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Lobster Johnson (also known as The Lobster or The Claw) is a fictional character featured in the Hellboy and Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense comic books published by Dark Horse Comics. He was created by Mike Mignola.
Within the Hellboy universe, the Lobster was a vigilante who worked in secret in New York City during the 1930s. Although the public believes that the Lobster was only the hero of pulp serials and comics, he was a real man who faced gangsters as well as paranormal threats. The Lobster had a reputation for violence, such as killing mobsters and burning his trademark lobster claw symbol into their foreheads with the palm of his gloved hand. This behavior was similar to the Marvel UK comic book character Night Raven, the Phantom and the pulp magazine hero The Spider.
Lobster Johnson appeared in the 2019 Hellboy reboot, portrayed by Thomas Haden Church.
Fictional biography
Life and death
The Lobster started his career in 1932, working with a small but trusted group of allies out of a secret base in the sewers of New York City. Together they fought against gangsters, spies, and the like. In 1937 the gang came up against one of their most imposing enemies to date - the inscrutable and immeasurably powerful Memnan Saa, during the case of the Iron Prometheus. Though the Lobster and his allies escaped the confrontation with their lives, tragedy dogged them thereafter as they continued to research his crimes and history. One by one, the Lobster's allies met various gruesome and mysterious ends, until the Lobster called off the search. The deaths seemed to weigh heavy on his conscience - always a quiet man, he became increasingly cold and taciturn. Not long after this, he accepted an offer of employment from the United States Government, a chance to lay some ghosts to rest.
Aided by a new sidekick, the Lobster spent the late 1930s combating the Nazi threat to the United States. One of his unsuccessful missions involved the escape of a Nazi criminal in Colorado who destroyed a train full of scientists bound for the Manhattan Project, resulting in the death of his sidekick.
The Lobster's final mission was an unsuccessful attempt to prevent the Nazis from launching a space capsule at Hunte Castle, Austria, on 20 March 1939. Arriving seconds too late to stop the launch itself, he managed to force the roof of Hunte Castle closed, but the capsule burst through regardless. The subsequent explosion and fire completely gutted the castle. Besides Nazi scientist Herman von Klempt and one German soldier, there were no survivors, including the Lobster himself.
Legacy
According to B.P.R.D. Director Tom Manning (in The Conqueror Worm), Lobster Johnson was a fictional character created in the pulp magazines and made briefly popular in a couple of movies such as The Phantom Jungle (Republic, 1945), in which he was portrayed by Vic Williams. In the backup materials of The Iron Prometheus, we learn of his appearances in pulp magazines, comic books, movie serials, and masked Mexican wrestling movies. It is revealed that the character is properly called "The Lobster". "Johnson" was the last name of his alter ego, crippled millionaire Walter Johnson, created by the author of the pulp stories. It was the masked Mexican wrestling movies that combined the names as "Lobster Johnson".
"Latchkey Memories from Crab Point" is a memoir by Guy Davis, presented in the back matter to the B.P.R.D.: The Black Goddess trade paperback, in which he recounts childhood memories of seeing "the cut-up and dubbed version of the Mexican Lobster Johnson films!" presented on children's after-school television as a black-and-white serial called The Masked Claw.
Afterlife
Death was not the end for the Lobster. The Lobster's ghost was one of the strongest yet seen in the Hellboy universe. He was completely corporeal when he chose to be, firing his pistol with deadly effect and burning his sign into the forehead of his victims. It would appear that the Lobster's death greatly increased his powers, as opposed to the Ghost of Rasputin, who was rendered almost immaterial by his death at Abe Sapien's hands.
In 2001, Hellboy (a lifelong Lobster fan) and Roger the homunculus encountered his ghost in the haunted ruins of Hunte Castle, beginning a long association between the Lobster and the BPRD, and with Roger and Johann Kraus in particular. The Lobster was instrumental in helping them defeat Rasputin, the Conqueror Worm and Hermann von Klempt, completing in death the mission he had failed to do in life.
Having seemingly formed some bond with Roger during the mission, it was to the homunculus that he next appeared, when in 2003 he helped Roger and Liz Sherman resolve another of his failed missions - bringing to justice the elderly German saboteur in Colorado. The Lobster was quiet for some time after this, although his ghostly presence was half-felt by Johann several times in the basement of the BPRD's new WWII-era base in the Colorado mountains.
It was not until his old adversary Memnan Saa began to make his presence felt to the BPRD during the war against Sadu Hem's frog monsters that he returned in earnest; briefly taking possession of Johann's ectoplasm in the wake of Ben Daimio's disastrous end of relations with the team to break the hold Saa had gained over Liz. With something of his past association with Saa thus revealed, the team held a séance not long afterwards in which his spirit gave them their first clues in the search for Saa, using the information he had uncovered decades before in his investigations. When the BPRD finally traced Saa to his base somewhere on the Stanovoy Ridge, the Lobster again took possession of Johann's form in the closing moments of the denouement in an attempt to defeat his old nemesis. With all his business on earth thus concluded, Kate took him back to Hunte Castle in Austria, where he relinquished his hold on Johann's ectoplasm and rejoined the ghostly throng inhabiting the castle - having found his own sort of peace in an afterlife where he could continue his battle against Nazis and the forces of evil forever after.
Skills and abilities
The Lobster was an expert combatant. He usually wielded either one or two pistols, but he had used a submachine gun on at least one occasion. He showed skill with both weapons. The Lobster had also occasionally used other weapons such as swords, spears, or even the leg of a broken chair. He was also shown to be a proficient unarmed fighter.
The Lobster somehow remained alive after explosions and possibly being hit by gunfire in Lobster Johnson: The Burning Hand #2. There has not yet been any explanation of the Lobster's powers, however.
In the stories set in the 1930s, the Lobster possessed technology that was advanced for its time. He had used a bulletproof vest on at least one occasion, and he also used a radio that was small enough to be built into his helmet. It is not shown in the comics who invented these.
Publication history
Issues
Lobster Johnson has an internal numbering on the inside cover of its issues.
Trade Paperbacks
Appearances outside the Lobster Johnson series
Hellboy: Box Full of Evil (2 issues, August–September, 1999) by Mike Mignola, Matthew Dow Smith & Ryan Sook.
Hellboy: Conqueror Worm (4 issues, May–August 2001) by Mike Mignola.
B.P.R.D.: Night Train (1 issue, September 17, 2003) by Geoff Johns, Scott Kolins & Dave Stewart.
B.P.R.D.: Killing Ground (5 issues, August–December 2007) by Mike Mignola, John Arcudi & Guy Davis.
B.P.R.D.: The Black Goddess (5 issues) by Mike Mignola, John Arcudi and Guy Davis.
B.P.R.D.: King of Fear (5 issues, January–May 2010) by Mike Mignola, John Arcudi and Guy Davis.
Other media
Film
Hellboy: Blood and Iron (2007)
Lobster Johnson has a brief cameo in the second animated Hellboy film, Blood and Iron appearing during a flashback scene showing Hellboy's birth and Malcolm Frost's reaction to the creature. After the credits, there is a teaser for the unproduced third film The Phantom Claw, where he would have helped Hellboy and Kate Corrigan in battling the ghost of Rasputin.
Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008) and Hellboy III
Guillermo del Toro planned to feature Johnson in Hellboy II: The Golden Army, but was cut due to Mike Mignola's wish to remain true to the character's origin. Del Toro has stated that Johnson would have appeared in the unproduced Hellboy III and expressed interest in casting Bruce Campbell in the role.
Hellboy (2019)
Johnson was featured in Hellboy (2019), portrayed by Thomas Haden Church in a flashback and mid-credits scene.
Miscellaneous
In 2007, Dark Horse produced a magnet that bore Lobster Johnson's animated design, based on his brief appearance in Hellboy: Blood and Iron.
A novel centered around the Lobster, Lobster Johnson: The Satan Factory by Thomas E. Sniegoski, was released in July 2009.
The Lobster is mentioned in an intro dialogue between Hellboy and Jay Garrick in Injustice 2.
References
External links
Review of Lobster Johnson: The Iron Prometheus #1, Comics Bulletin
Jason Armstrong Cooks with Lobster Johnson, Comics Bulletin, October 24, 2007
Review of Lobster Johnson The Satan Factory, Killer-Works
Dark Horse Comics superheroes
Fictional characters from New York City
Fictional Nazi hunters
Fictional World War II veterans
Hellboy characters
Comics characters introduced in 1999
Characters created by Mike Mignola
Vigilante characters in comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster%20Johnson |
Joshua John Watson (born 31 July 1977) is an Australian backstroke swimmer who won a silver medal in the 4×100-metre medley relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
Training at the Kingscliff club near the Queensland border, and coached by Greg Salter,
Watson became Australian champion in the 50-metre backstroke in 1996. However, as it was not an Olympic event, he did not gain national selection until 1997, when he competed at the 1997 FINA Short Course World Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden. In 1998, he made his international long-course debut at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, where he won a silver medal in the 100-metre backstroke and a gold medal in the medley relay. Josh was Australia's first male Backstroke World Champion when he won the 200m Backstroke at the 1999 FINA Short Course World Championships in Hong Kong. He also won bronze in the 100-metre backstroke at the 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Sydney.
At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Watson swam the backstroke leg in the heats of the 4×100-metre medley relay, before being replaced by Matt Welsh in the team that trailed the United States team home in the final. Watson was also a finalist in the 100-metre backstroke, where he was narrowly beaten into fourth place. Watson continued to be selected in the same role (except for a self-imposed break in 2002) until the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, when he failed to qualify for the semifinals of the 100-metrebackstroke. This enabled him to collect a gold medal in the 4×100-metre medley relay at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka, Japan.
Watson now lives in Atlanta, Georgia with his wife Tess.
See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
References
1977 births
Living people
Australian male backstroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Sportspeople from Newcastle, New South Wales
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Swimmers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from New South Wales
Australian emigrants to the United States
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Watson%20%28swimmer%29 |
Stebliv () is an urban-type settlement in Zvenyhorodka Raion, Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Stebliv settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The townlet rests at a bend on the Ros River, some from Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi. Population:
History
Situated on the Ros' River, water surrounds most of the historically settled areas of Stebliv, which is also protected by cliffs and natural ramparts. Given the evidence of Trypillian, Scythian, and Chernyakhov culture settlements, the area has been populated for quite some time and was very often the site of fierce battles. In 1036, Yaroslav the Wise built a fortress at Strebliv which overlooked the southernmost lands of Rus, and it stood there until the eventual Mongol invasion.
Stebliv was later settled by Cossacks who took part in several uprisings against the Polish rule of the territory, particularly the fateful Khmelnytsky Uprising. On March 15, 1648, Khmelnytsky's forces routed Polish forces who had taken a superior tactical position between Stebliv and Korsun. In 1664, hopelessly outnumbered by 20,000 Polish troops which had an additional force of 15,000 Tatars in support, the residents of Stebliv advanced on their enemies and fought to their deaths; the town was destroyed after their defeat.
Until 18 July 2020, Stebliv belonged to Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Cherkasy Oblast to four. The area of Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi Raion was split between Cherkasy and Zvenyhorodka Raions, with Stebliv being transferred to Zvenyhorodka Raion.
Notable people
Stebliv was the birthplace of Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky, a prominent Ukrainian 19th-20th century writer; his original house has been preserved as a museum in Stebliv dedicated to his life and work.
The famous Ukrainian dancer and choreographer Vasyl Avramenko was also born in Stebliv.
References
Notes
Sources
Історіа міст і сіл Української CCP - Черкаська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Cherkasy Oblast). Kyiv, 1972
Official information at Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada portal
Prominent people from Korsun
Urban-type settlements in Zvenyhorodka Raion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stebliv |
Chiaroscuro: The Private Lives of Leonardo da Vinci is a Vertigo comic book limited series published from 1995 to 1996, which was repackaged in 2005 as a single volume. The series was written by Pat McGreal and David Rawson and illustrated by Chaz Truog and Rafael Kayanan. The original series covers were done by Stephen John Philips and Richard Bruning.
Plot
A work of historical fiction, Chiaroscuro narrates the life of Leonardo da Vinci from the point of view of Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno (almost exclusively called Salai in the story), a beautiful young man Leonardo adopted as a boy. It shows the influence of their relationship on Leonardo's life and work. In characterizing Salai as scheming, ambitious and selfish, the novel posits that several events in Leonardos's life occurred at least partly because of his manipulations.
The work also speculates a possible homosexual relationship between Leonardo and Salai. Salai is clearly depicted to have had homosexual relations with Leonardo's main rival, Michelangelo and Ludovico Sforza's captain, Sanseverino, while anything occurring between him and Leonardo is simply implied. It is clear, however, that Leonardo used him as a model for his artwork. The relationship between Salai and Leonardo is often tumultuous, culminating with Salai betraying Leonardo by serving as the model for Michelangelo's David.
Chiaroscuro is an art term meaning the play of light and dark in a work.
Inspiration
Chaz Truog's official website mentions that Chiaroscuro was inspired by Amadeus and Immortal Beloved.
Works of art
The following works by Leonardo da Vinci were also depicted in the story:
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
St John the Baptist
Vitruvian Man
The Battle of Anghiari
several vignettes and images from his notebooks, diaries and sketches
Publication history
Chiaroscuro was originally published in serial form from 1995 to 1996 before being collected as a trade paperback in 2005. It was nominated for the Eisner Award in 1996 for Best Limited Series.
Collected editions
Chiaroscuro: The Private Lives of Leonardo da Vinci (trade paperback collects issues #1-10, October 2005, )
Notes
References
Chiaroscuro at the Big Comic Book DataBase
Literature
Keazor, Henry: "Zwischen Prometheus und Adam: Dave Rawsons, Pat McGreals und Chaz Truogs 'Chiaroscuro – The Private Lives of Leonardo da Vinci' (1995-96)", in: Geschichte und Mythos in Comcis und Graphic Novels, ed. by Tanja Zimmermann, Berlin 2019, p. 373-406
External links
Vertigo information on Chiaroscuro
Rafael Kayanan Official Website
1995 comics debuts
1996 comics endings
LGBT-related comics
Cultural depictions of Leonardo da Vinci
Comics set in the 15th century
Comics set in the 16th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro%3A%20The%20Private%20Lives%20of%20Leonardo%20da%20Vinci |
The fiery-throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis) is a species of hummingbird in the "mountain gems" tribe Lampornithini in subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.
Taxonomy and systematics
The fiery-throated hummingbird is the only member of genus Panterpe. It has two subspecies, the nominate P. i. insignis and P. i. eisenmanni.
Description
The fiery-throated hummingbird is long. Males weigh and females . Within each subspecies the male and female are alike. All have a mostly black bill with a pink base to the mandible and a small white spot behind the eye. The nominate P. i. insignis has a glittering royal blue crown and the rest of the face and nape are black. The back is bright metallic green that becomes bluish green on the uppertail coverts. The tail is blue-black. The center of the throat is brilliant rosy coppery orange and the sides are golden green. It has a violet-blue patch on the center of the breast and the rest of the underparts are bright green to blue-green. Subspecies P. i. eisenmanni is slightly smaller than the nominate but has a much shorter bill. The black of the neck extends onto the upper back and the blue-violet of the chest extends into the belly. The uppertail coverts are mostly blue.
Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of fiery-throated hummingbird is found from the Cordillera de Tilarán in north-central Costa Rica southeast to Bocas del Toro and Chiriquí provinces of far western Panama. P. i. eisenmanni is restricted to the Cordillera de Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. The species inhabits a variety of wooded landscapes including montane forest, cloudforest and elfin forest. It also occurs in more open landscapes like the lower edge of páramo, secondary forest, and pastures with many trees. It mostly remains in the forest canopy but occurs in shrubs low down at the forest edge and in clearings. In northern and north-central Costa Rica it occurs at elevations from to summits at up to ; further south in higher mountains it ranges between .
Behavior
Movement
In at least parts of its range, the fiery-throated hummingbird moves to lower elevations after breeding, though rarely below .
Feeding
The fiery-throated hummingbird feeds on nectar taken from a variety of small flowers, including those of epiphytic Ericaceae, bromeliads, shrubs, and small trees. At flowers too deep for its bill it will take nectar from holes made by itself, bumblebees, and flowerpiercers. The species is aggressive and dominant over most other hummingbirds. Males defend feeding territories during the breeding season but allow females to feed; both sexes defend territories post-breeding. In addition to nectar, the species captures small arthropods on the wing and sometimes by gleaning from foliage.
Breeding
The fiery-throated hummingbird's breeding season in Costa Rica spans from August to January. The female is entirely responsible for nest building and incubation. She lays two white eggs in a bulky cup nest of plant fibers whose outside is covered with moss and lichen. The nest is typically placed high at the end of a descending bamboo stem or on a rootlet under a bank. The incubation length and time to fledging have not been documented.
Vocalization
The fiery-throated hummingbird does not appear to have a true song. One call is "a repeated nasal, squeaky 'kek...kek...', given in [a] fast series". Another is "a complex fast liquid twittering with sudden squeaky rises in pitch”.
Status
The IUCN has assessed the fiery-throated hummingbird as being of Least Concern. Though it has a small range, its population is estimated to be between 50,000 and 500,000 mature individuals and the number is believed to be stable. Much of its range is protected in preserves and national parks, and it is considered common to abundant throughout.
External links
Fiery-throated hummingbird at Beauty of Birds website
References
fiery-throated hummingbird
Birds of the Talamancan montane forests
Hummingbird species of Central America
fiery-throated hummingbird | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiery-throated%20hummingbird |
Lucky Number Slevin (also known as The Wrong Man in Australia) is a 2006 neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Paul McGuigan and written by Jason Smilovic. The film stars Josh Hartnett, Lucy Liu, Bruce Willis, Stanley Tucci, Ben Kingsley, and Morgan Freeman.
Lucky Number Slevin was released in the United Kingdom on February 24, 2006, by Entertainment Film Distributors, and in the United States on April 7, 2006, by MGM Distribution Co.
Plot
Two bookies are separately ambushed and murdered by unseen killers. In a bus terminal, a young man is approached by Goodkat, who tells the story of Max and the Kansas City Shuffle: two decades earlier, Max borrowed money from the mob to bet on a fixed horse race after eavesdropping the conversations between mob members, only for the horse to die mid-race. To set an example to make sure nobody else would try to bet on a fixed race, the mob killed Max, his wife and his young son Henry. Goodkat describes the "Kansas City Shuffle", a misleading double bluff, then tricks and kills the young man, taking the body in a truck.
In New York City, Slevin Kelevra is staying in his friend Nick Fisher's apartment and, upon being visited by Nick's neighbor Lindsey, discusses Nick's disappearance and why his apartment was unlocked. Lindsey suggests that Nick might be missing and, after she leaves, Slevin is kidnapped by two henchmen, who take him to "The Boss". Mistaking Slevin for Nick, The Boss orders him to repay a large gambling debt or kill the son of his rival, "The Rabbi"; The Boss believes The Rabbi is responsible for assassinating his son (seen in the intro), and wants The Rabbi's homosexual son, Yitzchok "The Fairy", to be killed in revenge. Slevin returns to the apartment, but is kidnapped again, this time by two of The Rabbi's Jewish henchmen. Like The Boss, The Rabbi also mistakes Slevin for Nick, and also demands he repay a large gambling debt. Slevin tells The Boss he will kill Yitzchok. Concurrently with Slevin visiting the mob bosses, it becomes apparent Goodkat is somehow involved in both sides and is responsible for Nick's debts being called in, and that he plans to kill Slevin after Yitzchok dies and make it look like they both committed suicide.
Slevin is approached by Detective Brikowski, who is investigating The Boss and The Rabbi. Brikowski has also been informed that Goodkat is back in town for the first time in twenty years and thinks there is a connection between The Boss, The Rabbi, Goodkat, and Slevin. After pretending to be gay, Slevin gets invited to Yitzchok's apartment, where he and Goodkat kill Yitzchok and his bodyguards. The two then kidnap The Boss and The Rabbi, with both waking up restrained in The Boss's penthouse. Slevin appears and explains the overarching twist: Slevin is Henry, the son of the ill-fated Max, and the mobsters who killed Max were The Boss and The Rabbi. Goodkat is revealed as the assassin hired to kill young Henry, who after an attack of conscience took him in and raised him as his own. After revealing his identity, Slevin suffocates The Rabbi and The Boss by taping plastic bags over their heads, killing them the same way they killed his father. Since Lindsey earlier photographed Goodkat while investigating Nick's disappearance, Goodkat shoots her to protect his identity.
While Brikowski is hunting for Slevin he gets a phone call from his boss and learns the meaning of the pseudonym Slevin Kelevra: "Lucky Number Slevin" was the horse his father had bet on, and "Kelevra" is Hebrew for bad dog, mirroring Goodkat's name. It is revealed that Brikowski murdered Slevin's mother to pay his own gambling debts twenty years ago. As he hears this story Brikowski resigns himself to his fate as Slevin, showing rage for the first time, appears in Brikowski's backseat and shoots him.
Some time later at the bus terminal Slevin is met by Lindsey, and it is revealed that Goodkat informed Slevin that he had to murder Lindsey because she had a picture of him. However, Slevin explained his true identity to Lindsey and helped fake her death. When Goodkat appears, aware of the deception, Slevin explains he had to save Lindsey and did not think Goodkat would understand. Since Goodkat had saved Slevin as a boy he states that he understands and agrees to leave Lindsey alone. Goodkat gives Slevin back his father's old watch and then disappears into the crowd. The movie flashes back twenty years to when Goodkat first spared young Henry, they drive away and Goodkat turns on the radio to a song titled "Kansas City Shuffle".
Cast
Release
Theatrical
For its US release on April 7, 2006, it was the first movie from The Weinstein Company to be distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as part of a three year distribution deal between Weinstein and MGM. The deal was terminated three months early in late 2008.
Home media
The film was released on DVD on September 12, 2006. and on Blu-ray November 8, 2008. To date the film has made $26,877,256 in home video sales, bringing its worldwide total to $83,186,137. This does not include rentals or Blu-ray sales. In addition to Blu-Ray and DVD this was one of the few films to be released on the failed HD-VMD format.
Reception
Box office
Lucky Number Slevin opened in 1,984 theaters in North America and grossed $7,031,921, with an average of $3,544 per theater and ranking #5 at the box office. The film ultimately earned $22,495,466 domestically and $33,813,415 internationally for a total of $56,308,881, above its $27 million budget.
Critical response
Lucky Number Slevin has received mixed reviews. , the film holds approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews, with an average rating of . The critical consensus states "Trying too hard to be clever in a Pulp Fiction kind of way, this film succumbs to a convoluted plot, overly-stylized characters and dizzying set design." The film also has a score of 53 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 36 critics indicating mixed or average reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Accolades
Directors Guild of Canada
Nominated: Outstanding Sound Editing – Feature Film
Milan International Film Festival
Won: Best Film (Paul McGuigan)
Won: Best Actor (Josh Hartnett)
Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA
Nominated: Best Sound Editing for Music in a Feature Film
Nominated: Best Sound Editing for Sound Effects and Foley in a Foreign Film
References
External links
2006 films
2006 black comedy films
2006 crime thriller films
American black comedy films
American crime thriller films
American gangster films
American neo-noir films
British black comedy films
British crime thriller films
British gangster films
British neo-noir films
Canadian black comedy films
Canadian crime thriller films
English-language Canadian films
2000s English-language films
English-language German films
Films directed by Paul McGuigan
Films set in New York City
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in Montreal
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Montreal
Films about gambling
German action thriller films
Alliance Films films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
The Weinstein Company films
German crime thriller films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films
2000s British films
2000s German films
Canadian gangster films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky%20Number%20Slevin |
Jacinta van Lint (born 27 March 1979) is an Australian freestyle swimmer who won a silver medal in the 4x200-metre freestyle relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Training at the Australian Institute of Sport, van Lint swam in the heats, before the team of Susie O'Neill, Giaan Rooney, Kirsten Thomson and Petria Thomas trailed the United States team home in the final.
Following the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, van Lint completed a bachelor's degree in arts and a master's degree in international studies at the University of Sydney, while competing and training with the University of Sydney club.
In 2013 van Lint completed a Certificate IV in Photoimaging, and now freelances as a photographer in Sydney and internationally. Her broad travel and volunteer experiences, and her recent work with indigenous groups at the Aurora Project has positioned her to focus her photographic work around humanitarian issues, frequently working with not for profit organisations in Australia and internationally.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
References
1979 births
Living people
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Sportspeople from Albury
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Australian female freestyle swimmers
Australian Institute of Sport swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Swimmers from Sydney
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in swimming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinta%20van%20Lint |
Private Parts & Pieces II: Back to the Pavilion is the fifth studio album by English musician and composer Anthony Phillips, released in April 1980 on Passport Records in the United States and Canada. It is the second instalment in his Private Parts & Pieces album series of previously recorded pieces that had been parts of or intended for other projects. Back to the Pavilion includes tracks recorded for Wise After the Event (1978), music during his time as a member of Genesis, and those commissioned as part of an aborted project to set Macbeth to music. It features musical contributions from Andy McCulloch and his former Genesis bandmate Mike Rutherford.
Production
Following the release of Phillips's previous album, Sides, in April 1979, his recording contract with Arista Records came to an end, leaving him without a UK distributor. Phillips recalled that the commercial failure of his second and third commercial albums, Wise After the Event (1978) and Sides, respectively, convinced management to drop him from the label. Despite the setback, Phillips' deal with the US label Passport Records was still active, but the label refused to issue an advance for new music to be recorded and produced, leaving Phillips the option of putting music out that had already been written and recorded. He decided that his next release would be the second instalment of his Private Parts & Pieces album series, the first of which was released in 1978.
Music
The music to "Scottish Suite" was originally written in mid-1976 for a "Shakespearean project using all the dialogue from the tragedies with rock music".
"Romany's Aria", "Chinaman", "Magic Garden", "Von Runkel's Yorker Music", "Tremulous" were recorded during the Wise After the Event sessions.
Release
The album was released in the United Kingdom in 1990 by Virgin Records with a bonus track, "Lucy: An Illusion".
In 2010, as part of Voiceprint Records' reissue campaign of Phillips' back catalogue, the album was reissued as a double CD where the first CD was Private Parts & Pieces. This release is newly remastered by Simon Heyworth, retains the bonus track from the previous CD release, and adds new sleeve notes.
On 11 September 2015 Esoteric Recordings released a 5-disc box set containing the first four volumes in the Private Parts & Pieces series and a fifth disc of previously unreleased material.
Track listing
All songs written by Anthony Phillips.
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's 1980 liner notes.
Music
Anthony Phillips – 12-string guitar, classical guitar, electric guitar, piano, vocals, Polymoog
Andy McCulloch – drums, percussion
Mike Rutherford – bass on "Salmon Leap" and "Amorphous, Cadaverous and Nebulous"
Rob Phillips – oboe on "Von Runkel's Yorker Music"
Mel Collins – flute on "Tremulous"
Production
Anthony Phillips – production
Anton Matthews – production
Rupert Hine – production
References
1980 albums
Anthony Phillips albums
Albums produced by Rupert Hine
Passport Records albums
Virgin Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20Parts%20%26%20Pieces%20II%3A%20Back%20to%20the%20Pavilion |
Raghavendra Rajkumar (born 15 August 1965) is an Indian actor, singer and producer of Kannada cinema. He is the son of actor Dr. Rajkumar and film producer Parvathamma Rajkumar. He made his debut as a lead in the film Chiranjeevi Sudhakar (1988) before appearing in the hugely successful 1989 film Nanjundi Kalyana. He went on to star in films such as Gajapathi Garvabhanga (1989), Anukoolakkobba Ganda (1990), and Geluvina Saradaara (1996). His last prominent film was Upendra's Swasthik (1998), a box office failure. He starred in Pakkadmane Hudugi (2004) before taking a fifteen year sabbatical from acting. Since then he has produced television serials under Poornima Productions and films under Sri Vajreshwari Combines.
His comeback film as a villain, Chillum, was dropped. In 2019, when he went to act in a lead role in the movie Ammana Mane (2019), the Prime Minister of Singapore heard about it and watched the movie.
Personal life
His brothers are Shiva Rajkumar and Puneeth Rajkumar. His son Vinay Rajkumar is an actor.
He was admitted to a Singapore hospital in 2013 due to a stroke. He has undergone physiotherapy treatment.
Filmography
As actor
As singer
As producer
Film
Television
References
External links
Fecilitation Ceremony of Raghavendra Raj Kumar organized by Slum Children and Women Development Association in Bangalore
Plackback Songs by Raghavendra RajKumar (Audio) from Udbhava.com Udbhava.com - Search results for Raghavendra Rajkumar
Male actors in Kannada cinema
Indian male film actors
Living people
Film producers from Bangalore
Male actors from Bangalore
Kannada playback singers
Kannada film producers
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
1965 births
Rajkumar family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghavendra%20Rajkumar |
Lightfoot may refer to:
Lady Lightfoot, a thoroughbred racing mare
Lightfoot (lacrosse), Native American lacrosse player
Light-foot (measurement), the time taken for light to travel one foot; List of unusual units of measurement#Light-distance
Lightfoot's moss frog, a species of amphibian endemic to South Africa.
Lightfoot Professor of Divinity, the chair of the Department of Theology and Religion at Durham University in Durham, England named for Bishop of Durham J. B. Lightfoot.
Lightfoot (surname)
Operation Lightfoot, part of the Second Battle of El Alamein
The Lightfoot-Ussher Chronology, a 17th century chronology that dates the age of the Earth based on a literal reading of the Old Testament.
Court Cases
Gomillion v. Lightfoot, a landmark 1960 United States Supreme Court case ruling that voting district lines cannot be drawn in such a way as to disenfranchise African-American voters as doing so is a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment.
Lightfoot v. Cendant Mortgage Corp., a 2017 United States Supreme Court case to determine whether lender Fannie Mae can be sued in state courts.
Entertainment
The bass player from 2001–2016 of the British-Australian band Air Supply
Ardy Lightfoot, a 1993 Super NES game
Captain Lightfoot, a 1955 film starring Rock Hudson
Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian singer-songwriter or his 1966 debut album Lightfoot!
Light-Foot, a 1959 jazz album by Lou Donaldson
"Lightfoot", a song by The Guess Who from Wheatfield Soul
Lightfoot (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
Lightfoot (Transformers), an Autobot character from the Transformers fictional series
Prince Lightfoot, one of the main characters of The Unicorn Chronicles book series; a unicorn who is the dearest friend of Cara Diana Hunter
Sammy Lightfoot, a 1983 multiplatform video game by SierraVision
Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, a 1974 film starring Clint Eastwood
Places
Lightfoot House, a Grade II listed building in the UK named after the bishop
Lightfoot Mill, an 18th-century grain mill outside Chester Springs, PA
Lightfoot, Virginia, an area of York County that is west of Williamsburg, VA
See also
Gary "Litefoot" Davis, American actor and businessman
Footlight (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightfoot |
Ashley John Callus (born 10 March 1979) is an Australian former sprint freestyle swimmer, who won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
Coming from Brisbane, Queensland, and of Maltese origin, Callus, graduated in Iona College, he was coached by Chris Urquhart, spent the beginning of his career as the understudy of fellow Australians Michael Klim and Chris Fydler. After finishing fourth in the 100 m freestyle at the 2000 Australian Championships, Callus was selected to make his debut at the age of 21 at the 2000 Sydney Olympics in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay.
2000 Olympics
Swimming with Klim, Fydler and Ian Thorpe, the Australians were not expected to win, as the United States had never lost the event at Olympic level. However, cheered on by a raucous home crowd, Klim set a world record 48.18 s in the leadoff leg, before Fydler maintained the lead, handing Callus a half-body length lead over Jason Lezak. Callus did well to stave off the faster and more experienced Lezak, giving Thorpe a slender lead. The fast-finishing Thorpe managed to overhaul the fast-starting Gary Hall Jr. by a handspan, sealing a gold medal in a world record time of 3 min 13.67 s, almost two seconds below the previous world mark.
At the 2001 World Championships in Fukuoka, Japan, he was again part of the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team which won gold ahead of the United States, and was also a finalist in the 100 m freestyle. The following year, 2002 saw his finest moment as he won individual gold at the 2002 World Short Course Championships in Moscow, Russia in the 100 m freestyle.
2004 Olympics
In 2004, Callus qualified to represent Australia for both the 50 m and 100 m freestyle, as well as the relays at the National Trials, swimming to his usual standards. However, at the Athens Olympics, Callus swum much slower in the heats of his individual events and was a long margin from even qualifying for the semi-finals. He was ignominiously dropped from the final of the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay, where Australia came sixth. It was revealed that he had contracted the Epstein-Barr virus and he took a year off to recover, returning in late 2005, declaring that he had completely overcome his illness. He has gained selection for the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
At the 2006 Commonwealth Games, Callus anchored the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team to silver, and also reached the final of both the 50 m and 100 m freestyle, although he was considerably outside his best time in both events. He took a new gold for Australia in the 2006 World Short Course Championships at 4 × 100 m medley relay, in Shanghai, China, April 2006.
2008 Olympics
At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Callus was part of the Australian 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team, which won the bronze medal in the event. He also took part in the 50m freestyle finishing a close 4th. In a post swim interview, he said he would not return for a 4th Olympics.
Successful Return
Callus made a return in 2009 at the Aus trials, despite clocking thunderous times in the prelims and semi-finals, he failed to beat the younger generation of sprinters in Eamon Sullivan & Matthew Abood. In a post swim interview he claimed due to the slow real estate market he had more free time to return to the pool.
After what most swimming fans assumed was a quiet retirement, Callus made an unexpected return to the Australian short course championships, clocking a new Australian record in the 50m freestyle.
On 26 November at the 2009 International AIS meet, Callus broke Sullivan's Australian record (former world record) in the men's 50m freestyle to clock 21.24 in the mourning prelims. For the second time in a day, taking 0.05 off the mark in the finals and bringing it down to 21.19, making him the 3rd fastest swimmer in history. "At the end of the day it's great to do fast times and see what I can possibly do, and that would have won a medal at Worlds," said Callus.
At the 2010 Telstra Trials he won the 50m freestyle in a time of 22.09, at the 2010 Pan Pacs he finished 7th in 22.15. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games he was disqualified in the semi-finals. "It's one of those things," he said. "That's bitterly disappointing ... I could have been up on the dais because I knew I was in good form." Asked if that was his last swim: "Definitely in the Commonwealth Games format. As they say, shit happens."
Career best times
See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
World record progression 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Sportsmen from Queensland
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Australian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Australian people of Maltese descent
Swimmers at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
World record setters in swimming
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Brisbane
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Goodwill Games medalists in swimming
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
People from Redland City
21st-century Australian people
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%20Callus |
Rachel Saint (January 2, 1914 – November 11, 1994) was an American evangelical Christian missionary who worked in Ecuador.
Rachel Saint was born in Wyncote, Pennsylvania. She attended the Philadelphia School of the Bible (now Cairn University) and then worked at the Keswick Colony of Mercy in New Jersey.
Career
Saint was sent out by the Wycliffe Bible Translators, trained by Summer Institute of Linguistics (now SIL International). Her first missionary assignment was to the Piro and Shapira in Peru, but she had an interest in the Huaorani people of Ecuador. In February 1955, she and Catherine Peeke went to a missionary station near Huaorani territory, where Saint's brother was working. Rachel Saint started learning the Huaorani language with the help of Dayuma, a Huaorani woman who had left her people after a dispute and was sheltered by missionaries.
In January 1956, five missionaries in the area were killed by Huaorani people, including her brother Nate Saint, who had come to Ecuador in 1948. As a result, Saint considered herself spiritually bonded to the tribe. In 1957, she embarked on a tour of the United States together with Dayuma, appearing with Billy Graham at Madison Square Garden and on Ralph Edwards' television show This Is Your Life.
In the summer of 1958, Saint returned to the Huaorani in Ecuador and, together with Elisabeth Elliot, the wife of James (Jim) Elliot, who had been killed by the Huaorani, continued to evangelize. In February 1959, they were able to move into a Huaorani settlement. Where the five American men had failed to gain entrance into the Huaorani society, these two unarmed women (as well as Elliot's little daughter) were not perceived as a threat. Saint continued in her labor to create a dictionary of the Huaorani language that she had begun before the death of the five missionaries.
Saint also appears in Joe Kane's book, Savages, in which she is criticized for the negative effects her proselytizing allegedly had on the lifestyle of those Huaorani who chose to live in her village.
Saint died in Quito from cancer on November 11, 1994. She was buried in Toñampare, Ecuador, where she had lived with the Huaorani.
Film
Trinkets and beads. Documentary, Ecuador/USA 1996, 52 minutes; Director: Chris Walker; Producer: Tony Avirgan. “Chris Walker and Tony Avirgan’s films tells the tragi-comic story of the unlikely links between Maxus – a Texas-based oil company – the 79-year-old Wycliffe Bible Translators missionary Rachel Saint, and the Huaorani people of the Ecuadorian Orient, the most fiercely isolated tribe in the Amazon. First introduced to the Indians by the missionaries, Maxus is guilty of poisoning Huaorani land with its drills and flares and leaking pipelines.”
References
External links
.
1914 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American women writers
20th-century evangelicals
20th-century lexicographers
20th-century translators
American evangelicals
American expatriates in Ecuador
American Protestant missionaries
Cairn University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Ecuador
Evangelical missionaries
Evangelical writers
Evangelicalism in South America
Female Bible translators
Female Christian missionaries
Missionary linguists
Operation Auca
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Protestant missionaries in Ecuador
Translators of the Bible into indigenous languages of the Americas
Women lexicographers
Women linguists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Saint |
The National Anthem (; ) is the national anthem of Myanmar. It consists of two parts; the first half is a traditional Burmese style section, before transitioning into the second half, a Western-style orchestra. Because of the second half, both the "National Anthem" and its predecessor "Dobama Song" are popularly known as "" (, ; ).
A long-standing tradition is that those who sing the national anthem bow at the end, as a show of respect for the nation.
History
Pre-colonial Burma did not have a proper national anthem, but had compositions glorifying the king, which served as royal anthems. After the annexation of Burma by the British Raj in 1886, "God Save the King" became the national anthem of British Burma.
In 1930, a musician from Mandalay named Saya Tin went to Rangoon and contacted the Thakins to write a new national anthem together. They set four criteria for the anthem: it must include the background of Burmese history; the current situation of Burma with regrets, lessons, and then encouraging words; it must agitate Burmese habits to build a new age; and the anthem must agitate national pride of any Burmese who listens to it. For these criteria to be met, many Thakins including Thakin Ba Thaung, Thakin Thein Maung, Thakin Hla Baw, Thakin Tha Do, Thakin On Pe, Thakin Kyaw Tun Sein, and Thakin Po Ni helped find words, and YMB Saya Tin wrote the lyrics originally titled "Dobama Song" (). Besides being the leader of the Thakins, Thakin Ba Thaung was working as a teacher of translation at Rangoon University. He had a discussion with U Tun Sein, a tutor of mathematics; U Nyunt, a tutor of Burmese; and Ko Nu, a student. On 19 July 1930, the Dobama Song was sung for the first time in a reading room of Thaton Hostel. Written in Burmese and English, it was published in the University Magazine. On 20 July 1930, it was sung with a ceremony with a huge public crowd inside U San Tun Hall at the Rahu corner of Shwedagon Pagoda. After that the Dobama Asiayone received a lot of invitations to come and sing the song. The Thakins tried to establish a tradition of singing Dobama Song in every meeting and ceremony.
On 27 June 1936, the Dobama Song was declared as the national anthem of Burma at the second conference of Dobama Asiayon held in Myingyan. Since then, Burmese nationalist sang Dobama Song instead of God Save the King.
The State of Burma, a Japanese puppet state, officially adopted the Dobama Song as its state anthem in 1943.
In the lead up to Burma's independence, U Nu asked U Sein Mya Maung to write a national anthem for their soon-to-be independent country. U Sein Mya Maung used the Dobama Song as a template, keeping the song's melody but slightly modifying the lyrics. The National Anthem was adopted as Burma's national anthem on 22 September 1947.
On 18 June 1989, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (the ruling military junta at the time) ordered to change the word (ALA-LC: ) to (ALA-LC: ) in the lyrics of the national anthem, insisting that the former refers only to Bamar people, while the latter represents all the national races. In fact, both words mean either Burma (Myanmar) or Burman (Bamar people).
According to the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, the complete version of the national anthem is specified as consisting of both the traditional Burmese style and Western-style sections.
Official lyrics
Post-1989 official version
Burmese lyrics
English translation
Historical lyrics (Dobama Song)
1930 original version
Edited official version
Historical lyrics (National Anthem)
1947 first draft
1947 official version (1948-1989)
Notes
References
External links
Burma/Myanmar: Kaba Ma Kyei - Audio of the national anthem of Burma/Myanmar, with information and lyrics (archive link)
Ga Ba Majay Ba Ma Pyay (MIDI file)
Sheet music (from Embassy of Burma to Washington)
Burmese music
Asian anthems
National symbols of Myanmar
1947 compositions
Compositions in A-flat major | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba%20Ma%20Kyei |
Night Crossing is a 1982 British-American thriller drama film starring John Hurt, Jane Alexander and Beau Bridges. The film is based on the true story of the Strelzyk and Wetzel families, who on September 16, 1979 attempted to escape from East Germany to West Germany in a homemade hot-air balloon during the Inner German border-era when immigration to West Germany was strictly prohibited by the East German government. It was the final theatrical film directed by Delbert Mann, and the last in which Kay Walsh appeared before retiring.
Plot
A brief summary of conditions in East Germany and the border zone shows stock footage such as Conrad Schumann's jump over barbed wire in Berlin as the Berlin Wall is constructed.
In April 1978 in the small town of Pößneck, Thuringia, teenager Lukas Keller attempts to escape East Germany by riding a bulldozer through the Inner German border zone. However, he is shot by automatic machine guns and left for dead by the guards. His family is informed while on a picnic with their friends the Strelzyks and the Wetzels, and the entire Keller family are taken by the police. Aggravated with life under the GDR regime, Peter Strelzyk proposes a daring plan to his friend Günter Wetzel: they will build a balloon to carry themselves and their families (a total of eight people) over the border to West Germany. They purchase 1,255 square yards of taffeta, claiming that it is for a camping club, and Günter sews the fabric together with a sewing machine in his attic while Peter experiments for months with devising a burner for the hot-air balloon. They face setbacks such as fires while trying to inflate the balloon, a lack of power for the burner, extremely suspicious neighbors and doubts about the plan's feasibility by Günter's wife Petra.
Peter and Günter then stop seeing each other in order to avoid suspicion that may arise when the Strelzyks escape. Peter and his eldest son Frank complete the burner and, after extensive testing, manage to inflate the balloon. On July 3, 1979, the four members of the Strelzyk family attempt to fly the balloon. They successfully lift off but they are spotted by a border guard. However, a cloud dampens the balloon and the burner, and they crash within the border zone only a few hundred feet from the fences, and the balloon floats away. Miraculously, they escape the zone, return to their car and drive home. Meanwhile, the border guard finds the balloon and the Stasi, led by Major Koerner, begins an investigation to identify the balloon's creators in order to prevent them from trying again to do so. Initially distraught over his failure, Peter is convinced by his sons to try again, knowing that the Stasi may soon uncover the plot. Peter convinces Günter to help him and both families begin work on a larger balloon to carry them all out of East Germany. Petra agrees to the plan, especially because her mother in West Berlin is very sick and the East German government has repeatedly denied her request to visit her.
Having identified the initial launch area, the Stasi begins closing in on Pößneck. The Strelzyks and Wetzels purchase smaller quantities of taffeta from various stores to avoid suspicion, but they are running out of time. Peter tries to buy taffeta, claiming it is for his group of Young Pioneers, but the store manager secretly notifies the Stasi. The men eventually finish the balloon but have no time to test it. On 15 September 1979, the families prepare to act on the plan while the Stasi finds blood-pressure medicine belonging to Peter's wife Doris where the first balloon had landed. The Stasi contacts the pharmacy and is able to identify the owner of the pills as Doris. The families' neighbor, a member of the Stasi, reports that they had been acting suspiciously. The families leave only minutes before the Stasi arrives at their homes. They reach their launch point while the border is placed on emergency alert.
The balloon is inflated and the burner is lit. Both families climb into the balloon's basket and cut their ropes. A fire is started in the cloth, but it is quickly extinguished by Günter. They later notice a hole in the balloon and hope that it will hold. While in flight, the balloon is spotted and Koerner pursues them in a helicopter. Eventually, the burner's propane supply is expended and the balloon descends, and the border guard is mobilized to find them. The balloon lands in a clearing with all eight people unharmed. Peter and Günter attempt to determine where they are as they are discovered by a police car. Peter asks the police if they are in the West, and the police officer confirms. Overjoyed, Peter and Günter light their signal flare. The families happily embrace.
Cast
John Hurt as Peter Strelzyk
Doug McKeon as Frank Strelzyk
Keith McKeon as Fitscher Strelzyk
Beau Bridges as Günter Wetzel
Jane Alexander as Doris Strelzyk
Glynnis O'Connor as Petra Wetzel
Klaus Löwitsch as Schmolk
Geoffrey Liesik as Peter Wetzel
Michael Liesik as Andreas Wetzel
Ian Bannen as Josef Keller
Anne Stallybrass as Magda Keller
Matthew Taylor as Lukas Keller
Günter Meisner as Major Koerner
Sky Dumont as Ziegler
Jan Niklas as Lieutenant Fehler
Kay Walsh as Doris' Mother
Production
The day after the September 1979 real-life balloon escape of the Strelzyk and Wetzel families from East Germany, Walt Disney Productions producer Tom Leetch approached Disney’s vice president of production Ron Miller and executive producer Eva Redfern, who contacted the two families to discuss the possibility of creating a film about them. Less than a month later, Redfern met with Peter Strelzyk at the Hotel Atlantic in Hamburg, Germany. Although the families received five offers from other filmmakers, they accepted Disney’s terms—a $5,000 six-month story option and $50,000 if the studio moved ahead with development—because they remembered watching Disney films through illicit television signals at their home in East Germany. They also hoped that the film would educate people in their home country. In November 1979, the Strelzyks and Wetzels traveled to Los Angeles, where they recorded 20 hours of interviews for Leetch, associate producer Marc Stirdivant and writer John McGreevey. The film's unofficial working title was The Balloon Movie.
Filming was scheduled to begin on 1 September 1980 in Munich, but an eight-week Screen Actors Guild strike delayed production until 27 October. Production notes list the German cities of Landsberg, Mühltal, Harthausen and Munich among the filming locations. In the town of Eulenschwang, the production team recreated a half-mile section of the border between East and West Germany at a cost of $300,000. Near Lake Constance in Friedrichschafen, filmmakers transplanted 300 pine trees, 150 cubic yards of soil and 6,000 square yards of black plastic to transform a large fair exhibition hall into a contained forest set. The construction project lasted two weeks and cost $150,000. Additional interior filming took place at Munich’s Bavaria Studios. Seven balloons were created for the film, six of which were authentic recreations of the actual balloon used by the Strelzyks and Wetzels, with material and technical changes made to comply with regulations. The remaining balloon was a smaller utility aircraft used for preliminary tests and aerial photography. One balloon reportedly required 12,453 square feet of material. Unexpected snowfall caused delays during the final week of filming, and production completed during the week of 18 January 1981, at least a week behind schedule and in excess of the film's budget. The final cost was estimated at more than $10 million.
Production notes
The German title Mit dem Wind nach Westen translates as With the Wind to the West, although the families' actual flight path from Pößneck in Thuringia to Naila, near Hof in Bavaria, did not take them west geographically but almost due south.
The license plates shown on the cars in the film used the correct East German numbering system but were pressed on West German blanks using West German DIN-standard dies. Such plates were issued briefly, but not until after German reunification, thus creating an unintended anachronism.
John Hurt was approached on set to lend his voice for Disney's upcoming animated feature The Black Cauldron as the Horned King.
The film was nominated for two Young Artist Awards: Best Family Picture and Best Young Actor (Doug McKeon).
Jürgen Petschull's 1980 non-fiction book With the Wind to the West was republished to coincide with the film's release that same year.
The film's working titles included The Balloon Movie, The Last Flight to Freedom and Wind to the West.
References
External links
(archived)
1982 films
1980s American films
1980s British films
1980s English-language films
1980s historical drama films
American aviation films
American historical drama films
American thriller films
British historical drama films
British thriller films
Balloons (aeronautics)
Cold War films
Drama films based on actual events
Films about the Berlin Wall
Films about families
Films critical of communism
Films directed by Delbert Mann
Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith
Films set in 1978
Films set in 1979
Films set in East Germany
Films shot in Germany
Walt Disney Pictures films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20Crossing |
The 1993 Women's Intercontinental Cup was a qualifier for the 1994 Women's Hockey World Cup and was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from July 15 until July 25, 1993. Twelve nations took part, and they were divided into two groups of six in the preliminary round. The top five teams will join the other six that have already qualified: Australia, China, England, hosts Ireland, the Netherlands, Olympic champions Spain, and South Korea.
Final standings
*
*
*
*
*
Remarks
The first five (Germany, Argentina, Canada, Russia and the United States) participated in the 1994 Women's Hockey World Cup in Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
References
External links
Overview on FIH-site
1993
1993 in women's field hockey
1993 in American women's sports
1993 Women's Intercontinental Cup
1993 in sports in Pennsylvania
July 1993 sports events in the United States
Women's sports in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Women%27s%20Intercontinental%20Cup |
Spoil or spoils:
Plunder taken from an enemy or victim
Material (such as rock, earth or other overburden) removed during:
excavation
mining
dredging
An Australian rules football tactic, see One percenter (Australian rules football)#Spoil
See also
Spoil tip
Spoilage (disambiguation)
Spoiler (disambiguation)
Spolia (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoil |
Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word ἕρπειν ( 'to creep'), referring to spreading cutaneous lesions, usually involving blisters, seen in flares of herpes simplex 1, herpes simplex 2 and herpes zoster (shingles). In 1971, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) established Herpesvirus as a genus with 23 viruses among four groups. As of 2020, 115 species are recognized, all but one of which are in one of the three subfamilies. Herpesviruses can cause both latent and lytic infections.
Nine herpesvirus types are known to primarily infect humans, at least five of which are extremely widespread among most human populations, and which cause common diseases: herpes simplex 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, also known as HHV-1 and HHV-2; both of which can cause orolabial and genital herpes), varicella zoster (or HHV-3; the cause of chickenpox and shingles), Epstein–Barr (EBV or HHV-4; implicated in several diseases, including mononucleosis and some cancers), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5). More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one of these, and a latent form of the virus remains in almost all humans who have been infected. Other human herpesviruses are human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV-8).
In total, more than 130 herpesviruses are known, some of them from mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and molluscs. Among the animal herpesviruses are pseudorabies virus causing Aujeszky's disease in pigs, and bovine herpesvirus 1 causing bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis.
Taxonomy
Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae
Iltovirus
Mardivirus
Scutavirus
Simplexvirus
Varicellovirus
Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae
Cytomegalovirus
Muromegalovirus
Proboscivirus
Quwivirus
Roseolovirus
Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae
Bossavirus
Lymphocryptovirus
Macavirus
Manticavirus
Patagivirus
Percavirus
Rhadinovirus
Additionally, the species Iguanid herpesvirus 2 is currently unassigned to a genus and subfamily.
See Herpesvirales#Taxonomy for information on taxonomic history, phylogenetic research, and the nomenclatural system.
Structure
All members of the Herpesviridae share a common structure; a relatively large, monopartite, double-stranded, linear DNA genome encoding 100-200 genes encased within an icosahedral protein cage (with T=16 symmetry) called the capsid, which is itself wrapped in a protein layer called the tegument containing both viral proteins and viral mRNAs and a lipid bilayer membrane called the envelope. This whole particle is known as a virion.
The structural components of a typical HSV virion are the Lipid bilayer envelope, Tegument, DNA, Glycoprotein spikes and Nucleocapsid. The four-component Herpes simplex virion encompasses the double-stranded DNA genome into an icosahedral nucleocapsid. There is tegument around. Tegument contains filaments, each 7 nm wide. It is an amorphous layer with some structured regions. Finally, it is covered with a lipoprotein envelope. There are spikes made of glycoprotein protruding from each virion. These can expand the diameter of the virus to 225 nm. The diameters of virions without spikes are around 186 nm. There are at least two unglycosylated membrane proteins in the outer envelope of the virion. There are also 11 glycoproteins. These are gB, gC, gD, gE, gG, gH, gI, gJ, gK, gL and gM. Tegument contains 26 proteins. They have duties such as capsid transport to the nucleus and other organelles, activation of early gene transcription, and mRNA degradation. The icosahedral nucleocapsid is similar to that of tailed bacteriophage in the order Caudovirales. This capsid has 161 capsomers consisting of 150 hexons and 11 pentons, as well as a portal complex that allows entry and exit of DNA into the capsid.
