an inconsistently rapid and darter-like motion that looks like it's hopping due to its irregular compressed body shape.
The sides, back and head of slimy sculpins are dark brown/olive and are mottled with dark irregular blotches and a light cream/white belly. If slimy sculpins lie motionless for a while they camouflage in so well with their surroundings that it is almost impossible to distinguish them. Although they don't have any scales, they do have a few fine prickles anteriorly below the lateral line. Slimy sculpins often look very similar to the tubenose goby as well.
Habitat
Slimy sculpins often inhabit swift rocky-bottomed cold streams, oligotrophic lakes, and even brackish waters at a preferred temperature range of 9-14 °C. Nocturnally active fishes, they usually roam around in deeper waters ranging from 37–108 meters deep. During the breeding season, females often lay their eggs under sheltered areas like large objects such as rocks or tree roots found at the bottom of lakes or streams that males will guard.
Reproduction
Males often become dark on their backs and sides, and orange on their first dorsal fin during mating season. Males having orange on their first dorsal fin during breeding season is a survival disadvantage, meaning that they can be more easily preyed upon, yet still survive- showing to females that they are fit and have high reproductive success, therefore females are more attracted to these visually distinctive males. Males find nesting sites about 12 cm wide for females, and attract them to these nesting sites until spawning occurs which usually takes place in late April and May under protected areas such as stones or tree roots. Once the eggs are laid, males drive the females out and lure a new female into the nest to lay her eggs. Males then protect the nest for 3–4 weeks containing many females' eggs until all of the eggs hatch. Male slimy sculpins have also been seen protecting their young after hatching as well. Slimy sculpins live up to 4–7 years.
Diet
The primary food slimy sculpin prey on is invertebrate benthic insects, which make up 85% or more of their diet, but has also been known to eat crustaceans, fish eggs, and small fish. The invertebrate benthic insects on which the sculpin prey includes aquatic insects such as mayflies, caddis flies, stoneflies, and dragonflies. Predaceous fish that eat slimy sculpin are lake trout, brook trout, salmon, northern pike, and burbot that are native to cool freshwater streams just like the slimy sculpin. There is speculation that sculpins have been known to prey on trout egg that were loose from the redds. However, sculpins predation on stoneflies has reduced stonefly predation on trout eggs and their young.
Conservation status
This species is currently at low concern for conservative action and does not need protection or major management plans.
References
External links
Cottus (fish)
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Fish of the Great Lakes
Fish described in 1836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slimy%20sculpin |
The Ulch language, or Olcha, is a Tungusic language spoken by the Ulch people in the Russian Far East. The language is moribund, with only 150 speakers (2010 census).
Phonology
Vowels
Vowel length is also distributed.
Consonants
[f] is a rare sound in native words.
/β ɡ/ have allophones of [w ɣ].
/k x/ can become uvularized as [q χ] before vowels /a o/.
Alphabet
In brackets are letters that are used in writing, though not officially included in the alphabet.
References
Bibliography
Sunik, O. P. (1985). Ul'chskij jazyk: issledovanija i materialy. Leningrad: Nauka, Leningradskoe Otdelenie. 262pp.
External links
ELAR archive of Endangered Tungusic languages of Khabarovskij Kraj (including Ulcha)
Agglutinative languages
Critically endangered languages
Languages of Russia
Tungusic languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulch%20language |
Academy at the Lakes is a private-independent college preparatory co-educational PreK3–12 school in Land o' Lakes, Florida (metropolitan Tampa).
The school is non-denominational school and has two campuses separated by Collier Parkway. The Wendlek Campus is located on the east side of the street and the McCormick campus is located on the lakefront of Lake Myrtle on the west side.
The Academy currently educates more than 400 students each year and provides its students with abundant opportunities in athletics, the arts, character formation, and community participation. Students and families are divided and assigned within a "house system". This system provides students and families with many cross-age and cross-campus experiences and furthers the Academy's focus upon building community-based relationships.
Beginning in the Lower School, students have opportunities to participate in public speaking and the arts as a part of their core curriculum, taking such courses in subjects such as strings, band, instrumental music, choral music, choruses, theater, dance, and a full range of visual arts, including photography courses, videography, and sound mixing. Performance is a routine part of the student experience.
The school is fully accredited by the Florida Council of Independent Schools and the Florida Kindergarten Council, and is a full member of the National Association of Independent Schools. Locally, Academy at the Lakes is a member of the Bay Area Association of Independent Schools.
History
In February 2008, the Academy opened a $3.1 million gymnasium, which includes locker rooms, coaches offices, a weight room, and a stage.
Sports
The football team won back-to-back Florida state eight-man championships in 2017 and 2018.
References
External links
Official website
Private high schools in Florida
Private middle schools in Florida
Private elementary schools in Florida
Preparatory schools in Florida
Education in Pasco County, Florida
Land o' Lakes, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20at%20the%20Lakes |
The pond smelt (Hypomesus olidus) is a fresh and brackish water species of smelt. It is found in the East Asia (eastern Siberia, northeast China, Korea, Hokkaido) and the northwestern North America (Alaska, northwestern Canada). It can grow to total length.
References
Hypomesus
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Freshwater fish of Asia
Freshwater fish of North America
Freshwater fish of China
Fish of Japan
Fish of Korea
Fish of Russia
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fish described in 1814
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond%20smelt |
The rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) is a North American species of fish of the family Osmeridae. Walleye, trout, and other larger fish prey on these smelt. The rainbow smelt prefer juvenile ciscoes, zooplankton such as calanoid copepods (Leptodiaptomus ashlandi, L. minutus, L. sicilis), and other small organisms, but are aggressive and will eat almost any fish they find. They are anadromous spring spawners and prefer clean streams with light flow and light siltation. The rainbow smelt face several barriers. They are weak swimmers and struggle to navigate fish ladders preventing them from making it past dams to the headwater streams where they spawn. The rise in erosion and dams helped to decimate the smelt population in the 1980s. There are currently plans to try to reduce damming and to help control erosion.
Description
The body of the rainbow smelt is slender and cylindrical. It has a silvery, pale green back and is iridescent purple, blue, and pink on the sides, with a light underside. When full grown, the rainbow smelt is between long and weighs about . Individuals over long are known.
Distribution and habitat
The rainbow smelt is widespread across North American watersheds. The North American native range of the rainbow smelt extends through the Atlantic drainages between New Jersey and Labrador to Arctic drainages, and the Pacific drainages as far south as Vancouver Island. The rainbow smelt has been introduced into water bodies in the U.S. states of Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
Rainbow smelt invaded the Great Lakes watershed through the intentional introduction of eggs from historically known landlocked populations in Maine to Crystal Lake, Michigan in 1912. This lake drains into Lake Michigan, from which fish escaped into Lake Michigan and spread quickly throughout the Great Lakes and their tributaries. Early records documenting the smelt's range expansion in the Great Lakes include Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, and Lake Superior. Rainbow smelt were first reported from Lake Ontario in 1929, and probably reached it by dispersal along natural waterways from the Finger Lakes, New York, where they were intentionally introduced in 1917. The ability of rainbow smelt to disperse is determined by the connectivity of lakes, the ability of smelt to move through connecting streams, and the suitability of connected lakes as habitat. Rainbow smelt are weak swimmers so they cannot make it over fish ladders. This has helped to prevent an even wider spread of their range.
Rainbow smelt occur in rivers, coastal areas and ponds. In their anadromous territories, they spend the summers along the coast, normally in waters no more than deep and no more than from shore. They overwinter under the ice in estuaries, producing an antifreeze protein and glycerol. In the spring, they spawn at night in small streams, often ones that go dry in the summer.
Ecology
In 1883 Stedman and Argyle found that the rainbow smelt consumed bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) and alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus). However, they also stated that this predator had not affected the population of bloaters but that impact could be a possibility. A 2003 study by Horppila et al. shows that smelt densities can exceed 40,000 individuals per hectare and may create a large predation pressure on the lake. Horppila et al. also states that a single smelt can consume between 0.12 and 0.14 grams food wet weight per day. Another study showed that in Lake Ontario the primary food sources for rainbow smelt were slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus) and opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta), but nothing was said on whether this predation had significant impact on the populations. In 1973 Havey reported that there was increased growth in landlocked Atlantic salmon populations after the introduction of the smelt. It was also shown by Brandt and Madon in 1986 that adult lake trout (Salvalinus namaycush) could be a keystone predator species for the smelt. Hrabik et al. (1998) found evidence of competition for food between introduced rainbow smelt and native yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Wisconsin lake habitats, and smelt may be partially responsible for the decline of Great Lakes whitefish (Coregonus spp.). The U.S. EPA stated in 2008 that they believe the smelt contributed to the extinction of the blue pike (Stizostedion vitreum glaucum) by outcompeting for food. Acidity may alter smelt distributions because they were not found in small lakes with pH less than 6.0 in several surveys. Because of snowmelt, rainbow smelt eggs might be exposed to lethal pH decreases in poorly buffered lakes.
Life history
Rainbow smelt are anadromous, ascending from saltwater to freshwater to spawn. Smelt are also capable of completing their life history exclusively in freshwater. Landlocked adult rainbow smelt spawn shortly after ice-off at night in the lower reaches of streams. Shaw found in his research that no shoreline spawning had ever occurred. McKenzie states that the number of eggs extruded by a female is positively related to its size and Nellbring stated in his 1989 research that the eggs are adhesive and attach to substrates such as gravel, sand, mud, or submerged vegetation. Eggs are left unattended and hatch in 1–4 weeks, depending on water temperature. The time to sexual maturity is dependent on food supply and water temperature and abundant food and warmer temperatures encourage faster growth. Crossman and Scott state that in optimal conditions and large lakes, rainbow smelt may reach and can live for over seven years.
Fishing
Rainbow smelt are fished both commercially and for sport. Commercial harvests are down from historic levels; for example around 1880 an annual harvest from the Charles River alone was around 9 million fish, while today few smelt are found in the Charles River. They are commonly processed into animal feed, but are also eaten by humans. They are a popular winter game fish and the spring smelt run is a tradition in many parts of their distribution. Fishing for rainbow smelt using a gill net has historically been a popular activity along the City of Chicago's lakefront.
Management
The populations of the rainbow smelt in areas where it has been introduced, such as the Great Lakes, have been increasing in many regions, even with efforts to control its spread. Several things are being done to manage this species. Massive fish removal by over-fishing reduced the rainbow smelt populations in some lakes by the 1980s. Some people are taking a chemical approach to this growing problem, using Rotenone. While this is effective, it also harms other organisms and is unpopular with the public. Cox and Kitchell state that declines in smelt numbers, following natural recovery or stocking of grown predator fish, have been reported from lakes ranging in size from Lake Superior and Hessen. Additionally, similar results were found in a small pond near Lillehammer, Norway in 1983. This research shows that the reintroduction of large piscivores such as walleye can help lead to the reduction of chemicals and poison needing to be used.
The rainbow smelt is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Species of Concern, one of those species about which the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has some concerns regarding status and threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).
See also
Smelt (fish)
References
Other references
External links
Gulf of Maine Rainbow Smelt Information and Population Trends
Michigan DNR Fish Identification
Species fact sheet by Earl J.S. Rook
Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries factsheet
U.S. Geologic Survey Nonindigenous Aquatic Species page
Osmerus
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Freshwater fish of North America
Fish of the Great Lakes
Fish of the United States
Fish described in 1814
Taxa named by Samuel L. Mitchill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow%20smelt |
The Model Secondary School (MSSD) is a residential four-year high school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students located on the Gallaudet University campus in Washington, D.C.
History
Prior to 1970, Kendall School for the Deaf served students from preschool to twelfth grade.
The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 15, 1966 (P.L. 89-694). In May 1969, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and the President of Gallaudet College signed an agreement authorizing the establishment and operation of the Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD) at the College. MSSD is now located on the northeastern end of the Gallaudet University campus.
MSSD provides a tuition-free comprehensive day and residential four-year high school program for deaf and hard of hearing students from the United States and its territories. MSSD is fully accredited by two organizations:
Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools
Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and Programs for the Deaf
MSSD is a demonstration school of the Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center. Their Belief and Mission Statements can be viewed at the Clerc Center website.
Campus and student body
The school is tuition-free and open only to residents of the United States and its territories. The school enrollment ranges from 160 to 180 students. Students are typically between ages 14 and 21. The majority of new students begin in the fall semester, but students are also admitted in the spring. An array of support services are available to all MSSD students, including a new signer program, communication support services, audiological services, counseling services, social work services, psychological services, and health services. MSSD students are expected to graduate ready for the challenges of adult life.
See also
List of boarding schools in the United States
References
External links
Private high schools in Washington, D.C.
Independent School League
Educational institutions established in 1969
1969 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Schools for the deaf in the United States
Gallaudet University
Trinidad (Washington, D.C.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20Secondary%20School%20for%20the%20Deaf |
John Arnold Logan (January 1, 1921 – September 16, 1977) was an American professional basketball player and coach born in Richmond, Indiana. A 6'2" guard who played at Indiana University, Logan played for four seasons with the now-defunct St. Louis Bombers, and a fifth season with the Tri-Cities Blackhawks. While with the Blackhawks, he served three games as an interim player-coach.
BAA/NBA career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Johnny Logan (as player)
BasketballReference.com: Johnny Logan (as coach)
1921 births
1977 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Basketball players from Indiana
Guards (basketball)
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
Player-coaches
Sportspeople from Richmond, Indiana
St. Louis Bombers (NBA) players
Tri-Cities Blackhawks head coaches
Tri-Cities Blackhawks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Logan%20%28basketball%29 |
In retail terms, a go-back is an item of merchandise which must be placed back on the store shelves. Such items usually accumulate during the store's open hours, and comprise a combination of returned items, items customers have decided not to purchase, and items store employees may have found left lying on the wrong shelf. Go-backs can often accumulate over several days because businesses, especially larger department stores, tend to have other priorities at the time and not enough employment to put the go-backs away. Go-backs are sometimes referred to as re-shop, put-backs, misplaced, shop-backs, returns, abandons, left-behinds, loose-stock, back-stock or shop-downs.
See also
Stock-taking
Retail merchandise types by status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-back |
Croydon Park is a north-western suburb of Adelaide 5.9 km from the CBD, in the state of South Australia, Australia and is within the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. It is adjacent to Dudley Park, Devon Park, Renown Park, Regency Park, Ferryden Park Kilkenny, and West Croydon. The post code for Croydon Park is 5008. It is bounded to the south by Lamont Street and Torrens Road, to the north by Regency Road and in the east and west by Harrison Road and Goodall Avenue respectively. Croydon Park is predominantly a residential suburb, with a warehousing presence on the northern edges near Regency Road.
Croydon Park has been completely divided by the North-South Motorway.
History
Croydon Park was originally used as agricultural land from the time of European settlement to well in to the 1920s. The Shillabeer family owned land in the vicinity that stretched from Torrens Road to Regency Road. The land was initially used as grazing land for dairy cattle with crops such as wheat and barley also being grown there.
In the late 1920s the first of the subdivisions began when AW Shillabeer sold some of his land to developers. The majority of the houses built in the Croydon Park area were built from the late 1930s onwards.
After World War II a large part of the suburb was developed into a housing estate for returned soldiers. It subsequently attracted waves of Post-war European immigration. Over time, the children of these residents largely vacated the area, leaving a relatively elderly population. Today however, the area has started to attract interest from many home buyers due to its close proximity to the CBD, and affordable houses on large blocks of land. In response to this some of the industry in the area have relocated to outer suburbs and the land redeveloped for housing.
Geography
Croydon Park lies on both sides of South Road, in the section between Torrens Road and Regency Road. It is a large inner western suburb of Adelaide.
Facilities
The suburb is not served by a public primary school. Croydon Park Primary School was closed at the end of 1997 due to declining enrolments. The former site at Hudson Avenue was later developed into housing. The closest primary schools are Challa Gardens Primary School, to the west in Kilkenny, or Brompton Primary School in Brompton. However, St. Margaret Mary's, a Catholic primary school operates within the suburb. The local high school was Croydon High School (closed 2007), in adjacent West Croydon. The site is currently occupied by the School of Languages and the Adelaide Secondary School of English. Polonia Reserve, was the base for the state league Soccer Team Association football Croydon Kings was located on the eastern side of Croydon Park.
The suburb is well known for its various Vietnamese restaurants and other Asian eateries along Days Road, dubbed 'Little Vietnam'.
Demography
As of 2016 Census, Croydon Park had a population of 3,971: 49.3% female and 50.7% male. The median age of the Croydon Park population was 37 years, the same as the national median of 37. 46.3% of people living in Croydon Park were born in Australia, with the other top responses for country of birth were Vietnam (11.4%), India (4.7%), Greece (4.1%), Italy (2.1%), Myanmar (1.9%).
38.7% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were, 15.3% Vietnamese, 7.6% Greek, 3.6% Italian, 2.4% Mandarin, 2.1% Punjabi. The religious make up of Croydon Park is 22.6% Catholic, 21.2% No Religion, 11.4% Buddhism, and 10.4% Eastern Orthodox, while 1.2% were of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent.
38.2% of people are married, 41.1% have never married and 8.7% are divorced and 3.4% are separated, meanwhile, 49.3% of the people living in Croydon Park are employed full-time, 32.5% are working on a part-time basis and 12.9% are unemployed.
Politics
Local government
Croydon Park is part of the Parks war of the City of Port Adelaide Enfield local government area, being represented by Labor councillor Kim Dihn, as well as Independents John Croci and Kat Mitchell.
State and federal
Croydon Park lies in the state electoral district of Croydon and the federal electoral division of Adelaide. The suburb is represented in the South Australian House of Assembly by leader of South Australian opposition, Labor party member Peter Malinauskas and federally by Steve Georganas.
Religion
Places of worship include the Greek Orthodox Holy Monastery of St Nectarios and St Margaret Mary's Catholic Church.
Transport
The 300, 230 and 232 bus routes serve Regency Road. The 230 and 232 also serve South Road. The 251, 252, 253 and 254 serve Torrens Road. All of the bus routes except 300 travel between Adelaide's CBD and Arndale Central Shopping Centre. The 300 bus is a cross metropolitan circular bus service. These bus routes are all handled by Adelaide Metro.
Future developments
A current review is looking at land use policies applying to a large area of underutilised industrial zoned land at Days Road and Regency Road, Croydon Park. The zoning review is intended to enable the future development of the land for residential, retail, and commercial uses. The current plan includes a shopping precinct along the northern boundary with Regency Rd, with the remaining southern half zoned residential.
References
https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/Content/heritage-surveys/Enfield-Heritage-Survey-City-of-1996.pdf
Suburbs of Adelaide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon%20Park%2C%20South%20Australia |
The ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), also called the ten-spined stickleback, is a freshwater species of fish in the family Gasterosteidae that inhabits temperate waters. It is widely but locally distributed throughout Eurasia and North America. Despite its name, the number of spines can vary from 8 to 12.
Description
The body of the ninespine stickleback tapers to a very narrow caudal peduncle and the caudal fin is fan-shaped. The body is less deep and more elongated than that of the three-spined stickleback with a thinner and longer caudal peduncle, but the best way of distinguishing these two species is the number of spines in front of the dorsal fin which, for this species, varies from seven to twelve although nine is the commonest number. This species does not have scales but there is a group of small bony plates on the narrowest part of the caudal peduncle at the lateral line. The mouth points upwards in this species. It is generally greyish or olive-brown with silvery flanks irregularly barred or blotched with darker colour. During the breeding season, the males develop a black area around the pelvis and the pelvic spines become white. The eyes are dark with a gold ring around the pupils.
The ninespine stickleback lives in streams, lakes, ponds and rivers and favors thick submerged vegetation, as its small spines do not offer much protection. Like the three spined stickleback, they have a series of scutes or bony plates along the lateral line but, in freshwater populations, these are frequently reduced in number with a gap between the anterior and posterior plates.
Distribution
The species occurs in freshwater systems draining into the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic across Canada, Alaska, and south to New Jersey. It is present on the North American Pacific coast of Alaska and in the Great Lakes basin. It can also be found throughout most of Eurasia, including the United Kingdom, Greenland, Turkey and the Far East.
Behaviour
During the breeding season (April to July), the male builds a nest suspended on a piece of waterweed, about an inch or so above the substrate at the bottom. The female is attracted by the male and she lays eggs inside the nest, but then departs, leaving parental care to the male. The male guards these eggs and the young fry when they hatch. Then, when they have their spines, he drives them away to look after themselves.
