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Alan Murphy (18 November 1953 – 19 October 1989) was an English rock session guitarist, best remembered for his collaborations with Kate Bush and Go West. In 1988, he joined the jazz-funk band Level 42 as a full-time band member, and played with them until his death from pneumonia, resulting from AIDS, in 1989. He also played lead guitar on select recordings by Mike and the Mechanics, including the hit single "Silent Running (On Dangerous Ground)".
Biography
Murphy's first musical group was called Blackmass and consisted of Murphy, Roy Phillips, James Hedges, Terry Eden, Steve Paget, and Vincent Duffy. Blackmass were named in tribute to Deep Purple guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, an early influence of Murphy's, and existed for about two years until some of the band's equipment was stolen and the group disbanded.
SFX was an instrumental jazz-rock fusion band featuring Murphy and fellow luminaries of the session world, Felix Krish on bass, Tony Beard on drums and Richard Cottle on keyboards. SFX originated from the covers band "The Stapleton Allstars", morphing into SFX after creating a set of original instrumental fusion tunes. They played the occasional interrupted residency at the Cricketers pub, near The Oval cricket ground. The band recorded an album which was subsequently released after Murphy's death.
Murphy performed with Fusion Orchestra for the better part of 1975. In 1982, he handled on-stage guitar duties for London-based new wave vocalist Zaine Griff (originally from New Zealand), performing music that was in many ways a stylistic precursor to the sound of Go West that he would help forge several years later. In 1984, Murphy worked on the album Cold in a Warm Climate with the band Paparazzi, becoming a member in preparation for a major European tour. When Paparazzi unexpectedly dissolved over internal disagreements and managerial problems, Murphy was recruited to play on the debut album of Go West in 1985, shortly thereafter becoming an official member and a key component in their sound.
Murphy was enlisted to support Kate Bush on The Tour of Life, which took in Europe and the UK in 1979. Both a live video and EP were released with material taken from this tour. He also contributed to her albums Never for Ever (1980), The Dreaming (1982), Hounds of Love (1985), The Sensual World (1989), and the single "Rocket Man".
In 1988, Murphy was asked to replace Level 42 guitarist Boon Gould, and recorded with the band on their album, Staring at the Sun (1988). A live album was recorded during this period, Live at Wembley. This was one of the last major projects that Murphy worked on before his death.
Murphy was a session man who worked with many artists, including Rod Stewart on the Atlantic Crossing Tour in 1976, David Bowie, Ace on their No. 1 hit "How Long", Nick Heyward, Long John Baldry, Joan Armatrading, Mike and the Mechanics, Amii Stewart, Andrew Caine, Eikichi Yazawa, Scritti Politti, So, Iain Williams and Miquel Brown. Alan also shared an extensive and fruitful writing partnership with his distant cousin Michael Finbarr Murphy who wrote and played guitar for Heatwave, Central Line and Diana Ross among others.
Death
During 1989, Murphy played at the British Music Fair, but it was evident from his appearance that he was not well. With Level 42, he performed "Heaven in My Hands" and "Lessons in Love" at The Prince's Trust Rock Gala, a charity event held at the NEC in Birmingham on 19 July 1989. On 19 October 1989, weakened by the AIDS virus, Murphy died of pneumonia in Westminster Hospital, near his old school at the age of 35. He had kept the facts of his illness a secret even from his colleagues and fellow band members; according to Level 42 bassist Mark King, the band knew that Murphy was gay and his death was a 'dreadful loss'.
Legacy
In the music video for Kate Bush's version of "Rocket Man", released as part of the 1991 tribute album Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin, she performs with her band but there is an empty chair, a guitar and a candle where Murphy would have been, and cross-faded footage of him playing in the closing choruses. 'This is one of the last tracks that he did with us,' Bush told BBC Radio 1, 'and it's particularly nice for me to feel that it's not only keeping him alive, but I know he would be really thrilled to know that [the single] was doing so well. And it's nice for all of us that loved Al to know that he can be a part of this now.'
Bush's song "Moments of Pleasure" referenced Murphy and several other people dear to her who had died.
Level 42 referred to Murphy on the B-side to their 1994 single "Love in a Peaceful World", on the song "Heart on the Line"; 'So ring a bell for brother Al, he never did no wrong. The only thing he did was lay his heart out on the line.'
Discography
Kate Bush – Never for Ever (1980)
Kate Bush – The Dreaming (1982)
Chris Rea – Chris Rea (1982)
Go West – Go West (1985)
Scritti Politti – Cupid & Psyche 85 (1985)
Go West – Bangs & Crashes (1986)
Joan Armatrading – Secret Secrets (1985)
Kate Bush – Hounds of Love (1985)
Mike and the Mechanics – Mike + The Mechanics (1985)
Nick Heyward - Warning Sign (1986)
Go West – Dancing on the Couch (1987)
Level 42 – Staring at the Sun (1988)
Mike and the Mechanics – Living Years (1988)
Kate Bush – The Sensual World (1989)
SFX - SFX featuring Alan Murphy (1993)
Level 42 – Live at Wembley (1996)
References
External links
Alan Murphy website
Alan Murphy tribute website
Live recordings of SFX and Alan Murphy at the Cricketers, Kennington, London
Love Is Suicide by Iain Williams & the 1984 Project which features Alan Murphy on guitar and Hans Zimmer on Fairlight CMI synth and LinnDrum.
1953 births
1989 deaths
Musicians from Islington (district)
Level 42 members
AIDS-related deaths in England
English session musicians
20th-century English musicians
20th-century British guitarists
Deaths from pneumonia in England
English rock guitarists
Lead guitarists
English jazz guitarists
English male guitarists
English gay musicians
20th-century British male musicians
British male jazz musicians
20th-century English LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Murphy |
Edward A. Rawlinson, SOM (1912–1992) was a Canadian businessman. Born in Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan, Rawlinson became the youngest chartered accountant in Canada in 1934. During the Second World War he was manager of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan flying school in Prince Albert.
In 1946 Rawlinson bought CKBI radio station in Prince Albert and in 1958 he established CKBI-TV. He subsequently acquired radio stations in a number of other centres in Saskatchewan including Regina, Saskatoon, North Battleford and Meadow Lake. Rawlinson was president of Central Broadcasting and chairman of Rawlco Communications. He was a fellow of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants.
Rawlinson was recognized across Canada for his leadership in broadcasting. Past president and honorary life member of the Western Association of Broadcasters, he was also a former director of the Canadian Association of Broadcasters and a member of its hall of fame.
Among his many awards Rawlinson received the Rogers Family Award for excellence in broadcasting in 1989. He was also well known for service to the community; he was chairman of the board of Victoria Union Hospital in Prince Albert and active in the Anglican Diocese of Saskatchewan, Prince Albert Chamber of Commerce (of which he was a Life Member), and the University of Saskatchewan Board of Governors. In 1989 Rawlinson was the recipient of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit.
External links
Hospitals of Regina Foundation
E. A. Rawlinson Center for the Arts
Members of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit
Canadian mass media owners
Canadian radio executives
1912 births
1992 deaths
People from Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Rawlinson |
The NASA Paresev ("Paraglider Research Vehicle") was an experimental NASA glider aircraft based upon the kite-parachute studies by NASA engineer Francis Rogallo.
Between 1961 and 1965 the ability of the Rogallo wing (also called "Parawing") to descend a payload such as the Gemini space capsule safely from high altitude to ground was studied. The Paresev was a test vehicle used to learn how to control this parachute-wing for a safe landing at a normal airfield.
Publicity on the Paresev and the Ryan XV-8 "Flying Jeep" aircraft inspired hobbyists to adapt Rogallo's flexible wing airfoil onto elementary hang gliders leading to the most successful hang glider configuration in history.
Development
NASA experimented with the flexible Rogallo wing, which they renamed the Parawing, in order to evaluate it as a recovery system for the Gemini space capsules and recovery of used Saturn rocket stages. Under a directive by Paul Bikle, NASA engineer Charles Richard in 1961–1962 designed the collapsible four-tube Rogallo wing used in the Paresev. The Paresev series included wing configurations that were tightly foldable from the nose plate for easy transport, using initially a cloth sail and later one of Dacron.
Data developed by NASA in the late 1950s fed both the Charles Richard team and a different Ryan Aeronautical team that produced the Fleep. The Paresev used a cantilevered cross-beam but did not use a kingpost.
Note that the "paraglider" involved in the early 1960s experiments is a different airfoil concept used today in paragliding.
Design and construction
The Paresev 1A and 1B were unpowered; the "fuselage" was an open framework fabricated of welded SAE 4130 steel tubing, called a "space frame". The keel and leading edges of the wing were constructed of aluminium tubing. The leading edge sweepback angle was held at 50 degrees by a rigid spreader bar. Additional wing structure fabricated from steel tubing ensured structural integrity.
The basic vehicle was slightly more than high from the top of the paraglider's wing to the ground, while the length of the center keel was . Total weight was about On August 24, 1962, seven weeks after the project was initiated, the team rolled out the Paresev 1.
Control
The Paresev was controlled by moving the tensionally hung pilot's and fuselage's mass relative to the position of the wing. This mass-shifting was effected by tilting the wing from side to side and fore and aft by using a control stick in front of the pilot that descended from the wing above. Another version translated the same weight-shift control via cables. As the Paresev was towed in a kite mode, it usually rose from the ground at about and had a maximum air speed of about .
The Paresev control pendulum weight-shift control system was presaged by a published patent, an early use of the hung pilot behind a cable-stayed triangle control bar in 1908 in the territory of Breslau, and then also by the "control wing" of George Spratt in the 1920s.
Variants
Paresev 1 - first flight on January 25, 1962, crashed on March 14, 1962. Frame fitted with a linen membrane wing and the control stick coming from overhead in front of the pilot's seat.
Paresev 1A - first flight May 18, 1962, last flight was on June 28, 1962. Used a rebuilt frame from the Paresev 1, but had a control stick and a Dacron membrane wing.
Paresev 1B - first flight on July 27, 1962. Last flight on Feb 20, 1963.
Paresev 1C - first flight March 4, 1963. Last flight on April 14, 1964. It had a modified frame with a half-scale version of an inflatable parawing.
Paresev flight log (NOTE – This log is incomplete*): Paresev Flight Log
* The Paresev vehicle was flown 341 times. Thompson made numerous ground-tow flights and claimed about 60 air-tow flights. Peterson claimed 228 flights (ground and air tows). Grissom made two flights. Champine made four flights. Kleuver made at least eight flights. It is unknown how many times Armstrong, Hetzel, and Slayton flew.
Operational history
The Paresev completed nearly 350 flights during a research program that ran from 1962 until 1964. Using the fully flexible parawing or the tube-stiffened paraglider of the Paresev 1A, 1B, 1C as an alternate to spacecraft recovery was deemed too unreliable upon unfolding so round parachutes for water landings were used instead. The Paresev and other flexible-wing projects such as the Ryan XV-8 stopped being funded by NASA on 1965. Although Rogallo wrote about, modeled, and spoke about recreational applications including hang gliding, NASA was not in the business of applying Rogallo's family of airfoils to personal aircraft such as kites, hang gliders, and powered light aircraft.
The Paresev was transferred to the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum located in Washington, D.C. for display.
Test pilots
Milton Orville Thompson, NASA FRC
Robert Apgar Champine, NASA LRC
Neil A. Armstrong, NASA FRC
Bruce A. Peterson, NASA FRC
Charles Hetzel, North American Aviation
Maj. Emil "Jack" Kluever, U.S. Army
Donald K. "Deke" Slayton, NASA MSC
Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, NASA MSC
Tow aircraft
Piper PA-18 Super Cub (N-68P)
Cessna O-1 Bird Dog (50-1675)
Stearman (N69056)
Boeing HC-1A helicopter (58-5515)
Specifications
See also
References
External links
NASA Dryden Paresev Photo Collection
FIRST re-entry glider - astronautix article
Paresev photo collection by NASA:
Link to videos of Paresev in flight: ,
Paresev Flight Log, compiled by Peter W. Merlin, NASA History Department
Flight movies of Paresev 1B
EVALUATION OF TWO UNPOWERED MANNED PARAGLIDERS
Hewes, Donald E.: Free-Flight Investigation of Radio-Controlled Models With Parawings. NASA TN D-927, 1961. TN D-927
1960, August NASA Technical note D-443 Preliminary investigation of a paraglider.
members
1960s United States experimental aircraft
Glider aircraft
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
NASA aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in the United States
Parafoils | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA%20Paresev |
There are no known official statistics of religions in North Korea. Officially, North Korea is an atheist state, although its constitution guarantees free exercise of religion, provided that religious practice does not introduce foreign forces, harm the state, or harm the existing social order. Based on estimates from the late 1990s and the 2000s, North Korea is mostly irreligious, with the main religions being Shamanism and Chondoism. There are small communities of Buddhists and Christians. Chondoism is represented in politics by the Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way, and is regarded by the government as Korea's "national religion" because of its identity as a minjung (popular) and "revolutionary anti-imperialist" movement.
History
Before 1945
In ancient times, most Koreans believed in their indigenous religion socially guided by mu (shamans). Buddhism was introduced from the Chinese Former Qin state in 372 to the northern Korean state of Goguryeo, and developed into distinctive Korean forms. At that time, the Korean peninsula was divided into three kingdoms: the aforementioned Goguryeo in the north, Baekje in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast. Buddhism reached Silla only in the 5th century, but it was made the state religion only in that kingdom in the year 552. In Goguryeo, the Korean indigenous religion remained dominant, while Buddhism became more widespread in Silla and Baekje (both areas comprehended in modern South Korea).
In the following unified state of Goryeo (918–1392), that developed from Goguryeo incorporating the southern kingdoms, Buddhism flourished even becoming a political force. In the same period, the influence of Chinese Confucianism penetrated the country and led to the formation of Korean Confucianism that would have become the state ideology and religion of the following Joseon state.
The Joseon kingdom (1392–1910), strictly Neo-Confucian, harshly suppressed Buddhism and Shamanism. Buddhist monasteries were destroyed and their number dropped from several hundreds to a mere thirty-six; Buddhism was eradicated from the life of towns as monks and nuns were prohibited from entering them and were marginalised to the mountains. These restrictions lasted until the 19th century.
In this environment, Christianity began to rapidly gain foothold since the late 18th century, due to an intense missionary activity that was aided by the endorsement at first by the Silhak and Seohak intellectual parties, and then at the end of the following century by the king of Korea himself and the intellectual elite of the crumbling Joseon state, who were looking for a new social factor to invigorate the Korean nation. In the late 19th century, the Joseon state was politically and culturally collapsing. The intelligentsia was looking for solutions to invigorate and transform the nation. It was in this critical period that they came into contact with Western Protestant missionaries who offered a solution to the plight of Koreans. Christian communities already existed in Joseon, however it was only by the 1880s that the government allowed a large number of Western missionaries to enter the country. Protestant missionaries set up schools, hospitals and publishing agencies. The king of Korea and his family tacitly supported Christianity. From the late nineteenth century, the northwest of Korea, and Pyongyang in particular, became a stronghold of Christianity. As a result, Pyongyang was called the "Jerusalem of the East".
At the dawn of the 20th century, almost the totality of the population of Korea believed in the indigenous shamanic religion and practiced Confucian rites and ancestral worship. Buddhism was nearly dead, reduced to a tiny and weak minority of monks, despite its long history and cultural influence, because of 500 years of suppression by the ruling Neo-Confucian Joseon kingdom, which also disregarded traditional cults.
During the absorption of Korea into the Japanese Empire (1910–1945) the already formed link of Christianity with Korean nationalism was strengthened, as the Japanese tried to impose State Shinto and Christians refused to take part in Shinto rituals. At the same time, numerous religious movements that since the 19th century had been trying to reform the Korean indigenous religion, notably Chondoism, flourished. Christianity became widespread especially in the north of the peninsula, as did Chondoism which aimed to counter Christian influence.
North Korean revolutionary leader Kim Il Sung's writings address religion in the context of the national liberation struggle against Japan. Kim argued stated that if a religion "prays for dealing out divine punishment to Japan and blessing the Korean nation" then it is a "patriotic religion" and its believers are patriots and that in the context of a struggle for national salvation against Japan, religionists who share the agenda of liberation must be welcomed into the ranks. Kim criticized the protestant Christian creed, stating that while "[t]here is no law preventing religious believers from making the revolution," the lack of action led to "non-resistance" and psalms alone could not block the Japanese guns when "decisive battles" were necessary.
After the division
The Korean Peninsula was divided into two states in 1945, the communist north and the capitalist south. Most of the Korean Christians, that had been until then in the northern half of the peninsula, fled to South Korea. By contrast, most of Korean Chondoists remained in the newly formed North Korea. At the time of the partition they were 1.5 million, or 16% of North Korea's population. They participate to the politics of North Korea through the Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way.
North Korean leader Kim Il Sung attributed the relative lack of religious practice the north in part as a result of the bombing campaigns of the United States in the Korean War, which destroyed places of worship, crucifixes, icons, and Bibles: "believers were killed and passed into the world beyond." Kim recounted that believers saw their places of worship destroyed by Christians, and that Koreans in the north found their faith "powerless in shaping the destiny of human beings." In his analysis, Kim stated that Koreans in the north focused on rebuilding the country rather than churches, and additionally that the younger generation simply did not believe paradise could be obtained through worship and simply chose not to embrace religion.
After the war, Christians generally organized in house churches or small congregations. In the 1960's, the government permitted two hundred informal congregations in former centers of Christianity.
According to some estimates in 2005 in North Korea there are 3,846,000 (16% of the total population) believers of Shamanists, 3,245,000 (13.5%) Chondoists, 1,082,000 (4.5%) Buddhists, and 406,000 (1.7%) Christians.
In 1994 the Central Guidance Committee of the Korean Chondoist Association organised an impressive ceremony at the newly constructed Mausoleum of Dangun (mythical founder of the Korean nation) near Pyongyang. In 2007 there were approximately 800 Chondoist churches throughout the country and a large central building in Pyongyang, 60 Buddhist temples (maintained more as cultural relics than places of worship), and 5 Christian churches—three Protestant churches, one Catholic church, and one Russian Orthodox church, all of which located in Pyongyang.
In 2014, the Korea Conference of Religions for Peace held an inter-Korean meeting at Mount Kumgang, North Korea, and another took place in 2017 in Pyongyang.
Religion and politics
Although its constitution guarantees freedom of religion in Article 68, the principle is limited by the requirement that religion may not be used as a pretext to harm the state, introduce foreign forces, or harm the existing social order.
North Korean anti-religion campaigns and contrary views
It is very difficult for outside observers to know what has happened to North Korean religious bodies over the past 60 years due to the extreme isolation of the state. One interpretation has held that all open religious activity in North Korea was persecuted and eradicated after Kim Il-sung took power, only to be revived in the present as part of a political show. Another interpretation has held that religion survived and has genuinely been revived in the past few decades.
Kim Il-sung criticized religion in his writings, and North Korean propaganda in literature, movies and other media have presented religion in a negative light. Kim Il-sung's attack on religion was strongly based on the idea that religion had been used as a tool for imperialists in the Korean peninsula. He criticized Christians for collaborating with the United Nations' forces against him during the Korean War, although he praised Christians who supported him.
Accounts from the Korean War speak of harsh persecution of religion by Kim Il-sung in the areas he controlled. Prior to the war, the Christian population of the Korean peninsula was most heavily concentrated in the north; during the war, many of these Christians fled to the South. Some interpretations have considered that the Christian community was often of a higher socio-economic class than the rest of the population, which may have prompted its departure for fear of persecution. The large-scale destruction caused by the massive air raids and the suffering experienced by North Koreans during the Korean War helped foster hatred of Christianity as being the American religion. It was seen by many Koreans in the north as the religion of the imperialists.
According to a study by Ryu Dae Young, however:
Religion was attacked in the ensuing years as an obstacle to the construction of communism, and many people abandoned their former religions in order to conform to the new reality. On the basis of accounts from the Korean War as well as information from defectors, an interpretation has held that the North Korea was the second country (after Albania) to have completely eradicated religion by the 1960s.
Other interpretations have thought that they do represent genuine faith communities that survived the persecutions. An interpretation has considered that these religious communities may have been believers who genuinely adhered to Marxism–Leninism and the leadership of Kim Il-sung, thus ensuring their survival. This interpretation has been supported by recent evidence gathered that has shown that the North Korean government may have tolerated the existence of up to 200 pro-communist Christian congregations during the 1960s, and by the fact that several high-ranking people in the government were Christians and they were buried with high honours (for instance Kang Yang Wook was a Presbyterian minister who served as vice president of North Korea from 1972 to 1982, and Kim Chang Jun was a Methodist minister who served as vice chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly). Differing interpretations often agree on the disappearance of religion under Kim Il-sung in the first few decades of his rule. The government never made an open public policy statement about religion, leading to unresolved speculation among scholars as to what exactly the government's position was at any point in time.
Freedom of religion in the 2020s
In 2023, the country was scored zero out of 4 for religious freedom; as of May 2021, Christian Solidarity Worldwide estimated that almost 200,000 people were held in prison camps, mainly due to their Christian beliefs.
In the same year, the country was ranked as the worst place in the world to be a Christian.
Main religions
Cheondoism
Chondoism (천도교 Ch'ŏndogyo) or Cheondoism (South Korean spelling) is a religion with roots in Confucianised indigenous shamanism. It is the religious dimension of the Donghak ("Eastern Learning") movement that was founded by Choe Je-u (1824–1864), a member of an impoverished yangban (aristocratic) family, in 1860 as a counter-force to the rise of "foreign religions", which in his view included Buddhism and Christianity (part of Seohak, the wave of Western influence that penetrated Korean life at the end of the 19th century). Choe Je-u founded Chondoism after having been allegedly healed from illness by an experience of Sangje or Haneullim, the god of the universal Heaven in traditional shamanism.
The Donghak movement became so influential among common people that in 1864 the Joseon government sentenced Choe Je-u to death. The movement grew and in 1894 the members gave rise to the Donghak Peasant Revolution against the royal government. With the division of Korea in 1945, most of the Chondoist community remained in the north, where the majority of them dwelled.
Chondoism is the sole religion to be favoured by the North Korean government. It has political representation as the Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way, and is regarded by the government as Korea's "national religion" because of its identity as a minjung (popular) and "revolutionary anti-imperialist" movement.
Korean shamanism
Korean shamanism, also known as "Muism" (무교 Mugyo, "mu [shaman] religion") or "Sinism" (신교 Singyo, "religion of the shin () [gods]"), is the ethnic religion of Korea and the Koreans. Although used synonymously, the two terms are not identical: Jung Young Lee describes Muism as a form of Sinism – the shamanic tradition within the religion. Other names for the religion are "Sindo" (신도 "Way of the Gods") or "Sindoism" (신도교 Sindogyo, "religion of the Way of the Gods").
In contemporary Korean language the shaman-priest or mu () is known as a mudang ( ) if female or baksu if male, although other names and locutions are used. Korean mu "shaman" is synonymous with Chinese wu, which defines priests both male and female. The role of the mudang is to act as intermediary between the spirits or gods, and the human plain, through gut (rituals), seeking to resolve problems in the patterns of development of human life.
Central to the faith is the belief in Haneullim or Hwanin, meaning "source of all being", and of all gods of nature, the utmost god or the supreme mind. The mu are mythically described as descendants of the "Heavenly King", son of the "Holy Mother [of the Heavenly King]", with investiture often passed down through female princely lineage. However, other myths link the heritage of the traditional faith to Dangun, male son of the Heavenly King and initiator of the Korean nation.
Korean Muism has similarities with Chinese Wuism, Japanese Shinto, and with the Siberian, Mongolian, and Manchurian religious traditions. As highlighted by anthropological studies, the Korean ancestral god Dangun is related to the Ural-Altaic Tengri "Heaven", the shaman and the prince. The mudang is similar to the Japanese miko and the Ryukyuan yuta. Muism has exerted an influence on some Korean new religions, such as Chondoism in North Korea. According to various sociological studies, many Christian churches in Korea make use of practices rooted in shamanism as the Korean shamanic theology has affinity to that of Christianity.
In the 1890s, the twilight years of the Joseon kingdom, Protestant missionaries gained significant influence, and led a demonisation of the traditional religion through the press, and even carried out campaigns of physical suppression of local cults. The Protestant discourse would have had an influence on all further attempts to uproot Muism.
There is no knowledge about the survival of Korean shamanism in contemporary North Korea. Many northern shamans, displaced by war and politics, migrated to South Korea. Shamans in North Korea were (or are) of the same type of those of northern and central areas of South Korea (kangshinmu).
Minor religions
Buddhism
Buddhism (불교 Pulgyo) entered Korea from China during the period of the three kingdoms (372, or the 4th century). Buddhism was the dominant religious and cultural influence in the Silla (668–935) and subsequent Goryeo (918–1392) states. Confucianism was also brought to Korea from China in early centuries, and was formulated as Korean Confucianism in Goryeo. However, it was only in the subsequent Joseon kingdom (1392–1910) that Korean Confucianism was established as the state ideology and religion, and Korean Buddhism underwent 500 years of suppression, from which it began to recover only in the 20th century.
Buddhists are a minority in North Korea, and their traditions have developed differently from those of South Korean Buddhists after the division of the country. Buddhism in North Korea is practiced under the auspices of the official Korea Buddhist Federation, an organ of the North Korean state apparatus. North Korean Buddhist monks are entirely dependent on state wages for their livelihood as well as state authorization to practice. As of 2009, the leader of the Korean Buddhist Federation is Yu Yong-sun.
There are only 60 Buddhist temples in the country, and they are viewed as cultural relics from Korea's past rather than places of active worship. Also, there is a three-year college for training Buddhist clergy. A limited revival of Buddhism is apparently taking place. This includes the establishment of an academy for Buddhist studies and the publication of a twenty-five-volume translation of the Korean Tripitaka, or Buddhist scriptures, which had been carved on 80,000 wooden blocks and kept in the Buddhist temple, Pohyonsa which is located at Myohyangsan in central North Korea. Recently, South Korean Buddhist leaders have been allowed to travel to North Korea and participate in religious ceremonies or give aid to civilians.
Despite the North Korean government's official stance on religion, Buddhism along with Confucianism both still have an effect on cultural life in North Korea as they are traditional religions of traditional Korean culture.