Life cycle
All herpesviruses are nuclear-replicating—the viral DNA is transcribed to mRNA within the infected cell's nucleus.
Infection is initiated when a viral particle contacts a cell with specific types of receptor molecules on the cell surface. Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Within the nucleus, replication of viral DNA and transcription of viral genes occurs.
During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe lytic viral genes. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency-associated transcript (LAT) accumulate, instead. In this fashion, the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free.
Chromatin dynamics regulate the transcription competency of entire herpes virus genomes. When the virus enters a cell, the cellular immune response is to protect the cell. The cell does so by wrapping the viral DNA around histones and condensing it into chromatin, causing the virus to become dormant, or latent. If cells are unsuccessful and the chromatin is loosely bundled, the viral DNA is still accessible. The viral particles can turn on their genes and replicate using cellular machinery to reactivate, starting a lytic infection.
Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of diseases (e.g. shingles, pityriasis rosea). Following activation, transcription of viral genes transitions from LAT to multiple lytic genes; these lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of nonspecific symptoms, such as low-grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise, and rash, as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph nodes and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cells.
In animal models, local trauma and system stress have been found to induce reactivation of latent herpesvirus infection. Cellular stressors like transient interruption of protein synthesis and hypoxia are also sufficient to induce viral reactivation.
Evolution
The three mammalian subfamilies – Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-herpesviridae – arose approximately 180 to 220 mya. The major sublineages within these subfamilies were probably generated before the mammalian radiation of 80 to 60 mya. Speciations within sublineages took place in the last 80 million years probably with a major component of cospeciation with host lineages.
All the currently known bird and reptile species are alphaherpesviruses. Although the branching order of the herpes viruses has not yet been resolved, because herpes viruses and their hosts tend to coevolve this is suggestive that the alphaherpesviruses may have been the earliest branch.
The time of origin of the genus Iltovirus has been estimated to be 200 mya while those of the mardivirus and simplex genera have been estimated to be between 150 and 100 mya.
Immune system evasions
Herpesviruses are known for their ability to establish lifelong infections. One way this is possible is through immune evasion. Herpesviruses have many different ways of evading the immune system. One such way is by encoding a protein mimicking human interleukin 10 (hIL-10) and another is by downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) in infected cells.
cmvIL-10
Research conducted on cytomegalovirus (CMV) indicates that the viral human IL-10 homolog, cmvIL-10, is important in inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. The cmvIL-10 protein has 27% identity with hIL-10 and only one conserved residue out of the nine amino acids that make up the functional site for cytokine synthesis inhibition on hIL-10. There is, however, much similarity in the functions of hIL-10 and cmvIL-10. Both have been shown to down regulate IFN-γ, IL-1α, GM-CSF, IL-6 and TNF-α, which are all pro-inflammatory cytokines. They have also been shown to play a role in downregulating MHC I and MHC II and up regulating HLA-G (non-classical MHC I). These two events allow for immune evasion by suppressing the cell-mediated immune response and natural killer cell response, respectively. The similarities between hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 may be explained by the fact that hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 both use the same cell surface receptor, the hIL-10 receptor. One difference in the function of hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 is that hIL-10 causes human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to both increase and decrease in proliferation whereas cmvIL-10 only causes a decrease in proliferation of PBMCs. This indicates that cmvIL-10 may lack the stimulatory effects that hIL-10 has on these cells.
It was found that cmvIL-10 functions through phosphorylation of the Stat3 protein. It was originally thought that this phosphorylation was a result of the JAK-STAT pathway. However, despite evidence that JAK does indeed phosphorylate Stat3, its inhibition has no significant influence on cytokine synthesis inhibition. Another protein, PI3K, was also found to phosphorylate Stat3. PI3K inhibition, unlike JAK inhibition, did have a significant impact on cytokine synthesis. The difference between PI3K and JAK in Stat3 phosphorylation is that PI3K phosphorylates Stat3 on the S727 residue whereas JAK phosphorylates Stat3 on the Y705 residue. This difference in phosphorylation positions seems to be the key factor in Stat3 activation leading to inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. In fact, when a PI3K inhibitor is added to cells, the cytokine synthesis levels are significantly restored. The fact that cytokine levels are not completely restored indicates there is another pathway activated by cmvIL-10 that is inhibiting cytokine system synthesis. The proposed mechanism is that cmvIL-10 activates PI3K which in turn activates PKB (Akt). PKB may then activate mTOR, which may target Stat3 for phosphorylation on the S727 residue.
MHC downregulation
Another one of the many ways in which herpes viruses evade the immune system is by down regulation of MHC I and MHC II. This is observed in almost every human herpesvirus. Down regulation of MHC I and MHC II can come about by many different mechanisms, most causing the MHC to be absent from the cell surface. As discussed above, one way is by a viral chemokine homolog such as IL-10. Another mechanism to down regulate MHCs is to encode viral proteins that detain the newly formed MHC in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The MHC cannot reach the cell surface and therefore cannot activate the T cell response. The MHCs can also be targeted for destruction in the proteasome or lysosome. The ER protein TAP also plays a role in MHC down regulation. Viral proteins inhibit TAP preventing the MHC from picking up a viral antigen peptide. This prevents proper folding of the MHC and therefore the MHC does not reach the cell surface.
Human herpesvirus types
Below are the nine distinct viruses in this family known to cause disease in humans.
Zoonotic herpesviruses
In addition to the herpesviruses considered endemic in humans, some viruses associated primarily with animals may infect humans. These are zoonotic infections:
Animal herpesviruses
In animal virology, the best known herpesviruses belong to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. Research on pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control with genetically modified vaccines. PrV is now extensively studied as a model for basic processes during lytic herpesvirus infection, and for unraveling molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus neurotropism, whereas bovine herpesvirus 1, the causative agent of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis, is analyzed to elucidate molecular mechanisms of latency. The avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus is phylogenetically distant from these two viruses and serves to underline similarity and diversity within the Alphaherpesvirinae.
Research
Research is currently ongoing into a variety of side-effect or co-conditions related to the herpesviruses. These include:
Alzheimer's disease
atherosclerosis
cholangiocarcinoma
chronic fatigue syndrome
Crohn's disease
dysautonomia
fibromyalgia
Irritable bowel syndrome
labile hypertension
lupus
Ménière's disease
multiple sclerosis
pancreatic cancer
pancreatitis
pityriasis rosea
Type II Diabetes
See also
Acciptrid herpesvirus 1
Agua Preta virus, a potential herpesvirus
References
External links
ICTV International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (official site)
Viralzone: Herpesviridae
Animal viruses
Article on Cercopithecine herpesvirus
National B Virus Resource Center
Pityriasis Rosea overview
Herpes simplex: Host viral protein interactions.A database of Host/HSV-1 interactions
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Herpesviridae
Animal virology
Infectious causes of cancer
Virus families
Viral diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesviridae |
Victor (Viktor) Abramovich Zalgaller (; ; 25 December 1920 – 2 October 2020) was a Russian-Israeli mathematician in the fields of geometry and optimization. He is best known for the results he achieved on convex polyhedra, linear and dynamic programming, isoperimetry, and differential geometry.
Biography
Zalgaller was born in Parfino, Novgorod Governorate on 25 December 1920. In 1936, he was one of the winners of the Leningrad Mathematics Olympiads for high school students. He started his studies at the Leningrad State University, however, World War II intervened in 1941, and Zalgaller joined the Red Army. He took part in the defence of Leningrad, and in 1945 marched into Germany.
He worked as a teacher at the Saint Petersburg Lyceum 239, and received his 1963 doctoral dissertation on polyhedra with the aid of his high school students who wrote the computer programs for the calculation.
Zalgaller did his early work under direction of A. D. Alexandrov and Leonid Kantorovich. He wrote joint monographs with both of them. His later monograph Geometric Inequalities (joint with Yu. Burago) is still the main reference in the field.
Zalgaller lived in Saint Petersburg most of his life, having studied and worked at the Leningrad State University and the Steklov Institute of Mathematics (Saint Petersburg branch).
In 1999, he immigrated to Israel. Zalgaller died on 2 October 2020 at the age of 99.
References
V. A. Aleksandrov, et al. Viktor Abramovich Zalgaller (on his 80th birthday), Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 56 (2001), 1013–1014 (see here for a Russian version).
Yu. D. Burago, et al. Viktor Abramovich Zalgaller (on his 80th birthday), J. Math. Sci. (N. Y.) J. Math. Sci. (N.Y.) Vol. 119 (2004), 129–132 (see here for a Russian version).
M. Z. Solomyak, A few words about Viktor Abramovich Zalgaller, J. Math. Sci. (N.Y.) Vol. 119 (2004), 138–140.
S. S. Kutateladze, A Tribute to the Philanthropist and Geometer.
List of papers of V. A. Zalgaller, available here (mostly in Russian).
External links
Intrinsic Geometry of Surfaces — book by A.D Alexandrov and V.A. Zalgaller (AMS Online Book, originally translated in 1967).
Personal war memoir (in Russian).
Lecture read in 1999 in St.Petersburg, Russia (video, in Russian)
1920 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Russian mathematicians
21st-century Russian mathematicians
Differential geometers
Israeli Jews
Israeli mathematicians
People from Parfinsky District
Russian emigrants to Israel
Russian Jews
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Soviet mathematicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Zalgaller |
PHO or pho may refer to:
Phở, a Vietnamese noodle soup
Primary health organisation, New Zealand
Public health observatory, UK
Potentially hazardous object, an asteroid or comet that could potentially collide with Earth
Pho regulon, a bacterial phosphate regulatory mechanism
See also
Pho4, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor
Phos, a genus of sea snails | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHO |
Tamkeen is Arabic for enablement and empowerment.
Tamkeen Industrial and Trading Company, also called Tamkeen Group, a business based in Saudi Arabia.
Tamkeen (Bahrain), a semi-government organisation in Bahrain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamkeen |
Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital (MEETH) is a specialty hospital in New York City that was founded in 1869 and is currently located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan at 210 East 64th Street (between 2nd and 3rd Avenues). After 131 years as an independent entity, in 2000 MEETH affiliated with Lenox Hill Hospital, a 652-bed acute care hospital, established in New York City in 1857 and located at 77th Street (between Park and Lexington Avenues) in Manhattan. MEETH is recognized in medical circles for its long history of contributions in developing the fields of ophthalmology, otolaryngology and plastic surgery. MEETH provides thousands of patients a year with treatment in its ambulatory surgery facilities.
History
Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital was granted a charter from the New York Legislature to found a voluntary, non-profit Eye and Ear hospital on May 9, 1869. The hospital was founded based on the purpose "to alleviate the suffering of the poor and the cultivation and diffusion of sound knowledge of all that relates to the diseases of the eye and ear." The founders of this institution included prominent citizens of the time and pioneers in the field of medicine and surgery, a group of 17 men: including 14 laymen and 3 physicians. They hoped to help those afflicted by impaired vision and hearing.
On October 15, 1869, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital was opened in a rented brownstone at 233 East 34th Street. The hospital, which had 13 beds and an outpatient clinic, was supported primarily through charitable donations and no provision was made for private patients. Patients were asked to pay what they could, if they could, and most of them were not able to pay anything. However, the space was not adequate to accommodate the large number of patients seeking medical help there. In the first 14 months of its existence, the hospital treated 1,717 patients, and 294 operations were performed in its quarters. Efforts were initiated almost immediately to raise funds for a larger, more suitable and permanent facility.
The first permanent facility of Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital was located on
Park Avenue and 41st Street and was completed and opened on October 3, 1881. This 75-bed Hospital quickly became a nationally recognized center for the treatment of Eye, Ear and
Throat diseases and by the late 1800s patients were coming from across the United States seeking the specialized care provided by the physicians at Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat
Hospital.
With the number of patients increasing substantially each year, it was not long before the facilities of Manhattan Eye and Ear on Park Avenue became overburdened. On November 1, 1906, the Hospital moved to new quarters at 210 East 64th Street. The seven story building, which served as the hospital's primary inpatient facility for the next 76 years, is still in use, currently housing the outpatient department and administrative offices. The Annex on 63rd Street was completed in 1917, increasing the hospital's working capacity by 30%. In 1925, three floors were added to the main hospital building on East 64th Street. In the ensuing years, many renovation projects were undertaken to upgrade and improve this facility. However, by the late 1970s the hospital was inadequate to accommodate the 10,000 inpatients and the nearly 100,000 outpatients treated annually, and plans were initiated for a new seven floor addition to the hospital's complex. In addition to totally replacing the hospital's inpatient facilities and surgical suites, the new building allowed expansion of research programs.
Many world-renowned physicians have been associated with MEETH, including its founders Cornelius Agnew and Daniel B. St. John Roosa, Charles Kelman, Lawrence Yannuzzi, David Gilbert Yates.
In 1999 the Board of Directors of MEETH adopted a plan to sell the real estate on East 64th Street, terminate its residency program and close all hospital functions. The Supreme Court of New York County denied the petition associated with this plan, finding instead that the closure was not proper and not the only available alternative. Subsequently, in 2000 the MEETH instead affiliated with Lenox Hill Hospital in a merger in which no money was exchanged according to press reports.
In January, 2004 Olivia Goldsmith, a novelist, died at MEETH after elective facial surgery and in February, 2004, another patient (Susan Malitz) died at MEETH during a face-lift. Both incidents attracted national attention at the time.
Medical specialties
Today, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital is a center for postgraduate training of ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons.
Ophthalmology – eye care
Medical care is provided for the diagnosis and treatment of afflictions of the eye, including issues such as cataracts, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Medical research is being conducted on an ongoing basis to better understand mechanisms and treatments for diseases of the eye.
Otolaryngology – head and neck surgery
Medical care is provided for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the ears, nose, sinuses, throat, head and neck. Treatment is provided to both adult and pediatric patients. Some of the areas of treatment include: head and neck tumor surgery, thyroid and parathyroid gland surgery, surgery for sleep apnea, ear surgery, emergency services, plastic and reconstructive surgery, minimally invasive skull base surgery and reconstruction of congenital deformities of the ear.
Plastic surgery
The Plastic Surgery Clinic provides aesthetic surgical procedures including: facelift, browlift (eyebrows), blepharoplasty (eyelids), rhinoplasty (nose), otoplasty (ears), breast augmentation, breast reduction, abdominoplasty (tummy tuck), liposuction, botox and fat injections and others.
Research milestones
MEETH has played a long-standing role in ophthalmic research and has claimed many firsts: first allergy clinic in the United States - 1916, first diagnostic treatment clinic for glaucoma - 1942, first eye bank - 1944, first small-incision phacoemulsification cataract extraction - 1967, first cochlear implant center - 1983, first nasal center - 1989, first excimer laser vision correction trials - 1990, first laser procedure for cataract extraction - 1993. MEETH has also been a pioneer in: Photodynamic therapy for wet macular degeneration, the use of sonography (ultrasound) and angiography to diagnose a wide range of eye disorders, ophthalmic plastic surgery, and LASIK laser vision correction.
References
External links
MEETH Plastic Surgery Clinic Website web site
Hospital buildings completed in 1881
Hospital buildings completed in 1906
Teaching hospitals in New York City
Hospitals in Manhattan
Hospitals established in 1869
Otorhinolaryngology organizations
Upper East Side
Eye hospitals in the United States
1869 establishments in New York (state)
Voluntary hospitals
Northwell Health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan%20Eye%2C%20Ear%20and%20Throat%20Hospital |
Mark Norman Few (born December 27, 1962) is an American college basketball coach who has been the head coach at Gonzaga University since 1999. He has served on Gonzaga's coaching staff since 1989, and has been a constant on the sidelines throughout a period that has seen the Bulldogs rise from mid-major obscurity to consistent NCAA tournament contenders. During his tenure as head coach, Few has led the Bulldogs to the NCAA Tournament every season (except 2019–20, when the team had secured an automatic bid but the tournament was canceled), a stretch that has garnered the Bulldogs recognition as a major basketball power despite playing in a mid-major conference. In his 24 seasons as head coach, his teams have won at least a share of 22 WCC regular season titles, 19 WCC tournament titles and have participated in the National Championship game twice (2017 and 2021).
Biography
Early life and education
Few was born in Creswell, Oregon, and was a star point guard at Creswell High School, graduating in 1981. He originally attended Linfield College, hoping to play basketball and baseball, but he was troubled by the after effects of a dislocated shoulder he suffered while playing football as a senior at Creswell. He then transferred to the University of Oregon, hoping to play baseball there, but the Ducks had dropped their varsity baseball program by the time he arrived in Eugene. He graduated from Oregon with a BS in physical education in 1987.
Coaching career
Assistant coach
Few entered the coaching profession even before receiving his degree, serving as an unpaid part-time assistant at his alma mater of Creswell High School starting in 1983, and advancing to a paid position from 1986 to 1988. During this time, he also worked at Oregon's summer basketball camps. After a season as an assistant at another Oregon school, Sheldon High School in Eugene, he moved to Spokane, Washington, joining the Gonzaga staff as a graduate assistant in 1989 under Dan Fitzgerald. He had some familiarity with the program, as he had befriended Dan Monson, then a Gonzaga assistant and later the head coach, during his time working the Oregon basketball camps. In 1990, he was promoted to a full-time assistant. As an assistant, Few helped lead Gonzaga to its first four postseason appearances—the 1994, 1996, and 1998 National Invitation Tournaments and the 1995 NCAA tournament.
In April 1999, Monson, who had just finished his second year as Gonzaga head coach, promoted Few to associate head coach. This was immediately following the season in which Gonzaga became the nation's basketball darlings, making a run through the NCAA tournament, defeating Minnesota, Stanford, and Florida, to advance to the Elite Eight. In the West Regional finals Gonzaga lost to eventual national champions UConn by five points. When Monson left in late July to take the open head coaching job at Minnesota, Few, who had been designated as Monson's successor, was promoted to head coach.
Head coach
Taking over after Monson's abrupt departure, Few was able to maintain the Gonzaga program's success from his very first season and prevent the Bulldogs from being a one-year wonder and sinking back into obscurity. He led them to the NCAA Sweet Sixteen for the first two years and was only the second head coach in the nation to achieve this feat since the NCAA tournament expanded to 64 teams in 1985. The following year (2001–02), Few set an all-time record for NCAA Division I men's coaches by collecting 81 wins in his first three years as a head coach. The record stood until 2010 when Brad Stevens of Butler surpassed it. In 2017, Mark Few became the third fastest coach to reach 500 wins in NCAA Division I history. The program's success has continued as Gonzaga has made the NCAA tournament in every one of Few's 21 completed seasons; indeed, he has been on hand for every postseason appearance in school history. The Bulldogs have also advanced to the WCC tournament title game in every season during Few's tenure. The Zags have won their way to every WCC Tournament championship game since 1998, and all but one since 1995.
With Few as head coach, the Gonzaga program produced its first seven first-team All-Americans in Dan Dickau, Adam Morrison, Kelly Olynyk, Nigel Williams-Goss, Rui Hachimura, Corey Kispert, and Drew Timme. All seven have played in the NBA, along with Richie Frahm, Blake Stepp, Ronny Turiaf, Austin Daye, Jeremy Pargo, Robert Sacre, Elias Harris, Kevin Pangos,David Stockton, Domantas Sabonis, Kyle Wiltjer, Zach Collins, Johnathan Williams, Brandon Clarke, Zach Norvell, Killian Tillie, Joel Ayayi, Jalen Suggs, Chet Holmgren, and Julian Strawther.
Few was named the West Coast Conference Coach of the Year for six consecutive seasons (2001 through 2006).
The 2006–07 season may have been one of his better coaching jobs, as the team faced what could be called a "perfect storm":
Adam Morrison, a first-team All-America in 2005-06, chose to leave Gonzaga for the NBA with a year of eligibility left.
The Zags played an especially brutal nonconference schedule, with no fewer than nine opponents that would make the NCAA tournament.
The team's second-leading scorer and leading rebounder in 2006–07, Josh Heytvelt, was suspended after being arrested on drug charges in February 2007, and did not play again during the season.
The Zags ended the regular season at 21–10, their first season with double digits in losses since 1997–98, which was also the last season to date in which they failed to make the NCAA tournament. It had generally been thought that Gonzaga would have to win the WCC tournament to earn a bid to the NCAA tournament. However, Gonzaga would go on to win the conference tournament, notably beating a Santa Clara team in the final that had earlier handed the Zags their first home-court loss in nearly four years. They would go out in the first round of the NCAA tournament to Indiana.
A year later, despite losing to San Diego in the conference title game, the Bulldogs garnered an at-large bid in the NCAA Tournament.
On March 21, 2009, Few notched his 254th win as Gonzaga's head coach with a second-round victory in the NCAA Tournament, passing his former boss Fitzgerald as the winningest coach in school history.
During the 2012-13 season, Few led the Bulldogs to the No. 2 ranking in both major polls, the highest national ranking at the time in school history. Few broke that record a week later when the Bulldogs surged to No. 1 in both polls for the first time. It was also the first time a WCC school had ascended to the top spot since San Francisco in 1977. Gonzaga went on to receive its first No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament in school history, as well as a then school-record 32 wins.
During the 2014-15 season, Few led the Zags back to the No. 2 ranking in both major polls, along with a then school-record 22-game winning streak. Few guided Gonzaga to a No. 2 seed in the NCAA Tournament, his first Elite Eight appearance as head coach, and a then school-record 35 wins.
In 2016-17, Few led the Zags to arguably their greatest season up to that point in school history. They stormed through the regular season, starting with a school-record 29-game winning streak, which also broke the record for consecutive wins to start a season. By February, they had surged back to No. 1 in the polls. The winning streak and No. 1 ranking were lost when the Bulldogs lost to BYU on February 25. As it turned out, it would be the Bulldogs' only loss of the regular season. Gonzaga went on to receive a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament for the second time in school history, and advanced to the Final Four for the first time in school history, losing to North Carolina in the National Championship. The Zags set a new school record with 37 wins, which was also tied for the second-most wins in NCAA Division I history. They also made the deepest NCAA Tournament run by a WCC team since San Francisco reached three consecutive Final Fours from 1955 to 1957.
Few was named as the National Coach of the Year in 2016-17 by the Associated Press, Naismith, and the USBWA, awarded with the Henry Iba Award.
In 2018-19, Few's No. 3 Gonzaga team defeated No. 1 Duke 89-87 in the Maui Invitational final to beat Duke for the first time and to beat a top-ranked team for the first time in team history.
During the COVID-19-shortened 2020-21 season, Few led Gonzaga to its first-ever undefeated regular and conference season at 26-0, he also ended the season with the longest current home win streak, a school record, at 51 games. It also marked the first time in school history that the Zags were ranked No. 1 in both the Associated Press and Collegiate Coaches Polls for the entire season. Few also continued his consecutive conference tournament championship win streaks with 8, making him the only coach in NCAA history to reach 8 or more twice in his career. Few ended the season by breaking his old school record of 29 by winning 31 straight games from the start of the season before losing in the NCAA Championship game.
National team career
Few was the head coach of the United States national team at the 2015 Pan American Games, where he led the US to a bronze medal.
In 2019, Few was elected as the assistant coach of the national select team, a 13-player squad that helps the national team training. He helped the national team prepare for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.
Personal life
Few and his wife Marcy were married by his father in 1994 and have three sons and one daughter. They have organized a charity golf tournament under the Coaches vs. Cancer umbrella, and since the tournament began in 2002, have raised over $1 million for the American Cancer Society.
Few is an avid fly fisherman.
In 2021, Few was given a three-game suspension from his coaching position at Gonzaga following an arrest for DUI.
Awards, records and achievements
NCAA
Highest winning percentage (minimum 600 games) :
Most consecutive tournament appearances since starting as head coach : 24
Only Coach to win 8 or more consecutive conference championships twice
3rd Fastest Coach to 500 Games (Adolph Rupp - 1st, Jerry Tarkanian - 2nd)
3rd Fastest Coach to 600 Games (Adolph Rupp - 1st, Jerry Tarkanian - 2nd)
2nd most wins in first 3 seasons (Brad Stevens)
2nd most wins in a season with 37 (Tied with Mike Krzyzewski twice, Bill Self, Bruce Weber & Jerry Tarkanian have one each) (John Calipari has 38, three times)
West Coast Conference
Only coach to receive the Henry Iba Award in WCC
Most consecutive seasons named WCC coach of the year: 6
Most seasons named WCC coach of the year: 13
Most WCC regular season wins: 291
Most consecutive WCC regular season wins: 40
Most consecutive WCC regular season road wins: 39
Most WCC regular season championships: 22
Most WCC tournament wins: 45
Most WCC tournament championships: 19
Most Consecutive WCC tournament championships: 11
Gonzaga
Most wins in school history: 689
Most undefeated regular seasons: 1 (26-0)
Most wins in a season: 37
Best Season 31-1
Most consecutive wins to start a season: 31 (Few also holds the No. 2 spot at 29)
Most consecutive wins: 31
Longest home court winning streak: 75
Most NCAA tournament appearances: 24
Most NCAA tournament wins: 41
Most NCAA championship game appearances: 2
Most final 4 appearances: 2
Most elite 8 appearances: 5
Most sweet 16 appearances: 12
Most round of 32 appearances: 18
Head coaching record
See also
List of college men's basketball coaches with 600 wins
List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach
References
External links
Gonzaga profile
1962 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Oregon
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball coaches
Linfield University alumni
People from Creswell, Oregon
Sportspeople from Spokane, Washington
University of Oregon alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Few |
EDSA Revolution or the People Power Revolution is the 1986 event in the Philippines that toppled President Ferdinand Marcos after alleged cheating in the 1986 Philippine presidential election.
EDSA Revolution may also refer to:
EDSA II in January 2001 that toppled President Joseph Estrada after an aborted impeachment trial
EDSA III in March to April 2001 that climaxed in a failed siege of the presidential palace by Estrada's supporters
See also
EDSA (disambiguation)
EDSA Revolution of 2001, index of revolutions in that year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA%20Revolution%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Tamer Hosny Sherif Abbas Farghaly (; born 16 August 1977), known by his artistic name Tamer Hosny (), is an Egyptian singer, actor, composer, director and songwriter. He first came to public attention when he appeared on mixed tapes with other Egyptian artists. Hosny launched his solo career with his 2004 album Hob, becoming a successful singer of romantic music and was given the nickname "King of the Generation" by his fans.
Life and career
Tamer Hosny was born in Cairo to an Egyptian father and Syrian mother. Unlike his father, Hosny Sherif Abbas, At age 12, Hosny got his first acting role in a 1990 short film titled Khat El Nehaya (The End Line), directed by Amr el-Leithy and co-starring Sabry Fawaz and Nashwa Mustafa.
Tamer Hosny had his first directorial experience in 2010 when directing his music video "Se7eet 3la Sotha" (Woke up to her voice). Hosny had a long-held ambition to become a director and to make his own music video. He starred in the 2003 Egyptian film Halet Hob (A State of Love). In 2006, he was arrested for forging military papers to avoid military conscription. He received a one-year prison sentence, yet he only stayed in jail for six months.
In 2010, he released the comedy-drama film The Light of My Eyes. The movie was placed first on the Arabian box office after a week of its release.
In 2012, he released Omar & Salma 3, the third sequel to the Omar & Salma trilogy. Hosny has frequently stated that he was not satisfied with the film. In a recent interview on the Set El Hosn (Beautiful lady) program, he admitted that "I'm not happy with how the movie turned out, although many people love it and it was a box office success. I don't blame anyone else for that. I take responsibility for it. We had to make major plot changes due to financial reasons."
After three years away from the movie industry, he released Ahwak alongside Ghada Adel and Ahmed Malek, a romantic comedy about a young plastic surgeon who falls in love with a divorced woman. The film was a success at the box office, with total revenue of 22 million Egyptian pounds.
In 2017, Hosny released Tesbah ala Kher (Good Night), a comedy drama about a wealthy entrepreneur who suffers from depression and hallucinations. Falcon Films – the film distributor in the Arab world – released an official statement announcing that the movie has topped the Arabic box office.
In 2018, Hosny released a new comedy El-Badlah. In 2019, Hosny released a new thriller comedy El Feloos (The Money). It grossed more than EGP 46 million in the Egyptian box office in a little over a month, while it reaped almost USD 2 million worldwide. In December 2019, Hosny broke the Guinness World Record for the most contributions to a bulletin board.
In 2021, Hosny released his new comedy-drama Mesh Ana. The film is written by Hosny, directed by Sarah Wafik, and produced by Synergy and HS production.
Drama
During Ramadan 2011, Hosny starred in the television drama, Adam. Directed by Mohammad Samy, it also featured Dina Fouad, Ahmed Zaher and Mai Ezz Eldin. This series achieved big success and high views on YouTube and won the best series in 2011 in many votes. His next film Omar & Salma 3 was scheduled to release in November 2011 during the Eid al-Adha holiday.
Collaborations
During two years, Tamer Hosny had discovered more than 20 new talents in lyric writing and composing, over five new singers, more than ten new actors, and Mohamed Sami as a drama and cinema director (director of his series Adam).
Hosny sang vocals in Bokra "Tomorrow (A Better You, Better Me)", a charity single that was released on 11 November 2011, along with Rim Banna, Akon, Diana Karazon, Marwan Khoury, Latifa, Souad Massi, Hani Mitwasi, Saber Rebaï, Kathem Al-Saher, Waed, Sherine and other Arab Artists. Proceeds from the single were distributed to various organizations, institutions and charities with arts and culture programs. The eight-minute song was written by Majida El Roumi, and produced by Quincy Jones and RedOne.
Tamer Hosny recorded a new duet song with Shaggy, named "Smile". The song, written and composed by Tamer Hosny, was distributed all over the world. The music video was released at the beginning of 2012. It was shot in New York City and garnered more than one million views in only three days on YouTube.
In another collaboration, titled Si Al Sayed, after the patriarchal protagonist of the Cairo Trilogy, Snoop Dogg appeared in the music video wearing traditional Egyptian Jellabiya and having his name written in Arabic script.
Hosny performed "Right Where I'm Supposed to Be" as the Official Song of the 2019 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates in collaboration with Ryan Tedder, Avril Lavigne, Luis Fonsi, Hussain Al Jassmi and Assala Nasri openly presented by public figure Hilal Al-Battashi.
Stage and live performances
Because of Hosny's perceived charismatic stage presence and creativity, his fans dubbed him "King of the stage". In an interview with Sherihan Abu Al Hassan on her program Set El Hosn, Hosny said that he doesn't pay much attention to the titles given to him by fans, like "King of a generation". He appreciates the "King of the stage" title due to his efforts to improve his stage appearance in Egypt. "I'm no king, I'm not a fan of titles at all, I only appreciate the fact that my efforts to improve Egypt's stage appearance are acknowledged by the fans", he said, "My favorite title is just being called an Egyptian Arab artist when performing abroad."
Personal life
Hosny married Star Academy contestant and Moroccan singer Bassma Boussel in 2012. They have two daughters and a son. On 27 April 2023, the couple announced their divorce.
He is an endorser of the soft drink Pepsi. He was also the First Arab Celebrity to advertise the Police brand of sunglasses.
On 9 August 2017, Hosny made a temporary footprint ceremony at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California, being the first Egyptian/Arab artist to do so.
Discography
In addition to:
Free Mix 2000 (2000)
Free Mix 3 (2002)
Free Mix 4 (2005)
Series
"Adam" (2011)
"Faraq Al-taw'eet" (2014)
"My Way" (2015)
"Weld El Ghalaba" (2020) Mahmoud Shalaby (Guest of Honor)
Movies
Halet Hob (2004)
Sayed el Atefy (2005)
Omar we Salma 1 (2007)
Captain Hima (2008)
Omar and Salma 2 (2009)
The Light of My Eyes (Nour Einy) (2010)
Omar and Salma 3 (2012)
Ahwak (2015)
Tisbah Ala Khair (2017)
The Suit (El Badla) (2018)
Al Felous (2019)
Bahbk (2022)
TAG (2023)
References
External links
Ournia – Tamer Hosni
1977 births
20th-century Egyptian male singers
Egyptian singer-songwriters
Egyptian male film actors
Egyptian male television actors
Egyptian people of Syrian descent
21st-century Egyptian male singers
Singers from Cairo
Living people
Singers who perform in Egyptian Arabic
Singers who perform in Classical Arabic
Rotana Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamer%20Hosny |
Primary health organisations (PHOs) in New Zealand are health care providers that are funded on a capitation basis by the New Zealand Government via district health boards. They are usually set up as not-for-profit trusts, and have as their goal the improvement of their population's health.
History
In the early 1990s, general practitioners (GPs) were joining together to form independent practitioner associations. They did this to better negotiate with the purchasers of healthcare at that time.
Prior to the introduction of PHOs, general practitioners were paid using a fee-for-service model. For every person that went through their door, the GP received a set amount of money from the New Zealand Government. For some time, the Government had been trying to introduce a capitation model, that is, give practices a set amount of money depending on the population they served. The formation of the voluntary IPAs gave the Government an important stepping stone to introduce capitation-based funding.
The Ministry of Health introduced PHOs under the Primary Health Care Strategy to replace the independent practitioner association system in 2001, and the first PHOs formed in July 2002. By May 2008, 82 PHOs had been established and authorised. More than half have since merged with other PHOs or otherwise ceased operation, and 30 PHOs operated as of July 2021, some of which are divided regionally for funding purposes.
Structure and goals
A primary health organisation is structured as a not-for-profit organisation with both community and provider representation. They maintain a list of their enrolled populations for which they receive funding. PHOs include general practitioners, nurses, and other health providers such as pharmacists and physical therapists.
Funding
Primary health organisations are allocated funds depending on the characteristics of their enrolled population (a form of capitation).
The PHO receives a set amount of money from the district health board for every member, depending on their age, sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. They are also allocated funds for health promotion, individuals with special care requirements, as well as for rural practice.
Health care providers that are part of PHOs also have the right to charge fees to their patients for each visit. PHOs may also receive funding through contracting with the Ministry of Health, district health boards or other organisations such as Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC). Usually these contracts are to provide specific services or to pass on additional subsidies to target patient groups (over and above ordinary capitation subsidies).
This policy costs the Government more money to implement, and the expected proportion of each GP visit paid by the Government is higher than it has been previously. This means that generally New Zealanders can expect to pay less for a visit to the doctor.
Perceived advantages
Benefits for individual patients
Overall lower fees
Wider range of services
Benefits for the population as a whole
Encouragement of rural practice
Increased emphasis on preventative measures
Services tailored to the needs of the communities PHOs serve
Benefits for general practices
Steady and predictable stream of income
Better use of nurses (previously, a doctor had to see a patient for a practice to get paid by the Government)
See also
Primary care
References
External links
Primary health care at New Zealand Ministry of Health
North Island PHOs
Compass Primary Health Care Network
Central PHO
Harbour Health PHO
Otaki PHO
Pinnacle Midlands Health Network
Tamaki Healthcare
Wairarapa PHO
Whanganui Regional PHO
Management services / primary care networks
Compass Health
Southlink Health
Midlands Health Network
ProCare
Government of New Zealand
Medical and health organisations based in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20health%20organisation |
Egypt competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. 53 competitors, all men, took part in 30 events in 10 sports.
Medalists
Gold
Anwar Mesbah — Weightlifting, Lightweight
Khadr Sayed El-Touni — Weightlifting, Middleweight
Silver
Saleh Soliman — Weightlifting, Featherweight
Bronze
Ibrahim Shams — Weightlifting, Featherweight
Ibrahim Wasif — Weightlifting, Light Heavyweight
Athletics
Basketball
Boxing
Diving
Fencing
Six fencers, all men, represented Egypt in 1936.
Men's foil
Mahmoud Abdin
Mauris Shamil
Anwar Tawfik
Men's team foil
Mahmoud Abdin, Mauris Shamil, Hassan Hosni Tawfik, Anwar Tawfik
Men's épée
Marcel Boulad
Mahmoud Abdin
Mauris Shamil
Men's team épée
Mahmoud Abdin, Marcel Boulad, Mauris Shamil, Hassan Hosni Tawfik, Anwar Tawfik
Men's sabre
Mohamed Abdel Rahman
Football
First Round
Shooting
One shooter represented Egypt in 1936.
25 m rapid fire pistol
Krikor Agathon
Swimming
Weightlifting
Wrestling
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Nations at the 1936 Summer Olympics
1936
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201936%20Summer%20Olympics |
Egypt competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, England. 85 competitors, all men, took part in 53 events in 12 sports.
Medalists
Gold
Ibrahim Shams — Weightlifting, Lightweight
Mahmoud Fayad - Weightlifting, Featherweight
Silver
Attia Hamouda — Weightlifting, Lightweight
Mahmoud Hassan — Wrestling, Greco-Roman Bantamweight
Bronze
Ibrahim Orabi — Wrestling, Greco-Roman Light Heavyweight
Athletics
Basketball
Boxing
Diving
Fencing
Nine fencers, all men, represented Egypt in 1948.
Men's foil
Osman Abdel Hafeez
Hassan Hosni Tawfik
Mahmoud Younes
Men's team foil
Osman Abdel Hafeez, Salah Dessouki, Mahmoud Younes, Mohamed Zulficar, Hassan Hosni Tawfik, Mahmoud Abdin
Men's épée
Mahmoud Younes
Jean Asfar
Mohamed Abdel Rahman
Men's team épée
Salah Dessouki, Jean Asfar, Mahmoud Younes, Mohamed Abdel Rahman, Osman Abdel Hafeez
Men's sabre
Salah Dessouki
Ahmed Abou-Shadi
Mohamed Zulficar
Men's team sabre
Salah Dessouki, Mohamed Zulficar, Mahmoud Younes, Ahmed Abou-Shadi
Football
Gymnastics
Rowing
Egypt had one male rowers participate in one out of seven rowing events in 1948.
Men's single sculls
Mohamed El-Sayed
Swimming
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
References
Nations at the 1948 Summer Olympics
1948
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201948%20Summer%20Olympics |
The National Resources Commission () was a powerful organ of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China that existed from 1932 to 1952 and was responsible for industrial development and the management of public enterprises. It was staffed entirely by technocrats who reported directly to the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek. The significance of the National Resources Commission stemmed from the leading role it played in industrial development during the two decades of Kuomintang "tutelage" over China.
The National Resources Commission was originally formed as the National Defense Planning Commission (國防設計委員會) in 1932 in Nanjing with a staff of fifty technical experts to plan industrial mobilization in preparation for the Second Sino-Japanese War. The immediate catalyst for the formation of the National Defense Planning Commission was the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. Its immediate goal was to design and implement defense-related industries to make China self-sufficient in impending war with Japan.
The National Defense Planning Commission was renamed the National Resources Commission in 1935 to reflect its role beyond defense-related industries. It soon grew into a large bureaucracy that was involved in managing a large state-owned industrial sector and in coordinating foreign trade. By 1947, it had a staff of 33,000 who supervised 230,000 workers, mostly in public enterprises. Due mainly to the nationalization major industries by the Nationalist Government, the NRC would gain control of 70% of Chinese industry.
The National Resources Commission was particularly interested in surveying and exploiting natural minerals and ores, and succeeded in importing entire industrial plants and sending its personnel to train abroad. The engineers of the National Resources Commission were influenced by Sun Yat-sen's Industrial Development and tied the need for economic "reconstruction" with national defense. The NRC successfully moved major industries into the Chinese interior when the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Chongqing. To supply the government-controlled areas with electricity, the NRC proposed to build the Three Gorges Dam (the National Defense Planning Commission had made the first ever engineering survey of the site in 1932), though the project would not come to fruition until the 1990s.
In 1938, the NRC discovered the Yumen oil field.
After the Nationalists' defeat in the Chinese Civil War, most of the NRC's geologists and engineers remained in mainland China and worked for the newly-founded People's Republic of China. The Yumen Oil Field, one of the NRC's major projects, was peacefully transferred to the PRC government. Fifteen members of the NRC were invited to the Central Finance and Economy Commission, the government organ which handled national economic planning and construction management during the transitional Government Administration Council.
The Republic of China government on Taiwan abolished the NRC in 1952. It functions were overtaken by the Council on U.S. Aid and the Industrial Development Commission.
See also
History of the Republic of China
References
Government of the Republic of China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Resources%20Commission |
Triyuginarayan Temple () is a Hindu temple located in the Triyuginarayan village in Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, India. The ancient temple is dedicated to god Vishnu. Its fame is credited to the legend of god Shiva’s marriage to goddess Parvati witnessed by Vishnu at this venue and is thus a popular Hindu pilgrimage sites. A special feature of this temple is a perpetual fire, that burns in front of the temple known as dhananjay agni. The flame is believed to burn from the times of the divine marriage. Thus, the temple is also known as Akhand Dhuni temple.
The temple courtyard is also the source of a water stream, which fills three sacred bathing ponds (kunds) nearby.
Etymology
The word "Triyugi Narayan" is formed of three words "tri" means three, "yugi" denotes the period of time – Yuga and "Narayan" is another name of Vishnu. Pilgrims have been offering wood to the fire in the havana-kund (fireplace) since the three Yugas – hence the place is given the name "Triyugi Narayan". Yuga in Hindu philosophy is the name of an epoch or era within a cycle of four ages. The four Yugas are Satya Yuga (1,728,000 human years), Treta Yuga (1,296,000 years), the Dvapara Yuga (864,000 years) and finally Kali Yuga (432,000 years), which is the present Yuga.
The name "Akhand Dhuni temple" also originates from the eternal flame legend, "Akhand" means perpetual and "Dhuni" means flame.
Legend
According to Hindu dharma, goddess Parvati was daughter of Himavat or Himavan – the personification of the Himalayas. She was the rebirth of Sati, the first wife of Shiva – who sacrificed her life when her father insulted Shiva. Parvati initially tried to allure Shiva by her beauty, but failed. Finally, she won Shiva by practising rigorous penance at Gauri Kund, which is away from Triyuginarayan. Pilgrims visiting Triyuginaryan temple also visit the Gauri Kund temple, dedicated to Parvati, which is the base camp for trek to Kedarnath Temple. Mythology states that Shiva proposed to Parvati at Guptakashi, before they got married in the small Triyuginarayan village at the confluence of Mandakini and Sone-Ganga rivers.
Triyuginarayan is believed to be the capital of Himavat. It was the venue of the celestial marriage of Shiva and Parvati, during the Satya Yuga, witnessed in the presence of the holy fire that still burns eternally in front of the temple in a Havana-kund or Agni-kund, a four-cornered fireplace on the ground. Vishnu formalised the wedding and acted as Parvati's brother in the ceremonies, while the creator-god Brahma acted as the priest of the wedding, that was witnessed by all the sages of the times. The exact location of the wedding is marked by a stone called Brahma Shila, in front of the temple. The greatness of this place is also recorded in a sthala-purana (a scripture specific to a pilgrimage centre). According to the scripture, pilgrims who visit this temple consider the ashes from the burning fire as holy and carry it with them. It is also believed that ashes from this fire are supposed to promote conjugal bliss. Before the marriage ceremony, there were no people who witnessed the incident, the gods are believed to have taken bath in four kunds or small ponds namely, Rudra-kund, Vishnu-kund and Brahma-kund. The inflow into the three kunds is from the Saraswati-kund, which – according to legend – originated from Vishnu's navel. Hence, the water of these kunds is considered to cure infertility. The ashes from Havana-kund are supposed to promote conjugal bliss.
Structure
The Triyuginarayan temple resembles the temple of Kedarnath in architectural style and hence attracts a lot of devotees. The present shrine is also called as Akhand Dhuni temple. It is believed to have been built by Adi Shankaracharya. Adi Shankaracharya is credited with building many temples in the Uttarakhand region. The shrine houses a silver, 2-foot image of god Vishnu (Narayana), accompanied with consort – goddess of wealth Lakshmi and the goddess of music and learning – Saraswati.
In front of the temple, the havana-kund with the eternal flame - the witness of the wedding of Shiva and Parvati - is situated. Devotees add samidha (sacrificial offerings of wood) to the flame and collect the ashes as blessings. A stone called the Brahma Shila – in front of temple – is regarded as the exact spot of the divine marriage. A water stream called Saraswati Ganga originates in the courtyard of the temple. It fills all the holy ponds in the vicinity. The ponds of Rudra Kund, Vishnu Kund, Brahma Kund and Saraswati Kund are holy spots situated near the temple. Rudra Kund is for bathing, Vishnu for cleansing, Brahma for sipping and Saraswati for offering libations.
Geography
The Triyuginarayan Temple is located at an altitude of about away from Sonprayag, the confluence of Mandakini and Songanga rivers. The geographical belt is away from Sonprayag that extends to between Triyugninarayan and Toshi villages with an average altitude of that has favourable agro-climatic conditions for growing horticultural crops such as apple and stone fruits. During the three winter months, the area is covered by snow.
Access
Access to the Triyuginarayan village where the temple is located is about from Sonprayag on motorable road till the temple. There exist a few trek routes too, like a short trek of via Sonprayag on the Ghuttur –Kedarnath bridle path that passes through thick forest area is involved to reach the temple precincts. From Kedarnath, which is to the north of this temple the total trekking distance is about . Ghuttur is around from Sonprayag, which is connected by road with Haridwar and other important hill stations of the Garhwal and Kumaon Hills. The nearest airport is Dehra Dun, from Triyuginarayan, but it is better to start the journey from Delhi. Rishikesh is the nearest railway station, from the site.
The Triyuninarayan temple is also accessed by trekking. A popular trekking or excursion route followed is from Mussoorie. The trek route followed from Mussorie, which involves 17 days of trekking, passes through Tehri, Mala (road point), Belak, Budakedar-Ghuttu-Panwali Kanta, Triyuginarayan and Kedarnath in that order. Apart from this trekking route, the Department of Tourism, Government of Uttarakhand, to encourage tourism has identified and developed six major circuits, which includes the Rudraprayag–Kedarnath circuit, covering temples at Rudraprayag, Tungnath, Okhimath, Madhyamaheshwar, Guptkashi, Triyuginarayan and Kedarnath, along the Mandakini River valley. This circuit involves a total trekking of , in addition to road journey.
References
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Hindu temples in Uttarakhand
Vishnu temples
Rudraprayag district
Abhimana temples of Vishnu
External links
Triyuginarayan Temple – The Magical Wedding Destination of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triyuginarayan%20Temple |
Egypt competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. 106 competitors, all men, took part in 65 events in 14 sports.
Medalists
Bronze
Abdel Aaal Rashed — Wrestling, Greco-Roman Featherweight.
Athletics
Basketball
Men's Team Competition
Qualification Round (Group C)
Defeated Turkey (64-52)
Lost to Canada (57-63)
Defeated Italy (66-62)
Main Round (Group D)
Lost to France (64-92)
Lost to Chile (46-74)
Defeated Cuba (66-55) → did not advance, 10th place
Boxing
Diving
Men's 3m Springboard
Ahmed Kamel Aly
Preliminary Round — 62.95 points (→ 17th place)
Kamal Ali Hassan
Preliminary Round — 62.68 points (→ 18th place)
Ahmed Fahti Mohamed Hashad
Preliminary Round — 50.04 points (→ 33rd place)
Equestrian
Fencing
Eight fencers, all men, represented Egypt in 1952.
Men's foil
Mahmoud Younes
Salah Dessouki
Mohamed Ali Riad
Men's team foil
Salah Dessouki, Mohamed Ali Riad, Osman Abdel Hafeez, Mahmoud Younes, Mohamed Zulficar, Hassan Hosni Tawfik
Men's épée
Mohamed Abdel Rahman
Men's team épée
Osman Abdel Hafeez, Salah Dessouki, Mahmoud Younes, Mohamed Abdel Rahman
Men's sabre
Mohamed Abdel Rahman
Ahmed Abou-Shadi
Men's team sabre
Mohamed Zulficar, Mohamed Abdel Rahman, Salah Dessouki, Mahmoud Younes, Ahmed Abou-Shadi
Football
Gymnastics
Men's Single Event
Rowing
Egypt had eight male rowers participate in three out of seven rowing events in 1952.
Men's single sculls
Hussein El-Alfy
Men's coxed pair
Mohamed Anwar
Ali Tawfik Youssif
Albert Selim El-Mankabadi (cox)
Men's coxed four
Ibrahim El-Attar
Mohamed El-Sahrawi
Mamdooh El-Attar
Mohamed El-Sayed
Albert Selim El-Mankabadi (cox)
Shooting
Six shooters represented Egypt in 1952.
50 m pistol
Antoine Shousha
Mohamed Ahmed Aly
300 m rifle, three positions
Ahmed Hamdy
Saad El-Din El-Shorbagui
50 m rifle, three positions
Ahmed Hamdi
Antoine Shousha
50 m rifle, prone
Antoine Shousha
Ahmed Hamdi
Trap
Seifollah Ghaleb
Youssef Fares
Swimming
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Nations at the 1952 Summer Olympics
1952
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201952%20Summer%20Olympics |
Taxation in the Netherlands is defined by the income tax (Wet op de inkomstenbelasting 2001), the wage withholding tax (Wet op de loonbelasting 1964), the value added tax (Wet op de omzetbelasting 1968) and the corporate tax (Wet op de vennootschapsbelasting 1969).
Income tax
In the Netherlands, residents pay income tax on their worldwide income. Non-residents are taxed on income sourced in the Netherlands only. Income tax is collected by Tax and Customs Administration. For purposes of determining income tax, income is divided into the following three categories, so called boxes:
Box 1: income from work and home ownership
A progressive tax rate with two tax brackets applies to income in Box 1. In the past, there were four brackets, the highest of which was 72%, but in 1990 it was changed to 60%, and in 2001 it became 52%. The four bracket-system was changed to a two bracked-system in 2020, with the lower incomes taxed for 37.35% and the higher incomes for 49.50%. Certain expenditures, referred to as personal allowances, can be deducted from income prior to tax calculation. Examples of personal allowances are donations to eligible charities, maintenance costs, medical or study expenses. Taxpayers above the official retirement age are entitled to a reduced tax rate.
Box 2: financial interest in a company
A flat tax rate of 25% applies to income from substantial interest in a company. A substantial interest in a company is defined as owning at least 5% of its shares, options or profit-sharing certificates; either by the taxpayer themselves or together with their tax partner.
Box 3: savings and investment
Box 3 concerns income from wealth. Wealth is calculated as value of assets (such as savings or shares) minus any debts. Income from wealth is taxed at a 30% rate. For tax purposes, a fixed return on savings and investments is presumed, based on the average distribution of Box 3 assets (capital mix). Presumed gains are calculated each year based on market returns realized in the past. A tax allowance on capital yields is provided.
For income taxes, tax year is equivalent to calendar year. Tax return shall be submitted before May 1 of the subsequent year. Married couples shall submit a joint assessment, except for the case when a divorce petition has been filed.
Value added tax
The value added tax system follows EU regulation. For value added tax there are three categories: foods and essentials, non-foods and luxuries, and special goods. These three categories have rates of 9%, 21%, and 0%, respectively. The non-foods and luxuries percentage was increased from 19% to 21% on 1 October 2012, while the foods and essentials percentage was increased from 6% to 9% percent on 1 January 2019.
The special goods cover:
Goods that are exported
Goods that haven't been introduced yet
Catch of Fish
Excised goods
International transport of people
Import VAT
Unlike some states in member countries that make up the EU, the Dutch tax regime allows the deferral of import VAT payment. Instead of conducting payment at the time when goods are imported to the EU, the VAT payment may be deferred to periodic VAT returns. The import VAT needs to be reported; however, as the amount may be deducted from the corresponding period VAT return, the deferral can prevent cash flow disadvantage arising from paying import VAT immediately at the time of import to the EU.
Corporate tax
Generally, private and public companies with Dutch residency are subject to corporate income tax on their worldwide income. Corporate tax rate is based upon taxable amount, which equals taxable profit in the corresponding year minus deductible losses. In 2018, for taxable amount below €200,000, a 20% tax rate was applicable. Taxable amount of €200,000 and above was taxed at a 25% tax rate. The corporate tax rates are both due to decrease by 1 percentage point in 2019, 1.5 percentage point in 2020 and further 1.5 percentage point in 2021; resulting in a 16% tax rate in the first bracket and 21% tax rate in the second bracket. Corporate tax year is equivalent to calendar year unless stated otherwise in the company's articles of association. Tax year typically follows a 12-month period; deviations are possible in the first year of incorporation.
Innovation box
To foster innovation research, an innovation box provides tax relief for innovative activities. Profits derived from self-developed intellectual property (including royalties) that qualify for the innovation box are subject to a reduced tax rate. Since January 1, 2018, the effective tax rate applicable to corporate income in the innovation box is 7%. This feature of the tax framework provides a notable tax incentive for research and development activities in the Netherlands.