Physiology
The ninespine stickleback is a euryhaline and eurythermal species of teleost fish, occupying both freshwater and marine habitats in higher latitudes of the world. Recently, this species has been under great examination due to pond populations' adaptations of morphology, life history, and behavior which separates them from their marine conspecifics. Many recently isolated populations (<11,000 years) have been studied to identify ranges of phenotypic plasticity and possible genetic drift between populations. It has been found that marine populations exhibit metabolic rate reduction when in colder conditions, in addition to having an elevated hepatosomatic index (HSI) at all temperature conditions as compared to freshwater populations in those same conditions. Hepatosomatic index refers to the proportional size of the liver of the fish to its body mass, as in indication of energy reserves. In addition, certain freshwater pond populations have shown to be able to metabolically compensate to survive a wide range of temperatures, six degrees Celsius to nineteen degrees Celsius. Alterations to metabolic rate, such as decrease in standard metabolic rate, allowed pond population individuals to survive less than favorable conditions. Such physiological differences between populations has not been determined to be exclusively due to plasticity or generic changes; however, there has been found to be significant genetic diversity between marine and freshwater populations.
Due to their climatic versatility, Ninespine Stickleback face much variation in dissolved oxygen in their environment. Ninespines are physoclists, so they lack a connection between their swim bladder and their digestive tract. This means they cannot gulp air from the surface of the water, as physostome fish do, in order to compensate for an environment of low dissolved oxygen, hypoxia. Responses to hypoxia may include increased ventilation rate or slower gill perfusion. Ninespines must rely solely on their gas secretion and absorption abilities, using aquatic surface respiration (ASR) when facing a hypoxic situation. Comparable physostomous fish could prevent ASR to an extent by gulping air, while Ninespines may only rely on only ASR when acclimating to hypoxic conditions. ASR is when the fish rise almost to the surface to ventilate with the top millimeter of water which is high in dissolved oxygen. Ninespine Stickleback do not regularly experience nocturnal hypoxia in their natural environments, and therefore, have slower and decreased control of their swim-bladder lift. Consequently, the Ninespines begin ASR at a much higher dissolved oxygen concentration in hypoxic environments, as compared to other stickleback species, such as the Brook Stickleback.
In culture
The celebrated British zoologist Desmond Morris (born 1928) published a paper in 1952 — "Homosexuality in the ten-spined stickleback (Pygosteus pungitius L.)." — which became the basis of his 1954 doctoral thesis at Oxford University. (This work was undertaken under the tutelage of the famous ethologist Niko Tinbergen.) Morris described and illustrated the normal reproductive behavior of the stickleback as well as certain "pseudofemale" variants which he thought might be fairly frequent in occurrence. ("These observations reveal that the nervous mechanisms of the sexual behavior pattern of the other sex are present, although they are not normally functional.") Although these findings were considered fairly conventional at the time within his specialty, the topic represented a harbinger of the later controversy that Morris's popular publications would arouse when he extended the findings of the biological sciences to the interpretation of aspects of human behavior. He describes some of his adventures with the fish, and his roomful of aquaria, in his book Animal Days (1979).
References
Further reading
ninespine stickleback
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Freshwater fish of Europe
Freshwater fish of North America
Fish of Canada
Fish of Japan
Fish of the Great Lakes
ninespine stickleback
ninespine stickleback
Holarctic fauna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninespine%20stickleback |
Maxime "Superstar" Talbot (born February 11, 1984) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey centre who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Philadelphia Flyers, Colorado Avalanche and Boston Bruins. He was drafted into the NHL out of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) by the Pittsburgh Penguins, 234th overall, in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He led the Hull/Gatineau Olympiques to back-to-back President's Cups while earning the Guy Lafleur Trophy as playoff MVP both years.
During the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals against the Detroit Red Wings, while still playing for Pittsburgh, Talbot scored his team's only two goals in Pittsburgh's 2–1 victory over Detroit in the series-deciding Game 7, securing the Penguins' Stanley Cup championship win.
Talbot finished his career playing three seasons in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for Lokomotiv Yaroslavl and Avangard Omsk.
Playing career
Amateur
Talbot was selected by the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL)'s Rouyn-Noranda Huskies in the first round of the 2000 QMJHL Draft. At the league trade deadline that year, Talbot was traded to the Hull Olympiques in exchange for Alexandre Giroux. Talbot completed his major junior rookie season with a combined 37 points between the two teams.
Before the start of the 2002–03 season, Talbot was named team captain for the Olympiques and finished the year with a major junior career-high 46 goals and 104 points in 69 games, good for fifth in QMJHL scoring and for QMJHL Second All-Star Team honours. In the playoffs that year, he led the league in scoring with 44 points in 20 games as he captained the Olympiques to a QMJHL Championship, also earning the Guy Lafleur Trophy as playoff MVP in the process. Playing the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s Kitchener Rangers in the final of the subsequent 2003 Memorial Cup, they were defeated 6–3.
In the 2003–04 season, Talbot finished third in scoring in the QMJHL with 98 points (25 goals and 73 assists) in 51 games as the team became the Gatineau Olympiques through the amalgamation of Hull into the City of Gatineau. He led the team to a second consecutive QMJHL championship while again being named playoff MVP and leading the league in playoff scoring for the second-straight year. He was the first to earn back-to-back Guy Lafleur Trophies since Marc Saumier in 1987 and 1988. However, the Olympiques were defeated for the second-straight year in the Memorial Cup Final, losing 2–1 to the Western Hockey League (WHL)'s Kelowna Rockets.
Pittsburgh Penguins
As the 2004–05 season approached, Talbot was signed by the Pittsburgh Penguins and was assigned to make his professional debut with the team's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. He was assigned to various linemates and was placed in many role playing opportunities. He did not have the offensive power in the AHL, however, that he did in the QMJHL, but nonetheless Talbot showed quality traits in other aspects of the game as he finished his debut season with 19 points (7 goals and 12 assists) in 75 games.
With an impressive training camp, Talbot made the Penguins' opening roster for the 2005–06 season, making his NHL debut against the New Jersey Devils. He scored his first career NHL goal on October 14, 2005, from centre ice against the Philadelphia Flyers. His primary role during his rookie season was that of a penalty killer. He would later be sent down to the AHL after 48 games in the NHL, during which time he recorded eight points (five goals and three assists).
Talbot did not start the 2006–07 season in the NHL but was recalled by Pittsburgh on October 24, 2006, just five games into the AHL season. He would play that same night against New Jersey. Talbot continued to play a key role on the penalty kill, recording four short-handed goals to go with a season total of 24 points (13 goals and 11 assists).
Talbot scored four goals in the first five games of the 2007–08 season. He was the part of an on-ice prank on December 1, 2007, when he briefly donned the jersey of teammate Sidney Crosby during an optional practice that Crosby had chosen to skip. He initially drew a large cheer from the crowd in Toronto before they realized the jersey switch.
In Game 3 of the 2008 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals, Talbot scored a backhand goal against Ottawa Senators goaltender Martin Gerber less than five minutes after the Senators had taken the lead in that game. In the Conference Finals against the Philadelphia Flyers, Talbot scored the game-winning goal in the third period of Game 2. He did this in his first game back from a broken foot that had sidelined him for the previous four playoff games. In Game 5 of the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals against the Detroit Red Wings, he scored the tying goal with 35 seconds remaining, allowing the Penguins to score in triple overtime to force a Game 6.
Midway through the final year of his initial contract with the Penguins, 2008–09, on December 19, 2008, Talbot signed a new two-year contract with Pittsburgh through to the end of the 2010–11 season. The Penguins returned to the Stanley Cup Finals for the second consecutive year against Detroit. Talbot scored both of the Penguins' goals in the seventh and deciding game of the series to capture Pittsburgh's third Stanley Cup.
For the 2009–10 season, Talbot served as the Penguins' representative to the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA), a position he took over from Matt Cooke.
While playing for the Penguins, Talbot has appeared in numerous television commercials, including Valley Pool and Spa, City of Champions Crunch cereal (which featured Talbot on one side of the box and Pittsburgh Steeler Hines Ward on the other) and three commercials for Pittsburgh A&L Motor Sales (these A&L commercials have earned him the nickname "Superstar"). He also appeared in a Reebok commercial with teammate Sidney Crosby, which aired during the 2010 NHL Winter Classic.
While promoting the 2011 NHL Winter Classic, Talbot called-out Washington Capitals captain Alexander Ovechkin during an interview with a Pittsburgh radio station, calling him "a real douche".
Philadelphia Flyers and Colorado Avalanche
After being unable to come to terms with the Penguins on a new contract, Talbot signed a five-year, $8.75 million contract with the Penguins' in-state rival Philadelphia Flyers on July 1, 2011. On December 29, 2011, during a 4–2 Philadelphia victory, Talbot scored an empty net goal in his first game back in Pittsburgh against the Penguins since signing with the Flyers. He would finish his first season in Philadelphia appearing in 81 regular season games, scoring 19 goals and 15 assists for a total of 34 points; all three statistics were NHL career-highs for Talbot. Talbot and the Flyers would ultimately face the Penguins in the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals of the 2012 playoffs, a series that saw the Flyers defeat the Penguins in six games. Talbot scored four goals during the series, two of which were short-handed.
After the first month of the 2013–14 season with the Flyers, on October 31, 2013, Talbot was traded to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for Steve Downie. On December 6, 2013, Talbot scored his first Avalanche goal in a 3–2 win over the Calgary Flames.
Boston Bruins
With the Avalanche on the outside of the 2015 playoff picture, Talbot was traded at the NHL trade deadline on March 2, 2015, (along with Paul Carey) to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Jordan Caron and a sixth-round pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft.
On December 21, 2015, the NHL announced that it was suspending Talbot for two games because of a hit on New Jersey Devils forward Jiří Tlustý in a game played the day prior.
Kontinental Hockey League
At the conclusion of his contract with the Bruins, and as an impending free agent, Talbot opted to continue his playing career abroad in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), agreeing to a one-year deal with Russian club Lokomotiv Yaroslavl on May 27, 2016. Talbot played two seasons with Lokomotiv before leaving as a free agent and signing a one-year contract on August 25, 2018, to remain in the KHL with Avangard Omsk for the 2018–19 season.
International play
Talbot helped Canada win a silver medal as an alternate captain during the 2004 World Junior Championships held in Helsinki.
In 2016, Talbot was a member of Team Canada at the 2016 Deutschland Cup.
Personal life
Talbot's father, Serge, is a construction worker; his mother Lucie is a high school teacher. Talbot has two older brothers, Will and Frank.
Talbot married Canadian former figure skating champion Cynthia Phaneuf on July 11, 2014. The couple have three children.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
References
External links
Max Talbot Foundation
1984 births
Avangard Omsk players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Colorado Avalanche players
French Quebecers
Gatineau Olympiques players
Hull Olympiques players
Ilves players
Living people
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Providence Bruins players
Rouyn-Noranda Huskies players
Ice hockey people from Longueuil
Stanley Cup champions
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime%20Talbot |
John Anthony Alexander Rous, 4th Earl of Stradbroke, KStJ (1 April 1903 – 14 July 1983), was a British nobleman, the son of George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke. He was styled Viscount Dunwich from birth until acceding to the earldom in 1947.
He was educated at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, and the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth then served from 1917 to 1928 and again, through World War II, between 1939 and 1945. He was Secretary to the Governor of Victoria from 1946 to 1947. He was a member of East Suffolk County Council from 1931 to 1945; and an Alderman from 1953 to 1964. In 1978 he was awarded the Scout Association's prestigious Silver Wolf Award.
He was succeeded by his brother William Rous, 5th Earl of Stradbroke.
References
1903 births
1983 deaths
Members of East Suffolk County Council
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Lord-Lieutenants of Suffolk
People from Blythburgh
Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College
People educated at the Royal Naval College, Osborne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rous%2C%204th%20Earl%20of%20Stradbroke |
Dunback, formerly Waihemo, is a small town in the Otago region of New Zealand. It is located between Palmerston and Ranfurly on Highway 85. It has a population of about 200 people. Most of these people live in the rural areas near the town.
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "the finished stream" for .
The only remaining buildings now that still stand are the church, the Highwayman Hotel, the coronation hall and the Dunback school. All of these buildings are over 100 years old. There is also the domain which includes a cricket field, camping ground and bowling green. Locals and campers both enjoy the facilities that it has to offer. Along Murphy Street also stands the swing bridge which was built in the early 1900s for pupils to cross the Shag River for easier access to the school.
From 29 August 1885 until 1 January 1968, the town was the terminus of the Dunback Branch, a branch line railway that left the Main South Line in Palmerston. Nowadays, some of the old railway formation, a loading bank at the site of the station yard, and other railway relics can still be found around Dunback.
Demographics
The Waihemo statistical area, which also includes Hampden and Moeraki, and surrounds but does not include Palmerston, covers . It had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Waihemo had a population of 1,341 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 21 people (1.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 69 people (5.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 585 households. There were 690 males and 654 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.06 males per female. The median age was 49.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 231 people (17.2%) aged under 15 years, 144 (10.7%) aged 15 to 29, 687 (51.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 279 (20.8%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 92.6% European/Pākehā, 9.4% Māori, 0.7% Pacific peoples, 2.9% Asian, and 0.4% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).
The proportion of people born overseas was 13.0%, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people objected to giving their religion, 54.1% had no religion, 34.7% were Christian, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.2% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 159 (14.3%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 267 (24.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 135 people (12.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 540 (48.6%) people were employed full-time, 216 (19.5%) were part-time, and 18 (1.6%) were unemployed.
Education
Dunback Public School was established in 1877 and closed in 2001. In the early 20th century, the school had a roll of 63 in a five-room building.
References
Populated places in Otago
Waitaki District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunback |
Hugo Häring (11 May 1882 – 17 May 1958) was a German architect and architectural writer best known for his writings on "organic architecture", and as a figure in architectural debates about functionalism in the 1920s and 1930s, though he had an important role as an expressionist architect.
Häring was born in Biberach an der Riß, in the Kingdom of Württemberg. A student of the great Theodor Fischer, he took the view that each building should be uniquely developed according to the specific demands of the site and client. Few of Häring's designs were built but he was a strong influence on his friend and colleague Hans Scharoun. One built design was a contribution to the Siemensstadt housing project in Berlin from 1929 through 1931, which was master-planned by Scharoun.
Häring was a founding member of both The Ring and CIAM. He was married to actress Emilia Unda in 1918. the couple later divorced and he married actress Roma Bahn in 1950. He died in Göppingen, aged 76.
Buildings
1922–1928: Gut Garkau in Scharbeutz
1926/1927: Buildings in the Onkel-Tom-Siedlung in Berlin-Zehlendorf
1929/1930: Ring-Siedlung in Berlin-Siemensstadt
1929–1931: Prinzenallee/Gotenburger Straße and Stockholmer Straße in Berlin-Gesundbrunnen
1931/1932: Duplex Vietingergasse 71/72 in the Wiener Werkbundsiedlung in Vienna-Lainz
1931/1932: Doppelhaus Engelbrechtweg 4 in the Wiener Werkbundsiedlung] in Vienna-Lainz (1945 destroyed, new built by Roland Rainer)
1938: Landhaus v. Prittwitz in Tutzing
1950: Hugo-Häring-Häuser in Biberach an der Riß
Bibliography
M. Aschenbrenner, P. Blundell-Jones, Hugo Häring – the Organic versus the Geometric, Edition Axel Menges, 1999
P. Blundell-Jones, Hugo Häring – New Buildings, Cambridge University Press, 2003
Jose-Manuel GARCÍA ROIG, "Tres arquitectos alemanes. Bruno Taut. Hugo Häring. Martin Wagner", , Valladolid (Spain), 2004, Universidad de Valladolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones
External links
Brief description of Haring's career
Gut Garkau
1882 births
1958 deaths
People from Biberach an der Riss
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Expressionist architects
20th-century German architects
Modernist architects from Germany
Organic architecture
Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members
German architecture writers
German male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20H%C3%A4ring |
The longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) is a species of cypriniform freshwater fish in the family Catostomidae. It is native to North America from the northern United States to the top of the continent. It is also found in Russia in rivers of eastern Siberia, and this one of only two species of sucker native to Asia (the other is the Chinese Myxocyprinus asiaticus).
Description
The body of the longnose sucker is long and round with dark olive or grey sides and top and a light underside. They are up to in total length and weigh up to .
Longnose suckers are easily confused with white suckers (Catostomus commersoni), which appear very similar. However, longnose suckers can be distinguished by their comparatively finer scales.
The longnose sucker is distinctive for its physical characteristics.
First, the longnose sucker, as the name suggests, has an elongated snout which helps to distinguish the species from other suckers. The elongated snout can be 1/3 of the total body length. The longnose sucker has a circular suction disc (large lips) on the ventral side, located near the mouth. These large lips are an adaptation that allows the longnose sucker to attach itself to rocks and other substrate types in a fast-moving environment. The longnose sucker also has large and prominent scales that cover the body. These large scales provide protection from potential predators.
Distribution and ecology
The longnose sucker inhabits cold, clear waters, including lakes, pools, rivers and streams, and occasionally also brackish waters. In North America, it ranges north from the Columbia, Delaware, Missouri and Monongahela river basins, as well as the Great Lakes basin. The Russian population, which sometimes is referred to as the Siberian sucker (C. c. rostratus), is found in the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma river basins.
It is a bottom-feeding fish, eating aquatic plants, algae, and small invertebrates. They are preyed upon by larger predatory fish, such as bass, walleye, trout, northern pike, muskellunge and burbot.
Relationship with humans
They are fished for game and food and also used as bait to catch the larger predators. The International Game Fish Association (IGFA) world record sits at taken from the St. Joseph River in Michigan on December 2, 1989 by angler Ben Knoll.
The longnose sucker is a freshwater fish native to North America, particularly found in rivers and lakes. Its relationship with humans is based around recreational fishing.
In recreational fishing, longnose suckers are occasionally targeted by anglers for sport or as bait fish. They provide a challenge to anglers as they have strong fighting abilities. Longnose suckers are typically not sought after for human consumption.
The longnose sucker plays a crucial and vital ecological role as they are bottom feeders. As bottom feeders, the longnose suckers consume detritus and algae while stirring up the sediment. The bottom feeding behavior helps maintain water quality and helps improve the health of the aquatic ecosystem.
As for conservation, the longnose sucker faces habitat loss, water pollution, and competition from invasive species. Trout Unlimited, a conservation organization, is focused on habitat restoration and research initiatives to protect and enhance longnose sucker populations.
Breeding process
During the spring, when water temperatures rise, longnose suckers migrate to their spawning grounds in rivers and streams. Males develop tubercles on their heads and bodies, indicating their readiness to breed. They compete for the attention of females by displaying vibrant colors and engaging in energetic courtship behaviors. Once a female selects a mate, they engage in an elaborate spawning ritual. The female releases her eggs while the male fertilizes them externally. After spawning, the adults return to their regular habitats, leaving the eggs to develop and hatch. The young longnose suckers then begin their journey, growing and adapting to their environment. The breeding life of longnose suckers contributes to the biodiversity and vitality of freshwater ecosystems.
References
External links
Catostomus
Freshwater fish of the Arctic
Freshwater fish of the United States
Fish of the Great Lakes
Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster
Fish described in 1773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longnose%20sucker |
The Center for Auto Safety is a Washington, D.C.-based 501(c)(3) consumer advocacy non-profit group focused on the United States automotive industry. Founded in 1970 by Consumers Union and Ralph Nader, the group focuses its efforts on enacting reform though public advocacy and pressuring the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and automakers through litigation. For decades, it was led by Executive Director Clarence Ditlow, who died in late 2016 from cancer. Ditlow was widely admired in the auto safety community, although he also had detractors among auto manufacturers. The Center for Auto Safety is currently led by Executive Director Jason Levine.
History
The Center for Auto Safety (the Center) was founded in 1970 by Consumers Union and Ralph Nader as a consumer safety group to protect drivers. Ralph Nader, the author of Unsafe at Any Speed, believed that automakers and the government were not adequately regulating safety. For many years, the Center was led by Clarence Ditlow, a well-known consumer safety advocate. The Center has advocated vigorously for driver safety and automaker accountability by pressuring government agencies and automakers with many lawsuits campaigns. The Center has also published The Car Book annually, which presents the latest safety ratings, dealer prices, fuel economy, insurance premiums, and maintenance costs for new vehicles.
Lemon laws
The Center for Auto Safety counts the enacting of lemon laws in all 50 states among its greatest successes. The Center has testified over 50 times before Congressional Committees on auto safety, warranties and service bulletins, air pollution, consumer protection, and fuel economy. The Center was the leading consumer advocate in passage of Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, fuel economy provisions of Energy Policy and Conservation Act and Technical Service Bulletin disclosure in MAP-21. The Center recently succeeded in a lawsuit against DOT Secretary Anthony Foxx, forcing NHTSA to make public all manufacturer communications to dealers regarding safety issues. Additionally, former Center Executive Director Clarence Ditlow and Ralph Nader published The Lemon Book in 1980 to educate drivers on how to avoid buying a "lemon" and what to do if they purchase one.