Christianity
Christianity () became very popular in northern Korea from the late 18th century to the 19th century. The first Catholic missionaries arrived in 1794, a decade after the return of Yi Sung-hun, a diplomat who was the first baptised Korean in Beijing. He established a grassroots lay Catholic movement in the peninsula. However, the writings of the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci, who was resident at the imperial court in Beijing, had been already brought to Korea from China in the 17th century. Scholars of the Silhak ("Practical Learning"), were attracted to Catholic doctrines, and this was a key factor for the spread of the Catholic faith in the 1790s. The penetration of Western ideas and Christianity in Korea became known as Seohak ("Western Learning"). A study of 1801 found that more than half of the families that had converted to Catholicism were linked to the Silhak school. Largely because converts refused to perform Confucian ancestral rituals, the Joseon government prohibited the proselytisation of Christianity. Some Catholics were executed during the early 19th century, but the restrictive law was not strictly enforced.
Protestant missionaries entered Korea during the 1880s and, along with Catholic priests, converted a remarkable number of Koreans, this time with the tacit support of the royal government. Methodist and Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful. They established schools, universities, hospitals, and orphanages and played a significant role in the modernisation of the country. During the Japanese colonial occupation, Christians were in the front ranks of the struggle for independence. Factors contributing to the growth of Catholicism and Protestantism included the decayed state of Korean Buddhism, the support of the intellectual elite, and the encouragement of self-support and self-government among members of the Korean church, and finally the identification of Christianity with Korean nationalism.
A large number of Christians lived in the northern half of the peninsula (it was part of the so-called "Manchurian revival") where Confucian influence was not as strong as in the south. Before 1948, Pyongyang was an important Christian center: The city was known as the "Jerusalem of the East".
Many Korean Communists came from a Christian background; Kim Il-sung's mother, Kang Pan-sok, was a Presbyterian deaconess. He attended a mission school and played the organ in church. In his memoir With the Century, he wrote: "I do not think the spirit of Christianity that preaches universal peace and harmony contradicts my idea advocating an independent life for man". In 1945, with the establishment of the communist regime in the north, however, most Christians fled to South Korea to escape persecution. Christianity came to be discouraged by the North Korean government because of its association with America.
In the 1980s, North Korea produced its own translation of the Bible, which has since been used by Southern missionaries attempting to evangelize the North. By the late 1980s, it became apparent that Christians were active in the governmental elite. In those years, three new churches, two Protestant and one Catholic, were opened in Pyongyang. The number of churchgoing North Korean Christians more than doubled between the 1980s and the early 2000s, with a total of thirty ministers and 300 church officials. Proselytizing is prohibited based on the theory that it opens North Korea to impermissible foreign influence and the increase in churchgoing Christians is attributable to an active search for North Koreans who previously practiced privately or in small home congregations.
Other signs of the regime's changing attitude towards Christianity included holding the "International Seminar of Christians of the North and South for the Peace and Reunification of Korea" in Switzerland in 1988, allowing papal representatives to attend the opening of the Changchung Cathedral of Pyongyang in that same year, and sending two North Korean novice priests to study in Rome. A Protestant seminary in Pyongyang taught future leaders of the North Korean government. A new association of Roman Catholics was established in June 1988. A North Korean Protestant pastor reported at a 1989 meeting of the National Council of Churches in Washington that his country had 10,000 Protestants and 1,000 Catholics who worshiped in 500 home churches. Today, the total number of Christians in North Korea is liberally estimated to be no more than somewhere between 12,000 and 15,000. In 1992 and 1994, American evangelist Billy Graham visited North Korea. He met Kim Il-sung, giving him a Bible, and preached at Kim Il-sung University. In 2008, his son Franklin Graham visited the country. In 1991, North Korea invited the Pope to visit. In 2018, the government invited Pope Francis to visit. In late 2018, Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev of the Russian Orthodox Church visited North Korea, meeting with officials and leading a service at the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Pyongyang.
North Korean Christians are officially represented by the Korean Christian Federation, a state-controlled body responsible for contacts with churches and governments abroad. In Pyongyang there are five church buildings: the Catholic Changchung Cathedral, three Protestant churches inaugurated in 1988 in the presence of South Korean church officials, and a Russian Orthodox church consecrated in 2006.
The internationally-supported Pyongyang University of Science and Technology, which opened in 2010, operates with a Christian ethos. Christian aid groups, including the American Friends Service Committee, the Mennonite Central Committee, the Eugene Bell Foundation, and World Vision, are able to operate in the country, but not allowed to proselytize.
In 2016, Christmas was celebrated in North Korea, but with the religious overtones downplayed. In 2018, the North Korean Council of Religionists sent a Christmas message to South Korea that expressed the wish that believers on both sides "go hand in hand towards peace and unification, filled with blessings by Christ the Lord".
North Korea is number two on Open Doors’ 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.
Islam
The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 3,000 Muslims in North Korea in 2010, an increase from the 1,000 Muslims in 1990. There is a mosque in the Iranian embassy in Pyongyang called Ar-Rahman Mosque, the only mosque in the country. The mosque was likely built for the embassy staff, but visits by other foreigners are deemed possible, too.
See also
Ethnic minorities in North Korea
Freedom of religion in North Korea
Human rights in North Korea
Irreligion in North Korea
Misin tapa undong
Religion in Japan
Religion in Korea
Religion in South Korea
Footnotes
References
Sources
Alton, David. Building Bridges: Is There Hope for North Korea?. Lion Hudson, 2013.
Choi, Joon-sik . Folk-Religion: The Customs in Korea. Ewha Womans University Press, 2006.
Chryssides, George D.; Geaves, Ron. The Study of Religion: An Introduction to Key Ideas and Methods. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2007.
Corfield, Justin. Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. Anthem Press, 2013.
Grayson, James H. Korea – A Religious History. Routledge, 2002.
Kendall, Laurel. Shamans, Nostalgias, and the IMF: South Korean Popular Religion in Motion. University of Hawaii Press, 2010.
Lee, Chi-ran. Chief Director, Haedong Younghan Academy. The Emergence of National Religions in Korea.
Park, Young. Korea and the Imperialists: In Search of a National Identity. Author House, 2009.
Min, Pyong Gap. Development of Protestantism in South Korea: Positive and Negative Elements. On: Asian American Theological Forum (AATF) 2014, VOL. 1 NO. 3, ISSN 2374-8133
Sorensen, Clark W. University of Washington. The Political Message of Folklore in South Korea's Student Demonstrations of the Eighties: An Approach to the Analysis of Political Theater. Paper presented at the conference "Fifty Years of Korean Independence", sponsored by the Korean Political Science Association, Seoul, Korea, July 1995.
Tudor, Daniel. Korea: The Impossible Country. Tuttle Publishing, 2012.
Walter, Mariko N.; Eva J. Neumann Fridman. Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture. ABC-CLIO, 2004.
External links
World Atlas: Religious Beliefs in North Korea
Religion and Superstition in North Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20North%20Korea |
Michala Elizabeth Laurinda Banas (born 14 November 1978) is a New Zealand television actress and singer.
Life and career
Born in Wellington, New Zealand into a family of German descent, Michala starred in her first advert at only 18 months of age.
Her debut film performance was when she was five years old, in the New Zealand film Dangerous Orphans. Her Australian debut television performance was as Louisa in the miniseries Mirror, Mirror in 1995.
From 2001-03, Banas played main character Marissa Taylor in the Seven Network drama Always Greener.
In 2002, she had a small role in the film adaptation Scooby-Doo.
Banas is an accomplished singer, and in 2003 released a single, "Kissin' The Wind", which made the top 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association singles chart.
In 2004, Banas joined the cast of McLeod's Daughters as the character Kate Manfredi, the best friend of Jodi Fountain McLeod. She played Kate from episodes 88 to 170, when she took a short break to later return in episode 177. It was announced in 2007 that she would leave McLeod's Daughters in its final season. Banas' last episode was aired in early December 2008.
From 11 November 2008, Banas appeared in the role of Libby Kennedy on the Australian soap opera Neighbours for a five-week period after Kym Valentine was forced to take a temporary break due to illness.
In 2009, Banas filled in for Fox FM's Jo Stanley on The Matt and Jo Show while Stanley was on maternity leave. That same year saw her star in the Australian national tour of the Broadway musical, Avenue Q, playing the roles of "Kate Monster" and "Lucy the Slut". Banas was one of three celebrity faces for Proactiv Solution in Australia and New Zealand.
Banas had a guest role as Tiffany Turner on the drama series Winners & Losers, and a supporting role on ABC3 teen drama Nowhere Boys as Phoebe. In 2013, Banas starred in the ABC comedy series Upper Middle Bogan as Amber Wheeler. The series had run for three seasons.
Banas joined the filming for Halifax Retribution in 2020 and several other projects including ABC's Turn Up The Volume, Gold Diggers and more.
Filmography
Film
Television
Discography
Singles
References
External links
Michala Banas management
1978 births
Living people
Helpmann Award winners
Actresses from Wellington City
New Zealand television actresses
New Zealand people of German descent
21st-century New Zealand women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michala%20Banas |
Tour Bus () is an Israeli transportation company and a major shareholder in several Israeli bus companies, such as Metropoline and Metrodan Beersheba.
Under the brand Tour Bus, the company provides buses to transport passengers to and from flights in the Ben Gurion International Airport.
External links
Official website
Bus companies of Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%20Bus |
The Sierra Youth Coalition (SYC) () is a national Canadian organization run by youth for youth, founded in 1996, and serving as the youth arm of the Sierra Club of Canada Foundation. Its stated mission is "to empower Canadians ages 14-26 to become active community leaders who contribute to making Canada a sustainable society." SYC was founded in 1996 by Amelia Clarke. Its members range in age from 15 to 30 years old.
Programs
SYC has various projects (Sustainable Campuses, Community Youth Action Gatherings, Sustainable High Schools, Education Fund) and campaigns (To the Tar Sands, Deconstructing Dinner Caravan). A history of campaigns and other initiatives is available on their website.
The Sustainable Campuses Project operates on over 70 Canadian post-secondary campuses. This project uses a 170 Indicator assessment of sustainability, called the Campus Sustainability Assessment Framework. This tool was developed by Lindsay Cole as a Master's Thesis at Royal Roads University. The project also conducts greenhouse gas emissions inventories and functions via student leadership. Sustainable Campuses currently has a certification program for post secondary campuses in Quebec.
Youth Action Gatherings are annual summer activist training camps that engage youth aged 14 to 19 in various cities across Canada.
The Sustainable High Schools Project is a program adapted from the Sustainable Campuses Project, training students to improve their school's sustainability. This program is currently active in the Ottawa region and in various locations in British Columbia.
A component of the High Schools program is the High School Climate Challenge (HSCC) The SYC and Clean Air Champions (CAC) are partners in the High School Climate Challenge (HSCC). HSCC trains youth to lead in-school greenhouse gas emissions audits using an online calculator, and develop strategies and actions to reduce the ecological impact of the school institutions and activities. HSCC launched a pilot program in fall 2008 in Toronto and Ottawa.
SYC has a history of engaging in issue-based campaigns (Keep Kyoto, Save Hockey: Fight Climate Change, It's My Future, Climate Change Caravan).
Recognition
In 2005, Sierra Youth Coalition received an award for the best environmental educator at the regional level from the North American Association for Environmental Education.
In 2007, the Ontario Trillium Foundation honoured SYC with its Great Grants Award for the environment sector, in celebration of the foundation's 25 years of philanthropy.
In 2008, Jack Layton, the leader of the New Democratic Party dedicated the passing of Bill C-377 to the Sierra Youth Coalition for the efforts SYC put into its passing. An election was called and C-377 was lost before it was enshrined into law.
See also
Environmental groups and resources serving K–12 schools
Environmental movement
References
External links
Sierra Youth Coalition official website
Environmental organizations based in Ontario
Sierra Club
Youth empowerment organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20Youth%20Coalition |
Sanofi Pasteur is the vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi. Sanofi Pasteur is the largest company in the world devoted entirely to vaccines. It is one of four global producers of the yellow fever vaccine.
History
Since 1992, Sanofi Pasteur has sponsored Sanofi Biogenius Canada (SBC), a national, biotechnology-focused science competition for Canadian high school and CEGEP students. Those selected for the SBC work with local mentors, giving students hands-on research experience in a professional lab setting. Participants compile their results and present their findings at regional competitions. Cash prizes are awarded and regional winners advance to the National stage, where they vie for the top spot and the chance to compete in the International BioGENEius Challenge, held at the prestigious BIO International Convention – the largest biotechnology event in the world.
In 2004, Aventis merged with and into Sanofi. The new Sanofi-Aventis Group became the world's 3rd largest pharmaceutical company. Aventis Pasteur, the vaccine division of Sanofi-Aventis Group, changed its name to Sanofi Pasteur. In 2014, Sanofi Pasteur stopped producing its effective Fav-Afrique antivenom because competition from cheaper though less powerful competitors made it unprofitable. Doctors Without Borders said that it would take two years to develop a similar antivenom, and that existing stocks would run out in June 2016.
In the fall of 2011 the Sanofi Pasteur plant flooded, causing problems with mold. The facility, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, produced BCG vaccine products made with the Glaxo 1077 strain, such as a tuberculosis vaccine and ImmuCYST, a BCG immunotherapeutic and bladder cancer drug. By April 2012 the FDA had found dozens of documented problems with sterility at the plant including mold, nesting birds and rusted electrical conduits, as well as numerous procedural safety issues and violations. The resulting closure of the plant for over two years resulted in shortages of bladder cancer and tuberculosis vaccines. On October 29, 2014 Health Canada gave the permission for Sanofi to resume production of BCG.
The Philippine Department of Health began in 2016 a programme in three regions to vaccinate schoolchildren against dengue fever, using Dengvaxia supplied by Sanofi Pasteur. On 29 November 2017, Sanofi issued a caution stating that new analysis had shown that those vaccinated who had not previously been infected with dengue ran a greater risk of infection causing severe symptoms. On 1 December 2017, the Philippine DOH placed the programme on hold, pending review. Over 700,000 people had received at least one vaccination at that point.
Since the announcement by Sanofi, at least 62 children have died, allegedly after receiving a vaccination. The victims' parents blamed the dengue vaccine for the deaths of their children.
In July 2020, Sanofi Pasteur announced that it would begin phase three testing of a COVID-19 vaccine in several countries, including Mexico, and that the cost would be US $7 to $10 per dose. If data are positive, a global phase 3 study could start in Q2 2021. If the vaccine meets clinical requirements on safety and effectiveness, approved by regulatory authorities, a vaccine can expected in the fourth quarter of 2021. One of the vaccines ordered by the Netherlands for the mass anti-coronavirus vaccination programme in 2021 seems not to work well in elderly people and the development of the vaccine will face delays.
In 2021, Sanofi Toronto announced it was seeking to start a new Biosafety level 3 laboratory.
Key dates
1897: Marcel Mérieux creates the Mérieux Biological Institute in Lyon. Richard Slee creates the Pocono Biological Laboratories, in Swiftwater, Pennsylvania in the U.S.
1914: John G. FitzGerald creates Connaught Laboratories, part of the University of Toronto.
1968: Rhône-Poulenc acquires 51% of the capital of the Institut Mérieux.
1974: Pasteur Institute creates Pasteur Production, a subsidiary specializing in manufacturing vaccines.
1978: Connaught Laboratories in Canada acquires the vaccine manufacturing facility (Merrell-National Laboratories) at Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, U.S.
1985: Pasteur Production is acquired by the Mérieux Institute, and Pasteur Vaccins is created.
1989: The Mérieux Institute acquires the Connaught Laboratories in Canada and its subsidiaries and becomes a world leader in human biology.
1990: Creation of Pasteur Mérieux Serums & Vaccins.
1994: Pasteur Mérieux Sérums & Vaccins becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Rhône-Poulenc.
1996: Pasteur Mérieux Connaught is the new name of Pasteur Mérieux Serums et Vaccins.
1999: Rhône-Poulenc and Hoechst unite their Life Sciences activities in a single company, which takes on the name Aventis. Within this group, Pasteur Mérieux Connaught changes its name to Aventis Pasteur.
2004: merger of Aventis with and into Sanofi. The new Sanofi-Aventis Group becomes the world's 3rd largest pharmaceutical company, behind Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. Aventis Pasteur, the vaccine division of the Sanofi-Aventis Group, changes its name to Sanofi Pasteur.
2008: Sanofi Pasteur acquires Acambis plc, a biotech company.
2009: Sanofi Pasteur acquires major stake in Hyderabad-based Shantha Biotechnics.
2020: Sanofi Pasteur and GlaxoSmithKline have said they are starting clinical trials of their coronavirus vaccine. They hope to have the first results of the trial by December and if it is successful they will move on to further trials by the end of the year.
Key facts & figures in 2012
Sanofi Pasteur
2012 net sales: €3,897 million (+5.7% over 2011)
Staff: nearly 13,000 employees worldwide
More than 1 billion doses of vaccines produced yearly to immunize more than 500 million people in the world
Largest product range available, against 20 infectious diseases
More than €1 million invested every day in R&D
Nearly €2 billion invested in the last 5 years in production infrastructures.
Headquarters: Lyon, France
14 production and/or R&D sites located in:
Marcy-l'Étoile and Val-de-Reuil, France
Swiftwater, Pennsylvania (Sanofi Pasteur's United States headquarters), Cambridge, Massachusetts and Canton, Massachusetts, Orlando, Florida and Rockville, Maryland, United States
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Pilar, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Shenzhen, China
Hyderabad, India
Ocoyoacac, Mexico
Chachoengsao, Thailand
Neuville-sur-Saône, France
Vaccines
This list is for vaccines with trade names; Sanofi Pasteur also produces many generic vaccines which do not have trade names
Cancer vaccines
bladder cancer: TheraCys
Coronavirus vaccines
A COVID-19 vaccine is under development by the French pharmaceutical and the British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline. Advanced clinical trials of the vaccine were delayed in December 2020 after it failed to produce a strong immune response in people over the age of 50, most likely due to an insufficient antigen concentration in the vaccine, delaying the launch of the vaccine to late 2021.
Dengue vaccines
Dengvaxia, approved in 18 countries
DPT vaccines
Adacel
Daptacel
Tripedia (Trepedia), discontinued, last shipped in 2012
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines
ActHIB
Hepatitis A vaccines
Avaxim 160 U (or just Avaxim)
Hepatitis B vaccines
Genhevac B Pasteur
Hbvaxpro (5, 10 and 40 μg)
Influenza vaccines
Addigrip
Flublok Quadrivalent
Fluzone High-Dose
Fluzone (standard-dose; without preservatives; pediatric dose without preservatives)
Sandovac
Vaxigrip
Japanese encephalitis virus vaccines
JE-VAX (inactivated)
IMOJEV (live, attenuated)
Measles vaccines
Rouvax
Meningococcal vaccines
Menactra, the first meningococcal vaccine approved for use in infants
Menomune-A/C/Y/W-135
Vaccin Meningococcique A+C
MMR vaccines
M-M-RVaxPro
Pneumonia vaccines
Pneumo 23
Polio vaccines
Imovax Polio
Ipol
Polio Salk
Rabies vaccines
Imovax Rabies (Imovax)
Imogam Rabies-HT, rabies immune globulin
Vaccin Rabique Pasteur
Rubella vaccines
Rudivax
Smallpox vaccines
ACAM 2000
Tetanus vaccines
Vaccin Tetanique Pasteur
Tuberculosis vaccines
Mycobax
Tubersol
Vaccin Bcg Ssi
Typhoid fever vaccines
Typhim Vi
Yellow fever vaccines
Stamaril
YF-VAX
Diphtheria and tetanus combined vaccines
DECAVAC
dT reduct
D. T. Vax
Diphtheria, tetanus and polio combined vaccines
Revaxis
DPT, haemophilus combined vaccines
TriHIBit, a booster vaccine, with DPT and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines
DPT, polio combined vaccines
Repevax
DPT, haemophilus, polio combined vaccines
Pentacel
Pentavac
DPT, haemophilus, polio, hepatitis B combined vaccines
Hexavac
Hepatitis A, typhoid fever combined vaccines
Tyavax
References
Sanofi
Vaccine producers
2004 establishments in France
Manufacturing companies based in Lyon
BSL3 laboratories in Canada
COVID-19 vaccine producers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%20Pasteur |
Arnaldo Augusto de Oliveira Sales, GBM, CBE, GCIH, JP, (; 13 January 1920 – 6 March 2020) was a Hong Kong/Portuguese sports figure who was chairman of the Hong Kong Olympic Academy and president of the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong.
He was for many years the unofficial member of the Urban Council and became its first unofficial chairman from 1973-81. He was also a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee.
Biography
Sales was born in Shameen, Canton in the French concession in about 1920, where his great-great-grandfather had settled. He came to Hong Kong at the age of 8 and attended several Roman Catholic schools, including St Joseph's Branch School, La Salle College and St Joseph's Seminary, Macau. After he returned to Hong Kong, he attended a business school to prepare for joining the family business. He evacuated to Macau with other third nationals during the Second World War.
After he returned to Hong Kong, Sales married his childhood friend, Edith. He helped rehabilitate the Portuguese Club, the Club Lusitano de Hong Kong, and participated in the administration of the club and sports. He helped found the Amateur Sports Federation and Olympic Committee with other sports-conscious people in 1950, and became the Committee's president. He also joined the Junior Chamber of Commerce and was elected its world president in 1955; he traveled to more than 80 countries in that capacity.
He was appointed a member of the Urban Council from 1 April 1957, and its first unofficial chairman elected by the members of the council from 1 April 1973 until 1981. He retained his Portuguese nationality. He died in Hong Kong, aged 100.
Honours
Sales received numerous honours for his public service including being made an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), later elevated to Honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), a Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of Prince Henry (GCIH, in 1999), and the Grand Bauhinia Medal (GBM) in 1998.
See also
List of people with Hong Kong SAR honours since 1997
Rogerio Hyndman Lobo
José Pedro Braga
References
Sources
Urban Council, Urban Council Annual Report, 1974
1920 births
2020 deaths
Businesspeople from Guangzhou
Members of the Urban Council of Hong Kong
Portuguese businesspeople
Hong Kong people of Portuguese descent
Macanese people
Recipients of the Grand Bauhinia Medal
Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee members
Hong Kong Civic Association politicians
Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong politicians
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Politicians from Guangzhou
Hong Kong centenarians
Men centenarians
Chinese emigrants to British Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldo%20de%20Oliveira%20Sales |
Route 19 is a minor Connecticut state route running from Stafford to the Massachusetts state line. It is long and runs north–south, entirely within Stafford. The road interconnects the settlements in the eastern part of the town.
Route description
Route 19 begins as East Street at an intersection with Route 190 in the village of Stafford Springs. It heads northward, meeting Route 319 after about in the village of Stafford Hollow. Route 19 then heads northeast for another , passing through the village of Hydeville, up to the village of Staffordville. In Staffordville, Route 19 turns north along Wales Road, passing along the Staffordville Reservoir towards the Massachusetts state line. Across the state line the road continues as Massachusetts Route 19 (Stafford Road) heading into the town center of Wales. Route 19 is a two-lane road with an average daily traffic of 3,800.
History
Route 19 was originally part of New England Interstate Route 32, a multi-state route established in 1922 that ran from the mouth of the Thames River at Long Island Sound to Lake Sunapee in New Hampshire. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, modern Route 32 was established from most of the Connecticut portion of the old New England route. One place where the alignment of modern Route 32 differed was in the town of Stafford. The newly established Route 32 used the alignment of old State Highway 334, which ran through the village of Orcuttsville towards Monson, Massachusetts. The section of old Route 32 through Staffordville was designated as Route 19. The number change was done in cooperation with Massachusetts, which also renumbered the continuation as Route 19.
Junction list
References
External links
019
Transportation in Tolland County, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2019 |
Isak N Jiyeon (이삭 N 지연) was a South Korean R&B duo formed by SM Entertainment in 2002. The duo released one album, Tell Me Baby, in September 2002 before disbanding two years later following Isak’s departure. Later on, Jiyeon joined the line-up of SM's new girl group The Grace which debuted in 2005 while Isak continued to do a variety of work, such as being DJ and VJ for Arirang TV, MC work for various networks, and taking on small acting roles on network television.
Members
Kim Isak (김이삭)
Lee Jiyeon (이지연)
Discography
Studio album
Tell Me Baby, released September 2002
Compilations
2003 Summer Vacation in SMTOWN.com
2004 Summer Vacation in SMTOWN.com
External links
Isak N Jiyeon Official homepage
Isak N Jiyeon in empas people
Isak N Jiyeon in EPG
References
SM Town
South Korean girl groups
South Korean contemporary R&B musical groups
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups disestablished in 2004
SM Entertainment artists
South Korean musical duos
2002 establishments in South Korea
2004 disestablishments in South Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isak%20N%20Jiyeon |
Oswulf was king of Northumbria from 758 to 759. He succeeded his father Eadberht, who had abdicated and joined the monastery at York. Oswulf's uncle was Ecgbert, Archbishop of York.
In spite of his father's long reign, and his powerful uncle, Oswulf did not hold the throne for long. He was murdered within a year of coming to power, by members of his household, by his servants or bodyguards, at Market Weighton, on 24 July 759.
The death of Oswulf's brother, Oswine, is recorded at "Eldunum near Mailros" in August 761, in battle against Æthelwald Moll, who had seized the throne on Oswulf's death.
Further reading
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993.
Marsden, J., Northanhymbre Saga: The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria. London: Cathie, 1992.
See also
List of monarchs of Northumbria
External links
759 deaths
Northumbrian monarchs
8th-century English monarchs
8th-century murdered monarchs
Year of birth unknown
Idings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswulf%20of%20Northumbria |
Boats Against the Current is a 1977 album by Eric Carmen. The title is taken from a line in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.” It was Carmen's second solo LP, after the Raspberries disbanded. It peaked at #45 on the Billboard 200 for the week ending October 8, 1977.
The album yielded two charting singles, the title track as well as "She Did It." "She Did It" is the bigger hit from this album, which reached #23 Billboard and #15 Cash Box, as well as #11 in Canada. The title track subsequently reached #88 Billboard and #92 Cash Box. "Marathon Man" was released as a third single in March 1978 but failed to chart. The "Love Is All That Matters" melody is lifted from Tchaikovsky's "Fifth Symphony, Second Movement."