Substantial holding exemption
If qualified for a substantial holding exemption, a parent company is fully exempt from paying tax on the dividends and capital gains it receives from a subsidiary. Substantial holding is defined as holding at least 5% of shares in the subsidiary. The subsidiary concerned may have both Dutch or non-Dutch residency; the equal tax treatment allows non-Dutch subsidiaries to better compete with local ones. Substantial holding exemption prevents double corporate taxation of profits. This feature of the tax regime makes the Netherlands an attractive location for European headquarters. To qualify for substantial holding exemption, at least one of three conditions (tests) must be met:
Motive test: shareholding in the subsidiary does not serve as a mere portfolio investment.
Effective tax rate test: according to Dutch tax standards, a reasonable effective tax rate is applicable to the subsidiary (that is, an effective tax rate of at least 10%).
Asset test: less than 50% of total assets of the subsidiary are low-taxed free portfolio investments.
Tax groups with subsidiaries
In the Netherlands, a parent company and one or more of its subsidiaries may form a tax group if certain conditions are met: Primarily, the parent company shall hold at least 95% of shares in the subsidiary. Moreover, the parent company and the subsidiary need to be established in the Netherlands, follow the same financial year and apply the same accounting policies. Members of a tax group are treated as a single taxpayer by tax authorities. Key advantages of fiscal unity are that losses incurred by one company may be deducted from profits generated by other members of the group, and that fixed assets may be transferred between companies without corporate income tax consequences.
Property tax
Property tax or land value tax is claimed annually by municipalities. A fraction of the value of real estate (about a per mille) is defined as onroerendezaakbelasting (OZB). The money collected from the real-estate owners in its area can be used by the municipality to maintain the infrastructure (roads etc.). The real-estate values are estimated independently and updated annually. Taxation varies dramatically over different regions and municipalities. In addition to the property tax itself, there is a complicated additional taxation system for different infrastructural support systems: water-level management, water cleaning, waste management etc. Property tax does not belong to personal allowances deductible for income tax purposes.
Inheritance tax
The inheritance tax (successierecht) charges beneficiaries of an inheritance received from Dutch residents. In case of emigration, Dutch nationals are considered Dutch residents for further 10 years. Inheritance tax rate ranges from 10% to 40%. A part of inheritance is exempt from taxation; the amount exempted depends on the relationship of beneficiary to the deceased person.
Wealth tax
In lieu of a dividend or capital gains tax, the Netherlands levies a tax on "income earned through investments" (box 3) that functions like a wealth tax, assuming fixed rates of return for assets and assessing a (as of 2023) 32% income tax on the assumed return for assets, minus debts, above €57000 as of 2023 (doubled if a tax partner, eg. spouse, shares the residence). Prior to 2021, the tax functioned like a wealth tax by assuming a certain distribution of returns based on the amount of wealth, but, due to a court ruling, the tax is now assessed solely on the actual distribution of assets. The assumed rate of return varies on the type of asset and, for 2023, is assumed to be 0.36% on cash and bank accounts, 6.17% on investments, and 2.57% on debts.
Gift tax
The gift tax (schenkingsrecht) charges the beneficiary of a gift.
See also
General information taxes in the Netherlands
Algemeen nut beogende instelling
Corporate tax in the Netherlands
Income tax in the Netherlands
Verhuurdersheffing
Notes and references
External links
Dutch Tax and Customs Administration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation%20in%20the%20Netherlands |
The European Union does not set public holidays for its member states. However the European Commission does set public holidays for the employees of the institutions of the European Union.
The holidays will typically cover the following dates of significance and movable feasts:
This list includes all ten public holidays in Belgium, except for Armistice Day (11 November). For Luxembourg, Belgian National Day is replaced by the Luxembourgish National Day.
See also
Work–life balance in the European Union
For information on public holidays in individual EU member states see below:
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
References
European Union
European Union
European Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20holidays%20in%20the%20European%20Union |
The Medal of Valor (Filipino: Medalya ng Kagitingan) is the Armed Forces of the Philippines' highest military honor awarded for a conspicuous deed of personal bravery or self-sacrifice above and beyond the call of duty that distinguishes the recipient from his comrades. It is defined in the Philippine Army Awards and Decorations reference material FC 1–0062, itself adapted from the Armed Forces of the Philippines Awards and Decorations Handbook, Second Edition published in 1997, as an award for "heroism in combat" and is foremost in the order of precedence of awards and decorations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
The medal is awarded by the President of the Philippines to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and allied military personnel, including recognized guerrilla forces. The Medal of Valor is held in such high regard that the President is required to salute the medal and the individual wearing it.
Under Philippine Republic Act No. 9049, a Medal of Valor awardee is entitled to lifetime monthly gratuity of ₱20,000 that is separate and distinct from any salary or pension the awardee is receiving or will receive from the government. The amount of this monthly gratuity was increased to ₱75,000 in 2016 by President Rodrigo Duterte.
Appearance
The medal is described as a disc adorned with a golden sea-lion in relief holding the eight-rayed Philippine sun, and water waves composed of five blue ripples. The disk rests on a red cross with golden borders and crossed golden swords. The top-most flange of the cross contains three golden stars in a triangular pattern. A golden bar embossed with the phrase "For Valor" connects the medal to a sampaguita wreath consisting of ten white buds and twenty-two green leaves. The wreath serves as a link to the neck ribbon, which is crimson with eight golden stars arranged horizontally forming two parallel lines. The service ribbon, worn in lieu of the medal itself, is similarly crimson with eight golden stars arranged horizontally forming two parallel lines, five stars on the top line and three on the bottom.
The phrase For Valor embossed on the bar has led some sources to call the medal the "Medal For Valor", and the Philippine Army itself refers to it this way. However, other official Philippine government sources refer to it as the "Medal of Valor".
Symbolism
The sea-lion represents the Office of the President of the Philippines. The eight-rayed sun represents the eight Philippine provinces that revolted against Spain. The blue ripples represent the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The crossed swords represent conflict with the enemy in defense of the nation; the three stars represent Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, the three island groups of the Philippines, while the sampaguita wreath symbolizes the highest honor for courage and gallantry. The red coloration signifies bravery.
Recipient's privileges
The Medal For Valor recipient, his widow, or her dependents are privileged to receive preferential treatment when applying for government work, public housing, loans not exceeding ₱500,000, and lease or acquisition of public land.
In addition, they are exempt from tuition fees in public and private schools and other institutions of learning. Children of the recipient who wish to attend the Philippine Military Academy, if qualified, receive priority for commission into the Armed Forces of the Philippines upon graduation. They also receive free medication from both public and private hospitals.
Other privileges include a 20% discount on hotel bills, transportation services, restaurants, theaters, carnivals, and when purchasing pharmaceutical drugs. Government entities or private companies who deny the recipient these privileges are penalized with up to six years imprisonment and a fine not exceeding ₱300,000.
List of recipients
There have been 41 Medal of Valor recipients since 1935. Of these recipients, 17 are living. , five of them were in active service: Cirilito Sobejana, Bartolome Vicente Bacarro, Noel Buan, Herbert Dilag and Custodio Parcon. Buan retired from active service in 2018.
The portraits of Medal of Valor recipients are displayed in the Hall of Heroes at Camp Aguinaldo, headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in Quezon City. The Hall of Valor at the Philippine Military Academy also showcases the portraits of PMA Medal of Valor recipients.
Philippine Army
Philippine Navy and Marine Corps
Philippine Army Air Corps and Air Force
Philippine Constabulary
United States Army
Discrepancies in the record
The official number of Philippine Medal of Valor recipients is currently given as forty-one (41). However, Mary Grace Baloyo, a Philippine Air Force pilot who died in a crash on 26 March 2001 and is on record as being conferred the medal by former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on 3 April 2001, is not included in the summary of recipients.
Statistics
Notes
1.The Philippine Constabulary was merged with the Integrated National Police on 29 January 1991, forming the Philippine National Police.
References
Further reading
The AFP Adjutant General, Awards and Decorations Handbook, 1995, 1997, OTAG.
Decorations and Medals of the Philippines
Military awards and decorations of the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20of%20the%20Philippines%20Medal%20of%20Valor |
Egypt boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, because of the British and French involvement in the Suez Crisis. The equestrian events for the 1956 Games, however, were held in Stockholm, Sweden, five months earlier, due to Australian quarantine regulations, and three Egyptian riders competed in the show jumping events. None of the athletes won individual medals and they failed to place in the team competition due to one rider's failure to finish the individual tournament.
Background
Prior to 1956, Egypt had sent athletes to six editions of the Summer Olympic Games and the 1906 Intercalated Games. Egypt, along with Cambodia, Iraq and Lebanon, boycotted the 1956 Games, held in Melbourne, Australia, in protest of Britain and France's involvement in the Suez Crisis, as they supported Israel's invasion of Egypt in an attempt to regain control over the recently nationalized Suez Canal. The equestrian events, however, were held several months earlier than the rest of the Games in Stockholm, Sweden, due to Australian horse quarantine regulations that prevented them from being held in Melbourne. This allowed three Egyptian equestrians to compete at the 1956 Olympics.
Equestrian
Show jumping
Egypt's three riders, Omar El-Hadary on Auer, Gamal Haress on Nefertiti II, and Mohamed Selim Zaki on Inch'Allah, all competed both individually and as part of the a team in the jumping events. Zaki and Haress were veterans of the 1952 Summer Olympics and would go on to represent the United Arab Republic at the 1960 edition. They finished ninth and joint-21st (with Andrey Favorsky) respectively in the 1956 individual jumping tournament. El-Hadary, in his only Olympic appearance, failed to finish the second round, which also led to Egypt not being placed in the team competition.
References
Notes
Nations at the 1956 Summer Olympics
1956
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201956%20Summer%20Olympics |
John I of Zweibrücken (known as the Lame; ; 8 May 1550 – 12 August 1604) was Count Palatine and Duke of Zweibrücken during 1569–1604.
He was born in Meisenheim as the second son of Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and his wife Anna of Hesse. In 1588 he changed the state religion from Lutheranism to Calvinism. He died in Germersheim in 1604 and was buried in the Alexanderkirche in Zweibrücken.
Family and children
He married in 1579 Duchess Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of William "the Rich", Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, and they had the following children:
Ludwig Wilhelm (28 November 1580 – 26 March 1581)
Maria Elisabeth (7 November 1581 – 18 August 1637), married in 1601 to George Gustavus, Count Palatine of Veldenz
Anna Magdalena, born and died in 1583
John II of Zweibrücken-Veldenz (26 March 1584 – 9 August 1635)
Frederick Casimir of Zweibrücken-Landsberg (10 June 1585 – 30 September 1645)
John Casimir of Kleeburg (20 April 1589 – 18 June 1652), father of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
Amalia Jakobäa Henriette (26 September 1592 – 18 May 1655), married 1638 to Count Jakob Franz of Pestacalda
Elisabeth Dorothea, died young in 1593
Anna Katharina, born and died in 1597
He died in Germersheim.
Ancestry
External links
Die Genealogie der Wittelsbacher
1550 births
1604 deaths
People from Bad Kreuznach (district)
House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
House of Wittelsbach
Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken
Burials at the Alexanderkirche, Zweibrücken | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20I%2C%20Count%20Palatine%20of%20Zweibr%C3%BCcken |
Edward Caraballo (born c. 1961) is an American videographer and investigative photojournalist, specializing in covert photography. He was arrested in Afghanistan in 2004 while documenting the exploits of a vigilante group led by U.S. mercenary Jonathan "Jack" Idema. Caraballo was implicated as an associate of Idema and was charged with entering the country illegally (later dropped), running a private prison, and torture. He was sentenced to an eight-year prison term (later reduced on appeal to two years) and incarcerated in Afghanistan's Pul-e-Charkhi prison.
Throughout his trial and imprisonment, Caraballo insisted that he was not involved in the alleged torture, and was officially embedded in what he believed was a legitimate military operation.
While in prison, Caraballo sought to distance himself from Idema and eventually converted to Islam. He has said his conversion was initially a survival tactic in prison in order to gain the respect of Afghan inmates.
There was at least one attempt on his life while he was incarcerated and that he was almost lynched during a prison riot started by other inmates with suspected links to the Taliban and al Qaeda. Caraballo used a satellite phone to call CNN journalist Anderson Cooper as the riot was occurring to say his life was in danger. One prison official, claiming that Caraballo was "never in danger" during the riot despite threats made against him, questioned why he refused to accept offers of protection and emerge from his cell. However, Caraballo has emphatically stated that he refused to leave the relative security of his cell because of the chaotic and dangerous situation still happening inside cellblock. Still, Caraballo managed to make peace with one of the prisoners who he said had tried to seize the prison and helped teach a few inmates and guards some English.
In April 2006, Afghan President Hamid Karzai granted Caraballo a presidential pardon, two months before his sentence was scheduled to end. Caraballo has since returned to the United States.
Career
Caraballo has worked for most of the major broadcast news outlets in the U.S., including, ABC News, CBS News, CNN and National Geographic. In 1992 and 1993, while working for WWOR-TV's "I-team" with reporter Joe Collum and producer Gary Scurka, Caraballo won four local Emmy awards: the "Outstanding Editing" award at the 35th Annual New York Emmy Awards and three awards at the 36th Annual New York Emmy Awards one for "Outstanding Single News Feature" (as a producer for a piece entitled "HOT SPOTS (PT.1)" on the Channel 9 News, November 21, 1991), one for "Outstanding Issues Programming"(as a producer for a documentary called "Crime Chronicles," and one for "Outstanding Editing". He is currently working on a documentary film and book about his experiences in Afghanistan.
External links
Edward Caraballo's personal website
References
Living people
1960s births
American photojournalists
American people imprisoned abroad
American people convicted of torture
American people convicted of war crimes
Prisoners and detainees of Afghanistan
Recipients of Afghan presidential pardons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Caraballo |
Madison Jeffries is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as having the ability to reshape plastic, metal, and glass to any desired shape. He also possesses the technopathic ability to mentally communicate with A.I., such as machines and robots. Additionally, Madison Jeffries is the brother of Scramble. The character first appeared in Alpha Flight #16 (Nov. 1984), and was created by John Byrne. He also appears as an NPC in the video game Marvel Heroes, voiced by Richard Epcar.
Character background
As a young man, Madison Jeffries volunteered to enlist as a soldier in Vietnam alongside his younger brother Lionel. After Madison left the military, he met a man named Roger Bochs at a clinic for physically disabled persons. The two became friends, and Madison used his mutant powers to help Bochs create his Box robot. They were recruited into the new Alpha Flight program under Department H. When the Canadian government cut Department H's funding, Madison left the organization completely and found employment digging ditches.
After Alpha Flight returned to Canada, Roger Bochs recruited Madison to rebuild his damaged Box robot, to seek revenge against Omega Flight.
Madison Jeffries later appears as a member of the Utopians alongside Elixir, Karma, Masque, Random, and Tabitha Smith.
Alternate versions
Age of Apocalypse
In the "Age of Apocalypse" reality, Madison Jeffries joined Apocalypse's cause and was a member of the Brotherhood of Chaos, an elite religious group affiliated to the Church of the Madri.
Age of X-Man
In the "Age of X-Man" reality, Madison Jeffries is the History Instructor of the 10th Year class within the Summers Institute Of Higher Learning, located in Winchester, New York.
House of M
In the "House of M" reality, Madison Jeffries had also been forced by Weapon X to create weapons that would be used on his fellow mutants.
Weapon X: Days of Future Now
In the alternate future depicted in Weapon X: Days of Future Now, Madison's ever-improving Boxbots have gained a sentience of their own, one of them even calling itself Master Mold.
References
External links
AlphaFlight.Net Alphanex Entry On - Madison Jeffries;
MarvelDirectory.com - Character Bio - Madison Jeffries aka Box IV;
Uncannyxmen.net Spotlight on Madison Jeffries;
.
Characters created by John Byrne (comics)
Comics characters introduced in 1984
Fictional Canadian people
Fictional inventors
Fictional technopaths
Fictional United States Army personnel
Fictional Vietnam War veterans
Marvel Comics male superheroes
Marvel Comics military personnel
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics superheroes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%20Jeffries |
Radia Joy Perlman (; born December 18, 1951) is an American computer programmer and network engineer. She is a major figure in assembling the networks and technology to enable what we now know as the internet. She is most famous for her invention of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges, while working for Digital Equipment Corporation, thus earning her nickname "Mother of the Internet". Her innovations have made a huge impact on how networks self-organize and move data. She also made large contributions to many other areas of network design and standardization: for example, enabling today's link-state routing protocols, to be more robust, scalable, and easy to manage.
Perlman was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2015 for contributions to Internet routing and bridging protocols. She holds over 100 issued patents. She was elected to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014, and to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2016. She received lifetime achievement awards from USENIX in 2006 and from the Association for Computing Machinery’s SIGCOMM in 2010.
More recently she has invented the TRILL protocol to correct some of the shortcomings of spanning trees, allowing Ethernet to make optimal use of bandwidth. As of 2022, she was a Fellow at Dell Technologies.
Early life
Perlman was born in 1951, Portsmouth, Virginia. She grew up in Loch Arbour, New Jersey. She is Jewish. Both of her parents worked as engineers for the US government. Her father worked on radar and her mother was a mathematician by training who worked as a computer programmer. During her school years Perlman found math and science to be “effortless and fascinating”, but had no problem achieving top grades in other subjects as well. She enjoyed playing the piano and French horn. While her mother helped her with her math homework, they mainly talked about literature and music. But she didn't feel like she fit underneath the stereotype of an "engineer" as she did not break apart computer parts
Despite being the best science and math student in her school it was only when Perlman took a programming class in high school that she started to consider a career that involved computers. She was the only woman in the class and later reflected "I was not a hands-on type person. It never occurred to me to take anything apart. I assumed I'd either get electrocuted, or I'd break something". She graduated from Ocean Township High School in 1969.
Education
As an undergraduate at MIT Perlman learned programming for a physics class. She was given her first paid job in 1971 as part-time programmer for the LOGO Lab at the (then) MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, programming system software such as debuggers.
Working under the supervision of Seymour Papert, she developed a child-friendly version of the educational robotics language LOGO, called TORTIS ("Toddler's Own Recursive Turtle Interpreter System"). During research performed in 1974–76, young children—the youngest aged 3½ years, programmed a LOGO educational robot called a Turtle. Perlman has been described as a pioneer of teaching young children computer programming. Afterwards, she was inspired to make a new programming language that would teach much younger children similar to Logo, but using special "keyboards" and input devices. This project was abandoned because "being the only woman around, I wanted to be taken seriously as a 'scientist' and was a little embarrassed that my project involved cute little kids". MIT media project later tracked her down and told her that she started a new field called tangible user interface from the leftovers of her abandoned project. As a math grad at MIT she needed to find an adviser for her thesis, and joined the MIT group at BBN Technologies. There she first got involved with designing network protocols. Perlman obtained a B.S. and M.S. in Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from MIT in 1988. Her doctoral thesis on routing in environments where malicious network failures are present serves as the basis for much of the work that now exists in this area.
When studying at MIT in the late 60s she was one among the 50 or so women students, in a class of about 1,000 students. To begin with MIT only had one women’s dorm, limiting the number of women students that could study. When the men’s dorms at MIT became coed Perlman moved out of the women’s dorm into a mixed dorm, where she became the "resident female". She later said that she was so used to the gender imbalance, that it became normal. Only when she saw other women students among a crowd of men she noticed that "it kind of looked weird".
Career
After graduation, she accepted a position with Bolt, Berenek, Newman (BBN), a government contractor that developed software for network equipment. While working for BBN, Perlman made an impression on a manager for Digital Equipment Corp and was offered a job, joining the firm in 1980. During her time working at Digital, she quickly produced a solution that did exactly what the team wanted it to; the Spanning Tree Protocol. It allows a network to deliver data reliably by making it possible to design the network with redundant links. This setup provides automatic backup paths if an active link fails, and disables the links that are not part of the tree. This leaves a single, active path between any pair of network nodes. She is most famous for STP, which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges in many smaller networks. Perlman is the author of a textbook on networking called “Interconnections: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols” and coauthor of another on network security called “Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World”, which is a now popular college textbook. Her contributions to network security include trust models for Public Key Infrastructure, data expiration, and distributed algorithms resilient despite malicious participants.
She left Digital in 1993 and joined Novell. Then, in 1997 she left Novell and joined Sun Microsystems. Over the course of her career she has earned some 80 patents, 40 of them while working for Sun Microsystems, where in 2007 she held the title of Distinguished Engineer. She has taught courses at the University of Washington, Harvard University and MIT, and has been the keynote speaker at events all over the world. Perlman is the recipient of awards such as Lifetime Achievement awards from USENIX and the Association for Computing Machinery’s Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM).
Spanning Tree Protocol
Perlman invented the spanning tree algorithm and protocol. While working as a consulting engineer at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1984 she was tasked with developing a straightforward protocol that enabled network bridges to locate loops in a local area network (LAN). It was required that the protocol should use a constant amount of memory when implemented on the network devices, regardless of how large the network was. Building and expanding bridged networks was difficult because loops, where more than one path leads to the same destination, could result in the collapse of the network. Redundant paths in the network meant that a bridge could forward a frame in multiple directions. Therefore loops could cause Ethernet frames to fail to reach their destination, thus flooding the network. Perlman utilized the fact that bridges had unique 48 bit MAC addresses, and devised a network protocol so that bridges within the LAN communicated with one another. The algorithm implemented on all bridges in the network allowed the bridges to designate one root bridge in the network. Each bridge then mapped the network and determined the shortest path to the root bridge, deactivating other redundant paths. Despite Perlman's concerns that it took the spanning tree protocol about a minute to react when changes in the network topology occurred, during which time a loop could bring down the network, it was standardized as 802.1d by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Perlman said that the benefits of the protocol amount to the fact that "you don't have to worry about topology" when changing the way a LAN is interconnected. Perlman has however criticized changes which were made in the course of the standardization of the protocol.
From the paper "An Algorithm for Distributed Computation of a Spanning Tree in an Extended LAN":
© 1985 ACM, copied from ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Volume 15 Issue 4 Sept. 1985 with permission of the ACM.
Algorhyme
I think that I shall never see
A graph more lovely than a tree.
A tree whose crucial property
Is loop-free connectivity.
A tree which must be sure to span
So packets can reach every LAN.
First the root must be selected.
By ID it is elected.
Least cost paths from root are traced.
In the tree these paths are placed.
A mesh is made by folks like me
Then bridges find a spanning tree.
Other network protocols
Perlman was the principal designer of the DECnet IV and V protocols, and IS-IS, the OSI equivalent of OSPF. She also made major contributions to the Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP). Perlman has collaborated with Yakov Rekhter on developing network routing standards, such as the OSI Inter-Domain Routing Protocol (IDRP), the OSI equivalent of BGP. At DEC she also oversaw the transition from distance vector to link-state routing protocols. Link-state routing protocols had the advantage that they adapted to changes in the network topology faster, and DEC's link-state routing protocol was second only to the link-state routing protocol of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). While working on the DECnet project Perlman also helped to improve the intermediate-system to intermediate-system routing protocol, known as IS-IS, so that it could route the Internet Protocol (IP), AppleTalk and the Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol. The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol relied in part on Perlman's research on fault-tolerant broadcasting of routing information.
Perlman subsequently worked as a network engineer for Sun Microsystems, now Oracle. She specialized in network and security protocols and while working for Oracle and obtained more than 50 patents.
Awards
Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery,(class of 2016)
National Inventors Hall of Fame induction (2016)
Internet Hall of Fame induction (2014)
SIGCOMM Award (2010)
USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award (2006)
Recipient of the first Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award for Innovation in 2005
Silicon Valley Intellectual Property Law Association Inventor of the year (2003)
Honorary Doctorate, Royal Institute of Technology (June 28, 2000)
Twice named as one of the 20 most influential people in the industry by Data Communications magazine: in the 20th anniversary issue (January 15, 1992) and the 25th anniversary issue (January 15, 1997). Perlman is the only person to be named in both issues.
IEEE Fellow in 2008 for contributions to network routing and security protocols
Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, class of 2016
Bibliography
References
External links
Inventor of the Week archive at MIT: Spanning Tree Protocol
1951 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Internet pioneers
Women inventors
Women Internet pioneers
Computer systems researchers
Computer security academics
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
American women computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
People in information technology
People from Loch Arbour, New Jersey
People from Portsmouth, Virginia
Scientists from Virginia
Sun Microsystems people
Network topology
Jewish American scientists
Jewish women scientists
Ocean Township High School alumni
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia%20Perlman |
Egypt competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. The North African nation made its Olympic debut in 1912.
The Egyptian contingent included 28 male athletes, 1 female athlete and 18 officials. Because of the Munich massacre, some members of the Egyptians contingent left the Olympics early.
Results by event
Swimming
Men's 200m Freestyle
Kamel Aly Mostafa
Heat — 2:05.30 (→ did not advance)
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
1972 in Egyptian sport
Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics
1972 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201972%20Summer%20Olympics |
Egypt competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. 24 competitors, all men, took part in 12 events in 9 sports.
Athletics
A single athlete represented Egypt in 1924. It was the nation's second appearance in the sport as well as the Games.
Ranks given are within the heat.
Boxing
A single boxer, Michel Haddad, represented Egypt at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's debut in the sport. Haddad lost his only bout.
Cycling
Three cyclists represented Egypt in 1924. It was the nation's debut in the sport.
Road cycling
Ranks given are within the heat.
Track cycling
Ranks given are within the heat.
Fencing
Three fencers, all men, represented Egypt in 1924. It was the nation's second appearance in the sport.
Men
Ranks given are within the pool.
Football
Egypt competed in the Olympic football tournament for the second time in 1924. The Egyptian side was on the winning side of one of the two major second-round upsets, beating Hungary three to nil.
Round 1 Bye
Round 2
Quarterfinals
Final rank 5th place
Shooting
A single sport shooter represented Egypt in 1924. It was the nation's debut in the sport. Agathon placed ninth in his only event, the rapid fire pistol.
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Men's
References
External links
Official Olympic Reports
Nations at the 1924 Summer Olympics
1924
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201924%20Summer%20Olympics |
Retouch or retouching may refer to:
Retouch (lithics), the work done to a flint implement after its preliminary roughing-out
Retouch (film), a 2017 Persian-language film
Conservation and restoration of paintings
Photograph manipulation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retouch |
Puha or Püha may refer to:
Sonchus, genus of annual herbs (sow thistles)
Puha, New Zealand, a settlement in New Zealand's North Island
Püha, Harju County, village in Saue Parish, Harju County, Estonia
Püha, Saare County, village in Pihtla Parish, Saare County, Estonia
Puha, genus of extinct sea snails in the family Raphitomidae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puha |
Egypt competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.
Athletics
Two athletes represented Egypt in 1920. It was the nation's debut in athletics. Neither of the two athletes were able to advance past the initial round in any of their events.
Ranks given are within the heat.
Fencing
A single fencer represented Egypt in 1920. It was the nation's debut in the sport. Hassanein was eliminated in the quarterfinal round of each of his two events.
Ranks given are within the group.
Football
Egypt competed in the Olympic football tournament for the first time. The team lost their first match, against Italy, before beating Yugoslavia in the consolation matches.
Team Roster
Kamel Taha
Mohamed El-Sayed
Abdel Salam Hamdy
Riad Shawki
Ali El-Hassany
Gamil Osman
Tewfik Abdullah
Hussein Hegazi
Hassan Ali Allouba
Sayed Abaza
Zaki Osman
Reserve: Khalil Hosni
Reserve: Mohamed Gabr
Reserve: Mahmoud S. Mokhtar
Reserve: Abbas Safwat
First round
Consolation match
Final rank 6th
Gymnastics
Two gymnasts represented Egypt in 1920. It was the nation's debut in the sport. The two Egyptian gymnasts finished in the last two places of the individual all-around.
Artistic gymnastics
Weightlifting
A single weightlifter represented Egypt in 1920. It was the nation's debut in the sport. Samy competed in the middleweight category, but did not finish the competition.
Wrestling
A single wrestler competed for Egypt in 1920. It was the nation's debut in the sport. Rahmy competed in the Greco-Roman lightweight and the freestyle middleweight, losing his only match in each competition.
Freestyle
Greco-Roman
References
Nations at the 1920 Summer Olympics
1920
Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201920%20Summer%20Olympics |
The following lists events that happened during 2002 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 3,989,500.
Increase since 31 December 2001: 73,400 (1.87%).
Males per 100 Females: 96.2.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – The Hon Dame Silvia Cartwright PCNZM DBE QSO
Government
The 46th New Zealand Parliament continued until 10 June. Government was The Labour Party led by Helen Clark, In coalition with Alliance, led by Jim Anderton. In the 2002 general election Labour was returned to power, in coalition with The Progressive Party led by Jim Anderton, and backed with supporting supply votes by United Future, led by Peter Dunne.
Speaker of the House – Jonathan Hunt
Prime Minister – Helen Clark
Deputy Prime Minister – Jim Anderton then Michael Cullen
Minister of Finance – Michael Cullen
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Phil Goff
Chief Justice — Sian Elias
Opposition leaders
See: :Category:Parliament of New Zealand, :New Zealand elections
National – Don Brash (Leader of the Opposition)
Greens – Jeanette Fitzsimons and Rod Donald
Act – Richard Prebble
New Zealand First – Winston Peters
United Future – Peter Dunne
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Banks
Mayor of Hamilton – David Braithwaite
Mayor of Wellington – Kerry Prendergast
Mayor of Christchurch – Garry Moore
Mayor of Dunedin – Sukhi Turner
Events
January – Kiwibank is formed.
6 February – Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II's accession as Queen of New Zealand
30 June: The population of Canterbury reaches half a million.
27 July: 2002 general election; Labour-led government returned for a second term.
12 October: Two New Zealand tourists are killed in a series of terrorist bombings in Bali, Indonesia.
The Big Lemon & Paeroa bottle is moved to the Ohinemuri Reserve.
Arts and literature
Alison Wong wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
Montana New Zealand Book Awards:
Montana Medal: Lynley Hood, A City Possessed: The Christchurch Civic Creche Case
Deutz Medal: Craig Marriner, Stonedogs
Reader's Choice: Lynley Hood, A City Possessed: The Christchurch Civic Creche Case
First Book Awards
Fiction: Craig Marriner, Stonedogs
Poetry: Chris Price, Husk
Non-Fiction: Steve Braunias, Fool's Paradise
See 2002 in art, 2002 in literature, :Category:2002 books
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
Two new categories were introduced this year: 'Best R&B/ Hip Hop Album' and 'Best Electronica Album'.
Winners are shown first with nominees underneath.
Album of the Year: Che Fu – The Navigator
Anika Moa – Thinking Room
Neil Finn – One Nil
Salmonella Dub – Inside The Dub Plates
the feelers – Communicate
Single of the Year: Che Fu – Fade Away
Aaria – Kei A Wai Ra Te Kupu
Anika Moa – Youthful
Nesian Mystik – Nesian Style
Salmonella Dub – Love Your Ways
Top Group: Salmonella Dub – Inside The Dub Plates
the feelers – Communicate
Zed -Silencer
Top New Act: Goodshirt – Good
K'Lee – Broken Wings
Pluto – Red Light Syndrome
Top Male Vocalist: Che Fu – Navigator
Neil Finn – One Nil
Tiki Taane – Inside The Dubplates
Top Female Vocalist: Anika Moa – Thinking Room
Boh Runga – Magic Line
Hayley Westenra – Hayley Westenra
Best Folk Album: Bob Mcneill – Covenant
Beverley Young – The Tinkerman's Daughter
Jacky Tarr – Defenestration
Phil Garland – Swag O'Dreams
Best R&B/ Hip Hop Album (new category): Che Fu – Navigator
Dark Tower – Canterbury Drafts
Best Music Video: Matthew Metcalfe / Greg Rewai – Fade Away (Che Fu)
Garry Sullivan – Seed (Dimmer)
Ed Davis and Paul McLaney -Complicated (Gramsci)
Outstanding International Achievement: Salmonella Dub
Nathan Haines
Anika Moa
Best Mana Maori Album: Ruia And Ranea – Waiata of Bob Marley
Brannigan Kaa – Taputapu
T-Sistaz – Whakamanahia
Best Mana Reo Album: Rangiatea -Rangiatea Concert Party
Ruia and Ranea – Waiata of Bob Marley
Te Ati Kimihia – Te Ati Kimihia and The Children of Tane
Best Country Album: The Topp Twins – Grass Highway
Beau Redding – Dime Box
Dennis Marsh – Faded Love
Best Cast Recording/Compilation: Greg Johnson – The Best Yet
Th' Dudes – Where Are Th' Girls
Various – Live at Helen's
Best Producer: Tom Bailey & Stellar* – Magic Line (Stellar*)
Malcolm Welsford – Scorpio Writing (Garageland)
Paddy Free & Salmonella Dub – Inside The Dub Plates (Salmonella Dub)
Best Engineer: Dave Wernham, Tiki Taane And Paddy Free – 'Inside The Dub Plates' (Salmonella Dub)
Luke Tomes – Magic Line (Stellar*)
Simon Holloway – Broken Wings (K-Lee)
Best Electronica Album (new category): Sola Rosa – Solarized
Rhian Sheehan – Paradigm Shift
Shapeshifter – Real Time
Best Jazz Album: C L Bob – Stereoscope
Nathan Haines – Sound Travels
The Rodger Fox Big Band – Warriors
Best Gospel Album: The Lads – Marvel
Felt – Colour of the Sky
Parachute Band – Amazing
Best Children's Album: Fatcat & Fishface – Dog Breath
Kids Music Company Singers – On A High Note II
Michelle Scullion – Peaks To Plains
Best Classical Album: Jack Body – Pulse
New Zealand Symphony Orchestra – Landscapes
Gareth Farr – Warriors From Pluto
Best Songwriter: Anika Moa – Youthful
Che Fu – Fade Away
James Reid and Donald Reid – Communicate (The Feelers)
Best Cover Design: Kelvin Soh – Good (Goodshirt)
Che Fu and Kelvin Soh – Navigator (Che Fu)
Shayne Carter and Andrew B White – I Believe You Are A Star (Dimmer)
New Zealand Radio Programmer Award: Brad King – The Rock Network
Dallas Gurney – ZM Network
David Ridler – Channel Z
Marty Lindsay – Star FM Wanganui
See: 2002 in music
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Tom Sharplin.
Dance
7–24 January: Inaugural Footnote Choreolab runs in Wellington under the direction of Deirdre Tarrant and guest choreographer Justin Rutzou (Australia) with New Zealand choreographers Kristian Larsen and Jacob Sullivan and 22 dancers from throughout New Zealand.
30 January – 3 February, Jan Bolwell premieres her theatre work Standing On My Hands at BATS Theatre, Wellington, subsequently touring it throughout New Zealand over the course of the year.
20–21 February, Footnote Dance Company premieres Banding Together 2002, a programme of short works by choreographers Michael Parmenter, Merenia Gray, Raewyn Hill, subsequently touring this programme throughout New Zealand. The dancers are: Annabel Reader, Tane Duncan, Melissa Tate, Georgina White, Tim Fletcher and Paora Taurima.
15–17 March, Inland by Douglas Wright Dance Company, premieres at the NZ International Festival of the Arts who commissioned the work. Subsequently, the work tours to Dunedin, Christchurch and Auckland to considerable acclaim.
19 April to 5 May, the Auckland Dance Festival (later rebranded as Tempo Dance Festival) runs throughout the month at a number of Auckland venues, presenting professional and community performances, classes, workshops, and public participatory events. Events include: Shake a Leg Youth Dance performances at ASB Theatre; Platform 2002 choreographic development project at UNITEC; Dancing City to City, ESCAPE by Black Grace Urban Youth Movement, Polished Up at St Kevins Arcade, Prayers in the Forest of Mirrors by Edna Katz-Levy at the Maidment Studio, Scratch 'n Sniff Dance Shorts, a mixed bill of dance films, short works and improvisational performances curated by Wilhimeena Gordon at Woonton's Lane in Titirangi, Sub-urban Legends by Atamira Dance Collective at UNITEC Studios, Living Room (short works by Melanie Turner, Becca Wood, Karen Barbour, Katie Burton, and film by Alyx Duncan) at UNITEC Studios, and Still Life 2002, a triple bill by Sean Curham (Speedy Horse and Royal Crown plus excerpts from the Perfect Lie) at the Dorothy Winston Centre.
19–22 April, MEDANZ Festival in Christchurch
On 3 May, Creative New Zealand launches {https://web.archive.org/web/20140726175934/http://www.creativenz.govt.nz/en/news/creative-new-zealand-launches-contemporary-dance-strategy Moving to the Future: Ngä Whakanekeneke atu ki te Ao o Apöpö], a strategy for professional contemporary dance with specific funding support for emerging artists.
On 16 June, the Mandelbrot Set presents another in their bi-monthly series of improvisational performances at The Space in Newtown, in Wellington – dancers are Lyne Pringle, Kristian Larsen and Emily Kerr with local musicians.
The rising of Matariki is formally marked with performance installations in Auckland under the title Cluster. Soundscore and imagery by Karl Chitham, performance devised and facilitated by Louise Potiki Bryant and by Light/off-site Productions with performers Corinna Hunziker, Dolina Wehipeihana, Maaka Pepene, Justine Hohaia, Karl Chitham, and Cathy Livermore (from Atamira Dance Collective).
28–29 June in Hamilton and 10–13 July in Auckland, the double bill Fracture: Reality is Fragile choreographed by Guy Ryan, and Weather Vain People choreographed by Malia Johnston is presented. Dancers were Natasha Alpe, Kerryn McMurdo, Alexa Wilson, Jenny Nichols, Geoff Gilson, Guy Ryan, Stu Armstrong.
During July, the NZ International Film Festival features a programme of NZ dance films with premieres of Fly by Shona McCullagh, Canopy by Mary Jane O'Reilly, Asylum by Wilhimeena Gordon, Wireless by Daniel Belton, and Rover by Morag Brownlie. Fly subsequently wins Official Selection for Clermond-Ferrand 2002, Winner of both the Reeldance Award and People's Choice Awards, Australia 2002
NZ School of Dance turns 35 and marks the occasion with a weekend of open performances; Student choreography season Finding Jimmy is presented at Te Whaea.
Premiere season of WHITE by Raewyn Hill (with dancers Sarah-Jayne Howard and Sarah Sproull and dramaturg Duncan Sarkies) running from 24 July – 4 August at Bats, Wellington.
Black Grace & Friends at Sky City is a season of short works and two significant events for the company. Female "guest" dancers perform with the company for the first time and the gender differences between the male and female dancers are the subject for Ieremia's new Human Language. A choreographer from outside the company is commissioned for the first time—Daniel Belton creates Whai, a kinetic sculptural work with stage-wide elastic bands manipulated by the dancers. A third work by dancer Taiaroa Royal marks the passing of his father.
The September Dance Your Sox Off festival in Wellington includes four dance seasons by professional dancers: Raewyn Hill premieres When Love Comes Calling from 4–7 September at Bats, subsequently touring to Christchurch, Dunedin and Auckland; Native is presented by Leonie Douglas and the Epitome Company (Sean McDonald, Seonaid Lyons and Claire Barret) with sound design by Blackbridge Productions – musicians Andrew McMillan and Paul Stanley, and live triggering of sound and lighting, a STAB Commission at BATS; Streamline Danceworks present new works by Leigh Evans, Angela Westerby, THROW Disposable Choreography (aka Kristian Larsen), Anne Anderson and Kay Muir, at Bats Theatre, 11–14 September; and The Mandelbrot Set presents another evening of improv contemporary dance and music at The Space, Newtown. 13 Sept. Performers: Lyne Pringle, Sarah Sproull, Emily Kerr and 5 musicians.
In Auckland, on 13 September, emerging choreographic collective Fresh Produce perform their inaugural Vacuum Packed show at Kingsland central as a fundraiser, departing on tour the next day to present their show in Nelson, Christchurch and Dunedin.
In Christchurch, The Body dance & physical theatre festival – workshops & performances runs from 13–29 September and includes 10 professional productions: Closed Circuit Orbit (touring from Wellington); Footnote's Banding Together 2002 (touring from Wellington); Poised by Hagley Dance Company; Vacuum Packed (7 short works touring from Auckland), Standing on My Hands by Jan Bolwell (touring from Wellington); Raewyn Hill's When Love Comes Calling (touring from Wellington); the Danceworks 2002 development project presents new short works by Richard Bullock and Shay Horay (for Ricochet Predicament), Sarah Franks, Sheryl Robinson (for Local Weeds), Andrew Shepherd, Fleur de Thier (for Scrambled Legs), Megan Platt, Julia Sadler (for Fresh Produce), and Sally Williams,(for the clinic); Slow Stride Eyes Open by Scrambled Legs; Wilderness/Weather by Michael Parmenter with Sarah-Jayne Howard (touring from Wellington), and three dance films by Daniel Belton – Lumin, Henge and Wireless.
In Auckland on 21 September, the 2002 Aotearoa Hip Hop Summit takes over at The Edge – 8 crews battle in finals, plus workshops and performances throughout the day. That same weekend, Axess Interdisciplinary Collective (Kerryn McMurdo, Brent Harris, and Alexa Wilson) hold a fundraiser at MIC with guests Prue Cunningham, Mark Harvey, Dion Hitchens, Val Smith, Dianna Brinsden, Charles Koroneho, Wilhemeena Gordon, DJ Joe Fish vs Krutov.
Mika Haka tours the country on return from the Edinburgh Festival.
In Auckland, Touch Compass takes to the big stage of the ASB Theatre for the first time on 28–29 September with a major new dance theatre work, Lighthouse co-developed by Catherine Chappell and Christian Penny with the cast. This subsequently tours to Tauranga and is recognised as a major highlight of the dance year.
Black Grace launches a season of short New Works by company members in Wellington at Te Whaea on 24 September, subsequently touring throughout New Zealand before closing in Auckland on 30 November
During October, two major awards are made to New Zealand choreographers – Shona McCullagh becomes a Laureate of the Arts Foundation, and Raewyn Hill winning an AMP Scholarship for international travel and study.
6–8 November The Carlisle House Project was a site specific project presented in two semi-derelict buildings on Richmond Road, Auckland. Produced by Michele Powles with choreography by Lou Potiki Bryant, Geoff Gilson, Vicky Kapo, Cathy Livermoore, Michele Powles, and Strange Fruit (Alyx Duncan and Maria Dabrowska).
In Wellington, Propulsion presented Black Body: a multi-sensory design journey involving dance theatre, literature and theatrical technology. Dancers were Kilda Northcott, Lyne Pringle and Sarah Sproull with Jean Betts, Edward Davis, David Holmes, Gabe McDonnell, Ciara Mulholland, Peter Petrovich, Lizz Santos, Heidi Simmonds, Alana Spragg, Annemiek Weterings. A STAB commission 13–23 November at Bats.
And in Dunedin, a week long creative workshop for dancers and photographers was led by choreographer Carol Brown and photographer Mattias Ek, 12–17 November. Subsequently, a week later, Wilderness/Weather by Michael Parmenter with Sarah-Jayne Howard was also presented in Dunedin.
Radio and television
29 April: Ian Fraser becomes CEO of TVNZ.
See: 2002 in New Zealand television, 2002 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, TV3 (New Zealand), :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Tongan Ninja
See: :Category:2002 film awards, 2002 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:2002 films
Internet
See: NZ Internet History
Sport
See: 2002 in sports, :Category:2002 in sports
Athletics
Mark Bright wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:29:24 on 27 April in Rotorua, while Bernardine Portenski claims her third in the women's championship (3:01:36).
Basketball
The NBL was won by the Waikato Titans who beat the Nelson Giants 85–83 in the final
The Waikato Lady Titans won the Women's NBL, beating the Canterbury Wildcats 88–60 in the final.
Commonwealth Games
Cricket
Cricket: Various Tours, New Zealand cricket team, Chappell–Hadlee Trophy
Golf
See New Zealand Open, Check :Category:New Zealand golfers in overseas tournaments.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Gracious Knight
Auckland Trotting Cup – Young Rufus
New Zealand Free For All – Yulestar
Netball
see Silver Ferns, National Bank Cup ,
Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of 10 competitors in five sports.
Paralympic Games
New Zealand sends a team of two competitors in one sport.
Rugby union
Rugby: :Category:Rugby union in New Zealand, Super 14, Rugby Union World Cup, National Provincial Championship, :Category:All Blacks, Bledisloe Cup, Tri Nations Series, Ranfurly Shield
Rugby league
The New Zealand Warriors had their best season ever in the Australian NRL competition, winning the Minor Premiership and making the Grand Final, which they lost to the Sydney Roosters, 30-8
The Bartercard Cup was won by the Mt Albert Lions who defeated the Hibiscus Coast Raiders 24–20 in the grand final, the last match ever played at Carlaw Park.
The New Zealand national rugby league team played in six test matches, winning three and drawing one:
12 October – Lost to Australia 24–32;
3 November – Defeated Wales 50–22;
9 November – Defeated Great Britain 30–16;
16 November – Drew with Great Britain 14–all;
23 November – Lost to Great Britain 10–16;
30 November – Defeated France 22–14.
Shooting
Ballinger Belt – Trevor Oliver (Onslow)
Soccer
The All Whites won the OFC Nations Cup held in Auckland, beating Australia 1–0 in the final. This qualified the team for the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup in Mexico.
New Zealand National Soccer League was won by Miramar Rangers
The Chatham Cup is won by Napier City Rovers who beat Tauranga City United 2–0 in the final.
Births
January–June
23 January – Henrietta Christie, racing cyclist
29 January – George Bell, rugby union player
4 February – Ben Barclay, freestyle skier
7 February – Grace Nweke, netball player
11 February – Liam Lawson, motor racing driver
19 February – Marko Stamenic, association footballer
25 February – Luke Wijohn, activist
2 March – Liana Mikaele-Tu'u, rugby union player
12 March – Riley Bidois, association footballer
27 March – Marisa van der Meer, association footballer
4 April – Naufahu Whyte, rugby league player
13 April – Matthew Garbett, association footballer
14 April – Oskar van Hattum, association footballer
18 April – Ava Collins, association footballer
19 April – Taine Murray, basketball player
28 April – Tim Robinson, cricketer
1 May – Matthew Payne, rugby union player
10 May – Cool Wakushima, snowboarder
25 May – Campbell Wright, biathlete
2 June – Fonua Pole, rugby league player
3 June – Beckham Wheeler-Greenall, cricketer
11 June – Mojave King, basketball player
July–December
4 July – Alex Paulsen, association footballer
17 July – Laurence Pithie, racing cyclist
27 July – Stella Ashcroft, artistic gymnast
31 July – Keegan Jelacic, association footballer
2 August – Xavier Willison, rugby league player
13 August – Ben Old, association footballer
17 August – Michael Pickett, swimmer
17 September – Vosne Romanee, Thoroughbred racehorse
21 September – Darci Brahma, Thoroughbred racehorse
3 October
Monkey King, Standardbred racehorse
Matthew Payne, motor racing driving
16 October – Julian Dennison, actor
5 November – Jawsh 685 beat maker and music producer
7 November – Wahid, Thoroughbred racehorse
14 November – Seachange, Thoroughbred racehorse
20 December – Billy Frazer, racing driver
2 December – Master O'Reilly, Thoroughbred racehorse
12 December – Sydnee Andrews, judoka
Deaths
January–March
3 January – Jack Skinner, association football player (born 1915)
12 February – Ossie Johnson, triple jumper (born 1906)
13 February – Mike Gilbert, rugby union and rugby league player (born 1911)
15 February – Kevin Smith, actor (born 1963)
22 February
Sir Raymond Firth, ethnologist (born 1901)
Allen Johnston, Anglican bishop (born 1912)
23 February – Ossie Butt, rugby league player, selector and administrator (born 1934)
6 March – Richard Dell, malacologist (born 1920)
9 March – Gordon Hunter, rugby union player, coach and selector (born 1949)
12 March – Empire Rose, thoroughbred racehorse (foaled 1982)
14 March – Cherry Grimm, fantasy and science-fiction writer under the pseudonym Cherry Wilder (born 1930)
26 March – Roy Calvert, World War II pilot (born 1913)
27 March – Geoffrey Sim, politician (born 1911)
29 March – John Dick, rugby union player (born 1912)
April–June
2 April – Mona Leydon, swimmer (born 1915)
27 April – Lachie Grant, rugby union player (born 1923)
29 April – Jack Kelly, rugby union player, schoolteacher (born 1926)
2 May – Ross Smith, rugby union player (born 1929)
19 May – Herbert Familton, alpine skier (born 1928)
28 May – Norman King, politician (born 1914)
31 May – Roy Blair, cricketer (born 1921)
3 June – Sir Edward Somers, jurist (born 1928)
10 June – Dick Brittenden, cricket writer (born 1919)
26 June – Yvonne Rust, potter (born 1922)
27 June
Alan Brunton, poet and playwright (born 1946)
Barry Smith, preacher and author (born 1933)
July–September
9 July – Ron Scarlett, paleozoologist (born 1911)
23 July – Bill Bell, cricketer (born 1931)
3 August
Arthur Cresswell, cricketer (born 1917)
Joyce Sullivan, netball player (born 1918)
24 August – Alan Brash, church leader (born 1913)
29 August – Betty Forbes, athlete (born 1916)
9 September – Graham Kennedy, rugby league player and coach (born 1939)
24 September – Ron Jeffery, World War II spy (born 1917)
27 September – Bill Pearson, writer, critic, English literature academic (born 1922)
October–December
1 October – Ernest Bezzant, cricketer (born 1916)
3 October – Dalvanius Prime, entertainer (born 1948)
11 October – Betty Molesworth Allen, botanist (born 1913)
12 October
Stanley James, cricketer (born 1932)
Mark Parker, cricketer (born 1975)
13 October – Sir Garfield Todd, missionary, politician (born 1908)
18 October – Buddy Lucas, swimmer and surf lifesaver (born 1931)
23 October – David Lewis, sailor, explorer (born 1917)
28 October – Hyperno, thoroughbred racehorse (foaled 1973)
15 November
Betty Plant, netball player, coach and administrator, heritage campaigner (born 1920)
JJ Stewart, rugby union coach, selector and administrator (born 1923)
19 November – Gladys Pidgeon, swimmer (born 1906)
20 November – Rod Heeps, rugby union player (born 1938)
9 December – Alister Atkinson, rugby league player (born 1925)
22 December – Joe Morgan, rugby union player (born 1945)
25 December – Davina Whitehouse, actor (born 1912)
29 December – Don Clarke, rugby union player (born 1933)
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
2000s in New Zealand
New Zealand
Years of the 21st century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Melanitis leda, the common evening brown, is a common species of butterfly found flying at dusk. The flight of this species is erratic. They are found in Africa, South Asia and South-east Asia extending to parts of Australia.
Description
Wet-season form: Forewing: apex subacute; termen slightly angulated just below apex, or straight. Upperside brown. Forewing with two large subapical black spots, each with a smaller spot outwardly of pure white inwardly bordered by a ferruginous interrupted lunule; costal margin narrowly pale. Hindwing with a dark, white-centred, fulvous-ringed ocellus subterminally in interspace two, and the apical ocellus, sometimes also others of the ocelli, on the underside, showing through.
Underside paler, densely covered with transverse dark brown striae; a discal curved dark brown narrow band on forewing; a post-discal similar oblique band, followed by a series of ocelli: four on the forewing, that in interspace 8 the largest; six on the hindwing, the apical and subtornal the largest.
Dry-season form: Forewing: apex obtuse and more or less falcate; termen posterior to falcation straight or sinuous. Upperside: ground colour similar to that in the wet-season form, the markings, especially the ferruginous lunules inwardly bordering the black sub-apical spots on forewing, larger, more extended below and above the black costa. Hindwing: the ocellus in interspace 2 absent, posteriorly replaced by three or four minute white subterminal spots.
Underside varies in colour greatly. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen in both seasonal forms brown or greyish brown: the antennae annulated with white, ochraceous at apex.
Ecology
Resident butterflies are known to fight off visitors to the area during dusk hours. This chase behaviour is elicited even by pebbles thrown nearby.
The caterpillars feed on a wide variety of grasses including rice (Oryza sativa), bamboos, Andropogon, Rotboellia cochinchinensis, Brachiaria mutica, Cynodon, Imperata, and millets such as Oplismenus compositus, Panicum and Eleusine indica.
Adults feed mainly on nectar, and in rare cases visit rotting fruits.