Recalls
The Center for Auto Safety has been involved in many campaigns to pressure automakers and NHTSA to issue recalls on dangerous car parts. Throughout its history, the Center has played a major role in numerous recalls including 6.7 million Chevrolets for defective engine mounts, 15 million Firestone 500 tires, 1.5 million Ford Pintos for exploding gas tanks, 3 million Evenflo child seats for defective latches. More recently, the Center was the main proponent for recalls of 7 million Toyotas for sudden acceleration, 2 million Jeeps for fuel tank fires, 11 million GM vehicles for defective ignition switches, and over 60 million exploding Takata airbag inflators.
Accomplishments
The Center for Auto Safety counts numerous far-reaching efforts among its successes:
"Lemon laws" enacted in all 50 states
State laws requiring auto manufacturers to disclose "hidden" warranties to consumers
The Firestone tire recall
The Ford Pinto recall due to its dangerous gas tank design
Exposure of a potentially lethal gas tank design in General Motors pickup trucks
Improved U.S. highway safety standards administered by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
Recall of Jeep vehicles with fuel tanks that could explode in rear impact
Pressuring General Motors to take action on their faulty airbags and ignition switches
Annual publication of The Car Book to inform drivers of the safety of specific models
Better protection for drivers against rollover and roof crush in SUVs
Maintaining an online database of vehicle safety complaints submitted to the Center
Wrote Small—On Safety: The Designed-in Dangers of the Volkswagen.
References
External links
The Center for Auto Safety—Official website
The Safe Climate Campaign—Official website
1970 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Automotive safety
Consumer rights organizations
Organizations established in 1970
Political advocacy groups in the United States
Ralph Nader | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Auto%20Safety |
Steve Kelley (born January 8, 1953) is a former Minnesota state Senator. In 2006, he received the Democratic-Farmer-Labor endorsement for Attorney General. Kelley served in the Minnesota Senate from 1997 to 2007; he previously served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1993 to 1997. He is currently a Senior Fellow at the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota and the Deputy Director of the Center for Integrative Leadership. Kelley ran for Governor of Minnesota in 2006 and 2010 and Attorney General in 2006.
Currently, Steve Kelley is serving as the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS) for the Master of Science in Security Technologies graduate program at the Technological Leadership Institute (University of Minnesota - College of Science and Engineering).
While serving in the Minnesota Senate, Kelley was a proponent of a new stadium deal for the Minnesota Twins, and was a principal sponsor of the controversial 0.15 percent sales tax increase in Hennepin County, the proceeds of which will be used to fund approximately three-fourths of the projected cost of the new ballpark in addition to a number of transit projects in the metro area.
Kelley received his B.A. from Williams College and his J.D. from the Columbia Law School.
In early 2007, Kelley joined the Blandin Foundation Broadband Strategy Board, which is working towards a broadband vision for Minnesota: To ensure a high quality of life and a globally competitive future for its citizens, businesses and communities, Minnesota is committed to making the necessary investment to become a world leader in the universal deployment and use of ultra high-speed next generation broadband.
He is married to Sophie Kelley and has two adult children.
Electoral history
2006 Race for state Attorney General - Democratic Primary
Lori Swanson (DFL), 42%
Steve Kelley (DFL), 37%
Bill Luther (DFL), 21%
External links
See also
Minnesota gubernatorial election, 2010#Announced 2.
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Democratic Party Minnesota state senators
Williams College alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
1953 births
21st-century American politicians
State insurance commissioners of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Kelley%20%28politician%29 |
WWOW (1360 AM) is an oldies formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Conneaut, Ohio, serving Northwest Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. WWOW is owned and operated by Matthew Jarvi, through licensee Lake Effect Media.
Transmitter facilities are located on Middle Road in Conneaut, Ohio.
History
WWOW first launched in 1959 with the original call letters still used to this day. The station operated at that time with a daytime-only power of 500 watts, with studios and offices at 211 Main Street in Conneaut, Ohio. The construction permit for WWOW was first issued in November 1957.
In 1967, WWOW applied for pre-sunrise authorization, allowing it to sign on two hours prior to local sunrise. This petition was challenged by Jupiter Broadcasting, licensee of WSAI. The challenge was denied by the FCC.
This station started out as a rock 'n' roll, top 40s station and had a lot of following with Kenneth Vaughn as veteran news director for 33 yrs. Early DJs were names like Larry "Spyder" Snyder, Paul Allen, Bud "Stinky" Steiger and numerous others. Many locals also had their chance at being a DJ too, and filled in on weekends, holidays, etc.
Original owner was Lew Skully, from Youngstown, Ohio. In July 1970, Skully sold the station to Contemporary Media. The five shareholders of Contemporary Media transferred control of the license to Doyle Flurry and Tom Childs in October 1979. The FCC approved the transfer by the end of the year. By 1985, studios had moved from the Main Street location to Conneaut Plaza on Route 20 west and the station adopted a country format. By 1990, the station moved back to downtown Conneaut at 239 Broad Street (near its present location) and began adding oldies and farm programming to its country music format.
The station has switched from talk, to oldies, to Catholic religious and back to oldies since May 27, 2005.
Since 2011, WWOW has been operating as Boomer Tunes Radio, "The Music of a Generation" on 1360 WOW. 1360 WOW has also expanded its sports coverage significantly by carrying the Columbus Blue Jackets and Conneaut Spartans football and boys basketball.
External links
1360 WOW! Online
FCC History Cards for WWOW
Broadcasting and Cable Yearbook 1985
Broadcasting and Cable Yearbook 1990
Broadcasting and Cable Yearbook 1995
Broadcasting and Cable Yearbook 2000
WOW
Mass media in Ashtabula County, Ohio
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1959
1959 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWOW |
, abbreviated as Sukibi, is a Japanese shōjo manga by Yoshiki Nakamura. It is the story of , a 16-year-old girl who discovers that her childhood friend and romantic goal, Shotaro Fuwa, only keeps her around to act as a maid and to earn his living expenses, while he works his way to become the top pop idol in Japan. Furious and heartbroken, she vows revenge by beating him in show business.
In Japan, the manga was first published in Hakusensha's shōjo manga magazine Hana to Yume in February 2002, while in the United States, it began publishing under Viz Media's Shojo Beat label in 2006. Forty-nine volumes and one fanbook have been released in Japan, and forty-seven of the volumes have been released in the United States. In 2002, a drama CD adaptation was made and released by Marine Entertainment, and covers the first volume (chapters one to five) of the manga. An anime adaptation was produced by Hal Film Maker, and began airing October 5, 2008. It ended airing with episode twenty-five on July 12, 2009.
Plot
Skip Beat! follows the story of Kyoko Mogami, a sixteen-year-old girl who loves her childhood friend, Shotaro Fuwa, but is betrayed by him. Having spent a large part of her childhood at Shotaro's parents' inn, she learned a great deal about hostelry and other such jobs. Shotaro, not wishing to take over his parents' business, asks Kyoko to run away with him to Tokyo, leaving high school and her life in Kyoto Prefecture behind to help him pursue a career in music. Upon arrival in Tokyo, Kyoko lives an unreasonably frugal life and works multiple jobs to support Sho, as he is called by his fans, spending nothing on herself and doing whatever she can for Sho, who eventually becomes ranked seventh of the top twenty most popular male celebrities of Japan. One day, she overhears Shotaro complaining about her to his manager, saying that she is a boring and plain girl who he thinks of as a doormat. He proceeds to sweet-talk and flirt with his manager, in stark contrast to the cold and demanding attitude he usually exhibits towards Kyoko.
As she storms away, Kyoko doesn't shed many tears when she learns that Sho wanted her along only to handle housekeeping duties. Instead, her "Pandora's box" opens and she vows vengeance on Sho. As she is carried away by security, Sho mockingly tells her that if she wants revenge, she had better become a bigger star than he is. And so, Kyoko changes her appearance and enters the entertainment industry, facing many challenges along the way.
After this introduction, Skip Beat! follows Kyoko's journey climbing up the showbiz ladder at first to gain her revenge but later out of love of acting. Along the way Kyoko meets many interesting people, troublemakers, foes, and friends alike, as she develops both as a person and as an actress. Additionally, she begins to regain the sense of compassion and other tender emotions that she lost when her heart was broken by Sho (Shotaro). Once she enters show biz Kyoko meets Ren Tsuruga, who at first disapproves of Kyoko for such a silly reason to begin acting, a profession he holds semi-sacred. As Kyoko cultivates her acting and friendships, she soon discovers a sense of self separate from her initial plans for revenge.
Media
Manga
Skip Beat! began as a manga series written and illustrated by Yoshiki Nakamura which started serialized in Hakusensha's shōjo manga magazine Hana to Yume on February 15, 2002. The first bound volume was released in Japan on July 19, 2002, and forty-nine volumes have been released to date. The manga was licensed by Viz Media for release in English in North America on Viz Media's Shojo Beat imprint. The first volume was released in English on July 5, 2006. As of November 2022, forty-seven volumes were released in English. Furthermore, Viz Media has also re-released Skip Beat! in the VIZBIG format (3-In-1 Edition) since December 1, 2020 fourteen volumes have been released, the latest combining volumes 40-42.
Drama CD
In total, eight drama CDs have been released as of April 2021.
The first, entitled Skip Beat! Drama CD, was released by Marine Entertainment bearing the catalog number "MMCC-7029" on September 26, 2002. It covers the first volume (chapters one to five) of the manga.
The second, entitled BLACK Drama CD, was released August 21, 2012 and focuses on the Dark Breath arc. The BLACK Drama CD feature the voice actors for the anime, with the addition of Yuki Kaida as Jelly Woods in the BLACK Drama CD
The third, entitled KISS×KISS Drama CD Valentine Weapon, was released January 19, 2013 and covers Shou's kiss and Ren's cheek kiss on Valentine's Day. KISS×KISS Drama CD Valentine Weapon like the BLACK Drama CD feature the voice actors for the anime.
The fourth, entitled DARK BREATH, Drama CD was released in March 2017. It covers the Cain and Setsuka Heel love bite scene in chapters 194 through 196.
A fifth adaptation featuring Kyouko's reunion with Corn in Guam was bundled with the first printing of the 40th volume as a limited-edition release, on sale March 20, 2017, with Marina Inoue and Katsuyuki Konishi reprising their respective roles.
On September 20, 2019, two more drama CDs were released. One drama CD was included in a limited-edition of the 44th volume; it adapts the "Kitchen Words" short story. The other CD came with an issue of Hana to Yume and adapts. the short stories "Otherworld With Love" and "Until You Sleep."
Another drama adaption was released with a January 2021 issue of Hana to Yume, covering the manga chapters 274 through 279.
Anime
The anime adaptation was directed by Kiyoko Sayama and animated by Hal Film Maker, it began airing in Japan on October 5, 2008 and ended on March 29, 2009. The first opening theme is "Dream Star" by the generous. The first ending theme is "Namida" by 2BACKKA.The second opening theme is "Renaissance" by the generous, and the second ending theme is "Eien" by Yūsaku Kiyama. Anime streaming website Crunchyroll also officially streams the anime online with English subtitles through an agreement with TV Tokyo.
Pied Piper licensed the series and launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund the series on DVD and Blu-ray with an English dub. The Kickstarter campaign was successful, meeting the goal and the stretch goal needed to produce the Blu-ray release.
Live-action adaptation
In 2008, a Taiwanese drama of Skip Beat! was announced in a press conference in Japan, titled () or Extravagant Challenge in English, starring Ivy Chen as Kyōko, Choi Siwon as Tsuruga Ren, and Lee Donghae as Shō Fuwa. It was to be directed by Niu Cheng Ze (鈕承澤) and produced by Gala Television (GTV). A few days before shooting was due to begin, in January 2009, Lai Cong Bi (賴聰筆), Deputy General Manager of GTV stated that the production has been postponed indefinitely due to factors such as restructure of the joint venture company in Japan and script re-write.
In March 2011, it was announced that the project will resume filming in April 2011 with the leading role of Gong Xi (Kyōko) played by Ivy Chen, Dun He Lian (Tsuruga Ren) played by Choi Siwon, and Bu Puo Shang (Shō Fuwa) played by Lee Donghae of Korean boy band Super Junior.
The series aired from December 18, 2011 to April 1, 2012 with a total of 15 episodes. The live-action adaptation also aired in Japan, China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Each episode ran about an hour long and stuck very closely to the plot line of the manga, albeit with some comedic elements added in. Given its ending (much like the anime, it left loose ends, although it still managed to get further along in the plot) and the many fans the series acquired, there has been speculation as to whether there will be a season two; many believe the producers are waiting for the manga to finish so as to provide a proper ending.
Video game
A video game was released on May 28, 2009 for the PlayStation 2.
The opening song of this game is "Blow Wind" by SMILY☆SPIKY. The game takes place after the animation of Skip Beat! where the main character, Kyoko Mogami, needs to choose her next job and develop her relationships with others. The game is imported from Japan and has yet to be translated into English. Although the game is a continuation of the manga it does not follow the plot specifically.
Novelization
An original story , written by Ayuna Fujisaki, appeared in Hana to Yume Bunkei Shōjo, vol.2. The literary adaptation centered on Kyōko's guest appearance in a cooking show and used art from the manga as illustration.
A second story, , appeared in The Hana to Yume released on April 25, 2015. Also written by Ayuna Fujisaki, it centered on a Love Me job for Kyōko and Kanae at a theme park.
A third story, , appeared in The Hana to Yume released on July 25, 2015. Written by Ayuna Fujisaki, the story has Kyōko possessed by a ghost, and features Shō, Reino, and Ren.
A fourth story, , appeared in The Hana to Yume released on October 25, 2015. Also written by Ayuna Fujisaki, the story features Ren's manager on a day off due to a cold.
Ayuna Fujisaki has written a fifth story featuring Kyōko working as Bō the Chicken, which appeared in The Hana to Yume released on January 25, 2016.
On September 20, 2016, the five short stories were published in a collection that includes another original Skip Beat! short story by Ayuna Fujisaki as well as original art by Yoshiki Nakamura.
References
External links
Official Skip Beat! website at Hana to Yume
2002 manga
2009 Japanese television series endings
Anime and manga about revenge
Anime series based on manga
Coming-of-age anime and manga
Hakusensha manga
Hal Film Maker
Music in anime and manga
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Shōjo manga
Theatre in anime and manga
TVB
TV Tokyo original programming
Viz Media manga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip%20Beat%21 |
David MacMillan (December 24, 1886 – July 9, 1963) was an American basketball coach. He was a longtime head coach at the University of Minnesota (18 seasons, 1927–42, 1945–48), and briefly coached the NBA's Tri-Cities Blackhawks in 1950, succeeding Red Auerbach.
Before Minnesota, MacMillan was the head coach at the University of Idaho in Moscow, his alma mater. He led the Vandals for seven seasons, from 1920 to 1927, the last six in the Pacific Coast Conference.
In Idaho's first two seasons in the PCC, his upstart program won consecutive conference titles in 1922 He also coached baseball and freshman football at Idaho, and baseball at Minnesota from 1942 through 1947.
Born in New York City, he attended Oberlin College in Ohio before transferring to the University of Idaho.
MacMillan resigned at Minnesota at age 62 in March 1948, citing health reasons. After his brief stint with the Blackhawks, MacMillan served as an assistant coach of the Minneapolis Lakers under John Kundla, who had been a player and assistant under MacMillan at Minnesota. He died from cancer at age 76 in Minneapolis.
References
External links
Sports Reference – Dave McMillan – Minnesota (1927–1948)
Sports Reference – Dave MacMillan – Idaho (1920–1927)
BasketballReference.com: Dave MacMillan
1886 births
1963 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from New York (state)
Idaho Vandals baseball coaches
Idaho Vandals men's basketball coaches
Minneapolis Lakers coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball coaches
Tri-Cities Blackhawks head coaches
Place of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20MacMillan |
Life with Mikey (also known as Give Me a Break) is a 1993 American comedy film directed by James Lapine and written by Marc Lawrence. The film stars Michael J. Fox, Nathan Lane, Cyndi Lauper and Christina Vidal in her film acting debut.
Plot
Mikey Chapman (Michael J. Fox) is a former child star from a 1970s sitcom. Now a talent agent for child stars, Mikey discovers Angie Vega (Christina Vidal), a girl who pick-pockets for money and lives with her teenage sister and her boyfriend. Together, they try to hit it big and earn her a role on a series of television commercials.
Cast
Reception
The movie received generally negative reviews. Review aggregator RottenTomatoes reports that 25% of the 12 critics gave the film a positive review, with 3 fresh and 9 rotten review, with a rating average of 4.05 out of 10.
Box office
The movie debuted at No. 7.
References
External links
1993 films
1993 comedy films
American comedy films
Films about actors
Touchstone Pictures films
Films directed by James Lapine
Films with screenplays by Marc Lawrence
Films produced by Scott Rudin
Films scored by Alan Menken
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
American children's comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20with%20Mikey |
The City of Vaughan 2006 Municipal Election took place on November 13, 2006. One mayor, three regional councillors and five local councillors were elected for the city of Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. In addition, local school trustees were elected to the York Region District School Board, York Catholic District School Board, Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest and Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud. These elections were held in conjunction with all other municipalities across Ontario, which for the first time elected politicians to four year terms, rather than three years as had previously been the case. (see 2006 Ontario municipal elections).
Results
The 2006 municipal election in Vaughan saw a number of major upsets and a number of other close races - contrary to past results in the city elections. All but one incumbent were re-elected.
Mayor
In the Mayoral race, former Regional Councillor Linda Jackson unseated incumbent Mayor and former Regional Councillor Michael Di Biase. This was the first time since the incorporation of the City of Vaughan that an incumbent mayor had been defeated. Jackson took the place of her mother, Lorna Jackson who had held the position before she succumbed to cancer prior to Di Biase's tenure. After the final results came in, Di Biase called for a recount due to the extremely close result . However, he later called off the recount and filed an application for an injunction in the Ontario Superior Court requesting that the election be declared “illegal and void” for a number of reasons including faulty vote-counting machines. On November 22, Di Biase again reversed his decision, asking City Council to support a recount.
The results of the recount were released Nov. 30.
Jackson was once again declared mayor with 28,402 votes over Di Biase's 28,308.
Regional Councillors
With Jackson no longer serving as a Regional Councillor, only two incumbents ran for that position, Mario Ferri and Joyce Frustaglio. In a surprise result, Frustaglio took first place in the race, making her the Deputy Mayor, a post held since Di Biase became Mayor by Mario Ferri. The third position was filled by a former Local and Regional Councillor, Gino Rosati.
Local Councillors
All five Ward Councilor positions were won by the incumbents, with many difficult challenges coming from former city staff and councillors.
Potential issues
Construction of the Thornhill Wal-Mart Mall
Corporate donations to members of council
Lack of a public hospital
Mayoral and councillor salaries
Traffic Gridlock
New $96.3 Million Civic Centre construction, contracts and costs
Candidates
Mayor
Regional Council
Because Joyce Frustaglio received the highest vote count among the candidates for Regional Councillor, she is styled as the acting Mayor in cases where the Mayor is unavailable. However commonly confused, this is a different role than being the Deputy Mayor
Local Council
Ward 1
Ward 2
Ward 3
Ward 4
Ward 5
Withdrawals
Mario G. Racco (nomination withdrawn from Ward 4 on Jan. 20)
Aurelio E. Acquaviva (nomination withdrawn from Ward 1 on Aug 15, moved to Ward 2)
Robert Craig (nomination withdrawn from Mayor on Aug 28, moved to Regional Councillor)
Stan Grabowski (nomination withdrawn from Ward 2 on Sept. 27)
Gino Ruffolo (nomination withdrawn from Mayor on Oct. 2)
Controversy
Following the November 2006 election, former mayor Michael Di Biase appealed the results of the elections citing possible errors in the ballot counting machines. The results were reviewed following a decision in his favour in Ontario Superior Court, concluding that the original result, the election of Jackson as mayor, was the correct one.
References
Vaughan Citizen article on election
Vaughan Citizen article on mayoral candidates
Globe and Mail report on Municipal salaries
Vaughan Citizen article "Online clash packs big 'byte'"
Toronto Star article on Go Vote Vaughan about releasing names of contributors prior to election day
York Region article on Corporate Donations to members of council
Vaughan Citizen follow-up to the 'online clash' Wikipedia story
Toronto Star article Ending GTA traffic gridlock tops wish list for seething motorists
Debate heats up over corporate donations
Toronto Star, Vaughan election heats up already
Toronto Star, Trying to Avoid the Tender Trap
New mall to mimic community; Wal-Mart to get Main Street facelift
Trivia
An article on website Wikipedia entitled "Vaughan municipal election, 2006" was cited as an issue in the campaign; the Vaughan Citizen newspaper has, to date, published two articles about opposing allegations of politically biased edits to this article.