Guest musicians on this album included back-up vocals by Brian Wilson and Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys and Burton Cummings (formerly of the Guess Who), guitar by Andrew Gold, and drumming by Nigel Olsson and Toto's Jeff Porcaro.
The title song was covered by Frankie Valli on his 1977 LP Lady Put the Light Out. "Boats Against the Current" was also covered in 1978 by Olivia Newton-John on her album Totally Hot, and it was included as the B-side of her single release, "Rest Your Love on Me." Patti LaBelle also included the song on her 1981 LP, The Spirit's in It.
As reported by Casey Kasem on the American Top 40 program of October 15, 1977, Boats Against the Current cost $375,000 to produce, six times the average cost for an album of that era. The LP had a series of false starts. Across six months starting in February 1977, three sessions with Elton John's producer Gus Dudgeon were undertaken using recording studios in London, Cleveland, and Los Angeles, but were all scrapped. Carmen then took over the production efforts himself before the tracks were complete and he was satisfied.
Live performances
Carmen performed three tracks from the LP ("She Did It," "Boats Against the Current" and "Marathon Man") on The Midnight Special television program (season 6, episode 5) on October 14, 1977. The show was hosted by Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis Jr.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Eric Carmen:
"Boats Against the Current" – 4:22
"Marathon Man" – 3:55
"Nowhere To Hide" – 5:05
"Take It or Leave It" – 4:00
"Love Is All That Matters" – 4:17
"She Did It" – 3:48
"I Think I Found Myself" – 4:25
"Run Away" – 8:05
Personnel
Eric Carmen – lead vocals, acoustic piano, synthesizers (1, 2, 5-7), electric guitar (1, 4), string arrangements and conductor (1, 5), electric harpsichord (2, 3), drums (2), 12-string acoustic guitar (4), percussion (4-7), backing vocals (5-7), BGV arrangements (6)
Michael Boddicker – synthesizers (2, 3, 5, 7, 8)
Richard Reising – acoustic guitar (2, 5), acoustic piano (4), electric guitar (4, 6, 8), guitar solo (4), backing vocals (4-7)
Richie Zito – acoustic guitar (2, 4, 5), electric guitar (4, 6, 8), backing vocals (4)
Andrew Gold – electric guitar solo (6), electric guitar (8)
Dave Wintour – bass
Jeff Porcaro – drums (1, 5, 6)
Nigel Olsson – drums (2-4, 7, 8), backing vocals (5-7)
Gene Estes – percussion (1-3, 8)
Ollie E. Brown – percussion (6, 8)
Jim Horn – saxophone (4)
Bobby Keys – saxophone (4)
Tom Scott – saxophone (4, 7)
Steve Madaio – trumpet (4)
Paul Buckmaster – string arrangements and conductor (2, 3, 6, 8)
Burton Cummings – backing vocals (2)
Curt Becher – backing vocals (5-7)
Joe Chemay – backing vocals (5-7)
Bruce Johnston – backing vocals (5-7), BGV arrangements (5-7)
Brian Wilson – backing vocals (5-7)
Production
Eric Carmen – producer, arrangements
Kevin Beamish – engineer
Larry Emerine – engineer
David Henson – engineer
Mark Howlett – engineer
Dennis Kirk – engineer
Tim Kramer – engineer
Earle Mankey – engineer
Howard Steele – engineer
Thom Wilson – engineer
Val Garay – mixing
Doug Sax – mastering
Bob Heimall – art direction
Ed Caraeff – design, photography
Benno Friedman – inside photography effects
Norman Adams – inside artwork
Michael Manoogian – calligraphy
Studios
Recorded at Crystal Sound and Studio 55 (Los Angeles, California); The Sound Factory (Hollywood, California); Brother Studios (Santa Monica, California).
Mixed at The Sound Factory
Mastered at The Mastering Lab (Hollywood, California).
Charts
References
Eric Carmen albums
1977 albums
Albums arranged by Paul Buckmaster
Arista Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boats%20Against%20the%20Current |
Spondias mombin, also known as yellow mombin, hog plum or amra, is a species of tree and flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies. The tree was introduced by the Portuguese in South Asia in the beginning of the 17th century. It has been naturalized in parts of Africa, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, The Bahamas, Indonesia, and other Caribbean islands. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the Brazilian Northeast.
The mature fruit has a leathery skin and a thin layer of pulp. The seed has an oil content of 31.5%.
Description
Spondias mombin is a small deciduous tree up to high and in girth, and is moderately buttressed. Its bark is thick, corky, and deeply fissured. When slashed, it is pale pink, darkening rapidly. Branches are low and branchlets are glabrous. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-8 leaflets opposite pairs with a terminal leaflet, , oblong or oblong lanceolate, broadly acuminate, glabrous. The flowers bloom January to May and are sweet-scented, in large, lax terminal panicles of small white flowers. Fruits appear July to September and are nearly long, ovoid yellow, acid, wrinkled when dry. The fruits have a sharp, somewhat acid taste and are edible. Their flesh surrounds a single spiny kernel.
Use as food
The fruit pulp is either eaten fresh or made into juice, concentrate, jellies, and sherbets.
In Thailand this fruit is called makok () and is used in som tam as a secondary ingredient. The young leaves, which taste slightly bitter and sour, are sometimes served raw together with certain types of nam phrik (Thai chili pastes). It is also served with chili powder in Bangladesh where the fruit is known as আমড়া (amṛa). In India, it is known as Amado in Konkani and omora in Assamese. In Nepal this fruit is called lapsi.
As a member of the sumac family (Anacardiaceae), exposure to the sap of this species may result in an identical allergic reaction to that of the poison ivy plant. Those with a known sensitivity to urushiol should exercise caution in consuming or handling this species.
Traditional medicine
In traditional medicine, Spondias mombin has had a variety of uses. The fruit has been used as a diuretic and febrifuge. The bark is astringent and used as an emetic and for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, gonorrhoea, and leukorrhea. The flowers and leaves are used to make a tea for stomach ache, biliousness, urethritis, cystitis, and inflammation.
Common names
Spondias mombin has several common names. Throughout most of the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and parts of Mexico it called jobo, derived from the Carib language. In Northern Mexico and most of Cuba it is called ciruela. In the Habla Congo language of the Palo Mayombe religion in Cuba, it is called nkunia guenguere kunansieto'. In Costa Rica it is called yuplón after the English name gully plum. In El Salvador, it is called Jocote de Corona. Among the English-speaking Caribbean islands it is known as yellow mombin or hog plum. In Jamaica it is also called Spanish plum, gully plum or coolie plum. In Suriname the fruit is called Mope. In Brazil, the fruit is known by several different names, such as cajá, taperebá and ambaló. In Peru, it is known as uvos or mango ciruelo. In Ghana, it is known as the hog plum or Ashanti plum, or Akukor in the Ewe-speaking regions. In Nigeria, the fruit is called Ughighen in the Urhobo language, Iyeye orYeye in the Yoruba language, ngulungwu in Igbo and isada in Hausa. In Somalia, it is called Isbaandhees. In Bengali, it is called Amṛa (আমড়া). In the southern Indian state of Kerala it is called Ambazhanga (അമ്പഴങ്ങ). In Kannada it is called AmateKaayi (ಅಮಟೆ ಕಾಯಿ). In Goa it is known as Ambadde. In Telugu, it is called karakkaya (కరక్కాయ). In Sri Lanka, it is called Ambaralla (ඇඹරැල්ල). In Palauan, it is called titimel. Other common names include hug plum, true yellow mombin, golden apple or Java plum.
Gallery
See also
List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil
Amazonian cuisine
Spondias purpurea (Purple mombin)
Spondias tuberosa (Umbú)
Spondias pinnata (India)
Notes
References
External links
mombin
Tropical fruit
Trees of Central America
Trees of the Caribbean
Trees of North America
Trees of South America
Trees of Belize
Trees of Costa Rica
Trees of El Salvador
Trees of Guatemala
Trees of Nicaragua
Trees of Panama
Trees of Guyana
Trees of Suriname
Trees of Venezuela
Trees of Brazil
Trees of Bolivia
Trees of Colombia
Trees of Ecuador
Trees of Peru
Trees of Paraguay
Trees of Mexico
Flora of the Amazon
Flora of the Cerrado
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Plants used in traditional African medicine
Medicinal plants of North America
Medicinal plants of South America
Fruit trees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondias%20mombin |
Friedrich Hildebrandt (19 September 1898 – 5 November 1948) was a Nazi Party politician, a Gauleiter and an SS-Obergruppenführer. He was found guilty and executed for war crimes committed during the Second World War.
Early life
Hildebrandt was born in Kiekindemark (today, part of Parchim) in Mecklenburg-Schwerin and was the son of a farm worker. He attended volksschule until 1913 and then found employment as an agricultural worker and a railway employee. On 19 April 1916, he enlisted in the Imperial German Army during the First World War as a Kriegsfreiwilliger (war volunteer) and was assigned to Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment 24 on the western front. He was severely gassed in Flanders in 1917 and wounded twice again before the end of the war, for which he earned the Wound Badge in silver and the Iron Cross, first and second class. In January 1919, he returned to Mecklenburg and joined the Freikorps "von Brandis," seeing action in Upper Silesia and the Baltic states until his capture and imprisonment by the Red Army in Riga in July 1919. He was later repatriated to Germany, being discharged from the German Army as a Vizefeldwebel in January, 1920.
In March 1920, Hildebrandt joined the security police in Halle and participated in the suppression of the Kapp-Putsch. In the wake of the uprising, he was tried for excessive brutality against captured Spartakists in Osterfeld and Weißenfels. Although acquitted, he was dismissed from police service in June 1920. He then found employment as a farm worker and gardener. Originally joining the conservative German National People's Party, he later switched to the even more right-wing and anti-semitic German Völkisch Freedom Party and in 1924 was elected as one of its deputies to the Landtag of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
Nazi Party career
Hildebrandt joined the Nazi Party in February 1925 (membership number 3,653) when it was refounded and, as an early member, he later was awarded the Golden Party Badge. On 27 March 1925 he was appointed Gauleiter of Gau Mecklenburg-Lübeck. In September 1925, he became a member of the National Socialist Working Association, a short-lived group of north and northwest German Gauleiter, organized and led by Gregor Strasser, which unsuccessfully sought to amend the Party program. It was dissolved in 1926 following the Bamberg Conference. In 1927, Hildebrandt became the founder and editor of a Nazi newspaper, the Niederdeutscher Beobachter, later also serving as editor of two additional such publications, the Lübecker Beobachter and the Strelitzer Beobachter. In 1929, he was again elected to the Landtag, this time as a Nazi deputy.
Briefly suspended as Gauleiter by Rudolf Hess in July 1930 for criticism of Adolf Hitler's alliance with industry, Hildebrandt was reinstated on 31 January 1931 after making a declaration of loyalty to Hitler. He was elected to the Reichstag in September 1930 as a deputy for electoral constituency 35 (Mecklenburg) and served there until the fall of the Nazi regime. After the Nazi seizure of power, he was named Reichskommissar for the Free States of both Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz on 24 March 1933. He was subsequently elevated to the new post of Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and the Free City of Lübeck on 26 May 1933. He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdictions. On 1 January 1934, the two Free States were combined into a unified Mecklenburg. From 1933 to 1934, Hildebrandt also served as the leader of the Nordische Gesellschaft (Nordic Society), which sought to strengthen German-Nordic cultural and political cooperation. He was also made a member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law in 1935. On 1 April 1937, the Greater Hamburg Act transferred the City of Lübeck to Gau Schleswig-Holstein and Hildebrandt's Gau was renamed Gau Mecklenburg.
Hildebrandt became a member of the SS (member number 128,802) on 5 December 1933 with the rank of SS-Oberführer. He was made the honorary commander of SS-Standarte 22, headquartered in Schwerin, and was subsequently promoted to SS-Gruppenführer on 27 January 1934. He was assigned to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS on 23 January 1936. During the Second World War, he was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer on 30 January 1942. Hildebrandt was named Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau on 16 November 1942 and, on 25 September 1944, he was made commander of the Volkssturm (Nazi national militia) in his Gau.
Hildebrandt was involved in involuntary euthanasia for Aktion T4. In April 1941 he had the deaconess house in Lübtheen expropriated. The mentally handicapped children living there were then taken to the Lewenberg children's ward in Schwerin, where they were later murdered. During a meeting on 5 April 1941, Hildebrandt expressed said "I had Lobetal cleaned. I had the idiots taken to where they belong."
In the winters of 1941/1942, several thousand Soviet POWs starved to death under Hildebrandt's jurisdiction in Mecklenburg. In a letter to the chancellery, he expressed his concern about the lack of slave labourers, and said the problem could be avoided if "enough Russians are delivered later." During a meeting with the Reich Defense Committee on 17 March 1942, Hildebrandt said "... for the Führer and for Adolf Hitler's cause, I pursue the law, even if it comes down to dead bodies." By the end of 1943, there were 152,148 foreign workers in Mecklenburg, most of whom were there against their will and were being exploited for slave labour.
Post-war prosecution
After the war ended, Hildebrandt was arrested by British occupation authorities and interned. In 1946, he was transferred to U.S. custody after being implicated in the issuing of orders to summarily execute downed Allied airmen in 1944. Between 1946 and 1948, Soviet military occupation authorities repeatedly demanded Hildebrandt's extradition over his involvement in the euthanasia murders in Sachsenberg. However, all of these requests were rejected by the British and Americans.
Nevertheless, in 1947, Hildebrandt and six others were found guilty of their involvement in the murders of several downed American airmen at the Dachau trials. Six of those convicted, including Hildebrandt, were sentenced to death by hanging. The other, Fritz Schröder, was sentenced to 20 years in prison due to his lesser involvement and the judges concluding that he was a reluctant participant. Schröder was released from prison in February 1954.
Appeals for clemency for Hildebrandt were unsuccessful. He and his condemned codefendants were executed at Landsberg Prison on 5 November 1948.
References
Bibliography
External links
1898 births
1948 deaths
People from Parchim
People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
German National People's Party politicians
German Völkisch Freedom Party politicians
Members of the Reichstag 1930–1932
Members of the Reichstag 1932
Members of the Reichstag 1932–1933
Members of the Reichstag 1933
Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936
Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938
Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945
Gauleiters
SS-Obergruppenführer
National Socialist Working Association members
20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)
Members of the Academy for German Law
German Army personnel of World War I
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Volkssturm personnel
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
German people imprisoned abroad
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Executed people from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Executed German mass murderers
Dachau trials executions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Hildebrandt |
Council of the Republic may refer to:
Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Council of the Republic of Belarus
Council of the Republic (Russia)
Council of the Republic of France, the name for the Senate of France during the French Fourth Republic
Council of the Republic (Catalonia), an organisation promoting Catalan independence
Council of the Republic (Brazil) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20the%20Republic |
Hog plum is a common name for several plants that produce edible fruit, and may refer to:
Species of the genus Spondias
Spondias dulcis
Spondias mombin
Spondias pinnata
Species of the genus Colubrina
Prunus rivularis
Prunus umbellata
Ximenia americana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog%20plum |
Fido is a 2006 Canadian zombie comedy film directed by Andrew Currie and written by Robert Chomiak, Currie, and Dennis Heaton from an original story by Heaton. It was produced by Blake Corbet, Mary Anne Waterhouse, Trent Carlson and Kevin Eastwood of Anagram Pictures, and released in the United States by Lions Gate Entertainment.
Plot
The film takes place in a 1950s-esque alternate universe where radiation from space has turned the dead into zombies. This resulted in the "Zombie Wars", where humanity battled zombies to prevent a zombie apocalypse, with humanity the ultimate victor. The radiation still plagues humanity, as all those who die turn into the undead, unless the dead body is disposed of by decapitation or cremation. In order to continue living normal lives, communities are fenced with the help of a governing corporation named ZomCon. ZomCon provides collars with accompanying remote controls to control the zombies' hunger for flesh so as to use them as menial task servants.
In the town of Willard, housewife Helen Robinson (Carrie-Anne Moss) buys a zombie (Billy Connolly) in spite of her husband Bill's (Dylan Baker) zombie phobia, as Bill had to kill his own father who had become a zombie and tried to eat him. Their son, Timmy (K'Sun Ray), befriends the zombie, naming him "Fido" (little is revealed of his "pre-zombie" life, except that he likely died of myocardial infarction as evidenced by the chest incision). One day, Fido's collar malfunctions and he accidentally kills their next door neighbor, who turns into a zombie. Timmy "kills" the zombified neighbor later, but not before she kills and infects another person, causing a small zombie outbreak. ZomCon security forces quell the situation and then investigate what caused the outbreak.
When a pair of local bullies get caught shooting a ZomCon officer, they are suspected of shooting the missing neighbor, but they point the blame on Fido who hurt them when they tried bullying Timmy. The bullies later capture Fido and Timmy, who are out on a walk in the country. Fido escapes and, in a parody of Lassie, is sent by Timmy to go home and find Helen. Helen comes and rescues Timmy from the bullies (who, through their own misadventure and Fido's hunger for human flesh, are now zombies), and they try to forget about the whole thing. Several days later, the neighbor's body is 'uncovered' and the murder is traced back to Fido, who is taken away to ZomCon where the family is told he will be destroyed. Timmy learns through Cindy Bottoms (Alexia Fast), daughter of Jonathan Bottoms (Henry Czerny), ZomCon's zealous security chief, that Fido has been put to work in a factory at ZomCon. Timmy sets out to rescue him with the help of Mr. Theopolis (Tim Blake Nelson), a previous ZomCon employee who was forced to leave when it was discovered he was suspected of fraternizing with his attractive female zombie.
Meanwhile, Timmy locates Fido, but is captured by Mr. Bottoms, who attempts to throw Timmy into the zombie-infested "wild zone" that exists outside of the fenced communities as punishment for his becoming attached to a zombie. Bill comes to the rescue and is killed in a struggle with Mr. Bottoms, who in turn is killed by Fido. Timmy is set free and the news media states that the ZomCon security breach was the fault of rednecks who ventured out into the wild zone to hunt zombies for fun. Helen gives Bill the headless funeral he always wanted in order to prevent his zombification. The film ends with Fido as a surrogate father to Timmy, Helen, and Helen's newborn baby. They, along with a few neighbors, happily enjoy their new domestic lives together, including the zombified Jonathan Bottoms who is now under the control of his daughter.
Cast
Production
Filming took place in Kelowna, British Columbia over 35 days. Director Andrew Currie wanted to make a cross-genre film, to avoid predictability. Currie was influenced by Lassie Come Home, The Night of the Hunter, Douglas Sirk films of the 1950s, Peyton Place, and George A. Romero's zombie films. The script was originally written in 1994, but creative differences kept it tied up. Eventually, Currie optioned it through his production company and completed the picture. The film was completely storyboarded prior to filming.
Release
Fido premiered at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival, where it was the Opening Canadian Gala film. It was also shown at the 2006 Vancouver International Film Festival, the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, the 2007 Kingston Canadian Film Festival, the 2007 Florida Film Festival, and the 2007 Gérardmer Fantasy Filmfest in France. It was theatrically released on March 9, 2007.
Home media
The DVD was released on October 23, 2007.
Reception
Box office
The film grossed $304,533 in North America and a total of $426,224 worldwide. Domestic DVD sales were $2.95 million.
Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 73% of 73 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review, for an average rating was 6.5/10; the consensus is, "Making the most of its thin premise, Fido is an occasionally touching satire that provides big laughs and enough blood and guts to please gorehounds." Metacritic rated it 70/100 based on 12 reviews. Allan Walton of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette gave it 5/5 stars, and called it "the best zombie spoof ever." Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "For a one-joke movie, Fido does a fine job exploring every possible permutation of that joke." Dennis Harvey of Variety called it a "frisky yet strangely familiar" film that is amusing but does not fulfill all of its promise, and Manohla Dargis of The New York Times made it a NYT Critics' Pick, calling it a "ticklishly amusing satire" that sacrifices opportunities for satire for comedy.
Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star described the film as a "smartly entertaining if slightly oversweet fusion of Douglas Sirkian melodrama (and especially All That Heaven Allows), all-American fifties science fiction, George Romero chompdown and Homeland Security satire," that is "strangely wholesome, gently splattery and adorably gory." Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times called it a "crafty" and "deliciously funny" film that shows "there's still a lot of life left in the zombie flick." Scott Weinberg of Fearnet called it "pretty funny, surprisingly smart, pleasant to look at, and often quite sick," while Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central rated the film 4.5/5 stars and described it as "a damn smart film" that "works on almost every level." Another genre website reviewer, Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting, wrote that the film may be a difficult sell to hardcore horror fans, but they will enjoy the comedy, gore, and originality.
Conversely, Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out New York rated the film 2/5 stars and called its satire tiresome and overdone. J. R. Jones of the Chicago Reader wrote that it is a "tired spoof" based on a throwaway gag from Shaun of the Dead, and Rob Nelson of The Village Voice called it an unfunny zombie parody that pales in comparison to 28 Weeks Later.
References
External links
Canadian comedy horror films
Canadian alternative history films
English-language Canadian films
2006 comedy horror films
Films set in the 1950s
Films shot in British Columbia
Kelowna
Zombie comedy films
Lionsgate films
2006 films
Roadside Attractions films
Films directed by Andrew Currie
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
Films about parallel universes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fido%20%28film%29 |
The Refreshment Sundays or Rose Sundays are Sundays within the two major fasts observed in Western Christianity, Lent and Advent. On these days, the fast was allowed to be relaxed, hence the name "Refreshment Sunday". Correspondingly, the liturgical colours of the season are replaced with rose, hence the name "Rose Sunday".
The Refreshment Sundays are:
Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent
Gaudete Sunday, the third Sunday in Advent
Of these, the better known is Laetare Sunday, and if reference is made to a single "Refreshment Sunday" or "Rose Sunday" it is usually this Sunday that is meant. It is also called Mid-Lent Sunday, Mothering Sunday, Mother's Day, and Rose Sunday.
As noted, on both Refreshment Sundays, the colour of vestments and church hangings is changed to rose. On Gaudete Sunday, where churches are using an Advent Wreath with purple candles, the candle for the third Sunday in Advent is also rose instead of purple.
See also
Rosalia
References
Lent
Advent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refreshment%20Sunday |
Java plum is a common name for the edible fruits of several tropical tree species, and may refer to:
Syzygium cumini, native to India and southeast Asia
Spondias mombin, native to the tropical Americas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20plum |
George Kåhre (26 August 1899, in Mariehamn – 12 December 1969) was a teacher and author in Åland, Finland. He wrote poetry and prose, as well as factual books.
Kåhre debuted in 1928 with the poetry anthology Staden med de tusen lindarna, released under the pseudonym Stefan Sylwander. He would use this pseudonym until 1933, when his first novel, Strandhugg, was released under his own name. The novel won a shared first prize in a contest organized by a Swedish publisher.
Kåhre's most famous work in English is probably The Last Tall Ships: Gustav Erikson and the Åland Sailing Fleets 1872–1947, a translation of Den åländska segelsjöfartens historia (first published in 1940 by Åland Maritime Museum), which was released posthumously in 1978.
Two poetry anthologies, Ord och vågor and Söndag i världen, were released after his death.
Bibliography
Poetry, as Stefan Sylwander
Staden med de tusen lindarna (1928)
Vers från havskanten (1929)
Fromma visor (1930)
Väderilar (1932)
Poetry, as Georg Kåhre
Dikt och pamflett (1939)
Ord och vågor (1970)
Söndag i världen (1983)
Novels
Strandhugg (1933)
Bror Ahasverus (1942)
Knutar på fånglinan (1953)
Others
Den åländska segelsjöfartens historia (1940), English edition: The Last Tall Ships: Gustav Erikson and the Åland Sailing Fleets 1872–1947 (1978)
Ålands ömsesidiga försäkringsbolag (1941)
Ålands aktiebank (1944)
Under Gustaf Eriksons flagga (1948)
Sjöfart och skeppsbyggeri på Åland (1949)
Ålands redarförening r.f. 1934–1959 (1959)
Åland (1959)
50 år under Gustav Eriksons flagga (1963)
References
External links
George Kåhre Biography, Library of Mariehamn
1899 births
1969 deaths
People from Mariehamn
People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Writers from Åland
Finnish writers in Swedish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20K%C3%A5hre |
The Disruptive Technology Office (DTO) was a funding agency within the United States Intelligence Community. It was previously known as the Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA). In December 2007, DTO was folded into the newly created IARPA.
ARDA was created in 1998 after the model of DARPA by the Director of Central Intelligence and the Department of Defense, and took responsibility for funding some of DARPA's projects. ARDA evaluates proposals and funds speculative research, particularly in the fields of data mining, video processing, and quantum computing.
There has been speculation that the DTO is continuing research efforts started under the Total Information Awareness program (TIA) in DARPA's Information Awareness Office (IAO). Data-mining activities within the US Department of Defense are controversial and have met with public and congressional disapproval.
Although ARDA's budget is presumably classified as part of the intelligence budget, the New York Times quoted an unnamed former government official saying the agency spent about $100 million a year in 2003. The Associated Press reports that ARDA had a staff of only eight in 2004.
Headquartered at Fort George G. Meade in Maryland, site of the headquarters of the National Security Agency, ARDA/DTO has kept a low profile, quietly funding research of interest to the intelligence community. A move to a research park near the University of Maryland, College Park was announced at about the same time as the consolidation into IARPA.
See also
Disruptive technology
Large Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia
References
Sources
Work on cracking public-key encryption using a quantum computer. "This work was supported in part by … US Disruptive Technologies Office … ". American Physical Society, Physical Review Letters, 21 December 2001 Alternative link
Markoff, John. Experts Say Technology Is Widely Disseminated Inside and Outside Military", The New York Times, 21 May 2003.
Jackson, William. Intelligence community seeks protection from inside threats GCN.com. 12 January 2004
Sniffen, Miachel J. "U.S. High-Tech Spy Agency Has Low Profile Associated Press 22 February 2004.
Sniffen, Miachel J. "Controversial terror research lives on at other agencies despite closing of Pentagon office Associated Press. 23 February 2004.
Sniffen, Miachel J. "Privacy Safeguards Quietly Killed Associated Press 15 March 2005.