Image gallery
References
leda
Butterflies of Africa
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Oceania
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies of Australia
Butterflies of Indonesia
Butterflies of Malaysia
Butterflies of Singapore
Lepidoptera of Cape Verde
Butterflies described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Insect pests of millets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanitis%20leda |
Parliamentary elections were held in São Tomé and Príncipe on 26 March 2006.
Parties and Coalitions
Eight political parties and two coalitions contested the election.
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe-Social Democratic Party (MLSTP-PSD) – Largest party in the outgoing National Assembly, winning 24 out of 55 seats in the March 2002 election.
Force for Change Democratic Movement–Democratic Convergence Party (MDFM-PCD) – Two party coalition that won 23 seats in the 2002 election. The coalition was formed in late 2001 by supporters of President Fradique de Menezes.
Ue-Kedadji (UK) – A five party coalition that won 8 seats in the 2002 election. The coalition's member parties are the Democratic Renovation Party (PRD), National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP), Opposition Democratic Coalition (CODO), People's Party of Progress (PPP), and the Social Renewal Party (PSR).
Independent Democratic Action (ADI) – Contested the 2002 election as part of the Uê Kédadji coalition, but has since withdrawn and will participate in this year's poll as a single entity.
São Toméan Workers Party (PTS) – Participated in the 2002 election, but failed to gain representation in the National Assembly.
Christian Democratic Front (FDC) – Small party that participated in the 1991, 1994, and 1998 National Assembly elections. In all three elections, the party won less than 2% of the vote.
Social Liberal Party (PLS) – Newly formed political party.
New Way Movement (NR) – Newly formed political party.
Results
References
Parliamentary elections in São Tomé and Príncipe
Sao Tome
Parliamentary
Sao Tome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9an%20parliamentary%20election |
Egypt competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 75 competitors, 72 men and 3 women, took part in 32 events in 13 sports.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Boxing
Equestrianism
Fencing
One male fencer represented Egypt in 1992.
Men's foil
Maged Abdallah
Football
Handball
Men's team competition
Preliminary round (group B)
Egypt – Romania 21-22
Egypt – Spain 18-23
Egypt – Unified Team 18-22
Egypt – Germany 16-24
Egypt – France 19-22
Classification Match
11th/12th place: Egypt – Brazil 27-24 (→ Eleventh place)
Team roster
Hosam Abdallah
Ayman Abdel Hamid Soliman
Mohamed Abdel Mohamed
Ahmed Belal
Ahmed Debes
Ahmed Elattar
Ahmed Elawady
Aser Elkasaby
Khlaed Elkordy
Adel Elsharkawy
Ashraf Mabrouk
Yasser Mahmoud
Gohar Mohamed
Sameh Mohamed
Mohsen Radwan
Amr Serageldin
Mahmoud Soliman
Head coach: Paul Tiedemann
Hockey
Men's team competition
Preliminary round (group A)
Egypt – Great Britain 0 – 2
Egypt – Australia 1 – 5
Egypt – Argentina 0 – 1
Egypt – Germany 2– 8
Egypt – India 1 – 2
Classification Matches
9th-12th place: Egypt – Unified Team 2 – 4
11th-12th place: Egypt – Argentina 3 – 7 → 12th place
Team roster
(01.) Mohamed Tantawy (captain and gk)
(02.) Ibrahim Tawfik
(03.) Husan Hassan
(04.) Hisham Korany
(05.) Gamal Mohamed
(06.) Abdel Khlik Abou El-Yazi
(07.) Magdy Ahmed Abdullah
(08.) Gamal Ahmed Abdulla
(09.) Ashraf Gindy
(10.) Gamal Abdelgany
(11.) Amro Osman
(12.) Ehab Mansour
(13.) Mohamed Sayed Abdulla
(14.) Amro Mohamady
(15.) Mohamed Mohamed
(16.) Wael Mostafa (gk)
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Egypt in 1992.
Individual
Moustafa Adam
Mohamed Abdou El-Souad
Sherif El-Erian
Team
Moustafa Adam
Mohamed Abdou El-Souad
Sherif El-Erian
Shooting
Swimming
Men's 50m Freestyle
Mohamed Elazoul
Heat – 23.87 (→ did not advance, 37th place)
Men's 100m Freestyle
Mohamed Elazoul
Heat – 53.31 (→ did not advance, 52nd place)
Women's 50m Freestyle
Rania Elwani
Heat – 27.20 (→ did not advance, 32nd place)
Women's 100m Freestyle
Rania Elwani
Heat – 58.82 (→ did not advance, 30th place)
Women's 200m Freestyle
Rania Elwani
Heat – 2:08.93 (→ did not advance, 31st place)
Women's 100m Backstroke
Rania Elwani
Heat – 1:10.12 (→ did not advance, 45th place)
Table tennis
Weightlifting
Wrestling
References
Nations at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1992
1992 in Egyptian sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201992%20Summer%20Olympics |
Nine Below Zero are an English rock band, who have a cult following throughout Europe. They became popular during the period 1980–1982 and are still performing currently throughout the UK, Scandinavia and Europe as of 2022.
Career
The band was originally formed in South London in 1977 by guitarist and lead vocalist Dennis Greaves. He was joined by bassist Peter Clark, Kenny Bradley on drums, and vocalist and harmonica player Mark Feltham. They were originally named 'Stan's Blues Band' and for the next two years they played in London clubs.
In 1979, while playing at The Thomas A'Beckett pub in the Old Kent Road they accepted an offer from former musician Mickey Modern to manage them. Modern persuaded the band to change their name. Greaves chose Nine Below Zero after the Sonny Boy Williamson II song. Modern was signed to A&M Records and he persuaded A&M to give him a record label, M&L Records, to launch Nine Below Zero.
In 1980 the band released their first album, Live at the Marquee, which was recorded on 16 June 1980. Bradley was replaced as drummer by Stix Burkey. By the end of that year they had built an audience, particularly amongst fans of the new wave of British heavy metal attracted by their high-energy, fast-tempo sound. They headlined at the Hammersmith Odeon and featured Alexis Korner, a long-time champion of new electric blues talent.
In 1981, they released their second album, Don't Point Your Finger, produced by Glyn Johns. Johns complained the bass was too basic for the new songs, so the band subsequently replaced Clark with bass player Brian Bethell. The band appeared on The Chris Tarrant Show, The South Bank Show, O.T.T., The Old Grey Whistle Test, and the BBC2 comedy series The Young Ones performing "11+11". They also supported The Kinks and The Who on tour. Don't Point Your Finger reached number 56 on the UK Albums Chart.
Their third album, Third Degree, contained "11+11", written by Greaves and Modern. The album spent six weeks in the chart and peaked at number 38. After this, the band split up. Bethell joined The Blow Monkeys and Feltham went on to session work, most notably for Rory Gallagher. Arnold became manager of The Truth, and refused Modern's suggestions to re-form Nine Below Zero. In 1990, IRS Records's interest in The Truth was fading, and Modern persuaded Feltham and Greaves to reunite for a tenth anniversary concert.
Arnold – now worked at Harvey Goldsmith Ents – promoted the band at the Town and Country Club. They added Gerry McAvoy and Brendan O'Neill from Rory Gallagher's band on bass and drums. In 1992, Feltham left due to musical differences and was replaced by Alan Glen. Feltham returned in 2001 and the band has continued to tour and record. In 1995, harmonica player Billy Boy Miskimmin was added.
In 2005, their track "Go Girl" was included in the Of Hands and Hearts: Music for the Tsunami Disaster Fund compilation album. In 2007, Nine Below Zero performed two acoustic concerts, producing the DVD Bring It On Home, including a live CD. Blues guitarist Gary Moore joined the band on stage to promote the DVD. In August 2008, Nine Below Zero appeared at the Rhythm Festival in Bedfordshire and later opened for Chuck Berry at The 100 Club. In 2009, the band started working towards a show to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the release of their debut album, Live at the Marquee.
Glenn Tilbrook from Squeeze offered to record the album that Greaves and Feltham had been writing. They recorded It's Never Too Late – their first collection of new songs since Refrigerator. European tours followed, including supporting Jools Holland and Paul Jones.
In 2011, they worked with Tilbrook under the name The Co-operative. In July 2011, one track, the Beatles song "You Never Give Me Your Money", was used on a Mojo magazine special celebrating the 40th anniversary of the release of Abbey Road. The band were preparing for a tour in 2012. Gerry McAvoy left at the end of 2011 to pursue a solo career.
Recent work
2012 saw the return of Brian Bethell who played on Third Degree. The new lineup started performing in January with shows in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, as the band enter their 35th year.
Following on from 2012's remastered re-release of Nine Below Zero's live debut Live at the Marquee came a double instalment; remastered editions of the first two studio albums Don't Point Your Finger and Third Degree, each with a separate disc of bonus material, was released on 24 February 2014 through Universal Music.
A nationwide month-long 22-date tour in support of The Stranglers began on 27 February 2014. The band then undertook a 35th Anniversary tour in Autumn 2014. The second half of 2016 saw the release of the band's first "big band" album, this new line made their live debut at Glastonbury Festival in June after which the big band toured extensively through the autumn and beyond. On 27 October 2018, the band played King George's Hall, Blackburn, supporting Bruce Foxton's From The Jam, with Russell Hastings performing lead vocals with songs from The Jam's All Mod Cons.
Current members
Dennis Greaves – guitar and vocals (1977–1983, 1990–present)
Mark Feltham – harmonica and vocals (1977–1983, 1990–1992, 2001–present)
Charlie Austen – vocals and percussion (2016–present)
Sonny Greaves – drums (2018–present)
Tom Monks – keyboards, guitar and vocals (2019–present)
Anthony Harty – bass (2022–present)
Discography
Albums
Live at the Marquee – 1980 – A&M
Don't Point Your Finger – 1981 – A&M (#56 UK)
Third Degree – 1982 – A&M (#38 UK)
Live at the Venue – 1989 – Receiver
On The Road Again – 1991 – China Records
Off The Hook – 1992 – China Records
Special Tour Album 93 – 1993 – China Records (LP only)
Hot Music for a Cold Night – 1994 – Pangea Records
Back To The Future – 1994 – China Records
Ice Station Zebro – 1995 – Pangea Records
Live in London – 1997 – Indigo
Refrigerator – 2000 – Zed Records
Give Me No Lip Child – 2000 – Indigo
Chilled – 2002 – Zed Records
Hat's Off – 2005 – Zed Records
Both Sides of Nine Below Zero – 2008 – Angel Air
It's Never Too Late! – 2009 – Zed Records
The Co-Operative (with Glenn Tilbrook) – 2011 – Quixotic Records
Live at the Marquee [CD/DVD] – 2012 – UMC/Mercury
A to Zed – The Very Best of – 2013 – Zed Records
Don't Point Your Finger [2CD Expanded Edition] – 2014 – UMC
Third Degree [2CD Expanded Edition] – 2014 – UMC
13 Shades of Blue – 2016 – Zed Records
Avalanche – 2019 – Zed Records
See also
List of bands named after other performers' songs
References
External links
Official website
English rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1977
British pub rock music groups
English new wave musical groups
Musical groups from London
English blues musical groups
British rhythm and blues musical groups
es:Nine Below Zero#top | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%20Below%20Zero |
Egypt, which is represented by the Egyptian Olympic Committee (EOC), competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States from July 19 to August 4, 1996. Twenty-nine Egyptian athletes, twenty-seven men and two women, competed in boxing, handball, judo, rowing, shooting, swimming, weightlifting, and wrestling, but the nation did not win any medals.
Background
Prior to 1996, Egypt had sent athletes to fifteen editions of the Summer Olympic Games (three times as the United Arab Republic), the 1906 Intercalated Games, equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics, and the 1984 Winter Olympics. Egypt's 1996 delegation was the smallest since 1976 and chose Hosam Abdallah, an Olympic veteran in handball, as its flagbearer in the opening ceremony.
Results by event
Boxing
Egypt qualified four boxers for the Olympic tournament. Three of them, middleweight Kabary Salem, light-heavyweight Mohamed Mahmoud, and heavyweight Amrou Moustafa had placed fifth at the 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships. Salim had also been the light-middleweight champion at the 1991 Mediterranean Games and had competed in that category in the 1992 Olympic tournament. All three were eliminated in the first round. The fourth, super-heavyweight Ahmed El-Said, received a bye in the round of 32, and was defeated by René Monse of Germany in the round of 16.
Handball
Egypt qualified for the men's handball tournament by placing sixth at the 1995 World Men's Handball Championship, at the time the highest-ever placement for a squad from Africa. They had also been the gold medalists at the 1995 All-Africa Games. Half of the Egyptians were veterans of the 1992 tournament: Hosam Abdallah, Ahmed El-Attar, Ashraf Mabrouk Awaad, Ahmed El-Awady, Ahmed Belal, Gohar Mohamed, Yasser Mahmoud, and Ayman Abdel Hamid Soliman. Abdallah also served as the Egyptian flagbearer in the opening ceremonies of the Games. In its first three matches, Egypt defeated Algeria 19-16, Brazil 31-20, and Germany 24-22, before losing to 25-20 to France and 20-19 to eventual silver medalists Spain, which caused them to be eliminated from the tournament. In the ranking round, the country was bested by Russia and thus finished in sixth.
Preliminary group B
5th place match
Team roster
Judo
Egypt sent two judokas to the 1996 Olympic tournament. Bassel El Gharbawy, who competed in the half-heavyweight division, was the reigning African Champion and bronze medalist in the open division, as well as the 1994 Junior World bronze medalist. After receiving a bye in the round of 32, El Gharbawy was defeated by Raymond Stevens of Great Britain in the round of 16 and eliminated from the tournament. Heba Hefny, competing in the heavyweight category, was a veteran of the 1992 Olympic tournament, where she had lost her opening bout, and attended the 1996 Olympics as the runner-up in both the heavyweight and open classes at the 1996 African Judo Championships. She received a bye in the opening round and defeated Heidi Burnett of Australia in the quarterfinals to advance to the semifinals, where she was overcome by Beata Maksymowa of Poland. In the repechage, she lost against Christine Cicot of France, one of the upcoming bronze medalists.
Men
Women
Rowing
Egypt entered a single rower, Ali Ibrahim, into the Olympic tournament. Ibrahim had begun his international career only a year prior and had competed exclusively in the single sculls, achieving one second-place finish at the 1995 World Rowing Cup and 17th at the 1995 World Rowing Championships. He was third in his heat in the opening round, but was second in his repechage heat, which qualified him for the semifinals, where he was fourth in his heat and missed qualifying for the "A" Final. In the "B" Final, he finished second, behind Rob Waddell, for an overall placement of eighth.
Men
Shooting
Egypt entered two shooters into the Olympic tournament, both in the skeet event. Mohamed Khorshed was a veteran of three prior Olympics, never placing higher than 33rd, but had been the gold medalist in the discipline at the 1995 All-Africa Games. He also earned gold at the 1993 African Shooting Championships and bronze at the 1995 edition. Mostafa Hamdy, meanwhile, had been fourth and seventh at the 1993 and 1995 African Shooting Championships respectively. Khorshed and Hamdy finished 45th and 47th respectively and failed to advance to the final.
Men
Swimming
Egypt was represented by two swimmers in the Olympic tournament. Tamer Zinhom had set national records in the 50 metre freestyle and butterfly events at the 1995 Egyptian Championships, but placed fifth in his heat and 47th overall in the 50 m freestyle event at the Games and failed to advance. He also competed in the 100 m freestyle and butterfly and was eliminated from both after finishing 47th and 46th overall respectively. Rania Elwani, a veteran of the 1992 Olympics, had won three gold medals at the 1995 All-Africa Games (in the 50, 100, and 200 metre freestyle races), in addition to silver in the 100 metre backstroke and butterfly events. She competed in the 50, 100, and 200 m freestyle events, but never advanced beyond the heats.
Men
Women
Weightlifting
Egypt's sole representative in weightlifting was Tharwat Bendary, a veteran of two editions of the All-Africa Games and several World Weightlifting Championships. He competed in the 99 kg class, lifting 167.5 kg in the snatch and 205.0 kg in the clean and jerk for a total score of 372.5, which ranked him 11th in the tournament.
Wrestling
Moustafa Ramada Hussain, Egypt's representative in wrestling, was the son of Mohamed Abdul Ramada Hussain, who competed at the Olympics in 1952, and the brother of Mohyeldin Ramada Hussain who had appeared at the Games in 1992. Moustafa was a veteran of the 1988 and 1992 tournaments, and competed in the Greco-Roman 90 kg division. He was defeated by Maik Bullmann of Germany, the eventual bronze medalist, in the opening round and bested Abdel Aziz Essafoui of Morocco in the first classification round before losing to Marek Švec of the Czech Republic and placing 14th overall.
Greco-Roman
References
General
Specific
Notes
Nations at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1996 Summer Olympics
1996 in Egyptian sport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt%20at%20the%201996%20Summer%20Olympics |
The Journal of Postgraduate Medicine is a multidisciplinary quarterly biomedical journal. The journal is the official publication of the Staff Society of Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
The journal was established in 1955 with N.M. Purandare as its first editor-in-chief. It is published open access.
Abstracting and Indexing
The journal is indexed and abstracted in Index Medicus, Current Contents, Science Citation Index, EMBASE, CAB Abstracts, and AMED.
External links
History of the journal
The journal's Golden Jubilee Celebration
Open access journals
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Medknow Publications academic journals
Academic journals established in 1955
General medical journals
Academic journals associated with universities and colleges
1955 establishments in Bombay State | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Postgraduate%20Medicine |
Glan prism or Glan polarizer may refer to:
Glan–Thompson prism, a polarizer made from cemented calcite prisms
Glan–Foucault prism, a polarizer made from air-spaced calcite prisms
Glan–Taylor prism, an improved air-spaced calcite polarizer design
Glan–laser prism, a high-power Glan–Taylor prism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glan%20prism |
The following lists events that happened during 2001 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 3,916,200.
Increase since 31 December 2000: 43,100 (1.11%).
Males per 100 Females: 96.2.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – The Rt Hon. Sir Michael Hardie Boys GNZM, GCMG, QSO followed by The Hon Dame Silvia Cartwright PCNZM, DBE, QSO
Government
The 46th New Zealand Parliament continued. Government was The Labour Party led by Helen Clark, in coalition with Alliance, led by Jim Anderton.
Speaker of the House – Jonathan Hunt
Prime Minister – Helen Clark
Deputy Prime Minister – Jim Anderton
Minister of Finance – Michael Cullen
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Phil Goff
Chief Justice — Sian Elias
Opposition leaders
See: :Category:Parliament of New Zealand, :New Zealand elections
National – TBD (Leader of the Opposition)
Greens – Jeanette Fitzsimons and Rod Donald
Act – TBD
New Zealand First – TBD
United Future – TBD
Māori Party – TBD
Labour – TBD
Progressives – TBD
United Future – TBD
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Christine Fletcher then John Banks
Mayor of Hamilton – Russell Matthew Remmington then David Braithwaite
Mayor of Wellington – Mark Blumsky then Kerry Prendergast
Mayor of Christchurch – Garry Moore
Mayor of Dunedin – Sukhi Turner
Events
New Zealand establishes an embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Arts and literature
Jo Randerson wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
Montana New Zealand Book Awards:
Montana Medal: Michael King, Wrestling with the Angel: A Life of Janet Frame
Deutz Medal: Lloyd Jones, The Book of Fame
Reader's Choice: Michael King, Wrestling with the Angel: A Life of Janet Frame
First Book Awards
Fiction: Karyn Hay, Emerald Budgies
Poetry: Stephanie de Montalk, Animals Indoors
Non-Fiction: Paul Tapsell, Pukaki: A Comet Returns
See 2001 in art, 2001 in literature, :Category:2001 books
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
Two original categories were retired 'Most Promising Male Vocalist' and 'Most Promising Female Vocalist' and the 'Film Soundtrack/Cast Recording/Compilation' category introduced the year before was reduced to be compilations only.
Winners are shown first with nominees underneath.
Album of the Year: Zed – Silencer
Dave Dobbyn – Hopetown
Fur Patrol – Pet
Tadpole – The Buddhafinger'
Tim Finn / Dave Dobbyn / Bic Runga – Together in Concert: Live
Single of the Year: Fur Patrol – Lydia
Eye TV – "One Day Ahead"
Shihad – Pacifier
Tadpole – Alright
Zed – Renegade Fighter
Top Group: Zed – Silencer
Tadpole – The Buddhafinger
Shihad – Pacifier
Best New Act: Betchadupa
Splitter
Dan Sperber & Luke Casey
Top Male Vocalist: Nathan King (Zed)
Jon Toogood (Shihad)
Dave Dobbyn
Top Female Vocalist: Julia Deans (Fur Patrol)
Renee Brennan (Tadpole)
Libby Huirua
Best Folk Album: Lothlorien – Greenwood Side
Run The Cutter – Passing Time
The Jews Brothers Band – My Yiddish Swing
Best Jazz Album: The Rodger Fox Big Band – Ain't That The Truth
Erna Ferry – Devil May Care
Chris Mason Bentley Group – Karakia
Best Classical Album: Strike – New Zealand Percussion Music
Michael Houston – Elusive Dreams: NZ Piano Music
New Zealand String Quartet – Gareth Farr: Owhiro
Best Country Album: no award
Best Gospel Album: The Parachute Band – Love
Solace – Solace
Invasion Band – Nga Mea Katoa
Best Mana Maori Album: Wai – Wai 100%
Ruia & Ranea – Whare Maori
Big Belly Woman – Dance with the Wind
Best Mana Reo Album: Whirimako Black -Shrouded in The Mist / Hinepukohurangi
Ruia & Ranea – Whare Maori
Wai – Wai 100%
Best Children's Album: Liam Ryan & Carol Storey – The Present
Kids Music Company Singers – On A High Note
John Phillips – The Lost Property Box
Best Compilation: Strawpeople – The Best of 1990–2000
HLAH – Blood on the Honky Tonk Floor
Various – Algorhythm 2
Best Songwriter: Julia Deans – Lydia (Fur Patrol)
Aaron Takona – Calling On (Weta)
Nathan King – Renegade Fighter (Zed)
Best Producer: Dave Long – Pet (Fur Patrol)
Malcolm Welsford – The Buddhafinger (Tadpole)
Paul Casserly & Joost Langeveld – No New Messages (Strawpeople)
Best Engineer: Sam Gibson – Betchadupa EP (Betchadupa)
Malcolm Welsford – The Buddhafinger (Tadpole)
Mike Gibson – Pet (Fur Patrol)
Best Video: Alex Sutherland & Michael Lonsdale – Touchdown (The Stereobus)
Greg Page – "One Day Ahead" (Eye TV)
Wade Shotter & Jamie Dower – Silent Film (Augustino)
Best Cover: Wayne Conway – Hopetown (Dave Dobbyn)
Monique Facon – The Buddhafinger (Tadpole)
Andrew B White & Jade Weaver – Pet (Fur Patrol)
New Zealand Radio Programmer Award: Rodger Clamp – More FM Auckland & Channel Z
Andi Dawkins – More FM Christchurch and Dunedin
Brad King – The Rock Network
Outstanding International Achievement: Shihad
Deep Obsession
Salmonella Dub
See: 2001 in music, New Zealand Top 50 Albums of 2001
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Gray Bartlett MBE.
Radio and television
See: 2001 in New Zealand television, 2001 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, TV3 (New Zealand), :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
Crooked Earth
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
See: :Category:2001 film awards, 2001 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:2001 films
Internet
See: NZ Internet History
Sport
See: 2001 in sports, :Category:2001 in sports
Athletics
Alastair Snowdon wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:22:12 on 3 June in Christchurch, while Anne Clarke claims her first as well in the women's championship (2:47:55).
Basketball
The Men's National Basketball League was won by the Waikato Titans who beat the Wellington Saints 112–97 in the final, the Titans having finished top of the league with 15/16 wins.
The Women’s National Basketball League was won by the Wellington Swish
Cricket
New Zealand cricket team
The State Championship was won by the Wellington Firebirds
Golf
New Zealand Open, :Category:New Zealand golfers in overseas tournaments.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: Kym's Girl
Auckland Trotting Cup: Holmes D G
Thoroughbred racing
Netball
Silver Ferns
National Bank Cup
Rugby league
Bartercard Cup won by the Hibiscus Coast Raiders who were also the minor premiers
The New Zealand Warriors cane 8th of 14 teams in the NRL, qualifying for the playoffs for the first time. They were knocked out in the first round by minor premiers, Parramatta Eels, 56–12.
Rugby union
The Super 12 competition was won by the Brumbies, the first win by a non-NZ team. No NZ teams made the semifinals.
National Provincial Championship: Division 1, Canterbury, Division 2: Hawke's Bay, Division 3: South Canterbury
the Bledisloe Cup was won by Australia who won both games.
the Tri Nations Series was won by Australia, with two wins and a draw. New Zealand came second with two wins.
The Ranfurly Shield was held by Canterbury all season, with successful defences against Buller 69-3 (in Westport), Sth Canterbury 103-0 (in Timaru), Nelson Bays 67–10, Bay of Plenty 72–3, Wellington 31–29, Taranaki 38–17, Auckland 38–10, Waikato 52-19
Shooting
Ballinger Belt – Murray Steele (Malvern)
Soccer
The New Zealand National Soccer League was relaunched as a winter competition with 10 teams and finals playoffs. The winner was Napier City Rovers.
The Chatham Cup is won by University - Mount Wellington who beat Central United 3–3 in the final (5-4 on penalties).
Births
January–March
3 January – Chay Fihaki, rugby union player
4 January – Ally Wollaston, racing cyclist
11 January – Corey Evans, rugby union player
15 January – Tiana Metuarau, netball player
17 January – Josh Lord, rugby union player
18 January – Kanah Andrews-Nahu, weightlifter
28 January – TK Howden, rugby union player
1 February – Sean Withy, rugby union player
6 February – Peter Vodanovich, racing driver
7 February – Maya Hahn, association footballer
9 February – Eve Thomas, swimmer
14 February
Mat Feagai, rugby league player
Max Feagai, rugby league player
15 February – Reuben Thompson, racing cyclist
1 March
Griffin Neame, rugby league player
Kaitlyn Watts, squash player
6 March – Zoi Sadowski-Synnott, snowboarder
22 March – Cortez Ratima, rugby union player
27 March – Valentina Ivanov, tennis player
April–June
24 April – Simi Sasagi, rugby league player
28 April – Ruben Love, rugby union player
8 May – Edward Osei-Nketia, athlete
11 May – Kaleb Ngatoa, racing driver
17 May – Rocco Berry, rugby league player
23 May – Olivia Shannon, field hockey player
24 May – Chante Temara, rugby league player
25 May – Corey Kellow, rugby union player
7 June – Aidan Morgan, rugby union player
11 June – Ben Waine, association footballer
14 June – Maggie Jenkins, association footballer
15 June
Chelsey Edwards, swimmer
Tupou Neiufi, swimmer
Molly Penfold, cricketer
George Stoupe, tennis player
20 June – Elys Ventura, tennis player
21 June – Connor Bell, discus thrower
22 June – Amelia Abbott, association footballer
26 June – Anna Leat, association footballer
July–September
1 July – Soane Vikena, rugby union player
7 July – Gabi Rennie, association footballer
12 July – Dominic Gardiner, rugby union player
26 July – Gideon Wrampling, rugby union player
27 July – Maiakawanakaulani Roos, rugby union player
30 July – Dee Heslop, Australian rules footballer
3 August – Jacob Ratumaitavuki-Kneepkens, rugby union player
16 August – Danielle Aitchison, para-athlete
22 August – Jackson Topine, rugby league player
4 September – Zach Gallagher, rugby union player
10 September – Maddison Weatherall, rugby league player
11 September
Katie Doar, field hockey player
El Segundo, Thoroughbred racehorse
17 September – Manu Paea, rugby union player
October–December
11 October – Vaiolini Ekuasi, rugby union player
13 October – Ben Harrington, freestyle skier
22 October – George Ott, association footballer
27 October – Alec MacDonald, rugby league player
9 November – Jock McKenzie, rugby union player
14 November
Galleons Sunset, Standardbred racehorse
TC Robati, rugby league player
23 November – Nico Porteous, freestyle skier
29 November – Xcellent, Thoroughbred racehorse
1 December – Alice Robinson, alpine skier
5 December – Sean Findlay, field hockey player
10 December – Sam Sutton, association footballer
21 December – Finn Fisher-Black, racing cyclist
24 December – Tukimihia Simpkins, rugby league player
27 December – Sammie Maxwell, cross-country cyclist
Deaths
January–March
13 January – William Fraser, politician (born 1924)
30 January – Jean Coulston, cricketer (born 1934)
1 February
Roy Dalgarno, artist (born 1910)
Sir Robert Mahuta, Māori leader (born 1939)
4 February – Sir David Beattie, jurist, Governor-General (1980–85) (born 1924)
27 February – Selwyn Toogood, radio and television personality (born 1916)
4 March – Herbert Green, obstetrician and gynaecologist (born 1916)
April–June
8 April – Elsie Locke, writer, historian and activist (born 1912)
10 April
Nyree Dawn Porter, actor (born 1936)
Red Anchor, Thoroughbred racehorse (foaled 1981)
11 April – Sir Thaddeus McCarthy, jurist (born 1907)
20 April – Bert Sutcliffe, cricketer (born 1923)
22 April – Trevor de Cleene, politician (born 1933)
24 April – Lindsay Daen, sculptor and artist (born 1923)
5 May – Roger Hill, World War II naval commander (born 1910)
18 May – Sir Alan Westerman, public servant (born 1913)
19 May
Sir Alan Hellaby, businessman (born 1926)
Harry Mahon, rowing coach (born 1942)
21 May
Erkin Bairam, economics academic (born 1958)
Cecil Murgatroyd, non-serious politician (born 1958)
2 June – Sir Kenneth Hayr, RAF air marshal (born 1935)
6 June – Douglas Lilburn, composer (born 1915)
8 June – Duncan MacIntyre, politician (born 1915)
13 June – Gordon Christie, politician (born 1914)
20 June – Wallace Reyburn, writer (born 1913)
30 June – Jack Finlay, rugby union player and coach, soldier (born 1916)
July–September
4 July – Charlie Saxton, rugby union player, cricketer (born 1913)
6 July – Derek Freeman, anthropologist (born 1916)
8 July – John O'Shea, filmmaker and actor (born 1920)
18 July – Ritchie Johnston, cyclist (born 1931)
19 July
Charles King, cyclist (born 1911)
Peter Lucas, rower (born 1933)
25 July
Levi Borgstrom, wood carver (born 1919)
Alan Kirton, agricultural scientist (born 1933)
27 July
George Cholmondeley-Tapper, motor racing driver (born 1910)
Van der Hum, Thoroughbred racehorse (foaled 1971)
30 July – Thomas Wells, cricketer and educator (born 1927)
5 August
Kenelm Digby, lawyer, jurist, public servant (born 1912)
Patricia Woodroffe, fencer (born 1926)
7 August – Dick Dunn, boxing coach (born 1908)
8 August
Robin Penhearow, cricketer (born 1941)
Peter Sinclair, radio and television personality (born 1938)
25 August – Bill Pratney, cyclist and politician (born 1909)
1 September – Sir John Robertson, ombudsman (born 1925)
31 August – Rex Forrester, hunter and fisherman (born 1928)
21 September – Andrew Bradfield, computer programmer (born 1966)
23 September – Allen Curnow, poet and journalist (born 1911)
28 September – Jack Skeen, rugby union player (born 1928)
29 September – Shona McFarlane, artist, journalist and television personality (born 1929)
October–December
8 October – Ray Williams, rugby union player (born 1909)
10 October – Norm Wilson, rugby union player and television personality (born 1922)
14 October – Sir Philip Adams, diplomat (born 1915)
22 October – Bill James, rower (born 1926)
26 October – John Platts-Mills, politician (born 1906)
30 October − Jack Scott, politician (born 1916)
6 November – Peter Newman, economist (born 1928)
10 November – Enid McElwee, fencer (born 1914)
13 November
Jack Griffiths, rugby union player, soldier (born 1912)
Mayzod Reid, diver (born 1928)
6 December – Sir Peter Blake, yachtsman (born 1948)
13 December – Pamela Barham, netball player and coach
14 December – Reg Singer, association football player (born 1924)
20 December
Manuhuia Bennett – Anglican bishop (born 1916)
Dame Miraka Szászy, Māori leader (born 1921)
29 December – Brian Bansgrove, film gaffer (born 1941)
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
New Zealand
New Zealand
2000s in New Zealand
Years of the 21st century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Mother Lode is the fourth studio album (fifth release overall) by singer-songwriter duo Loggins and Messina, released in late 1974. It was their final album with their original backing band, because multireedist and violinist Al Garth would soon leave the band, but multireedist Jon Clarke, bassist Larry Sims and drummer Merel Bregante remained, and saxophonist Don Roberts made his debut on this record. Future Toto keyboardist David Paich plays keyboards on this album while percussionist Milt Holland is augmented by Victor Feldman and the album was recorded on location at Jim Messina's California ranch. The Jim Messina composition "Keep Me in Mind" was sung by bassist Sims, whom Messina praised for having a phenomenal voice in a 2009 interview with Loggins for KCTS-TV.
Track listing
Side one
"Growin'" (Kenny Loggins, Ronnie Wilkins) – 2:39 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
"Be Free" (Jim Messina) – 7:01 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Changes" (Messina) – 3:53 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Brighter Days" (Loggins, Dona Lyn George) – 3:42 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
"Time to Space" (Loggins, George) – 5:48 (lead singers: Kenny Loggins, Larry Sims)
Side two
"Lately My Love" (Messina) – 3:32 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Move On" (Messina) – 7:29 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Get a Hold" (Loggins) – 3:37 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
"Keep Me in Mind" (Messina) – 3:38 (lead singer: Larry Sims)
"Fever Dream" (Loggins, Maury Muehleisen) – 3:03 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
Personnel
Kenny Loggins – vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Jim Messina – vocals, lead guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin
Loggins and Messina band
Larry Sims – bass, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Keep Me in Mind"
Merel Bregante – drums, timbales, backing vocals
Jon Clarke – flute, oboe, bass flute, English horn, tenor saxophone, alto flute, soprano saxophone, baritone saxophone, bass saxophone
Al Garth – violin, recorder, tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, bass clarinet
Sidemen
Chris Brooks – koto
Milt Holland – percussion
Victor Feldman – percussion
David Paich – keyboards
Don Roberts – flute, bass flute, tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, baritone saxophone, bass saxophone, bass clarinet, alto flute
David Wallace – synthesizers
Production
Producer – Jim Messina
Engineers – Corey Bailey, Alex Kazanegras and Jim Messina.
Technical Assistance – Lou Shatzer
Recorded on location at Jim Messina's Ranch, Ojai, California using Haji Sound.
Photography – Tyler Thornton
Color Prints – Ted Staidle
Art Direction and Design – Ron Coro
Personal Management – Schiffman and Larsen
Road Management – David Cieslak and Jim Recor
Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)
Singles - Billboard (United States)
References
Loggins and Messina albums
1974 albums
Albums produced by Jim Messina (musician)
Columbia Records albums
Albums recorded in a home studio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%20Lode%20%28album%29 |
The following lists events that happened during 2000 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 3,873,100.
Increase since 31 December 1999: 21,900 (0.57%).
Males per 100 Females: 96.3.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – The Rt Hon. Sir Michael Hardie Boys GNZM, GCMG, QSO
Government
The 46th New Zealand Parliament continued. Government was The Labour Party led by Helen Clark, in coalition with Alliance, led by Jim Anderton.
Speaker of the House – Jonathan Hunt
Prime Minister – Helen Clark
Deputy Prime Minister – Jim Anderton
Minister of Finance – Michael Cullen
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Phil Goff
Chief Justice — Sian Elias
Opposition leaders
See: :Category:Parliament of New Zealand, :New Zealand elections
National – Jenny Shipley (Leader of the Opposition)
Greens – Jeanette Fitzsimons and Rod Donald
Act – Richard Prebble
New Zealand First – Winston Peters
United – Peter Dunne
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Christine Fletcher
Mayor of Hamilton – Russell Matthew Remmington
Mayor of Wellington – Mark Blumsky
Mayor of Christchurch – Garry Moore
Mayor of Dunedin – Sukhi Turner
Events
January
1 January: Broadcasts from the Chatham Islands and the New Zealand mainland are watched worldwide as New Zealand, by virtue of time zone, kicks off the worldwide millennium celebrations.
Arts and literature
James Norcliffe wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
Montana New Zealand Book Awards:
Montana Medal: Grahame Sydney, The Art of Grahame Sydney
Deutz Medal: Owen Marshall, Harlequin Rex
Reader's Choice: Grahame Sydney, The Art of Grahame Sydney
First Book Awards
Fiction: Duncan Sarkies, Stray Thoughts And Nosebleeds
Poetry: Glenn Colquhoun, The Art of Walking Upright
Non-Fiction: Pether Thomson, Kava in the Blood
See 2000 in art, 2000 in literature, :Category:2000 books
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
This year of awards included a new category, ' Best Film Soundtrack/Cast Recording/Compilation':
Winners are shown first with nominees underneath.
Album of the Year: Stellar* – Mix
Shihad – The General Electric
Ardijah – Time
Salmonella Dub – Killervision
The Mutton Birds – Rain, Steam and Speed
Single of the Year: Stellar* – Violent
AKA Brown – Something I Need
Shihad – My Minds Sedate
The Mutton Birds – Pulled Along By Love
Breathe – Landslide
Top Male Vocalist: Jon Toogood – The General Electric (Shihad)
Dave Dobbyn
Don McGlashan (The Mutton Birds)
Top Female Vocalist: Boh Runga – Mix (Stellar*)
Betty-Anne Monga (Ardijah)
Zara Clark (Deep Obsession)
Top Group: Stellar* – Mix
Shihad – The General Electric
Deep Obsession – Infinity
Most Promising Male Vocalist: Aaron Tokona (Weta)
Sama Feo (AKA Brown)
Conan Wilcox (Salmonella Dub)
Most Promising Female Vocalist: Vanessa Kelly – Infinity (Deep Obsession)
Maybelle Galuvao (Ma-V-Elle)
Lavina Williams (The Invasion Band / Ma-V-Elle)
Most Promising Group: Weta
Breathe
AKA Brown
International Achievement: Bic Runga
Te Vaka
Shihad
Best Video: Reuben Sutherland – My Mind's Sedate (Shihad)
Marc Swadel – Birthday (The Stereo Bus)
Jonathan King – Violent (Stellar*)
Best Producer: Tom Bailey & Stellar* – Mix
Anthony Ioasa – Dream (TrueBliss)
Malcolm Welsford – Landslide (Breathe)
Best Engineer: Luke Tomes – Mix (Stellar*)
Sam Gibson – Rain Steam & Speed (The Mutton Birds)
Paddy Free & Tiki Taane – Killervision (Salmonella Dub)
Best Jazz Album: Jason Jones – Subspace
Mark De Clive-Lowe – Six Degrees
Steve Sherriff – See What Happens
Best Classical Album: John Psathas – Rhythm Spike
NZ National Youth Choir – Winds That Whisper
Gareth Farr / NZSO – Te Papa
Best Country Album: The Warratahs – One of Two Things
The Minstrel – Blaaack
Rosy Parsons – Pride of Place
Best Film Soundtrack/Cast Recording/Compilation (new category): Dave Dobbyn – Overnight Success: The Definitive Dave Dobbyn Collection
Various – World Famous in New Zealand
The Exponents – Hello, Love You, Goodbye
Best Folk Album: –
Best Gospel Album: The Lads – Lost at Sea
The Invasion Band – Everything
The Parachute Band – Adore
Best Mana Maori Album: Southside of Bombay – Live in Aotearoa
Maisey Rika – 20 Favourite Maori Songs
Hato Paora College – Hato Paora – 50 Years On
Best Mana Reo Album: Iwi – Iwi
Maisey Rika – 20 Favourite Maori Songs
Hato Paora College – Hato Paora – 50 Years On
He Taonga Reo – Tahi/Rua'
Best Children's Album: Jennifer Moss – Jennifer's House
Janet Channon & Wendy Jensen – You've Got to Clap
Janet Grierson and Kidz Choice Singers – Singing Is Fun
Tessarose Productions – Sing A Song About The Body
Best Songwriter: Boh Runga – Violent (Stellar*)
Salmonella Dub – For The Love of It (Salmonella Dub)
Christopher Bands and Zara Clark – Cold (Deep Obsession)
Best Cover: Shihad & Karl Kippenberger – The General Electric
Kimberley Renwick – Second Nature (Margaret Urlich)
Gideon Keith and Seven – Infinity (Deep Obsession)
New Zealand Radio Programmer Award: Grant Hislop – (ZM / Hauraki Auckland)
Martin Good (Hits 89FM)
Rodger Clamp (More FM Auckland)
See: 2000 in music, New Zealand Top 50 Albums of 2000
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Doug Aston.
Radio and television
1 July: Public Broadcasting Fee finishes.
See: 2000 in New Zealand television, 2000 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, TV3 (New Zealand), :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
Jubilee
Stickmen
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
The Price of Milk
See: :Category:2000 film awards, 2000 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:2000 films
Internet
See: NZ Internet History
Sport
See: 2000 in sports, :Category:2000 in sports
Athletics
Mark Hutchinson wins his third national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:24:58 on 29 October in Auckland, while Melissa Moon claims her first in the women's championship (2:45:42).
Basketball
The NBL was won by the Auckland Stars who beat the Nelson Giants, 95–78 in the final.
The Women’s NBL was won by the Otago Breakers, who beat Waikato in the final, 75-69
The Tall Blacks lost all five pool games at the Olympic Men's tournament, then beat Angola in the classification game to finish 11th out of 12 teams.
The Tall Ferns lost all five pool games at the Olympic Women's tournament, then beat Senegal in the classification game to finish 11th out of 12 teams.
Cricket
New Zealand cricket team
The State Championship was won by the Northern Districts Knights
Golf
New Zealand Open, :Category:New Zealand golfers in overseas tournaments.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: Yulestar
Auckland Trotting Cup: Flight South
Thoroughbred racing
Netball
Silver Ferns
National Bank Cup
Olympic Games
New Zealand sends a team of 151 competitors.
The medal tally is considered very disappointing and sparks a review of high-performance sports training programmes.
Paralympics
New Zealand sends a team of 43 competitors.
Rugby league
The inaugural Bartercard Cup was won by the Canterbury Bulls who defeated the Otahuhu Leopards 38–24 in the grand final.
The Auckland Warriors finished 13th of 14 teams in the NRL. The club was under severe financial pressure until purchased by Eric Watson after the season had ended and rebranded as the New Zealand Warriors.
27 April, New Zealand lost to Australia 0–52.
New Zealand competed in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, losing to Australia 12–40 in the final.
Rugby union
:Category:Rugby union in New Zealand, Super 12, National Provincial Championship, :Category:All Blacks, Bledisloe Cup, Tri Nations Series, Ranfurly Shield
Shooting
Ballinger Belt – John Whiteman (Upper Hutt)
Soccer
The New Zealand National Soccer League was relaunched as a winter competition with 10 teams and finals playoffs. The winner was Napier City Rovers.
New Zealand placed second to Australia at the OFC Nations Cup tournament held in Tahiti
The Chatham Cup is won by Napier City Rovers who beat Central United 4–1 in the final.
Births
January–June
4 January – Veronica Wall, rower
9 January – Olivia McTaggart, pole vaulter
28 January – Zac Reid, swimmer
30 January – Benee, singer-songwriter
1 February – Llew Johnson, cricketer
7 February – Nadia Olla, association footballer
16 February – Matthew Palmer, association footballer
21 March – Max Chu, cricketer
24 March – Ben Lockrose, cricketer
1 May – Elijah Just, association footballer
5 May – Hannah Blake, association footballer
28 May – Risi Pouri-Lane, rugby sevens player
29 May – Chloe McMillan, freestyle skier
8 June – Jarrod McKay, cricketer
21 June – Dylan Brown, rugby league player
23 June – Starford To'a, rugby league player
July–December
10 July – Max Mata, association footballer
26 July – Thomasin McKenzie, actor
29 July – Marcus Armstrong, motor racing driver
2 August – Madeline Stewart, motor racing driver
27 August – Shylah Waikai, boxer
8 September – Spencer Leniu, rugby league player
21 September – Vengeance of Rain. Thoroughbred racehorse
27 September – Liberato Cacace, association footballer
5 October – Glamour Puss, Thoroughbred racehorse
13 October – Amelia Kerr, cricketer
21 October – Starcraft, Thoroughbred racehorse
26 October – Cut The Cake, Thoroughbred racehorse
12 December – Imogen Ayris, pole vaulter
20 December – Kyle Chen, boxer
29 December – Bernadette Doyle, water polo player
30 December – Tayla Alexander, singer
Deaths
January–March
23 January
George Hoskins, athlete (born 1928)
Bill Sutton, artist (born 1917)
28 January – Lauris Edmond, poet and writer (born 1924)
12 February – Ray Hrstich, professional wrestler (born 1920)
16 February – Ian Lythgoe, public servant (born 1914)
19 February – Friedensreich Hundertwasser, artist, and architect (born 1928)
2 March – Roger Capey, field hockey player (born 1945)
4 March – Michael Noonan, novelist and scriptwriter (born 1921)
16 March – Connie Purdue, trade unionist, anti-abortion activist (born 1912)
18 March – Tom Ah Chee, businessman (born 1928)
19 March – Alison Duff, sculptor (born 1914)
20 March – Dame Ruth Kirk, anti-abortion campaigner, wife of Norman Kirk (born 1922)
24 March – Rod MacKenzie, rugby union player (born 1909)
April–June
1 April – Dorothy Freed, author, composer and music historian (born 1919)
8 April – A. K. Grant, writer, satirist (born 1941)
12 April – Ronald Lockley, ornithologist, naturalist, author (born 1903)
17 April – Beau Zam, Throroughbred racehorse and sire (foaled 1984)
24 April
John Beck, cricketer (born 1934)
Pru Chapman, swimmer (born 1950)
30 April – Gwen Rix, diver (born 1918)
11 May – Gwyn Evans, association footballer (born 1935)
12 May – Dave Crowe, cricketer (born 1933)
14 May – Graeme Nesbitt, music, arts and radio promoter (born 1950)
30 May – Maurie Robertson, rugby league player and coach (born 1925)
31 May – Jock Barnes, trade unionist (born 1907)
1 June – Angela Annabell, musicologist (born 1929)
8 June – Lucy Cranwell, botanist (born 1907)
10 June – Archibald Graham, cricketer (born 1917)
11 June – Guy Bowers, rugby union player (born 1932)
17 June – Alex Moir, cricketer (born 1919)
July–September
1 July – Ray Forster, arachnologist, museum administrator (born 1922)
7 July – Dame Stella Casey, social issues campaigner (born 1924)
10 July – Norma Wilson, athlete (born 1909)
12 July – Peter Langloh Donkin, air force officer (born 1913)
24 July – Basil Dowling, poet (born 1910)
27 July – John Stoke, occupational health pioneer (born 1928)
3 September – Gordon Burgess, cricket player and administrator (born 1918)
13 September – Ronald Hemi, rugby union and cricket player (born 1933)
19 September – Humphrey Gould, rower, businessman (born 1927)
26 September – Maurice Heenan, lawyer, public servant (born 1912)
October–December
3 October – Herbert Moyle, cricketer (born 1922)
8 October – Harold Cameron, cricketer (born 1912)
10 October – Ken Bloxham, rugby union player (born 1954)
18 October – Bruce Biggs, Māori language academic (born 1921)
20 October – Ken Deas, cricketer (born 1927)
21 October – Alan Rowe, actor (born 1926)
22 October
Iosefa Enari, opera singer (born 1954)
Sir Joseph Ongley, cricket player and administrator, jurist (born 1918)
30 October – Norman Henderson, cricketer (born 1913)
8 November – Patricia Bartlett, pro-censorship activist (born 1928)
9 November – Bos Murphy, boxer (born 1924)
19 November – Pearl Savin, cricketer (born 1914)
21 November – Frank Dennis, cricketer (born 1907)
26 November – James Austin, meteorology academic (born 1915)
18 December – Stan Fox, motor racing driver (born 1952)
28 December – Douglas Bagnall, air force officer (born 1918)
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand
2000s in New Zealand
New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Ambur is a town and municipality in newly announced Tirupattur District, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located on the banks of the Palar River between Chennai and Bangalore. Ambur has a sizeable leather industry, and is known for its spicy biryani and for the sweet, makkhenpeda. Ambur was the site of two major military actions in the 18th century. The first was the 1749 Battle of Ambur that opened the Second Carnatic War between the Arcot State and the Mughal Empire. In 1767, the siege of Ambur took place during the First Anglo-Mysore War, with local troops and a British force successfully resisting an attack by the Kingdom of Mysore and by the Hyderabad State.
Administration
Ambur is a selection grade municipality and headquarters of Ambur taluk which is an administrative division comprising 79 Revenue villages in the district of Tirupattur. The municipal council has 36 elected members. It elects a member for representing the Ambur assembly constituency.
Demographics
According to 2011 census, Ambur had a population of 114,608 with a sex-ratio of 1,033 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 13,235 were under the age of six, constituting 6,716 males and 6,519 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 16.83% and 0.57% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 76.08%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The city had a total of 25,009 households. There were a total of 40,654 workers, comprising 163 cultivators, 519 main agricultural labourers, 982 in house hold industries, 35,411 other workers, 3,579 marginal workers, 27 marginal cultivators, 174 marginal agricultural labourers, 306 marginal workers in household industries and 3,072 other marginal workers.
As per the religious census of 2011, Muslims were majority in Ambur with 50.1%. 45.8% were Hindus, 3.8% Christians and 0.3% followed other religions.
Deccani Urdu is the most spoken language by 48.27% of the population. Tamil and Telugu are the other main languages spoken by 44.36% and 6.17% respectively.
Geography
Ambur is geographically located at with an average elevation of . It lies roughly halfway between Chennai (190 km away) and Bengaluru (161 km away). Ambur has a tropical wet-and-dry climate, reaching high temperatures during summer and experiences wet winters. The maximum rainfall occurs during October and November, with the northeast monsoon. The area also experiences light rainfall during the southwest monsoon. The temperature falls up to 12 °C low in winter. It experience a hot summer where the temperature rises up to 39 °C.
Economy
The economy is dependent on the leather industry. The town houses leather tanning and manufacturing facilities and is a leading cluster for export of finished leather and leather-related products. In the beginning, the development of tanning in Ambur was due to military demand for tanned leather primarily for boot production during and before World War I. Nearly 80 tanneries are located in Ambur
Cuisine
Rice is the staple food of the people in this region. Ambur is known for its spicy biryani.
Transport
Ambur has a regular railway station (code name: AB) with double electric-line track. 24 trains stop at this station. Ambur bus stand was constructed in 1988. Ambur is located in between Bangalore (), and Chennai (), and connected well with frequent bus and train services.
References
Cities and towns in Tirupathur district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambur |
Tihuța Pass (, also called Pasul Bârgău; or Burgó) is a high mountain pass in the Romanian Bârgău Mountains (Eastern Carpathian Mountains) connecting Bistrița (Transylvania) with Vatra Dornei (Bukovina, Moldavia).
The pass was made famous by Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, where, termed as "the Borgo Pass", it was the gateway to the realm of Count Dracula. Stoker most likely found the name on a contemporary map; he never actually visited the area.
Today the pass is home to Hotel "Castel Dracula"; located at an elevation of , the hotel was built in 1976 and adopted its current name after 1989. The hotel has become quite an attraction due to its architectural style of a medieval villa, as well as the connection to the novel. In 2018 the property was put up for sale.
See also
List of highest paved roads in Europe
List of mountain passes
References
Mountain passes of Romania
Mountain passes of the Carpathians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihu%C8%9Ba%20Pass |
KCAW is a non-commercial radio station in Sitka, Alaska, on 104.7 FM, which airs public radio programming. It first went on air in 1982.
History
KCAW first began daily broadcasts on the 6th of March 1982 after a sign-on broadcast on the 19th of February. During the Sitka pulp mill years, Raven Radio News broadcast opposing perspectives to those of Alaska's national representatives on the issue of resource development. The Anchorage Times, after at first defending resources developers, eventually investigated the issue and found that Raven Radio was presenting an overall unbiased account of Sitka's issues.
Original materials from KCAW have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting.
Programming
KCAW is Sitka's only public radio station and offers a wide variety of programming. News for the station includes local news coming from Raven Radio's two paid reporters, Southeast Alaska news from CoastAlaska, statewide news from the Alaska Public Radio Network, national news from National Public Radio, and international news from the BBC World Service. KCAW also airs a variety of American Public Media and Public Radio International programming as well as its own variety of locally produced shows, including the critically acclaimed soul and funk show, "Powerful Love".