The 2006 Vaughan municipal election has the largest percentage of female candidates (27.3%) in the province. Nine out of thirty three candidates are women. It is possible for women to win every seat with the exception of one of the regional council seats and the Ward 5 council seat although it is still possible for men to win every seat.
The Globe and Mail newspaper reports that Mayor Di Biase receives a salary of $164,074 per year, making him one of the highest-paid municipal politicians in the country. * The mayor of the largest city in Canada, David Miller of Toronto, which is over ten times the size of Vaughan in terms of population, receives $143,635 per year. The average salary of Vaughan councillors is $102,657, compared to Toronto councillors at $85,497.
References
External links
Vaughan Votes 2006
2006 Ontario municipal elections
Politics of Vaughan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Vaughan%20municipal%20election |
Theatre Communications Group (TCG) is a non-profit service organization headquartered in New York City that promotes professional non-profit theatre in the United States.
The organization also publishes American Theatre magazine and ARTSEARCH, a theatrical employment bulletin, as well as trade editions of theatrical scripts.
History
Theatre Communications Group was established in 1961 with a grant from the Ford Foundation in response to their then arts and humanities director W. McNeil Lowry's desire to foster communication and cooperation among the growing community of regional theatres throughout the country. Though initially run as a Ford Foundation administered program, TCG independently incorporated in 1964.
The organization began with a membership of 15 regional and community theatres, and nine university drama departments under the leadership of Pat Brown. In its first decade of operation, other leaders included Michael Mabry, Joseph Zeigler and Hartney Arthur. In 1972, Peter Zeisler was named Executive Director, a position he would hold for 23 years. Under Zeisler’s leadership, TCG created many of its longest-running programs, including annual National Conference, American Theatre magazine and TCG Books.
After Zeisler retired in 1995, the organization was led by John Sullivan, (1993–1997) Ben Cameron (1996–2006), and Joan Channick (1999–2006). TCG was named the United States Center for the International Theater Institute in 1999 and Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 2005.
, TCG has over 700 member theatres located in 47 states; 12,000 individual members; and 150 University, Trustee and other business affiliates. Teresa Eyring was appointed Executive Director in 2007.
TCG Books
Founded in 1984, TCG Books is considered the largest independent publisher of dramatic literature in North America. As of 2014, it has published the work of 235 playwrights and theatre professionals in over 1,600 titles, including 16 winners of the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, one winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, as well as numerous Tony Award, Drama Desk, and Obie Award winners.
Periodicals
Theatre Communications Group publishes American Theatre magazine, a periodical focused on the non-profit professional theatre, and ARTSEARCH, a career and job search resource for performing arts professionals. American Theatre is published 10 times a year and distributed to TCG members free of charge. ARTSEARCH is published digitally and released on a quarterly basis.
See also
List of Theatre Communications Group member theatres
Regional theater in the United States
List of LORT Member Theatres
Notes
References
External links
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Theatrical organizations in the United States
Arts organizations established in 1961
1961 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre%20Communications%20Group |
Robert Keith Rous, 6th Earl of Stradbroke (born 25 March 1937) is a British peer who has lived much of his life in Australia, where he became a sheep farmer of some 15,000 acres in southern Victoria. A member of the House of Lords from July 1983 to November 1999, he rarely attended it.
The son of William Keith Rous, younger brother of the fourth earl, and his first wife Pamela Catherine Mabell Kay-Shuttleworth, a granddaughter of Ughtred Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baron Shuttleworth, and a sister of the 4th Baron, he was educated at Harrow School.
About 1957, Rous emigrated to Australia, to escape from his family and from a feud between his father and his uncle. He made a fortune in land speculation. His reason for settling in Victoria may have been that his grandfather,
George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke, had been Governor of the state. His uncle, John Rous, 4th Earl of Stradbroke, was Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk from 1948 to 1978.
On 14 July 1983, his father succeeded an older brother, the 4th Earl, to the peerages, and the young Rous was formally styled as Viscount Dunwich; but four days later his father also died, and he became Earl of Stradbroke himself. As well as succeeding to the peerages, a baronetcy, and a seat in the House of Lords, he also inherited his uncle's Henham Park estate of 3,500 acres in Suffolk, with some fifty houses and cottages, although his uncle had demolished the former family seat, Henham Hall, in 1953. However, this inheritance led to a long legal battle in England.
The son-in-law of the fourth earl called Stradbroke "a malicious liar" after he had called the Henham estate "very down-at-heel, after decades of mismanagement". This led to a libel action in which Stradbroke was awarded £40,000 in damages. During the trial, the new earl from Australia featured in the tabloid press, wearing a bush hat and lacing his comments with such expressions as "fair dinkum". But his plans for a new country house were turned down, so Stradbroke set up home in a tent, and then later in a two-bedroom cottage. For nine years, he divided his life between Australia and England.
By 2000, Stradbroke was back in Australia, living at Mount Fyans Station, Dundonnell, near Mortlake, Victoria, Australia, a sheep station of almost 15,000 acres, with an eight-bedroom homestead built in the 1880s.
In 2015, Stradbroke announced that he was selling his Mount Fyans property. A newspaper report commented that the property was famous, its owner "cheekily infamous". The sale price was later reported as some $34 million.
He continues to own the Henham Park estate in Suffolk, and has developed it.
Personal life
On 3 September 1960, Stradbroke married firstly Dawn Antoinette Beverley, a daughter of Thomas Edward Beverley. They were divorced in 1976, having had seven children:
Robert Keith Rous, Viscount Dunwich (born 1961)
Lady Ingrid Arnel Rous (1963)
Lady Sophia Rayner Rous (1964)
Lady Heidi Simone Rous (1966)
Lady Pamela Keri Rous (1968)
Lady Brigitte Aylena Rous (1970)
Wesley Alexander Rous (1972)
In 1977, he married secondly Roseanna Mary Blanche Reitman, a daughter of Francis Reitman and Susan Diana Mary Vernon, and they had eight children:
Hektor Fraser Rous (1978)
Lady Zea Katherina Rous (1979)
Maximilian Otho Rous (1981)
Henham Mowbray Rous (1983)
Winston Walberswick Rous (1986)
Lady Minsmere Mathilda Rous (1988)
Yoxford Ulysses Uluru Rous (1989)
Ramsar Fyans Rous (1992)
Stradbroke had a younger brother who took up a career in the British Army and became Lieutenant General Sir William Rous, regimental colonel of the Coldstream Guards.
Notes
1937 births
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
People educated at Harrow School
Living people
Stradbroke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Rous%2C%206th%20Earl%20of%20Stradbroke |
Gangbusters is a roleplaying game published by TSR, Inc. in 1982 that emulates gang crime in the 1920s during American Prohibition.
Description
Gangbusters is set in the 1920s in the fictional Lakefront City located on the western shore of Lake Michigan, analogous to Chicago. Players take the roles of criminals, law enforcement professionals, or other characters (such as newspaper reporters) who investigate or oppose criminals. An emphasis is placed on the violent growth of organized crime during Prohibition. Political corruption is also a recurring theme.
Rules system
During character generation, a player randomly generates his character's abilities (such as Muscle and Luck), then chooses a career (character class) from Criminal, FBI Agent, Newspaper Reporter, Police Officer, Private Investigator, or Prohibition Agent. Each career includes a unique set of advantages and disadvantages. The player then further customizes the character by adding non-career skills, such as Auto Theft or Photography.
Gangbusters uses a percentile-based mechanic for most task resolutions using two ten-sided dice. The basic chances of a character succeeding at an action are equal to the character's score in a relevant ability or skill, subject to modifiers assigned by the Judge. The player of that character then rolls percentile dice to determine if the character succeeded. The results of actions (such as the damage caused by weapons or the amount of money produced by a criminal enterprise) may be determined by further dice rolls.
Publication history
Game designer Rick Krebs created a game of gangland violence set in the age of speakeasies titled Bloody 20s and sold the concept to TSR. Mark Acres assisted to develop the new game retitled Gangbusters, which was published in 1982.() The boxed set contained a 64-page rulebook, a 16-page sample adventure, a game map showing several blocks of Lakefront City, some cardboard counters, and two ten-sided dice.
Between 1982 and 1984, TSR published five adventure modules for Gangbusters:
Trouble Brewing by Tom Moldvay ()
Murder in Harmony by Mark Acres ()
Death on the Docks by Mark Acres ()
The Vanishing Investigator by Tracy Hickman ()
Death in Spades by Tracy Hickman ()
Three packs of Gangbusters miniatures were also produced by TSR.
In 1990, TSR released a second edition of the Gangbusters rules, but mislabeled it as a "New 3rd Edition" (). The 3rd Edition (as it came to be known) is a 128-page softcover book combining the text of the first edition rule book with information taken from the adventures Trouble Brewing, Murder in Harmony and Death on The Docks. Except for minor edits, the 3rd Edition Gangbusters game mechanics are indistinguishable from those of the original edition.
In 2019, Mark Hunt, with permission of original designer Rick Krebs, released an updated and simplified version of the rules known as the "B/X" edition, because it was based on the game mechanics of the 1980 Dungeons & Dragons Basic and EXpert sets.
Reception
In Issue 19 of the French games magazine Jeu et Stratégie, Michel Brassinne liked the less complex rules, writing, "All game procedures have been simplified without diminishing the interest of the game. It foreshadows the new generation of role-playing games." Brassine liked the then-novel idea that "The characters act in parallel as if they lived in the same city but without necessarily knowing each other. Thus each player indicates in writing their character's schedule for a week and gives it to the game leader. Woe to the gangster who is preparing to commit a hold-up on Wednesday at 3 p.m. on Maxwell Street if a detective, the same day, decides to monitor the area around the bank." Brassine concluded by giving the game high marks of 9 out of 10 for Presentation, 8 out of 10 for Clarity of Rules, 9 out of 10 for Originality, and the highest rating for Likeability.
In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan thought this game was "an overlooked gem, a minor classic." Swan liked the simplicity of the rules, writing, "Emphasizing action and adventure over rules and formulas, Gangbusters may not be the most realistic treatment of the era, but it's certainly the most fun." Swan concluded by giving the game a rating of 3 out of 4, saying, "Gangbusters lacks the depth for an extended campaign, but it's a great way to spend an evening."
In a retrospective review of Gangbusters in Black Gate, Ty Johnston said "If you're looking to try something different at your gaming table but don't want the hassle of having to learn the rules for a long, complicated system, you should check out one of the versions of Gangbusters. I predict you'll have a blast."
Other reviews and commentary
Different Worlds #29 (June, 1983)
References
Historical role-playing games
Pulp and noir period role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 1982
TSR, Inc. games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangbusters%20%28role-playing%20game%29 |
Hydrophobic soil is a soil whose particles repel water. The layer of hydrophobicity is commonly found at or a few centimeters below the surface, parallel to the soil profile. This layer can vary in thickness and abundance and is typically covered by a layer of ash or burned soil.
Formation and structure
Hydrophobic soil is most familiarly formed when a fire or hot air disperses waxy compounds found in the uppermost litter layer consisting of organic matter. After the compounds disperse, they mainly coat sandy soil particles near the surface in the upper layers of soil, making the soil hydrophobic. Other producers of hydrophobic coatings are contamination and industrial spillages along with soil microbial activity. Hydrophobicity can also be seen as a natural soil property that results from the degradation of natural vegetation such as Eucalyptus that has natural wax properties.
It was found that in a particular New Zealand sand, this waxy lipid coating consisted of primarily hydrocarbons and triglycerides that were basic in pH along with a lesser value of acidic long-chain fatty acids. Capillary penetration amongst soil particles is limited by the hydrophobic coating on the particles, resulting in water repellence in each particle affected as the hydrophilic head of the lipid attaches itself to the sand particle leaving the hydrophobic tail shielding the outside of the particle. This can be seen in Figure 1 below.
Other important soil water averting factors have been found to include soil texture, microbiology, soil surface roughness, soil organic matter content, soil chemical composition, acidity, soil water content, soil type, mineralogy of clay particles, and seasonal variations of the region. Soil texture plays a large role in predicting whether a soil could be water repelling as larger grained particles in the soil such as sand have smaller surface areas, making them more prone to being fully coated by hydrophobic compounds. It is much more difficult to entirely coat a silt or clay particle with more surface area, but when it does happen, the resulting water repellency of the soil is severe. As soil organic matter in the form of plant or microbial biomass decomposes, physiochemical changes can release these hydrophobic compounds into the soil as well. This, however, depends on the type of microbial activity present in the soil as it can also hinder the development of hydrophobic compounds.
Hydrophobicity testing
Soil water repellence is almost always tested with the water droplet penetration time (WDPT) test first because of the simplicity of the test. This test is executed by recording the time it takes for one droplet of water to infiltrate a specific soil, indicating the stability of repellency. Water infiltration is expressed as water entering the soil in a spontaneous fashion and correlates with the angle of the water-soil contact. If the water-soil contact angle is greater than 90º, then the soil is determined to be hydrophobic. It has also been observed that if the test droplet is placed on hydrophobic soil, it will rapidly develop a particulate skin before disappearing.
Results of the WDPT:
Table 1: Characterizing the degree of hydrophobicity in soils based on the water droplet penetration test.
Another method for determining soil water repellency is the molarity of ethanol droplet (MED) test. The MED test uses solutions of ethanol of varying surface tensions to observe soil wetting within a time frame of 10 seconds. If there is no wetting within the specified timeframe, an aqueous solution of ethanol with lower surface tension is then placed on a different area of the sample. The results of the MED test depend on the molarity of the ethanol solution whose droplets were absorbed in the allotted 10 seconds. Classifying soil water repellency from this test can be done by using a MED index where a non-water repellent soil has an index of less than or equal to 1 and a severely water repellent soil has an index of greater than or equal to 2.2. The MED index, 90º surface tension, ethanol molarity, and volume percentage correlate and can be converted into one another. In this test, the liquid-air surface tension value of the ethanol solution that is absorbed within this timeframe is used as the ninety-degree surface tension of the soil. The water entry pressure associated with the tested soil is another indicator of infiltration rates as it is associated with the degree of water repellency along with soil pore size.
Effect on agriculture and ecosystems
Hydrophobic soils and their aversion to water have consequences on plant water availability, plant-available nutrients, hydrology, and geomorphology of the affected area. By reducing the infiltration rate, runoff generation time is reduced and leads to an increase in the land flow of water during precipitation or irrigation events. Greater runoff increases erosion, causes uneven wetting patterns in soil, accelerates nutrient leaching reducing soil fertility, develops different flow paths in the region, and increases the risk of contamination in soils.
Drainage of nutrients occurs in weaker areas of repellency in hydrophobic soil where water preferentially drains into the soil. Because the water cannot drain into the stronger areas of hydrophobicity, the water finds pathways of preferential flow where it can infiltrate deeper into the soil profile. If irrigation or precipitation events are large, the water could potentially flow below the root zone, making it unavailable to any plant life and oftentimes taking fertilizers and nutrients with it. This additionally leads to an uneven distribution of nutrients and applied chemicals resulting in patchy vegetation.
In an agricultural setting, hydrophobic soil is a large constraint on crop yields. For example, in Australia, there have been documented reports of up to 80% loss in production due to soil water repellency. This is due to low rates of seed germination in soils as well as low plant available water levels.
Locations and appearance of hydrophobic soils
Hydrophobic soils have been found on all continents except for Antarctica. It occurs in dry regions in the United States, southern Australia, and the Mediterranean Basin, and in wet regions including Sweden, the Netherlands, British Columbia, and Columbia. Although it mainly appears in coarse-textured soils such as sand-dominated soils, it affects soils of all different soil types and has been reported in forests, pastures, agricultural plots, and shrublands. Generally, the degree of hydrophobicity is more severe in the soils of legume-grass pastures compared to cultivated agricultural fields.
Hydrophobic soil management
One method of managing water repellent soils is claying. This is done by adding clay materials to the soil, making the overall soil texture have less surface area. It has been found that adding clay to a hydrophobic field of barley increased crop yield from 1.7 to 3.4 t/ha, and in a field of lupins increased the yield by 1 t/ha within a time frame of 2 years.
Liming is another method to reduce soil water repellency. The process of liming consists of adding calcium carbonate to increase the pH of soil. Humic acid is only water-soluble at a pH of greater than 6.5 while fulvic acid is soluble at all pH ranges. Both resident acids have a property that enables them to reduce the surface tension of water when in solution. By increasing the pH of soil, the ability of naturally occurring fulvic acid and humic acid to increase infiltration in hydrophobic soils increases. In contrast, it has been reported that soils with a deficiency of fluvic acid in solution would have more severe water repellency.
The agricultural practice of tilling decreases the degree of soil water repellency. Tilling crop fields reduces the carbon content of the soil through mixing and mineralization, thus decreasing the likelihood of decomposition by microorganisms that can lead to the dispersal of the hydrophobic coating that triggers soil water repellency.
Naturally forming holes and cracks in hydrophobic soil patches allow for water to infiltrate the surface. These can form from burrowing animals, root channels, or macropores from decayed roots. These macropores have been identified as important pathways in forest ecosystems for water to penetrate the soil because they account for approximately 35% of the near-surface volume of the soil.
References
Hydrology
Types of soil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic%20soil |
is a Japanese anime television series created by Sunrise staff and manga artist Takehiko Itō. Produced by Sunrise, TV Tokyo and Dentsu, it is directed by Masami Shimoda, with Mayori Sekijima handling series scripts, Takehiko Itō and Akihiko Yamashita designing the characters and Ayako Ōtsuka composing the music. The series premiered in Japan on April 6, 2006 on TV Tokyo and later BS Japan and AT-X. On October 2, 2007, Bandai Entertainment released the first Region 1 volume of Zegapain with the last volume released on August 5, 2008. Following the 2012 closure of Bandai Entertainment, Sunrise announced at Otakon 2013, that Sentai Filmworks has rescued Zegapain, along with a handful of other former BEI titles. As part of the 10th anniversary of the series, a compilation theatrical film with new scenes, titled , was released in Japanese theaters on October 15, 2016. A sequel anime, titled Olta Moda Arc, has been announced.
Plot
Kyo Sogoru, a high school boy living in a city called Maihama, leads a normal life of school, romance, and the swim club. Kyo's life changes when he sees a beautiful girl, Shizuno Misaki, at the pool one day and discovers he is initially the only person who can see her. In order to keep his high school's swimming club open by recruiting more members, Kyo hopes to enlist Shizuno to appear in a promo video shot by Kyo's close friend, Ryoko. Shizuno agrees, but on the condition that he does something for her in exchange – pilot a mecha for an organization known as Cerebrum.
Agreeing to her request, Kyo is drawn into a world of fighting giant robots in a game-like world that he must save from Deutera Areas formed by aliens known as Gards-orm that threaten to destroy the earth. However, Kyo soon comes to realize that the world that he is living in might not even be real at all and begins to find that everything he is doing is strangely familiar. As he questions the nature of the reality he lives in, Kyo must continue to fight in order to protect the lives of those important to him.
Characters
Anime
The anime series was compiled and released on 9 DVD sets from 2006 to 2007. The series was released on Blu-ray boxset in September 2010.
List of episodes
Video games
Two Xbox 360 games based on the anime have been released in Japan. The first, Zegapain XOR, was released in July 2006. The second, Zegapain NOT, a follow-up to Zegapain XOR, was released on December 7, 2006. Both titles were developed by Cavia and published by Bandai Namco Games.
The first game, published by Bandai, is called Zegapain XOR and was released in Japan on July 27, 2006. The game is similar in nature to Zone of the Enders. A mech action game, the player controls Cerebrant Toga Vital and the plot runs parallel to the events of the anime. Zegapain XOR is set on the Oceanus-class ship Dvaraka and commanded by Isola, a recurring character in the anime series. Several characters who appear in the game make brief appearances in the anime series.
A second game, titled Zegapain NOT, was released on December 7, 2006 in Japan. Also based on the anime series, Zegapain NOT is a sequel and companion to Zegapain XOR and continues the storyline of the previous game. The game features a special online mode that allows for cross-disc online play, enabling players with Zegapain XOR to play against players with Zegapain NOT. The game has over 3,000 ways to customize your character.
The main character is Toga Dupe, Toga Vital's lost character and memory data salvaged by Gards-orm, who controls the Anti-Zega Coatlicue. The story is set and told from the point of view of the Gards-orm, the antagonists to the heroes in the anime and Zegapain XOR.