Regan, Tom. "Report: NSA continues controversial data-mining program" Christian Science Monitor. 24 February 2006.
Harris, Shane. "TIA Lives On... a controversial counter-terrorism..." National Journal. 23 February 2006.
New Scientist article on the NSA continued data mining activities
External links
ARDA's website, taken down in 2005 (courtesy of the Wayback Machine)
1998 establishments in the United States
United States intelligence agencies
Research and development in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive%20Technology%20Office |
The southern royal albatross or toroa, (Diomedea epomophora) is a large seabird from the albatross family. At an average wingspan of above , it is one of the two largest species of albatross, together with the wandering albatross. Recent studies indicate that the southern royal albatross may, on average, be somewhat larger than the wandering albatross in mass and have a similar wingspan, although other sources indicate roughly similar size for the two species and the wandering species may have a larger average (and maximum) wingspan in some colonies.
Taxonomy
Albatrosses belong to family Diomedeidae of the order Procellariiformes, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns; the nostrils of the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.
This species was once considered conspecific with the northern royal albatross (Diomedea sanfordi) as the royal albatross. The split into two species is widely though not universally accepted: it is recognized by, for example, the IOC World Bird List, BirdLife International, Brooke, and Robertson & Nunn, but not by Clements, while the American Ornithologists' Union has recognized the need for a proposal.
Etymology
Diomedea refers to Diomedes, a figure from Greek mythology whose companions turned to birds.
Description
The southern royal albatross has a length of and a mean weight of . At Campbell Island, 11 males were found to have a mean mass of and 7 females were found to have a mean mass of , thus may be heavier on average than most colonies of wandering albatross. Males are about heavier than females. Average wingspan has been reported from , with an upper limit of about . The wandering albatross can exceed this species in maximum size and averages slightly larger in linear dimensions if not bulk, but the two species are close enough in dimensions that size cannot be used to distinguish between them. The juvenile has a white head, neck, upper mantle, rump, and underparts. There are black speckles on the mantle, and dark brown or black wings with white flecks on coverts. The tail is white except for the black tip as is the under-wing. Young birds soon lose the black on their tail and backs. White appears on the upperwing gradually, as speckles starting from the leading edge. All ages have a pink bill with black on the cutting edge on the upper mandible, and the legs are flesh-coloured. Young birds with all-dark upperwings can be hard to differentiate from the northern royal albatross. There are clear but subtle differences from the wandering albatross, with the southern royal having a clean black and white appearance, lacking the peach neck spot often found on the wandering albatross. Most wandering albatrosses have dark feathers in the tail and crown and the white in this species expands from the middle of the wing, in larger blotches. The bill is also slightly paler, as well as the dark cutting edge along the middle. The average lifespan is 58 years.
Range
Most of the royal albatross population is found between 30° S and 45° S. The majority of the world's population of southern royal albatrosses nest on the rat-free subantarctic Campbell Island, around 8,200 to 8,600 pairs. There are smaller colonies on Adams Island and Auckland Island in the Auckland Islands, 20 pairs combined, and 69 pairs on Enderby Island and some sanfordi × epomophora hybrids at the northern royal albatross colony on the Otago Peninsula in New Zealand. They range along the southern oceans concentrating on the west and east coast of southern South America, and also in the waters surrounding New Zealand.
Behaviour
They attract their mates using methods such as bill-snapping, clapping and gulping. Others ways also include sky-calling with outstretched wings, and neck and head stretched upwards.
Feeding
The southern royal albatross eats squid and fish, with smaller amounts of carrion, crustaceans, and salps. Its foraging activities normally take place within a 1250 km radius of the breeding site. Although they travel vast distances, royal albatrosses in general tend to forage in somewhat shallower waters and closer to continental shelves than wandering albatrosses.
Breeding
They prefer to nest on tussock grassland, plateaus, or ridges, and will lay one egg biennially. This will normally take place in November or December. Both parents will incubate the egg, and rear the young. After they are born it takes about 240 days for a baby to grow its wings fully and fly by itself.There is very low mortality rates of the laid eggs once the parents settle in. When feeding the young they will range south to the Campbell Plateau and north to the Chatham Rise.
Conservation
The IUCN classifies this bird as vulnerable, with an occurrence range of and a breeding range of , with a total estimated population of between 28,000 and 29,500 (1997). As a top-tier organism in its natural habitat, it has very few predators but major fishing industries are a huge problem for all albatross species among other seabirds.
The population is recovering from its severe downward spiral in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By the 1880s, this albatross was extirpated from Auckland Island and Enderby Island. Pigs and cats are still a problem, as they take chicks and eggs, on Auckland Island. Longline fishing is a major problem and a possible emerging threat is Dracophyllum, a shrub that is taking away from their nesting range.
Gallery
Footnotes
References
External links
Species factsheet - BirdLife International
Photos and fact file - ARKive
southern royal albatross
Birds of the Southern Ocean
Birds of Patagonia
Birds of New Zealand
Birds of the Auckland Islands
Otago Peninsula
Endangered animals
Endangered fauna of Oceania
Endangered fauna of South America
southern royal albatross
Taxa named by René Lesson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20royal%20albatross |
The Live Lounge is a segment on the British radio stations BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra. It was originally hosted by Simon Mayo, and later by Jo Whiley on her weekday mid-morning, and later weekend lunchtime radio shows, then by Fearne Cotton from 2009 until 2015, and then by Clara Amfo from May 2015 to August 2021. Since September 2021 the segment is now hosted by Rickie Haywood-Williams, Melvin Odoom and Charlie Hedges.
It exhibits well-known artists usually performing one song of their own and one by another artist, in an acoustic format. The Live Lounge itself is also a physical room in the Radio 1 studios, from where some of the performances are broadcast; however, due to its size, many are done from the BBC Maida Vale Studios. From 2009, Trevor Nelson began hosting Live Lounges on his BBC Radio 1Xtra show, and was replaced in that slot by DJ Ace in 2017.
The songs chosen as cover versions are often a completely different genre to that which the artist usually performs, and offer a new perspective on the original. Jamie Cullum's cover of Pharrell Williams's "Frontin' led to Cullum being signed to Pharrell's label Star Trak when played to him at a later visit to The Jo Whiley Show, and was added to his 2003 album Twentysomething.
Performances and albums
Live Lounge Features
Over the years of Live Lounge, various Radio 1 features have involved this segment, these include:
Live Lounge Tour
Ultimate Live Lounge
Live Lounge of 2010
A-Z of the Live Lounge
List of Live Lounge cover versions
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20Lounge |
David Berger National Memorial honors the memory of David Mark Berger, a 28-year-old U.S.-born Israeli weightlifter who was one of 11 Israeli athletes killed by Palestinian terrorists in the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The memorial is dedicated to his memory and to the memory of the ten other athletes who were killed.
The black steel sculpture, a design of broken Olympic rings, is meant to symbolize the interruption of the Munich games by the tragic events, and the eleven segments on which the rings rest represent each athlete whose life was taken. The sculpture was fabricated by Romanian-born David E. Davis.
The sculpture was installed on the front lawn of the Mayfield Jewish Community Center at 3505 Mayfield Road in Cleveland Heights, Ohio in 1975. The national memorial designation was authorized on March 5, 1980. Because of the demolition of the Mayfield Center in 2005, the memorial was moved to the Mandel Jewish Community Center at 26001 South Woodland Road in Beachwood, Ohio. Although formally under the authority of Cuyahoga Valley National Park, maintenance of the memorial is handled by the community center.
See also
List of national memorials of the United States
References
External links
Official NPS website: David Berger National Memorial
David Mark Berger website
Beachwood, Ohio
Jewish-American history
Monuments and memorials in Ohio
National Memorials of the United States
Outdoor sculptures in Ohio
Protected areas established in 1980
National Park Service areas in Ohio
Steel sculptures in Ohio
1975 sculptures
1980 establishments in Ohio
Berger, David
Cuyahoga Valley National Park
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Berger%20National%20Memorial |
The Hit Parade is a music group from London that has released eight LPs and fourteen 7" vinyl records. The group has been described as "the very definition of twee Eighties style indie".
Background
The Hit Parade was initially formed by three schoolfriends Julian Henry, Raymond Watts, and Matthew Moffatt. They released their first single "Forever" in 1984 by announcing that they were 'London's No.1 Pop Group'. Their second and third singles "My Favourite Girl" and "The Sun Shines in Gerrards Cross" were lauded by the pop press and played on BBC Radio 1 by DJs John Peel, Janice Long despite being lo-fi and recorded cheaply in the garage of the Watts family house, a studio named 'The Building Site'.
The group was later dismissed by the weekly music press as inconsequential and Watts moved to Berlin in 1989 to work with KMFDM, Henry developed a business in marketing and journalism, while Moffatt founded his own film lighting company.
But The Hit Parade has continued to release new records to the present day, proclaiming the Latin motto "Semper Eadem" ("always the same").
Recordings
The Hit Parade record for JSH UK record label producing 7" vinyl singles in limited editions. The first Hit Parade single "Forever" was released in 1984 with a mock-vorticist manifesto. A year later The Hit Parade signed to Stiff Records but the label went out of business before anything (other than a track on a compilation album) was released. The first pressing of the band's "See You in Havana' single JSH5 with Stiff Records logo is collectible. The first Hit Parade LP With Love From The Hit Parade was released in 1988 to poor reviews: 'mire of cheesy mundane tunes' 'oblivious to musical developments of the last 24 years' (Q Magazine) 'twee like you wouldn't believe' (MM), apart from The Legend! at NME who declared the Hit Parade to be the 'perfect pop machine'.
The band's diy approach was also lauded by fanzines (Caff, Are You Scared To Get Happy, Especially Yellow) and the album sleeve photograph was self-taken 'selfie', first time this technique had been used on an album cover. The album has been re-issued several times and is viewed as 80s indie classic. Following its release Henry was approached by Cherry Red Records and arranged nine songs on the first Would-be-goods album. In the 1990s, The Hit Parade signed to Sarah Records label and recorded "In Gunnersbury Park" b/w "Harvey".
After live shows in Japan in the 1990s the Hit Parade were linked to the Shibuya-kei movement alongside groups The Pastels, Orange Juice and Flipper's Guitar. Rockin On Magazine termed the Hit Parade 'Neo Acoustic' for its thoughtful and retrospective attitudes. The Hit Parade signed to Vinyl Japan and later Polystar Records, had a minor hit with "Hello Hannah Hello". They toured Japan several times, played at the opening of the Virgin Megastore Shinjuku, Tokyo, appearing on MTV Japan and other music TV shows, and signed to Minty Fresh Records, Chicago releasing their first US single, "Hello Hannah Hello".
The Hit Parade produced their fifth LP with St Etienne producer Ian Catt in 2006 The Return of the Hit Parade, and 9th single "My Stupid Band", the story of a failed pop group doomed to a life of obscurity. It was published with a manifesto that called for Food Lovers Fairs to be banned and for JG Ballard to be knighted. In 2007 the Hit Parade single "You Didn't Love Me Then", appeared on Sanctuary Records C86 double album Cd86: The Birth of Indie Pop.
The 10th Hit Parade 7" single was a tribute to Le Corbusier's 'Unite D'Habitation', featuring Manchester singer Cath Carroll. "I Like Bubblegum" b/w "Zennor Mermaid" raised funds for the Porthmeor Studio in St Ives Cornwall restoration fund and was voted one of the best singles of 2010 by Drowned in Sound. Julian Henry was interviewed in The Guardian in 2011.
In 2014, the Hit Parade released Cornish Pop Songs, songs set in South West England, described by Cornishman art critic Lee Trewhela as "the best album made about Cornwall this century" and "a glorious collection of melodic, memorable guitar-based tunes". The album was re-issued on vinyl in 2016.
In 2018, the Hit Parade released their 13th single "Happy World" to mark Record Store Day, described by the Arts Desk as "the very definition of twee Eighties style indie". A year later the eighth Hit Parade LP The Golden Age Of Pop was released on JSH Records and in 2022 "Pick Of The Pops" was issued on vinyl for the first time by Optic Nerve to 5* reviews in the music weeklies.
Concerts
The Hit Parade first played live in 1990 at The Mean Fiddler in London before embarking on a UK Tour. In 1992 they toured Japan playing concerts in Shinjuku, Tokyo; they returned for four other Japan tours playing concerts in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Sendai, appearing with Billy Childish and his group the Milkshakes, and Edwyn Collins. Their line up during these tours included Mike Watts (keyboards), Harvey Williams (guitar) and Cath Carroll (vocals). Julian Henry and Harvey Williams played concerts in London and Oxford in 2009 and 2010 at the London Indiepop Festival.
In May 2014, The Hit Parade performed as Sarah 058 at the Arnolfini Bristol 'Between Hello & Goodbye The Secret Life of Sarah Records' exhibition.
Line up
The Hit Parade bass guitarist, Raymond Watts, is known for his industrial group PIG, releasing seventeen albums. As well as touring North America, Japan and Europe, Watts has recorded many albums with KMFDM as Raymondo Scaballero, including writing credits on the platinum selling video game and movie Mortal Kombat. Since 2009, Watts has co-produced the music for Alexander McQueen's Fashion shows.
The Hit Parade's drummer, Matthew Moffatt, runs a London-based film lighting company, working with directors Mike Leigh, Kathryn Bigelow and Paul Greengrass. Moffatt is credited on several Hollywood and British produced films including the Oscar-winning Hurt Locker, and the Oscar nominated Vera Drake and United 93.
The Hit Parade's guitarist, Julian Henry, founded the public relations agency Henry's House, is a trustee of The Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA, London), is advisor to Simon Fuller, and has written for periodicals including NME, Music Week and The Guardian on music and marketing. Other members included Cath Carroll, Harvey Williams and Mike Watts.
Discography
Singles
Albums
References
External links
The Hit Parade website
The Hit Parade myspace site
British pop music groups
Sarah Records artists
British indie pop groups
Musical groups established in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hit%20Parade%20%28group%29 |
Convention Center station is an at-grade light rail station on the Blue Line and the Green Line of the VTA light rail system. The station platform is located in the median of West San Carlos Street, between Almaden Boulevard and Market Street. The station is located across from the San Jose Convention Center, after which the station is named.
Convention Center was renovated in 2006 to be made fully wheelchair accessible.
Service
Station layout
Notable places nearby
The station is within walking distance of the following notable places:
Opera San José at the California Theatre – 2 blocks away – 345 1st Street
San Jose Convention Center – across the street – 150 West San Carlos Street
San Jose Civic (auditorium) – across the street – 135 West San Carlos Street
San Jose Center for the Performing Arts – 1 block away – 255 Almaden Boulevard
The Tech Interactive – 3 blocks away – 201 South Market Street
References
External links
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority bus stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987
1987 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention%20Center%20station%20%28VTA%29 |
King of the Nordic Twilight is the first album in a trilogy by Luca Turilli's eponymous band. It was released in 1999 through Limb Music Productions.
The limited edition of this album comes in a digibook, with an expanded booklet. A video for the song "The Ancient Forest of Elves" is included as a hidden feature on the disc in .mov format.
Track 11 is unlisted on any form of the album. It is an a cappella rendition of a traditional Icelandic song by soprano Rannveig Sif Sigurdardottir. Sometimes the track is referred to by her name, or as "Lullaby", but the real name of this song is "Sofðu unga ástin mín" ("Sleep My Little Loved One")
Track listing
Credits
Band members
Luca Turilli — guitars, additional keyboards
Olaf Hayer — lead and backing vocals
Sascha Paeth — bass, acoustic and additional guitars, guitar solo on "Where Heroes Lie", producer, engineer, mixing, mastering
Miro — keyboards, piano, harpsichord, producer, choir arrangements and conduction
Robert Hunecke-Rizzo — drums
Additional musicians
Opera Choir:
Sonja Pallasch, Heidrun Brockoff, Rosina Herrera-Sicilia, Ewald Bayerschmidt, Georg Mihalinov, Karl Heinz Kinsel, Jasinsky, Enrike Ochmann
Rannveig Sif Sigurdardottir - soprano voice
Epic Choir:
Thomas Rettke, Robert Hunecke-Rizzo, Cinzia Rizzo, Kirsten Metzing, Miro, Olaf Hayer
Matthias Brommann - first violin
Annette Berryman - flute
Bettina Jhrig - viola
Lord James David - narrator
Charts
References
Luca Turilli albums
1999 albums
Limb Music albums
Symphonic power metal albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20of%20the%20Nordic%20Twilight |
The Catholic Church in Gabon is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. It is endowed with the right to elect its own clergy, except archbishops.
In 2020, there were over 960,000 Catholics in Gabon; almost half the population divided in five major congregations. There are five dioceses including one archdiocese, plus an apostolic vicariate.
History
The Catholic Church had its big first French missionary in Gabon Jean-Rémi Bessieux, from the Congregation of the Holy Spirit in the first half of the 19th century. In 1863 was born the Apostolic vicariate of Gabon, then called from the Two Guineas. Only after the 1878 began the evangelization of the hinterland. In 1958 Gabon becomes an Ecclesiastical province, with an autonomous Metropolitan see in Libreville, in 1899 the first priest was ordained in Gabon, and in 1961 was ordered the first bishop. In 1982 the Catholic Church received a pastoral visit of Pope John Paul II.
On December 12, 1997 Holy See and the Republic of Gabon signed an agreeing on the principles and some legal provisions concerning their relationship and their collaboration.
Ecclesiastical organization
The Catholic Church is present in Gabon with one ecclesiastical province, four suffragan dioceses and one apostolic prefecture:
Archdiocese of Libreville
Diocese of Franceville
Diocese of Mouila
Diocese of Oyem
Diocese of Port-Gentil
Apostolic Vicariate of Makokou
Statistics
At the end of 2020 the Catholic Church in Gabon counted:
98 parishes;
229 priests;
198 religious sisters;
6 hospitals and care homes.
See also
Religion in Gabon
Evangelical Church of Gabon
References
External links
G Catholic website
Catholic Hierarchy website
Eglise Catholique archive
Gabon
Gabon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Gabon |
Frank S. Niceley (born March 3, 1947) is a Republican member of the Tennessee State Senate representing the 8th district, consisting of Claiborne, Grainger, Hancock, Hawkins, Jefferson and Union counties.
Niceley had previously served in the Tennessee House of Representatives. In the House, he represented District 17, which encompassed portions of Knox County and the majority of Jefferson County.
Early life, education, and career
Niceley is a native of Knox County and of the district he served in the state House of Representatives. He was raised around agriculture. After graduating from Jefferson High School, Niceley attended the University of Tennessee, where he received a bachelor's degree in soil science in 1969. Subsequently, he and his wife, Cyndie, moved their residence to neighboring Jefferson County, where he began his career as a farmer and businessman.
Tennessee House of Representatives
Niceley served in the Tennessee House from 1988 to 1992 (96th and 97th Tennessee General Assemblies). He was elected again in 2004 to serve in the 104th General Assembly, and won re-election in 2006 and 2008 to serve in the 105th and 106th General Assemblies. During his time as a State Representative, he has been a member of the House Agriculture Committee, the House Conservation and Environment Committee, House Environment Subcommittee, and the House Parks and Tourism Subcommittee.
Locally, Niceley serves with the Tennessee Hunter Alliance, and the Farm Bureau, which enables financial services to farmers.
Niceley has argued against making cockfighting a felony in Tennessee and helped defeat a bill that would have increased the $50 fine for cockfighting to $2,500, saying that cockfighting is a cultural tradition. He said: "They pay their taxes. They're not bothering anybody. I don't know what the big deal is." He also noted that cockfighting brings in tourist dollars from other states. "They buy food, they stay in hotels, they buy gas," he said.
Statements and controversies
2009
In 2009, Niceley was one of four Republican members of the Tennessee House to announce plans to join a legal action to force President Barack Obama to release his birth certificate and prove his citizenship.
2012
During a Tennessee House committee hearing in February 2012, Niceley declared that coyotes had been introduced to Tennessee by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) for purpose of controlling the wild deer population, but had subsequently become pests that attack livestock. This allegation was investigated by PolitiFact Tennessee. PolitiFact determined that coyotes had arrived in the state naturally, without any involvement by the TWRA. Stating that Niceley had repeated an "urban myth" that had been debunked previously, PolitiFact characterized his statement as a "real howler" and categorized it as "Pants On Fire", indicating a statement that "is not accurate and makes a ridiculous claim".
2017
Niceley rejects mainstream views of climate science. At a December 2017 meeting of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), he told E&E News reporter Zack Colman: "I think the whole premise that carbon dioxide is a pollutant is flawed. It's not a pollutant, it's just as natural as oxygen. The trees and plants depend on CO2 just the same way we depend on oxygen."
2022
While speaking in favor of a bill that would make camping on any public property punishable by a $50 fine, Niceley cited Adolf Hitler as an example of someone who worked his way out of homelessness to "lead a life that got him in the history books."
References
External links
Rep. Frank S. Niceley, Tennessee General Assembly web site
Frank Nicely said, What?, Frank S. Niceley's blog
Sen. Frank Niceley, Twitter account
1947 births
University of Tennessee alumni
Living people
Republican Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Republican Party Tennessee state senators
21st-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Niceley |
59 is an album by Japanese pop duo Puffy, released in 2004. The album peaked at #62 on the Japanese Albums Chart.
Track listing
"Teen Titans Theme"
"Sunrise"
"Joining A Fan Club"
"Kokoro ni Hana o"
"Kazemakase Futaritabi"
"Forever"
"So Long Zero"
"Teen Titans Theme" (Japanese Version)
References
Puffy AmiYumi albums
2004 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59%20%28album%29 |
This is a list, in chronological order, of writers in the Asturian language.
Antón de Marirreguera (c. 1600 – c. 1662)
Francisco Bernaldo de Quirós Benavides (1675–1710)
Xosefa Xovellanos (1745–1807)
Xuan María Acebal (1815–1895)
Florina Alías (1921–1999)
Manuel Asur (born 1947)
María Esther García López (born 1948)
Lluis Antón González (born 1955)
Adolfo Camilo Díaz (born 1963)
Aurelio González Ovies (born 1964)
Xuan Bello (born 1965)
Pablo Antón Marín Estrada (born 1966)
Xaviel Vilareyo (born 1967)
Xandru Fernández (born 1970)
Martín López-Vega (born 1975)
Lists of writers by language
Authors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Asturian-language%20authors |
Barony of England, Bedford, England.
First creation
Created for Payne de Beauchamp, by William Rufus
William de Beauchamp - forfeit for rebelling in the First Barons' War
Faukes de Brent - sent by King John of England to enforce William's forfeit, forfeit himself for rebellion under Henry III of England
Extinct? Merged?
Merged to Duke of Bedford in 1138, 1366 or 1414
See also
Bedford Castle
References
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Bedford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony%20of%20Bedford |
Rosa May Billinghurst (31 May 1875 – 29 July 1953) was a British suffragette and women's rights activist. She was known popularly as the "cripple suffragette" as she campaigned in a tricycle.
Early life
She was born in 1875 in Lewisham, London, the second of nine children of Rosa Ann (Brinsmead) Billinghurst and Henry Farncombe Billinghurst. Her mother came from a family who manufactured pianos and her father was a banker.
As a child she survived polio, which left her unable to walk. She wore leg-irons and used either crutches or a modified tricycle. She became active in social work in a Greenwich workhouse, taught in a Sunday School, and joined the temperance Band of Hope.
Politics
She was an active member of a Women's Liberal Association (fifteen of which joined in 1887 to become the Women's Liberal Federation that ultimately grew to 942 affiliated associations) and later, in 1907, a member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). She took part in the WSPU march to the Royal Albert Hall in June 1908. Billinghurst helped organise the WSPU response in the July 1908 Haggerston by-election; polling was on the day that twenty-four suffragettes were released from Holloway prison and came around the area canvassing to 'keep the Liberal out.' In 1909, she was presumed by Annie Barnes to be the wheelchair user seen distracting a police horse, who laughed as another woman seemed to tip the rider off to fall in a horse trough. The occupant of the wheelchair was the one arrested and rough-handled into a waiting police van.
Two years later, she founded the Greenwich branch of the WSPU. As its first secretary she took part in the '1910 Black Friday' demonstrations, using an adapted tricycle for mobility. She was arrested after the police capsized her from the trike. Billinghurst knew that she was helpless when this happened, but she was quite prepared to take the added publicity to benefit the cause of suffrage. The police once exploited her disability leaving her in a side street after letting her tyres down and pocketing the valves.
Billinghurst was able to get closer to the House of Commons on another occasion in 1911, when police thought the better of attacking her trike with 'Votes for Women' banner during the rush. She is thought to have been one of the suffragettes to evade the 1911 census on the night of Sunday 2 April 1911 in response to the calls from suffragette organisations for a boycott.
Billinghurst would place her crutches on both sides of her tricycle and would charge any opposition. She was arrested several more times in the next few years.
The Glaswegian suffragette Janie Allan apparently worked in partnership with Billinghurst during the window-smashing campaign of March 1912, with Billinghurst apparently hiding a supply of stones under the rug that covered her knees. Billinghurst's first stint in Holloway Prison was for smashing a window on Henrietta Street during this campaign, for which she was sentenced to one month's hard labour. The prison authorities were confused regarding her sentence to hard labour, and gave her no extra work. She was befriended by many other prisoners, including Dr. Alice Stewart Ker, who had Billinghurst smuggle a letter out to Ker's daughter on her release.
On 8 January 1913, she was tried at the Old Bailey and sentenced to eight months in Holloway Prison for damaging letters in a postbox. Billinghurst represented herself in court to plead the case for women's suffrage. Her defence titled "The Guilt Lies on the Shoulders of the Government" was published in The Suffragette . She subsequently went on a hunger strike, and was force-fed along with the other imprisoned suffragettes participating in the strike. She became so ill that she was released two weeks after her force-feeding began.
Billinghurst was given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour'.
She spoke at a public meeting in West Hampstead in March 1913. On 24 May she chained herself to the gates of Buckingham Palace and on 14 June she was dressed in white on her trike in the funeral procession for suffragette Emily Wilding Davison, who was killed while reaching for the reins of the King's horse at the Epsom Derby.
Billinghurst also took part in the mass deputation of suffragettes to petition King George V on 21 May 1914. Although she was not arrested, two policemen deliberately tipped her out of her tricycle.