KCAW also syndicates Encounters, a nature and wildlife-themed show hosted by Richard Nelson, statewide.
Listening area
KCAW has a large listening area, by the means of translators, which include much of the western and northern portions of the Alaska Panhandle including Sitka, Angoon, Elfin Cove and the Fairweather fishing grounds, Kake, Pelican, Port Alexander, Tenakee Springs, and Yakutat. Raven Radio has roughly a 1,200-strong member base (listeners who donate money to the station).
Translators
See also
List of community radio stations in the United States
References
External links
Official site
1982 establishments in Alaska
CAW
Community radio stations in the United States
NPR member stations
Public Radio International stations
Radio stations established in 1982
CAW
Sitka, Alaska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCAW |
The following lists events that happened during 1950 in New Zealand.
New Zealand entered into the Korean War – a total of 4,700 New Zealanders served in Korea. New Zealand also was involved in the Malayan Emergency.
The New Zealand Legislative Council was abolished, see Suicide squad.
The 1950 British Empire Games was held in Auckland.
Wool prices boomed, tripling during the year, due to U.S. stockpiling as a reaction to the Korean war. This was offset somewhat by increases in the prices of other (imported) commodities, but began the biggest economic boom of the 20th century in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 1,927,700.
Increase since 31 December 1949: 35,600 (1.88%).
Males per 100 females: 100.7.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – George VI
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Freyberg VC GCMG KCB KBE DSO
Government
The 29th New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the newly elected National government under Sidney Holland of the National Party.
Speaker of the House – Robert McKeen then Mathew Oram
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Minister of Finance – Sidney Holland
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Frederick Doidge
Attorney-General – Clifton Webb
Chief Justice – Sir Humphrey O'Leary
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Peter Fraser (Labour) until his death on 5 August, then vacant until January 1951.
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Allum
Mayor of Hamilton – Harold Caro
Mayor of Wellington – Will Appleton then Robert Macalister
Mayor of Christchurch – Ernest Andrews then Robert M. Macfarlane
Mayor of Dunedin – Donald Cameron then Leonard Morton Wright
Events
4 January – Start of the 4th British Empire Games in Auckland.
4 June – Butter rationing, introduced in October 1943, is abolished.
Arts and literature
See 1950 in art, 1950 in literature
Music
See: 1950 in music
Radio
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1950 film awards, 1950 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1950 films
Sport
Athletics
George Bromley wins his third national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:55:07 in Napier.
British Empire Games
Chess
The 57th National Chess Championship was held in Auckland, and was won by P. Allerhand of Wellington (his second win).
Cricket
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Chamfer
Auckland Trotting Cup – Victory Globe
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Christchurch.
Men's singles champion – L.J. Edwards (Balclutha Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – H. Hurst, E. Elwood (skip) (Christchurch RSA Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – E.H. Crowley, J.H. Meikle, V.F. Hurlstone, G.A. Crowley (skip) (Tolaga Bay Bowling Club)
Rugby union
The British and Irish Lions, captained by Karl Mullen, toured the country, losing three tests to the All Blacks and drawing one.
Rugby league
New Zealand national rugby league team
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Eden who beat Technical Old Boys 3–2 after extra time in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Eastern Suburbs AFC
Canterbury: Technical OB
Hawke's Bay: Watersiders
Nelson: Woodbourne
Otago: Northern AFC
South Canterbury: Northern Hearts
Southland: Brigadiers
Taranaki: City
Waikato: Claudelands Rovers
Wanganui: Wanganui Athletic
Wellington: Seatoun AFC
Births
3 January: Robert Oliver, road and track cyclist
5 January: Matt Robson, politician
8 February: Peter Wells, New Zealand writer, filmmaker (d. 2019)
26 February: Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1999–2008
6 April: Muriel Newman, politician
29 April: Paul Holmes, radio and television broadcaster (d. 2013)
24 May: Allison Durbin, singer
13 June: Pete Hodgson, politician
17 June: Lee Tamahori, film director
24 June: David Aspin, wrestler
1 August: John Britten, engineer and inventor (d. 1995)
12 August: Ken Shirley, politician
26 September: Andy Haden, rugby player (d. 2020)
9 November: Parekura Horomia, politician (d. 2013)
10 December: Simon Owen, golfer
13 December: Ruth Richardson, politician
(in Hungary): George Baloghy, painter
David Benson-Pope, politician
Godwin Bradbeer, painter
Alan Duff, writer
Stephen Franks, politician and political commentator
Greg McGee, screenwriter and playwright
John McKinnon, diplomat and public servant
Judith Mayhew, lawyer and academic
Stephen Parke, physicist
Kura Te Waru Rewiri, painter
Deaths
23 March: Paddy Webb, politician
14 July: Āpirana Ngata, Māori politician and lawyer.
23 August: Abraham Wachner, 35th Mayor of Invercargill.
19 November: Tom Brindle, politician and activist
11 December: Leslie Comrie, New Zealand astronomer and computing pioneer.
12 December: Peter Fraser, 24th Prime Minister of New Zealand.
William Twigg-Smith, painter (in Hawaii).
References
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
For world events and topics in 1950 not specifically related to New Zealand see: 1950
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%20in%20New%20Zealand |
is a Japanese theatre and film actor. He is best known for his comedic portrayals.
Biography
Nishimura was born on December 12, 1960 in Toyama, Toyama, Japan. While he attended Toyo University to study photography he met Kōki Mitani, a script writer for radio and playwright who aspired to be an actor and who turned his attention to the theatre.
In 1983, Nishimura, Mitani and others including the actors Zen Kajiwara and Kazuyuki Aijima formed the Tokyo Sunshine Boys, a comedy troupe that grew in popularity over the following ten years. They produced the popular play 12 Gentle Japanese, a parody of Reginald Rose's 12 Angry Men. When 12 Gentle Japanese was adapted to film, Nishimura did not form part of the cast.
In the 1990s the success of the Tokyo Sunshine Boys brought Nishimura parts in television dramas, notably a part in Furikaereba Yatsuga Iru and as the flamboyant Shintaro Imaizumi in Kōki Mitani's Furuhata Ninzaburo.
With the release of the Kōki Mitani film adaptation of the play Radio no Jikan in 1997, Nishimura won acclaim for his portrayal of a radio producer—a role for which he won the Best Supporting Actor award from the Japanese Academy Awards as well as a Blue Ribbon Award.
The Tokyo Sunshine Boys disbanded in 1998, but most of its actors, including Nishimura, continued to work in television.
Awards
Elan d'or Award for Newcomer of the Year (1997)
Best Supporting Actor (Japanese Academy Awards) for Kōki Mitani Radio no Jikan
Best Supporting Actor (Japanese Academy Award) for Juzo Itami Marutai no Onna
Popularity Award "Most Popular Performer" for 1997
Blue Ribbon Awards "Best Supporting Actor"
Best Supporting Actor at the 22nd Hochi Film Award for Marutai no onna and Welcome Back, Mr. McDonald
Kinema Junpo Award
Filmography
Films
Tomoko no baai (1996)
Shichi-gatsu nano ka, Hare (1996)
Radio no Jikan: Welcome Back Mr. McDonald (1997)
Princess Mononoke (1997) - Kōroku (voice)
Marutai no onna (1997)
The Black House (1999)
Godzilla 2000 (1999)
O-juken (1999)
GTO (1999)
Kawa no Nagare no Yō ni (2000)
Denen no yuutsu (2001)
Ghiblies: Episode 2 (2002)
Ganryujima (2003) - Sasaki Kojirō
Nin Nin the Movie (2004)
Furyo shonen no yume (2005)
Warai no Daigaku (2006)
Tokyo Family (2013) - Kōichi Hirayama
Samurai Hustle (2014) - Kanetsugu Sōma
The Magnificent Nine (2016)
What a Wonderful Family! (2016)
What a Wonderful Family! 2 (2017)
Linking Love (2017)
What a Wonderful Family! 3: My Wife, My Life (2018)
Iwane: Sword of Serenity (2019)
JK Rock (2019)
Samurai Shifters (2019)
The 47 Ronin in Debt (2019)
Apparel Designer (2020)
Angry Rice Wives (2021)
The Supporting Actors: The Movie (2021) - himself
My Father's Tracks (2021)
Dreaming of the Meridian Arc (2022)
The Hound of the Baskervilles: Sherlock the Movie (2022)
Mado (2022)
End-of-Life Concierge 2 (2024)
Television
Furikaereba Yatsu ga Iru(1993)
Furuhata Ninzaburo (1994) - Shintaro Imaizumi
Ousama no restoran (1995)
Hideyoshi (1996) - Tokugawa Ieyasu
Otona no otoko (1997)
Sōrito Yobanaide (1997) - Executive Secretary to the Prime Minister
Yamato Nadeshiko (2000)
Yome wa mitsuboshi (2001)
Koi no chikara (2002)
Itsumo futari de (2003)
Kanojo ga shinjatta (2004)
Wonderful Life (2004)
Nodame Cantabile (2006)
The Family (2007)
Sanada Maru (2016) - Muroga Masatake
Kyoaku wa Nemurasenai (2016) - Nobutsuna Nakae
Kirin ga Kuru (2020) - Akechi Mitsuyasu
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Japanese male stage actors
People from Toyama (city)
Musicians from Toyama Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko%20Nishimura |
Martello can refer to:
People
Alan Martello (born 1952), former Australian rules football player
Alfonse Martello D'Amato (born 1937), New York politician
Candice Martello (better known as Hemming), singer-songwriter
Cesar Martello, politician in Ontario
Charles Martel of Anjou (1271-1295), titular king of Hungary
Leo Martello (1931-2000), pagan
Tullio Martello (1841-1918), Italian economist
Wan Ling Martello (born 1958), businesswomen
Other
Martello tower, a Napoleonic War defensive structure in Britain, Ireland, Canada and other countries
Martello radar, a type of early-warning radar
Martello, the Italian name for Martell, South Tyrol
Martello, the name of a LB&SCR A1 class railway locomotive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello |
The National Congress of State Games is an American nonprofit sports association, consisting of 27 full members divided into three regions. As of 2023, NCSG members run 26 Summer Games and a number of winter games The NCSG is part of the United States Olympic Committee and organizes the State Games of America, an Olympic-style multi-sport event in which athletes who have won a medal in their home state's Games are eligible to compete.
Member States
Alabama Sports Festival (Alabama)
Grand Canyon State Games (Arizona)
California State Games (California)
Rocky Mountain State Games (Colorado)
Nutmeg State Games (Connecticut)
Sunshine State Games (Florida)
Georgia Games (Georgia)
Iowa Games (Iowa)
Sunflower State Games (Kansas)
Bluegrass State Games (Kentucky)
Louisiana State Games (Louisiana)
Bay State Games (Massachusetts)
State Games of Michigan (Michigan)
State Games of Mississippi (Mississippi)
Show-Me State Games (Missouri)
Big Sky State Games (Montana)
Cornhusker State Games (Nebraska)
Garden State Games (New Jersey)
New Mexico Games (New Mexico)
Empire State Winter Games (New York)
State Games of North Carolina (North Carolina)
State Games of Oregon (Oregon)
Keystone State Games (Pennsylvania)
Games of Texas (Texas)
Utah Summer Games, Utah Winter Games (Utah)
Virginia Commonwealth Games (Virginia)
Badger State Games (Wisconsin)
Cowboy State Games (Wyoming)
Former
Prairie Rose State Games (North Dakota) (ran from 1987 to 2011)
References
External links
Official Site
Multi-sport events in the United States
Sports governing bodies in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Congress%20of%20State%20Games |
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid is a Yemeni citizen who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba, for over fourteen and a half years, from January 11, 2002, to August 15, 2016.
His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 31.
Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts report that he was born on August 1, 1977, in Taiz, Yemen.
He arrived in the first cohort of twenty individuals who opened the prison.
The Guantanamo Joint Review Task Force classed him as a "forever prisoner", in 2009.
He was transferred to United Arab Emirates, with fourteen other men, on August 15, 2016.
Official status reviews
Originally, the Bush Presidency asserted that captives apprehended in the "war on terror" were not covered by the Geneva Conventions, and could be held indefinitely, without charge, and without an open and transparent review of the justifications for their detention.
In 2004, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Rasul v. Bush, that Guantanamo captives were entitled to being informed of the allegations justifying their detention, and were entitled to try to refute them.
Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants
Following the Supreme Court's ruling the Department of Defense set up the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants.
Scholars at the Brookings Institution, led by Benjamin Wittes, listed the captives still held in Guantanamo in December 2008, according to whether their detention was justified by certain common allegations:
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... are associated with Al Qaeda."
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges that the following detainees stayed in Al Qaeda, Taliban or other guest- or safehouses."
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... took military or terrorist training in Afghanistan."
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... fought for the Taliban."
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... were at Tora Bora."
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives whose "names or aliases were found on material seized in raids on Al Qaeda safehouses and facilities."
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges that the following detainees were captured under circumstances that strongly suggest belligerency."
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who "The military alleges ... served on Osama Bin Laden’s security detail."
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who was an "al Qaeda operative".
Mahmoud Abd Al Aziz Abd Al Mujahid was listed as one of the captives who had "denied all the government allegations."
Al Mujahid chose to participate in his Combatant Status Review Tribunals.
Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment
On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts.
His ten-page Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was drafted on March 8, 2008.
It was signed by camp commandant Rear Admiral Mark H. Buzby. He recommended continued detention.
References
External links
Who Are the Remaining Prisoners in Guantánamo? Part One: The "Dirty Thirty" Andy Worthington, September 15, 2010
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Yemeni extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Living people
1980 births
People from Taiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud%20Abd%20Al%20Aziz%20Abd%20Al%20Mujahid |
Jared Christopher Martin (December 21, 1941 – May 24, 2017) was an American film and television actor. He was best known for his role as Steven "Dusty" Farlow in the 1978 series Dallas and for roles on two science fiction TV series, The Fantastic Journey and War of the Worlds.
Early years
Martin was born in Manhattan to Charles Elmer Martin, a cover artist and cartoonist for The New Yorker, and his wife, Florence Taylor, an artist and homemaker. He began acting at the age of ten in a local children's theater group. After graduating from the Putney School and Columbia University, where his roommate was Brian De Palma, he spent a summer apprenticing with Joseph Papp's Shakespeare in the Park. After graduating, he worked for a couple of years at The New York Times as a copy boy and thumbnail book reviewer for the Sunday edition.
Acting career
Leaving his newspaper job, Martin joined a summer stock theatre company in Cape May, New Jersey; then spent a season with Boston Classical Repertory, and eventually rejoined Papp at his new Public Theater in Manhattan. In 1965, he co-founded Group 6 Productions, a New York film and stage production company for which he directed A Night on the Town. In 1966, he played the lead role in his former roommate DePalma's first feature film, Murder à la Mod.
During the period from the early 1970s through the early 1990s, he was a common presence in episodic television, with guest roles in such popular fare as The Partridge Family, Dan August, The Bold Ones, Toma, Shaft, Get Christie Love, The Rookies, Switch, Logan's Run, The Six Million Dollar Man, Project UFO, The Waltons, a two-part episode of the Lynda Carter series Wonder Woman, CHiPs, Hart to Hart, Tales of the Gold Monkey, Fantasy Island, Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Knight Rider, Airwolf, The Love Boat, Magnum, P.I., Hotel, Hunter, Silk Stalkings, Columbo and L.A. Law.
Martin also was a series regular on several network television series, including the prime-time soap Dallas as Steven "Dusty" Farlow, who appeared intermittently on the series from 1979 to the end of the series run in 1991. Before then, he appeared on the short-lived science fiction series The Fantastic Journey (1977) playing Varian and a few episodes in the 1978–79 season of the reboot series How the West Was Won playing Frank Grayson. During his first period of absence from Dallas, Martin studied with Lee Strasberg. The last of Martin's regular lead roles was on War of the Worlds, which ran for two seasons from 1988, as Dr. Harrison Blackwood.
He continued to act in off-Broadway productions and made an unreleased film that caught the eye of a casting director at Columbia Pictures. He also alternated between living in Rome and New York.
He performed in Broadway's Torch Song Trilogy. In 1988, he moved to Toronto to star in War of the Worlds. After that series was canceled in 1990, he spent the next 18 months traveling, writing, and working on photography.
In 1994, entrepreneur Jeffrey Seder asked Martin to direct In Deeper, a feature-length docudrama that celebrated crime-fighting local citizens, as part of then-Mayor Ed Rendell's Heroes of the Streets campaign in Philadelphia. Martin co-founded the independent film production company Lost Dog Productions which produced films for social service and cultural nonprofits, including Smarty Jones - A Pennsylvania Champion and hosted Philly Live, an interview talk show series. From 2004 to 2007, he was senior lecturer at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia where he taught acting and directing.
Marriages
Jared Martin was married three times and divorced twice, to:
Nancy Fales (19631977)
Carol Vogel (19791984)
Yu Wei (20002017).
Death
Martin died from pancreatic cancer on May 24, 2017, at his home in Philadelphia at age 75.
Partial filmography
Films
Murder à la Mod (1968) - Chris
The Wedding Party (1969) - Wedding Guest #6
Mississippi Summer (1971)
Lapin 360 (1972)
Westworld (1973) - Technician #3
The Second Coming of Suzanne (1974) - Film Maker
The Lonely Lady (1983) - George Ballantine
Warriors of the Year 2072 (1984) - Drake
The Sea Serpent (1985) - Linares
Quiet Cool (1986) - Mike Prior
Karate Warrior (1987) - Paul Scott
Aenigma (1987) - Dr. Robert Anderson
Twin Sitters (1994) - Frank Hillhurst
Television
How the West Was Won (as Frank Grayson)
The Silent Force (as Neil Becker in "The Wax Jungle"; 1970)
The Rookies (various roles, 4 episodes)
Canon (The Shadow Man, Episode; 1972)
Griff (episode "Death by Prescription"; 1973)
Shaft (as Victor Perrine) (episode "The Killing"; 1973)
Columbo (as Harry Alexander in "A Stitch in Crime"; 1973)
Get Christie Love! (as George Lomax) (episode "Fatal Image"; 1974)
The Fantastic Journey (1977)
Logan's Run (episode "Fear Factor"; 1977)
The Six Million Dollar Man (as Torg) (episode "The Long Island"; 1978)
The Waltons (as Derek Pembroke) (episode "The Portrait"; 1978)
Wonder Woman (as David/Leon) (episode "Phantom of the Roller Coaster"; 1979)
Dallas (as Dusty Farlow) (1979–1982; 1985; 1991)
CHiPs (as Bright) (episode "Hot Wheels"; 1979)
The Incredible Hulk (as Jack Stewart) (episode "Free Fall"; 1980)
Hart to Hart (as Dr. Kellin) (episode "Operation Murder"; 1981)
Tales of the Gold Monkey (as Ted Harrison) (episode "Trunk from the Past"; 1982)
Fantasy Island (as Dr. Christopher) (episode "What's the Matter with Kids?/Island of Horrors"; 1983)
Knight Rider (as Dr. David Halston) (episode "Knight of the Drones"; 1984)
Scarecrow and Mrs. King (as Alan Squires) (episode "The Artful Dodger"; 1984)
Airwolf (as James Graydon) (episode "Santini's Millions"; 1985)
Magnum, P.I. (as Arthur Houston) (episode "Novel Connection"; 1986)
Murder, She Wrote (2 episodes): as Arthur Houston in "Magnum on Ice" (1986 episode) and as Spencer Langley in "It's a Dog's Life" (1984)
Hunter (as Ringerman) (episode "Shades"; 1987)
One Life to Live (as Dr. Donald Lamarr) (1987–1988)
War of the Worlds (1988–1990)
References
External links
1941 births
2017 deaths
Male actors from New York (state)
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
The Putney School alumni
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Pennsylvania
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Male actors from Manhattan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared%20Martin |
Enno III of Ostfriesland or Enno III of East Frisia (30 September 1563, Aurich – 19 August 1625) was a Count of Ostfriesland from 1599 to 1625 from the Cirksena family. He was the elder son of Count Edzard II of Ostfriesland and his wife Princess Katarina of Sweden, eldest daughter of King Gustav I of Sweden.
In 1602 Enno III's troops laid siege to Emden, without success; On 8 April 1603 Enno had to sign the Treaty of The Hague in which he not only accepted the presence of a Dutch garrison in Emden, but agreed to pay the costs for the Dutch garrison. In 1609 the conflict broke out again; the Emders were victorious in a skirmish at Greetsiel and temporarily occupied the Count's residence at Aurich. In 1611 the Dutch garrisoned troops in Leerort. On 24 May the Accord of Osterhusen was signed, which limited the sovereignty of the Count of East Frisia, stated the rights of the Estates (including Emden) and legitimised the Dutch garrison in Leerort.
Family and children
Enno III was married twice. Firstly, he married Countess Walburgis of Rietberg (1556–1586), daughter and heiress of Count John II of Rietberg, Lord of Esens, Stedesdorf and Wittmund and Countess Agnes of Bentheim-Steinfurt. Countess Walburgis, a descendant of Hero Oomkens von Esens, brought the estates of Harlingerland and Rietberg to East Frisia. They had three children:
Sabina Catherine (11 August 1582 – 31 May 1618), married on 4 March 1601 to her uncle Count John III of East Frisia (1566 – 23 January 1625)
Agnes (1 January 1584 – 28 February 1616), married on 15 August 1603 to Prince Gundakar of Liechtenstein (30 January 1580 – 5 August 1658)
John Edzard, (10 May 1586 – 20 May 1586), buried in Esens (St. Magnus)
Countess Walburgis of Rietberg died only few days after her son. Allegedly she was poisoned. Stine Essken was burnt at the stake for this. After the male line of the counts of Rietberg became extinct, the counts of East Frisia became their successor due to the marital connection of Enno III with Walburgis.
On 28 January 1598 Enno III married Anna of Holstein-Gottorp, (27 February 1575 – 24 April 1625), daughter of Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp. They had five children:
Edzard Gustav (15 April 1599 – 18–19 April 1612)
Anna Maria (23 June 1601 – 4 September 1634), married on 4 September 1622 to Duke Adolf Frederick I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
Rudolf Christian, Count of East Frisia (25 June 1602 – 17 June 1628)
Ulrich II, Count of East Frisia (16 July 1605 – 11 January 1648) married on 5 March 1631 Juliana of Hesse-Darmstadt (14. April 1606 – 15. June 1659),
Christina Sophia (26 September 1609 – 20 March 1658), married on 2 June 1632 to Landgrave Philip III of Hesse-Butzbach (26 December 1581 –28. April 1643).
Ancestors
External links
Article in the Biographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland
Coins of Enno III of Ostfriesland
1563 births
1625 deaths
People from Aurich
Counts of East Frisia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enno%20III%2C%20Count%20of%20East%20Frisia |
The following lists events that happened during 1951 in New Zealand.
The year was dominated by the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute.
New Zealand entered a mutual defence pact with the United States and Australia – ANZUS.
Population
A New Zealand census was held in 1951.
Estimated population as of 31 December: 1,970,500.
Increase since 31 December 1950: 42,800 (2.22%).
Males per 100 females: 100.9.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – George VI
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Freyberg VC GCMG KCB KBE DSO
Government
The 29th New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the National government under Sidney Holland. The general election saw the governing National Party re-elected with a twenty-seat margin, a substantial improvement on the twelve-seat margin it previously held.
The New Zealand Legislative Council voted itself out of existence, making New Zealand a unicameral democracy.
Speaker of the House – Mathew Oram
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Minister of Finance – Sidney Holland
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Frederick Doidge then Clifton Webb
Chief Justice — Sir Humphrey O'Leary
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Vacant until 17 January, then Walter Nash (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Allum
Mayor of Hamilton – Harold Caro
Mayor of Wellington – Robert Macalister
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert Macfarlane
Mayor of Dunedin – Len Wright
Events
The Official Secrets Act is passed.
15 February: The start of the 151 day "1951 Waterfront dispute".
1 September: Signing of the ANZUS treaty.
Arts and literature
See 1951 in art, 1951 in literature, :Category:1951 books
Music
See: 1951 in music
Radio and television
Experimental television broadcasts had been allowed from 1951 (as long as they included nothing that could be classed as 'entertainment').
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1951 film awards, 1951 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1951 films
Sport
Athletics
George Bromley wins his fourth national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:48:16 on 3 March in Wellington.
Chess
The 58th National Chess Championship was held in Christchurch, and was won by D.I. Lynch of Hastings.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Van Dieman
Auckland Trotting Cup – Soangetaha
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Wellington.
Men's singles champion – A. Graham (Johnsonville Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – G.G. Littlejohn, A.J. Webster (skip) (Hutt Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – A.J. Murdoch, H.L. Rule, A. Rivers, Pete Skoglund (skip) (Otahuhu Bowling Club)
Rugby league
The 1951 French rugby league tour of Australia and New Zealand is conducted
Rugby union
Bledisloe Cup: New Zealand beat Australia in all three tests, winning back the cup.
Ranfurly Shield: North Auckland defended the shield against Bay of Plenty (16–12) and Thames Valley (19–6) before losing it to Waikato (3–6). Waikato then defended successfully against Auckland (14–6), Bay of Plenty (32–10), Taranaki (21–12) and Wanganui (14–0).
Shooting
Ballinger Belt – Maurie Gordon (Okawa)
Soccer
The New Zealand national soccer team played 9 matches, 6 of them internationals:
11 August, Wellington: NZ 3 – 1 Victoria (Australia)
10 September, Auckland: NZ 2 – 0 Auckland
15 September, Suva: NZ 6 – 1 Suva
19 September, Nouméa: NZ 0 – 2 New Caledonia
22 September, Nouméa: NZ 6 – 4 New Caledonia
24 September, Nouméa: NZ 0 – 2 New Caledonia
30 September, Nouméa: NZ 3 – 1 New Caledonia
4 October, Nouméa: NZ 9 – 0 New Hebrides
7 October, Suva: NZ 6 – 4 Fiji
The Chatham Cup is won by Eastern Suburbs of Auckland who beat Northern of Dunedin 5— 1in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Eastern Suburbs AFC
Buller: Millerton Thistle
Canterbury: Technical OB
Hawke's Bay: Napier HSOB
Manawatu: St Andrews
Nelson: Thistle
Northland: Kamo Swifts
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Thistle
South Canterbury: Northern Hearts
Southland: Brigadiers
Taranaki: Old Boys
Waikato: Claudelands Rovers, Rotowaro (shared)
Wanganui: Technical College Old Boys
Wellington: Seatoun AFC
West Coast: Runanga
Births
8 January: Garry Moore, mayor of Christchurch.
24 January Dianne Macaskill, former Chief Archivist of Archives New Zealand
21 February: John Parker, cricketer.
6 March: Maurice Williamson, politician, cabinet minister
29 March: Geoff Howarth, cricketer.
22 June: Todd Hunter, musician.
3 July: Richard Hadlee, cricketer.
21 July: (in Fiji) Bernie Fraser, rugby player.
14 August: Vern Hanaray, road cyclist.
14 September: Karen Plummer, cricketer.
20 September: Stephen Boock, cricketer.
27 October: Rick Barker, politician.
16 November: Andy Dalton, rugby player.
21 November: Joe Karam, rugby union and rugby league player, lobbyist.
8 December: Paul Brydon, road and track cyclist.
9 December: Tuariki Delamere, politician.
20 December: Paul Swain, politician
Geoff Cochrane, poet and novelist (died 2022)
Marty Johnstone, drug trafficker ('Mr Asia')
Stephen Tindall, business leader
Deaths
9 January: William "Massa" Johnston, rugby and rugby league player.
16 July: Charles Tilleard Natusch, architect
4 November: Oscar Natzka, opera singer.
1 December: Te Rangi Hīroa, Māori leader (born 1877)
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20in%20New%20Zealand |
The following lists events that happened during 1952 in New Zealand.
The population of New Zealand reaches 2 million.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,024,600.
Increase since 31 December 1951: 54,100 (2.75%).
Males per 100 females: 101.1.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – George VI followed by Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Freyberg
Government
The 30th New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the National government under Sidney Holland.
Speaker of the House – Mathew Oram
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Minister of Finance – Sidney Holland
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Clifton Webb
Chief Justice — Sir Humphrey O'Leary
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Allum
Mayor of Hamilton – Harold David Caro
Mayor of Wellington – Robert Macalister
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert Macfarlane
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright
Events
January
February
6 February – George VI dies and is succeeded by Elizabeth II as Queen of New Zealand
March
April
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Arts and literature
See 1952 in art, 1952 in literature, :Category:1952 books
Music
See: 1952 in music
Radio
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
Broken Barrier
See: :Category:1952 film awards, 1952 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1952 films
Sport
Athletics
Jack Clarke wins his second national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:38:42 on 1 March in Wanganui.
Chess
The 59th National Chess Championship was held in Napier, and was won by Ortvin Sarapu of Christchurch (his first title).
Cricket
Various Tours, New Zealand cricket team
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Mobile Globe
Auckland Trotting Cup – Soangetaha (2nd win)
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Dunedin.
Men's singles champion – Frank Livingstone (Onehunga Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – R.K. Aitchison, E. Ravenwood (skip) (North-East Valley Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – N.M. Johnston, W.J. Ashton, M.J. Squire, K.S. Ewing (skip) (Stratford Bowling Club)
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
New Zealand sends a team to the Winter Olympics for the first time.
Soccer
The Chatham Cup was shared by the finalists North Shore United and Western (Christchurch) after the extra time score (1–1) and all criteria for deciding a winner at that time were equal.
The national men's soccer team toured to the Pacific, playing 10 matches, 5 of which were internationals:
31 August, Suva: NZ 1 – 0 Suva
3 September, Suva: NZ 8 – 3 Southern Districts
7 September, Suva: NZ 2 – 0 Fiji
9 September, Lautoka: NZ 0 – 0 Lautoka
11 September, Lautoka: NZ 5 – 0 Northern Districts
14 September, Lautoka: NZ 9 – 0 Fiji
16 September, Suva: NZ 5 – 2 Fiji
21 September, Papeete: NZ 2 – 2 Tahiti
25 September, Fautaua: NZ 7 – 1 Chinese Selection
28 September, Papeete NZ 5 – 3 Tahiti
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Eastern Suburbs AFC
Canterbury: Technical OB
Hawke's Bay: West End
Manawatu: Palmerston North United
Nelson: Settlers
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Thistle
South Canterbury: Thistle
Southland: Brigadiers
Taranaki: Overseas
Waikato: Pukemiro Junction
Wairarapa: Masterton B
Wanganui: Technical College Old Boys
Wellington: Petone
Births
12 January: John Walker, athlete.
4 February: Jenny Shipley Prime Minister.
14 February: Les Wilson, field hockey goalkeeper.
Vincent Burke, NZ television producer.
19 March: Warren Lees, cricket player and coach.
22 March: Rod Millen, motor rally driver.
7 April: Alan Niven, songwriter, record producer, manager.
21 June: Jeremy Coney, cricket captain.
25 June: Tim Finn, singer, songwriter and musician.
20 July: Ian Ferguson, kayaker.
8 August: Sandra Lee-Vercoe, politician and diplomat.
2 September: Chris Knox, singer-songwriter.
8 September: Graham Mourie, rugby player.
14 September: Neil McLeod, field hockey player.
3 October: Gary Troup, cricketer.
20 October: Michael Houstoun, concert pianist.
31 December: Vaughan Jones, mathematician.
John Badcock, painter.
Sue Bradford, politician.
Stevan Eldred-Grigg, writer and historian.
(in England): David Fletcher, cartoonist.
Tame Iti, activist.
Linda Jones (jockey), thoroughbred horse racing jockey
Sukhi Turner, Mayor of Dunedin.
Marilyn Waring, feminist academic and politician.
Deaths
29 April: Adam Hamilton, politician.
1 May: Hon. Thomas Otto Bishop MLC, politician.
6 May: Sir Oswald Birley, painter (in England).
5 August:John Robertson, politician.
13 August: Frederick de Jersey Clere, architect.
20 August: Lionel Terry, convicted murderer, white supremacist.
24 August: Alexander Harris, politician
17 September Carl Axel Björk, whaler, goldminer and character.
12 October: Te Puea Herangi, Māori leader.
17 November: Ben Roberts, New Zealand Labour MP
22 November: Ted Morgan, New Zealand boxer.
27 November: Bill Parry, politician.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%20in%20New%20Zealand |
The following lists events that happened during 1953 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,074,700.
Increase since 31 December 1952: 50,100 (2.47%).
Males per 100 females: 101.1.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, from 6 February 1952
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Norrie GCMG GCVO CB DSO MC, from 1952-1957
Government
The 30th New Zealand Parliament continued. The National Party was in its second term in office under Sidney Holland.
Speaker of the House – Matthew Oram from 1950 to 1957
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland from 13 December 1949 to 20 September 1957.
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake from 13 December 1949 to 20 September 1957.
Minister of Finance – Sidney Holland
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Clifton Webb from 19 September 1951 to 26 November 1954
Chief Justice — Sir Humphrey O'Leary (until 16 October), Sir Harold Barrowclough (from 17 November)
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Luxford from 1953–1956
Mayor of Hamilton – Harold David Caro (from 1938 until his defeat in November) then Roderick Braithwaite (until 1959)
Mayor of Wellington – Robert Macalister from 1950–1956
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert M. Macfarlane from 1938–1941 and again from 1950–1958
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright from 1950–1959
Events
6 January: Godfrey Bowen sets a world sheep shearing record, shearing 456 sheep in nine hours.
10 January: The Social Credit Political League is formed from the earlier Social Credit Association.
29 May – Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reach the summit of Mount Everest, the first known time this has been done. Hillary is knighted the following day.
2 June – Elizabeth II crowned as Queen of New Zealand at Westminster Abbey in London
23 December – The newly crowned Elizabeth II arrives in New Zealand for a royal tour scheduled to last until 30 January 1954. It is estimated that three in four New Zealanders would make an effort to see her during the tour.
24 December – Tangiwai disaster: A railway bridge collapses at Tangiwai in the central North Island, sending a fully loaded passenger train into the Whangaehu River, killing 151 passengers on board. The disaster remains New Zealand's worst rail accident.
Arts and literature
See 1953 in art, 1953 in literature, :Category:1953 books
Radio
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1953 film awards, 1953 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1953 films
Sport
Athletics
Arthur Lydiard wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:41:29.8 in Dunedin.
Chess
The 60th National Chess Championship was held in Timaru, and was won by Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland (his second title).
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Adorian
Auckland Trotting Cup – Thelma Globe
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Auckland.
Men's singles champion – R. McMaster (Stanley Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – J.F. Benson, Richard Pilkington (skip) (Balmoral Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – W.G. Thornally, C.B. Shine, N.A. Fletcher, N. Orange (skip) (Balmoral Bowling Club)
Shooting
Ballinger Belt – Maurie Gordon (Okawa)
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Eastern Suburbs (of Auckland) who beat Northern (of Dunedin) 4–3 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Eastern Suburbs AFC
Bay of Plenty: Mangakino Utd
Canterbury: Western
Hawke's Bay: Hastings Wanderers
Manawatu: Palmerston North United
Nelson: Woodbourne
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: Northern Hearts
Southland: Brigadiers, Thistle (shared)
Taranaki: City
Waikato: Huntly Thistle
Wairarapa: Carterton
Wanganui: New Settlers
Wellington: Wellington Marist
Births
3 February: Steve Maharey, politician.
5 February: Deborah Coddington, journalist and politician.
17 February: Steve Millen, motor racing driver.
23 March: Denis Aberhart, cricket player and coach.
25 March: Paul Ballinger, long-distance runner
25 May: John Z. Robinson, artist, printmaker and jewelmaker.
14 June: Janet Mackey, politician.
22 June: Phil Goff, politician.
5 September: Murray Mexted, rugby player and commentator.
7 September: Marc Hunter, musician.
9 September: Edmond ("Sonny") Schmidt, bodybuilder.
12 September: Ramesh Patel, field hockey player.
6 November: Brian McKechnie, rugby player and cricketer.
19 December: Paul McEwan, cricketer.
Jonathan Dennis, film historian.
Bill Ralston, journalist
Deaths
20 January: Benjamin Robbins MLC; Mayor of Hawera, Tauranga (born 1857)
29 July: Richard Pearse airplane pioneer (born 1877).
16 October: Humphrey O'Leary, 7th Chief Justice of New Zealand.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%20in%20New%20Zealand |
The following lists events that happened during 1954 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,118,400.
Increase since 31 December 1953: 43,700 (2.11%).
Males per 100 females: 101.2.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, from 6 February 1952
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Norrie GCMG GCVO CB DSO MC, from 1952 to 1957
Government
The 30th New Zealand Parliament expired this year. The National Party was elected to a third term in office under Sidney Holland on 13 November.
Speaker of the House – Matthew Oram from 1950 to 1957
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland from 13 December 1949 to 20 September 1957.
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake from 13 December 1949 to 20 September 1957.
Minister of Finance – Sidney Holland until November, followed by Jack Watts
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Clifton Webb from 19 September 1951 to 26 November 1954, followed by Tom Macdonald
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Luxford from 1953 to 1956
Mayor of Hamilton – Roderick Braithwaite from 1953 to 1959
Mayor of Wellington – Robert Macalister from 1950 to 1956
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert M. Macfarlane from 1938 to 1941 and again from 1950 to 1958
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright from 1950 to 1959
Events
12 January: 50,000 people mass in Wellington as Elizabeth II attends the state opening of Parliament.
30 January: The Royal tour by Queen Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh concludes at Bluff as they depart on the SS Gothic
23 June – Teenagers Pauline Parker and Juliet Hulme are arrested for the murder of Parker's mother.
20 September – the Mazengarb Report on Moral Delinquency in Children and Adolescents is presented to Parliament.
8 November – eighteen-year-old golf amateur Bob Charles causes a sensation by beating a top international field to win the New Zealand Golf Open
13 November – the National Party wins re-election at a general election
Hastings becomes the first town in New Zealand to fluoridate its water supply.
Arts and literature
See 1954 in art, 1954 in literature
Music
See: 1954 in music
Radio
2 January – First radio episode of It's in the Bag, hosted by Selwyn Toogood
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
The Seekers
See: :Category:1954 film awards, 1954 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1954 films
Sport
Athletics
20 February: Yvette Williams breaks the world long jump record by jumping at Gisborne.
Edwin Rye wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:35:45 on 6 March in Hamilton, New Zealand.
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Chess
The 61st National Chess Championship is held in Wellington, and is won by Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland (his third successive title).
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Johnny Globe
Auckland Trotting Cup – Caduceus
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Christchurch.
Men's singles champion – Robin Andrew (Onehunga Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – N.A. McNabb, C.L. Spearman (skip) (Christchurch RSA Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – J. Rothwell, H.L. Rule, W. O'Neill, Pete Skoglund (skip) (Otahuhu Bowling Club)
Rugby union
The All Blacks played four Test Matches on a tour of Europe:
9 January, Lansdowne Road, Dublin: New Zealand 14 – 3 Ireland
30 January, Twickenham, London: New Zealand 5 – 0 England
13 February, Murrayfield, Edinburgh New Zealand 3 – 0 Scotland
27 February, Stade Colombes, Paris: New Zealand 0 – 3 France
Soccer
The national men's team undertook a 10-match tour of Australia, which included 3 internationals. They played one warm-up match prior to the tour.
31 July, Wellington: NZ 6 – 0 Wellington
3 August, Adelaide: NZ 3 – 2 South Australia
7 August, Adelaide: NZ 3 – 1 Australian XI
11 August, Melbourne: NZ 1 – 2 Victoria
14 August, Melbourne: NZ 2 – 1 Australia
18 August, Granville: NZ 0 – 3 Granville
21 August, Sydney: NZ 4 – 1 New South Wales Benge (2), Charlton, Olley
25 August, Brisbane: NZ 2 – 2 Queensland Smith, Steele
28 August, Brisbane: NZ 1 – 4 Australia'
29 August, Newcastle: NZ 1 – 1 Northern Districts Smith
4 September, Sydney: NZ 1 – 4 Australia
5 September, Bulli: NZ 4 – 4 South Coast
The Chatham Cup is won by Onehunga who beat Western of Christchurch 1–0 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: North Shore United
Bay of Plenty: Mangakino Utd
Buller: Millerton Thistle
Canterbury: Western
Hawke's Bay: Hastings Wanderers
Manawatu: Palmerston North United
Nelson: Settlers
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: Northern
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: Northern Hearts
Southland: Brigadiers
Taranaki: Old Boys
Waikato: Huntly Thistle
Wanganui: New Settlers
Wellington: Stop Out
Births
17 February: Brian Houston, New Zealand-born Australian pastor.
17 March: Peter Dunne, politician
30 April: Jane Campion, film director.
11 May: Murray Haszard, technology entrepreneur.
20 May: Julie Brougham, Olympic equestrian (died 2021)
15 June: Larry Ross, motorcycle speedway rider.
17 June: Trevor Mallard, politician
5 July: John Wright, cricket player and coach
24 October: Tu Wyllie, politician
18 November: Evan Gray, cricketer
24 December: Graham Sligo, field hockey player
:Category:1954 births
Deaths
7 May: Cyril Brownlie, rugby union player.
26 May: Frederick Doidge, former cabinet minister and New Zealand High Commissioner (London)
1 June: Charles E. Major, politician.
5 June: Alexander Stuart, politician
1 August: Arthur Stallworthy, politician.
7 December: George William Smith, athlete, rugby union and league player.
John Buckland Wright, engraver.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
For world events and topics in 1954 not specifically related to New Zealand see: 1954
References
External links
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Nokia network monitor or Monitor Mode was a hidden mode on most Nokia cell phones used to measure network parameters. Additionally there are measurements for phone and battery temperature and other phone specific measurements and tests. The mode can only be activated over a special FBus, or MBUS cable; or in some cases over infrared. Free software exists on the internet that allows one to activate this mode.
The first step is to select a Nokia Phone like Nokia 3310 that has network monitor then activate the monitor. To activate, download software such as Gnokii, logomanager, or N-Monitor by Anderas Schmidt and connect the mobile with a FBus cable. In Nokia phones you just activate the monitor and not upload it to the phone, as it is already present.
External links
"The Nokia Network Monitor" by Nuukiaworld, a good starting point
Download N-Monitor by Andreas Schmidt
Description by Logomanager
FAQ
Nokia services | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%20network%20monitor |
The following lists events that happened during 1955 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,164,800.
Increase since 31 December 1954: 46,400 (2.19%).
Males per 100 females: 101.2.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, from 6 February 1952
Governor-General – Lieutenant-General The Lord Norrie GCMG GCVO CB DSO MC, from 1952 to 1957
Government
The 31st New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the National government under Sidney Holland.
Speaker of the House – Mathew Oram from 1950 to 1957
Prime Minister – Sidney Holland from 13 December 1949 to 20 September 1957.
Deputy Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake from 13 December 1949 to 20 September 1957.
Minister of Finance – Jack Watts from November 1954 until 20 September 1957
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Tom Macdonald from 26 November 1954 until 12 December 1957
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – John Luxford from 1953 to 1956
Mayor of Hamilton – Roderick Braithwaite from 1953 to 1959
Mayor of Wellington – Robert Macalister from 1950 to 1956
Mayor of Christchurch – Robert M. Macfarlane from 1938 to 1941 and again from 1950 to 1958
Mayor of Dunedin – Leonard Morton Wright from 1950 to 1959
Events
A pulp and paper mill opens at Kawerau
The Rimutaka rail tunnel opened
The Marriage Act 1955 is passed
Arts and literature
See 1955 in art, 1955 in literature
Music
See: 1955 in music
Radio
See: Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1955 film awards, 1955 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1955 films
Sport
Athletics
Arthur Lydiard wins his second national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:42:34 in Auckland.
Chess
The 62nd National Chess Championship was held in Auckland, and was won by Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland (his 4th successive title).
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Our Roger
Auckland Trotting Cup – Prince Polka
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Wellington.
Men's singles champion – J.H. Rabone (Northern Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – W.R. Hawkins, M.G. Borich (skip) (Hamilton Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – J. Whitehead, E.A. Horan, A. Robinson, I.B. Evans (skip) (Omarunui Bowling Club)
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Western of Christchurch who beat Eastern Suburbs of Auckland 6–2 in the final.
New Zealand played 3 matches against South China Athletic
18 June, Christchurch – 1–1 draw
2 July, Wellington – NZ win 7-4
9 July, Auckland – NZ lose 3-5
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Mount Albert GSOB
Bay of Plenty: Mangakino Utd
Buller: Millerton Thistle
Canterbury: Western
Hawke's Bay: Napier Rovers
Manawatu: Kiwi United
Nelson: Motueka
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: King Edward Technical College OB
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: West End
Southland: Invercargill Thistle
Taranaki: Old Boys
Waikato: Huntly Thistle
Wanganui: Wanganui Athletic
Wellington: Stop Out
Births
16 January: Steve Wooddin, soccer player
14 February: Margaret Knighton, equestrian eventer
31 March: Robert Vance, cricketer
2 April: Steve Sumner, soccer player
21 April: Tuheitia Paki, Māori King
27 May: Graham 'Jock' Edwards, cricketer
1 June: Lorraine Moller, long-distance athlete
19 June: Mary O'Connor, long-distance runner
29 September: Mark Graham, rugby league footballer and coach
1 November: Anne Audain, middle and long-distance athlete
12 November: Roger Sumich, cyclist
26 November: Barbara Tilden, field hockey player
2 December: Mark Gosche, politician
7 December: Te Ururoa Flavell, politician
David Hamilton, composer
Deaths
31 January: Bob Semple, trade union leader and politician.
7 May: Melville Lyons, politician
24 May: Louis Hekenui Bidois, policeman
5 June (in England): George Skellerup, industrialist
7 September: Henry Braddon, rugby union player.
14 December: William Stewart, politician.
Undated: John Guthrie (at sea) journalist and novelist.
References
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Buk-gu, (), or "Northern District", is the name of a gu in several South Korean cities:
Buk-gu, Busan
Buk-gu, Daegu
Buk-gu, Gwangju
Buk-gu, Pohang
Buk-gu, Ulsan
See also
Northern District (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk-gu |
The Frei family of Chile is formed by the descendants of Swiss Eduardo Frei Schlinz and Chilean Victoria Montalva Martínez. It became politically influential during the 20th century, and has played and still plays a significant role in Chilean politics. Its most prominent members are:
Eduardo Frei Montalva (1911–1982), President of Chile 1964-1970, his wife María Ruiz-Tagle Jiménez, and their children Irene, Carmen, Isabel Margarita, Mónica, Eduardo, Jorge and Francisco Javier Frei Ruiz-Tagle. Among them:
Carmen Frei Ruiz-Tagle (b. 1938), Chilean politician, former senator
Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (b. 1942), President of Chile 1994–2000, his wife Marta Larraechea Bolívar, and their children Verónica, Cecilia, Magdalena and Catalina Frei Larraechea.
Irene Frei Montalva (1916–1964)
Arturo Frei Bolívar (1939–2022), nephew of Eduardo Frei Montalva, Chilean politician, presidential candidate in 1999, senator.
See also
History of Chile
Chilean families
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei%20family |
Voodoo (Priscilla Kitaen) is a fictional comic book superhero, appearing in books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Brandon Choi and artist Jim Lee, she first appeared in WildC.A.T.s #1 (August 1992), which was produced by Jim Lee's studio, WildStorm comics, and published by Image Comics. After WildStorm and its properties were purchased by DC Comics in 1999, the character continued as a character in books under the WildStorm imprint, until DC discontinued the WildStorm imprint in December 2010.
A new incarnation of the character was created as part of the main DC Universe in September 2011, as part of DC's company-wide relaunch of its title, The New 52.
Publication history
Wildstorm
The first Voodoo series was a four-issue limited series, published in 1997 and written by Alan Moore.
DC Comics
In June 2011, DC Comics announced that the character would be incorporated into the main DC Universe in an ongoing series written by Ron Marz and drawn by Sami Basri as part of The New 52, a relaunch of DC Comics' properties. Josh Williamson was announced as the new writer of the comic book, starting with Voodoo #5, because DC wanted to take the story in a different direction.
Fictional character biography
Priscilla Kitaen was a stripper before being rescued by the WildC.A.T.s from the Daemonites. Voodoo had a gift called the "Sight", allowing her to perceive if a person was possessed by a Daemonite, and being able to separate Daemonites from the bodies they were possessing which made her very important to both the WildC.A.T.s and the Daemonites. Voodoo joined the WildC.A.T.S and revealed even greater powers, such as telepathy and the ability to develop animal-like traits, such as sprouting claws from her fingertips. She was later trained by Zealot in the martial arts of The Coda and developed an attraction towards Spartan.
Her Daemonite ancestry was not revealed until she entered into a coma after being shot. Void entered in her mind through a computer, and it was revealed that one of her ancestors, a Kherubim, was possessed by a Daemonite.
When the WildC.A.T.s travelled to Khera, home planet of the Kherubim, Voodoo was separated from her friends because of her Daemonite heritage. She was relocated to a Daemonite ghetto and discovered that the war between Khera and Daemonites had been over for centuries. More importantly she discovered that most Daemonites were not evil as she always was led to believe; the Daemonites on Earth were all highly fanatical soldiers, but on Khera the Daemonites were citizens. She managed to find the other WildC.A.T.s and confronted Zealot, who shamed her as being of an inferior race in front of the Coda sisterhood. Voodoo became disgusted with the Kherans and renounced Zealot, her former teacher. Despite this she then helped the WildC.A.Ts to stop an assassination attempt on Zealot and she too turned away from Khera. The WildC.A.T.s returned to Earth, but Voodoo could not forget Khera and Zealot's behaviour. Disappointed by her life as a superhero, she left the WildC.A.T.s.
Priscilla moved to New Orleans to return to stripping. As she arrived, she met two men, Carry-4 and Attibon. Carry-4 took Voodoo to The Midnight Lounge, where the owner, Christian Charles, offered her a job as one of his dancers had disappeared. She became friends with Purity, another stripper. Needing a place to stay, Attibon took her to a hotel, the Royale, where she met Freeda, a former prostitute and Saturday, a former hitman. These three later revealed themselves as Erzulie, Papa Legba and Baron Samedi.
Soon it became clear that Christian Charles had been murdering his dancers to bathe in their blood, an arcane ritual to resurrect his dead father, a dark magician. Christian had help from Carry-4 who was, in reality, Mait' Carrefour. Priscilla and lieutenant David Dove, the police officer investigating the murders, arrived in time to save Purity, but Christian had absorbed enough blood to summon his dead father. Priscilla faced him and channelled Erzulie. Despite all their power, Christian and his father could not resist her dance and Priscilla lured him back to the Royale. Inside the Royale, Baron Samedi, Erzulie, and Papa Legba waited for Christian and his father, telling them that they disturbed the balance. The three pointed the Charles' towards a door where they faced Damballa, causing the Royale to explode. The experience made Priscilla decide to learn more about voodoo magic and she became an apprentice to a mambo.
Several months later, she briefly rejoined the WildC.A.Ts, but left again when the team disbanded following Zealot's apparent death. She moved in with Dr. Jeremy Stone, but despite her attempts to get closer to him, he often locked himself up in his lab. Unknown to Priscilla, Jeremy had fallen in love with her and was developing a method to remove the Daemonite-genes from her. Voodoo had no direction to her life at this time, but a Daemonite, disguised as an elderly man followed her around.
Priscilla was given a credit card from the Halo Corporation under the name Marlowe. While tracking this credit card, Voodoo was attacked by a serial killer called Samuel Smith, who was trying to kill Jacob Marlowe and all his relatives. It turned out that Jacob had defeated Smith's grandfather, a criminal with superhuman powers and now Samuel wanted revenge. He surprised her, and his powers seriously injured her, separating her legs from her body and injuring her throat. Spartan, now Jack Marlowe, and Grifter took down Smith later. Grifter also convinced Jeremy that his plan to heal Voodoo from her Daemonite-side might not be welcomed at all by Voodoo.
While she was treated in the hospital, she amazed the medical staff by quickly recovering from her throat injuries. She quickly grew annoyed by the medical staff until she noticed a Daemonite among them. Soon afterwards, the Daemonite confronted her. He told her that he was not an enemy, but a rare conscientious objector among the Daemonite military and that she should see him as her grandfather. He instructed her in the proper use of her Daemonite powers of time manipulation and regeneration and within several hours, Voodoo had regrown her legs. Before leaving, he also convinced Priscilla to start a relationship with Jeremy. This relationship has ended recently; an aspect of her telepathic powers is that they increase with physical intimacy, and Voodoo's willingness to be intimate with other men to use them was, despite his protests, not something with which Jeremy could cope. The break-up fight was ended when Priscilla intentionally angered him to the point that he grew in size. With the resulting loss of intellect that comes with his size growth, he forgot they were fighting, and she took the opportunity to leave. (as of Worldstorm #2)
When DC Comics' character Captain Atom was stranded in the Wildstorm reality, Voodoo and the other WildC.A.T.S were sent to capture him. Voodoo displayed magnetic abilities that allowed her to control the metal of his uniform, and even disrupt the flow of iron in his bloodstream. However, when she attempted to use her telepathy to probe his mind, he connected her brain to all of the information in the world, which overloaded her mind and rendered her unconscious.