Other media
Manga
The manga adaptation by Gou Yabuki, Zegapain Gaiden: AI AlWAYS, was serialized in the monthly magazine Dengeki Daioh from August 2006 to October 2006. A second manga based on the events of Zegapain XOR, Side-B N, appears on the official site for Zegapain XOR. It has nine chapters available for preview. Both were compiled into tankōbon format in Japan.
Radio drama
The radio drama Zegapain audio drama OUR LAST DAYS was released on October 25, 2006 in Japan.
Episode 1: "The Children of OCEANUS"
Episode 2: "entanglement 13.3"
Episode 3: "our last days"
Guidebooks
Zegapain Visual Fan Book, a guide recording the Zegapain material and plotline, was released on March 13, 2007 in Japan. The guide features illustrations, articles on character, setting, and mechanics, conception of the story and how the setting was chosen, as well as staff interviews, which director Masami Shimoda and series creator Takehito Ito, and voice actors Shintaro Asanuma (Kyo) and Kana Hanazawa (Ryoko).
Another guidebook, Zegapain File Salvage, was released on November 10, 2010 in Japan. Zegapain File Salvage includes information on creation and conception of the series's plot and setting, initial and final designs for characters and mecha, and exclusive illustrations by various artists. The guide also includes interviews by Shintaro Asanuma, Kana Hanazawa, Ayako Kawasumi (Shizuno); mecha designers Rei Nakahara, Sunrise DID, and Kozo Yokota; and staff members Masami Shimoda and Hiroyuki Hataike.
Novels
Two novels were written for Zegapain and are side-stories to the anime series and video games. The first was published in June 2009 and features a recently awakened Cerebrant, Kurou Hayate, who finds Regina, a girl with an unusual meta-body, during an energy supply run aboard a Zega-tank; the story follows how they struggle to learn how they are irreplaceable even as data. The second novel was published in December 2011 and focuses on Mao, a young man with amnesia, who finds himself fighting monsters in order to escape from a town in the desert and suddenly awakens as a Cerebrant.
Film
Zegapain Adaptation was released in 2016 to celebrate the series 10th anniversary. Using footage from the TV series interspersed with new animation and characters, Adaptation uses the concept of the server "loops" in telling its story, and is revealed by the end of the film to be a prequel to the events of the first episode of Zegapain.
References
Further reading
External links
2006 anime television series debuts
Bandai Entertainment anime titles
Bandai Namco franchises
Dengeki Comics
Mecha anime and manga
Sentai Filmworks
Sunrise (company)
Anime with original screenplays
TV Tokyo original programming
Science fiction anime and manga
Shōnen manga
2016 films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegapain |
The Grand Opera House is an opera house located at the corner of 8th and Iowa Streets in Dubuque, Iowa that was built in 1890. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
It was deemed important as a "national treasure". The theatre has the largest of all stages ever in Dubuque, and is Dubuque's only surviving opera house. It is architecturally important as an early Richardsonian Romanesque building in Dubuque and as a salient work of Chicago architect Willoughby James Edbrooke. It is Edbrooke's only surviving opera house, and he used its design in his design portfolio that won him the position of Supervising Architect of the U.S. Treasury Department in 1891. Its design is said to be "representative of Edbrooke's smooth exterior wall interpretation of the Richardsonian Romanesque style." It is also historically important from its association with high-quality theatre in Dubuque during 1890-1928. The theater has been preserved with great historic integrity and, in 2002, was being restored for continuing use in live stage entertainment. Its history is extremely well documented.
In 2015 performance events at the theater marked its 125th anniversary.
History
Early years
The Grand Opera House was built in 1889 and 1890. The Grand Opera House, Inc. was established by William Lester Bradley, Sr. and five other people in 1890 to operate this and other theaters in Dubuque. The opera house would cost $65,000 to build. At the time of its construction, the Grand Opera House was the largest theater to be built in Dubuque. It had a seating capacity of 1,100 and a huge stage that measured from front to back. Initially the opera house was connected by a tunnel to a house next door in which people changed costumes.
Originally the opening night performance was scheduled to occur on August 15, 1890 until it was realized that August 15 was also the Holy Day of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. At that point opening night was rescheduled to August 14. Approximately 800 people paid five dollars to view the Hess Opera Company production of Carmen - a French opera by Georges Bizet.
For the next 40 years there were over 2,600 live productions shown at the Grand. Henry Fonda, Ethel Barrymore, George Cohan, Sarah Bernhard, and Lillian Russell were among the more famous people to have performed at the Grand. A number of years later Fonda would fondly remember his time playing at the Grand, and expressed gratitude that the Grand was still present. One of the most elaborate productions was that of Ben-Hur, which was complete with horses and chariots on stage. The theater showed a profit for 22 out of its first 28 years; the six unprofitable years being the result of capital improvements.
Movies
In 1915 movies were shown at the Grand for the first time. The $15,488 profit that first year was three times that of the Grand's traditional theater productions. In 1928 the Grand had its last live performance for many years when a production of the Merry Wives of Windsor was performed at the Grand. The Grand was then renovated in 1930 into a movie theater. The second balcony and box seats were removed and the orchestra pit was covered over. The semi-circular stage was straightened. A big screen and new projector was added to the theater.
When the Grand was converted into a movie theater, most of the movie theaters were located in downtown Dubuque. By 1972 it was the only surviving downtown movie theater when it was sold to Richard Davis of Des Moines. In 1976 Davis sold the theater to the Dubinsky Brothers. The Grand continued to show movies for several more years.
Return of Live Theater
By the closing years of the 20th century, the Barn Community Theater had purchased the vacant and much-deteriorated Grand Opera House. This marked the end of the Grand's days as a movie theater. In 1986 a production of "Tintypes" was shown at the theater. This marked the first time in over 57 years that a live production was shown at the Grand.
In recent years the Grand Opera House has undergone a number of renovations. This included the restoration of the original facade was accomplished by removing the marquee and metal siding that was placed over it in the 1960s. The interior of the theater was renovated as well.
References
External links
Grand Opera House Website
Music venues completed in 1890
Buildings and structures in Dubuque, Iowa
Economy of Dubuque, Iowa
Romanesque Revival architecture in Iowa
Theatres in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Dubuque, Iowa
Tourist attractions in Dubuque, Iowa
Theatres completed in 1890
Opera houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Opera%20House%20%28Dubuque%2C%20Iowa%29 |
Pretty Boy may refer to:
People
Pretty Boy Floyd (1904–1934), American gangster and bank robber
Don Covay (1936–2015), American singer
Larry Hennig (1936–2018), American professional wrestler
Doug Somers (1951–2017), American professional wrestler
Floyd Mayweather Jr. (born 1977), American boxer
Songs
"Pretty Boy", by 2NE1 from 2NE1, 2009
"Pretty Boy", by Erreway from Señales, 2003
"Pretty Boy", by Danity Kane from Welcome to the Dollhouse, 2008
"Pretty Boy", by Edurne, 2013
"Pretty Boy", by Janet Jackson from Dream Street, 1984
"Pretty Boy", by Joji from Nectar, 2020
"Pretty Boy", by Juniel, 2013
"Pretty Boy", by M2M from Shades of Purple, 2000
"Pretty Boy", by Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds from Council Skies, 2023 (released as a single in 2022)
"Pretty Boy", by S Club 8 from Sundown, 2003
"Pretty Boy", by Young Galaxy from Ultramarine, 2013
Other uses
Pretty Boy (comics), a Marvel Comics character
"Pretty Boy" (short story), a 2006 Ender's Game story by Orson Scott Card
Prettyboy Reservoir, Baltimore County, Maryland, US
Pretty Man, or Pretty Boy, a South Korean romantic comedy television series
See also
Prettyman (disambiguation)
Pretty Girl (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty%20Boy |
Blinded by Science is an EP by new wave/synthpop artist Thomas Dolby, comprising extended 12-inch single versions of songs from the 1982 album The Golden Age of Wireless. It was released in 1983.
Four of the recordings had previously been released as two separate 12-inch remix singles in the UK: "She Blinded Me With Science" backed with "One of Our Submarines"; and "Windpower" backed with "Flying North". (These two singles were also released in 7-inch format, containing their shorter versions.) "Airwaves" is the full-length UK album version, since the US version of The Golden Age of Wireless contained the shorter UK single version.
Track listing
All songs by Thomas Dolby, except where otherwise indicated.
Side one
"She Blinded Me with Science" (Dolby, Jo Kerr) – 5:09
"One of Our Submarines" – 7:18
Side two
"Windpower" – 5:51
"Airwaves" – 5:20
"Flying North" – 5:36
Personnel
Musicians
Thomas Dolby – PPG Wave computer, drum programs, lead vocals
Kevin Armstrong – guitar, backing vocals (track 1)
Matthew Seligman – bass synthesizer (tracks 1, 2)
Mark Heyward-Chaplin – bass guitar (track 4)
Justin Hildreth – drums (tracks 4, 5)
Simon Lloyd – brass and flute (track 3)
Simon House – violin (track 1)
Mutt Lange – backing vocals (track 1)
Miriam Stockley – backing vocals (track 1)
Bruce Woolley – backing vocals (track 4)
Lesley Fairbairn – backing vocals (track 5)
John Marsh – shipping forecast (track 3)
Dr. Magnus Pyke – voice over
Technical
Thomas Dolby – producer (tracks 1–5)
Tim Friese-Greene – co-producer (tracks 1, 2)
Andrew Douglas – photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
1982 EPs
Harvest Records EPs
Thomas Dolby albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinded%20by%20Science |
Pumpellyite is a group of closely related sorosilicate minerals:
pumpellyite-(Mg):
pumpellyite-(Fe2+):
pumpellyite-(Fe3+):
pumpellyite-(Mn2+):
pumpellyite-(Al):
Pumpellyite crystallizes in the monoclinic-prismatic crystal system. It typically occurs as blue-green to olive green fibrous to lamellar masses. It is translucent and glassy with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 3.2. It has refractive indices of nα=1.674–1.748, nβ=1.675–1.754 and nγ=1.688–1.764.
Pumpellyite occurs as amygdaloidal and fracture fillings in basaltic and gabbroic rocks in metamorphic terranes. It is an indicator mineral of the prehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic facies. It is associated with chlorite, epidote, quartz, calcite and prehnite.
It was first described in 1925 for occurrences in the Calumet mine, Houghton Co., Keweenaw Peninisula, Michigan, and named for United States geologist Raphael Pumpelly (1837–1923).
See also
Chlorastrolite
Dallasite
References
Webmineral data
American Mineralogist, 1925
Sorosilicates
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpellyite |
Homeboy Industries is a youth program founded in 1992 by Father Greg Boyle following the work of the Christian base communities at Dolores Mission Church in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles. The program is intended to assist high-risk youth, former gang members and the recently incarcerated with a variety of free programs, such as mental health counseling, legal services, tattoo removal, curriculum and education classes, work-readiness training, and employment services.
A distinctive aspect of Homeboy Industries is its structure of a multifaceted social enterprise and social business. This helps young people who were former gang members and former inmates to have an opportunity to acquire job skills and seek employment in a safe, supportive environment. Among the businesses are the Homeboy Bakery, Homegirl Café & Catering, Homeboy/Girl Merchandise, Homeboy Farmers Markets, The Homeboy Diner at City Hall, Homeboy Silkscreen & Embroidery, Homeboy Grocery, and Homeboy Cafe & Bakery in the American Airlines terminal at Los Angeles International Airport.
History
Homeboy Industries began in 1988 as a job training program (called Jobs for a Future)
out of Dolores Mission Parish in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California, US. It was created by then-pastor Greg Boyle to offer an alternative to gang life for high-risk youth, who were living in a city (Los Angeles) with the highest concentration of gang activity in the country. In those early days, Boyle found sympathetic businesses that agreed to hire recovering gang members.
In 1992, an abandoned warehouse was converted into the first business, Homeboy Bakery, to create more opportunities for employment. The Bakery started off producing tortillas and eventually received a contract for baking bread.
Eventually more businesses were added, and in 2001, Homeboy Industries became an independent non-profit. "Nothing stops a bullet like a job" is the guiding principle.
Dolores Mission Alternative School was created to offer high school drop outs a chance for a diploma. In 2010, Learning Works became the new high school. There are currently 75 students enrolled, and in 2012 enrollment is expected to reach 105.
In October 2007, Homeboy Industries opened a new $8.5 million headquarters at the Fran and Ray Stark building, in a gang-neutral downtown location.
In addition to jobs, Homeboy Industries offers training in anger management, domestic violence, yoga, spiritual development, parenting, substance abuse, budgeting, art and other areas of self-development. In addition, they offer free mental health counseling, tattoo removal, legal services, job development and case management.
One of Homeboy's most successful programs is free tattoo removal. Young people who find that tattoos inhibit their ability to secure employment can receive treatments on site at Homeboy's center in Downtown Los Angeles, California, USA. Though tattoo removal by laser is known to be painful and takes an average of eight to ten treatments per tattoo, and in some cases up to one year to complete, patient retention is virtually 100%. The clinic completes about 560 treatments per month. According to the Los Angeles Times, in 2018, Homeboy removed 43,777 tattoos from former gang members trying to turn their lives around.
Homeboy Industries faced financial difficulties in 2010, but the organization has reached a strong point in 2011 and is seeing more clients than ever before. New developments in 2010 and 2011 included the launch of Homeboy Tortilla Strips and Salsa in Ralphs stores across California, and the expansion of the Homeboy social enterprises with the Homeboy Diner at City Hall and Homeboy Farmers Markets. Boyle's memoir, Tattoos on the Heart: The Power of Boundless Compassion, was released in 2010.
Homeboy currently employs between 200–235 high-risk, formerly gang-involved, and recently incarcerated youth in its six social enterprises and headquarters, though the free services (from tattoo removal to Baby and Me class) are utilized by more than 10,000 community members a year.
In 2014, the Global Homeboy Network was founded to work with other organizations to provide similar programs and the social enterprise employment structure across the globe. Father Greg hopes organizations will not duplicate Homeboy Industries, but seek to creating a community and a place of welcome to those in trouble.
According to its annual budget, Homeboy Industries receives government support from the Department of Labor and the City of L.A.'s Gang Reduction Youth Development program. The nonprofit also receives donations from corporations and individuals to fund trainee compensation, programs, fundraising, administration and businesses. The annual budget is around $14.7 million, where 25% of the revenue is utilized to sustain all the free services and programs for young adults who have recently left prison.
Homeboy Grocery
The growing number of ex-gang members and prisoners had quickly outnumbered the amount of available jobs at Homeboy Industries. According to Boyle, Homeboy Industries laid off approximately 330 employees in 2010, including senior staff and administrators. Homeboy Industries failed to generate its $5 million needed to operate. In order to rehabilitate their finances, Homeboy Industries created "Homeboy Groceries" in January 2011, consisting of foods such as chips, salsa, and guacamole.
Because of Homeboy's new partnerships and job opportunities that Homeboy Grocery has provided, Homeboy Industries is continuing to operate.
The salsas are based on Homegirl Café's Chef Patricia "Pati" Zarate's recipes, but actually are made by El Burrito Food Products Inc., based in the City of Industry. The chips, on the other hand, are made by Snak King, also based in City of Industry. Homeboy receives a part of the sales in an agreement with the manufacturers, the distributor and Ralphs, and all of the proceeds go to funding Homeboy services such as tattoo removal and counseling. Royalties from Homeboy Grocery sales exceeded $1.1 million annually. Most recently, on 13 June 2019, Homeboy Industries celebrated the introduction of Homeboy Salsa and Homeboy Guacamole in forty different Southern California Walmart stores. This celebration took place in the Compton chain, featuring Compton's Mayor, Aja Brown, as well as Walmart's Senior Director of Community Relations, Javier Angulo.
Homeboy Groceries goods are currently available in the DELI section at Ralphs, Gelson's, Walmart, and Stop & Shop.
Recognition and awards
Although Boyle and Homeboy Industries have been criticized by the LAPD for glorifying gang life and harboring criminals, the organization has received recognition and praise from other law enforcement agency and government officials in LA. These include the Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca, LAPD Chief Charlie Beck, and Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa. In 2005, former First Lady Laura Bush visited a bakery run by Homeboy Industries to see how it was helping young people involved in gangs.
In 2007, an independent documentary titled Father G. and the Homeboys was released about the organization and what it did for ex-gang members.
Homeboy Industries made its first foray into the mainstream market with its salsa being sold at Ralphs Supermarket.
In 2007, Boyle appeared in an episode of MTV's True Life, which followed an employee of Homeboy Industries named Dennis.
Boyle and Homeboy Industries were awarded in the humanitarian category by of the 10th Annual Bon Appétit Awards in September 2007.
Members of Homeboy Industries were also shown in the music video for Daughtry's "What About Now" in July 2008.
For his work with Homeboy Industries, Boyle received the 2008 James Irvine Foundation Leadership Award".
Boyle was inducted into the California Hall of Fame in December 2011.
Boyle was named the 2016 Humanitarian of the Year by the James Beard Foundation, a national culinary-arts organization.
The 2017 Laetare Medal, a prestigious annual award given by the University of Notre Dame to an American Catholic, was awarded to Boyle.
Homeboy's 2019 "Lo Maximo" award ceremony was hosted by actresses Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin and celebrated notable allies of Homeboy Industries, including former California Governor Jerry Brown, who was presented with the 2019 "Kinship Award".
See also
Homeboyz Interactive, a similar program in Milwaukee that followed.
References
Further reading
External links
El padre y los homies an audio documentary about Father Boyle and Homeboy Industries
Homeboy Industries Records 1954-2019, University Archives, UCLA
Organizations based in Los Angeles
Eastside Los Angeles
Jesuit development centres
Non-profit organizations based in California
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles
Criminal justice reform in the United States
Mentorships
Prison reform
Jesuit missions
Organizations established in 1992
1992 establishments in California
Homelessness charities
Development charities based in the United States
Social welfare charities based in the United States
Society of Jesus in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeboy%20Industries |
Samuel Brown may refer to:
Samuel Brown (Royal Navy officer) (1776–1852), English pioneer suspension bridge engineer and inventor
Samuel Brown (engineer) (died 1849), English inventor of early internal combustion engine
Samuel Brown (Wisconsin politician) (1804–1874), American pioneer and politician in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Samuel Robbins Brown (1810–1880), American missionary to China
Samuel Gilman Brown (1813–1885), American educator
Samuel Morison Brown (1817–1856), Scottish chemist, poet and essayist
Samuel S. Brown (1842–1905), American businessman, racehorse owner/breeder, racetrack owner
Samuel Brown (mayor) (1845–1909), mayor of Wellington, New Zealand
Samuel McConnell Brown (1865–1923), Australian politician
Samuel Brown (Alberta politician) (1872–1962), provincial politician from Alberta, Canada
Samuel Ashley Brown (1923–2011), English professor at the University of South Carolina
Samuel Brown (Oregon politician) (1821–1886), American pioneer and politician
Samuel Lombard Brown (1858–1939), Irish politician and barrister
Samuel Brown (cricketer) (1857–1938), English cricketer
Samuel J. Brown (1917–1990), United States Air Forces fighter pilot
Samuel Joseph Brown Jr. (1907–1994), African American watercolorist, printmaker, and educator
SS Samuel Q. Brown, a steam tanker
See also
Samuel Browne (disambiguation)
Sam Brown (disambiguation)
Sam Browne (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Brown |
The Fao Landing occurred from November 6, 1914 to November 8, 1914 with British forces attacking the Ottoman stronghold of Fao and its fortress. The landing was met with little resistance from the Turkish defenders who fled after intense shelling. It was the first military operation of the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I which was carried out to protect the British Empire's oil supplies in the Persian Gulf.
Background
When the Ottoman Empire entered into World War I, the British feared for the safety of the Persian Gulf oil facilities. To protect their facilities, the British decided to capture the Ottoman-controlled section of the Persian Gulf coast. The Fortress of Fao was the main Ottoman fortress on the Persian Gulf coast and to Anglo commanders seemed like the logical jumping off point for any Ottoman attack on British oil facilities. The British assigned Indian Expeditionary Force D (IEF D) which consisted of the 6th (Poona) Division led by Lieutenant General Arthur Barrett, with Sir Percy Cox as Political Officer.
Landing
The initial landing force was a contingent of Royal Marines from and British Indian troops of the 16th (Poona) Brigade under Walter Sinclair Delamain. The British sloop HMS Odin shelled the Turkish positions near the old fortress of Fao, silencing the enemy batteries and clearing the way for the landing force. A six-hundred strong force came ashore in the shallow, muddy waters with two mountain guns in tow and faced little resistance. The combined British and Indian force captured the poorly prepared Ottoman positions swiftly, seizing a large amount of largely undamaged material including several artillery guns, many of them still in position and loaded. Evidently, the weak Ottoman garrison was abandoned by its soldiers when the fort commander known as the "Bimbashi of Fao Fort" was killed by a shell.