Billinghurst supported the Pankhursts' lead when they decided to prioritise the war over the campaign for women's rights. She helped in Christabel Pankhurst's campaign to be elected in Smethwick in 1918. However, she had joined the Women's Freedom League and became part of the Suffragette Fellowship. She supported Jill Craigie's Equal Pay Film Fund.
Billinghurst stopped her activity for women's suffrage after the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 gave some women the vote. She later attended the funeral of Emmeline Pankhurst and the unveiling of Emmeline's statue in 1930.
Family
In 1911, she was residing with her parents at 7 Oakhurst Road, Lewisham.
Billinghurst lived in the garden house of her property "Minikoi", Sunbury, Surrey (then in Middlesex), with her adopted daughter, "Beth". Beth has since written a book describing her relationship with her adoptive mother. Her brother was Alfred John Billinghurst, an artist, with whom she lived after 1914.
Death
She died on 29 July 1953 at a hospital in Twickenham, leaving her body to science.
Posthumous recognition
Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018.
Other sources
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Tejera, P. (2018). Reinas de la carretera. Madrid. Ediciones Casiopea. (paper) / (digital). Spanish edit.
Archives
The archives of Rosa May Billinghurst are held at The Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics.
References
1875 births
1953 deaths
English suffragists
English people with disabilities
Women's Social and Political Union
Wheelchair users
Polio survivors
British activists with disabilities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa%20May%20Billinghurst |
Jim Vicevich () is an American talk radio host based in Hartford, Connecticut. His show Sound Off Connecticut deals with local, as well as national, topics ranging from politics, economics and social issues, to movies and music. Vicevich, a self-labeled social libertarian and political conservative, often frames his commentary between bumper-music from upstart Americana performers. He is known locally as "Connecticut's Rush Limbaugh".
Sound Off Connecticut
Vicevich's show, which airs on WTIC invites phone calls from listeners from throughout Connecticut to discuss the topics of the day. Additionally, Sound Off Connecticut had a special episode each Friday called "Free-For-All Friday" where listeners were invited to phone in or email to discuss almost any topic.
He gained a national audience in 2005 when WTIC started live-streaming the program. Podcasts of Vicevich's show are still posted at www.wtic.com.
In addition to taking calls from listeners, Sound Off Connecticut featured interviews with conservative and—less frequently—Democratic political pundits, activists, lobbyists, and elected officials. Repeat interviewees over the years have included Connecticut governors John G. Rowland and M. Jodi Rell, Power Line blogger John Hinderaker, several members of the Heritage Foundation, and conservative columnists Michelle Malkin, Ann Coulter, and Walter E. Williams. Each Friday, Vicevich interviewed film critic Russ "Mr. MovieFone" Leatherman to discuss opinions on current and upcoming movies.
His views are borderline conservative, in addition to being pro-Iraq war, pro-military and anti-Democratic Party. However, in 2007 he opposed efforts by Governor Rell, a Republican, to raise the state income tax and he voiced opposition to the immigration reform plan advanced by President George W. Bush.
Vicevich resides in the Farmington Valley of Connecticut.
Career
After graduating with an economics degree from Bucknell University in 1974 and earning his master's degree from Boston University in 1977, Vicevich started his broadcast career at WTAR-TV in Norfolk, Virginia, where his coverage of the state's economy earned him the Associated Press Douglas Southall Freeman Award for outstanding journalism. In 1980, he moved to Connecticut to become the business editor for WFSB-TV, the local CBS affiliate, and later for NBC affiliate WVIT-TV. He went on to join CPTV in 1996 as a producer for an hour-long news magazine show entitled Connecticut Journal which covered state businesses and topics of personal finance, and took over as the anchor of the show in 1999. Over the years, he has earned a total of six Emmy nominations, but no Emmys.
On April 2, 2006, Vicevich opened Sound Off Connecticut.
Vicevich also founded Vicevich Interactive, a small business based in Simsbury, Connecticut which specialized in producing multimedia content on VHS, CD-ROM, and the internet via Adobe Shockwave and Flash content. His products have earned him four national Telly awards for excellence in corporate video.
Today, in addition to the responsibilities of his show Sound Off Connecticut, Vicevich in the past, worked full-time as a financial advisor for The Advest Group, a consulting firm based in Hartford, Connecticut where he helps run their "Financial Education Solutions" program.
Personal
Vicevich's sister, Barbara Vicevich, was a common guest on the radio show and podcast. She is known as the "Sound off Sister." Barbara Vicevich was previously Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of Florida, and special trial attorney for the Department of Justice, Criminal Division; a partner in the Florida law firm of Shutts & Bowen, and an adjunct professor at the University of Miami, School of Law.
Vicevich was married to author Jana Kandlova in Sept. 2020. He has a daughter and a son from a previous marriage. Vicevich has said on air that he suffers from lupus.
References
Bucknell University alumni
Boston University alumni
People from Hartford, Connecticut
American talk radio hosts
American libertarians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Vicevich |
The Catholic Church in Guinea is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the pope.
Figures in 2020 show that 3.52% of Guinea's population is Christian. This is made up of Catholics (2.28%), Protestants (0.44%) and other Christians 0.8%. This is just over 3 million Catholics in the country.
There is one archdiocese (Conakry) and two dioceses (Kankan and N’Zérékoré). A new diocese (in Guéckédou) was announced in June 2023.
In 2020, there were 181 priests and 140 nuns serving 76 parishes in the country.
See also
Religion in Guinea
Christianity in Guinea
Vincent Coulibaly
Robert Sarah
References
External links
Giga-Catholic Information
Catholic Hierarchy
Guinea
Guinea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Guinea |
Champions
Major League Baseball
World Series: St. Louis Cardinals over New York Yankees (4-1)
All-Star Game, July 6 at Polo Grounds: American League, 3-1
Other champions
Amateur World Series: Cuba
Negro World Series: Kansas City Monarchs over Homestead Grays (4-0)
Negro League Baseball All-Star Game: East, 5-2
Minor leagues
Northern League: Winnipeg Maroons
Awards and honors
Baseball Hall of Fame
Rogers Hornsby
Most Valuable Player
Joe Gordon (AL) – New York Yankees (2B)
Mort Cooper (NL) – St. Louis Cardinals (P)
The Sporting News Player of the Year Award
Ted Williams – Boston Red Sox (LF)
The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award
Joe Gordon (AL) – New York Yankees (2B)
Mort Cooper (NL) – St. Louis Cardinals (P)
The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award
Billy Southworth – St. Louis Cardinals
Ted Williams was MLB Triple Crown winner.
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro league baseball final standings
Negro American League final standings
Negro National League final standings
Events
January–March
January 14 – The Boston Red Sox release catcher Moe Berg. Berg would go on the greater fame as one of the top U.S. spies during World War II.
January 15 – President Franklin Delano Roosevelt sent a letter to Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, encouraging Major League Baseball to continue playing despite American entry into World War II. Roosevelt's famed "Green Light" letter ensured that the 1942 season would be played as planned, negating rumors of a shutdown following the attack on Pearl Harbor. Despite a loss of many star players to military service, such as Joe DiMaggio, Bob Feller & Ted Williams, all 16 teams continued to play regular schedules for the duration of World War II.
February 12 – Minor league outfielder Gordon Houston becomes the first player in Organized Baseball to die during active duty in World War II. Houston had played with Texarkana in .
March 18 – Jackie Robinson and Nate Moreland request try-outs with the White Sox. Sox manager Jimmie Dykes praises Robinson's baserunning to Pittsburgh Courier sportswriter Herman Hill, saying that "he stole everything but my infielders' gloves." Dykes goes on record to the Courier, saying "Personally, I would welcome Negro players on the White Sox and I believe every one of the other 15 managers would do so likewise. As for the players, they'd all get along too." Ultimately, Dykes is unable to even consider offering contracts to either, stating that it is a matter for club owners, league officials, and the Commissioner of Baseball to allow it.
April–June
June 2 – Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox enlists in the United States Navy.
May 13 – Jim Tobin of the Boston Braves almost single-handedly beats the Chicago Cubs at Braves Field, 6–5, by pitching a five-hitter and hitting three consecutive home runs. Tobin, who hit a pinch-homer the day before, becomes the only pitcher in modern history to collect three home runs in a Major League game. His fourth at-bat results in a fly ball caught against the fence in left field.
The St. Louis Browns purchase the contract of Babe Dahlgren, who became part of baseball lore when he replaced Lou Gehrig at first base for the Yankees, thus ending the consecutive playing streak, from the Chicago Cubs. Less than a week later, the Browns return him to the Cubs, who then sell his contract to the Brooklyn Dodgers.
June 1 – Jimmie Foxx, who'd been placed on waivers by the Boston Red Sox, is claimed by the Chicago Cubs.
June 19 – Paul Waner of the Boston Braves joins the 3,000 hit club.
June 26 – Shortly after an Army baseball game, Chicago White Sox minor league pitcher Gene Stack dies from a fatal heart attack, making him the first major league player drafted into military service to die on active duty.
July–September
July 6 – At the Polo Grounds, home of the New York Giants, the American League defeated the National League, 3-1, in the All–Star Game.
July 19 – Boston Red Sox pitcher Mike Ryba catches both games of a doubleheader against the Cleveland Indians at Fenway Park.
August 23 – Babe Ruth dons a uniform for the first time in 7 years for a hitting exhibition against Walter Johnson at Yankee Stadium. On Johnson's fifth pitch, Ruth hit a drive into the lower right field stands as the crowd thundered its approval. On the final pitch, Ruth hit a towering upper-deck shot that was just foul. He circled the bases doffing his cap and saluting the roaring crowd with every step. Ruth and Johnson then left the field together to a thunderous ovation. $80,000 was raised for the Army-Navy relief fund.
September 11 – Chicago Cubs catcher Paul Gillespie homers in his first major league at bat. In 1945 he will homer in his final major league at bat and become the only player in MLB history to do both.
September 13 – In the second inning of a doubleheader at Braves Field, Lennie Merullo commits four errors in the second inning of the Chicago Cubs' 12-8 victory over the Boston Braves. Merullo had just been informed by Cubs owner Philip K. Wrigley that his wife had just delivered their first child, son Len Jr. The next day, the Chicago newspapers suggest that the newborn be nicknamed "Boots" in honor of the occasion.
September 27 – The St. Louis Cardinals clinch the National League pennant on the last day of the regular season by defeating the Chicago Cubs, 9-2, in the first game of a double header at Sportsman's Park, St. Louis. The Cardinals also win Game 2 of the double header and finish the season with a record of 106-48, giving them the most victories by any National League team since Pittsburgh's 110 wins in 1909. Meanwhile, the Brooklyn Dodgers win their season finale, 4-3, against Philadelphia to end the season in second place at 104-50.
September 29 – The Kansas City Monarchs defeat the Washington-Homestead Grays 9 to 5 at Shibe Park in Philadelphia and sweep the 1942 Negro World Series four games to none. Satchel Paige pitches 5 hitless innings in relief to shut down the Grays and clinch the title.
October–December
October 5 – The St. Louis Cardinals defeat the New York Yankees, 4-2, in Game 5 of the World Series to win their fourth World Championship, four games to one. The loss was the Yankees' first since the 1926 World Series to the Cardinals. They had won eight Series in the interim.
November 1 – The Brooklyn Dodgers name Branch Rickey as the team president, replacing Larry MacPhail who enters the military service. Rickey had resigned as vice-president of the St. Louis Cardinals only three days earlier.
December 1 – At major league meetings in Chicago, World War II travel restrictions are the order of the day. Owners decide to restrict travel to a three-trip schedule rather than the customary four. Spring training in 1943 will be limited to locations north of the Potomac or Ohio rivers and east of the Mississippi.
Movies
The Pride of the Yankees
Births
January
January 1 – Bill Bethea
January 3 – Epy Guerrero
January 5 – Wally Wolf
January 7 – Jim Lefebvre
January 11 – Danny Napoleon
January 14 – Dave Campbell
January 14 – Billy Parker
January 18 – Dick Estelle
January 25 – Ernie Fazio
February
February 4 – Joe Sparma
February 8 – Fritz Peterson
February 8 – Costen Shockley
February 9 – Hal Gilson
February 12 – Steve Bailey
February 12 – Pat Dobson
February 15 – Bill Henry
February 16 – Tim Cullen
February 21 – Fred Newman
March
March 3 – Don Dennis
March 3 – Bob Garibaldi
March 8 – Dick Allen
March 8 – George Gerberman
March 9 – Bert Campaneris
March 10 – Tom Hilgendorf
March 12 – Jim Wynn
March 13 – Marv Staehle
March 14 – Bob Raudman
March 21 – Len Church
March 23 – Danny Coombs
March 24 – Jesús Alou
March 26 – Mel Queen
March 30 – Conrad Cardinal
April
April 1 – Jake Jaeckel
April 4 – Tom Fisher
April 4 – Jim Fregosi
April 4 – Ron Locke
April 5 – Peter Magowan
April 6 – John Wojcik
April 7 – Tom Phoebus
April 8 – José Herrera
April 12 – Dale Roberts
April 12 – Tommie Sisk
April 13 – Ike Brown
April 16 – Jim Lonborg
April 18 – Steve Blass
April 18 – Chuck Taylor
April 19 – Aaron Pointer
May
May 7 – John Flavin
May 9 – Jerry Buchek
May 12 – Ted Kubiak
May 13 – Billy MacLeod
May 14 – Tony Pérez
May 26 – Chuck Hartenstein
May 28 – Buddy Booker
May 30 – John Felske
June
June 1 – Randy Hundley
June 1 – Ken McMullen
June 3 – Duane Josephson
June 6 – Bill Davis
June 8 – Larry Colton
June 8 – Pete Magrini
June 17 – Luis Peraza
June 22 – Roy Heiser
June 27 – Danny Breeden
June 28 – Tom Fletcher
July
July 4 – Hal Lanier
July 11 – John Sevcik
July 14 – Juan Ríos
July 15 – Don Bosch
July 16 – John Purdin
July 17 – Don Kessinger
July 20 – Mickey Stanley
July 21 – Mike Hegan
July 22 – Frank Johnson
July 24 – Cotton Nash
July 26 – José Martínez
July 27 – Jack Hiatt
August
August 4 – Ángel Bravo
August 4 – Cleon Jones
August 7 – Gary Dotter
August 9 – Tommie Agee
August 11 – Sal Campisi
August 15 – Cap Peterson
August 20 – Fred Norman
August 23 – Dave Dowling
August 23 – Danny Murphy
August 25 – Shaun Fitzmaurice
August 29 – Dan Schneider
August 31 – Tom Dukes
August 31 – Ramón Webster
September
September 5 – Dave Morehead
September 8 – Steve Hargan
September 9 – Ron Stone
September 21 – Sam McDowell
September 21 – Bill Wilson
September 23 – Jim Rooker
September 23 – Woody Woodward
September 24 – Chuck Nieson
September 28 – Grant Jackson
October
October 6 – Jerry Grote
October 8 – Bill Landis
October 13 – Bob Bailey
October 16 – Pete Lovrich
October 17 – Pete Cimino
October 18 – Vern Holtgrave
October 18 – Willie Horton
October 22 – Cecil Upshaw
October 31 – Dave McNally
November
November 2 – Ron Reed
November 4 – Jack Whillock
November 5 – Richie Scheinblum
November 6 – Jim Gosger
November 19 – Larry Haney
November 23 – Jerry Nyman
November 24 – Fred Beene
November 25 – Bobby Etheridge
December
December 3 – José Peña
December 4 – Dick Billings
December 5 – Steve Shea
December 6 – Arnold Umbach
December 7 – Alex Johnson
December 13 – Ferguson Jenkins
December 14 – Jim Roland
December 21 – Pete Charton
December 22 – Jack Jenkins
December 23 – Jerry Koosman
December 27 – Byron Browne
Deaths
January
January 4 – Herold Juul, 48, pitcher for the 1914 Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League.
January 8 – Harry Pearce, 52, second baseman who played from 1917 through 1919 for the Philadelphia Phillies.
January 22 – Louis Santop, 52, Hall of Fame catcher in the Negro leagues, an amazing .406 lifetime hitter and the first legitimate home run slugger in black baseball history.
January 31 – Henry Larkin, 82, 19th century first baseman and manager who hit .303 in 10 seasons with the Philadelphia Athletics, Cleveland Infants/Indians and Washington Senators.
January 31 – Ed Phelps, 62, catcher who played with four teams in 11 seasons spanning 1902–1913, and a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates teams who the 1902 and 1903 National League Pennants and played in the 1903 World Series.
February
February 3 – Frank Luce, 45, outfielder who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1923 season.
February 3 – Happy Finneran, 51, pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies, Brooklyn Tip-Tops, Detroit Tigers and New York Yankees, in a span of five seasons from 1912 to 1918.
February 7 – Joe Poetz, 41, pitcher who played in two games for the New York Giants in 1926.
February 9 – John Fischer, 86, pitcher who played from 1884 to 1885 with the Philadelphia Keystones and the Buffalo Bisons.
February 16 – Orson Baldwin, 60, pitcher for the 1908 St. Louis Cardinals.
March
March 1 – Bill Delaney, 78, second baseman for the 1890 Cleveland Spiders of the National League.
March 3 – John Buckley, 72, pitcher who played with the Buffalo Bisons of the Players' League in 1890.
March 3 – Clay Fauver, 69, pitcher who played for the Louisville Colonels of the National League in 1899, and also a distinguished college professor and athletic coach both in baseball and football.
March 3 – Dan O'Connor, 73, Canadian first baseman who appeared in six games with the Louisville Colonels club who won the 1890 American Association pennant.
March 4 – Jack Hammond, 51, second baseman who played for the Cleveland Indians in 1915 and divided his playing time with Cleveland and the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1922.
March 5 – Dutch Wetzel, 48, outfielder who played for the St. Louis Browns of the American League in the 1920 and 1921 seasons.
March 12 – Owen Conway, 51, third baseman who played for the Philadelphia Athletics during the 1915 season.
March 13 – Gene Steere, 69, shortstop for the 1894 Pittsburgh Pirates.
March 26 – Jimmy Burke, 67, third baseman for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1903 to 1905 and player-manager of the club for part of 1905, who then moved to the Minor Leagues to manage several teams, returning to the majors to coach for the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs and New York Yankees between 1914 and 1933, while managing the St. Louis Browns from 1918 to 1920.
March 31 – Ray O'Brien, 47, backup outfielder for the 1916 Pittsburgh Pirates.
April
April 3 – John Rudderham, 78, left fielder who appeared in one game with the Boston Reds of the Union Association in its 1884 season.
April 8 – Pat Bohen, 51, pitcher who played from 1913 to 1914 for the Philadelphia Athletics and the Pittsburgh Pirates.
April 11 – Norm McNeil, 49, reserve catcher who played briefly for the Boston Red Sox during the 1919 season.
April 26 – Al Montgomery, 21, catcher who played for the Boston Braves in 1941.
April 26 – Hack Simmons, 57, infielder and outfielder who spent two seasons in the American League with the Detroit Tigers (1910) and New York Highlanders (1912), before moving to the outlaw Federal League to play for the Baltimore Terrapins (1914–1915).
May
May 9 – Herm Malloy, 56, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers teams who won the American League pennants in the 1907 and 1908 seasons.
May 13 – C. J. McDiarmid, 72, executive with the St. Louis Browns and Cincinnati Reds between 1907 and 1929; president and principal owner of Reds from 1927 to 1929.
May 15 – Larry Milton, 63, pitcher who played for the St. Louis Cardinals in its 1903 season.
May 20 – Amby McConnell, 59, second baseman who played from 1908 through 1911 for the Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox, better known as the player that lined into the first unassisted triple play in Major League Baseball history (1909), and also for setting the Red Sox record for most stolen bases in a single-season by a rookie with 31 (1908), which stood until being broken by Jacoby Ellsbury (2008).
May 25 – Bill James, 65, pitcher who played for five teams in all or part of eight seasons between 1911 and 1919, as well as one of the clean members on the 1919 Chicago White Sox club which was made famous by the Black Sox Scandal.
May 26 – Ed Gremminger, 68, third baseman who played for the Cleveland Spiders, Boston Beaneaters and Detroit Tigers in part of four seasons between 1895 and 1904.
May 28 – Charley Bassett, 79, infielder for five National League teams in a span of eight seasons from 1884 to 1892, who led the league's second basemen in assists in 1887, and fielding percentage in 1887 and 1890.
May 28 – Mike Welday, 63, outfielder who played for the Chicago White Sox in the 1907 and 1909 seasons.
May 30 – Ed Burns, 54, catcher who played from 1912 to 1918 for the St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies.
May 30 – Lee Fyfe, 62, umpire who officiated in the Federal League in 1915 and the National League in 1920.
June
June 1 – Danny Friend, 69, pitcher who played for the Chicago Colts of the National League from 1895 through 1898.
June 10 – Matt Zieser, 53, pitcher for the 1914 Boston Red Sox.
June 26 – Gene Stack, 24, pitcher in the Chicago White Sox minor league system, who in December 1940 became the first player on a Major League roster to be drafted for World War II service.
June 29 – Manuel Cueto, 50, Cuban outfielder who spent more than 20 years in professional baseball, including stints with the St. Louis Terriers in 1914 and the Cincinnati Reds from 1917 until 1919.
June 30 – Cad Coles, 56, outfielder who played for the 1914 Kansas City Packers of the Federal League.
July
July 1 – Harry Spies, 76, first baseman and catcher who played for the Louisville Colonels and Cincinnati Reds during the 1895 season.
July 17 – Lefty Johnson, 79, outfielder for the Philadelphia Keystones, Indianapolis Hoosiers and Baltimore Orioles in parts of five seasons from 1884 to 1892.
July 20 – Rap Dixon, 39, All-Star outfielder in the Negro leagues from 1922 through 1937; a power hitter who could also hit for average as well as one of the fastest players and best defensive outfielders in Negro league history.
July 30 – Jim Baskette, 54, pitcher for the Cleveland Naps from 1911 until 1913.
August
August 3 – Jack Hayden, 61, outfielder who played for the Philadelphia Athletics, Boston Americans and Chicago Cubs in the early 20th century.
August 6 – Gordon McNaughton, 32, pitcher for the 1932 Boston Red Sox.
September
September 2 – Henry Thielman, 61, pitcher for the New York Giants, Cincinnati Reds and Brooklyn Superbas from 1902 until 1903.
September 26 – Joe Giannini, 54, shortstop for the 1911 Boston Red Sox.
October
October 3 – Pinky Hargrave, 46, catcher for the Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers and Boston Braves between 1923 and 1930.
November
November 8 – Birdie Cree, 60, outfielder who spent his entire career with the New York Highlanders/Yankees from 1908 to 1915, while hitting .292 in 742 games.
November 14 – Scrappy Carroll, 82, Outfielder for three teams from 1884 to 1887.
November 15 – Joe Gunson, 79, catcher/outfielder who played four seasons in the majors from 1884, 1889, 1892–1893.
November 24 – Frank Owen, 62, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers and Chicago White Sox from 1901 to 1908, who posted an 82-67 with a 2,55 ERA.
November 30 – Slim Love, 52, pitcher who posted a 28-21 record with a 3.04 ERA in six seasons with the Senators, Yankees and Tigers.
December
December 1 – Frank Connaughton, 73, shortstop-outfielder who played in the National League for Boston (1894 and 1906) and New York (1896).
December 3 – Chad Kimsey, 36, appeared in 222 games, 198 as a pitcher, for the St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox and Detroit Tigers over six seasons between 1929 and 1936.
December 5 – Val Picinich, 46, catcher in 1307 games for the Philadelphia Athletics, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox, Cincinnati Reds, Brooklyn Robins/Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates between 1916 and 1933.
December 6 – Amos Rusie, 71, Hall of Fame fireball pitcher whose powerful delivery was the main reason to move the pitching mound in 1893 from 50 feet to its present 60 feet, 6 inches; who retired with a 246-174 record, 1,950 strikeouts and 3.07 ERA in what was really an eight-year career with the New York Giants, collecting 30 or more wins four years in a row and winning 20 or more games eight successive times, while leading the National League in strikeouts five years and leading or tying for most shutouts five times, including a no-hitter, and the Triple Crown in 1894 with a 36-13 mark, 195 strikeouts and a 2.78 ERA en route to a 4–0 four-game sweep of the Baltimore Orioles in the first Temple Cup Championship Series.
References
External links
Baseball Reference – 1942 MLB Season Summary
Baseball Reference – MLB Players born in 1942
Baseball Almanac – MLB Players died in 1942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%20in%20baseball |
The Inttranet is a multilingual portal for and global network of professional interpreters and translators, fully compatible with ISO 9001 quality assurance requirements, and was officially inaugurated in October 2002.
Its purpose is to provide all the functions required by professional interpreters and translators and the users of their services, and to enable access to those services in any language, in accordance with UNESCO's "Access to All" program.
Launched after two years of development, with input from the heads of the translation departments of UNESCO, the European Commission, the Council of Europe, the European Parliament (freelance section), and professional interpreters and translators from 26 countries, the portal is currently (2006) available in 33 languages, but has been designed to be translated and interoperable in any other.
One of the unique features of the Inttranet is the capacity to automatically display member CVs in the language of the visitor to the portal.
The portal also includes a multilingual terminology database (Terminal), compatible with ISO 12616, designed to store and share specific translation terms used by Inttranet members and their customers. It is capable of displaying the search interface as well as the source and target terms in any three different languages.
The Inttranet also comprises an external search system linked to Inttranet CVs that can be hosted as a piece of HTML code on any third-party website (Exttranet), thereby constituting a genuinely global (multilingual) search and display system for users of the services of professional interpreters and translators.
The portal was approved for inclusion in the UNESCO Observatory for the Information Society in January 2006.
External links
Inttranet Home Page
Translation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inttranet |
State Highway Route 138 is the portion of the multi-state Route 138 within the state of Connecticut. It is one of several New England state highways that travel through three states while keeping their number designation. The route begins in Sprague at Route 97. From its western terminus up to the junction with Interstate 395 in Griswold, the road functions as a collector road. From the Interstate 395 junction, it then enters Voluntown, and continues into the state of Rhode Island as Route 138.