WildC.A.T.s vol. 4
No longer a superhero, Priscilla Kitaen is, at the start of this series, once again a stripper - now dancing for oil sheiks and billionaires. However, despite her telling Hadrian that it had been "years since [they] were superheroes together," it was clear that their former passion was not dimmed, and they ended up in bed together. She now appears to be an employee of the Halo Corporation once more, with Hadrian offering to triple her current wages.
Ongoing series in DC Universe
Following the events of Flashpoint, Voodoo is one of the many Wildstorm characters who were brought over into the mainstream DC Universe, with her entire history now rewritten.
In her DC Universe iteration, Priscilla Kitaen is a Human-Daemonite hybrid who works as a Daemonite spy, using her shapeshifting abilities and limited telepathy to blend in with humans and learn intelligence about metahumans and other possible threats to the Daemonites. Priscilla works undercover as a stripper under the alias Voodoo. It is eventually revealed that Priscilla was born a human, but was abducted and genetically engineered into a Daemonite half-breed after a fire killed her mother. Further complicating her identity issues, Voodoo learns that she is a clone of the real Priscilla Kitaen, who has been held captive by Voodoo's pursuers, the Black Razors, for several months. Upon learning this, Voodoo takes aggressive action against the Daemonite High Council, but is persuaded to stop her attack when she is offered a higher ranking position that would put her in charge of all earthbound Daemonite clone forces.
Powers and abilities
Wildstorm
Voodoo is a telepathic human-Kherubim hybrid with Daemonite ancestry and possesses "the Sight," the ability to see Daemonites who have possessed humans. Along with this, she can use her powers to separate Daemonites from their hosts and has shown the ability to do this to other organisms that have been bonded. She can read and manipulate the thoughts and emotions of others, and even shut off people's minds. Her powers increase proportionate to physical intimacy, enabling her greater ability to psychically manipulate and read others. Early on, she was able to shapeshift into a humanoid wolf-like state, complete with fur and claws, and in this state her personality became savage and feral. Later this power was changed so that she shifted into a Daemonite form. An elderly Daemonite appeared to her and taught her the use of her hidden powers of regeneration and time-manipulation. Zealot has trained her in the martial arts of The Coda. She was also mentored in the use of Voodoo magic by a High Voodoo Priestess.
Voodoo has displayed the power to control magnetic fields, and can move and manipulate ferrous metals with her mind. She can control the trace amounts of iron in a person's bloodstream.
The New 52
In The New 52 reality, because she is a Daemonite/human hybrid, her powers have changed; Voodoo lost the sight, regeneration, magnetic and magical powers. But she has shape shifting and telepathy powers; and the productions of projectile quills and the secretion of poison.
Her shape shifting powers allow her to copy humans or animals that she touched; and the creation of wings and weapons like a spear. Also her shape shifting has been used to provide a limited form of camouflage, as she can take on the colors of other objects which she might be standing in front of.
Voodoo now has limited mind-reading capabilities; however she is unable to control her own mind when she uses these abilities, thus leaving herself vulnerable to counter telepathy. Also she has the abilities to survive in harsh environment, as seen when she functions in the environment of Europa (the moon of Jupiter), without any form of protection.
The Daemonites have trained her in hand-to-hand combat and in espionage.
Collected editions
The first series has been collected in a number of trade paperbacks:
Voodoo: Dancing in the Dark (104 pages, DC Comics, December 1998, )
Alan Moore: Wild Worlds (320 pages, DC Comics, August 2007, , Titan Books, July 2007, )
All the first issues of The New 52 were collected in one hardcover volume:
DC Comics: The New 52 (1216 pages, hardcover, DC Comics, December 2011, )
The second series has been collected into two trade paperbacks:
Voodoo Vol. 1: What Lies Beneath (Voodoo #1-6, DC Comics, September 2012, )
Voodoo Vol. 2: The Killer in Me (Voodoo #7-12 and #0, DC Comics, February 2013)
In other media
In the short-lived WildC.A.T.s animated cartoon, Voodoo was portrayed as a somewhat naive teenager, rather than an exotic dancer. She also has telekinesis on top of her other facets in series, Voodoo was voiced by Canadian actress Ruth Marshall.
A Voodoo figure from Playmates Toys was released in 1995.
References
External links
Voodoo at the DC Comics Database
Voodoo at World of Black Heroes
Voodoo (New 52) at World of Black Heroes
Voodoo at the Wildstorm Resource Wiki
African-American superheroes
Characters created by Jim Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1992
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics characters who use magic
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics female superheroes
DC Comics martial artists
DC Comics telepaths
Female characters in animated series
Female soldier and warrior characters in comics
Fiction about Louisiana Voodoo
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Fictional empaths
Fictional erotic dancers
Fictional extraterrestrial–human hybrids in comics
Fictional female martial artists
Fictional illusionists
Fictional necromancers
Fictional therianthropes
Fictional werewolves
WildCats characters
Wildstorm Universe superheroes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo%20%28Wildstorm%29 |
is a paranormal phenomenon or yōkai from Japanese folklore. Other names include or . Little is known of the origin of umibōzu but it is a sea-spirit and as such has multiple sightings throughout Japan. Normally, umibōzu appears to sailors on calm seas which quickly turn tumultuous. It either breaks the ship on emergence or demands a bucket or barrel from the sailors and proceeds to drown them. The only safe way to escape an umibōzu is to give it a bottomless barrel and sail away while it is confused.
Concept
They appear and disappear in the oceans, often at night, and it is thought that they would suddenly appear on what was previously a calm sea surface as a giant's black bōzu head and destroy ships. They are often a few meters (yards) to a few tens of meters (yards) in length, so they are seen as quite large, but there are also tales about relatively small ones.
Like funayūrei, there are often many tales that seem to be about hallucinations, and often the difference between them is not clear. They would say "lend me a ladle," and sometimes the funayūrei that come to sink ships are considered the same as umibōzu. However, unlike the funayūrei who come with stormy weather, umibōzu sometimes appear at seas with no abnormalities (and in this case, once the umibōzu was seen, the weather would start getting stormy), so it's pointed out that these could be things that do exist but were misinterpreted. Some examples of things that could have been misinterpreted include sea organisms, cumulonimbus clouds, big waves, and other natural phenomena.
Also, umibōzu would often come in swarms as naked bōzu-like beings and attack ships, and they would do things such as cling on to the hull and scull as well as put out the basket fire. It is said that they would sometimes let out a voice saying "yaa yaa" while swimming, and when hit with the scull would let out shrieks of "aitata". Their weakness is tobacco smoke, and it is said that if one is unlucky enough to encounter one, having one of those ready can lead to being saved.
Legends by area
In the Tōhoku region, there is a custom of sacrificing to the deities the first fish caught when fishing, and it is said that if this is not followed, an umibōzu would appear and destroy the boat and kidnap the boat owner.
The nurarihyon that appears often in Bisan Seto has a large round head and as they float toward the boat, they would then slowly sludge (nurari) away and then unexpectedly (hyon) float approaching the boat again. They would do this several times over to torment people.
In Cape Shiriya, Higashidōri, Shimokita District, Aomori Prefecture, it is said that people eaten by sharks would become "mōjabune". They can be repelled by melting some miso and letting it into the sea. The "umikozō" told about in the Kamo District, Shizuoka Prefecture is a boy covered with hair all the way to the sides of the eye, and it is said that they would approach fishing lines with a grin. Also, in Mikonohama, Kii Province, a small animal called the "mokuri kokuri" that resembles a weasel would go to the mountains on March 3 and to the sea on May 5, and they have the shape of a human, but would expand and contract at will and disappear as soon as they appear, and extract from the butts of people who come to wheat fields at night. They have a jellyfish-like shape, and are said to come floating in swarms above the ocean. During the Mongol invasions, they were considered to be the spirits of those who died in water, and their name was ateji for Mongolian Koguryo. In the Kitauwa District, Ehime Prefecture, the sea would become white at night and a "shirami", also called "shirami yūren", would come swimming, and fishers would call these idiots. However, it is said that if they hear "idiot", they'd get angry and cling on to the scull and give a bad time. On Sado Island, the "tateboshi" are a monster said to stand at a height of who would aim at ships and try to flip them over.
Umibōzu are also said to change their appearance, and in Kesennuma Ōshima, Miyagi Prefecture, there are tales of them shapeshifting into a beautiful woman and engaging in swimming contests with humans. There is also a similar tale in Iwate, but there it is said that those who accept the challenge would be swallowed down instantly. In Uwajima, Ehime Prefecture, there are tales where they would shapeshift into a zatō (blind person) and kill human women. Also, while there are many legends of them attacking humans, in Uwajima there is the legend that those who see an umibōzu would live a long life.
There are also umibōzu with strange appearances. In Wakayama Prefecture, something called the "umibōzu of Kemiura" would appear and disappear. In Meiji 21, or 1888, December 26, the Miyako Shinbun reported that at Mii-dera, Wakayama Prefecture, there was an umibōzu like a large monkey with a height of about and a weight of about 60–70 kan (). It is said to have had brown hair, orange eyes, and had the mouth of a crocodile, the torso of a fish, the tail of a lobster, and the cry of a bull.
In Nagano Prefecture, there are umibōzu who live in rivers, unusual through all provinces. According to legend, they live in rivers near Kaesa, Nakano, and had giant bodies and black heads that looked like big Buddha statues. Only their upper bodies were said to be above water.
Outside Japan, there are half-human legends about sea monks and sea bishops.
In classical literature
According to the essay, the Kansō Jigo (閑窓自語) of the Kansei era, in Kaizuka, Izumi (now Kaizuka, Osaka Prefecture), an umibōzu would rise up and stay above ground for 3 days, and children were warned not to go out until it returned to the sea.
In the essay Usō Kanwa (雨窓閑話), in Kuwana (now Mie Prefecture), it was said that umibōzu would appear at the end of the month so it was forbidden to set sail during that time, but it is said that one sailor broke this ban and went out to sea whereupon an umibōzu appeared and asked, "am I fearsome?" to which the sailor answered, "there is nothing as fearsome as navigating through the whole world," at which the umibōzu disappeared. Similarly, there is a legend about a "zatō gashira" (blind man head), a blind bōzu that appears above the sea, and it would ask people "am I fearsome?" and if one acts scared by saying "I'm scared" or "please help", it would say "you should not be going out to sea at the end of the month" and disappear.
In the Kii Zōdan Shū of the Edo Period are statements about umibōzu called "kuro nyūdō" (black priest initiates). A boat was going Ise Province (now Mie Prefecture) to Cape Irago and a boatman named Zenchi refused to have "just one woman" on, so he forcefully took his wife on the boat, and it encountered a large storm. The shipowner believed that the dragon deity was angered, at least in part due to the women on board, and despite throwing into the sea things that he thought a dragon might like, the storm still did not calm, and finally the kuro nyūdō appeared. It had a head 5 to 6 times the size of a human, glittering eyes, a horse-like mouth that was in length. It is said that Zenchi's wife made her resolve and tossed herself into the ocean, and the kuro nyūdō gulped down that woman, upon which the storm stopped. These umibōzu are said to be fallen dragon deities who would demand sacrifice.
In the Haidaoyizhi (海島逸志) by Wang Dahai, under the name of "umi oshō" (sea priest), it was written to be a yōkai resembling a human but has a tear from mouth to ear, and would make a big laughter upon finding a human. Umi oshō are said to be feared because when they appear, a storm surge always follows. It is also theorized that these are sea turtles seen as yōkai.
In the Honchō Goen (本朝語園) of the Hōei era, there are writings about umibōzu called "fune nyūdō" (boat priest initiate) and they had a height of and had no eyes, nose, or limbs, and upon seeing one, it was considered necessary to say nothing and pretend to have seen nothing, because if one says even something such as "what was that?" it would sink the boat in an instant. Also, in Yura, Awaji Island (now Sumoto), it is said that one can be spared by tossing the most precious cargo into the sea.
Recent sightings
In April 1971, off the coast of Onagawa, Oshika District, Miyagi Prefecture, a fishing boat, the 28th Konpira Maru, was travelling to New Zealand to fish for tuna, when the boat's long line was suddenly cut, and a large creature surfaced from the water. It had many grey-brown wrinkles on its body and eyes that were about in diameter, a collapsed nose, and no mouth to be seen. Half its body was submerged in murky water so its whole body could not be ascertained, but it was said to leave a trail. It is said that as they got ready to poke it with a harpoon, the monster disappeared into the sea.
When an officer of the research lab, the Enyō Suisan Kenkyujo, at branch office in Yaizu heard of this account, he supposed that it was likely that the fishermen were mistaking an organism, such as a fish or whale, for a monster. In another eyewitness account, the half of its body that appeared from the water surface was about in length, so by inferring that its whole body was several times that length, they said that they never heard of an organism like that.
These accounts of strange events were published in Mainichi Shimbun on July 17 of the same year.
Similar creatures
In China, there is the legend of the kikokutan (鬼哭灘) no kai, and according to research, it is said to be related to Japan's funayūrei and umibōzu, but it has a different appearance. It is thought that when a boat goes on the sea above a kikokutan, its appearance was described by the words 没頭, without a head, 隻手, having one hand, and 独足, having one leg, and it was short, and the bald monster would attempt to overturn the ship (on having no hair, this part of their appearance is the same).
Origin
The origin of umibōzu is unclear as there are no stories specifically referencing what caused its creation or its first appearance. One theory about the origin of umibōzu is that they are the spirits of dead priests who were thrown into the ocean by Japanese villagers for some reason or another. Because their bodies have nowhere to be laid to rest, their souls inhabit the oceans and haunt it in the shape of a dark shadow, reaping its revenge upon any souls unlucky enough to come across it.
Physical attributes
In the early Edo period scroll Bakemono no e, umibōzu is shown to have a shaved, smooth head and appears to be all black but it also looks like a mix between a dog and possibly a sea serpent and an octopus (see image). Its arms end in what resembles hand made up of five tentacle-like appendages constituting a hand. It also has a longer body with fins running down its spine as the lower body disappears underwater, once again obscuring our view of its lower body and continuing the mystery of what its lower body looks like. Similar to most legends, the eyes are opened wide and it is smiling. There are two tentacle-like appendages coming from its face which could be feelers of some sort. This is the only occurrence of these feelers and they do not appear in any other legends or accounts.
The presence or sighting of an umibōzu is widespread and not an uncommon occurrence. Physically, it is often represented as a large, black humanoid figure which only ever rises from the ocean to about its waist, never revealing its lower half. According to most accounts, no one knows what the lower half of an umibōzu looks like and thus this figure is shrouded in mystery. Some posit it has tentacles like an octopus while others suggest it is purely humanoid and has two legs like the monks and Buddhas it resembles. The humanoid figure generally appears to be up to tall, but can come in a variety of sizes. The sheer size of the yōkai helps it to drown the sailors and break the ships it comes upon in the seas. Some stories claim an umibōzu can break a ship in half with its hands or by swinging its arms. The body is jet black like that of a shadow with a shaved, smooth head like those of the monks and Buddhas of Japan. This is the only tie to Buddhism or any type of religion in most umibōzu legends which seems strange. Normally, if a yōkai looks a certain way it is to accomplish something specific to the spirit but umibōzu seems to have no ties to Buddhism in anything beyond its appearance. Some accounts suggest umibōzu appear to be praying and constantly smiling while their two, round eyes are opened wide in a constant stare. One common theme in every account is the eyes which seem to pierce the sailors and stands out in stark contrast with the black void of its skin. Some accounts suggest umibōzu has two arms like a human and others suggest they resemble tentacles like that of an octopus.
Manifestations
Umibōzu always appear only in the ocean, usually during peaceful waters and fair weather. These fair conditions would normally put the sailors at ease as they are literally "sailing on smooth waters" but the possible presence of a malicious spirit put many sailors on edge in these times of peaceful sailing. Upon its sudden rising from the ocean, causing waves and sometimes flipping ships or breaking them with its emergence, umibōzu is accompanied by the winds begin to blow and waves toss the ship about. The appearance of an umibōzu alone causes this dramatic shift in weather which puts any ship in immediate peril, not only from being capsized by the waves but also from being crushed by the yōkai. This could be a mixing of the funayūrei legends which suggests these yōkai appear during storms at sea. With very few first person sightings which are recorded or passed on, umibōzu tends to have characteristics with other yōkai. Similar to the funayūrei, umibōzu either breaks the ship with its arms or it demands a barrel from the sailors which it consequently uses to drown the sailors by scooping up water and dumping it into the ships deck. Funayūrei use ladles to drown sailors in some Japanese legends while some accounts of umibōzu claim it appears with a ladle for the same purpose. The only way to escape from an umibōzu safely is to give it a bottomless barrel, such that it cannot scoop up water, thereby giving the sailors a chance to escape. While it is confused and attempting to scoop up the water in a futile effort, the sailors have just enough time to sail away to safety. The yōkai seems to be foolish in the way it does not understand why it cannot scoop water with the bottomless barrel, possibly showing the superiority of humans over yōkai in general. Normally, a chance encounter with umibōzu is deadly for all and as such there are very few instances of first-person accounts of an umibōzu encounter. Any survivors of such an encounter are due to their giving a bottomless barrel or if there were a shipwreck survivor adrift in the ocean who washed ashore.
Usually called the "sea monk" (umi means sea and bōzu means monk), umibōzu has no ties to religion in any of its actions or sightings. Victims of this yōkai are random and have no ties to any action or belief. Sailors who were attacked were of no specific sect or religion as they are only ever described as pitiable sailors, the victims of an attack.
See also
Sea draugr
Sea monk
Footnotes
Explanatory footnotes
Citation footnotes
References
Allardice, Pamela. Myths, Gods, and Fantasy: A Sourcebook. Dorset: Prism Press, 1991. p. 209.
The Obakemono Project
Japanese folklore
Mythological aquatic creatures
Yōkai
Mythological monsters
Undead
Japanese giants
Japanese ghosts
Piscine and amphibian humanoids
Water spirits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umib%C5%8Dzu |
Thomas Morgan Woodward (September 16, 1925 – February 22, 2019) was an American actor who is best known for his recurring role as Marvin "Punk" Anderson on the television soap opera Dallas and for his portrayal of Boss Godfrey, the sunglasses-wearing "man with no eyes", in the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke. On TV, he was a familiar guest star on cowboy shows. On the long-running Western Gunsmoke, he played 16 different characters in 19 episodes (including a pair of two-part stories), the most such appearances of any actor on the show. He also had a recurring role on The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp.
Early years
Woodward was born in Fort Worth, Texas, the third of five sons of Dr. Valin Woodward and his wife, Frances McKinley. He grew up in Arlington, Texas, graduating from high school in 1944. After serving in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II, he enrolled at North Texas Agriculture College, where he was active in the theater. He graduated in 1948 with a bachelor's of business administration in finance. He attended law school at the University of Texas at Austin. During that time, he hosted a local radio talk show and sang with a barbershop quartet and a dance band.
Military service
Woodward was a member of the United States Army Air Force during World War II. He flew his first plane at the age of 16 years. He returned to the military during the Korean War in the now-Military Air Transport Service.
Acting career
Westerns
One of Woodward's longest television roles was in 42 episodes between 1958 and 1961 on the ABC television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp as the deputy/sidekick "Shotgun" Gibbs. Woodward made a dozen guest appearances on Wagon Train between 1958 and 1965, and many appearances in Gunsmoke, Rawhide, and Bonanza.
In the 1966 episode "Hugh Glass Meets the Bear" of the syndicated anthology series, Death Valley Days, Woodward was cast as Thomas "Broken Hand" Fitzpatrick. John Alderson played Hugh Glass, who after being mauled by a bear and abandoned by Fitzpatrick, crawled 200 miles to civilization. Victor French portrayed Louis Baptiste, with Tris Coffin as Major Andrew Henry.
Woodward also played on the The Waltons as Boone Walton, nephew to Waltons grandfather Zeb Walton, being Zeb's eldest brother Henry’s, son.
Star Trek
Woodward guest-starred in two episodes of the original series of Star Trek as two different characters. In the first-season episode, "Dagger of the Mind" (1966), Woodward plays Dr. Simon van Gelder, a deputy director of a facility for the criminally insane. Later, he was cast in "The Omega Glory" in Star Treks second season, playing Captain Ron Tracey. Woodward called the role of Dr. Simon Van Gelder the most physically and emotionally exhausting acting job of his career.
Dallas
Woodward was a familiar face on the television drama series Dallas from 1980 to 1989. His recurring role was Marvin "Punk" Anderson. As the series progressed, Woodward's role became that of a trusted advisor to the Ewing sons.
Recording
In 1963, Woodward recorded "Heartache City" backed with "An Encouraging Word" (CRC Charter 15).
Death
Woodward died on February 22, 2019, at his Hollywood Hills house in California.
Recognition
In 2009, Woodward was inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. In 1986, he was inducted into the Order of West Range of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.
In 1988, he received the Golden Lariat Award at the National Western Film Festival for his contributions to the Western genre. He won the Golden Boot Award given by the Hollywood Motion Picture and Television Fund.
Selected filmography
Woodward appeared in more than 250 television shows and films throughout his acting career.
Film appearances
The Great Locomotive Chase (1956) - Alex
Westward Ho, the Wagons! (1956) - Obie Foster
Slaughter on Tenth Avenue (1957) - Tilly Moore (uncredited)
Gunsight Ridge (1957) - Tex - Lazy Heart Ranch Hand
Ride a Crooked Trail (1958) - Durgan (uncredited)
The Gun Hawk (1963) - Deputy 'Mitch' Mitchell
The Devil's Bedroom (1964)
The Sword of Ali Baba (1965) - Captain of Guard
Gunpoint (1966) - Drago Leon
Cool Hand Luke (1967) - Boss Godfrey
Firecreek (1968) - Willard
Death of a Gunfighter (1969) - Ivan Stanek
The Wild Country (1970) - Ab Cross
Yuma (1971, TV Movie) - Arch King
One Little Indian (1973) - Sgt. Raines
Running Wild (1973) - Crug Crider
The Midnight Man (1974) - Phillip Clayborne
Ride in a Pink Car (1974) - Jeff Richman
The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976) - The Boss
A Small Town in Texas (1976) - C.J. Crane
Supervan (1977) - T.B. Trenton
Moonshine County Express (1977) - Sweetwater
Walking Tall: Final Chapter (1977) - The Boss
Speedtrap (1977) - Capt. Hogan
Which Way Is Up? (1977) - Mr. Mann
Battle Beyond the Stars (1980) - Cayman
Girls Just Want to Have Fun (1985) - J.P. Sands
Dark Before Dawn (1988) - J.B. Watson
Gunsmoke: To the Last Man (1992, TV Movie) - Sheriff Abel Rose
TV appearances
Woodward made many other television guest appearances, including:
Gunsmoke (1957–1974, 19 episodes) - Abraham Wakefield / Bear Sanderson / Lamoor Underwood / Walt Clayton / Luke Dangerfield / Quentin Sargent / Josh Stryker / Luke Brazo / Grant Lyle / Harl Townsend / Zack Johnson / Beaumont / Earl Miller / Ben Rucker / Sholo / Deeks / Calhoun
Tales of Wells Fargo (1957-1961, 2 episodes) - Phil Slavin / Steve Taggart
The Restless Gun (1958-1959, 3 episodes) - J.B. Cauter / Jubal Carney / Ben Cotterman
Wagon Train (1958–1965, 12 episodes) - Clyde / Zach Ryker / Jute Pardee / Pocky / Ciel / Second Killer / Barney / Walt Keene / Chief Spotted Horse / Jubal Ash / Jupe / Ben Lafferty
The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (1958–1961, 80 episodes) - Shotgun Gibbs
Bat Masterson (1960) - as Kana in S2E35 "The Big Gamble"
Bonanza (1960–1971, 8 episodes) - Sheriff Clyde Morehouse / Jess Waddle / Will McNabb / Luke Catlin / Mike Gillis / McDermott / Deputy Sheriff Rick Conley / Sheriff Biggs
The Asphalt Jungle (1961, 1 episode) - Detective Kertz
Perry Mason (1962, 1 episode) - Carl Pedersen
Daniel Boone (1964 TV series) (1965) - Tom Sutton - S1/E16 "The First Stone"
Days of Our Lives (1965) - Phillip Colville (1987-1988, 20 episodes)
Daniel Boone (1964 TV series) (1965) - Elisha Tully - S2/E14 "The Christmas Story"
The Lucy Show (1966, as a cowboy with John Wayne) - Pierce
Star Trek (1966–1968, 2 episodes) - Captain Tracey / Dr. Simon van Gelder
The High Chaparral (1970) - Billings
Kung Fu (1972 TV series) (1973-1974, 2 episodes) - Col. Binns / The Hanged Man a.k.a The Adversary
Planet of the Apes (TV Series) (1974) - Martin the blacksmith
The Waltons (1974–1978, 2 episodes) - Boone Walton
Logan's Run (1977–1978, 3 episodes as "Morgan") - Morgan
How the West Was Won (1978-1979, 4 episodes) - The Stranger / Henry Coe
Fantasy Island (1979-1982, 4 episodes) - Uncle Jack / Nick Hall / Tribal Elder / Marshall Victor Grennan
The Dukes of Hazzard''' (1980–1984, 2 episodes) - 1: The season 2 episode "Mason Dixon's Girls", in which he played a drug lord named Dempsey, and 2: The seventh-season episode "Cool Hands Luke & Bo". where he spoofed his character of Boss Godfrey, as Colonel Cassius Claiborne.
Dallas (1980–1987, 55 episodes) - Marvin "Punk" Anderson (oilman and best friend of Jock Ewing)
Hill Street Blues (1982, 5 episodes) - John Renko
The Fall Guy (1982-1985, 2 episodes) - LV Vernon / Reuben
The A-Team (1983–1987, 2 episodes, as Bus Carter in the 2nd season 2 part episode "When You Comin' Back, Range Rider?" and as Captain Winnetka in the season 3 episode "Showdown")
The X-Files (Aubrey) (1995) - Old Harry Cokely
Millennium'' (1997) - Iron Lung Man (final appearance)
References
External links
Official website
1925 births
2019 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Fort Worth, Texas
University of Texas at Arlington alumni
Male actors from Los Angeles
Western (genre) television actors
20th-century American male actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
Singers from California
Singers from Texas
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Woodward |
Uhm Tae-woong (born April 5, 1974) is a South Korean actor. He made his acting debut in 1998, but initially struggled to emerge from under the shadow of his older sister, popular singer-actress Uhm Jung-hwa. After several years of small roles and work in one-act dramas, Uhm began to gain recognition after his villainous turn in the romantic comedy Sassy Girl Chun-hyang. In 2005, he made his breakthrough in the critically acclaimed Resurrection, followed by another revenge-themed series Lucifer in 2007. Since then, he has starred in diverse leading roles on film and television, notably in Forever the Moment (2008), Chaw (2009), Cyrano Agency (2010), Architecture 101 (2012), and Man from the Equator (2012).
Career
1998-2004: Struggling actor
Uhm Tae-woong was unsure which college course to take, so he initially joined Kyungmin College's theater department because his crush was there. But even after the girl shifted majors, Uhm stayed after having befriended a fellow student who would become his current manager, and began acting in earnest.
Uhm made his acting debut in 1998 at the age of 24, and began playing bit parts and supporting roles in films, television dramas and music videos. Among these was the 2003 blockbuster Silmido, in which he played a member of a suicide commando unit trained to kill Kim Il-sung in the 1960s. Starring veteran actors Sol Kyung-gu and Ahn Sung-ki, Silmido drew over 10 million admissions, and Ahn encouraged Uhm, saying he "would turn into a true actor." Uhm continued to go on auditions with little success, partly from the long shadow cast by his older sister, popular singer-actress Uhm Jung-hwa.
Then in 2004, Uhm played a dying man in the acclaimed Drama City episode Blue Skies of Jeju Island, a well-received performance for which he won his first acting trophy at the 2004 KBS Drama Awards.
2005: Breakthrough
Uhm began his rise to popularity with the 2005 romantic comedy series Delightful Girl Choon-Hyang, a modern retelling of the classic Korean folktale Chunhyangjeon. But instead of the villainous magistrate of the folktale, Uhm played a talent agency executive who becomes obsessed with the heroine.
But it was Resurrection later that year that cemented his stardom. He had originally been cast as the antagonist, but after lead actor Park Yong-woo dropped out three weeks before filming due to scheduling conflicts, director Park Chan-hong took a risk and cast Uhm as the protagonist. Playing dual roles as two very different identical twins, one of whom embarks on a quest for revenge, it was Uhm's first leading role in a TV series. Despite low ratings, Resurrection was a critical hit and gained a cult following, and one review praised Uhm for "the kind of acting expected from Song Kang-ho and Choi Min-sik," not from a young little-known actor who'd previously appeared in a few projects in supporting roles. His growing fanbase nicknamed him "the UhmForce" (derived from Star Wars), and he received an Excellence Award from the 2005 KBS Drama Awards and a Best TV Actor nomination from the 2006 Baeksang Arts Awards.
2006-2008: Leading roles continue
In 2006, he and Resurrection leading lady Han Ji-min were cast in Wolf, but an on-set accident that injured Han and co-star Eric Mun led to production being halted and the series was cancelled after airing only three episodes. Uhm moved on to Stranger Than Paradise, in which he played the manager of a singer, the same woman his long-lost brother also falls in love with. He also joined the ensemble cast of Kim Tae-yong's critically acclaimed film Family Ties, playing a reckless but charming man who suddenly shows up at his sister's door with a live-in partner 20 years his senior. For this role, Uhm won Best New Actor at the Chunsa Film Art Awards.
In 2007, Uhm, reunited with Resurrection'''s director Park Chan-hong and writer Kim Ji-woo in Lucifer, the second in Park and Kim's noir vengeance trilogy that explore the conflict between good and evil, and sin and punishment. He gave another memorable lead performance as a detective hunting down a serial killer while attempting to atone for his past. Uhm also starred in December romance My Love, in which his character is a Free Hugs activist who returns to Korea after six years overseas in the hopes of finding his ex-girlfriend.
Finally no longer known as simply "Uhm Jung-hwa's kid brother," he continued building a diverse filmography in 2008. In Yim Soon-rye's sleeper hit Forever the Moment, Uhm played the tough coach of the National Women's Handball Team (and received a Best Supporting Actor nomination from the Blue Dragon Film Awards). In Lee Joon-ik's Sunny, he played a newly married Korean soldier conscripted during the Vietnam War. And in Iri, he played a cab driver taking care of his mentally impaired sister in the aftermath of the Iri Station Explosion.
2009-2010: Ratings and box-office success
In 2009, Uhm played a celebrity manager who is threatened by an unknown man and driven to the extremes in Handphone. This was followed by the black comedy Chaw, in which his character is a policeman battling with a mutant boar. Uhm then starred as 7th-century Silla general Kim Yushin in the popular period drama Queen Seondeok, for which he received a Top Excellence Award at the 2009 MBC Drama Awards.
Romantic comedy Cyrano Agency was the 8th most commercially successful Korean film of 2010, and in it, Uhm played a theater actor-turned-dating coach whose ex-girlfriend is being pursued by his client. While in Dr. Champ, after his character's ice hockey career was ended by injury, he became a cranky sports medicine doctor reminiscent of Gregory House.
2011-2013: Reality show
In 2011, Uhm joined the cast of 2 Days & 1 Night, a popular variety-reality show which travels throughout Korea, featuring small towns and their inhabitants. Through it, viewers discovered the real-life shy, dorky personality behind Uhm's intense screen persona.
Meanwhile, he continued with his acting projects. He acted opposite 2 Days & 1 Night co-star Joo Won in S.I.U., as two detectives who team up against corruption in their ranks.
In 2012, Uhm played one half of a quirky terminally ill couple in Never Ending Story, and an architect building his first love's house in Architecture 101 (the latter was a box-office hit, breaking records at the time as the top-grossing Korean melodrama of all time).
He returned to television in another revenge-themed drama, Man from the Equator. Uhm drew praise for his performance as a blind man, and received an Excellence Award from the 2012 KBS Drama Awards, as well as a Best TV Actor nomination from the 2013 Baeksang Arts Awards.
In 2013, he made a guest appearance in Joo Won's spy comedy series 7th Grade Civil Servant. Uhm then reunited with Man from the Equator director Kim Yong-soo in The Blade and Petal, a period drama set in Goguryeo. He played Yeon Gaesomun's fictional illegitimate son who has a forbidden romance with the princess whose father, the king, was killed by Yeon in a coup.
Veteran actor Park Joong-hoon then cast Uhm in the lead role in Park's directorial debut Top Star. He played a manager who dreams of becoming an actor.
Later that year, Uhm left 2 Days & 1 Night along with other regulars Lee Soo-geun, Sung Si-kyung, and Yoo Hae-jin.
2014: Cable dramas
In early 2014, Uhm played an arrogant film director who falls in love with a divorcee in Can We Fall in Love, Again?, which aired on cable channel jTBC.
This was followed later in the year by Righteous Love from tvN, in which his character's marriage is put to the test after his wife has an affair, so as a marine researcher he sets out to prove that her new romance is "invalid."
2015: Back to variety
In January 2015, Uhm and his daughter Ji-on began appearing in The Return of Superman, a reality show in which male celebrities take care of their young children for 48 hours. He left the program in October 2015.
Personal life
Uhm's father, Uhm Jin-ok, was a public school music teacher who died from a motorcycle accident before Uhm had turned 100 days old. After his father's death, his family (consisting of his mother, Yoo Gyeong-sook, three older sisters, and him as the youngest) faced serious financial problems. His older sister Uhm Jung-hwa entered show business as a pop singer and released her first album in 1993 (earning the label "Madonna of Korea"); she later turned to acting.
On the November 4, 2012 episode of 2 Days & 1 Night'', Uhm made the surprise announcement that he was engaged to ballerina Yoon Hye-jin, and that they were expecting their first child. The daughter of veteran actor Yoon Il-bong and niece of veteran actor Yoo Dong-geun, Yoon was a principal dancer with the Korea National Ballet before she moved to the Les Ballets de Monte Carlo. They were introduced by Uhm's older sister Uhm Jung-hwa. The couple wed on January 9, 2013 at Conrad Hotel Seoul. 2 Days 1 night co-star Sung Si Kyung and singer Yoo Hee Yeol sang on their wedding. Their daughter, Uhm Ji-on, was born on June 18, 2013.
Filmography
Film
Television series
Variety show
Music video
Theater
Discography
Awards and nominations
References
External links
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male stage actors
Konkuk University alumni
People from Jecheon
People from North Chungcheong Province
1974 births
Living people
South Korean Buddhists
Yeongwol Eom clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhm%20Tae-woong |
Warblade (Reno Bryce) is a comic book character from DC Comics/Wildstorm.
Publication history
Warblade starred in two of his own miniseries, Warblade: Endangered Species in 1995 and The Razors Edge: Warblade in 2004/2005.
Fictional character biography
Warblade is the special codename picked by Reno Bryce, a long-green-haired artist. In his youth, Reno's parents were killed by the alien Daemonites. Reno survived and swore vengeance against them, dedicating his life to martial arts to avenge them.
He was kidnapped by the organization known as Cyberdata, brainwashed and transformed into a member of their strike team, the S.H.O.C.s. His teammate Misery used her powers to make him think that he was in love with her but quickly changed the focus of her manipulations to Ripclaw. She was revealed to be a traitor and Warblade killed her. After this, Ripclaw attacked Reno, thinking that he was the traitor, as well as for his feelings for Misery, and almost killed him.
Reno was found bleeding in Gamorra by Jacob Marlowe. He was saved by Jacob and joined his Daemonite hunting team, the WildC.A.T.s. Like many of the Wild C.A.T.s, Reno turned out to be half human and half Kherubim, (also known as a "Gifted One" for his match of human/Kherubim parents) a race of aliens that had fought the Daemonites for millennia.
Warblade met Ripclaw (at this time a member of the Cyberforce) again and after quite some fighting between their teams and the two men themselves, Ripclaw finally saw through all the lies and deception upon Misery's defeat and realized that it was Misery who was the traitor. After the realization that Warblade had not been lying at all, and had been trying to help him the entire time, they became friends and allies.
During his time with the Wild C.A.T.s, Reno fought Pike, a half-human, half-Kherubim assassin. During a Native American ritual, Pike had taken the drug peyote and had a vision of himself killing a Wild C.A.T.s member, a goal he would dedicate the rest of his life to. Their first fight ended indecisive.
Reno went with the Wild C.A.T.s to Khera, home of the Kherubim, where he met other shapeshifters like himself. He became an apprentice to the ancient shapeshifter Lord Proteus at the Shaper's Guild and learned many new ways to use his powers. He was disappointed when fellow Wild C.A.T.s members Voodoo and Spartan uncovered the darker side of Kheran society. The Wild C.A.T.s left Khera soon afterward and returned home.
Back home, Reno stayed with the team and began a relationship with Jules, Emp's assistant. Soon afterwards the team disbanded following the apparent death of their teammate Zealot.
Reno retired and focused on his art. Pike hadn't forgotten his vision though. He attempted to kill Warblade and managed to disperse Warblade's molecules with an explosion that also killed Reno's girlfriend, Jules. Reno was able to literally pull himself back together and wanted revenge. He tracked Pike to Sarajevo, where they fought again. This time Warblade won and he killed Pike and added the final insult to the dying Pike: even if Pike had killed Warblade, he would have failed his quest, because the Wild C.A.T.s had been disbanded for months.
Afterwards he fell into a state of depression, that eventually led to the loss of his powers and his hands. After a little soul searching, some violent confrontations that almost led to his death, and an experimental drug given to him by the scientist responsible for suppressing his alien genes, he regained his powers.
Reno returned to New York City and retired as a superhero. He became a full-time artist again, though he still met up with his teammate Grifter from time to time. He was forced to use his powers again during one of his expositions, when the Kherubim Brotherhood of the Sword turned a large part of New York's population into bloodthirsty creatures.
He appeared briefly during the Captain Atom: Armageddon storyline, before the new Void entity Nikola Hanssen rebooted the Wildstorm Universe into WorldStorm.
WildCats vol. 4
Warblade is one of the several WildCats that Hadrian has managed to recruit; under the black-ops codename of "Cutlery Kid," he is deep in Kaizen Gamorra's extraterrestrial colony, providing intelligence back to Spartan on Earth.
The New 52
Warblade had a role in the series, The Ravagers as Rose Wilson's partner. Warblade is one of the chief members of the Ravagers, the personal army for N.O.W.H.E.R.E.. As such, he follows the orders of N.O.W.H.E.R.E.'s leader Harvest. During the Culling, Warblade was among the members of the Ravagers that tested the survivors of the kill-or-be-killed tournament. During the altercation, several test subjects of the Colony escaped. Along with Rose Wilson, Warblade was tasked with tracking down some of the escapees, as well as to kill Caitlin Fairchild. He is killed by Deathstroke.
In other media
Warblade appeared in the Wild C.A.T.s animated series. His voice was provided by Dean McDermott. Here Warblade discovered his powers when he becomes part of the group, in the first episode. Because of this, he was the group's rookie, a position occupied by Voodoo in the comic book. While still an expert martial artist, he's also a computer expert which becomes useful in the overall plot.
Warblade stars in a solo mini-comic series called Warblade: Endangered Species (#1-4). Warblade makes a trip once a year to Japan, to hone his Martial Arts skills, although this time, he's traveling with the intentions of killing his former best friend—One who has been possessed by a Daemonite during their time in Cyberdata together. It is also in this series that he ends up meeting up with his old ally* Ripclaw—the last member of the Cyberdata team—until he joined Cyberforce. (*former ally turned enemy by a telepath (Misery), who used her powers to try to make everyone kill each other. After much fighting and Reno almost losing his life, Misery was defeated. Reno and Robert (Ripclaw) would become friends and allies --> *See WildC.A.T.s/Cyberforce "Killer Instinct" Crossover for more details*)
A Warblade figure from Playmates Toys was released in 1994.
References
2004 comics debuts
Characters created by Jim Lee
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics martial artists
DC Comics orphans
Fictional artists
Fictional blade fighters
Fictional characters who can stretch themselves
Fictional characters with metal abilities
Fictional extraterrestrial–human hybrids in comics
Fictional kendoka
Fictional male martial artists
Fictional wushu practitioners
Male characters in animated series
WildCats characters
WildStorm limited series
Wildstorm Universe superheroes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warblade%20%28comics%29 |
Manchester Exchange was a railway station in Salford, England, immediately north of Manchester city centre, which served the city between 1884 and 1969. The main approach road ran from the end of Deansgate, near Manchester Cathedral, passing over the River Irwell, the Manchester-Salford boundary and Chapel Street; a second approach road led up from Blackfriars Road. Most of the station was in Salford, with only the 1929 extension to platform 3 east of the Irwell in Manchester.
Construction and opening
The station was built by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) and opened on 30 June 1884. The station had five platforms: 1 and 2 were bays and 3, 4 and 5 were through. Platforms 4 and 5 were reached by a footbridge from near the station entrance. The opening of Exchange allowed the LNWR to vacate Manchester Victoria station to the east, which it (and its predecessors, including the Liverpool and Manchester Railway) had shared with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (and its predecessors) since 4 May 1844.
From 16 April 1929, Exchange had a platform link with the adjacent Victoria, when an eastward extension of platform 3 over the Irwell bridge was opened, meeting Victoria's platform 11, thus creating Europe's longest platform at ; it could accommodate three trains at once.
Services
Exchange station served trains to Liverpool Lime Street, Huddersfield, Leeds, Hull Paragon and Newcastle Central; also Warrington Bank Quay, Chester and North Wales. Local LNWR passenger trains operated via Walkden to Bolton Great Moor Street and via Tyldesley to Wigan North Western.
The station originally provided alternative services from Manchester to London Euston. Between 1884 and 1943, the Great Western Railway operated a competing passenger train service from Chester General station via Frodsham, Warrington Bank Quay and Eccles to Manchester Exchange.
Second World War damage
The station suffered hits by several German incendiary bombs during the Christmas 1940 Manchester Blitz. On 22 December, the station roof was severely damaged, portions of which were never replaced. Fires took extensive hold on the building which could not be re-opened for passengers until 13 January 1941.
Closure
The railway station was closed on 5 May 1969 and all remaining services were redirected to Manchester Victoria.
Despite closure, the station remained operational for newspaper trains until the 1980s. Manchester produced several 'northern editions' until the newspaper revolution. The nighttime operation was very busy with several trains being loaded and readied for departure to various trans-Pennine destinations (Halifax / Huddersfield / Leeds / York etc.).
After many years of remaining relatively intact (with trains still running beneath the train shed until the track layout was redesigned), it continued to operate as a car park for some years.
In July 2017, Q-Park opened a brand new car park called Deansgate North, restoring the original red brickwork of the Exchange Station.
Location maps
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
A leaflet from the late 1920s, advertising period excursions to North Wales from Manchester Exchange
History page, including photographs, at Disused-stations.org.uk
Disused railway stations in Salford
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1884
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20Exchange%20railway%20station |
The LBC Crew (Long Beach City Crew) were a hip-hop trio from Long Beach, California. They were the first act to be executively-produced by Snoop Dogg.
During their time with Death Row, the LBC Crew recorded a previously unreleased album entitled Haven't U Heard... which remained unreleased until February 8, 2011 when it was released by WideAwake/Death Row. They had a hit single with the song "Beware of My Crew", from the A Thin Line Between Love and Hate soundtrack album, which was originally intended to be for their debut album. They played on Snoop Dogg's second album Tha Doggfather. The group disbanded following the collapse of Death Row. Since then, unreleased material from the group emerged on the underground.
The LBC Crew remained visible figures in West-Coast hip-hop. Bad Azz released two solo albums under the Doggy Style imprint. Lil C-Style remained part of disorganized Death Row camp. And Techniec recently signed to The Game's The Black Wall Street Records then left to start his own label.
Break-up
Early on in the LBC Crew's lifespan, a small dispute broke out between Lil' C-Style and Snoop Dogg over C-Style's royalties (he claimed he wasn't being paid enough for them). The argument was never settled, resulting in C-Style damaging the original tape of LBC's debut album beyond repair, and telling Snoop he no longer wanted to be part of the group.
Members
Techniec (original member) (David Keith Williams II)
Bad Azz (original member) (Jamarr Antonio Stamps)
Lil' C-Style (original member) (Ronald Peter Griffon)
Discography
Studio albums
Haven't You Heard (2011)
Soundtrack appearances
Songs
"Funk With Your Brain (Interlude)" (originally recorded for the album later included on the Snoop Doggy Dogg compilation album, Death Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1)
"Tight Situation" (Unreleased)
"Blueberry" (originally recorded for the album later included on, Tha Doggfather)
"Out the Moon /Boom, Boom, Boom" (originally recorded for the album later included in Gridlock'd soundtrack album with 2Pac replacing Lil' C-Style
"Dippin' In My Low-Low" (re-recorded with Shaquille O'Neal for an unreleased Shaq project)
1995: A Thin Line Between Love and Hate soundtrack
LBC Crew : "Beware of my crew EP" #75 US, #51 R&B, #8 Rap, #23 Dance-Maxi
1998: Big C Style Presents: 19th Street LBC Compilation
"Flossin'" (Tray Dee, Bad Azz, Lil' C-Style) (re-up)
2010: The Ultimate Death Row Box Set
"6 Shooter" (Techniec, Bad Azz, Tray Dee, Lil' C-Style)
"Doggystyle 96'" (Bad Azz, Techniec, Lil C-Style, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Warren G)
Solo projects
Bad Azz – Word on tha Streets (1998)
Bad Azz – Personal Business (2001)
Da Hood (including Techniec) – Da Hood (2002)
Bad Azz – Money Run (2003)
Bad Azz – Executive Decision (2004)
Lil' C-Style – Blacc Balled (2004)
Kam & Yung Bruh (featuring Techniec) – Fruit Pruno 2 (2016)
Bad Azz – The Nu Adventures of Bad Azz (2018)
Filmography
February 24, 1996 : Soul Train
Season 25, Episode 817 – themselves
1995: The Show - themselves
1996: A Thin Line Between Love and Hate - themselves
1997: Rhyme & Reason – themselves
References
External links
Rhyme & Reason at Yahoo! Movies
Bad Azz interview on DubCNN about LBC Crew
Snoop Dogg
Hip hop groups from California
Musicians from Long Beach, California
Gangsta rap groups
G-funk groups
Death Row Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBC%20Crew |
The Ashvins (), also known as the Ashvini Kumaras and Asvinau, are Hindu twin gods associated with medicine, health, dawn, and the sciences. In the Rigveda, they are described as youthful divine twin horsemen, travelling in a chariot drawn by horses that are never weary, and portrayed as guardian deities that safeguard and rescue people by aiding them in various situations.
There are varying accounts, but Ashvins are generally mentioned as the sons of the sun god Surya and his wife Sanjna. In the epic Mahabharata, the Pandava twins Nakula and Sahadeva were the children of the Ashvins.
Etymology and epithets
The Sanskrit name (अश्विन्) derives from the Indo-Iranian stem *Haćwa- (cf. Avestan aspā), itself from the Indo-European word for the horse, *H1éḱwos, from which also descends the Lithuanian name Ašvieniai.
In the Rigveda, the Ashvins are always referred to in the dual, without individual names, although Vedic texts differentiate between the two Ashvins: "one of you is respected as the victorious lord of Sumakha, and the other as the fortunate son of heaven" (RV 1.181.4). They are called several times divó nápātā, that is 'grandsons of Dyaús (the sky-god)'. This formula is comparable with the Lithuanian Dievo sūneliai, 'sons of Dievas (the sky-god'), attached to the Ašvieniai; the Latvian Dieva Dēli, the 'sons of Dievs (the sky-god)'; and the Greek Diós-kouroi, the 'boys of Zeus', designating Castor and Pollux.
The twin gods are also referred to as Nā́satyā (possibly 'saviours'; a derivative of nasatí, 'safe return home'), a name that appears 99 times in the Rigveda. The epithet probably derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *nes- ('to return home [safely]'), with cognates in the Avestan Nā̊ŋhaiθya, the name of a demon – as a result of a Zoroastrian religious reformation that changed the status of prior deities –, and also in the Greek hero Nestor and in the Gothic verb nasjan ('save, heal').
In the later Mahabharata, the Ashvins are often called the Nasatyas or Dasras. Sometimes one of them is referred to as Nasatya and one as Dasra.
Origin and equivalents
The Ashvins are an instance of the Indo-European divine horse twins. Reflexes in other Indo-European religions include the Lithuanian Ašvieniai, the Latvian Dieva Dēli, the Greek Castor and Pollux; and possibly the English Hengist and Horsa, and the Welsh Bran and Manawydan. The first mention of the Nasatya twins is from a Mitanni treaty (c.1350 BCE), between Suppiluliuma and Shattiwaza, respectively kings of the Hittites and the Mitanni.
Literature and legends
Vedic texts
The Ashvins are mentioned 398 times in the Rigveda, with more than 50 hymns specifically dedicated to them: 1.3, 1.22, 1.34, 1.46–47, 1.112, 1.116–120, 1.157–158, 1.180–184, 2.20, 3.58, 4.43–45, 5.73–78, 6.62–63, 7.67–74, 8.5, 8.8–10, 8.22, 8.26, 8.35, 8.57, 8.73, 8.85–87, 10.24, 10.39–41, 10.143.
According to the text, the Ashvins were born after the sun god Vivasvat and his wife Saranyu (Sanjna) engaged in love making in the form of a stallion and a mare respectively. The Ashvins are also called "divó nápātā", which is variously translated as either "sons" or "grandsons" of Dyaush. At one mention, the Indus (Sindhu) River is stated to be their mother. Ashvins were the close companions of the Vedic mother goddess Ushas (dawn) and sometimes they are even mentioned as her sons. The marriage of the Ashvin brothers is narrated in the Sukta 117 of Rigveda. According to the legend, the sun god, Surya-Savitra, had a daughter named Sūryā (with a long ā) and arranged a horse-race to choose her bridegroom. The Ashvins won the race and thus, both of them married Suryā. Pushan is also stated to have chosen the Ashvins to be his fathers.
The Ashvins are depicted as the helpers of mortals in various suktas of Rigveda. The sukta 112 describes that when the sage Dirghashravas prayed to Ashvins for rain, the twins poured sweet water from the sky. According to sukta 16, they also helped the sage Gotama, who was lost in a desert and begged for water. It is described that the gods dug a water well and helped the sage. According to another account, Rebha was bound, stabbed, and cast into the waters for nine days and ten nights before being saved by the twins. He was explicitly described as "dead" when the twins "raised (him) up" to save him (RV 10.39.9). Similarly, Bhujyu was saved after his father or evil companions abandoned him at sea when the twins brought him home from the dead ancestors (RV, 1.119.4).
The Ashvins also raised Vandana, rescued Atri from a fissure in the earth and its heat, found Vishnapu and returned him to his father, restored the youth of Kali, brought Kamadyū as a wife for Vimada, gave a son to Vadhrimatī (whose husband was a steer), restored the eyesight of Rijrashva, replaced the foot of Vishpala with a metal one, made the cow Śayu give milk, gave a horse to Pedu, and put a horse's head on Dadhyañc.
According to the Shatapatha Brahmana, Ashvins once tried to seduce Sukanya, the daughter of king Saryati and wife of an old sage named Chyavana. However, she refused and claimed that the twins were imperfect and told them to restore the youth of Chyavana. Desperate to know the reason for her words, they fulfilled her condition and the sage finally revealed that Ashvins were excluded from a yajna (fire sacrifice) performed by the gods, and thus, they were incomplete. Ashvins went to the sacrifice but the gods don't accept, claiming that the Ashvins were spending too much time with the mortals. After many attempts of explanation, they were finally accepted. The Ashvins are sometimes presented as fierce deities. In the sukta 117, they even destroyed an asura Vishvaka as well as his dynasty.
Post-Vedic text
In the post-Vedic texts of Hinduism, the Ashvins remain significant, and in these texts, one of them is referred as Nasatya and the other one is known as Darsa. Many of their legends are rewritten in various texts like the epic Mahabharata, Harivamsha, and the Puranas.