Aftermath
The landing and capture of Fao was a strategic blunder for the Ottomans from which they would never truly recover as evidenced by the subsequent string of defeats suffered by the Empire at the hands of the British in the following year. The Ottomans also no longer controlled a key access point to the Persian Gulf, and the British facilities were largely safe. However, the British felt that their facilities would not be truly safe until they managed to capture Baghdad. This led to several campaigns against Baghdad that would result in the capture of that city by the British in 1917.
In popular culture
The Fao Landing and the subsequent battle for the fortress are featured in the video game Battlefield 1.
References
Wilson, Sir Arnold. Loyalties Mesopotamia 1914-1917. London: Oxford University Press, 1930.
Barker A.J. The Iraq War. Enigma Books, 2009.
1914 in Ottoman Iraq
Battles of the Mesopotamian campaign
Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Battles of World War I involving British India
Conflicts in 1914
November 1914 events
Landing operations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fao%20Landing |
Union Central Life Insurance Company was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1867. It was established as a mutual insurance company. Among its founders were Norman Wait Harris, founder of Harris Bank.
In 2005, it formed a mutual insurance holding company the Union Central Mutual Holding Company and converted the life insurance company to a stock company. On January 1, 2006, that holding company merged with the Ameritas Acacia Mutual Insurance Holding Company to form the UNIFI Mutual Holding Company. Union Central Life merged into Ameritas Life in 2013.
References
Mutual insurance companies of the United States
Defunct insurance companies
Defunct companies based in Cincinnati
American companies established in 1867
Financial services companies established in 1867
Financial services companies disestablished in 2013
1867 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20Central%20Life%20Insurance%20Company |
Also known as Just Research, Justsystem Pittsburgh Research Center (JPRC) was a late-1990s computer science research laboratory in Pittsburgh, loosely associated with Carnegie Mellon University. Its director was Dr. Scott Fahlman.
During its relatively brief existence, from May 1996 to July 2000, JPRC performed work in machine vision, text classification and summarization, programming environments and user interface design.
Just Research researchers included:
Dr Vibhu Mittal
Dr Andrew McCallum
Mr Mark Kantrowitz
Dr Mikako Harada
Mr Paul Gleichauf
Dr Rahul Sukthankar
Dr Michael Witbrock
Mr Antoine Brusseau
Dr Shumeet Baluja
Mrs Keiko Hasegawa
Dr Dayne Freitag
Dr Rich Caruana
Dr David "Pablo" Cohn
See also
JustSystems
References
Research institutes in Pennsylvania
Computer science institutes in the United States
Carnegie Mellon University
1996 establishments in Pennsylvania
2000 disestablishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justsystem%20Pittsburgh%20Research%20Center |
Denis Alekseyevich Petrov (; born 3 March 1968) is a Russian former pair skater who competed for the Soviet Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Unified Team. With his then-wife Elena Bechke, he is the 1992 Olympic silver medalist, the 1989 World bronze medalist, a two-time European silver medalist (1991–92), 1992 Soviet national champion.
Career
Petrov began skating with Elena Bechke, two years his senior, in 1987. They trained with Tamara Moskvina at the Yubileyny Sports Palace in St. Petersburg. They won their first international title at the 1988 Grand Prix International de Paris, although they missed the 1988 Olympic team as they finished fourth at the Soviet Figure Skating Championships. Their first appearance at the Worlds was at the 1989 World Championships. Again, Bechke/Petrov had finished fourth and initially did not qualify for the Soviet Worlds team, but they won a skate-off to replace an injured team. They captured the bronze medal at their first Worlds showing, but they again placed fourth at the Soviet Nationals in 1990, missing the World Championships. In 1991, they placed third at the Nationals and fourth at the Worlds. In 1992, they won the Soviet Nationals over the teams of Evgenia Shishkova / Vadim Naumov and Marina Eltsova / Andrei Bushkov (Bechke/Petrov's training partners and chief rivals, Natalia Mishkutenok / Artur Dmitriev, missed the Nationals but qualified for the Olympics as they were the reigning World Champions). Bechke/Petrov also won silver medals at the 1991 and 1992 European Championships, and the silver medal at the 1992 Winter Olympics behind Mishkutenok/Dmitriev. Their choreographer was Alexander Matveev. They retired from amateur competition after the 1992 Worlds.
After turning professional in 1992, the pair steadily improved as competitors and performers. They won every single competition they entered in 1996, including the World Professional Championships. They placed second at their last World Professional Championships, in 1999. The pair toured with Stars on Ice for seven years (1994–2000). They resided and trained as professionals in Lake Placid, New York, before relocating to Richmond, Virginia, in 1997 to train and coach there. Bechke retired from skating after the 1999–2000 season, while Petrov continued to skate with Stars on Ice for another two seasons.
Bechke/Petrov were known for their great posture and lines, inventive moves (such as the "Impossible" death spiral), great unison and proximity on their jumps and side-by-side spins, as well as many difficult and intricate lift sequences. Scott Hamilton once joked that Petrov is such a strong and consistent skater that he only falls once a year. Hamilton has also said that the Stars on Ice cast nicknamed him "Conan" for getting bigger after every tour, while Kristi Yamaguchi has said that he is also nicknamed "the human crane" because he has lifted just about everybody in the show, including performing a two-hand detroiter with Scott Hamilton in the 2000–01 group number, "Tunnel Vision."
Petrov and his wife work at the World Ice Arena in Shenzhen, she as the manager and he as the head coach of the skating academy.
Personal life
Petrov was born on 3 March 1968, in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. He began dating Elena Bechke in 1988 and the two married in 1990. They said that their friendship and skating improved after their divorce in 1995.
On 8 July 2005, Petrov married Chinese figure skater Chen Lu, whom he met on the 1998–99 Stars on Ice tour. They lived in Hong Kong before moving to Shenzhen, China. Their son, Nikita, was born on 27 June 2006, and their daughter, Anastasia, on 8 July 2009, both in Shenzhen.
Programs
(with Bechke)
Competitive highlights
(with Bechke)
References
External links
Navigation
1968 births
Living people
Russian male pair skaters
Soviet male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters for the Unified Team
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the Unified Team
Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Petrov |
Desire is an American telenovela which debuted at 8:00PM Eastern/7:00PM Central on September 5, 2006, on the American network MyNetworkTV, and ended on December 5. It was produced by Twentieth Television.
The program starred Sofia Milos, Michelle Belegrin, Nate Haden, Kelly Albanese, Zack Silva, Chuti Tiu, Jessie Ward, Tanisha Harper, Will Rolland, Al Bandiero, Kristen Kerr, and Eliana Alexander. Haden and Silva played two brothers on the run from the Gamarras, a New Jersey crime family. They run from Bayonne to Los Angeles and become restaurateurs. Along the way, the pair find themselves on a heated trail of passion, betrayal, and murder over the woman they both loved (played by Belegrin).
The Desire brand is also used as an umbrella name for Twentieth's limited-run serials.
As of 2021, the entire series can be seen on TubiTV.
Origins
The show first emerged in late 2005 as a September syndicated program for the stations on the FOX network to air in a weekend or midday time period. The idea was greenlit by Fox Television Stations Chairman Roger Ailes as a contingency plan for Fox-owned UPN stations. After receiving lukewarm response from stations not owned and operated by Fox, Twentieth Television decided to pitch the show for June 2006 on the premise that teenagers are out of school and planted in front of their TV sets, and that reruns dominate network schedules.
Desire had a few takers for a planned summer syndication run. Twentieth made those stations surrender the show, thanks to a clause in its contract that allows Fox to take away the show if it is carried by a network. It was also briefly considered for placement on The CW Television Network, but was taken off the table by Fox for use on MyNetworkTV.
Desire is based on the 2004 Colombian television program Mesa Para Tres (Table for Three), which aired on Caracol TV. Changes have been made in the location and the plot to make them more palatable to Americans. The serial was known as Table for Three and Three's a Crowd before its debut. The show was filmed at Stu Segall Productions in San Diego, using 25 principal actors, 250 supporting actors and about 2,000 extras.
Cast
Episodes
The Desire Brand
The original format of the Desire syndicated program was for three telenovelas to run with different titles. The Desire name was intended as an umbrella for all the separate telenovelas within. When MyNetworkTV picked up the telenovelas, Desire was used as the name of one series.
The network later revived the Desire name as an umbrella title. MyNetworkTV promoted Wicked Wicked Games and American Heiress as "part of the Desire series."
Performance
Ratings for Desire fell below expectations. The debut scored a 2.0 rating and the first week averaged an 0.8 rating and 1 share. It averaged a 0.4 rating in the adult 18–49 demographic., falling to a 0.3 in its second week.
The program has also been sold to several international markets, however. In Asia, for example, Star World debuted the show on November 7, 2006, and in the United Kingdom Trouble has picked up the rights to show the series.
Theme
The theme song is sung by Sheryl Crow and is called "Always on Your Side". It was released on her Wildflower CD. We 3 Kings also performed music in various episodes. The U.K. Based trio All Mighty Whispers also have their song "Heaven have me now" included in an episode of the series.
Profanity
The Parents Television Council filed a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission, saying that the word "shit" was used in scripted dialogue during the September 21st broadcast. The group also said the show was rated "TV-14," without the "L" descriptor that notes strong language. It argued that MyNetworkTV was "deliberately breaking the indecency law" and deserves "stiff fines."
International sales
See also
MyNetworkTV telenovelas
References
Telenovela ready to heat up U. S. TV (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel)
Ailes was prepared for UPN's demise (The Hollywood Reporter)
External links
MyNetworkTV original programming
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
2006 telenovelas
American telenovelas
American television series based on telenovelas
Television series about organized crime
Television series about brothers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Jackal, in comics, may refer to:
Jackal (Marvel Comics), a mad scientist and the enemy of Spider-Man in the Marvel Comics universe
Jackal, a terrorist and enemy of Superman in the DC Comics universe
It may also refer to:
Dr. Jackal, a character from the manga/anime GetBackers
Jackalman, a character from the ThunderCats comics
Red Jackal, a character from the G.I. Joe comics
See also
Jackal (disambiguation)
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackal%20%28comics%29 |
Arduin the Lombard (or Arduin of Melfi; ; ) was a Greek-speaking Lombard nobleman who fought originally for the Byzantines on Sicily and later against them as the leader of a band of Norman mercenaries.
He was the leader of the troops committed by Guaimar IV of Salerno to George Maniakes' Sicilian expedition in 1038. According to Amatus of Montecassino, he refused to surrender a captured horse to the Byzantine general and Maniakes consequently had him stripped and beaten. Whatever happened, Arduin and his Salernitan contingent along with the Normans (also sent by Guaimar) and the Varangians (sent by Emperor Constantine IX) abandoned Sicily and returned to the mainland.
On the peninsula, the Byzantine catepan of Italy, Michael Doukeianos, appointed him topoterites of Melfi. He soon revolted against Greek authority in Apulia and he and his Normans joined the rebellion-in-progress of Argyrus. First, the nominal leader of the insurrection, Atenulf, brother of Pandulf III of Benevento, defected to the Greeks and then Argyrus, his successor. The Normans, bypassing Arduin (who may also have been bought off by the Greeks), chose their own successor to Argyrus, William Iron Arm, and Arduin faded completely out of view.
Sources
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. London: Longman, 1967.
Loud, Graham Anthony. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. Harlow: Longman/Pearson Education, 2000.
11th-century Byzantine people
11th-century Lombard people
Byzantine generals
Byzantine rebels
Lombard warriors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduin%20the%20Lombard |
The Battle of Dujaila () was fought on 8 March 1916, between British and Ottoman forces during the First World War. The Ottoman forces, led by Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz were besieging Kut, when the Anglo-Indian relief force, led by Lieutenant-General Fenton Aylmer, attempted to relieve the city. The attempt failed, and Aylmer lost 3,500 men.
Background
Throughout most of 1915, the Anglo-Indian expedition, designated Indian Expeditionary Force D, had advanced up both the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Originally dispatched to capture the Shatt al Arab and Basra, to protect the British oilfields in Iran, Force "D"'s mission in Mesopotamia expanded gradually as local commanders saw a chance for victories which would burnish the British Empire's prestige in the Muslim world. At the battles of Qurna, Nasiriyeh, and Es Sinn, Force "D" defeated elements of the Ottoman Sixth Army. After the Battle of Es Sinn, the Anglo-Indian force controlled the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through much of what is now southern Iraq. Sensing that Baghdad was within their grasp, the commander of Force "D", supported by the Commander in Chief, India, in Simla, argued for permission to launch a final offensive to capture it. The situation looked promising. The nearest Ottoman reserves, according to British intelligence, were distant in the Caucasus or away at Aleppo in Syria. All that blocked the way to Baghdad were two demoralized, defeated divisions.
In London, the India Office was staunchly opposed to a further advance. Secretary of State for India, Austen Chamberlain was concerned that even if Baghdad could be captured, it would only be lost again because no other troops were available to reinforce Force "D". Eventually, the question of a further advance was taken up by Asquith's War Cabinet. Despite warnings from the Imperial General Staff, the decision to advance was given.
During the second half of 1915, Force "D" had only one division, the 6th (Poona) Division under Major-General Charles V.F. Townshend, available for offensive operations. Eventually, the question of a further advance was taken up by Asquith's War Cabinet. Despite warnings from the Imperial General Staff, the decision to advance was given. Although tactically successful at the Battle of Ctesiphon, it proved to be a Pyrrhic victory. The Poona Division retreated to Kut.
The Ottoman Sixth Army, reinforced, pursued and laid siege to the town after attempts to storm the Anglo-Indian positions failed. Failing to take the town by storm, the Ottoman Sixth Army had adopted a passive siege, preferring to starve the Kut defenders into submission. The survival of the garrison became dependent on its food supply. Originally, forecast to be exhausted by the middle of February 1916, additional food stocks had been discovered in the town at the end of January 1916, which would extend the defender's rations until the middle of April 1916.
With the Poona Division under siege, the high commands in London and Simla began scrambling to put together a relief force. Lieutenant-General Fenton Aylmer was appointed to command the relief expedition, designated as the Tigris Corps. Originally intended to be made up of the 3rd (Lahore) Division and 7th (Meerut) Division as well as replacements intended for the besieged Poona Division. The Tigris Corps' first drive to relieve Townshend and the Kut garrison ground to a halt at the Battle of Hanna on 21 January 1916.
Prelude
Following the setbacks at the Hanna on 21 January 1916, Lieutenant-General Aylmer's Tigris Corps spent the month of February refitting and collecting reinforcements. Despite the pause, the Tigris Corps was still unable to be brought back up to full strength. The 13th (Western) Division had been dispatched as reinforcements from Egypt where it was being brought back to strength following its evacuation from Gallipoli. However, by the end of February, only the 13th Division's first battalions had reached the theatre, and only two of those had been transported up river by end of February.
The British position at Kut was becoming more desperate. Food stocks were estimated to last only until the middle of April, even with the discovery of an additional store of grain in late January. Additionally, there was the concern that time was running out in another way: the weather. Based on the known weather patterns of the region, the latest that the Anglo-Indian Tigris Corps could expect favourable weather to hold was the middle of March. After that, the spring thaw would be in full swing. Combined with the coming rainy season, it would turn the areas along the banks of the Tigris into a flooded quagmire.
Many of battalions of the Tigris Corps remained understrength at the end of March 1916. The problem was particularly acute with the British battalions and the British officers of the Indian Army units. To deal with this, survivors of several units were amalgamated into battalions which approached full strength. Furthermore, replacement drafts meant for units besieged in Kut were formed into provisional units. These provisional units included the Highland Battalion (survivors of 2nd Black Watch and 1st Seaforth Highlanders), Norsets (replacement drafts for 2nd Norfolk and 2nd Dorset regiments in Kut), Composite Dogra Battalion (37th Dogras and 41st Dogras) and the Composite Territorials (remnants of 1/5th Buffs (East Kent Regiment) and 1/4th Hampshire).
In 1916, there were virtually no paved roads in Mesopotamia between Baghdad and Basra. No rail road had been constructed to connect to the cities. Beyond the port of Basra, transport options were limited to animal power, along unpaved tracks near the river, or river craft. Both required adequate water to operate effectively. Although the Tigris was broad, during much of the year it was so shallow that many ships could not navigate it. Going out further from the track along the Tigris, there were marshlands which would flood, especially during the Spring thaw. This left the river as the primary means of long distance transport. Despite the fact that the river was the primary means of transporting men and supplies in theater, the British had insufficient river craft to adequately meet the Tigris Corps' supply needs.
Given the strength of the Ottoman defences at the Hanna, the Anglo-Indian forces needed to find a way around them. On the left bank of the Tigris, this would mean swinging wide around the Ottoman defenses and marching at least 30 miles through the desert. Then, relying on Shatt al-Hayy for their communications, the force would break through the Ottoman lines and link up with the Kut garrison. The other option was to continue along Tigris River, but switching to the right bank. However, this would mean having to break through the Ottoman defenses at Dujaila.
Unwilling to leave the Tigris, which provided the British forces with an easy line of communication to Basra, Lieutenant-General Aylmer made the decision to attempt an advance along the right bank. Like the left bank, the terrain was mostly featureless and devoid of cover. The Ottoman units, with their German advisers, had become adept at camouflaging their positions, making it hard for the British and Indian units to fix them properly. What was known was that Ottomans were in the process of constructing a redoubt at Dujaila. Since there was no way to cover a move across the river and through the Dujaila position, Aylmer and his staff put together a plan that called for a night assault by the majority of his force while a detachment would remain behind on the left bank as a diversion.
However, prior to putting the plan into effect, Aylmer had to get approval of the new commander of I.E.F. D, Lieutenant-General Sir Percy Lake. After the Battle of the Hanna, General Lake had begun to lose faith in Aylmer's abilities as commander of the Tigris Corps. In order to exert greater control over the coming battle, he had replaced Aylmer's chief of staff with his own man, Major-General George Gorringe.
Not only did Lake lack faith in Aylmer's abilities, Aylmer himself had lost confidence in the abilities of his subordinates. Of his two divisional commanders, Major-General Henry D'Urban Kearny, GOC 3rd (Lahore) Division, and Major-General Sir George Younghusband, GOC 7th (Meerut) Division, neither were detailed to the principal commander for the planned operation. Major-General D'Urban Keary would be assigned to command one of the three columns, the other two being commanded by Major-General George Kemball, one of his brigade commanders. Aylmer made his decision claiming that Kemball was a more energetic commander. Major-General Younghusband, who had been the chief proponent of a desert march to outflank the Ottoman lines entirely, was assigned to command the diversion force on the left bank.
Like the British, the Ottoman Sixth Army was also stretched to the limit of logistical support. The lack of any sort of industrial infrastructure (i.e. paved road capable of military transport or railways) made it exceedingly difficult for the Sixth Army to be rapidly reinforced. What the Ottoman army did have going in its favor was time. They had recognized that for the time, they were at the extent of their supply line from Baghdad.
The Ottomans, who had become adept at trench warfare during their victory at Gallipoli, had put their experience to good use. The Ottoman Sixth Army had invested Townshend's position with an elaborate trench network since December 1915. Downriver, the Field Marshal von der Goltz and his senior Ottoman commander, Khalil Pasha, erected a series of well sited defensive positions at the Hanna and the Sanniyat on the left bank of the river and the Dujaila along the right bank. Because Townshend had adopted a passive defensive stance, even more so since losing his ability to cross the river with the destruction of the pontoon bridge from Kut to the Woolpress village, his Ottoman army counterpart had been able to shift more and more of his troops south. In all, the Ottoman Sixth Army could muster approximately 25,000 men, 1,200 cavalry, and 80 artillery pieces. With Townshend's passivity, Field Marshal Von Der Goltz was able to move the bulk of his forces south, leaving only about 2,000 men to maintain the siege itself. On the left bank, the 52nd, 38th, and part of 35th Ottoman Divisions continued to occupy the Hanna line. 8,500 men, 1,500 cavalry and 32 artillery pieces of the 2nd and 35th Ottoman Divisions defended the right bank of the Tigris at the Dujaila position.
Realizing that the British might try to break the siege by advancing on the right bank, the Ottoman commander ordered the construction of the Dujaila redoubt. Aylmer later testified he chose to attack on the right bank because although the redoubt was sited atop the Dujaila depression, construction had only begun a few days after the Hanna battle in January 1916. By the time of the assault, the Ottomans had significantly improved the position, complete with a glacis estimated to be 25 feet high in some places.