Route description
Route 138 starts at Route 97, in the town of Sprague, where it is known as Bushnell Hollow Road. It heads east into the town of Lisbon becoming Kinsman Road and Town House Road. It intersects with Route 169 in Lisbon center and then becomes Newent Road, as it proceeds eastward.
Route 138 overlaps with Route 12 as it crosses the Griswold town line. Route 138 splits off from Route 12 as Slater Avenue and later as Pachaug Road. It has an interchange with I-395 in the borough of Jewett City and intersects with Route 201 just west of the town line. The road continues into the town of Voluntown, where it becomes Jewett City Road. It has a three-way overlap with Route 165 and Route 49, along Beach Pond Road. Route 138 continues east as Rockville Road into the state of Rhode Island, becoming Rhode Island Route 138.
History
In the 1920s, a loop route of New England Route 12 from south of Taftville to Jewett City via the village of Newent was a secondary state highway known as Highway 356. At the same time, the road connecting Jewett City and the town center of Voluntown was known as Highway 321. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, Route 138 was established from the piece of old Highway 356 from Newent to Jewett City and from the entire length of old Highway 321. Route 138 was extended to the Rhode Island state line in 1938 along former SR 420, where it connected with the westward extension of Rhode Island Route 138, which had originally ended in Newport. This resulted in a three-state Route 138 all the way to the Boston area. Route 138 in Connecticut was extended west to its current western terminus located at Route 97 in 1962 as part of the Route Reclassification Act.
Junction list
References
External links
138
Transportation in New London County, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%20138 |
The Spartan Marching Band (SMB) is the marching band of Michigan State University. The band has over 300 members and was founded in 1870. Notable music educator Leonard Falcone directed the band from 1927 through 1967.
The band performs every year at home football games, travels to some away games, as well as various events held by the university. The band has also performed for five U.S. Presidents, performed at five Rose Bowls, two World's Fairs, and one World Series.
History
Beginnings and MAC military band
The band was founded in 1870 as a 10-member student-led group, shortly after the founding of the Michigan Agricultural College (presently Michigan State University). Ransom McDonough Brooks was a student and former civil war veteran who first led the band. The band operated informally during this time.
In 1885, an ROTC was formed on campus and the band was reorganized as a cadet military band. During this time the band was led by students and military officers, including cornetist I.E. Hill, and Professor B.G. Edgerton, who was the first to lead the band in performance before a President Theodore Roosevelt in 1907.
Other directors in this period included A.J. Clark, Frederick Abel, J.S. Taylor, and Carl Kuhlman. Taylor would lead the first band to perform the new college fight song, written by cheerleader Francis Lankey. That performance would come shortly after young Lankey's death in 1919.
The Falcone years
In 1927, Leonard Falcone started as director of the band. Falcone was an Italian immigrant and the brother of University of Michigan band director Nicholas Falcone. Many of the band's traditions were established during his 40-year tenure and the band changed from a 65-member ROTC auxiliary into an adjunct of the new department that would become today's College of Music.
When the career of Nicholas came to a premature end due to illness in 1935, Leonard agreed to direct the University of Michigan band concurrently with the Michigan State band while his brother sought treatment. MSU began playing Big Ten Conference football in 1952 and during this time the band received its first green and white uniforms. The SMB made their first appearance in the Rose Bowl in 1954.
Falcone was a professor of baritone and euphonium, and a prolific transcriber and arranger of music for concert band. He arranged and rearranged the fight song continuously throughout his career.
Falcone drastically increased the visibility of the band through an aggressive schedule of performances and trips. He added 3 US Presidential performances to the band's resume as well as 3 televised Rose Parade and game performances in the 50s and 60s.
From 1960 to 1969, Bill Moffit was assistant director of the band alongside Falcone. Moffit developed the "Patterns in Motion" drill movement concept, centered around a 4-person squad system during this time, including the current pregame drill used by the band.
After Falcone's retirement, Moffit had started a position as the director of the Purdue All-American Marching Band and in 1984, took the Purdue band to Falcone's neighbourhood the morning before a football game to perform on the street.
Falcone retired and took on a role as professor emeritus in 1967, though he remained a fixture around the campus until weeks before his death in 1985.
1970s to modern day
The band was the 1988 recipient of the Sudler Trophy for collegiate marching bands, administered by the John Philip Sousa Foundation.
In 1989, John Madden became director of the band, and after his retirement in 2017, became the second-longest-serving director in band history, 28 years. During his tenure, the band traveled to 17 bowl games, 2 presidential performances and some foreign. Upon his retirement, he earned the distinction of Professor Emeritus and Emeritus Director of the SMB.
The current director is Dr. David Thornton who was a former masters and doctoral student at MSU, and was the assistant director for the 2015 and 2016 seasons.
Former band directors
A.J. Clark (1907-1916, 1918-1919, 1922-1925)
Frederic Abel (1916-1918)
J.S. Taylor (1919-1922)
Carl Kuhlman (1925-1927)
Leonard Falcone (1927-1967)
Harry Begian (1967-1970)
Kenneth Bloomquist (1970-1977)
Thad Hegerberg (1977)
Carl Chevallard (1978)
Dave Catron (1979-1987)
William Wiedrich (1988)
John Madden (1989-2016)
Former assistant or associate band directors
Oscar Stover (1953-1960)
William Moffit (1960-1969)
Joe Parker (1969)
Dave Catron (1970-1973)
Thad Hegerberg (1974-1976)
Carl Chevallard (1977)
William Wiedrich (1982-1987)
Isaiah Odajima (2006-2008)
Cormac Cannon (2009-2014)
David Thornton (2015-2016)
Simon Holoweiko (2017)
Instrumentation
The Spartan Marching Band instrumentation is notable among college bands in the United States. It traditionally is made up of brass, saxophones, and percussion, with no flutes, piccolos, or clarinets. E-flat cornets play the high "woodwind-like" parts. Flutes and clarinets were phased out in the early 1960s as Spartan Stadium expanded and more sound was desired. The E-flat cornet in the SMB instrumentation is reminiscent of the standard British brass band tradition.
As part of the band, all instruments are provided to members. The presence of "like instruments" has further enhanced the sound of the band, as well as creating a uniform look with silver-plated instruments.
1 or 2 Drum Majors
1 to 3 Feature Twirlers
40 member color guard
34 Alto Saxophones
18 Tenor Saxophones
8 E flat Cornets
52 B Flat Trumpets
28 Mellophones
36 Trombones
4 Bass Trombones
18 Baritones
24 Sousaphones
18 Big Ten Flags
10 or 11 Snare Drums
5 or 6 Tenor Drums
7 Bass Drums
10 Cymbals
Organization
Current director and instructors
In 2017, Dr. David Thornton, who previously served as the Associate Director of the Spartan Marching Band in 2015 and 2016, was appointed Director of the Spartan Marching Band and Associate Director of Bands at MSU.
In March 2018, Dr. Arris Golden was selected as Associate Director of the SMB, and Assistant Director of MSU Bands. Prior, Golden had a brief tenure as the assistant director of The Marching Tar Heels.
Working directly under the director are graduate assistants and various instructors for visuals, color guard and percussion. Additionally, there are graduate assistants are graduate students from the MSU College of Music who arrange music, design drill, rehearse music, and teach on the field in preparation for halftime and pregame shows. Administratively, graduate assistants conduct challenges and auditions.
Drum Major(s)
Typically, the Spartan Marching Band has only one drum major for the entire ensemble. However, in years when the drum major is a graduating senior there are two, allowing the new drum major to have one season of apprenticeship. The position is chosen through an audition process. The drum major and band president are the top ranking student leaders in the organization.
Traditions
MSU Shadows
Every band member must learn the MSU alma mater, MSU Shadows, which was arranged by MSC Music Professor H. Owen Reed, with words by coach Barney Traynor. Sung in four-part harmony, MSU Shadows was introduced in 1948 and is played and/or sung by the band. After marching to Spartan Stadium, the band gathers near the tunnel leading onto the football field and sings before lining up for the pregame Kickstep entrance. It is always played during the Pregame performance. MSU Shadows is also sung at the end of game days, after marching back and usually performing for the sizable crowd of band fans. After the final home game of the year after the seniors sing the infrequently-sung second verse, the content of which is about one's love for MSU remaining after graduating. MSU Shadows is also featured prominently during the annual Alumni Band Reunion Day, during which band alumni gather from around the world to perform at halftime during a home game.
Halftime shows
2023
Bowl games
The Spartan Marching Band has made appearances at the following events:
2015 Cotton Bowl
1954, 1956, 1966, 1988, and 2014 Rose Bowl
2009 and 2011 Capital One Bowl
2012 Outback Bowl
2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl
2007 Champs Sports Bowl
2003 and 2010 Alamo Bowl
2001 Silicon Valley Football Classic
2000 Citrus Bowl
1996 and 1990 Sun Bowl
1995 Independence Bowl
1993 St. Jude Liberty Bowl
1990 John Hancock Bowl
1989 Mazda Gator Bowl
1985 All-American Bowl
1984 Cherry Bowl
A portion of the SMB also traveled to the 1993 Coca-Cola Bowl in Tokyo, Japan and the 1997 Aloha Bowl in Honolulu, HI.
References
External links
Big Ten Conference marching bands
Musical groups from Michigan
Musical groups established in 1870
Spartan Marching Band
1870 establishments in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20State%20University%20Spartan%20Marching%20Band |
Calcium ascorbate is a compound with the molecular formula CaC12H14O12. It is the calcium salt of ascorbic acid, one of the mineral ascorbates. It is approximately 10% calcium by mass.
As a food additive, it has the E number E 302. It is approved for use as a food in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand.
References
Ascorbates
Calcium compounds
Vitamers
Vitamin C
E-number additives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20ascorbate |
Francesco Botticini (real name Francesco di Giovanni, 1446 – 16 January 1498) was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He was born in Florence, where he remained active until his death in 1498. Although there are only few documented works by Botticini, a considerable corpus has been confidently attributed to him on the basis of style including a number of altarpieces, dozens of small-scale religious panels and a few portraits.
Life
Early work
Botticini was born in Florence in 1446. His father was Giovanni di Domenico di Piero, a naibaio, or painter of playing cards, from whom he probably received his initial artistic training. By 22 July 1459 was a salaried assistant in the workshop of Neri di Bicci. Botticini left Neri's workshop in 24 July 1460. He eventually came into contact with Andrea del Verrocchio, in whose workshop he would have met Leonardo da Vinci, Lorenzo di Credi, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and Pietro Perugino. Though Botticini's presence in Verrocchio's studio is not documented, it is often inferred on the basis of style. Botticini opened his own workshop by 1469, as reported in an arbitration document from that year. He remained close with his father, who oversaw his working contracts until 1475, when he filed for emancipation. The emancipation was granted in 1477, according to legal records.
Botticini's earliest works include the Saint Nicholas and Four Female Saints at the National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, a Saint Sebastian at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and a Madonna adoring the Child at the Birmingham Museum of Art in Alabama. His earliest dated work is an altarpiece of the Madonna and Child with Saints Sebastian, Pancras, Sebastian and Peter (1471) at the Musée Jacquemart-André, Paris, which is painted under the strong influence of Verrocchio. The Saint Monica Enthroned with Augustinian Nuns in Santo Spirito, Florence, is usually dated also dated to this year, as his the famous Three Archangels with the Young Tobias at the Uffizi.
Maturity
By 1475 Botticini had developed a more personal style, which he first expressed in his most famous work, the large Assumption of the Virgin at the National Gallery, London. Wrongly attributed Botticelli in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists, this painting has been unanimously attributed to Botticini since the early twentieth century. The attribution is corroborated by extant documents, which state how the painting was begun in 1475 and completed in 1477. The picture was commissioned by the poet Matteo Palmieri and his wife Niccolosa, presumably for their burial chapel in the now-destroyed church of San Pier Maggiore, Florence. However, some scholars believe it was instead intended for Palmieri's chapel in the Badia Fiesolana (outside Florence) because the dimensions are almost the same as Hans Memling's Last Judgment, a work initially intended for the Badia but later stolen and taken to Gdansk, Poland. Several preparatory drawings for Botticini's altarpiece survive in various collections.
The altarpiece's unusual composition and subject was surely dictated by its patrons, who appear in the lower corners of the composition. The background includes a view of Florence and the Arno valley. Some of Palmieri's properties on the hills of Fiesole, such as the farm included in his wife's dowry, are clearly discernible. The interpretation of Mary's bodily assumption into heaven, with the Virgin welcomed by rings of angels and saints, is based on the last stanza of Palmeri's poem, the Città di Vita (1465). The poem describes a controversial Lucretian idea that the soul began in heaven and descended to earth, without being crafted by God. Vasari wrote that Botticini's Assumption, like Palmieri's poem, was considered heretical and thus covered soon after its completion. This claim is likely fictitious but the donors' faces have indeed been scratched out, clearly indicating the controversies that surrounded Palmieri's ideas.
In the 1480s Botticini was consistently employed in Florence as well as nearby Empoli. For Empoli's collegiata church of Sant'Andrew he created two large tabernacles, one dedicated to Saint Sebastian and the other the Holy Sacrament. Both tabernacles are today in the adjoining museum. The larger of the two, theTabernacle of the Sacrament, was commissioned in 1486 and was largely complete by 1491, when it was installed on the church's high altar. In 1504, however, Botticini's son Raffaello was called in to add the finishing touches. Several preparatory drawings survive for the draperies of the saints in the side panels.
In 1488 Botticini painted an altarpiece of the Pietà with Four Saints for the meeting room of the Confraternity of San Domenico del Giglio at the basilica of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, now at the Musée Jacquemart-André, Paris.
Throughout his career, Botticini painted numerous panels with religious subjects for the homes of Florentine citizens. He was especially popular as a painter of tondi, or circular pictures, invariably of the Virgin and the young Saint John the Baptist, patron saint of Florence, kneeling in adoration of the Christ Child. One such example, in remarkably fine condition, appeared at Sotheby's, London, in 2013. Others can be found at the Galleria Palatina, Florence; the Louvre, Paris; and the Museo Soumaya, Mexico City.
Late work
Botticini continued to work throughout the last during the last decade of his career, receiving important commissions for Florence and its surroundings. Around 1490 he painted the Madonna and Child in Glory with Saints Mary Magdalen and Bernard, formerly at theFlorentine church of the Cestello and now at the Louvre, and in 1493 he painted a Madonna and Child with Two Angels and Saints Benedict, Francis, Sylvester and Anthony Abbot for the Compagnia della Vergine in Fucecchio (west of Florence), now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
In the mid-1490s he completed his most ambitious late altarpiece, an imposing Saint Jerome with Saints and Angels (the San Gerolamo Altarpiece), commissioned by wealthy Rucellai family for the convent of San Girolamo, Fiesole. This work, now at the National Gallery in London, depicts Saint Jerome in the central panel between Pope Damasus, Saint Eusebius, Saint Paula and Saint Eustochium; six angels appear in the sky above and a group of donors kneel below. The painting is unusual for including the central saint in a separate frame, creating a sort of picture-within-a-picture. As described by art critic Charles Darwent, "By giving his picture-within-a-picture of St Jerome its own gilt frame, the artist (Botticini) sets up a sequence of overlapping realities. The framed image exists as a separate artwork for us, the viewer, but also for the painted saints who seem to study it: even holy martyrs, it says, can be moved by the power of art." A drawing once considered a study for the figure of the Saint Jerome in the altarpiece is now recognized as a work by Domenico Ghirlandaio and linked to a fresco of the saint at the Bargello, Florence, painted by Ghirlandaio's brother-in-law, Bastiano Mainardi.
In 1495 Botticini painted an altarpiece of the Madonna and Child with Saint Francis, the Archangel Raphael and the Young Tobias for the Rinuccini chapel in San Pier Scheraggio, Florence. This work is now at the National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh, on loan from a private collection.
Botticini died in Florence on 16 January 1498 at the age of 51. His workshop was inherited by his son Raffaello Botticini, who had a prolific activity of his own.
Posthumous reputation
In April 1968, Esquire Magazine imitated Botticini's Saint Sebastian at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in a cover shot of Muhammad Ali. The cover was meant to relate the persecution of Saint Sebastian to that of Muhammad Ali, when we was stripped of his heavyweight boxing title for refusing to serve in the Vietnam War. George Lois, the magazine's art director at the time, came up with the idea and pitched it to Ali. Ali initially liked the connection between the suffering of the Saint and himself, but initially refused to pose as a Christian. He eventually agreed after speaking with the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad, and studying a postcard of Botticini's painting. The final product shows Ali with his hands bound behind him, arrows piercing his torso, his head tilted upwards in pain, in imitation of Botticini's saint.
Notes
References
Neri di Bicci, Le ricordanze, 1453–1475, edited by Bruno Santi (Pisa, 1976), pp. 126–7, 333 (Italian)
Poggi, Giovanni. "Della tavola di Francesco di Giovanni Botticini per la Compagnia di Sant’Andrea di Empoli’, Rivista d’arte, vol. 3 (1905): pp. 258–64.
Kühnel, Ernst. Francesco Botticini. Strassburg: Heitz, 1906.
Bacci, Piero. ‘Una tavola sconosciuta con San Sebastiano di Francesco di Giovanni Botticini’, Bollettino d'Arte, n.s. iv (1924–25): pp. 337–50.
Degenhart, Bernhard. "Francesco Botticini," Old Master Drawings, vol. 5 (1931): p. 49.
Van Marle, Raimond. The Development of Italian Schools of Painting, 19 vols (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1923-1938), vol. 13 (1931), pp. 390–427
Shaw, James Byam. "Francesco Botticini," Old Master Drawings, vol. 9 (1935): p. 58.
Davies, Martin. The Earlier Italian Schools (London: National Gallery, 1951, [Second Edition, 1961), pp. 118–27
Berenson, Bernard. Italian Pictures of the Renaissance: Florentine School (London: Phaidon, 1963), p. 39
Fahy, Everett. "Some Early Italian Pictures in the Gambier Parry Collection," The Burlington Magazine (1967): pp. 128–39.
Bellosi, Luciano. "Intorno ad Andrea del Castagno," Paragone, vol. 9, no. 211 (1967): pp. 10–15.
Berenson, Bernard. The Drawings of Florentine Painters, 2 vols (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1938, [Second Edition: 1969), vol. 1, p. 70, vol. 2, p. 61
Zeri, Federico and Gardner, Elizabeth. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Italian Paintings: Florentine School (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971), pp. 125–7
Padoa Rizzo, Anna. "Per Francesco Botticini," Antichità Viva, vol. 5/6 (1976): pp. 3–19
King, Catherine. "The Dowry Farms of Niccolosa Serragli and the Altarpiece of the Assumption in the National Gallery London (1126) Ascribed to Francesco Botticini." Zeitschrift Für Kunstgeschichte 50, no. 2 (1987): 275-78.
Griswold, William M. "Drawings by Francesco Botticini," Master Drawings, vol. 21,no. 2 (Summer 1994): pp. 151–4
Venturini, Lisa. Francesco Botticini. Florence: Edifir, 1994.
Padoa Rizzo, Anna. "Botticini, Francesco." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. (accessed 21 February 2017)
Bagemihl, Rolf. "Francesco Botticini's Palmieri Altar-Piece." The Burlington Magazine 138, no. 1118 (1996): pp. 308-14.
Rubin, Patricia Lee, "Art and the imagery of memory," in Art, memory, and family in Renaissance Florence, edited by Giovanni Ciappelli and Patricia Lee Rubin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 67–85
Sliwka, Jennifer. Visions of Paradise: Botticini's Palmieri Altarpiece. London: National Gallery, 2015.
1446 births
1498 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Quattrocento painters
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian male painters
Painters from Florence
Catholic painters
Renaissance painters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Botticini |
The Avalon Mall is a Canadian shopping mall located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador on Kenmount Road. With over , two floors, and 142 stores, it is the largest shopping mall in Newfoundland and Labrador. The mall opened in 1967 and is owned by Crombie REIT.
History
The Avalon Mall underwent major extensions in 1977, 1987 and 1999. In the late-1980s and early-1990s, low retail performance promoted mall management to embark on major renovation programs. The Scotiabank branch was renovated. Department store Ayre and Sons became The Gap in 1991, but then renovated in early 2018 once more to become Charm Diamond Centres, Claire's, The Source, and Jump Plus. In 2005, the food court, washrooms, entrances and exterior of the mall underwent major renovations.
Some of the tenants of anchor locations include Winners/HomeSense (formerly Sobeys) and, until January 9, 2018, Sears. Sears was originally Woolco until 1994, then Walmart, which closed on January 25, 2005. In fall 2005, Sears opened in the Mall, this store went through liquidation and closed on January 9, 2018. Sobeys became Winners/HomeSense in spring 2006 with both Sobeys and Walmart moving to Kelsey Drive. Both Sears and Winners operated nearby at the Village Shopping Centre. A brand new Winners/HomeSense was opened in the former Sears store in 2019.
In 1999, Empire Theatres closed its five-screen cinema (with access to the first and second floors; with most outlets on the first floor) then a Studio 12 (12 screen) theatre opened on the other end of the second floor (close to the mall's food court, the largest in Atlantic Canada). On June 27, 2013, Empire Theatres announced that it would be selling this theatre along with 23 others in Atlantic Canada to Cineplex Entertainment. Empire Theatres closed on October 22, 2013, and reopened as Cineplex Cinemas on October 25, 2013, then switched to the brand Scotiabank Theatre in November 2014. On February 28, 2018, it was announced that Cineplex would open The Rec Room in the mall in early 2019, which is adjacent to the Scotiabank Theatre. On April 18, 2019, it was officially opened and became the first location to open in Atlantic Canada.
Until provincial legalization of Sunday shopping in 1998, flea markets were common at the mall. This practice ended in December 2010, via mall management decision.
Major retailers/anchors
Scotiabank Theatre
Winners
Home Sense
Sport Check
Lawtons
Old Navy
H&M
Eclipse Clothing Stores
Bath & Body Works
Toys "R" Us (free standing)
Chapters (free standing)
Minor retailers/restaurants/gas stations
Sunglass Hut
Five Guys
Starbucks (also free standing)
KFC
A&W Canada
Virgin Plus
Bell Aliant
Coles
Scotiabank
The Source
SoftMoc
Garage
Pizza Delight
Dairy Queen
McDonald's (free standing)
Irving Oil
Circle K
The Children's Place (free standing)
Globo Shoes (free standing)
Roots
Sephora
Sunrise Records
Rogers Canada
GNC
Lululemon
Lush
Subway
Dollarama (free standing)
H&R Block
Burger King (free standing)
GameStop
Old Navy
RW&CO
Second Cup
Former retailers
Athletes World
Alia Tanjay
Aldo
A Buck or Two
Addition-Elle
Adam and Eve Unisex Hairstyling
Bogart's Jewelery
Bouclair (abandoned as of 2023)
Bootlegger Kids
Baby Gap (no longer separate from Gap)
Baskin-Robbins
Carlton Cards (closed in 2020)
Charmed Aroma
Club
Cultures Restaurant
Eddie Bauer
First Western Boutique
Great Canadian Dollar Store
Glow Tanning
Glow For One
Hallmark Cards
HMV
International Clothiers
Jeans Experts
LeGrow's Travel
Le Chateau
La Senza
Lindor Clothing
Mr. Sub
Moores
Motherhood Maternity
Marks Work Warehouse
Merle Norman Cosmetics
Naturalizer Shoes
Pay A Dollar
Randy River
Robin Donuts
Starcade (now The Rec Room)
Sears (now a Sport Check)
Sony
Shoppers Optical
Ultramar (now a Irving Oil)
Tabi International
Things Engraved
Sobeys (now an Old Navy, originally a Winners and HomeSense)
Sports Experts (closed in Aug. 2023)
Smart Set
Pearle Vision (closed in 2023)
Walmart Canada
Wicker Emporium
See also
List of largest enclosed shopping malls in Canada
List of shopping malls in Canada
References
External links and sources
Avalon Mall
Shopping malls in Newfoundland and Labrador
Shopping malls established in 1967
Buildings and structures in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
1967 establishments in Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon%20Mall |
The Catholic Church in Estonia () is the national branch of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
History of Catholicism in Estonia
At the beginning of the 13th century, Estonia was conquered by the German Teutonic Order during the Livonian Crusade and thus was one of the last territories in Europe to be Christianized. However, some archaeological evidence suggests that Christianity was already known centuries prior to the conquest. Based on archaeological relics, such as crosses and metal book corners, some areas of Estonia were Christian prior to the 13th century.
The whole of Estonia was subjugated by the year 1227 and, until the mid 16th century, Estonia was divided among feudal landlords and, thus, Catholic territory, although not yet unified.
During the Livonian War, medieval Estonia was conquered by the Swedes, initially occupying northern Estonia and, later, the southern part. Swedish rule, from 1561–1710, banned Catholicism for the benefit of the Lutheran Church.
In the Great Northern War Sweden lost Estonia to Russia, which governed the land from 1710 to 1918. Imperial Russia granted vast privileges to the resident Baltic-German nobility of Estonia, including freedom to practice their Lutheran faith. During the 18th century, Polish and then Lithuanian Catholic noblemen started to make their own use of this right. The first Catholic mass, after more than a hundred years, was held on 18 January 1786. There were less than 300 Catholics in Estonia at that time. Catholicism began its revival. On 26 December 1845, the new Catholic Church of Tallinn was consecrated, followed by the new Catholic Church of Tartu in 1899.
In 1918, when Estonia gained independence, Estonian citizens had complete freedom of religion. The Holy See recognized Estonia on 10 October 1921. In 1931 Eduard Profittlich, S.J. became the apostolic administrator for the Catholic Church in Estonia. In 1936 he was consecrated as the first Estonian Catholic bishop since the Lutheran reformation in the 16th century. Before World War II broke out, there were almost 5,000 Catholics in Estonia (Tallinn: 2.333, Tartu: 1.073, Narva: ca. 600, Valga: ca. 800).
In 1940 Estonia was invaded by the Soviets and organised religion was prohibited. The majority of the 5000 Catholic faithful either escaped the country or were imprisoned in Soviet prison camps. They arrested Bishop Profittlich who subsequently died in a Soviet prison in Siberia in 1942 after being sentenced to death as a Vatican spy. His cause for canonization as a martyr has been opened. During the Soviet occupation, all Estonia's Catholic churches were closed and the Catholic population of Estonia decreased below 100 adherents and 1 underground priest who were all heavily persecuted by the KGB.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Estonia regained its independence and was re-recognized by the Holy See on 28 August 1991. Estonia received its first papal visit when Pope John Paul II visited the country in September 1993.