According to these texts, Sanjna, daughter of Vishvakarma, was married to Surya, but she was unable to bear his heat and decided to abandon him. She ran away and roamed in the forest of northern Kuru kingdom in the form of a mare. The Vishnu Purana adds that she performed austerities in the forest to gain control over Surya's heat. After Surya discovered Sanjna's disappearance, he located her and had sex with her in the form of a stallion. Sanjna gave birth to the twins. Rarely, in some Puranas, Ashvins are mentioned as the sons (creation) of the god Brahma.
These texts also elaborate the story of Chyavana, which was first narrated in Brahmanas. In this version, Sukanyathe beautiful daughter of the king Saryati
accidentally blinded the old Chyavana, who was performing austerities. She married him to save her kingdom from his wrath and served him dutifully. While traveling on their chariot, the Ashvins saw Sukanya in a forest and tried to seduce her. They asked her to choose one of them as her new husband, but she refused and remained faithful to Chyavana. The twins were impressed by her chastity and asked her to wish anything. Upon their request, she told them to restore the youth and sight of Chyavana. Ashvins agreed but they had a condition. After curing Chyavana, they would also take similar form and she would have to identify Chyavana. Sukanya showed her consent after getting permission from her husband. Ashvins took Chyavana into a lake and cured him. When a young Chyavana emerged from the lake, Ashvins also took forms similar to him and Sukanya successfully identified her husband.
The Mahabharata also narrates about the birth of Nakula and Sahadeva, who were the “spiritual sons” of the Ashvins. According to the epic, a king named Pandu was unable to make love due to a curse and didn't have any heir. However, he advised his wives, Kunti and Madri, to invoke various gods and ask for sons. Ashvins Nasatya and Darsa blessed Madri with Nakula and Sahadeva respectively.
Associations
The Ashvins are often associated with rescuing mortals and bringing them back to life. The Rigveda also describes the Ashvins as "bringing light": they gave "light-bringing help" (svàrvatīr…ūtī́r, 1.119.8) to Bhujyu, and "raised (Rebha) up to see the sun" (úd…aírayataṃ svàr dṛśé, 1.112.5).
The Ashvins are associated with honey, which was likely offered to them in a sacrifice. They are the chief deities in the Pravargya rite, in which they are offered hot milk. They are also associated with the morning pressing of Soma, because they are dual deities, along with Indra-Vāyu and Mitra-Varuṇa. They also are the last deities to receive Soma in the Atirātra, or Overnight Soma Ritual.
The Ashvins are invoked at dawn, the time of their principal sacrifice, and have a close connection with the dawn goddess, Uṣas: she is bidden to awaken them (8.9.17), they follow her in their chariot (8.5.2), she is born when they hitch their steeds (10.39.12), and their chariot is once said to arrive before her (1.34.10). They are consequently associated with the "return from darkness": the twins are called “darkness slayers” (tamohánā, 3.39.3), they are invoked with the formula "you who have made light for mankind" (yā́v…jyótir jánāya cakráthuḥ, 1.92.17), and their horses and chariot are described as "uncovering the covered darkness" (aporṇuvántas táma ā́ párīvṛtam, 4.45.2).
The chariot of the Ashvins is repeatedly mentioned in the Rigveda. Their chariot has three chariot-boxes, three wheels, three turnings, and three wheel rims. The emphasis on the number 3 is symbolized in the sacrifice with its three soma pressings. The chariot is pulled by bulls, buffaloes, horses, birds, geese, and falcons. The chariot allows the Ashvins to be quick and mobile and travel to a number of places, which is necessary to fulfill their role of rescuing people. Sūryā, the daughter of the Sun, is sometimes mentioned as the wife of the Ashvins, and she rides with them in their chariot.
It is also believed that the Ashvins were the first one to prepare the Chyawanprash formulation for Rishi Chyavana at his Ashram on Dhosi Hill near Narnaul, Haryana, India, hence the name Chyawanprash.
See also
Ašvieniai, counterparts in Lithuanian mythology
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna L. Dallapiccola
External links
Characters in the Mahabharata
Divine twins
Health gods
Hindu gods
Rigvedic deities
Savior gods
Medicine deities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvins |
Peter Kiel (born 2 October 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He played for St Kilda as a utility. Kiel won the club's best and fairest award in his first year, but never quite recaptured the same form. Later in his career he was given tagging roles.
References
External links
Demon Wiki profile
St Kilda Football Club players
Melbourne Football Club players
Living people
Trevor Barker Award winners
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
1958 births
Golden Point Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Kiel |
William Smithers (born July 10, 1927) is an American actor, perhaps best known for his recurring role as Jeremy Wendell in the television series Dallas. He appeared in the series in 1981 and from 1984 to 1989.
Early life and career
Smithers was born on July 10, 1927, in Richmond, Virginia, the son of systems engineer Marion Wilkinson Smithers and Marion Albany Smithers (née Thompson). He attended Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia and Catholic University in Washington, D.C. After his freshman year, he was chosen to play the leading role of Thomas Jefferson in the first production of Paul Green's The Common Glory, presented at Williamsburg, Virginia. NY Times critic Brooks Atkinson called him "worth encouraging."
In 1951, he made his Broadway debut as Tybalt in the Dwight Deere Wiman production of Romeo and Juliet, starring Olivia de Havilland; for this performance he received a Theater World Award. In 1952, he was accepted as a life member of The Actors Studio. In 1957, he received an Obie Award for his portrayal of Treplev in Anton Chekhov's The Seagull.
Stage
His other Broadway plays included Jean Anouilh's Legend of Lovers, Calder Willingham's End as a Man, (begun as a project at the Actors Studio), Carson McCullers's The Square Root of Wonderful and Terence Rattigan's Man and Boy (performed in London and New York).
Off-Broadway, he played leading roles in Frank Gilroy's Who'll Save the Plowboy? (Obie Award, Best Drama), Willingham's End as a Man (before the production went to Broadway), Sean O'Casey's Shadow of a Gunman (also begun as a Studio project) and George Bellak's The Troublemakers.
Film and television
In 1965, Smithers moved to Los Angeles to play "David Schuster" in the television series Peyton Place for nine months. He also played Stanley Norris on the soap Guiding Light from 1970–71, and, from 1976–77, was a cast member in the series Executive Suite.
He has appeared in nearly 400 television productions, including The Invaders, Barnaby Jones, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Star Trek, Combat, Mission: Impossible, and Hawaii Five-O, as well as feature films such as Attack (1956), Trouble Man (1972), Scorpio (1973), Papillon (1973), The Six Million Dollar Man (1974), and Deathsport (1978).
His performance in Papillon prompted the producers of Demolition Man to name that film's prison warden "William Smithers".
In 1981 and from 1984–1989, he played oil baron Jeremy Wendell on the prime-time soap opera Dallas.
Smithers vs. MGM
As the plaintiff in Smithers vs. MGM, despite being threatened with blacklisting should he pursue the matter, he sued the multimillion-dollar corporation to protect his contractual rights with regard to star billing in the 1976 television series Executive Suite. In so doing, he won a case that was appealed as far as the California Supreme Court, and is now taught in entertainment law courses.
Later life
He lived in Santa Barbara, California, with his wife, acting teacher S. Loraine Boos Hull, known as Lorrie Hull Smithers (August 5, 1928 - January 10, 2022).
She authored Strasberg's Method: As Taught by Lorrie Hull. With Smithers, she co-produced an acting-training DVD The Method).
From 2003–05, he created, produced and directed the Santa Barbara Theatre of the Air for KCSB radio, broadcasting works of classic and contemporary playwrights.
From 2010-13, he and his wife were co-hosts and co-producers of the Santa Barbara Channels (now TV Santa Barbara) television interview program Just Between Us! Seven episodes of this program were named finalists for the 2011, 2012 and 2013 WAVE (Western Access Video Excellence) Awards.
In 2010 and 2011, Smithers served on the Board of Directors of TV Santa Barbara. In December 2015, he was appointed by the Santa Barbara City Council to the city's Arts Advisory Committee.
Filmography
References
External links
1927 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Richmond, Virginia
Hampden–Sydney College alumni
Catholic University of America alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Smithers |
Louise Hearman (born 1963) is an artist from Melbourne who has been painting and drawing from a very young age. At high school level she attended Tintern Church of England Girls Grammar School in Ringwood in East Victoria where she showed much ability in her art classes. She attended Victorian College of the Arts from 1982–1984. She mostly paints with oil on masonite, though she does work with pastel and charcoal from time to time.
Life and career
Hearman first came to public notice in 1986 when she spent a year painting a mural on the inside of the concrete dome of the old gymnasium at the Missions to Seamen building in Flinders Street in Melbourne. The premises also served as her studio at that time.
In 1991 her work was exhibited at Australian National University's Drill Hall Gallery in a solo show, "The corpreal body", whilst in 1993 she was chosen by the curators for that year's Australia Perspecta exhibition. Her work next gained recognition through an appearance on the short-list for the 1999 Contempora 5 award, whilst in both 2000 and 2005 she was exhibited at the National Gallery of Australia; in 2000 appearing in the "Uncommon World; Aspects of Contemporary Australian Art" exhibition which ran from 15 July until 22 Oct; and in 2005 within the "Big Spooks" exhibition. In 2007 her piece Untitled #1158 was chosen for exhibition as part of the city of Sydney's Open Gallery exhibition, which described the roster of artists chosen as representing "leading Australian and international artists".
Her portrait, Bill-1383, won the 2014 Doug Moran National Portrait Prize; while in 2016, she won the Archibald Prize for her portrait of entertainer, satirist, painter and Dadaist, Barry Humphries.
Artistic work
Hearman's works are characterised by surreal juxtapositions, eerie light, and strong emotive emphasis. There are recurring themes of floating heads (both of the human and animal kind), sleek aeroplanes, floral close-ups, and limitless roads. Hearman is particularly vague about the meanings of her works, preferring to let the viewers make their own interpretations. This is why she leaves all her works untitled.
Influences
Growing up in suburban Croydon, Hearman took to painting and drawing at a young age. As a child she had limited ability to travel, so her initial subjects were the landscape around her. Landscapes have subsequently formed the basis of many of her works.
Clarice Beckett has been identified by Australian arts writer, critic and broadcaster Bruce James as a possible influence on Hearman, James writing in The Sydney Morning Herald in 2002 that "Hearman's interest in uncanny situations and mind states can surely trace its pedigree back to Beckett's twilight zone.".
There has been some speculation that Hearman was influenced by the television show The X-Files. Hearman denies this, stating that she watches very little television, and has not seen the series.
References
External links
Artlink Journal review of Hearman's work
2003 review by The Age
Artlink Journal review of Hearman's work as exhibited in the "Instinct" exhibition of 2004
Artinfo.com.au review of 2007 Tolano Galleries exhibition by Tony Lloyd (Artist)
Archive of Louise Hearman works at the Roslyn Oxley9 Gallery website
in the Dark
1963 births
Living people
Artists from Melbourne
Australian women painters
Archibald Prize winners
Doug Moran National Portrait Prize winners
20th-century Australian painters
21st-century Australian painters
20th-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian women artists
Victorian College of the Arts alumni
Archibald Prize finalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Hearman |
Audrey Landers (born Audrey Hamburg; July 18, 1956) is an American actress and singer, best known for her role as Afton Cooper on the television series Dallas and her role as Val Clarke in the film version of A Chorus Line (1985).
Early years
Landers was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Landers began her acting career at the age of 9, when she starred in her first community theater musical, and continued acting and singing in community theater shows in New York State. In January 1970, she performed in Oh Dad, Poor Dad... at Elmwood Playhouse in Nyack, NY. Landers was first noticed with a country song that she wrote and performed at the age of twelve, which led to a Nashville recording contract with Epic Records, a performance on The Merv Griffin Show, and a year-long role on the daytime drama, The Secret Storm.
During her teen years, she acted on the daytime drama Somerset and studied music at the Juilliard School in New York City, while majoring in psychology at Columbia University. Her feature film debut came in The Tennessee Stallion (1978) with her sister, Judy.
Career
Landers moved to Los Angeles and on her 24th birthday, landed the role of Afton Cooper on Dallas, which she held for 78 episodes from 1981–84, and a further six episodes in 1989, for a total of 84 episodes. She also appeared in the television movie Dallas: J.R. Returns (1996). In the series, her character was a nightclub singer, performing all the songs that Audrey composed. Landers had already recorded two singles in the 1970s, but during her stint on Dallas, she recorded her first album, Little River (1983). She has since released over a dozen albums, mainly for European record companies, having written most of her hits.
After she left Dallas in 1984, she was cast by director Richard Attenborough as Val Clarke in the film version of A Chorus Line (1985). In 2013, she reprised her role of Afton Cooper in several episodes of the second season of the revival of Dallas.
Before joining Dallas, she guest-starred in numerous television series, including The Dukes of Hazzard, Fantasy Island, The Love Boat and Battlestar Galactica and appeared as a panelist on Match Game in 1979 and on Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour in 1983-84. In the 1990s, she appeared in the television miniseries of Jackie Collins' Lucky Chances. From 1990–92, she played the role of Charlotte Hesser, eldest daughter of upstate Pennsylvania mob boss Carlo Hesser on the ABC daytime series One Life to Live. She was also a frequent guest on the 1980s iterations of Pyramid, including leading a contestant to a $100,000 win in 1986.
With her young sons as inspiration, Landers created the children's television series, The Huggabug Club in 1996, for which, in addition to writing the scripts, she also wrote the 250+ original songs in the series. Her partner (and mother), Ruth Landers, produced the series and donated it to Public Television for its 5-year run. In 2006, she co-wrote, and co-directed the family adventure film, Circus Island, a Ruth Landers production. Landers and her mother have also created a fashion line called Landers STAR Collection which is gaining global popularity through QVC UK, and in Italy, Canada, Germany, and the U.S.
Landers has directed many music videos, as well as the feature film, Circus Island. She continues to perform her music in concerts and variety specials around the world. (Broadwayworld.com)
Personal life
Audrey is sister of actress Judy Landers, and has acted with her in several roles, including multiple episodes of The Love Boat as well as Circus Island and Ghost Writer, films produced by Ruth Landers. Audrey and Judy Landers were on the cover and in a non-nude pictorial of the January 1983 issue of Playboy.
Landers married businessman Donald Berkowitz in May 1988. They have two children, twins Adam and Daniel, born in 1993.
Selected filmography
Discography
Albums
1983 Little River
1984 Holiday Dreams (European release)/Wo der Südwind weht (Germany release)
1985 Paradise Generation
1986 Country Dreams (European release)/Weites Land (Germany release)
1988 Secrets
1990 My Dreams For You (European release)/Meine Träume für dich (Germany release)
1991 Rendez-Vous
1991 Das Audrey Landers Weihnachtsalbum
2005 Spuren eines Sommers
2006 Dolce Vita
2010: Spuren Deiner Zärtlichkeit
Singles
1978 Apple Don't Fall Far From the Tree
1979 You Thrill Me
1983 Manuel Goodbye
1983 Little River
1983 Playa Blanca
1984 Mi Amor (Camilo Sesto)
1984 Honeymoon In Trinidad
1985 Paradise Generation
1985 Jim, Jeff & Johnny
1985 Lucky
1985 "Reunited" Duet with Tom Jones
1985 Summernight In Rome
1986 These Silver Wings
1986 Yellow Rose of Texas
1986 Tennessee Nights
1987 Bella Italia
1988 Silverbird
1988 Never Wanna Dance (When I'm Blue)
1989 Gone With the Wind
1989 Sun of Jamaica
1990 Shine a Light
1990 Shadows of Love
1991 Santa Maria Goodbye
1991 Monte Carlo
1997 Heute habe ich an dich gedacht (with Bernhard Brink)
2004 Weil wir alle die gleiche Sonne sehen (with son Daniel)
2005 Sommernacht am Lago Maggiore
2006 In deinen Augen lag Dolce Vita
2007 Sommertraum
2009 "Weihnachten" (Christmas Time)
2009: Sommer, Meer und Sonnenschein
2010 "One Star" (Ein Stern)
2011 "Haïti Chérie"
2011 "Remember Yesterday" (An Jenem Tag)
Charts
Albums
Singles
References
External links
Fashion Collection
Instagram
1956 births
Living people
Actresses from Philadelphia
American women singers
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Singers from Philadelphia
People from Rockland County, New York
21st-century American women
American expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey%20Landers |
Sigālovāda Sutta is the 31st Sutta described in the Digha Nikaya ("Long Discourses of Buddha"). It is also known as the Sīgāla Sutta, the Sīgālaka Sutta, the Sigālovāda Sutta, and the Sigālovāda Suttanta ("The Sigāla Homily").
Buddhaghosa has referred to this sutta as "the Vinaya [Buddhist code of discipline] of the householder."
In modern times, Bhikkhu Bodhi has identified this sutta as the "most comprehensive Nikāya text" which pertains "to the happiness directly visible in this present life."
Sutta summary
Sigala's honoring his father
The Sigalovada Sutta takes place when Buddha encountered a youth called Sigala in his morning stroll. The young man, in drenched attire, prostrated and worshipped the four compass directions (East, South, West, and North), plus the Earth (Down) and the Sky (Up). When asked by Buddha why he did so, the youth Sigala replied that he had been told by his late father to do so and he thought that it was right to uphold his father's wishes. Buddha then, based on Sigala's point of view, taught him how a noble one (Pali: ariya) should worship the Six directions.
Avoid evil ways
The Buddha first describes fourteen evil ways that should be avoided by a householder. The Buddha enumerates these evil ways to be avoided as:
the four defilements of action:
taking life (panatipata)
stealing (adinnadana)
sexual misconduct (kamesu micchacara)
lying (musavada)
the four causes of evil action:
sensual desire (kama chanda)
hate (dosa)
ignorance (moha)
fear (bhaya)
the six ways of squandering wealth:
indulging in intoxicants
wandering the streets at inappropriate times
frequenting public spectacle
compulsive gambling
malevolent companionship
habitual idleness
Choose true friends
The Buddha then elaborated on the importance of having and being a true friend, as he described what true friends are; and what true friends are not; and, how true friends will aid in attaining a blissful life.
Protect close relationships
Finally, returning to the topic of the six directions, the Buddha described the Four Compass Direction as : parents (East), teachers (South), spouse (West), and friends and colleagues (North), and the two vertical directions as: ascetics (Up) and the Servants (Down). He elaborated on how to respect and support them, and how in turn the Six will return the kindness and support.
The householder's commitments and the reciprocal acts of those he honors, as identified by the Buddha, are represented below in accordance with the four directions on the horizontal plane (east, south, west and north):
Contemporary commentaries
Bhikkhu Bodhi has contrasted the Buddha's responsibility-reciprocity statements with modern-day social theory, stating:"This practice of 'worshipping the six directions,' as explained by the Buddha, presupposes that society is sustained by a network of interlocking relationships that bring coherence to the social order when its members fulfill their reciprocal duties and responsibilities in a spirit of kindness, sympathy, and good will.... Thus, for Early Buddhism, the social stability and security necessary for human happiness and fulfillment are achieved, not through aggressive and potentially disruptive demands for 'rights' posed by competing groups, but by the renunciation of self-interest and the development of a sincere, large-hearted concern for the welfare of others and the good of the greater whole."
See also
Pāli Canon
Sutta Piṭaka
Dīgha Nikāya
Three Refuges
Five Precepts
Noble Eightfold Path
Spiritual friendship
Householder (Buddhism)
Related Suttas:
Dhammika Sutta (Sn 2.14)
Dighajanu Sutta (AN 8.54)
Notes
References
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2005), In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. .
Hinüber, Oskar von (2000). A Handbook on Pāli Literature. Berlin: de Gruyter. .
Kelly, John, Sue Sawyer & Victoria Yareham (2005). DN 31, Sigalovada Sutta: The Buddha's Advice to Sigalaka. Available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.31.0.ksw0.html.
Law, Bimala Churn (1932–33), "Nirvana and Buddhist Laymen" in the Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 14, 1932-1933, pp. 80–86. Available on-line at: http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/lawn.htm.
Narada Thera (1995). Everyman's Ethics: Four Discourses of the Buddha. Available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/narada/wheel014.html.
Narada Thera (trans.) (1996). DN 31, Sigalovada Sutta: The Discourse to Sigala, The Layperson's Code of Discipline. Available on-line at: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.31.0.nara.html.
Walshe, Maurice (1995). The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. .
Digha Nikaya
Buddhist ethics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sig%C4%81lov%C4%81da%20Sutta |
The State Bank of New South Wales, from 1933 until 1981 known as the Rural Bank of New South Wales, was a bank that was owned by the Government of New South Wales. In 1994, it was taken over by Colonial Mutual and became the Colonial State Bank and then sold to the Commonwealth Bank in 2000.
History of operations
Founding and growth
By early 1931, the Government Savings Bank was in financial trouble in the midst of the Great Depression, and on 22 April 1931 the Bank suspended payments after a drain on its cash resources. On 15 December 1931, the majority of the Government Savings Bank was amalgamated into the Commonwealth Savings Bank. The Rural Bank and Advance Homes Departments of the Government Savings Bank were not taken over by the Commonwealth Savings Bank, and continued to operate. In late 1932, the NSW Government led by Assistant Treasurer Eric Spooner introduced legislation to reconstitute what remained of the Government Savings Bank into a new "Rural Bank of New South Wales", with a specific mandate to support primary industries and not to operate as a traditional general lending bank, governed by a board of three commissioners.
On 23 December 1932, the Rural Bank of New South Wales Act, 1932 was passed by the NSW Parliament, and on 1 July 1933 the new institution and board of commissioners commenced operations to replace the old Government Savings Bank. The former chairman of the GSB, William O'Malley Wood, was appointed president and commissioner, with Clarence McKerihan and Henry Rogers appointed as commissioners.
On 19 December 1947, the NSW Parliament passed the Rural Bank of New South Wales (General Banking) Act, 1947, which merged the Rural Bank Department, the Advances for Homes Department, and the Personal Loans Department, into a General Bank Department, and authorised the bank to operate as a regular trading bank. On this change, the Premier of NSW, Jim McGirr, commented:
State Bank
On 2 November 1981, the State Bank Act came into effect, which reconstituted the Rural Bank as the "State Bank of New South Wales", governed by a board of seven directors, and changed the mandate to that of a standard commercial bank. The bank's slogan for many years was "We do more for you personally". On the change of the Rural Bank to the State Bank, a former bank employee, Bruce R. Turner, later recalled:
The bank was 'corporatised' in 1990, under the State Owned Corporations Act 1989 (NSW) and the State Bank (Corporatisation) Act 1989 (NSW). On 14 May 1990, the existing State Bank was dissolved, and all of its assets and business undertaking were vested in an incorporated State Bank, limited by shares.
Privatisation and merger
On 23 November 1994, the NSW Government sold the bank to Colonial Mutual, a financial services company, through the State Bank (Privatisation) Act 1994. Although initially retaining the State Bank name, the bank then changed its name to Colonial State Bank in 1996. In 2000, it too was taken over, this time by the Commonwealth Bank of Australia.
Executives
Rural Bank, 1933–1981
The board of the Rural Bank consisted of three (later five) commissioners appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Premier for a term of seven years, with one of the commissioners appointed as president/general manager. A deputy president could also be appointed to fill in during a long period of absence of the president.
Presidents
Commissioners
State Bank, 1981–1994
From 2 November 1981, the board of the State Bank consisted of seven directors appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Premier, with one of the directors appointed as managing director.
Managing Directors/CEO
Directors
Former bank buildings
There are many former buildings of the Rural Bank and its successors that are heritage listed:
253, 257 Auburn Street, Goulburn (Goulburn Mulwaree LEP).
16-22 Kurrajong Avenue, Leeton (1935; Leeton LEP).
Corner Macquarie Street and Memorial Avenue, Liverpool (Liverpool LEP).
1 Wharf Street, Murwillumbah (Tweed LEP).
92-94 Hyde Street, Bellingen (Bellingen LEP).
32 Blackwall Road, Woy Woy (Central Coast LEP).
16 George Street, Parramatta (1938; Parramatta LEP).
107 Otho Street, Inverell (Inverell LEP).
217-223 Cressy Street, Deniliquin (1935; Edward River LEP).
94-100 Summerland Way, Kyogle (Kyogle LEP).
150 Mann Street, Gosford (1934; Central Coast LEP).
98 Pacific Highway, Wyong (Central Coast LEP).
45 Bridge Street, Muswellbrook (1935 archaeology remains; Muswellbrook LEP).
2 Station Street, Quirindi (1908/1932; Liverpool Plains LEP).
Cnr Railway and Kooyoo Streets, Griffith (Griffith LEP).
113 Barker Street, Casino (1935; Richmond Valley LEP).
274 Parker Street, Cootamundra (Cootamundra–Gundagai LEP).
145-149 Sanger Street, Corowa (1936; Federation LEP).
44-46 Tapio Avenue, Dareton (Wentworth LEP).
110 Main Street, West Wyalong (Bland LEP).
642 Dean Street, Albury (1937; Albury LEP).
140 Victoria Street, Taree (1935; Mid-Coast LEP).
70 Yapunyah Street, Barellan (Narrandera LEP).
62 Market Street, Mudgee (1926; Mid-Western Regional LEP).
245 Grey Street, Glen Innes (1935; Glen Innes Severn LEP).
159 Hoskins Street, Temora (1934; Temora LEP).
65 Dandaloo Street, Narromine (1939; Narromine LEP).
147 Comur Street, Yass (1886/1935; Yass Valley LEP).
192 High Street, Hillston (1935/1939; Carrathool LEP).
References
External links
Defunct banks of Australia
State Bank of New South Wales
Australian companies established in 1933
Banks established in 1933
Australian companies disestablished in 1994
Banks disestablished in 1994
Former government-owned companies of New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Bank%20of%20New%20South%20Wales |
Valentino Zeichen (24 March 1938 – 5 July 2016) was an Italian poet and writer.
Biography
Zeichen's origins are somewhat obscure, and his year of birth is unclear. In German language the word Zeichen means "sign", and it has been suggested that his birth name is Giuseppe Mario Moses, an almost certainly Jewish surname. Zeichen, however, denied this claim.
Born in Fiume, Italy, (now Rijeka, Croatia), the son of an Italian-speaking Istrian gardener, Zeichen moved with his family to Parma as a refugee. In 1950 they moved to Rome, where Zeichen lived for the rest of his life, next to the Via Flaminia.
He began to write poems at the age of 18, influenced by surrealist authors like Breton and Prévert. His first work was published in 1969 on the literary review Nuova Corrente. Zeichen's first novel, Tana per tutti, was released in 1983.
Zeichen's poetry has been praised for its ability to quickly hook the reader, and has a subtle humour within it. A literary award named after him, the Premio Zeichen, is held every December in Rome. Zeichen himself was the only member of the jury.
Bibliography
Area di rigore (1974)
Ricreazione (1979)
Tana per tutti (1983, novel)
Museo interiore (1987)
Gibilterra (1991)
Metafisica Tascabile (1997)
Ogni cosa a ogni cosa ha detto addio (2000)
Matrigna (2002, novel)
Passeggiate romane (2004)
Poesie. 1963-2003 (2004)
Neomarziale (2006)
Il palazzo della scherma (2006)
La Refezione (2007)
Aforismi d'autunno (2010)
Poesie giovanili. 1958-1967 (2010)
Il testamento di Anita Garibaldi (2011)
Casa di rieducazione (2011)
Macchie dipinte (2014)
La sumera (2015, novel)
References
External links
Page about "the poet living in a hut next to the river"
1938 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Italian poets
Italian male poets
Writers from Rijeka
People from Rijeka
21st-century Italian poets
21st-century Italian male writers
20th-century Italian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino%20Zeichen |
Boyd Eugene Haley (born September 22, 1940, Greensburg, Indiana) is an American anti-vaccine activist and retired professor of chemistry at the University of Kentucky.
Education and career
A native of Greensburg, Indiana, Haley graduated from its New Point High School in 1959. Four years later, he received a bachelor's degree from Franklin College in Franklin, Indiana, and then entered a teaching fellowship at Howard University. Thereafter, he served as a U.S. Army medic a few years.
In 1967, Haley obtained an M.S. degree from the University of Idaho. He then entered a doctoral program at Washington State University, where he worked "to make chemical modifications on ATP to try to identify how and exactly where ATP binds to cause muscle movement." In 1971, WSU granted him his Ph.D. degree in chemistry-biochemistry.
For three years, Haley served as a postdoctoral scholar at Yale University. From 1974 to 1985, he was a professor at the University of Wyoming. hereafter, he was appointed professor of medicinal chemistry at the University of Kentucky, whose chemistry department he became chairperson of in 1997. He is now professor emeritus.
Basic research
In 1992, Haley and a colleague, upon examining cerebrospinal fluid, reported levels of glutamine synthetase considerably higher in cases of Alzheimer's disease than in a control group, and suggested that this could be a biomarker to aid diagnosis.
In 2005, Haley reproduced findings of gold salt removing mercury from molecules, and inferred support for the possibility of gold salts removing mercury from biological proteins. Yet Haley noted that the gold salts could themselves be toxic, and called for the extreme caution before applying gold salts in medical treatment.
Thimerosal controversy
Haley argues that mercury exposure via dental amalgams and vaccinations may cause neurological impairments and diseases, such as autism and Alzheimer's disease. The United States Public Health Service and the American Dental Association reject these claims.
Haley has appeared in court as an expert witness against vaccine manufacturers, stating his belief that thimerosal causes autism, but his testimony has not been accepted. In 2008 a judge ruled that his "lack of expertise in genetics, epidemiology, and child neurology make it impossible for him to supply the necessary factual basis to support his testimony".
Haley has labeled autism as "mad child disease" (akin to mad cow disease), which some autistic individuals and their parents have found highly offensive.
Supplement marketing
Haley is the founder of CTI Science, a Lexington, Kentucky-based biotechnology firm. CTI marketed a product, OSR#1, for human consumption; it was described as an "antioxidant" dietary supplement that is a powerful chelator from a family originally developed to remove heavy metals from soil and acid mine drainage. In June 2008, an FDA toxicologist questioned "on what basis the product could be expected to be safe and could be considered a dietary ingredient", but CTI Science and Haley had not responded as of January 2010. The testing was described as incomplete and indicating toxicity. On June 17, 2010, the FDA sent a warning letter noting five potential violations, expressing concern over the testing, and requiring a response in 15 days. Although Haley wrote an op-ed for the Lexington Herald-Leader, the FDA did not receive a formal response, and OSR#1 was withdrawn from the market.
References
External links
University of Kentucky Department of Chemistry page
1940 births
21st-century American chemists
American anti-vaccination activists
Autism researchers
Franklin College (Indiana) alumni
Living people
People from Greensburg, Indiana
Thiomersal and vaccines
University of Kentucky faculty
Washington State University alumni
Scientists from Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd%20Haley |
The Catholic Church in Albania () is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
At the 2011 census, the percentage of Catholics was 10.03%. Figures in 2022 note that this has risen to 17.90%.
Catholicism is strongest in the northwestern part of the country, which historically had the most readily available contact with, and support from, Rome and the Republic of Venice. Shkodër is the center of Catholicism in Albania. More than 20,000 Albanian Catholics are located in Montenegro, mostly in Ulcinj, Bar, Podgorica, Tuzi, Gusinje and Plav. The region is considered part of the Malsia Highlander region of the seven Albanian Catholic tribes. The region was split from Ottoman Albania after the First Balkan War. There are also scattered Albanian Catholics in Kosovo and North Macedonia, with the greatest concentration being in the vicinity of Gjakova.
There are five dioceses in the country, including two archdioceses plus an Apostolic Administration covering southern Albania.
History
For four centuries, the Albanian Catholics have retained their faith with the aid of:
The Franciscan missionaries, especially since the middle of the 17th century, when persecutions by Muslim lords set in motion the apostasy of many Albanian villages.
The College of Propaganda at Rome, especially prominent in religious and moral support of Albanian Catholics. During the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly, it educated young clerics for service on the Albanian missions, contributing then as now to their support and to that of the churches.
The Austrian Government, which gave about five thousand dollars yearly to the Albanian missions, in its role of Protector of the Christian community under Turkish rule. Apropos of the Austrian interest in Albania, it may be stated that it is the Austrian ambassador who obtains from the Sultan the Berat, or civil document of institution, for the Catholic bishops of Albania.
The Church legislation of the Albanians was reformed by Pope Clement XI, effecting a general ecclesiastical visitation (1703) by the Archbishop of Antivari, at the close of which a national synod was held. Its decrees were printed by Propaganda (1705), and renewed in 1803. In 1872, Pius IX caused a second national synod to be held at Scutari, for the renovation of the popular and ecclesiastical life.
Organization
The country is currently split into two Ecclesiastical provinces each headed by Archbishops – Shkodër-Pult in the north and Tiranë-Durrës in the centre and south. Shkodrë-Pult has two suffragan Diocese for Lezhë and Sapë. Tiranë-Durrës has one suffragan Diocese for Rrëshen as well as metropolitan authority over the Byzantine Rite Apostolic Administration of Southern Albania, also known as the Albanian Greek-Catholic Church.
The first known Bishop of present-day Albania was Bassus , who was made Bishop of Scutari (Shkodër) in 387, suffragan to the Bishop of Thessaloniki, Primate of all Illyricum. In the 6th century, Shkodër became a suffrage of Ohrid, in the present-day North Macedonia, which was made the Primate of all Illyricum, and by the early Middle Ages, Shkodër was suffrage of the Bishop of Duklja, in present-day Montenegro. In 1867 Shkodër was united with the Archdiocese of Antivari (Bar, Montenegro), but split in 1886, to become a separate Archdiocese once again with suffragan bishops in Lezhë, Sapë and Pult.
The Diocese of Pult (Pulati) – a region north of Shkodër between the present day villages of Drisht and Prekal – dates back to 899, when a Bishop of Pult was appointed as a suffragan to the Bishop of Duklja. The Diocese was once divided into Greater Pult and Lesser Pult but eventually merged with Shkodër in 2005. Drisht, a village north of Shkodër, also used to be a separate Bishopric. The Diocese of Sapë (Sappa) – covering the region of Zadrima between Shkodër and Lezhë – dates back to 1062, and that of Lezhë (Alessio) to the 14th century.
The Archdiocese of Durrës was created in the 13th century, as the Bishopric of Albanopolis. It united with Tirana in 1992. The Diocese of Rrëshen was split off in 1996.
The Apostolic Administration of Southern Albania was created in 1939.
Other former ancient Diocese in Albania were Dinnastrum and Balazum.
Modern period
The Albanian Catholic Church experienced a short-lived period of freedom after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. It ended when the Communists came into power, government, after World War II, and in 1967 constitutionally declared Albania an atheistic state. "The Church was systematically persecuted and neither the structures nor the faithful were spared. All religion symbols in churches were forcefully removed and the buildings resemblance to churches were destroyed, and used for non-religious, degrading and humiliating purposes. The cathedral in Shkoder, for example, was turned into a sports hall, and the cathedral in Durres was used as a puppet theatre. As the Pope said during his visit to Albania in 2014, these were 'decades of atrocious suffering and terrible persecution'."
On 26 November 2019, an earthquake struck Albania. The Catholic Church in Albania held Mass in its churches on 27 and 28 November for earthquake victims and coordinated its relief efforts through local branches of the Catholic charity Caritas.
According to Marco Mencaglia, project director for the Catholic charity Aid to the Church in Need, the Church in Albania faces many challenges: " The Church in Tirana, the capital, in the middle of the country, is particularly in need. There are very few diocesan priests. Pastoral work is carried out by religious communities, with very little means of support. To this one must add the internal migration of people who come from the north of the country in search of a better future in the capital. The south, which has a very small number of Catholics, can be considered first-mission territory, and a starting point for a new mission. Many brave missionaries have arrived in this region to begin new communities where the church was completely unknown."
Demographics
According to the 2011 Albanian census, 10.03% of the population affiliated with Catholicism, while 56.7% were Muslims, 13.79% undeclared, 6.75% Orthodox believers, 5.49% other, 2.5% Atheists, 2.09% Bektashis and 0.14% other Christians.
No clear statistics of any province of the former Ottoman empire have been compiled. The CIA World Factbook uses the figures from the 1939 Census of 70% Muslim, 20% Eastern Orthodox Christian, and 10% Catholic.
Figures in 2022, however, note that 17.90% of the population are Catholic Christians.
Geographical distribution
Catholics form a majority in Lezhë County (72.38%) and the largest religious group in Shkodër County (47.19%).
Gallery
See also
Religion in Albania
Christianity in Albania
Protestantism in Albania
Episcopal Conference of Albania
Jesuits in Albania
Albanian Greek Catholic Church
Catholic Church by country
Sources
William Martin Leake, Travels in Northern Greece (London, 1835)
Élisée Reclus, The Earth and its Inhabitants (New York, 1895, Eng. tr.): Europe, I, 115-126
Gustave Léon Niox, Péninsule des Balkans
Edith Durham, Travels
John Gardner Wilkinson, almatia and Montenegro (1848)
Herder, Konvers. Lex., s. v.
Ami Boué, la Turquie d'Europe (Paris, 1889)
Alexandre Degrand, Souvenirs de la Haute-Albanie (Paris, 1901)
Emanuele Portal, Note Albanesi (Palermo, 1903)
The documents of the medieval religious history of Albania are best found in the eight volumes of Daniele Farlati, Illyricum Sacrum (Venice, 1751-1819). See also Augustin Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia (Rome, 1863 sqq.). Ecclesiastical statistics may be seen in O. Werner, Orbis Terrarum Catholicus (Freiburg, 1890), 122-124, and 120; also in the Missiones Catholicæ (Rome, Propaganda Press, triennially).
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Albania |
Isidro Nozal Vega (born 18 October 1977) is a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist. Nozal was runner-up in the 2003 Vuelta a España and an instrumental domestique in Roberto Heras' 2004 Vuelta a España win.
Doping
In 2005, Vega was suspended for two weeks after being tested with a hematocrit level above 50 before the start of Dauphine Libere. In 2006, he was initially implicated in the Operación Puerto doping case, but was cleared of any wrongdoing by Spanish officials. He later admitted his involvement, saying he did three blood transfusions with Fuentes in the season before the 2005 Dauphine Libere, but denying he doped.
For the 2008 and 2009 seasons Nozal rode for the Portuguese Pro Continental team of Liberty Seguros. In September 2009 Nozal and two teammates (Nuno Ribeiro and Héctor Guerra) were announced to have tested positive for EPO-CERA in samples taken for the previous month's Tour of Portugal. Liberty Seguros immediately announced that it would cease sponsorship of the team and its participation in cycling. Ribeiro's win was withdrawn and the second-placed rider, Spain's David Blanco, was elevated to the overall win. Nozal, Ribeiro, and Guerra all received two-year suspensions from cycling.
Career achievements
Major results
2001
6th Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Rioja
2002
1st Stage 3 Clasica de Alcobendas
1st Stage 3 Vuelta a Burgos
4th Overall Vuelta a Castilla y León
7th Overall Deutschland Tour
2003
2nd Overall Vuelta a España
1st Stage 6 (ITT) & 13 (ITT)
Held after Stages 4–19
4th Time trial, UCI Road World Championships
6th Overall Deutschland Tour
2004
7th Overall Vuelta a España
10th Subida al Naranco
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
DNF = did not finish
References
1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Barakaldo
Cyclists from Biscay
Spanish male cyclists
Cyclists from Cantabria
Doping cases in cycling
Spanish sportspeople in doping cases
Spanish Vuelta a España stage winners
People from the Eastern Coast of Cantabria
20th-century Spanish people
21st-century Spanish people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidro%20Nozal |
Santo Antônio da Barra is a municipality in southwest Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 4,854 (2020 estimate) in a total area of 451.6 km². The elevation of the municipal seat is 650 meters. Santo Antônio is a large producer of poultry.
Location
Santo Antônio is 190 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia and is part of the Sudoeste de Goiás Microregion. The highway connection from Goiânia is BR-060. It has boundaries with the following municipalities:
north: Paraúna
south: Santa Helena de Goiás
east: Acreúna
west: Rio Verde
Geographical information
The climate is moist tropical with high night-time temperatures. The rainy season is from October to March and the dry season is from April to September. Because of the hot and dry climate, the main vegetation is sparse cerrado. In the valleys there are still forests with sucupira, aroeira, pindaíba and other species of trees.
Santo Antônio da Barra is bathed by a vast river network, formed by the Verdão, which separates the municipality from Acreúna and Paraúna; Verdinho, on the border with Rio Verde; and Ribeirão Lage, which forms the boundary with Santa Helena de Goiás.
Electric energy is furnished by the Hidrelétrica de Cachoeira Dourada, on the Paranaíba.
History
Occupation of the region began in 1951 when Joaquim Domingos da Silva and his wife Alventina Borges da Silva fixed a cross in devotion to Santo Antônio. In 1963 the settlement was elevated to the status of district of Rio Verde The first municipal school, Escola Municipal Antônio Gouvêia de Morais, was built in 1976 with the secondary school, Irmãos Messias da Costa, being built in 1983. Finally, after a plebiscite, the district was emancipated and became a municipality in 1992.
Political and Demographic Information
Mayor: José Cândido do Nascimento (January 2013)
City council: 09
Eligible voters: 3,735 (2007)
Population growth: 0.29% from 2000 to 2007
Economic information
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries. IN 2006 there were 41 agricultural units with 9,219 hectares, of which 3,090 were planted in crops. About 150 persons were employed in agriculture. The largest employer in the town was public service with 385 persons in 2006.
Industrial units: 3 (2007)
Commercial units: 35 (2007)
Automobiles: 228 (2007)
Cattle herd: 22,000 head (2006)
Main crops: cotton, rice, coconuts, beans, manioc, corn, tomatoes, and soybeans.
Education (2006)and Health (2007)
Schools: 5 with 1,367 students
Higher education: none
Adult literacy rate: 77.1% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)
Hospitals: 0
Hospital beds: 0
Ambulatory clinics: 1
Infant mortality rate: 9.92 (2000) (national average was 33.0.
Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.746
State ranking: 86 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 1,984 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)
Data are from 2000
For the complete list see Frigoletto.com
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Sepin
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo%20Ant%C3%B4nio%20da%20Barra |
Holographic data storage is a potential technology in the area of high-capacity data storage. While magnetic and optical data storage devices rely on individual bits being stored as distinct magnetic or optical changes on the surface of the recording medium, holographic data storage records information throughout the volume of the medium and is capable of recording multiple images in the same area utilizing light at different angles.
Additionally, whereas magnetic and optical data storage records information a bit at a time in a linear fashion, holographic storage is capable of recording and reading millions of bits in parallel, enabling data transfer rates greater than those attained by traditional optical storage.
Recording data
Holographic data storage contains information using an optical interference pattern within a thick, photosensitive optical material. Light from a single laser beam is divided into two, or more, separate optical patterns of dark and light pixels. By adjusting the reference beam angle, wavelength, or media position, a multitude of holograms (theoretically, several thousands) can be stored on a single volume.
Reading data
The stored data is read through the reproduction of the same reference beam used to create the hologram. The reference beam's light is focused on the photosensitive material, illuminating the appropriate interference pattern, the light diffracts on the interference pattern, and projects the pattern onto a detector. The detector is capable of reading the data in parallel, over one million bits at once, resulting in the fast data transfer rate. Files on the holographic drive can be accessed in less than 0.2 seconds.
Longevity
Holographic data storage can provide companies a method to preserve and archive information. The write-once, read many (WORM) approach to data storage would ensure content security, preventing the information from being overwritten or modified. Manufacturers believe this technology can provide safe storage for content without degradation for more than 50 years, far exceeding current data storage options. Counterpoints to this claim are that the evolution of data reader technology has – in the last couple of decades – changed every ten years. If this trend continues, it therefore follows that being able to store data for 50–100 years on one format is irrelevant, because you would migrate the data to a new format after only ten years. However, claimed longevity of storage has, in the past, proven to be a key indicator of shorter-term reliability of storage media. Current optical formats – such as CD – have largely lived up to the original longevity claims (where reputable media makes are used) and have proved to be more reliable shorter-term data carriers than the floppy disk and DAT media they displaced.
Terms used
Sensitivity refers to the extent of refractive index modulation produced per unit of exposure. Diffraction efficiency is proportional to the square of the index modulation times the effective thickness.
The dynamic range determines how many holograms may be multiplexed in a single volume data.
Spatial light modulators (SLM) are pixelated input devices (liquid crystal panels), used to imprint the data to be stored on the object beam.
Technical aspects
Like other media, holographic media is divided into write once (where the storage medium undergoes some irreversible change), and rewritable media (where the change is reversible). Rewritable holographic storage can be achieved via the photorefractive effect in crystals:
Mutually coherent light from two sources creates an interference pattern in the media. These two sources are called the reference beam and the signal beam.
Where there is constructive interference the light is bright and electrons can be promoted from the valence band to the conduction band of the material (since the light has given the electrons energy to jump the energy gap). The positively charged vacancies they leave are called holes and they must be immobile in rewritable holographic materials. Where there is destructive interference, there is less light and few electrons are promoted.
Electrons in the conduction band are free to move in the material. They will experience two opposing forces that determine how they move. The first force is the coulomb force between the electrons and the positive holes that they have been promoted from. This force encourages the electrons to stay put or move back to where they came from. The second is the pseudo-force of diffusion that encourages them to move to areas where electrons are less dense. If the coulomb forces are not too strong, the electrons will move into the dark areas.
Beginning immediately after being promoted, there is a chance that a given electron will recombine with a hole and move back into the valence band. The faster the rate of recombination, the fewer the number of electrons that will have the chance to move into the dark areas. This rate will affect the strength of the hologram.
After some electrons have moved into the dark areas and recombined with holes there, there is a permanent space charge field between the electrons that moved to the dark spots and the holes in the bright spots. This leads to a change in the index of refraction due to the electro-optic effect.
When the information is to be retrieved or read out from the hologram, only the reference beam is necessary. The beam is sent into the material in exactly the same way as when the hologram was written. As a result of the index changes in the material that were created during writing, the beam splits into two parts. One of these parts recreates the signal beam where the information is stored. Something like a CCD camera can be used to convert this information into a more usable form.
Holograms can theoretically store one bit per cubic block the size of the wavelength of light in writing. For example, light from a helium–neon laser is red, 632.8 nm wavelength light. Using light of this wavelength, perfect holographic storage could store 500 megabytes per cubic millimeter. At the extreme end of the laser spectrum, fluorine excimer laser at 157 nm could store 30 gigabytes per cubic millimeter. In practice, the data density would be much lower, for at least four reasons:
The need to add error-correction
The need to accommodate imperfections or limitations in the optical system
Economic payoff (higher densities may cost disproportionately more to achieve)
Design technique limitations—a problem currently faced in magnetic Hard Drives wherein magnetic domain configuration prevents manufacture of disks that fully utilize the theoretical limits of the technology.
Despite those limitations, it is possible to optimize the storage capacity using all-optical signal processing techniques.
Unlike current storage technologies that record and read one data bit at a time, holographic memory writes and reads data in parallel in a single flash of light.
Two-color recording
For two-color holographic recording, the reference and signal beam fixed to a particular wavelength (green, red or IR) and the sensitizing/gating beam is a separate, shorter wavelength (blue or UV). The sensitizing/gating beam is used to sensitize the material before and during the recording process, while the information is recorded in the crystal via the reference and signal beams. It is shone intermittently on the crystal during the recording process for measuring the diffracted beam intensity. Readout is achieved by illumination with the reference beam alone. Hence the readout beam with a longer wavelength would not be able to excite the recombined electrons from the deep trap centers during readout, as they need the sensitizing light with shorter wavelength to erase them.
Usually, for two-color holographic recording, two different dopants are required to promote trap centers, which belong to transition metal and rare-earth elements and are sensitive to certain wavelengths. By using two dopants, more trap centers would be created in the lithium niobate crystal. Namely a shallow and a deep trap would be created. The concept now is to use the sensitizing light to excite electrons from the deep trap farther from the valence band to the conduction band and then to recombine at the shallow traps nearer to the conduction band. The reference and signal beam would then be used to excite the electrons from the shallow traps back to the deep traps. The information would hence be stored in the deep traps. Reading would be done with the reference beam since the electrons can no longer be excited out of the deep traps by the long wavelength beam.
Effect of annealing
For a doubly doped lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal there exists an optimum oxidation/reduction state for desired performance. This optimum depends on the doping levels of shallow and deep traps as well as the annealing conditions for the crystal samples. This optimum state generally occurs when 95–98% of the deep traps are filled. In a strongly oxidized sample holograms cannot be easily recorded and the diffraction efficiency is very low. This is because the shallow trap is completely empty and the deep trap is also almost devoid of electrons. In a highly reduced sample on the other hand, the deep traps are completely filled and the shallow traps are also partially filled. This results in very good sensitivity (fast recording) and high diffraction efficiency due to the availability of electrons in the shallow traps. However, during readout, all the deep traps get filled quickly and the resulting holograms reside in the shallow traps where they are totally erased by further readout. Hence after extensive readout the diffraction efficiency drops to zero and the hologram stored cannot be fixed.
Development and marketing
Developed from the pioneering work on holography in photorefractive media and holographic data storage of Gerard A. Alphonse, InPhase conducted public demonstrations of the a prototype commercial storage device, at the National Association of Broadcasters 2005 (NAB) convention in Las Vegas, at the Maxell Corporation of America booth.
The three main companies involved in developing holographic memory, as of 2002, were InPhase and Polaroid spinoff Aprilis in the United States, and Optware in Japan. Although holographic memory has been discussed since the 1960s, and has been touted for near-term commercial application at least since 2001, it has yet to convince critics that it can find a viable market.
As of 2002, planned holographic products did not aim to compete head to head with hard drives, but instead to find a market niche based on virtues such as speed of access.
InPhase Technologies, after several announcements and subsequent delays in 2006 and 2007, announced that it would soon be introducing a flagship product. InPhase went out of business in February 2010 and had its assets seized by the state of Colorado for back taxes. The company had reportedly gone through $100 million but the lead investor was unable to raise more capital. The assets and knowhow of InPhase has been acquired by Apple who is thought to plan using it for augmented reality.
In April 2009, GE Global Research demonstrated their own holographic storage material that could allow for discs that utilize similar read mechanisms as those found on Blu-ray Disc players.
Video game market
Nintendo filed a Joint Research Agreement with InPhase for holographic storage in 2008.
Nintendo is also mentioned in the patent as a joint applicant: "... disclosure is herein made that the claimed invention was made pursuant to a Joint Research Agreement as defined in 35 U.S.C. 103 (c)(3), that was in effect on or before the date the claimed invention was made, and as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the Joint Research Agreement, by or on the behalf of Nintendo Co., and InPhase Technologies, Inc.".
In fiction
In Star Wars, the Jedi use holocrons and holographic crystals to store data about their history.
In 2010: The Year We Make Contact, a tapeworm had to be employed to erase HAL's holographic memory as "chronological erasures would not work".
In Robot and Frank, Robot has a holographic memory which can be half erased but, will be in half the resolution.
See also
Holographic Versatile Card
Holographic Versatile Disc
Holographic associative memory
3D optical data storage
5D optical data storage
List of emerging technologies
Holography
Holographic Data Storage System
References
External links
Daewoo Electronics Develops the World's First High Accuracy Servo Motion Control System for Holographic Digital Data Storage (virtual prototype created with LabView)
GE Global Research is developing terabyte discs and players that will work with old storage media
Data storage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic%20data%20storage |
Milton Katims (June 24, 1909February 27, 2006) was an American violist and conductor. He was music director of the Seattle Symphony for 22 years (1954–76). In that time he added more than 75 works, made recordings, premiered new pieces and led the orchestra on several tours. He expanded the orchestra's series of family and suburban outreach concerts. He is also known for his numerous transcriptions and arrangements for viola.
Career
Katims was born in Brooklyn and educated at Columbia University. His parents were from Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father changed the family surname from Katimsky some years after he arrived in New York. He started as a violinist but the Belgian-born violist, conductor and educator Léon Barzin advised him to switch to viola. Katims played with a number of chamber music ensembles, including the New York Piano Quartet, and was an extra violist with the notable Budapest String Quartet with which he collaborated for 15 years and made six highly regarded recordings, beginning in 1941. He played at various festivals like the Casals Festival in Puerto Rico.
Katims gave viola master classes in China and Israel, taught at various colleges such as Juilliard in New York and Northwestern in suburban Chicago, as well as the University of Washington, and transcribed and edited viola music. He joined the NBC Symphony Orchestra in 1943, replacing the well-known William Primrose on the first-desk of the section. During his decade with the orchestra, Katims developed a close relationship with conductor Arturo Toscanini and became his assistant. He conducted orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, Boston Symphony, London Philharmonic, Cleveland Orchestra and Montreal Symphony. He organized a series of chamber music concerts titled Candlelight Musicales, in the Spanish Ballroom of the Olympic Hotel, with visiting soloists such as violinist Isaac Stern, cellist Leonard Rose and pianists Leon Fleisher and Claudio Arrau. Katims often would play his viola and his wife Virginia, the cello. One of Katims' major accomplishments in Seattle was the conversion of the Civic Auditorium into the Opera House. His leadership was crucial in securing public money for the project, the auditorium destined to be shared by Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet as well as the Seattle Symphony.