Battle
Aylmer's plan split his force into three columns (A, B, and C). Columns A and B were grouped together and placed under the command of Major-General Kemball. Column C, under the command of Major-General Kearny, would be the reserve force. On the night of 7 March 1916, the entire force began crossing the river in preparation for the night march to the Dujualia redoubt. Lacking any real terrain features to help with the night time navigation, each column would have navigate by compass, checking their progress by counting steps, bicycle tachometers, and walking sticks.
In the darkness, things started to go wrong. Columns A and B became separated, losing contact with each other, slowing the advance as they tried to find each other in the dark. The artillery became lost and was almost an hour and a half late reaching their assigned positions.
Despite the two-hour delay, the assault elements of Column A and B were in position just before dawn on 8 March 1916. The lead elements of 26th Punjabis (part of 36th Indian Brigade attached to Column A) pushed forward, entering the Dujalia position to find them occupied only by a few unsuspecting soldiers. The news was reported back to Kemball that surprise had been achieved.
However, despite achieving total surprise, Kemball ordered his units to wait until the pre-planned H-Hour for the assault. He even ordered the Punjabis to withdraw from the Ottoman positions. Three hours would pass before Kemball would allow the 36th Brigade to attack the Dujalia redoubt.
By the time Kemball allowed the attack to go in, all hope of surprise had been lost. As the artillery began its preparatory bombardment, Von Der Goltz began ferrying over the 52nd Division from his reserve on the left bank to reinforce the divisions which were now fully alert and manning the trenches. By the end of the battle, nearly 8,000 men were ferried across the river and brought into fighting positions, effectively doubling the strength of the Ottoman garrison on the right bank.
Although some of Aylmer's assault force was in position, some of it was still struggling to sort itself out from the night march as the barrage began. One unit which did reach its start position on time, the 37th Indian Brigade, was accompanied by Kearny, Aylmer and Gorringe. Despite finding that there a gap in the lines, the Corps and Column commander, as well as the Corps Chief of Staff, held the 37th Brigade back, ordering it to wait and follow the plan's timetable. The infantry assault, originally planned for 7:15 a.m. did not go in till later.
The artillery, which should have started their bombardment earlier, did not get into action until almost 7 a.m. Paradoxically, once the barrage started, all hope of surprise was lost. Through the day, the Anglo-Indian battalions assaulted the Ottoman positions, only to be pinned down and driven back by machine gun and artillery fire.
Despite the missed opportunities, the fresh reinforcements, and the strong defensive entrenchments, by late afternoon, the British once again were on the verge of a breakthrough. 59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force) and 1st Manchester Regiment of the 8th (Jullundur) Brigade succeeded in capturing the first two lines of trenches of the Dujalia Redoubt. However, with no reserves left to exploit the success, the two battalions could do nothing more than hang on to their gains. Slowly but surely, the Ottoman battalions counter-attacked with bayonets and grenades, which were in short supply on the British side, forcing the Manchester's and Rifles to retreat in the early evening. Of the 2,301 men of the 8th Brigade present, 1,174 were casualties by the end of the day.
In all, the Tigris Corps suffered almost 4,000 casualties. Through the night, the British forces fell back to a rendezvous position approximately 8,000 yards from the Dujalia position. When no counter-attack materialized from the Dujalia, Aylmer ordered his troops back across the river, ending the battle.
Aftermath
The failure at Dujalia sealed Aylmer's fate. On 12 March 1916, he was relieved of command by Lake after the War Office received the report of the defeat. In his place, Gorringe would be elevated to command of the Tigris Corps.
After the defeat, the annual floods began. Melted snow off the Zagros Mountains began the annual re-supply of the rivers. The flooding the Mesopotamian plain began turning it into a sea of mud, flooded nullahs and mud islands. The morale of the Tigris Corps began to drop. When word of the defeat at Dujalia was announced to 6th (Poona) Division, Indian Muslim soldiers, already conflicted about fighting their coreligionists, began to desert.
For the rest of March, the Tigris Corps would await reinforcements, including the all British 13th (Western) Division. Once they were reinforced and concentrated, they would attempt once more to break the siege before Townshend's garrison ran out of food.
References
Bibliography
1916 in Ottoman Iraq
Battles of the Mesopotamian campaign
Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Battles of World War I involving British India
Conflicts in 1916
March 1916 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Dujaila |
Ss. Peter and Paul Church on Nikolskoë is a Protestant church in the Volkspark Glienecke in Berlin, Germany. It is currently administered by the Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia. The church is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin.
History
King Friedrich Wilhelm III had the church built for the residents of Klein-Glienicke and Pfaueninsel on a bluff on the Havel near the Pfaueninsel and the Nikolskoë Blockhouse. It was designed by the architects Friedrich August Stüler and . Friedrich Wilhelm selected the Russian style to commemorate the marriage of his daughter Charlotte to the later Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. The king visited them at St. Petersburg in 1818 and for a return visit a year later had a Russian-style blockhouse built in the park at Glienicke, naming it Nikolskoë. In 1832, the king then ordered the construction of the nearby church which took place from 1834 to 1837.
It was inaugurated on August 13, 1837.
Until 1961, when the Berlin Wall cut the parish into three separate parts, Ss. Peter and Paul Church was part of the Evangelical Congregation of Neubabelsberg, then comprising a parish in Potsdam-Babelsberg, Klein-Glienicke (divided between Berlin and Potsdam), Nikolskoë and Potsdam-Sacrow with the further chapel in Klein-Glienicke and the Church of the Redeemer, Sacrow.
On December 22, 1941, the official German Evangelical Church called for suited actions by all Protestant church bodies to withhold baptised non-Aryans from all spheres of Protestant church life. Many German Christian-dominated congregations followed suit. However, the Evangelical Congregation of Neubabelsberg handed in a list of signatures in protest against the exclusion of the stigmatised Protestants of Jewish descent.
Description
The church has a Russian Orthodox profile, with the noteworthy difference that it has only one onion dome, instead of the five usually seen in Russia.
Ss. Peter and Paul contains the grave of Prince Charles of Prussia. The design of its current glockenspiel is based on that of the Potsdam Garrison Church.
Gallery
References
External links
St. Peter und Paul auf der Website Kulturführer Berlin
Kirche St. Peter und Paul
Evangelische Kirche St. Peter und Paul auf Nikolskoe
1837 establishments in Germany
PeterPaul Wannsee
PeterPaul
Berlin PeterPaul Wannsee
Berlin PeterPaul Wannsee
Berlin PeterPaul Wannsee
Berlin PeterPaul Wannsee
Frederick William III of Prussia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ss.%20Peter%20and%20Paul%2C%20Wannsee |
This is a list of theatre companies with membership of the Theatre Communications Group (TCG) in the United States.
A
1812 Productions, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The 52nd Street Project, New York
7 Stages, Atlanta, Georgia
About Face Theatre, Chicago, Illinois
Academy Theatre, Avondale Estates, Georgia
ACT Theatre, Seattle, Washington
The Acting Company, New York City, New York
Actor's Express, Atlanta, Georgia
The Actors' Gang, Culver City, California
Actors' Guild Of Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky
Actor's Theatre of Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
Actors Theatre of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
Actors Theatre of Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
Adirondack Theatre Festival, Glens Falls, New York
The African Continuum Theatre Company, Washington, D.C.
Alabama Shakespeare Festival, Montgomery, Alabama
Alley Theatre, Houston, Texas
Alliance Theatre Company, Atlanta, Georgia
Amas Musical Theatre, Inc., New York City, New York
American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California
American Folklore Theatre, Fish Creek, Wisconsin
American Players Theatre, Spring Green, Wisconsin
American Repertory Theater, Cambridge, Massachusetts
American Shakespeare Center, Staunton, Virginia
American Stage, St. Petersburg, Florida
American Theater Company, Chicago, Illinois
American Theatre Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Arden Theatre Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Arena Stage, Washington, D.C.
Arizona Theatre Company, Tucson, Arizona
The Arkansas Arts Center Children's Theatre, Little Rock, Arkansas
Arkansas Repertory Theatre, Little Rock, Arkansas
Artists Repertory Theatre, Portland, Oregon
Arts Center of Coastal Carolina, Hilton Head, South Carolina
Arvada Center for the Arts and Humanities, Arvada, Colorado
Asolo Theatre Company, Sarasota, Florida
Atlanta Shakespeare Company at the Shakespeare Tavern, Atlanta, Georgia
Atlantic Theater Company, New York City, New York
Aurora Theatre Company, Berkeley, California
B
B Street Theatre, Sacramento, California
Barksdale Theatre, Richmond, Virginia
Barrington Stage Company, Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Bay Street Theatre Festival, Inc., Sag Harbor, New York
Berkeley Repertory Theatre, Berkeley, California
Berkshire Theatre Festival, Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Bilingual Foundation of the Arts, Los Angeles, California
Blank Theatre Company, Los Angeles, California
Bloomsburg Theatre Ensemble, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
BoarsHead Theater, Lansing, Michigan
Boise Contemporary Theater, Boise, Idaho
Book-It Repertory Theatre, Seattle, Washington
Borderlands Theater, Tucson, Arizona
Boston Theatre Works, Boston, Massachusetts
Brat Productions, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Brava Theater Center, San Francisco, California
Bristol Riverside Theatre, Bristol, Pennsylvania
Burning Coal Theatre Company, Raleigh, North Carolina
Bushfire Theatre, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
C
Cal Rep, Long Beach, California
California Shakespeare Theater, Berkeley, California
California Theatre Center, Sunnyvale, California
Cape Cod Theatre Project, Falmouth, Massachusetts
Capital Repertory Theatre, Albany, New York
Castillo Theatre, New York
Center for New Theater at Cal Arts, Valencia, California
Center for Puppetry Arts, Atlanta, Georgia
Center Theatre Group, Los Angeles, California
Centerstage, Baltimore, Maryland
Centre Stage, Greenville's Professional Theater, Greenville, South Carolina
Charleston Stage Company, Charleston, South Carolina
Cherry Lane Theatre, New York City, New York
Chicago Dramatists, Chicago, Illinois
Chicago Shakespeare Theater, Chicago, Illinois
Children's Theatre Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Childsplay Inc., Tempe, Arizona
The Cider Mill Playhouse, Endicott, New York
Cincinnati Shakespeare Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
City Garage, Santa Monica, California
City Theatre, Miami, Florida
City Theatre Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
The Civilians, New York City, New York
Clarence Brown Theatre Company, Knoxville, Tennessee
Classic Stage Company, New York City, New York
Classical Theatre of Harlem, New York City, New York
The Cleveland Play House, Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland Public Theatre, Cleveland, Ohio
Collaboraction, Chicago, Illinois
Colony Theatre Company, Burbank, California
Columbus Children's Theatre, Columbus, Ohio
Commonweal Theatre Company, Lanesboro, Minnesota
Company Of Fools, Hailey, Idaho
Congo Square Theatre, Chicago, Illinois
Connecticut Repertory Theatre, Storrs, Connecticut
Contemporary American Theater Festival, Shepherdstown, West Virginia
Cornerstone Theater Company, Los Angeles, California
The Coterie Theatre, Kansas City, Missouri
Court Theatre, Chicago, Illinois
Creede Repertory Theatre, Creede, Colorado
Curious Theatre Company, Denver, Colorado
Cyrano's Theatre Company, Anchorage, Alaska
D – F
Dad's Garage Theatre Company, Atlanta, Georgia
Dallas Children's Theater, Dallas, Texas
Dallas Theater Center, Dallas, Texas
Deaf West Theatre, North Hollywood, California
Delaware Theatre Company, Wilmington, Delaware
Dell’Arte International, Blue Lake, California
Denver Center Theatre Company, Denver, Colorado
Depot Theatre, Westport, New York
Detroit Repertory Theatre, Detroit, Michigan
Dobama Theatre, Cleveland Heights, Ohio
Double Edge Theatre, Ashfield, Massachusetts
East West Players, Los Angeles, California
The Empty Space Theatre, Seattle, Washington
Ensemble Studio Theatre, New York City, New York
The Ensemble Theatre, Houston, Texas
Ensemble Theatre Company, Santa Barbara, California
Ensemble Theatre of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, Waterford, Connecticut
Everyman Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland
First Stage Children's Theater, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Florida Stage, Manalapan, Florida
Florida Studio Theatre, Sarasota, Florida
Folger Theatre, Washington, D.C.
The Foothill Theatre Co, Nevada City, California
Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C.
The Foundry Theatre, New York City, New York
Fountain Theatre, Los Angeles, California
Free Street Programs, Chicago, Illinois
G – J
GableStage, Coral Gables, Florida
Gainesville Theatre, Gainesville, Georgia
GALA Hispanic Theatre, Washington, D.C.
Gamm Theatre, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Gamut Theatre Group, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Geffen Playhouse, Los Angeles, California
George Street Playhouse, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Georgia Shakespeare Festival, Atlanta, Georgia
Geva Theatre Center, Rochester, New York
Golden Thread Productions, San Francisco, California
Goodman Theatre, Chicago, Illinois
Great Lakes Theater Festival, Cleveland, Ohio
Greenbrier Valley Theatre, Lewisburg, West Virginia
Growing Stage Theatre For Young Audiences, Netcong, New Jersey
Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Hangar Theatre, Ithaca, New York
Harlequin Productions, Olympia, Washington
HartBeat Ensemble, Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford Stage, Hartford, Connecticut
Harwich Junior Theatre and Harwich Winter Theatre, West Harwich, Massachusetts
History Theatre, Saint Paul, Minnesota
Honolulu Theatre for Youth, Honolulu, Hawaii
Horizon Theatre Company, Atlanta, Georgia
Human Race Theatre Company, Dayton, Ohio
Huntington Theatre Company, [[Boston, Massachusetts
Hyde Park Theatre, Austin, Texas
The Hypocrites, Chicago, Illinois
Idaho Shakespeare Festival, Boise, Idaho
Illinois Theatre Center, Park Forest, Illinois
Illusion Theater, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Indiana Repertory Theatre, Indianapolis, Indiana
INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center, New York City, New York
InterAct Theatre Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
International City Theatre, Long Beach, California
Intiman Theatre, Seattle, Washington
Invisible Theatre Company, Tucson, Arizona
Irish Classical Theatre Company, Buffalo, New York
Irondale Ensemble Project, Brooklyn, New York
J – L
Jewish Theater of New York, New York City, New York
Jewish Theatre of the South, Dunwoody, Georgia
The John Drew Theater, East Hampton, New York
The Jungle Theater, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Kansas City Repertory Theatre, Kansas City, Missouri
The Kavinoky Theatre, Buffalo, New York]]
Kennedy Center - Youth And Family Programs, Arlington, Virginia
Kentucky Repertory Theatre, Horse Cave, Kentucky
Kentucky Shakespeare Festival, Louisville, Kentucky
Kitchen Dog Theater, Dallas, Texas
Kitchen Theatre Company, Ithaca, New York
Know Theatre of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
L.A. Theatre Works, Venice, California
La Jolla Playhouse, La Jolla, California
La MaMa Experimental Theatre, New York City, New York
LAByrinth Theater Company, New York City, New York
Laguna Playhouse, Laguna Beach, California
Lantern Theater Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Lark Play Development Center, New York City, New York
Lincoln Center Theater, New York City, New York
Long Wharf Theatre, New Haven, Connecticut
Lookingglass Theatre Company, Chicago, Illinois
Los Angeles Women's Shakespeare Company, Los Angeles, California
Lost Nation Theater, Montpelier, Vermont
The Lyric Stage Company of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
M
Ma-Yi Theater Company, New York City, New York
Mabou Mines, New York City, New York
Mad River Theater Works, West Liberty, Ohio
Madison Repertory Theatre, Madison, Wisconsin
Magic Theatre, Inc., San Francisco, California
Main Street Theater, Houston, Texas
Manhattan Ensemble Theater, New York City, New York
Manhattan Theatre Club, New York City, New York
Marin Shakespeare Company, San Rafael, California
Marin Theatre Company, Mill Valley, California
Maryland Ensemble Theatre, Frederick, Maryland
McCarter Theatre Center, Princeton, New Jersey
Meadow Brook Theatre, Rochester, Michigan
Melting Pot Theatre Company, New York City, New York
Merrimack Repertory, Lowell, Massachusetts
Merry Go-Round Playhouse, Auburn, New York
Metro Theater Company, St. Louis, Missouri
Milwaukee Chamber Theatre, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee Repertory Theater, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee Shakespeare Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Mint Theater Company, New York City, New York
Miracle Theatre Group, Portland, Oregon
Mirror Repertory Company, New York City, New York
Mixed Blood Theatre Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Montana Repertory Theatre, Missoula, Montana
Montgomery Theater, Souderton, Pennsylvania
Moving Arts, Los Angeles, California
Mu Performing Arts, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Mum Puppettheatre, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
My Fair Heathen Productions, Brooklyn, New York
N – O
Native Voices at the Autry, Los Angeles, California
Nautilus Music-Theater, Saint Paul, Minnesota
Nebraska Repertory Theatre, Lincoln, Nebraska
Nevada Shakespeare Company, Reno, Nevada
New American Theater, Rockford, Illinois
New Conservatory Theatre Center, San Francisco, California
New Dramatists, New York
New Federal Theatre, Inc., New York City, New York
New Georges, New York City, New York
New Ground Theatre, Davenport, Iowa
The New Harmony Theatre, Evansville, Indiana
New Jersey Repertory Company, Long Branch, New Jersey
The New Orleans Shakespeare Festival at Tulane, New Orleans, Louisiana
New Paradise Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
New Professional Theatre, New York City, New York
New Repertory Theatre, Watertown, Massachusetts
New Stage Theatre, Jackson, Mississippi
New Theatre, Coral Gables, Florida
New World Theater, Amherst, Massachusetts
New York State Theatre, Troy, New York
New York Theatre Workshop, New York City, New York
Next Act Theatre, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
The Next Theatre Company, Evanston, Illinois
A Noise Within, Glendale, California
North Carolina Stage Company, Asheville, North Carolina
North Coast Repertory, Solana Beach, California
North Star Theatre, Mandeville, Louisiana
Northern Stage, White River Junction, Vermont
Northlight Theatre, Skokie, Illinois
Northwest Children's Theater and School, Portland, Oregon
Northwest Classical Theatre Company, Portland, Oregon
Odyssey Theatre Ensemble, Los Angeles, California
The Old Globe, San Diego, California
Olney Theatre Center, Olney, Maryland
Omaha Theater Company For Young People, Omaha, Nebraska
Ontological-Hysteric Theater, New York City, New York
The Open Eye Theater, Margaretville, New York
Open Stage Of Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
OpenStage Theatre and Company, Fort Collins, Colorado
Oregon Children's Theatre, Portland, Oregon
Oregon Contemporary Theatre, Eugene, Oregon
Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Ashland, Oregon
Orlando Shakespeare Theater, Orlando, Florida
Out Of Hand Theater, Atlanta, Georgia
P
Palm Beach Dramaworks, West Palm Beach, Florida
Pan Asian Repertory Theatre, New York
Pangea World Theater, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Paper Mill Playhouse, Millburn, New Jersey
Pasadena Playhouse, Pasadena, California
Passage Theatre Company, Trenton, New Jersey
PCPA Theaterfest, Santa Maria, California
Pegasus Players Theatre, Chicago, Illinois
Peninsula Players Theatre, Fish Creek, Wisconsin
Pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival, Center Valley, Pennsylvania
Penobscot Theatre Company, Bangor, Maine
Penumbra Theatre Company, Saint Paul, Minnesota
The People's Light And Theatre Company, Malvern, Pennsylvania
Performance Network, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Perishable Theatre, Providence, Rhode Island
Perseverance Theatre, Douglas, Alaska
Peterborough Players, Peterborough, New Hampshire
The Philadelphia Shakespeare Festival, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Theatre Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Phoenix Theatre, Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix Theatre, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Pick Up Performance Company, New York City, New York
Pig Iron Theatre Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pillsbury House Theatre, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Ping Chong And Company, New York City, New York
Pioneer Theatre Company, Salt Lake City, Utah
Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Public Theater, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Piven Theatre Workshop, Evanston, Illinois
PlayGround, San Francisco, California
Playhouse on the Square, Memphis, Tennessee
Playhouse West, Walnut Creek, California
PlayMakers Repertory Company, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
The Playwrights' Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Playwrights Horizons, New York City, New York
Playwrights Theatre Of New Jersey, Madison, New Jersey
Plowshares Theatre Co, Detroit, Michigan
Portland Center Stage, Portland, Oregon
Portland Stage Company, Portland, Maine
Pregones Theater, Bronx, New York
Primary Stages Theater, New York City, New York
ProArts Collective of Austin, Austin, Texas
Profile Theatre Project, Portland, Oregon
The Public Theatre, Auburn, Maine
The Public Theater, New York City, New York
PushPush Theater, Decatur, Georgia
R – S
Red Barn Theatre, Key West, Florida
Redmoon Theater, Chicago, Illinois
Renaissance Theaterworks, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
The Repertory Theatre of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
River Stage, Sacramento, California
Riverlight And Co, Battle Creek, Michigan
Riverside Theatre, Iowa City, Iowa
Roadside Theater, Norton, Virginia
Round House Theatre, Bethesda, Maryland
Roundabout Theatre Company, New York
Roxy Regional Theatre, Clarksville, Tennessee
Rude Mechanicals, Austin, Texas
Saint Michael's Playhouse, Colchester, Vermont
The Salt Lake Acting Company, Salt Lake City, Utah
Salvage Vanguard Theater, Austin, Texas
San Diego Repertory, San Diego, California
San Jose Repertory Theatre, San Jose, California
Seattle Children's Theatre, Seattle, Washington
Seattle Public Theater, Seattle, Washington
Seattle Repertory Theatre, Seattle, Washington
Seattle Shakespeare Company, Seattle, Washington
Second Stage Theatre, New York City, New York
Shakespeare & Company, Lenox, Massachusetts
Shakespeare Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
Shakespeare Theatre Company, Washington, D.C.