Current state of Catholicism in Estonia
The Catholic population of Estonia is small, but has seen a rapid increase since the end of the Soviet rule.
In 2020, estimates suggested that there were 7,000 Catholics in the country (0.5% of the population); this included 31 priests and nuns across 10 parishes. Most are of Estonian background but also many Lithuanians and Poles. Most live in the major towns such as Tallinn, Tartu, and Narva. Estonia has no dioceses. Instead, the whole country forms an apostolic administration. Since 2005, the Apostolic Administrator of Estonia who resides in Tallinn is Bishop Philippe Jean-Charles Jourdan. Two parishes in Estonia (Tallinn and Tartu) are of the Greek Catholic Church and serve a mostly Ukrainian congregation.
See also
Estonia-Holy See relations
Apostolic Administration of Estonia
Religion in Estonia
Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia
References
External links
Homepage of the Catholic Church in Estonia
History of the Catholic Church in Estonia
Estonia and the Vatican
An article about the history and heyday of the Catholic Church in Estonia in English
Religion in Estonia: web encyclopedia Estonica
Apostolic Administration of Estonia
Estonia
Estonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Estonia |
Sodium ascorbate is one of a number of mineral salts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The molecular formula of this chemical compound is C6H7NaO6. As the sodium salt of ascorbic acid, it is known as a mineral ascorbate. It has not been demonstrated to be more bioavailable than any other form of vitamin C supplement.
Sodium ascorbate normally provides 131 mg of sodium per 1,000 mg of ascorbic acid (1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate contains 889 mg of ascorbic acid and 111 mg of sodium).
As a food additive, it has the E number E301 and is used as an antioxidant and an acidity regulator. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA, Australia, and New Zealand.
In in vitro studies, sodium ascorbate has been found to produce cytotoxic effects in various malignant cell lines, which include melanoma cells that are particularly susceptible.
Production
Sodium ascorbate is produced by dissolving ascorbic acid in water and adding an equivalent amount of sodium bicarbonate in water. After cessation of effervescence, the sodium ascorbate is precipitated by the addition of isopropanol.
References
External links
The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C
Ascorbates
Food additives
Organic sodium salts
Vitamers
Vitamin C
E-number additives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20ascorbate |
Louie Sam ( – February 24, 1884) was a Stó:lō youth from an Indigenous community near Abbotsford, British Columbia who was lynched by an American mob.
Sam was 14 at the time these events occurred. He had been accused of the murder of James Bell, a shopkeeper in Nooksack (today Whatcom County, Washington). The people of his band, today the Sumas First Nation at Kilgard turned him over to the B.C. government to settle the matter.
Following this, an angry mob crossed the border into Canada on February 24 and captured Sam, who had been in the custody of a B.C. deputy awaiting his trial at New Westminster. They then hanged him from a tree close to the U.S. border.
A subsequent investigation by Canadian authorities strongly suggests that Sam was innocent and that the likely murderers were two white Americans who were leaders of the lynch mob. They were William Osterman, the Nooksack telegraph operator who took over Bell's business, and David Harkness, who at the time of Bell's murder was living with Bell's estranged wife. Neither man was ever prosecuted.
On March 1, 2006, the Washington State Senate and House of Representatives approved a resolution stating that "through this resolution, the Senate joins its peers in the government of British Columbia, acknowledging the unfortunate historical injustice to Louie Sam and the proud Stó:lō people".
In media
Bibliography
Notes
References
- Total pages: 375
Year of birth uncertain
1884 deaths
1884 murders in Canada
19th-century First Nations people
Canada–United States relations
Canadian murder victims
First Nations history in British Columbia
History of Washington (state)
Lynching deaths
People murdered in British Columbia
Sto:lo people
1884 murders in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie%20Sam |
The Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA; "Society for musical performing and mechanical reproduction rights") is a government-mandated collecting society and performance rights organization based in Germany, with administrative offices in Berlin and Munich. GEMA represents the usage rights stemming from authors' rights (e.g., mechanical licensing, broadcast licensing, synchronization licensing) for the musical works of those composers, lyricists, and publishers who are members in the organization. It is the only such institution in Germany and a member of BIEM and CISAC. Other collecting societies include the (AKM) Society of authors, composers and music publishers (de) in Austria and SUISA in Switzerland.
As an "accredited profit-making association with legal capacity" (de: rechtsfähiger wirtschaftlicher Verein), GEMA's capacity to be a subject of legal rights and duties is based upon state conferral (under Article 22 of the German civil code). The chairperson of the executive board (CEO) is Harald Heker (since 2007); the chairperson of the board of directors is Ralf Weigand.
Structure and membership
GEMA is organized according to (German law of association). It directly represents some 3,300 composers, lyricists, and music publishers as full members, along with approximately 6,400 more as members with sharply restricted rights and another 55,000 authors who have entered into a deed of assignment with GEMA without fulfilling the professional requirements for full membership. Members of this last group are termed "associated members" within the organization, but they do not enjoy the rights associated with membership under German law of association. As of 2010, GEMA also represents a further 2 million international rights-holders within Germany, through reciprocal arrangements with other performance rights organizations.
Membership in GEMA is necessarily voluntary, since all usage rights (stemming from German authors' rights law) are reserved exclusively by the author. In contrast with copyright as it usually appears in common law, authors' rights are inalienable (i.e., non-transferable), which means that the author can transfer only the exercise of these rights to another natural or legal person. Therefore, the author theoretically reserves the right to exercise her/his own rights or to transfer these duties to another third party (e.g., a collecting society or performance rights organization). The de facto situation remains in GEMA's favor, however, as all efforts to found a competing institution have thus far been hindered by the German Patent and Trademark Office, and the sole management of one's own authors' rights remains a daunting task for lone artists.
In order to be represented by GEMA, authors (i.e., composers and lyricists along with their publishers and heirs) must become a member and sign a deed of assignment () with GEMA, transferring the exercise and exploitation of media rights for the author's entire repertoire to GEMA. Member authors are entitled to apply for full membership after spending five years as extraordinary members, fulfilling the requirement of maintaining a payout-level from GEMA above a certain minimum value. Until then, they belong to the status category of "extraordinary member," with limited voting rights (and usually a meagre share of fee revenues, ca. 4.8% in 2010). Other people, who are indeed authors but neither composers nor lyricists (nor publishers nor inheritors of authors), can also enter into a deed of assignment with GEMA; however, these authors cannot gain full membership, instead remaining so-called "associated members." The overwhelming majority of those represented by GEMA have no access to membership status as defined and protected under the German civil code (see Articles 21–79), holding instead the pseudo-title of "associated member." In 2010, approximately 24.11% of fee revenues were distributed to associated members.
GEMA is organized by professional and status groupings. German members of GEMA can be divided into three groups: 54,605 associated members (), 6,406 extraordinary members () and 3,343 full members (). Those who have signed a deed of assignment with GEMA but do not fulfill the requirements for extraordinary membership can become associated members—along with those whose application for membership status has been refused. Associated members do not count as members in the legal sense, as defined in the German civil code concerning associations. Full and extraordinary members must be either composers, lyricists, or music publishers. Extraordinary members can become full members, when they have received at least €30,000 in fee payouts from GEMA over five consecutive years (of which the yearly income must be at least €1,800 for four of the five years). There is an elevated minimum revenue for publishers, currently at €75,000 over five years (with a yearly minimum of €4,500 for four of those years).
The purpose of GEMA is to collect royalty fees from the organisers of events where music protected by this organization is played as well as media manufacturers, publishers, and broadcasting stations. GEMA collected 850 million euros in copyright fees in 2008. Disbursements go largely to the full members (2010: 64%), whose repertoire represents the lion's share of the listed works. The distribution of revenue and disbursement procedures are decided annually at the general assembly, which consists of approximately 3,000 full members as well as 64 delegates representing the associated and extraordinary members. The general assembly elects the 15 members of the board of directors (6 composers, 4 lyricists, 5 publishers). The board of directors appoints the chairperson.
According to GEMA by-laws, the delegates for the extraordinary and associated members must be appointed according to the following pattern: 32 delegates must be composers (of which at least 12 must be inheritors/legal successors), 12 lyricists (of which at least 6 inheritors), and 20 publishers. In 2010, there were 6 inheritors among the extraordinary members (0.1%) and 3,749 among the associated members (6.9%). As a consequence, a minority of 26 currently-active composers and lyricists must contend with a majority of 38 rights managers and legal successors.
Users of GEMA-protected works—primarily manufacturers of audio/video media, radio and television broadcasters, and the organizers of events such as music festivals, street festivals, Christmas markets and many more—procure the always-required usage rights from GEMA by paying a fee, which is to be paid to the rights-holders after the deduction of an administrative handling charge.
Fees and private copying levy
Licensing fees must be paid to GEMA for the public performance of protected musical works belonging to GEMA's so-called "world inventory" (); these are then paid out to its members according to a complex distribution scheme. The division of royalties operates through a points system, which distinguishes between "entertainment music" () and "serious music" (); for example, a single pop song is worth 12 points in this system, whereas a large orchestral work with a playing time longer than 70 minutes is worth 1,200 points.
According to Article 54 of , a private copying levy (or: blank media tax) can be applied to devices and media that "[...] are used for the making of reproductions [...]", which is already included in the price. This levy first goes to the German , and from there a portion is forwarded to GEMA. In 2004, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) applied to lower the licensing fee rates for sound recording media from 9.009% to 5.6% of the manufacturer's price. GEMA criticized this push as "an attempt by the German phonographic industry to solve their problems on the backs and at the expense of creative composers and lyricists." In 2005, the board of arbitration of the German Patent and Trademark Office in Munich decided in favor of GEMA, preventing the proposed licensing fee rate-reduction. Other arbitration processes attempted by the IFPI (regarding music videos, downloads, and ring tones) in 2006 were decided in favor of GEMA by the board of arbitration of the German Patent and Trademark Office.
GEMA also exercises the rights of authors in the online sector. GEMA licenses responsible content providers, such as Musicload, Apple's iTunes Store, Spotify, Napster, and others. The data is provided by GEMA itself; since 1 January 2007, the exercise of online usage rights for certain parts of its inventory is no longer managed by GEMA, but rather through .
The charges for performances and background music are tiered.
The playback of GEMA-protected music in telephone systems as background music for answering messages or on-hold music also must be declared to GEMA. Many businesses (especially small ones) are unaware of this obligation. The same applies to the valorization of internet presence through audio-branding involving the use of music.
Since April 2003, GEMA offers access to its database of musical works on its website, including approximately 1.6 Million copyrighted musical works.
Legal basis
All collective rights management societies operate on the basis of laws and ordinances. Within the European Community, these collecting societies derive their legitimacy from constitutional protections for intellectual property and intangible assets, in the form of intellectual property law, which is enshrined in the constitutions of European states.
Although the concept of intellectual property had already been established in the 1866 constitution of the North German Confederation as well as in the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire, Article 14 of the current Grundgesetz () only generally addresses property rights, inheritance law, and expropriation, including the issue of intellectual property. By contrast, in the constitution of the free state of Bavaria—and also previously in Baden and Greater Hesse, which were formed before the Grundgesetz (1949)—the intellectual property of authors, inventors, and artists come under the direct protection of the state, which explicitly allows for the existence of collecting societies.
Furthermore, collecting societies receive their legitimacy from German author's rights (), which is legally regulated in all European states. German author's rights law () grants authors a range of exploitation rights () that the individual author would find difficult to exercise without the assistance of a collecting society, which is why the author transfers them. Transferred exploitation rights become usage rights () in the form of licenses.
In Germany, for example, this is regulated through the "law concerning the exercise of author's rights" () of 9 September 1965. The core of this law is the obligation to administer (Article 6, ) and the obligation to contract (Article 11, ). The former obligation means that collecting societies must prosecute all rights that have been transferred to them. The latter obligation means that they cannot refuse entry to any author (in the case of GEMA: composer, lyricist, or publisher) who has fulfilled all the entry requirements.
GEMA is governed by a double-obligation to contract, that is: 1) on the one hand, it must take on and exercise any usage rights that have been transferred to it from its members; 2) on the other hand, it must also provide licensing in exchange for money to any music-user making a request.
Copyright collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their respective national markets, and German law recognizes GEMA as an effective monopoly. German case law has established the so-called , a presumption that works are managed by GEMA due to its effective monopoly position. As such, in Germany the burden of proof is on the accused infringer that the work is not managed by GEMA.
History
Antecedents: 1902–1933
Upon coming into effect in January 1902, the Law Concerning Author's Rights to Works of Literature and Musical Art () first set down in law that the public performance of a musical work required the permission of the author.
The Consortium of German Composers (; GDT) subsequently founded the Institute for Musical Performing Rights (; AFMA) in 1903. This came much later than in other states such as France, where the collecting society SACEM had already been founded in 1851, having its roots in the Agence Centrale, an interest group of musicians and publishers. Founders of the AFMA included Richard Strauss, Hans Sommer and . The GDT was headed by some of the most successful composers of the time, including Engelbert Humperdinck, Georg Schumann and most notably Richard Strauss.
In 1904, the GDT published a memorandum on the spirit and purpose of the AFMA, as there remained a great deal of confusion—as much among musicians as among event promoters and users. A central point of the memo was the following paragraph, most of whose contents now appear in the association rules of GEMA:
"The Institute pursues absolutely no private business purposes. It is only an intermediary agency. It does not collect reserve funds. A trade profit is out of the question. Administrative costs will be deducted from incoming fees, along with a further 10% contribution to the co-operative's relief fund. All remaining income, down to the last penny, will be distributed to the beneficiary composers, lyricists, and publishers."
The time after the foundation of the AFMA was quite turbulent.
In 1909, the GDT founded a second society focused exclusively on the exploitation of mechanical reproduction for phonograph records, the Institute for Mechanical-Musical Rights LLC (; AMMRE).
In 1913, the Austrian Society of Authors, Composers, and Music Publishers (; AKM) entered the German market and opened a German branch office.
In 1915, a few members of the GDT split off from the organization and founded GEMA (Genossenschaft zur Verwertung musikalischer Aufführungsrechte, which is not identical to the present-day GEMA). One of the founding members was composer Leon Jessel. In 1916, GEMA and AKM's German branch merged into the Association for the Protection of Musical Performing Rights in Germany ().
All of this resulted in a situation that had effects contrary to the original interests of authors and promoters as well as users—that is, two competing collecting societies.
In 1930, the GDT (in the form of the AFMA) joined with the Verband under the label Verband zum Schutze musikalischer Aufführungsrechte für Deutschland. However, the business units and facilities of both societies were not impacted by the consolidation. Both collecting societies continued to operate separately—all the while pretending to operate under a unified corporate name.
This came to an end during the Third Reich with the Reich Law regarding the Intermediation of Musical Performance Rights (). The legislator responsible for this law, Joseph Goebbels, did so with the aim of bringing all collecting societies into line and granting them a monopoly position.
1933–2000
On 28 September 1933, the State-Approved Society for the Exploitation of Musical Performing Rights (; STAGMA) arose out of the Verband zum Schutze musikalischer Afführungsrechte für Deutschland and was issued a monopoly on the exercise of musical performing rights. The still-existing AMMRE was annexed into STAGMA in 1938. The Reichsmusikkammer (), under the direction of then-president Richard Strauss, stipulated in its guidelines that, "non-Aryans are categorically not to be viewed as bearers and stewards of German cultural goods." This amounted to an occupational ban on the approximately 8000 Jews active in the Reichsmusikkammer. STAGMA was tightly enmeshed in the Nazi power structure, and the leading members of STAGMA were die-hard and voluntary Nazis. The CEO of STAGMA was Leo Ritter, who occupied the same position in the original GEMA and was in the habit of giving Hitler's Mein Kampf as a prize to worthy employees.
STAGMA continued its work after the Second World War, but under the title of GEMA (Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte) starting from 24 August 1947. was the chairman and general director from 1947 to 1989, to whom was dedicated the Erich Schulze Fountain in front of the GEMA headquarters in Munich. Starting in 1950, the chairman of the board of directors was Werner Egk. Both Schulze and Egk already occupied leading positions in STAGMA. Albrecht Dümling's book, Musik hat ihren Wert () was published to mark the 100-year anniversary of the first collection society in Germany. This book shed light on the role of the collecting society after the Nazi era.
In 1950, after the founding of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the partition of Germany (and as a consequence of the division in currencies), a society with comparable functions came into being in the GDR, the Institute for the Preservation of Performing and Reproduction Rights in the Area of Music (; AWA).
In 1982, GEMA collected 532.8 Million Deutschmarks.
In 1990, CSU politician succeeded Erich Schulze as chairman of the board. Towards the end of his term of office, he dedicated himself to fighting against digitalization. He characterized GEMA as the "Lighthouse of Culture" and a "rock in the surf of the waves of digitalization." According to him, GEMA succeeded in avoiding "pointless competition." To him, the internet was "nothing but a virtual department store," that should be assimilated in a hostile takeover. He went into retirement at the end of 2005.
After the reunification of Germany, many composers from the former GDR joined GEMA, but not all. The AWA has been dissolved since 1990, but it nonetheless persists as a society under liquidation.
2000–present
Harald Heker took over chairmanship of the board of directors in 2007.
Revenues
See Structure and membership for definitions of full member, extraordinary member, and associated member.
After the deduction of expenditures, GEMA's income is paid out to rights holders (approximately 40% to members and 60% to other rights-holders). During the payout process in 2010, an average of ca. €58,000 were apportioned to each full member, ca. €2,270 to each extraordinary member, and ca. €1,300 to each associated member. The internal distribution within these status groups remains confidential. In 2010, 33 (1%) legal successors had full membership, while 6 were extraordinary members (0.1%) and 3,749 associated members (6.9%).
These numbers illustrate that, since the appearance of YouTube on 15 February 2005, absolutely no negative effects on earnings from usage rights can be detected to date. On the contrary, there has even been a considerable increase in income since 2005 (see Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany).
It can also be seen that the share of revenues has continually increased for full members—at the expense of extraordinary members.
Reciprocal agreements
GEMA has entered into reciprocal agreements over performing and broadcasting rights with 73 of its foreign sister companies. For mechanical reproduction rights, GEMA entered into reciprocal agreements with 51 different collecting societies.
A reciprocal agreement facilitates the mutual granting of rights; foreign collecting societies transfer to GEMA the exercise of performance, broadcast, and reproduction rights of their entire inventory within Germany, along with the collection of corresponding usage fees, and in return GEMA grants the same rights and duties to foreign counterparts holding corresponding legal positions in their own territories. In each case, a foreign society operates as a trustee for the rights-exercising collecting society: it has no influence over how and when the collecting society will disburse the collected royalties to its member authors.
As of 2009 and based on a total of 151 agreements, GEMA represents more than 2 Million musical authors from the entire world and maintains data on over 8.5 Million musical works in its works-documentation files.
Collecting societies have joined together internationally into umbrella groups such as the Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs (CISAC), using this organization as a lobby group to influence governments, international organisations, and the European Community.
Current debates
GEMA often features in discussions about copyright, private copying, webradio and file sharing. For example, the private copying levy on blank recordable media and recording devices was brought into question, especially as it not clear what rights the buyer acquires by paying this sum.
In an online petition initiated by Monika Bestle on 19 May 2003, artists and event-organizers demanded a revision of GEMA's regulations with respect to better transparency, adjusted payment methods and other critical points. The petition was signed by 106,575 citizens and remains under parliamentary review since 17 July 2009.
From 2009 to 2016, many music videos on YouTube were not accessible from a German IP address. This is because, after the expiration of the original contract, YouTube and GEMA had not yet come to an agreement on a new contract (see section Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany below).
On 2 April 2009, a lawsuit took place before the regional court of Munich, in which the plaintiff, German singer , demanded a court-backed disclosure of GEMA's business practices. According her own statements, Clear paid a total of €80,000 in fees for her concerts between 2004 and 2007 and received around €10,000 in payouts, despite more than half of the performed music being composed, texted, and performed by herself. By her own calculations, she expected a return of approximately €33,000. The verdict, made on 10 June 2010 in the Munich regional court, found in favor of GEMA on all points and, due to incomplete information from Clear, negotiated payments were limited to approximately €23,000 in fees to GEMA and ca. €10,000 in payouts to Clear. The grounds for judgment stated that any claim to payment that may arise does not do so out of the deed of assignment signed between the two parties. On 21 January 2010, the Munich regional higher court of appeal () rejected Clear's appeal against the Munich regional court's () verdict in its entirety.
It came to light on 28 May 2010, that two employees along with ten GEMA members were embroiled in a fraud scandal, in which money was paid out for events that never took place. At the same time, another fraud trial was already being litigated against another GEMA employee for another case. At a press briefing related to these cases, Harald Heker proclaimed that, "When a system such as this is circumvented by high criminal energies, such a system is powerless."
GEMA garnered a great deal of attention in January 2011 when it sent a letter to 36,000 Kindergartens, charging them a yearly lump-sum fee of €56 for the photocopying of music scores with children's songs on them. More importantly, the Kindergartens were obligated to maintain an exact itemization of each song used. GEMA replied in a statement that the media had misrepresented the facts. In Bavaria, the dispute was settled by signing a lump-sum agreement amounting to €290,000, which would be paid out from the communal budget. Other states of Germany are also in the process of negotiating similar agreements.
In 2011, GEMA's web presence was the target of two cyber attacks over the failure to reach an agreement with YouTube. The hacktivist group Anonymous claimed responsibility for both attacks, accusing GEMA of making exorbitant demands in regarding the required licensing fees for accessed videos. During the first attack in June 2011, GEMA's server was incapacitated by a denial of service attack. On 22 August, the hackers directly attacked the content of the website, redirecting viewers to an image that played on the dispute with YouTube. Anonymous additionally succeeded in penetrating the company's intranet, collecting usernames and passwords that they later published on Twitter.
On 3 December 2011, another online petition explicitly called for the elimination of Article 13c—the so-called GEMA-Vorbehalt ()—of the Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz (). This section of the law contains a full power of attorney, which GEMA also invokes: "If a rights-holder has not transferred to any collecting society the exercise of his rights of cable retransmission in accordance with Article 20b, Paragraph 1, Sentence 1 of the Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz, then the collecting society that exercises rights of this sort will be considered to be entitled to exercise these rights."
A radio interview with artist Sven Regener (from the band Element of Crime) caused a stir in March 2012. On Bavarian Radio, Regener railed against "no-cost-culture" in the music industry and vehemently advocated the strengthening of authors' rights and of GEMA (Regener: "We are GEMA, the composers and lyricists"). He accused opponents of copyright with undermining the value of art. He also criticized YouTube, the video portal for the internet company Google. According to him, Google earns billions, but it is not willing to give some of its profits to artists.
In 2012, the organizers of the non-profit organization demo party Evoke decided not to admit any competitors that were members of GEMA or any other international collection society, because otherwise they would incur GEMA licensing fees amounting to €4,500. These costs would endanger the event itself. Another demo party, Revision, made a similar decision in 2013 after having to pay GEMA because of GEMA-registered artists participating in music competitions during the previous year's event.
Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany
Music videos for major label artists on YouTube, as well as many videos containing background music, have been unavailable in Germany since the end of March 2009 after the previous agreement had expired and negotiations for a new license agreement were stopped. According to Google, GEMA sought to raise its fee charged to YouTube to a "prohibitive" 12 euro cents per streamed video - a claim that is disputed by GEMA speaker Bettina Müller stating their proposal was 1 euro cent only plus a breakdown by composer. The issue was to be taken up by a California court. Google Inc., the world's biggest Internet search engine company, partly lost a German copyright infringement suit over how much it must do to remove illegal music videos from its YouTube website.
On 20 April 2012, the regional court of Hamburg decided in favor of GEMA in the dispute with YouTube, ordering the removal of seven copyright-protected videos from its platform. Despite its victory, GEMA nonetheless launched an appeal against the verdict on 21 May 2012, because according to GEMA the talks following the verdict remained fruitless, and so the collecting society could not ensure legal certainty for its members. Moreover, GEMA demanded more transparency from the Google-subsidiary in their ongoing negotiations. YouTube also launched an appeal against the 20 April verdict, on the grounds that "the implementation of filters would compromise innovation and freedom of speech."
In February 2014, GEMA won a lawsuit against YouTube at the District Court of Munich which ordered the website to remove blocking messages which claim GEMA is to blame for thousands of videos being unavailable in Germany on copyright grounds.
On 31 October 2016, YouTube agreed to pay an undisclosed amount of money to GEMA for video views of GEMA-protected artists.
Criticism
As of 5 November 2012, the German parliament had already received 1863 petitions against GEMA.
From members
GEMA members with voting rights, who are responsible for the majority of performances, received 62.99% of the disbursements in 2008. Event-organizer Marcus Gloria characterizes these payouts as a non-transparent distribution process. Independent artist complains that the rental costs of the same concert hall have fluctuated from €2,007 (2004) to €459 (2005) to €1,233 (2006).
According to contract terms, every member is obligated to register every single one of his/her works that will be released publicly. According to Article 1 of the GEMA deed of assignment, the rights-holder grants GEMA comprehensive exclusive usage rights as a trustee to all of his/her current and future creative works. It is thereafter impossible to publish single works under another license (e.g., a free license). It is likewise impossible to release works for non-commercial use—such as the "nc" varieties available through Creative Commons—which is currently possible in France. In GEMA's view, such arrangements would prevent the society from ensuring the effective and commercial exercise of legal rights, which the EU-Commission should also recognize (according to evidence and business decisions from 1971 to 1974). One can only revoke the transfer of usage rights and manage them oneself in individual law sectors () and/or territories—and for all works.
The conventional term of a contract for members of EU-member states is three months. As a general rule, works registered at one point cannot simply be de-registered, because it comes into conflict with other already-standing contracts with its clients. The original six-year term of contract was forbidden by the European Commission in two decisions (1971; 1972), due to the abusive exploitation of monopoly positions, which was confirmed in a verdict by the European Court of Justice. However, six-year contracts remain the norm for citizens of non-EU states.