In 1966, Katims was named Seattle's 'First Citizen' by the Seattle Real Estate Board, and his portrait was featured on the cover of the Seattle telephone book. From 1976 to 1985 Katims served as artistic director of the University of Houston School of Music. His influence enabled the school to attract and hire several notable musicians, such as Carlisle Floyd, Elena Nikolaidi, and Abbey Simon, to the faculty.
Later years/death
The Pleasure Was Ours, a joint memoir by Katims and his wife Virginia, was published in 2004. He died in Shoreline, Washington in 2006, aged 96.
References
Sources
Eichler, Jeremy, "Milton Katims, 96, Conductor Who Led Seattle Symphony, Dies", New York Times, March 2, 2006.
1909 births
2006 deaths
American classical violists
American male conductors (music)
Texas classical music
American people of Russian descent
University of Houston faculty
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century violists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%20Katims |
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the fraction of organic carbon operationally defined as that which can pass through a filter with a pore size typically between 0.22 and 0.7 micrometers. The fraction remaining on the filter is called particulate organic carbon (POC).
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with DOC. While DOC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the dissolved organic material, DOM refers to the total mass of the dissolved organic matter. So DOM also includes the mass of other elements present in the organic material, such as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. DOC is a component of DOM and there is typically about twice as much DOM as DOC. Many statements that can be made about DOC apply equally to DOM, and vice versa.
DOC is abundant in marine and freshwater systems and is one of the greatest cycled reservoirs of organic matter on Earth, accounting for the same amount of carbon as in the atmosphere and up to 20% of all organic carbon. In general, organic carbon compounds are the result of decomposition processes from dead organic matter including plants and animals. DOC can originate from within or outside any given body of water. DOC originating from within the body of water is known as autochthonous DOC and typically comes from aquatic plants or algae, while DOC originating outside the body of water is known as allochthonous DOC and typically comes from soils or terrestrial plants. When water originates from land areas with a high proportion of organic soils, these components can drain into rivers and lakes as DOC.
The marine DOC pool is important for the functioning of marine ecosystems because they are at the interface between the chemical and the biological worlds. DOC fuels marine food webs, and is a major component of the Earth's carbon cycling.
Overview
DOC is a basic nutrient, supporting growth of microorganisms and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle through the microbial loop. In some organisms (stages) that do not feed in the traditional sense, dissolved matter may be the only external food source. Moreover, DOC is an indicator of organic loadings in streams, as well as supporting terrestrial processing (e.g., within soil, forests, and wetlands) of organic matter. Dissolved organic carbon has a high proportion of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in first order streams compared to higher order streams. In the absence of extensive wetlands, bogs, or swamps, baseflow concentrations of DOC in undisturbed watersheds generally range from approximately 1 to 20 mg/L carbon. Carbon concentrations considerably vary across ecosystems. For example, the Everglades may be near the top of the range and the middle of oceans may be near the bottom. Occasionally, high concentrations of organic carbon indicate anthropogenic influences, but most DOC originates naturally.
The BDOC fraction consists of organic molecules that heterotrophic bacteria can use as a source of energy and carbon. Some subset of DOC constitutes the precursors of disinfection byproducts for drinking water. BDOC can contribute to undesirable biological regrowth within water distribution systems.
The dissolved fraction of total organic carbon (TOC) is an operational classification. Many researchers use the term "dissolved" for compounds that pass through a 0.45 μm filter, but 0.22 μm filters have also been used to remove higher colloidal concentrations.
A practical definition of dissolved typically used in marine chemistry is all substances that pass through a GF/F filter, which has a nominal pore size of approximately 0.7 μm (Whatman glass microfiber filter, 0.6–0.8 μm particle retention). The recommended procedure is the HTCO technique, which calls for filtration through pre-combusted glass fiber filters, typically the GF/F classification.
Labile and recalcitrant
Dissolved organic matter can be classified as labile or as recalcitrant, depending on its reactivity. Recalcitrant DOC is also called refractory DOC, and these terms seem to be used interchangeably in the context of DOC. Depending on the origin and composition of DOC, its behavior and cycling are different; the labile fraction of DOC decomposes rapidly through microbially or photochemically mediated processes, whereas refractory DOC is resistant to degradation and can persist in the ocean for millennia. In the coastal ocean, organic matter from terrestrial plant litter or soils appears to be more refractory and thus often behaves conservatively. In addition, refractory DOC is produced in the ocean by the bacterial transformation of labile DOC, which reshapes its composition.
Due to the continuous production and degradation in natural systems, the DOC pool contains a spectrum of reactive compounds each with their own reactivity, that have been divided into fractions from labile to recalcitrant, depending on the turnover times, as shown in the following table...
This wide range in turnover or degradation times has been linked with the chemical composition, structure and molecular size, but degradation also depends on the environmental conditions (e.g., nutrients), prokaryote diversity, redox state, iron availability, mineral-particle associations, temperature, sun-light exposure, biological production of recalcitrant compounds, and the effect of priming or dilution of individual molecules. For example, lignin can be degraded in aerobic soils but is relatively recalcitrant in anoxic marine sediments. This example shows bioavailability varies as a function of the ecosystem's properties. Accordingly, even normally ancient and recalcitrant compounds, such as petroleum, carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules, can be degraded in the appropriate environmental setting.
Terrestrial ecosystems
Soil
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the most active and mobile carbon pools and has an important role in global carbon cycling. In addition, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) affects the soil negative electrical charges denitrification process, acid-base reactions in the soil solution, retention and translocation of nutrients (cations), and immobilization of heavy metals and xenobiotics. Soil DOM can be derived from different sources (inputs), such as atmospheric carbon dissolved in rainfall, litter and crop residues, manure, root exudates, and decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). In the soil, DOM availability depends on its interactions with mineral components (e.g., clays, Fe and Al oxides) modulated by adsorption and desorption processes. It also depends on SOM fractions (e.g., stabilized organic molecules and microbial biomass) by mineralization and immobilization processes. In addition, the intensity of these interactions changes according to soil inherent properties, land use, and crop management.
During the decomposition of organic material, most carbon is lost as CO2 to the atmosphere by microbial oxidation. Soil type and landscape slope, leaching, and runoff are also important processes associated to DOM losses in the soil. In well-drained soils, leached DOC can reach the water table and release nutrients and pollutants that can contaminate groundwater, whereas runoff transports DOM and xenobiotics to other areas, rivers, and lakes.
Groundwater
Precipitation and surface water leaches dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from vegetation and plant litter and percolates through the soil column to the saturated zone. The concentration, composition, and bioavailability of DOC are altered during transport through the soil column by various physicochemical and biological processes, including sorption, desorption, biodegradation and biosynthesis. Hydrophobic molecules are preferentially partitioned onto soil minerals and have a longer retention time in soils than hydrophilic molecules. The hydrophobicity and retention time of colloids and dissolved molecules in soils are controlled by their size, polarity, charge, and bioavailability. Bioavailable DOM is subjected to microbial decomposition, resulting in a reduction in size and molecular weight. Novel molecules are synthesized by soil microbes, and some of these metabolites enter the DOC reservoir in groundwater.
Freshwater ecosystems
Aquatic carbon occurs in different forms. Firstly, a division is made between organic and inorganic carbon. Organic carbon is a mixture of organic compounds originating from detritus or primary producers. It can be divided into POC (particulate organic carbon; particles > 0.45 μm) and DOC (dissolved organic carbon; particles < 0.45 μm). DOC usually makes up 90% of the total amount of aquatic organic carbon. Its concentration ranges from 0.1 to >300 mg L−1.
Likewise, inorganic carbon also consists of a particulate (PIC) and a dissolved phase (DIC). PIC mainly consists of carbonates (e.g., CaCO3), DIC consists of carbonate (CO32-), bicarbonate (HCO3−), CO2 and a negligibly small fraction of carbonic acid (H2CO3). The inorganic carbon compounds exist in equilibrium that depends on the pH of the water. DIC concentrations in freshwater range from about zero in acidic waters to 60 mg C L−1 in areas with carbonate-rich sediments.
POC can be degraded to form DOC; DOC can become POC by flocculation. Inorganic and organic carbon are linked through aquatic organisms. CO2 is used in photosynthesis (P) by for instance macrophytes, produced by respiration (R), and exchanged with the atmosphere. Organic carbon is produced by organisms and is released during and after their life; e.g., in rivers, 1–20% of the total amount of DOC is produced by macrophytes. Carbon can enter the system from the catchment and is transported to the oceans by rivers and streams. There is also exchange with carbon in the sediments, e.g., burial of organic carbon, which is important for carbon sequestration in aquatic habitats.
Aquatic systems are very important in global carbon sequestration; e.g., when different European ecosystems are compared, inland aquatic systems form the second largest carbon sink (19–41 Tg C y−1); only forests take up more carbon (125–223 Tg C y−1).
Marine ecosystems
Sources
In marine systems DOC originates from either autochthonous or allochthonous sources. Autochthonous DOC is produced within the system, primarily by plankton organisms and in coastal waters additionally by benthic microalgae, benthic fluxes, and macrophytes, whereas allochthonous DOC is mainly of terrestrial origin supplemented by groundwater and atmospheric inputs. In addition to soil derived humic substances, terrestrial DOC also includes material leached from plants exported during rain events, emissions of plant materials to the atmosphere and deposition in aquatic environments (e.g., volatile organic carbon and pollens), and also thousands of synthetic human-made organic chemicals that can be measured in the ocean at trace concentrations.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represents one of the Earth's major carbon pools. It contains a similar amount of carbon as the atmosphere and exceeds the amount of carbon bound in marine biomass by more than two-hundred times. DOC is mainly produced in the near-surface layers during primary production and zooplankton grazing processes. Other sources of marine DOC are dissolution from particles, terrestrial and hydrothermal vent input, and microbial production. Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) contribute to the DOC pool via release of capsular material, exopolymers, and hydrolytic enzymes, as well as via mortality (e.g. viral shunt). Prokaryotes are also the main decomposers of DOC, although for some of the most recalcitrant forms of DOC very slow abiotic degradation in hydrothermal systems or possibly sorption to sinking particles may be the main removal mechanism. Mechanistic knowledge about DOC-microbe-interactions is crucial to understand the cycling and distribution of this active carbon reservoir.
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton produces DOC by extracellular release commonly accounting between 5 and 30% of their total primary production, although this varies from species to species. Nonetheless, this release of extracellular DOC is enhanced under high light and low nutrient levels, and thus should increase relatively from eutrophic to oligotrophic areas, probably as a mechanism for dissipating cellular energy. Phytoplankton can also produce DOC by autolysis during physiological stress situations e.g., nutrient limitation. Other studies have demonstrated DOC production in association with meso- and macro-zooplankton feeding on phytoplankton and bacteria.
Zooplankton
Zooplankton-mediated release of DOC occurs through sloppy feeding, excretion and defecation which can be important energy sources for microbes. Such DOC production is largest during periods with high food concentration and dominance of large zooplankton species.
Bacteria and viruses
Bacteria are often viewed as the main consumers of DOC, but they can also produce DOC during cell division and viral lysis. The biochemical components of bacteria are largely the same as other organisms, but some compounds from the cell wall are unique and are used to trace bacterial derived DOC (e.g., peptidoglycan). These compounds are widely distributed in the ocean, suggesting that bacterial DOC production could be important in marine systems. Viruses are the most abundant life forms in the oceans infecting all life forms including algae, bacteria and zooplankton. After infection, the virus either enters a dormant (lysogenic) or productive (lytic) state. The lytic cycle causes disruption of the cell(s) and release of DOC.
Macrophytes
Marine macrophytes (i.e., macroalgae and seagrass) are highly productive and extend over large areas in coastal waters but their production of DOC has not received much attention. Macrophytes release DOC during growth with a conservative estimate (excluding release from decaying tissues) suggesting that macroalgae release between 1-39% of their gross primary production, while seagrasses release less than 5% as DOC of their gross primary production. The released DOC has been shown to be rich in carbohydrates, with rates depending on temperature and light availability. Globally the macrophyte communities have been suggested to produce ~160 Tg C yr−1 of DOC, which is approximately half the annual global river DOC input (250 Tg C yr−1).
Marine sediments
Marine sediments represent the main sites of OM degradation and burial in the ocean, hosting microbes in densities up to 1000 times higher than found in the water column. The DOC concentrations in sediments are often an order of magnitude higher than in the overlying water column. This concentration difference results in a continued diffusive flux and suggests that sediments are a major DOC source releasing 350 Tg C yr−1, which is comparable to the input of DOC from rivers. This estimate is based on calculated diffusive fluxes and does not include resuspension events which also releases DOC and therefore the estimate could be conservative. Also, some studies have shown that geothermal systems and petroleum seepage contribute with pre-aged DOC to the deep ocean basins, but consistent global estimates of the overall input are currently lacking. Globally, groundwaters account for an unknown part of the freshwater DOC flux to the oceans. The DOC in groundwater is a mixture of terrestrial, infiltrated marine, and in situ microbially produced material. This flux of DOC to coastal waters could be important, as concentrations in groundwater are generally higher than in coastal seawater, but reliable global estimates are also currently lacking.
Sinks
The main processes that remove DOC from the ocean water column are: (1) Thermal degradation in e.g., submarine hydrothermal systems; (2) bubble coagulation and abiotic flocculation into microparticles or sorption to particles; (3) abiotic degradation via photochemical reactions; and (4) biotic degradation by heterotrophic marine prokaryotes. It has been suggested that the combined effects of photochemical and microbial degradation represent the major sinks of DOC.
Thermal degradation
Thermal degradation of DOC has been found at high-temperature hydrothermal ridge-flanks, where outflow DOC concentrations are lower than in the inflow. While the global impact of these processes has not been investigated, current data suggest it is a minor DOC sink. Abiotic DOC flocculation is often observed during rapid (minutes) shifts in salinity when fresh and marine waters mix. Flocculation changes the DOC chemical composition, by removing humic compounds and reducing molecular size, transforming DOC to particulate organic flocs which can sediment and/or be consumed by grazers and filter feeders, but it also stimulates the bacterial degradation of the flocculated DOC. The impacts of flocculation on the removal of DOC from coastal waters are highly variable with some studies suggesting it can remove up to 30% of the DOC pool, while others find much lower values (3–6%;). Such differences could be explained by seasonal and system differences in the DOC chemical composition, pH, metallic cation concentration, microbial reactivity, and ionic strength.
CDOM
The colored fraction of DOC (CDOM) absorbs light in the blue and UV-light range and therefore influences plankton productivity both negatively by absorbing light, that otherwise would be available for photosynthesis, and positively by protecting plankton organisms from harmful UV-light. However, as the impact of UV damage and ability to repair is extremely variable, there is no consensus on how UV-light changes might impact overall plankton communities. The CDOM absorption of light initiates a complex range of photochemical processes, which can impact nutrient, trace metal and DOC chemical composition, and promote DOC degradation.
Photodegradation
Photodegradation involves the transformation of CDOM into smaller and less colored molecules (e.g., organic acids), or into inorganic carbon (CO, CO2), and nutrient salts (NH4−, HPO). Therefore, it generally means that photodegradation transforms recalcitrant into labile DOC molecules that can be rapidly used by prokaryotes for biomass production and respiration. However, it can also increase CDOM through the transformation of compounds such as triglycerides, into more complex aromatic compounds, which are less degradable by microbes. Moreover, UV radiation can produce e.g., reactive oxygen species, which are harmful to microbes. The impact of photochemical processes on the DOC pool depends also on the chemical composition, with some studies suggesting that recently produced autochthonous DOC becomes less bioavailable while allochthonous DOC becomes more bioavailable to prokaryotes after sunlight exposure, albeit others have found the contrary. Photochemical reactions are particularly important in coastal waters which receive high loads of terrestrial derived CDOM, with an estimated ~20–30% of terrestrial DOC being rapidly photodegraded and consumed. Global estimates also suggests that in marine systems photodegradation of DOC produces ~180 Tg C yr−1 of inorganic carbon, with an additional 100 Tg C yr−1 of DOC made more available to microbial degradation. Another attempt at global ocean estimates also suggest that photodegradation (210 Tg C yr−1) is approximately the same as the annual global input of riverine DOC (250 Tg C yr−1;), while others suggest that direct photodegradation exceeds the riverine DOC inputs.
Recalcitrant DOC
DOC is conceptually divided into labile DOC, which is rapidly taken up by heterotrophic microbes, and the recalcitrant DOC reservoir, which has accumulated in the ocean (following a definition by Hansell). As a consequence of its recalcitrance, the accumulated DOC reaches average radiocarbon ages between 1,000 and 4,000 years in surface waters, and between 3,000 and 6,000 years in the deep ocean, indicating that it persists through several deep ocean mixing cycles between 300 and 1,400 years each. Behind these average radiocarbon ages, a large spectrum of ages is hidden. Follett et al. showed DOC comprises a fraction of modern radiocarbon age, as well as DOC reaching radiocarbon ages of up to 12,000 years.
Distribution
More precise measurement techniques developed in the late 1990s have allowed for a good understanding of how dissolved organic carbon is distributed in marine environments both vertically and across the surface. It is now understood that dissolved organic carbon in the ocean spans a range from very labile to very recalcitrant (refractory). The labile dissolved organic carbon is mainly produced by marine organisms and is consumed in the surface ocean, and consists of sugars, proteins, and other compounds that are easily used by marine bacteria. Recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon is evenly spread throughout the water column and consists of high molecular weight and structurally complex compounds that are difficult for marine organisms to use such as the lignin, pollen, or humic acids. As a result, the observed vertical distribution consists of high concentrations of labile DOC in the upper water column and low concentrations at depth.
In addition to vertical distributions, horizontal distributions have been modeled and sampled as well. In the surface ocean at a depth of 30 meters, the higher dissolved organic carbon concentrations are found in the South Pacific Gyre, the South Atlantic Gyre, and the Indian Ocean. At a depth of 3,000 meters, highest concentrations are in the North Atlantic Deep Water where dissolved organic carbon from the high concentration surface ocean is removed to depth. While in the northern Indian Ocean high DOC is observed due to high fresh water flux and sediments. Since the time scales of horizontal motion along the ocean bottom are in the thousands of years, the refractory dissolved organic carbon is slowly consumed on its way from the North Atlantic and reaches a minimum in the North Pacific.
As emergent
Dissolved organic matter is a heterogeneous pool of thousands, likely millions, of organic compounds. These compounds differ not only in composition and concentration (from pM to μM), but also originate from various organisms (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria) and environments (terrestrial vegetation and soils, coastal fringe ecosystems) and may have been produced recently or thousands of years ago. Moreover, even organic compounds deriving from the same source and of the same age may have been subjected to different processing histories prior to accumulating within the same pool of DOM.
Interior ocean DOM is a highly modified fraction that remains after years of exposure to sunlight, utilization by heterotrophs, flocculation and coagulation, and interaction with particles. Many of these processes within the DOM pool are compound- or class-specific. For example, condensed aromatic compounds are highly photosensitive, whereas proteins, carbohydrates, and their monomers are readily taken up by bacteria. Microbes and other consumers are selective in the type of DOM they utilize and typically prefer certain organic compounds over others. Consequently, DOM becomes less reactive as it is continually reworked. Said another way, the DOM pool becomes less labile and more refractory with degradation. As it is reworked, organic compounds are continually being added to the bulk DOM pool by physical mixing, exchange with particles, and/or production of organic molecules by the consumer community. As such, the compositional changes that occur during degradation are more complex than the simple removal of more labile components and resultant accumulation of remaining, less labile compounds.
Dissolved organic matter recalcitrance (i.e., its overall reactivity toward degradation and/or utilization) is therefore an emergent property. The perception of DOM recalcitrance changes during organic matter degradation and in conjunction with any other process that removes or adds organic compounds to the DOM pool under consideration.
The surprising resistance of high concentrations of DOC to microbial degradation has been addressed by several hypotheses. The prevalent notion is that the recalcitrant fraction of DOC has certain chemical properties, which prevent decomposition by microbes ("intrinsic stability hypothesis"). An alternative or additional explanation is given by the "dilution hypothesis", that all compounds are labile, but exist in concentrations individually too low to sustain microbial populations but collectively form a large pool. The dilution hypothesis has found support in recent experimental and theoretical studies.
DOM isolation and analysis
DOM is found in low concentrations in nature for direct analysis with NMR or MS. Moreover, DOM samples often contain high concentrations of inorganic salts that are incompatible with such techniques. Therefore, it is necessary a concentration and isolation step of the sample. The most used isolation techniques are ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and solid-phase extraction. Among them solid-phase extraction is considered as the cheapest and easiest technique.
See also
Blackwater river
Dissolved inorganic carbon
Foam line
Microbial loop
Total organic carbon
References
External links
Hansell DA and Carlson CA (Eds.) (2014) Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, Second edition, Academic Press. .
Environmental chemistry
Water quality indicators
Water chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved%20organic%20carbon |
The Catholic Church in Algeria is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
Prior to independence, Algeria was home to a million Catholic settlers (10%). Some Moroccans of Berber (mostly Kabyle) or Arab descent converted to Christianity during the French colonialism. Since independence in 1962, the European Catholic population has decreased substantially, and many Catholics left to France or Spain. Prior to independence, the European Catholic settlers had historic legacy and powerful presence. Independence prompted a mass exodus of the European Catholic settlers; after series of violence events over 1962 more than 80% of Catholic settlers left the country.
21st century
In 2020, Catholics made up 0.01-0.02% of the country's population; there were 62 priests and 116 nuns serving across 30 parishes.
In 2022, the Catholic Church noted that they were able to carry out religious services and prison visits without interference from the authorities.
Jurisdictions
The country is divided into four Latin dioceses, including one archdiocese with two suffragan dioceses and one exempt diocese (ie immediately subject to the Holy See.)
Ecclesiastical province of Alger
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Alger
Diocese of Constantine
Diocese of Oran
Exempt diocese
Diocese of Laghouat (Immediately subject to the Holy See)
During French colonial rule, the Catholic population of Algeria peaked at over one million, but most of these left following Algeria's independence in 1962. There were about 45,000 Catholics residing in the country in the 1980's.
See also
List of Catholic dioceses in Algeria, including former jurisdictions, notably many titular sees
List of Catholic churches in Algeria
List of Saints from Africa
List of Christian saints of Algeria
Religion in Algeria
Christianity in Algeria
References
Sources and external links
Official Website of the Catholic Church in Algeria
Statistics relating to the Catholic Church in Algeria
GCatholic.org. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Algeria |
Moorrege, located north west of Hamburg at the small river Pinnau, close to the Elbe river, is a municipality in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Moorrege is around south of Uetersen.
Moorrege is the seat of the Amt ("collective municipality") Geest und Marsch Südholstein.
The municipality is known as the birthplace of purported Nazi-resister August Landmesser.
References
External links
Moorreger SV
Pinneberg (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorrege |
Ashvini (अश्विनी aśvinī) is the first nakshatra (lunar mansion) in Hindu astronomy having a spread from 0°-0'-0" to 13°-20', corresponding to the head of Aries, including the stars β and γ Arietis. The name aśvinī is used by Varahamihira (6th century). The older name of the asterism, found in the Atharvaveda (AVS 19.7; in the dual) and in Panini (4.3.36), was aśvayúj, "harnessing horses".
Astrology
The word Ashvini means horsewoman or born from a female horse. It is said to be a "Maha-nakshatra". The mother of Ashwini Kumars is Sanjana, and the father is Sun but in horse form known as Vivaswat. Ashvini is also known as the star of transport. The Chariot of Sun God is pulled by seven horses or the seven colors of the rainbow. Therefore, energy or power is associated with horses and we call it horse-power in literal terms. Ashwini thus relates to speed and agility. Ashvini is ruled by Ketu, the descending lunar node. In electional astrology, Asvini is classified as a small constellation, meaning that it is believed to be advantageous to begin works of a precise or delicate nature while the moon is in Ashvini. Asvini is ruled by the Ashvins, the heavenly twins who served as physicians to the gods. Personified, Asvini is considered to be the wife of the Asvini Kumaras. Ashvini is represented either by the head of a horse, or by honey and the bee hive.
Traditional Hindu given names are determined by which pada (quarter) of a nakshatra the Ascendant/Lagna was in at the time of birth. In the case of Ashvini, the given name would begin with the following syllables: Chu, Che, Cho, La.
Ashvini Nakshatra Born Personality Traits
Males and females born under Ashvini nakshatra are readily willing to take chances. They have a very dynamic and vivacious personality. These people never suffer from lack of zeal. They constantly try to achieve something significant in life as simple things to do not satisfy them. These people exude speed, vitality, and have a lively disposition. They are intelligent and athletic with an ability to make good decisions after quickly grasping the circumstances. They are inquisitive by nature and have an interest in topics like religion, and the occult. Although brave and courageous, people born in this nakshatra must learn to control their anger. They are opinionated and do not get swayed by other people when taking decisions.
See also
List of Nakshatras
References
Nakshatra Ashvini Nakshatra - vedshastra.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvini |
The Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan is a botanical garden located in a hilly area of the southwestern Sydney suburb of , between Campbelltown and Camden, New South Wales. It is the largest botanical garden in Australia, specializing in native plants, with a collection of over 4000 species. Officially opened in 1988, it was known as Mount Annan Botanic Garden, until 2011.
History and management
The traditional custodians of the land now occupied by the gardens were the Dharawal indigenous Australian people.
Later, it became dairy pasture land, before the land was acquired by the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust in 1984 and The garden was opened to the public in 1988 by the Duchess of York, Sarah Ferguson. The gardens are managed by the Botanic Gardens Trust trading the Botanic Gardens & Centennial Parklands, that also has responsibility for the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney and the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden at . The trust is a division of the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage.
The original name was Mount Annan Botanic Garden and the name was changed in 2011 to The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan.
From 2014, Save a Species Walk has been conducted to raise funds to support saving specific species.
Description
The garden consists of Australian Bushland with cultivated displays. It is the Australian Plant Garden of the Botanic Gardens Trust and includes not only picnic areas and over of walking tracks, but also a native flora research facility and the NSW PlantBank. Its themed features include:
Woodland Conservation Area
Woodland Picnic Area
Stolen Generations Memorial
The Australian PlantBank
Visitor Centre, Cafe & Playground
Lakeside Lawn
Connections Garden
Fig Tree Wedding Arboretum & Knot
Sundial of Human Involvement
Wollemi Discovery Walk
Big Idea Garden
Mountain Bike Trail
Wattle Garden
Banksia Garden
Callitris Grove
Kurrajong Arboretum
Mallee Eucalypts
The Blue Tree
The Woodland Picnic Area highlights the endangered Cumberland Plain Woodland found within the estate. The garden is also a haven for over 160 species of birds as well as wallaroos, wallabies and kangaroos that call the garden home. With the rapid growth occurring in the Macarthur region it is fast becoming a wildlife corridor for our local native fauna.
Mount Annan Botanic Garden covers a vast area and is accessible by two loop roads that traverse the site, however visitors will miss the beauty of the location if they do not stop throughout and walk around the different garden locations. From the top of Sundial Hill visitors have spectacular 360° views of the surrounding countryside including views of the Sydney skyline.
Since inception, the garden has undergone intense development including major changes to what was once the Terrace Garden that has been renamed to the Connections Garden, which is now the showcase of the estate.
SeedBank
The SeedBank was established in 1986 as an integral part of Mount Annan Botanic Garden. Its initial role was to provide wild collected seed for the development of this new Garden, particularly the garden's major collections of wattles, eucalypts and plants in the family Proteaceae. The NSW Seedbank continues to support the ongoing development of Mount Annan Botanic Garden, but today the Seedbank also plays a major role internationally in conservation and research.
Plantbank
A major new PlantBank building was opened in October 2013 by Professor Marie Bashir , at the time the governor of New South Wales.
Wollemi Pine
The conservation and research includes the endangered Wollemi Pine that was discovered in 1994 in the Wollemi National Park, (part of the Greater Blue Mountains area), north-west of Sydney. The discovery of the species is considered to be one of the major botanical finds in recent history; it was previously thought to be extinct with only fossil records remaining. After the discovery, on or about 10 September 1994, the Wollemi Pine was first cultivated at Mount Annan in 1995. Prior to them becoming commercially available the trees were so valuable that they were grown inside steel cages to protect them from thieves. As part of the Conservation Management Plan for the pine, Mount Annan Botanic Garden is now home to the only publicly accessible collection of first generation pines (clonal replicas), in the Wollemi Walk of Discovery. The Walk was opened in March 2006 and is currently home to sixty of these Wollemi Pines.
Lakes and weather station
There are five major lakes in the garden. Lake Gilinganadum and Lake Nadungamba are in the northern section, passed by vehicles entering the garden. In the centre are Lake Sedgwick and Lake Fitzpatrick; whilst in the south is the Wattle Garden lake. Beyond the Wattle Garden lie three even smaller unnamed lakes.
To the east of Lake Nadungamba lies the Campbelltown Weather station, operated by the Bureau of Meteorology.
Macarthur Centre for Sustainable Living
At the northern end of the garden is the Macarthur Centre for Sustainable Living, which educates the local community on organic gardening. The centre is home to a large community garden for those wishing to grow their own vegetables and other plants, but who have no space in their own backyard. The aim of the centre is to promote sustainability, social equity, cultural diversity and economic stability. The site includes interactive displays of alternative energy production and use, waste water recycling, water and energy efficiency, waste avoidance and management. The facility functions to demonstrate how sustainability can be achieved at the individual household, community and regional levels.
Activities
Guided tours
Walks and scenic views
Bird-watching, including a public bird hide adjacent to Lake Nadungamba
A dedicated mountain bike area which has singletrack for competent, intermediate, and advanced riders
Picnic shelters with barbecue facilities
Café and visitor centre
Map
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See also
Auburn Botanical Gardens
Blue Mountains Botanic Garden
Hunter Valley Gardens
Macquarie Culvert
Mayfield Gardens
National Herbarium of New South Wales
Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney
The Domain, Sydney
References
External links
of the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan
Official Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney
Photographs of The Australian Botanic Garden at Mt Annan
Botanical gardens in New South Wales
Parks in Sydney
1988 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures awarded the Sir John Sulman Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Botanic%20Garden%20Mount%20Annan |
Visual search is a type of perceptual task requiring attention that typically involves an active scan of the visual environment for a particular object or feature (the target) among other objects or features (the distractors). Visual search can take place with or without eye movements. The ability to consciously locate an object or target amongst a complex array of stimuli has been extensively studied over the past 40 years. Practical examples of using visual search can be seen in everyday life, such as when one is picking out a product on a supermarket shelf, when animals are searching for food among piles of leaves, when trying to find a friend in a large crowd of people, or simply when playing visual search games such as Where's Wally?
Much previous literature on visual search used reaction time in order to measure the time it takes to detect the target amongst its distractors. An example of this could be a green square (the target) amongst a set of red circles (the distractors). However, reaction time measurements do not always distinguish between the role of attention and other factors: a long reaction time might be the result of difficulty directing attention to the target, or slowed decision-making processes or slowed motor responses after attention is already directed to the target and the target has already been detected. Many visual search paradigms have therefore used eye movement as a means to measure the degree of attention given to stimuli.
However, eyes can move independently of attention, and therefore eye movement measures do not completely capture the role of attention.
Search types
Feature search
Feature search (also known as "disjunctive" or "efficient" search) is a visual search process that focuses on identifying a previously requested target amongst distractors that differ from the target by a unique visual feature such as color, shape, orientation, or size. An example of a feature search task is asking a participant to identify a white square (target) surrounded by black squares (distractors). In this type of visual search, the distractors are characterized by the same visual features. The efficiency of feature search in regards to reaction time (RT) and accuracy depends on the "pop out" effect, bottom-up processing, and parallel processing. However, the efficiency of feature search is unaffected by the number of distractors present.
The "pop out" effect is an element of feature search that characterizes the target's ability to stand out from surrounding distractors due to its unique feature. Bottom-up processing, which is the processing of information that depends on input from the environment, explains how one utilizes feature detectors to process characteristics of the stimuli and differentiate a target from its distractors. This draw of visual attention towards the target due to bottom-up processes is known as "saliency." Lastly, parallel processing is the mechanism that then allows one's feature detectors to work simultaneously in identifying the target.
Conjunction search
Conjunction search (also known as inefficient or serial search) is a visual search process that focuses on identifying a previously requested target surrounded by distractors possessing no distinct features from the target itself. An example of a conjunction search task is having a person identify a red X (target) amongst distractors composed of black Xs (same shape) and red Os (same color). Unlike feature search, conjunction search involves distractors (or groups of distractors) that may differ from each other but exhibit at least one common feature with the target. The efficiency of conjunction search in regards to reaction time (RT) and accuracy is dependent on the distractor-ratio and the number of distractors present. As the distractors represent the differing individual features of the target more equally amongst themselves (distractor-ratio effect), reaction time(RT) increases and accuracy decreases. As the number of distractors present increases, the reaction time (RT) increases and the accuracy decreases. However, with practice the original reaction time (RT) restraints of conjunction search tend to show improvement. In the early stages of processing, conjunction search utilizes bottom-up processes to identify pre-specified features amongst the stimuli. These processes are then overtaken by a more serial process of consciously evaluating the indicated features of the stimuli in order to properly allocate one's focal spatial attention towards the stimulus that most accurately represents the target.
In many cases, top-down processing affects conjunction search by eliminating stimuli that are incongruent with one's previous knowledge of the target-description, which in the end allows for more efficient identification of the target. An example of the effect of top-down processes on a conjunction search task is when searching for a red 'K' among red 'Cs' and black 'Ks', individuals ignore the black letters and focus on the remaining red letters in order to decrease the set size of possible targets and, therefore, more efficiently identify their target.
Real world visual search
In everyday situations, people are most commonly searching their visual fields for targets that are familiar to them. When it comes to searching for familiar stimuli, top-down processing allows one to more efficiently identify targets with greater complexity than can be represented in a feature or conjunction search task. In a study done to analyze the reverse-letter effect, which is the idea that identifying the asymmetric letter among symmetric letters is more efficient than its reciprocal, researchers concluded that individuals more efficiently recognize an asymmetric letter among symmetric letters due to top-down processes. Top-down processes allowed study participants to access prior knowledge regarding shape recognition of the letter N and quickly eliminate the stimuli that matched their knowledge. In the real world, one must use prior knowledge everyday in order to accurately and efficiently locate objects such as phones, keys, etc. among a much more complex array of distractors. Despite this complexity, visual search with complex objects (and search for categories of objects, such as "phone", based on prior knowledge) appears to rely on the same active scanning processes as conjunction search with less complex, contrived laboratory stimuli, although global statistical information available in real-world scenes can also help people locate target objects. While bottom-up processes may come into play when identifying objects that are not as familiar to a person, overall top-down processing highly influences visual searches that occur in everyday life. Familiarity can play especially critical roles when parts of objects are not visible (as when objects are partly hidden from view because they are behind other objects). Visual information from hidden parts can be recalled from long-term memory and used to facilitate search for familiar objects.
Reaction time slope
It is also possible to measure the role of attention within visual search experiments by calculating the slope of reaction time over the number of distractors present. Generally, when high levels of attention are required when looking at a complex array of stimuli (conjunction search), the slope increases as reaction times increase. For simple visual search tasks (feature search), the slope decreases due to reaction times being fast and requiring less attention. However, the use of a reaction time slope to measure attention is controversial because non-attentional factors can also affect reaction time slope.
Visual orienting and attention
One obvious way to select visual information is to turn towards it, also known as visual orienting. This may be a movement of the head and/or eyes towards the visual stimulus, called a saccade. Through a process called foveation, the eyes fixate on the object of interest, making the image of the visual stimulus fall on the fovea of the eye, the central part of the retina with the sharpest visual acuity.
There are two types of orienting:
Exogenous orienting is the involuntary and automatic movement that occurs to direct one's visual attention toward a sudden disruption in his peripheral vision field. Attention is therefore externally guided by a stimulus, resulting in a reflexive saccade.
Endogenous orienting is the voluntary movement that occurs in order for one to focus visual attention on a goal-driven stimulus. Thus, the focus of attention of the perceiver can be manipulated by the demands of a task. A scanning saccade is triggered endogenously for the purpose of exploring the visual environment.
Visual search relies primarily on endogenous orienting because participants have the goal to detect the presence or absence of a specific target object in an array of other distracting objects.
Early research suggested that attention could be covertly (without eye movement) shifted to peripheral stimuli, but later studies found that small saccades (microsaccades) occur during these tasks, and that these eye movements are frequently directed towards the attended locations (whether or not there are visible stimuli). These findings indicate that attention plays a critical role in understanding visual search.
Subsequently, competing theories of attention have come to dominate visual search discourse. The environment contains a vast amount of information. We are limited in the amount of information we are able to process at any one time, so it is therefore necessary that we have mechanisms by which extraneous stimuli can be filtered and only relevant information attended to. In the study of attention, psychologists distinguish between pre-attentive and attentional processes. Pre-attentive processes are evenly distributed across all input signals, forming a kind of "low-level" attention. Attentional processes are more selective and can only be applied to specific preattentive input. A large part of the current debate in visual search theory centres on selective attention and what the visual system is capable of achieving without focal attention.
Theory
Feature integration theory (FIT)
A popular explanation for the different reaction times of feature and conjunction searches is the feature integration theory (FIT), introduced by Treisman and Gelade in 1980. This theory proposes that certain visual features are registered early, automatically, and are coded rapidly in parallel across the visual field using pre-attentive processes.
Experiments show that these features include luminance, colour, orientation, motion direction, and velocity, as well as some simple aspects of form. For example, a red X can be quickly found among any number of black Xs and Os because the red X has the discriminative feature of colour and will "pop out." In contrast, this theory also suggests that in order to integrate two or more visual features belonging to the same object, a later process involving integration of information from different brain areas is needed and is coded serially using focal attention. For example, when locating an orange square among blue squares and orange triangles, neither the colour feature "orange" nor the shape feature "square" is sufficient to locate the search target. Instead, one must integrate information of both colour and shape to locate the target.
Evidence that attention and thus later visual processing is needed to integrate two or more features of the same object is shown by the occurrence of illusory conjunctions, or when features do not combine correctly For example, if a display of a green X and a red O are flashed on a screen so briefly that the later visual process of a serial search with focal attention cannot occur, the observer may report seeing a red X and a green O.
The FIT is a dichotomy because of the distinction between its two stages: the preattentive and attentive stages. Preattentive processes are those performed in the first stage of the FIT model, in which the simplest features of the object are being analyzed, such as color, size, and arrangement. The second attentive stage of the model incorporates cross-dimensional processing, and the actual identification of an object is done and information about the target object is put together. This theory has not always been what it is today; there have been disagreements and problems with its proposals that have allowed the theory to be amended and altered over time, and this criticism and revision has allowed it to become more accurate in its description of visual search. There have been disagreements over whether or not there is a clear distinction between feature detection and other searches that use a master map accounting for multiple dimensions in order to search for an object. Some psychologists support the idea that feature integration is completely separate from this type of master map search, whereas many others have decided that feature integration incorporates this use of a master map in order to locate an object in multiple dimensions.
The FIT also explains that there is a distinction between the brain's processes that are being used in a parallel versus a focal attention task. Chan and Hayward have conducted multiple experiments supporting this idea by demonstrating the role of dimensions in visual search. While exploring whether or not focal attention can reduce the costs caused by dimension-switching in visual search, they explained that the results collected supported the mechanisms of the feature integration theory in comparison to other search-based approaches. They discovered that single dimensions allow for a much more efficient search regardless of the size of the area being searched, but once more dimensions are added it is much more difficult to efficiently search, and the bigger the area being searched the longer it takes for one to find the target.
Guided search model
A second main function of preattentive processes is to direct focal attention to the most "promising" information in the visual field. There are two ways in which these processes can be used to direct attention: bottom-up activation (which is stimulus-driven) and top-down activation (which is user-driven). In the guided search model by Jeremy Wolfe, information from top-down and bottom-up processing of the stimulus is used to create a ranking of items in order of their attentional priority. In a visual search, attention will be directed to the item with the highest priority. If that item is rejected, then attention will move on to the next item and the next, and so forth. The guided search theory follows that of parallel search processing.
An activation map is a representation of visual space in which the level of activation at a location reflects the likelihood that the location contains a target. This likelihood is based on preattentive, featural information of the perceiver. According to the guided search model, the initial processing of basic features produces an activation map, with every item in the visual display having its own level of activation. Attention is demanded based on peaks of activation in the activation map in a search for the target. Visual search can proceed efficiently or inefficiently. During efficient search, performance is unaffected by the number of distractor items. The reaction time functions are flat, and the search is assumed to be a parallel search. Thus, in the guided search model, a search is efficient if the target generates the highest, or one of the highest activation peaks. For example, suppose someone is searching for red, horizontal targets. Feature processing would activate all red objects and all horizontal objects. Attention is then directed to items depending on their level of activation, starting with those most activated. This explains why search times are longer when distractors share one or more features with the target stimuli. In contrast, during inefficient search, the reaction time to identify the target increases linearly with the number of distractor items present. According to the guided search model, this is because the peak generated by the target is not one of the highest.
Biological basis
During visual search experiments the posterior parietal cortex has elicited much activation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments for inefficient conjunction search, which has also been confirmed through lesion studies. Patients with lesions to the posterior parietal cortex show low accuracy and very slow reaction times during a conjunction search task but have intact feature search remaining to the ipsilesional (the same side of the body as the lesion) side of space.
Ashbridge, Walsh, and Cowey in (1997)
demonstrated that during the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the right parietal cortex, conjunction search was impaired by 100 milliseconds after stimulus onset. This was not found during feature search. Nobre, Coull, Walsh and Frith (2003)
identified using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that the intraparietal sulcus located in the superior parietal cortex was activated specifically to feature search and the binding of individual perceptual features as opposed to conjunction search. Conversely, the authors further identify that for conjunction search, the superior parietal lobe and the right angular gyrus elicit bilaterally during fMRI experiments.
In contrast, Leonards, Sunaert, Vam Hecke and Orban (2000) identified that significant activation is seen during fMRI experiments in the superior frontal sulcus primarily for conjunction search. This research hypothesises that activation in this region may in fact reflect working memory for holding and maintaining stimulus information in mind in order to identify the target. Furthermore, significant frontal activation including the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were seen during positron emission tomography for attentional spatial representations during visual search.
The same regions associated with spatial attention in the parietal cortex coincide with the regions associated with feature search. Furthermore, the frontal eye field (FEF) located bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex, plays a critical role in saccadic eye movements and the control of visual attention.
Moreover, research into monkeys and single cell recording found that the superior colliculus is involved in the selection of the target during visual search as well as the initiation of movements. Conversely, it also suggested that activation in the superior colliculus results from disengaging attention, ensuring that the next stimulus can be internally represented. The ability to directly attend to a particular stimuli during visual search experiments has been linked to the pulvinar nucleus (located in the midbrain) while inhibiting attention to unattended stimuli. Conversely, Bender and Butter (1987) found that during testing on monkeys, no involvement of the pulvinar nucleus was identified during visual search tasks.
There is evidence for the V1 Saliency Hypothesis that the primary visual cortex (V1) creates a bottom-up saliency map to guide attention exogenously, and this V1 saliency map is read out by the superior colliculus which receives monosynaptic inputs from V1.
Evolution
There is a variety of speculation about the origin and evolution of visual search in humans. It has been shown that during visual exploration of complex natural scenes, both humans and nonhuman primates make highly stereotyped eye movements. Furthermore, chimpanzees have demonstrated improved performance in visual searches for upright human or dog faces, suggesting that visual search (particularly where the target is a face) is not peculiar to humans and that it may be a primal trait. Research has suggested that effective visual search may have developed as a necessary skill for survival, where being adept at detecting threats and identifying food was essential.
The importance of evolutionarily relevant threat stimuli was demonstrated in a study by LoBue and DeLoache (2008) in which children (and adults) were able to detect snakes more rapidly than other targets amongst distractor stimuli. However, some researchers question whether evolutionarily relevant threat stimuli are detected automatically.
Face recognition
Over the past few decades there have been vast amounts of research into face recognition, specifying that faces endure specialized processing within a region called the fusiform face area (FFA) located in the mid fusiform gyrus in the temporal lobe. Debates are ongoing whether both faces and objects are detected and processed in different systems and whether both have category specific regions for recognition and identification. Much research to date focuses on the accuracy of the detection and the time taken to detect the face in a complex visual search array. When faces are displayed in isolation, upright faces are processed faster and more accurately than inverted faces, but this effect was observed in non-face objects as well. When faces are to be detected among inverted or jumbled faces, reaction times for intact and upright faces increase as the number of distractors within the array is increased. Hence, it is argued that the 'pop out' theory defined in feature search is not applicable in the recognition of faces in such visual search paradigm. Conversely, the opposite effect has been argued and within a natural environmental scene, the 'pop out' effect of the face is significantly shown. This could be due to evolutionary developments as the need to be able to identify faces that appear threatening to the individual or group is deemed critical in the survival of the fittest. More recently, it was found that faces can be efficiently detected in a visual search paradigm, if the distracters are non-face objects, however it is debated whether this apparent 'pop out' effect is driven by a high-level mechanism or by low-level confounding features. Furthermore, patients with developmental prosopagnosia, who have impaired face identification, generally detect faces normally, suggesting that visual search for faces is facilitated by mechanisms other than the face-identification circuits of the fusiform face area.
Patients with forms of dementia can also have deficits in facial recognition and the ability to recognize human emotions in the face. In a meta-analysis of nineteen different studies comparing normal adults with dementia patients in their abilities to recognize facial emotions, the patients with frontotemporal dementia were seen to have a lower ability to recognize many different emotions. These patients were much less accurate than the control participants (and even in comparison with Alzheimer's patients) in recognizing negative emotions, but were not significantly impaired in recognizing happiness. Anger and disgust in particular were the most difficult for the dementia patients to recognize.
Face recognition is a complex process that is affected by many factors, both environmental and individually internal. Other aspects to be considered include race and culture and their effects on one's ability to recognize faces. Some factors such as the cross-race effect can influence one's ability to recognize and remember faces.
Considerations
Ageing
Research indicates that performance in conjunctive visual search tasks significantly improves during childhood and declines in later life. More specifically, young adults have been shown to have faster reaction times on conjunctive visual search tasks than both children and older adults, but their reaction times were similar for feature visual search tasks. This suggests that there is something about the process of integrating visual features or serial searching that is difficult for children and older adults, but not for young adults. Studies have suggested numerous mechanisms involved in this difficulty in children, including peripheral visual acuity, eye movement ability, ability of attentional focal movement, and the ability to divide visual attention among multiple objects.
Studies have suggested similar mechanisms in the difficulty for older adults, such as age related optical changes that influence peripheral acuity, the ability to move attention over the visual field, the ability to disengage attention, and the ability to ignore distractors.
A study by Lorenzo-López et al. (2008) provides neurological evidence for the fact that older adults have slower reaction times during conjunctive searches compared to young adults. Event-related potentials (ERPs) showed longer latencies and lower amplitudes in older subjects than young adults at the P3 component, which is related to activity of the parietal lobes. This suggests the involvement of the parietal lobe function with an age-related decline in the speed of visual search tasks. Results also showed that older adults, when compared to young adults, had significantly less activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and many limbic and occipitotemporal regions that are involved in performing visual search tasks.
Alzheimer's disease
Research has found that people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are significantly impaired overall in visual search tasks.
People with AD manifest enhanced spatial cueing, but this benefit is only obtained for cues with high spatial precision. Abnormal visual attention may underlie certain visuospatial difficulties in patients with (AD). People with AD have hypometabolism and neuropathology in the parietal cortex, and given the role of parietal function for visual attention, patients with AD may have hemispatial neglect, which may result in difficulty with disengaging attention in visual search.
An experiment conducted by Tales et al. (2000) investigated the ability of patients with AD to perform various types of visual search tasks. Their results showed that search rates on "pop-out" tasks were similar for both AD and control groups, however, people with AD searched significantly slower compared to the control group on a conjunction task. One interpretation of these results is that the visual system of AD patients has a problem with feature binding, such that it is unable to communicate the different feature descriptions for the stimulus efficiently. Binding of features is thought to be mediated by areas in the temporal and parietal cortex, and these areas are known to be affected by AD-related pathology.
Another possibility for the impairment of people with AD on conjunction searches is that there may be some damage to general attentional mechanisms in AD, and therefore any attention-related task will be affected, including visual search.
Tales et al. (2000) detected a double dissociation with their experimental results on AD and visual search. Earlier work was carried out on patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) concerning the impairment patients with PD have on visual search tasks. In those studies, evidence was found of impairment in PD patients on the "pop-out" task, but no evidence was found on the impairment of the conjunction task. As discussed, AD patients show the exact opposite of these results: normal performance was seen on the "pop-out" task, but impairment was found on the conjunction task. This double dissociation provides evidence that PD and AD affect the visual pathway in different ways, and that the pop-out task and the conjunction task are differentially processed within that pathway.
Autism
Studies have consistently shown that autistic individuals performed better and with lower reaction times in feature and conjunctive visual search tasks than matched controls without autism. Several explanations for these observations have been suggested.
One possibility is that people with autism have enhanced perceptual capacity. This means that autistic individuals are able to process larger amounts of perceptual information, allowing for superior parallel processing and hence faster target location. Second, autistic individuals show superior performance in discrimination tasks between similar stimuli and therefore may have an enhanced ability to differentiate between items in the visual search display. A third suggestion is that autistic individuals may have stronger top-down target excitation processing and stronger distractor inhibition processing than controls.
Keehn et al. (2008) used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging design to study the neurofunctional correlates of visual search in autistic children and matched controls of typically developing children. Autistic children showed superior search efficiency and increased neural activation patterns in the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes when compared to the typically developing children. Thus, autistic individuals' superior performance on visual search tasks may be due to enhanced discrimination of items on the display, which is associated with occipital activity, and increased top-down shifts of visual attention, which is associated with the frontal and parietal areas.
Consumer psychology
In the past decade, there has been extensive research into how companies can maximise sales using psychological techniques derived from visual search to determine how products should be positioned on shelves. Pieters and Warlop (1999) used eye tracking devices to assess saccades and fixations of consumers while they visually scanned/searched an array of products on a supermarket shelf. Their research suggests that consumers specifically direct their attention to products with eye-catching properties such as shape, colour or brand name. This effect is due to a pressured visual search where eye movements accelerate and saccades minimise, thus resulting in the consumer's quickly choosing a product with a 'pop out' effect. This study suggests that efficient search is primarily used, concluding that consumers do not focus on items that share very similar features. The more distinct or maximally visually different a product is from surrounding products, the more likely the consumer is to notice it. Janiszewski (1998) discussed two types of consumer search. One search type is goal directed search taking place when somebody uses stored knowledge of the product in order to make a purchase choice. The second is exploratory search. This occurs when the consumer has minimal previous knowledge about how to choose a product. It was found that for exploratory search, individuals would pay less attention to products that were placed in visually competitive areas such as the middle of the shelf at an optimal viewing height. This was primarily due to the competition in attention meaning that less information was maintained in visual working memory for these products.
References
Neuropsychology
Perception
Cognitive psychology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20search |
The Vale class was a class of five Rendel (or "flat-iron") gunboats built for the Royal Norwegian Navy between 1874 and 1878. Small, nimble vessels, they were armed with a single large calibre muzzle-loading gun for offensive purposes and several small, quick firing guns for self-defence.
Service history
Shortly before the First World War, the five vessels were rebuilt as minelayers. During this rebuild, the heavy muzzle-loading gun was replaced with a more modern 12 cm breech-loader, and on Nor and Vidar one of the 37 mm guns was replaced with a more potent 47 mm gun. Since the heavy gun and ammunition was removed, these diminutive vessels could carry a useful number of mines.
All vessels were kept in service until the German invasion in 1940 and with the exception of Uller, which was sunk by the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service after capture by the Germans, they all spent the remainder of the war in German hands.
After the Second World War the vessels were returned to the Royal Norwegian Navy, and scrapped over the course of the next few years.
Ships
References
Naval history via Flix: KNM Vale, retrieved 27 February 2006
Byggenummer ved Horten verft, retrieved 27 February 2006
Ships of the Norwegian navy , retrieved 27 February 2006
Gunboat classes
Mine warfare vessel classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale-class%20gunboat |
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