The Shakespeare Theatre of New Jersey, Madison, New Jersey
Shattered Globe Theatre, Chicago, Illinois
Shotgun Players, Berkeley, California
Sierra Repertory Theatre, Sonora, California
Signature Theatre, Arlington, Virginia
Signature Theatre Company, New York City, New York
SITI Company, New York City, New York
Society Hill Playhouse, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Solano College Theatre, Fairfield, California
South Coast Repertory, Costa Mesa, California
South Coast Theatre Company, New Bedford, Massachusetts
Southern Rep, New Orleans, Louisiana
Southwest Ensemble Theatre, Phoenix, Arizona
Southwest Shakespeare Company, Mesa, Arizona
Speakeasy Stage Company, Boston, Massachusetts
St Louis Black Repertory Company, St. Louis, Missouri
Stage One: The Louisville Children's Theatre, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky
Stages Repertory Theatre, Houston, Texas
Stages Theatre Center, Los Angeles, California
Stages Theatre Company, Hopkins, Minnesota
StageWorks/Hudson, Hudson, New York
Stark Raving Theatre, Portland, Oregon
State Theater Company, Austin, Texas
Steppenwolf Theatre Company, Chicago, Illinois
The Studio Theatre, Washington, D.C.
The Sugan Theatre Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Sundance Theatre, Beverly Hills, California
Swine Palace, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Synchronicity Performance Group, Atlanta, Georgia
Syracuse Stage, Syracuse, New York
T – U
TADA!, New York
Talking Band, New York City, New York
Taproot Theatre Company, Seattle, Washington
Target Margin Theater, Brooklyn, New York
Teatro del Pueblo, Saint Paul, Minnesota
Teatro Vision de San Jose, San Jose, California
Teatro Vista, Chicago, Illinois
Ten Thousand Things Theater Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Tennessee Repertory Theatre, Nashville, Tennessee
Thalía Spanish Theatre, Long Island City, New York
Theater Alliance, Washington, D.C.
The Theater at Monmouth, Monmouth, Maine
Theater By the Blind, New York City, New York
Theater for the New City, New York City, New York
Theater Grottesco, Santa Fe, New Mexico
Theater J, Washington, D.C.
Theater of the First Amendment, Fairfax, Virginia
Theater on Main, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin
Theater Previews at Duke, Durham, North Carolina
The Theater Project, Cranford, New Jersey
Theatre Aspen, Aspen, Colorado
Theatre de la Jeune Lune, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Theatre For A New Audience, New York City, New York
Theatre Project, Baltimore, Maryland
Theatre West, Los Angeles, California
TheatreSquared, Fayetteville, Arkansas
Theatreworks, Palo Alto, California
Theatrical Outfit, Atlanta, Georgia
Touchstone Theatre, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Traveling Jewish Theatre, San Francisco, California
Triad Stage, Greensboro, North Carolina
Tricklock Theatre Company, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Trinity Repertory Company, Providence, Rhode Island
True Colors Theatre Company, Atlanta, Georgia
Trustus Theatre, Columbia, South Carolina
Two River Theater Company, Red Bank, New Jersey
Undermain Theatre, Dallas, Texas
Unicorn Theatre, Kansas City, Missouri
Urban Stages, New York
Utah Shakespearean Festival, Cedar City, Utah
V – Z
Valley Youth Theatre, Phoenix, Arizona
Vermont Stage Company, Burlington, Vermont
Victory Gardens Theater, Chicago, Illinois
Vineyard Playhouse, Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts
Vineyard Theatre, New York
Virginia Stage Company, Norfolk, Virginia
Vital Theatre Company, New York
Voices of the South, Memphis, Tennessee
Walden Theatre, Louisville, Kentucky
The Warehouse Theatre, Greenville, South Carolina
WaterTower Theatre, Addison, Texas
Wellfleet Harbor Actors Theater, Wellfleet, Massachusetts
West Coast Ensemble, Los Angeles, California
The Western Stage, Salinas, California
Weston Playhouse, Weston, Vermont
Westport Country Playhouse, Westport, Connecticut
Wheelock Family Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts
William Inge Center for the Arts, Independence, Kansas
Williamstown Theatre Festival, Williamstown, Massachusetts
The Wilma Theater, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Wing-It Productions, Seattle, Washington
Women's Project & Productions, New York
Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company, Washington, D.C.
The Wooster Group, New York City, New York
Working Classroom, Albuquerque, New Mexico
The Working Theater, New York City, New York
Writers' Theatre, Glencoe, Illinois
Yale Repertory Theatre, New Haven, Connecticut
Young Playwrights' Theater, Washington, D.C.
Youth Ensemble of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
The Z Space Studio, San Francisco, California
Zachary Scott Theatre Center, Austin, Texas
See also
List of LORT member theatres
References
Lists of theatres in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Theatre%20Communications%20Group%20member%20theatres |
Gil Philip Castillo (born October 21, 1965) is an American professional mixed martial artist. A professional from 1998 until 2006, he fought in the UFC, WEC and King of the Cage. Castillo is the former King of the Cage Middleweight Superfight Champion.
Background
Castillo excelled in wrestling at Antioch High School and after competing for California State University at Long Beach, he entered the trials for the Olympic team. He went 2–2, and needed to win his fourth match to get on the squad that trains for the alternate team, but lost on points. After becoming a licensed stockbroker, Castillo found Brazilian jiu-jitsu in 1995, and was trained by Cesar Gracie and Ralph Gracie before they introduced him to mixed martial arts.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Castillo made his professional debut in early 1997 in a tournament. He won his debut via rear-naked choke submission only 40 seconds into the first round. He won his next fight after his opponent broke his wrist during the fight, and in the tournament final, Castillo faced veteran Vernon White and won via armbar submission in just three minutes. Castillo fought for the King of the Cage Middleweight Superfight Championship on April 29, 2001, against then-champion Joe Hurley. In a back-and-forth fight, Castillo scored seven takedowns on the Lion's Den fighter, and won via unanimous decision. Castillo then fought future Strikeforce Welterweight Champion Nate Marquardt for the IFC Welterweight Championship and won via unanimous decision before being invited to compete in the UFC.
UFC
At UFC 33 on September 28, 2001, Castillo made his UFC debut, fighting a much-larger Dave Menne for the first-ever UFC Middleweight Championship. Castillo lost via unanimous decision and was handed his first professional loss.
After picking up a unanimous decision win over Chris Brennan at UFC 35, Castillo fought for the UFC Welterweight Championship against then-champion Matt Hughes at UFC 40 on November 22, 2002. Castillo lost via doctor stoppage due to a cut received in the first round.
WEC
Castillo then began fighting for the WEC, making his debut for the organization on March 27, 2003, at WEC 6 against Chris Williams. Castillo won via TKO.
Castillo fought on May 21, 2004, at WEC 10 against future IFL Lightweight Champion Ryan Schultz and lost via TKO. His last appearance for the organization was on October 14, 2005, at WEC 17 against Steve Ramirez. Castillo won via TKO. Castillo's fought last on April 1, 2006, in an IFC event against current UFC Welterweight Jake Ellenberger. Castillo lost via TKO in the first round.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–5
| Jake Ellenberger
| TKO (punches)
| IFC Cage Combat
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:30
| Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–4
| Steve Ramerez
| TKO (punches)
| WEC 17
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:01
| Lemoore, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–4
| Ryan Schultz
| Decision (majority)
| WEC 10
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Lemoore, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–3
| Renato Verissimo
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| Rumble on the Rock 4
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–2
| Chris Williams
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| WEC 6: Return of a Legend
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Lemoore, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–2
| Matt Hughes
| TKO (cut)
| UFC 40
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1
| Chris Brennan
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 35
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–1
| Dave Menne
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 33
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–0
| Nate Marquardt
| Decision (unanimous)
| IFC 14 Warriors Challenge 14
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0
| Joe Hurley
| Decision (unanimous)
| KOTC 8: Bombs Away
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Williams, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0
| Raymond Mansfield
| Submission (omoplata)
| IFC Warriors Challenge 10
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Friant, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0
| Robert Ferguson
| Decision (unanimous)
| IFC Warriors Challenge 8
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 10:00
| Friant, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Dennis Muehy
| Submission (armbar)
| IFC Warriors Challenge 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:17
| Friant, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Aaron Sampson
| Submission (armbar)
| Stockton Brawl
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:17
| Stockton, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Vernon White
| Submission (armbar)
| Stockton Challenge 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:00
| Stockton, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Allen Fernandez
| Submission (rear naked choke)
| Stockton Challenge 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:40
| Stockton, California, United States
|
References
External links
Gil`s myspace
Living people
American male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from California
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American mixed martial artists of Mexican descent
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American jujutsuka
People from Concord, California
Sportspeople from Contra Costa County, California
1973 births
People from Pleasant Hill, California
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
Antioch High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%20Castillo |
SkyKing is the name of two airlines:
SkyKing Limited, a defunct airline formerly based on the Turks and Caicos Islands (merged into Air Turks and Caicos)
Sky King, Inc., a charter airline based in the United States
People
Nickname for Richard Russell, American airport ground operator involved in the 2018 Horizon Air Q400 incident
Other
Emergency Action Message | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyKing |
This is a list of Social Democratic Party MPs. It includes all members of Parliament elected to the British House of Commons representing the Social Democratic Party. Members of the European Parliament are not listed.
Bruce Douglas-Mann, Labour Party MP for Mitcham and Morden, is not included as immediately on his change of allegiance he stood down, forcing a by-election, which he lost.
1 Joined David Owen's Social Democratic Party in 1988, then became an Independent Social Democrat MP from 1990 - 92.
2 Sitting Labour Party MP who joined the SDP.
3 Sitting Conservative Party MP who joined the SDP.
4 Later elected as a Liberal Democrat MP.
5 Later elected as a Conservative MP.
6 Previously elected as a Labour MP.
7 Joined the Liberal Democrats on their formation in 1988.
8 Subsequently left the SDP to sit as an independent Labour MP.
Graphical representation (1981-88)
Also includes the continuing SDP from 1988.
See also
Social Democratic Party election results
Social Democratic Party | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Social%20Democratic%20Party%20%28UK%29%20MPs |
The Shoppes at South Hills, formerly South Hills Mall, is a shopping mall on U.S. 9, now converted into a strip mall, in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York. The 675,000 ft² plaza opened in 1974 and included two anchors, Sears and Kmart, at opposite ends of the mall. Currently, The Shoppes at South Hills are owned and operated by DLC Management Corporation.
The mall is adjacent to its more successful rival, the Poughkeepsie Galleria, and the two properties are linked by a series of roads between the two properties. These roads pass directly in front of a Lowe's. situated on a plot between the Shoppes and the Galleria. The Galleria's existence led to the slow decline and eventual closing of South Hills Mall. The mall was demolished, rebuilt, rebranded, and reopened in 2008 following the closing of the indoor mall. Old "South Hills Mall" signage remained up for several months after reconstruction completed.
History
History of South Hills
South Hills Mall was the first indoor shopping mall in Poughkeepsie and the second in Dutchess County (after Dutchess Mall in Fishkill, 10 miles south). It was constructed at a cost of $110 million. Upon opening, anchors were Sears and Kmart, in addition to dozens of smaller shops and stores, including Record World, Walden Books, NY Piano and Organ, Spencer Gifts, and Endicott Johnson Shoes. The original plan called for Forbes & Wallace as the other anchor. South Hills quickly became the dominant retail center in the Poughkeepsie area, leading to the closing of prominent downtown retailer Luckey Platt & Co. in 1981. An eight-screen movie theater opened in 1984 in the space previously occupied by Park Place Roller Rink.
In 1985, an expansion in the center of the mall added a food court, which featured a Burger King, a sandwich shop, and a pizza place, as well as a Hess's department store.
In the early 1980s, an initial proposal for a two-story mall adjacent to South Hills was submitted; after several years of protests, this proposal became the Poughkeepsie Galleria and opened in 1987. Though the malls co-existed successfully for the first several years of the Galleria's existence, as the 1990s began South Hills began to suffer. The decline largely began in 1991 when Hess's closed their location and Sears moved to the Galleria; the Hess's space was replaced by Burlington Coat Factory while the Sears space was divided between Pharmhouse and a (freestanding) Price Chopper supermarket. Service Merchandise relocated to this mall in 1995 after closing their location at the Dutchess Mall. It is believed that both stores were open at the same time for a while, with the Dutchess Mall location closing before the company went out of business in 2002.
In the 1990s, South Hills was sold to Sarakreek Holdings NV, a Dutch property holding firm which attempted to revive the mall by opening "big-box" retailers like Media Play, Old Navy, Office Max, Discovery Zone, and Bob's Stores. The success was short-lived; in the long run the alienation of smaller stores by the larger ones only led to a further, greater decline resulting in the closure of all the aforementioned retailers.
By the late 1990s, Sarakreek sold South Hills to the Dagar Group, a locally based retail ownership group. The mall's decline accelerated after this change as many smaller tenants left the mall. Filling those holes have been smaller, independent shops which existed for only a brief time. The Service Merchandise location has been largely vacant, minus several months as an overstock book store. After Phar-Mor, parent of Pharmhouse, folded, the space has played host to two different furniture stores. The closings of Media Play, OfficeMax, and Price Chopper supermarket in 2006 did not bode well for the mall. The Price Chopper location was subsequently replaced by a ShopRite supermarket and has remained successful.
All other smaller stores in the mall had closed by December 31, 2007. Despite all other stores being closed, the interior halls of the South Hills Mall remained open.
For a period of time from January through May 2008, the only remaining sources of income for the mall were the major anchor stores; Silver Cinemas, Kmart, Burlington Coat Factory, ShopRite, and Namco Pools (not to be confused with the Japanese video game company).
In July 2008, construction crews began to demolition of the site, while four of the five remaining tenants remained open. Kmart remained at the south end of the mall, Burlington in the middle and ShopRite at the north end. Kmart retained a section of the South Hills Mall interior walkway, as a way to allow customers who parked behind the property to reach the store. The Namco Pools relocated down the road to a new space in Wappingers Falls, New York.
The space, newly rebranded as the Shoppes and South Hills strip mall, finished construction in 2009, with Christmas Tree Shops and New England–based Bob's Discount Furniture both opening their doors the same year. Pet Goods and Oklahoma-based arts and crafts store Hobby Lobby opened in 2012.
On February 25, 2014, Silver Cinemas screened its last films and closed. It has since reopened under new management, rebranded as Empire Cinemas. In February 2019, Empire Cinemas also closed. 2014 also saw the opening of furniture and home goods retailer Ashley Furniture.
Fitness chain Orangetheory Fitness and frozen yogurt retailer Peachwave both opened locations on the property in 2015.
On April 14, 2016, Sears Holdings, the parents company of both Kmart and Sears, announced it was closing 10 Sears stores and 68 Kmart stores. The Shoppes at South Hills was among those closing. Following a months-long liquidation sale of all merchandise and assets the store had, the Kmart officially closed on July 31, 2016.
History of management
Unknown (January 1974 – February 1990)
Sarakreek Holdings NV (March 1990 – late 1990s)
Dagar Group (late 1990s – October 2005)
Vornado Realty Trust (November 2005 – December 2014)
DLC Management Corporation (since January 2015)
References
External links
DeadMalls.com Profile
Photos of South Hills Mall
KMart & Burlington Coat Factory To Stay - Poughkeepsie Journal
The Shoppes at South Hills (Site Plan)
Requiem for a mall
Shopping malls established in 1974
Shopping malls in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Poughkeepsie, New York
U.S. Route 9
Shopping malls in the New York metropolitan area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shoppes%20at%20South%20Hills |
The Second Battle of Kut was fought on 23 February 1917, between British and Ottoman forces at Kut, Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).
The battle was part of the British advance to Baghdad begun in December 1916 by a 50,000-man British force (mainly from British India) organised in two army corps.
The British, led by Frederick Stanley Maude, recaptured the city, but the Ottoman garrison there did not get trapped inside (as had happened to Townshend's troops in the previous year when the Ottomans had besieged Kut in the siege of Kut): the Ottoman commander, Kâzım Karabekir Bey, managed a good-order retreat from the town of his remaining soldiers (about 2,500), pursued by a British fluvial flotilla along the Tigris River.
The British advance wore off on 27 February at Aziziyeh, some beyond Kut. After three days' worth of supplies had been accumulated, Maude continued his march toward Baghdad.
Action on the Western Bank of the Shatt al Hai
The primary objective on the western side of the Shatt al Hai was a liquorice factory (nicknamed the "Wool Press Village" by its defenders) on the opposite side of the Tigris from Kut. The factory, and the entrenchments surrounding it, were the last remaining Ottoman positions on the Hai salient; If it was to be captured, it would allow British and Indian forces to cross the Tigris and advance up into the Shumran bend and across to capture Kut.
New British trenches were made by the 21st of January only 300 yards from the enemy trenches. They consisted of four rows of trenches named "Baron's Trench", "Queen's Trench", "King's Trench" , and "Emperor's Trench". The trenches were occupied by the 39th Brigade. An attack was planned for the 22nd, but was postponed by three days due to heavy rains.
On the 25th of January, 1917, the Ottoman lines were attacked. At 9:40 AM, the 9th Worcestershires and the 7th North Staffords attacked with the support of a heavy artilley bombardment that allowed the two battalions to get within 50 yards of the Ottoman entrenchments. They seized the objective despite the many casualties they suffered.
A Turkish counterattack, however, drove the British battalions away with bombs and trench mortars. To salvage the situation, Lieutenant Colenel Henderson (who was commissioned into the North Staffords) led the 9th Royal Warwickshires out of the brigade reserve to re-attack the positions, even though he was already wounded. He led the Warwicks across 500 yards of open ground whilst the first wave of attackers were retreating and was wounded again but this didn't deter him from commanding a bayonet charge that re-captured the lost objectives. While organising a defence of the objective, Henderson was wounded two more times and was rescued by his adjudant, Lieutenant Phillips, before dying. Both received the Victoria Cross. Corporal Scott also contributed to rescuing Henderson and was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal.
See also
Siege of Kut
References
External links
Second Battle of Kut
1917 in Ottoman Iraq
Battles of the Mesopotamian campaign
Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Battles of World War I involving British India
Conflicts in 1917
Kut
February 1917 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Battle%20of%20Kut |
The Hotan River (also known as the Khotan River or the Ho-t'ien River) is formed by the union of the White Jade (Yurungkash) and Karakash (Black Jade) Rivers, which flow north from the Kunlun Mountains into the Taklamakan Desert in northern China. The two rivers unite towards the middle of the desert, some north of the town of Hotan. The river then flows northwards across the desert and empties itself into the Tarim River. Because the river is fed by melting snow from the mountains, it only carries water during the summer and is dry the rest of the year. Prior to construction of the Tarim Desert Highway in 1995, the Hotan river bed provided the only transportation system across the Tarim Basin.
Wells
In the mid-20th century, wells along the course of the river included (south to north): Hsüeh-erh-ch'i-k'o-ma, Chi-la-mu-yeh-te-tao, Ai-k'o-t'i-ken, Ch'i-erh-ko-han-t'u-mu-shu-k'o, A-ya-k'o-wu-ssu-tan, Man-ta-t'u-mu-shu-k'o, Lo-tsa-pai-t'u-mu-shu-k'o, Yeh-ma-la-k'o-tao, Po-lo-ch'u-shih-kan, Hsi-t'i-pa-ku-t'an and Ya-erh-te-ku-tzu.
References
Notes
Rivers of Xinjiang
Sites along the Silk Road
Hotan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan%20River |
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