Another charge against GEMA is that there is a disparity between the revenues and disbursements for the playback of (Unterhaltungsmusik; , or pop music) versus live musical performances. GEMA explains this difference by pointing out the high acquisition efforts for the latter events. "Playlists" must always be prepared manually and require a signature, in order to count as a legally-valid document.
In 1998, GEMA introduced new PRO extrapolation procedures. This system for dividing up royalties led to drastic deficits for a portion of members, since oft-played but seldom-reported works became more expensive during the settlement process. Dance bands, solo entertainers, etc. play the standard repertoire but rarely feel compelled to fill out "playlists," since, as non-authors, they will not receive any royalties for the performance. On the other hand, performers of their own works report nearly 100% of their performances, since they are bound to earn royalties from them.
Authors who perform their own works must also pay music event fees to GEMA, if they are also organizing the event themselves. If more than 80% of their performance consists of their own works, they can use a "net individual invoice" () to get these fees back—less the handling fees. However, this only applies when all authors participating in the same event are included, which makes no provisions for festivals and supporting acts.
If an author wishes to make their music available on their own website, they must still pay GEMA fees and fill out the corresponding information sheet, even if the royalties are to be disbursed to them afterwards. This is somewhat different from the policy of the US performing rights societies ASCAP and BMI.
Since organizers pay concert fees that are calculated using the event venue's size and the admission price, there is a danger that organizer will be saddled with the costs, should the actual sales for the appearance of an artist not cover the incurred GEMA charges. GEMA has implemented a "hardship abatement provision" (), with which one can apply for a retroactive reduction in licensing costs when an unprofitable event fulfills certain conditions.
The spokesperson for the , , charges that the PRO process was introduced by the executive board in a "hush-hush operation" () without a resolution from the General Assembly—and which just happened to benefit the members of the executive board, including its chairman at the time, Otto Krause. He accused him of exploitation and personal enrichment, because he sometimes collected sums that were 100 times the incoming licensing fees collected for his old Schlager songs, while rock musicians only earned 10% of the licensing fees their music earned. Furthermore, he claimed that a statistics professor that had been appointed to assess the rationale for the distribution process had had absolutely no expertise in the field of live music and was deliberately misinformed by the executive board. Furthermore, a 2005 verdict by the federal court demanded that the PRO process be subject to a vote by the membership, which has yet to occur. Seelenmeyer also sharply criticized the term "solidarity principle" (), arguing that it disguises and sugarcoats a planned- and intentionally-unfair distribution process. He cited the former chairman of the GEMA board of directors , who wrote regarding the introduction of the PRO process that, "For an extrapolation process heavily impacting the income distribution of members to be introduced without a membership resolution is simply intolerable and furthermore against regulations, according to the opinion of many legal experts." Evers further charged: "This paternalism would rob GEMA members of their voting rights regarding an essential domain of their assets. They are almost being deprived of their right of decision by their own trustees!" Evers demanded that: "The only way that the executive board and directorial board can get out of this crisis of confidence that has arisen through the patronization of members lies in the immediate dismissal of the PRO process and the development of a new process with the participation and approval of its members!"
Edgar Berger, President and international CEO of Sony Music Entertainment outside of the US, criticized the authors' rights practices of GEMA in an interview with the daily newspaper Die Welt on 23 February 2012, questioning why in Germany, in contrast with other countries, no official music videos can be viewed on YouTube: "It's not because of us. We have licensed our content to market players. You need to ask this question to the collecting society GEMA, who is very restrictive in its copyright licensing. We're losing millions in revenue as a result. By the way, this is one of the main reasons why digital music sales in Germany are less prevalent than elsewhere."
From users
For the public use of "entertainment" music () or dance music (), GEMA assumes that all songs/tracks belong to the GEMA Repertoire by default—until such time as the user submits a completed playlist that indicates which authors are either non-members and/or which tracks are in public domain. In doing so, GEMA is exercising a legally-sanctioned and much-debated reversal of the burden of proof, which is usually termed the GEMA-Vermutung ().
From club managers and disco owners
In April 2012, disco owners were angered by the announcement of GEMA's new licensing fee scheme (dubbed the Tarifreform), because they predicted a more than 1000% increase for them in the year 2013. GEMA did not deny that the new tariffs could mean ten-fold fee hikes for certain venues—especially discotheques—but they were of the opinion that such cases would be isolated. The tariff reforms were based on requests made to GEMA for a simplified tariff structure and a fairer distribution of tariffs between cultural event-organizers and discos. For years discos have paid much less than cultural event-organizers, and there has been a great deal of criticism—including from the political sphere—of the subvention of discos. GEMA also criticized for their one-sided misrepresentation of the issue, charging them with having concealed the impact of the Angemessenheitsregel () cost-abatement, which is based on the actual audience turnout at events. GEMA also argues that 60% of event organizers will pay the same or less under the new tariff system. In particular, smaller clubs will be relieved of paying fees.
A table on the GEMA website indicates that most of the licensing fees will go down in 2013, but nevertheless a club in Frankfurt with a surface area of 300 m2 (3230 sq. ft.) will currently pay a yearly lump sum between €8,000 and €10,000 for GEMA fees. This would constitute a 500% increase in tariffs. According to a fee-calculator on the website of the Bundesverband Deutscher Discotheken und Tanzbetriebe (), the tariffs will be far higher. However, the estimates generated by this calculator indicate the theoretical maximum flat-rate charge per event. Also, this calculator does not take the Angemessenheitsregel (see above) into account, which gives organizers the ability to have their licensing payments based on the actual number of spectators at their events. The numbers that have been disseminated in the media have greatly distorted public perceptions of the consequences of the tariff reforms. Additionally, there is a growing assumption in the media that discos will be especially reluctant to calculate their costs based on spectator-turnout numbers, since these numbers were not previously monitored and likewise not fully counted.
By way of a sample fee-estimate, the Bundesvereinigung der Musikveranstalter () calculated that a club with two dance-floors of a combined total surface area of 720 m2 (7750 sq. ft.) charging €8 at the door will see a rise in GEMA fees from €21,553 yearly to €147,916. Under the new system, event licensing fees increase by 50% if the music runs longer than five hours. Many other model calculations made the rounds as well, according to which only one-time events such as a marksmanship festivals and very small clubs would actually profit from the new tariff scheme.
20 dance club owners came together for the initiative, "Clubs am Main," in order to oppose the new tariff regulations. According to Matthias Morgenstern, the leader of this association and the owner of Tanzhaus West, this new fee structure would lead to Clubsterben (). The yearly payments of Frankfurt club Cocoon (club) were slated to jump from €14,000 to €165,000. Another club called Travolta would also see a rise in fee payments from €10,000 to more than €50,000. Tanzhaus West foresees a yearly increase from €1,500 to more than €50,000.
In Berlin, the techno club Berghain indicated that, starting in 2013, it would have to pay %1400 more in GEMA fees than it did before and therefore was considering closing at the end of 2012. Berghain later announced in mid-August that the club would not shut its doors in the new year, but instead would cancel their planned expansion project, the cultural event-space Kubus.
On 30 June 2012, the Bundesverband Deutscher Discotheken und Tanzbetriebe () organized a "moment of silence" protest, in which the music of 500 clubs and discos in Germany fell silent between 23:55 and midnight. The manager of the association, Stephan Büttner, intended to use this collective gesture of protest to inform patrons and spectators about the impact of the new tariff system.
According to Ralf Scheffler, owner of the Frankfurt cultural center Batschkapp, GEMA presumes maximum occupancy at events in clubs and discos. But this does not reflect actual/typical turnout. For example, Scheffler's venue has a capacity of 2,000 people, but nonetheless turnout usually hovers at around 500 visitors. But with the new tariff reforms, he will have to pay for 2000 guests, even if they do not show up in those numbers. Due to this, Scheffler plans to quit organizing disco-format events, since he will have to pay €60,000 instead of €3,000 starting in 2013.
In a letter to GEMA, the head of the Senatskanzlei Berlin (), state secretary Björn Böhning, called for a reconsideration of their plans. According to Böhning, Berlin has a creative and innovative music scene, for which clubs and concerts are important. These require affordable licensing fee rates as a basis for their business operations.
An online petition protesting the GEMA tariff reforms, initiated by event promoter Matthias Rauh (of giga event), was launched shortly after the announcement of the new tariffs in April 2012, closed on 3 October with 305,122 signatures (of which 284,569 were signed with a German address), and presented to Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger on 13 December 2012. A week later, on 20 December 2012, both GEMA and announced in press statements that they had reached an interim agreement that would delay the implementation of the tariff reforms for a year (until 1 January 2014)—allowing another year to negotiate further over the licensing fee structures—and during the year 2013 all flat-rate event licensing fees will go up by 5% (and, on 1 April 2013, fees will rise a further 10% for discos and clubs).
German Music Authors' Prize
Since 2009, GEMA has been granting the annual German Music Authors' Prize (). With the motto, "Authors Honor Authors" (), the award ceremony takes place in Berlin with about 300 guests in attendance from the worlds of music, culture, business, media, and politics. This award recognizes composers and lyricists for the outstanding quality of their work. The award is conferred in ten categories, and the honorees are selected by an independent jury of experts: composers, lyricists, and producers from a variety of musical genres. The award for the "up-and-coming" category comes with a monetary prize amounting to €10,000. All other categories bestow non-monetary awards.
See also
Bureau International de l'Edition Mecanique
Cultural Commons Collecting Society
GÜFA
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
References
External links
Music licensing organizations
1947 establishments in Germany
Music organisations based in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEMA%20%28German%20organization%29 |
Youssouf Togoïmi (26 March 1953 – 24 September 2002) was a Chadian politician who served in the government under President Idriss Déby but subsequently led a rebel group, the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT), against Déby.
Life and career
Born in Zouar in the Tibesti Mountains, he came from the northern Muslim population of the country. Togoïmi served as in a number of positions during the presidency of Idriss Déby: he was Minister of Justice from 1990 to 1993, Minister of Defence from 1995 to 1997, and was then appointed Minister of the Interior on 21 May 1997. Shortly after the latter appointment, he resigned from the government on 3 June 1997. He said that his resignation came about because of what he described as the "dictatorial drift" of the government. Togoïmi's break with Déby has also been interpreted in ethnic terms, based on his own status as a Toubou and Déby's status as a Zaghawa.
On 12 October 1998, he formed the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT), a dissident rebel group that sought to overthrow the government, initially with the support of Libya. Operating initially from his power base in the Tibesti Mountains, the group waged a guerilla war against government forces. He was re-elected as party leader at a party congress in Sabha, Libya in December 2001 and on 25 December he expressed a willingness to negotiate with the government. The MDJT's second vice-president Adoum Togoi signed a peace agreement with the government in Tripoli, Libya, on 7 January 2002. This terms of the agreement involved, among other things, a cease-fire, inclusion of the MDJT in the government, and integration of its fighters into the army. An amnesty for MDJT members was approved by the National Assembly of Chad in late February. A month later, the agreement began to break down as the government rejected MDJT demands, including its proposal for new prime minister from the MDJT. In May, Togoi, who was viewed as a moderate in the group, was allegedly ambushed, injured and kidnapped by Togoïmi, who was viewed as a hard-liner, an apparent result of a split in the group regarding how to handle the peace negotiations, and late in the month the first fighting since the signing of the peace agreement broke out.
Togoïmi was injured by a land mine in late August in the Tibesti area and he died from his wounds in Tripoli on 24 September 2002. Mockhtar Wawa Dahab, a spokesman for the Chadian government, responded to the death by stating that it "ought to make it easier for peace to return to Chad".
References
External links
US State Department report on Chad
European Rim Policy and Investment Council report of MDJC rebellion
1953 births
2002 deaths
Chadian rebels
Government ministers of Chad
People from Tibesti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssouf%20Togo%C3%AFmi |
Les Noticies was a weekly newspaper founded in Asturias (Spain) in 1996. It was the only newspaper written entirely in Asturian. It was closed down in December 18 2012.
It had nearly 20,000 readers and a weekly circulation of 5.000 newspapers.
It is owned by Ambitu editions.
External links
Corporative website, in Asturian and Spanish
Weekly newspapers published in Spain
Asturian language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Noticies |
Potassium ascorbate is a compound with formula KC6H7O6. It is the potassium salt of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and a mineral ascorbate. As a food additive, it has E number E303, INS number 303. Although it is not a permitted food additive in the UK, USA and the EU, it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. According to some studies, it has shown a strong antioxidant activity and antitumoral properties.
References
Ascorbates
Potassium compounds
Food additives
E-number additives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20ascorbate |
John Moore Walker, Jr. (November 24, 1888 - July 16, 1951) was the 3rd bishop in the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta, and was the 1st bishop born in the state of Georgia to a bishop in the state of Georgia.
Background
Walker was born on November 24, 1888 in Macon, Georgia to John Moore Walker, Sr., and Clara Pruyn Roosevelt. In 1910 he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Georgia. In 1913 he received his Bachelor of Divinity from the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. Frederick F. Reese ordained Walker as a deacon and later as a priest at Christ Church in Macon, Georgia, Walker's childhood parish.
From 1914 to 1918, Walker served several southeast Georgia towns as a Missionary Priest. Finally, in 1918, he was called to be rector of St Paul's Church in Albany, Georgia. In 1926 he became rector of St Peter's Church in Charlotte, North Carolina and in 1931 became rector of St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1942 he was elected bishop of Atlanta and consecrated on September 29, 1942 St Luke's Church. He died on July 16, 1951.
Consecrators
Henry S. Tucker, 19th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church USA
Frank A. Juhan
Richard B. Mitchell
John Walker was the 434th bishop consecrated in the Episcopal Church.
See Also...
Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta
List of Bishop Succession in the Episcopal Church
References
Bishop Walker's Page, Diocese of Atlanta Centennial website. Accessed: 2 March 2006
The Episcopal Church Annual. Morehouse Publishing: New York, NY (2005).
1888 births
1951 deaths
University of Georgia alumni
Episcopal bishops of Atlanta
Sewanee: The University of the South alumni
People from Macon, Georgia
20th-century American Episcopalians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20M.%20Walker%20%28bishop%29 |
The Catholic Church in Madagascar is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
In 2020, just over a quarter of the population of Madagascar was Catholic. There were almost 2,000 priests and over 5,000 nuns working across 478 parishes.
There are 22 dioceses including five archdioceses. Below is a list of the archdioceses dioceses, and the archbishops and bishops of each.
Antananarivo – Odon Marie Arsène Razanakolona
Antsirabe – Philippe Ranaivomanana
Miarinarivo – Jean Claude Randrianarisoa
Tsiroanomandidy – Gustavo Bombin Espino
Antsiranana – Michel Malo
Ambanja – Rosario Saro Vella, S.D.B.
Mahajanga – Joseph Ignace Randrianasolo
Port-Bergé – Georges Varkey Puthiyakulangara
Fianarantsoa – Fulgence Rabemahafaly
Ambositra – Fidelis Rakotonarivo
Farafangana – Benjamin Marc Ramaroson
Ihosy – Philippe Ranaivomanana
Mananjary – José Alfredo Caires de Nobrega
Toamasina – Desire Tsarahazana
Ambatondrazaka – Antoine Scopelliti
Fenoarivo Atsinanana – Marcellin Randriamamonjy
Moramanga – Gaetano Di Pierro
Toliara – Fulgence Rabeony
Morombe – Zygmunt Robaszkiewicz
Morondava – Marie Fabien Raharilamboniaina
Tôlagnaro – Vincent Rakotozafy
Saint Vincent de Paul is the patron saint of Madagascar.
See also
Catholic Church by country
Christianity in Madagascar
List of saints from Africa
Pedro Opeka
Religion in Madagascar
References
External links
GCatholic website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Madagascar |
Yulieski Gourriel Castillo (born June 9, 1984), commonly known as Yuli Gurriel and nicknamed "La Piña", is a Cuban professional baseball first baseman for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for Sancti Spiritus in the Cuban National Series (CNS), the Yokohama DeNA BayStars of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), and the Houston Astros of MLB. Gurriel is a former member of Cuba's national team, and an Olympic Games gold medalist in 2004. A versatile infielder, he has also played shortstop, second base, and third base in the major leagues.
The son of former Cuban player Lourdes Gurriel, Yulieski was regarded as the best player in Cuba in 2006. At the World Baseball Classic in 2006, MLB scouts projected that Gurriel would be a first-round draft pick were he eligible for the draft. He defected from Cuba in 2016, and made his major league debut that year.
In his first full MLB season, Gurriel helped lead the Astros to the 2017 World Series championship, making him the fifth player to have won both an Olympic Games gold medal and a World Series title. He also helped lead the club to American League (AL) pennants in 2019 and 2021, and a second World Series title in 2022.
In 2021, Gurriel won the AL batting title, becoming the second Cuban-born player to do so. He was also the AL Gold Glove Award winner for first baseman in 2021, making him the oldest player to win a Gold Glove at that position.
Baseball career
Cuban National Series
Gurriel had a solid season during the 2004–05 Cuban National Series (CNS), leading the league in hits and runs scored. However, he truly dominated in 2005–06, leading the series in runs batted in (RBI), runs, and triples. His 27 home runs, which also led the league, were one short of the record of 28. Gurriel's batting average was .327, and his slugging percentage was .676. He played his Cuban career with Sancti Spíritus and Industriales of the Cuban National Series.
Cuban national team
Gurriel's contributions helped the national team win a gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics and World Cup of Baseball championships in 2003 and 2005. During the 2005 World Cup, he led all batters with eight home runs.
Gurriel played second base for the Cuban national baseball team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic (WBC), striking out for the final out for Cuba in their championship game loss to Japan. He batted .273 in the tournament, with a .342 on-base percentage and a .515 slugging percentage. Later in the finals of the 2008 Beijing Olympics tournament, he again made the final out, by grounding into a double play against South Korea.
Gurriel played for Cuba again in the 2009 WBC, as their third baseman. He batted .333 in the tournament with two home runs and six RBIs.
Yokohama DeNA BayStars
On May 11, 2014, Gurriel signed a one-year contract with the Yokohama DeNA BayStars. He joined the team at midseason, and batted .305 with 11 home runs and 30 RBIs in 62 games.
Defection from Cuba
In February 2016, Gurriel and his then-22-year-old brother, Lourdes Jr., defected after competing in the Caribbean Series in the Dominican Republic, and relocated to Haiti to establish residency. It was in Haiti in June 2016 that Gurriel met future Houston Astros teammate—also Cuban—Yordan Álvarez. In June, Major League Baseball declared Gurriel eligible to be signed by a major league team as a free agent.
Lourdes Jr. signed with the Toronto Blue Jays on November 12, 2016.
Nearly 10 years prior, ESPN.com had erroneously reported that Gurriel and another Cuban national player, Eduardo Paret, had defected from Cuba and into Colombia. Gurriel refuted this claim on August 1, 2006, stating that he returned to his home in Cuba immediately after the tournament in which the Cuban national team had been playing.
"Cuban players have been systematically overhyped, but had Yulieski Gurriel defected at 21 rather than 31, he probably ends up in the Hall of Fame," said Joe Kehoskie, a former agent who followed Cuban baseball closely, in August 2016.
Houston Astros
Minor leagues and Major League debut (2016)
On July 16, 2016, Gurriel signed a five-year, $47.5 million contract with the Houston Astros. He played a total of 15 games in the Astros' minor league system that year. He made his American debut in July with the Gulf Coast Astros of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League, playing in two games. He was then promoted to the Lancaster JetHawks of the Class A-Advanced California League. After playing in four games for Lancaster, the Astros promoted Gurriel to the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Class AA Texas League. He batted 2-for-17 (.118) in five games for Corpus Christi, and was promoted to the Fresno Grizzlies of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. He was recalled from Fresno to the major league roster on August 21. In his first 19 games with the Astros, he batted .344 with three home runs and eight runs batted in, playing mostly first and third base defensively.
World Series champion (2017)
Over 139 games in 2017, Gurriel batted .299/.332/.486 for a 121 adjusted OPS (OPS+). Other cumulative totals included 564 plate appearances, 43 doubles, 18 home runs, 75 RBI, 22 bases on balls, and 62 strikeouts. He finished seventh overall in the American League (AL) in doubles, second in at bats per strikeout (8.5), while seeing the fewest number of pitches per plate appearance in the major leagues (3.43). He led major league rookies in batting, ranked second among AL rookies in hits (158) and extra base hits (62), and third in runs (69) and OPS (.817). Gurriel set club rookie records for doubles and extra base hits—previously held by Hunter Pence (30 and 56, 2007); for slugging percentage—previously held by Jeff Bagwell (.437, 1991); and for total bases—previously held by Joe Morgan (251, 1965). Defensively, Gurriel ranked second among AL first basemen in assists with 90.
Following the regular season, Gurriel placed fourth in the AL Rookie of the Year voting. The Houston chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) named him the Astros Rookie of the Year.
In Game 3 of the World Series, Gurriel hit a home run off Japanese Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Yu Darvish, and upon returning to the dugout, made a racist gesture mocking the pitcher. Gurriel was caught on camera stretching the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito, which translates to "little Chinese Boy". Gurriel apologized, and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba, although he acknowledged that he knew the term was offensive from having played in Japan. Gurriel was suspended for the first five games of the 2018 season without pay, but not for the World Series. He was required to undergo sensitivity training in the offseason. The Astros said that they would donate Gurriel's salary lost during the suspension to a charity that supports diversity efforts.
In Game 5, Gurriel hit a three-run home run off Dodgers star pitcher Clayton Kershaw in the fourth inning to tie the game 4–4; the Astros would go on to win 13–12. In Game 7, Gurriel faced Darvish again, and tipped his helmet before his at bat as a respectful gesture. The Astros won the game 5–1, giving them their first world championship in franchise history. Gurriel became the fifth player to have won both an Olympic gold medal and a World Series championship, after Orlando Hernández, José Contreras, Pat Borders, and Doug Mientkiewicz.
2018–20
After both hitting two home runs on September 21, 2018, Gurriel and brother Lourdes, Jr., playing for the Toronto Blue Jays, became the first pair of brothers to achieve multi-home run games in the major leagues on the same day. Yuli Gurriel was named AL Player of the Week for the first time on September 23, 2018, having batted .462, .923 SLG, eight runs scored, three home runs, and 10 RBI. For the 2018 season, he batted .291/.323/.428. He hit .403 (56-for-139) with runners in scoring position (RISP), the second-highest average in the mejor leagues behind Joe Mauer (.407, 22-for-81). Gurriel set a new club record for average with RISP in one season, which exceeded José Cruz' .389 average (49-for-126) set in 1986.
Gurriel became the first Astro with a run and RBI in seven consecutive games, and the fifth to homer in five consecutive games, on July 7, 2019, including a game-tying grand slam in doing so in an 11–10 win versus the Los Angeles Angels. He won the AL Player of the Week Award for the week ending July 8, his second weekly honor, after homering in all five of the Astros games for a total of six, among nine hits and an OPS of 1.812. He went on to win the AL Player of the Month Award for July, his first time, after batting .398, .427 OBP, .837 SLG, 18 runs scored, seven doubles, 12 home runs, 31 RBIs over 24 games. In a 14–3 romp over the Colorado Rockies on August 7, Gurriel homered and tied J. R. Towles with eight RBIs for the club record in one game.
Gurriel batted .298/.343./.541/.884 in 2019, with 40 doubles, 31 home runs, 104 RBI, 65 strikeouts and 305 total bases, ranking fifth in the AL in doubles and ninth in RBI. He established career-highs in numerous categories, including in games played (144), on-base percentage, slugging percentage, OPS, runs (85), hits (168), home runs, RBI, and bases on balls (37). At age 35, Gurriel became the oldest player in Astros history to produce 40+ doubles, 30+ HR and 100+ RBI in one season, surpassing Jeff Bagwell's age-33 campaign in 2001. Gurriel was the third-oldest player in MLB history to reach those milestones, after David Ortiz' 2016 season at age 40 and Vinny Castilla at age 36 in 2004.
In Game 7 of the 2019 World Series versus the Washington Nationals, Gurriel hit a second inning solo home run off Max Scherzer to give the Astros a 1–0 lead. The Astros eventually lost the game, 6–2, as the Nationals earned their first major league championship. In the 2019 postseason, Gurriel batted .250, 18-for-72, with five strikeouts and a club-leading 13 RBI.
In 2020, Gurriel endured his most challenging season in the major leagues to date. He batted .232/.274/.384 with 27 runs, six home runs, 22 RBI, and five sacrifice flies (tied for second in the AL) in 211 at bats, playing 55 games at first base and two at DH. In an expanded postseason format, he went 5-for-44 – all singles – as the Tampa Bay Rays defeated the Astros in the ALCS.
On September 29, 2020, the Astros signed Gurriel to a one-year extension with a club option for 2022.
Batting champion and Gold Glove winner (2021)
Following the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, Gurriel lost . On May 7, 2021, versus the Blue Jays, he recorded four hits, including one home run, and four RBIs. Through 31 games in the season, he had surpassed his RBI total (24) and walk total (16) in 2020 while batting .342/.420/.553 and leading the Astros with 12 multi-hit games and in RBIs. In the final game of the 2021 regular season, Gurriel hit a walk-off single to score Jason Castro and defeat the Oakland Athletics.
In 2021, Gurriel batted .319 to edge out teammate Michael Brantley and Blue Jay Vladimir Guerrero Jr. for the AL batting title. At age 37, he was the sixth-oldest player to win a batting title, the oldest to win their first batting title since Barry Bonds in 2002, and the first Cuban player since Tony Oliva in 1971. Gurriel tied for the major league lead in sacrifice flies, with 12. His final slash line included .319/.383/.462, 15 home runs, 81 RBIs, a career-best 59 walks and 68 strikeouts. He also led the Astros in on-base percentage (OBP, .383), hits (169), and walk-to-strikeout ratio (.868). On defense, Gurriel led all AL first basemen with 86 assists and ranked in the top five with five defensive runs saved, 1,147 total chances, 95 double plays and a .994 fielding percentage. He won his first career Gold Glove Award, becoming the second Astro to win the award at the position and first since Bagwell.
In the ALCS versus the Boston Red Sox, Gurriel batted .455./.520/.636, with 10 hits, one home run, one double, six RBI, one stolen base, three bases on balls, and one strikeout. In the World Series, Gurriel batted .273 with no home runs and two RBIs as the Astros lost to the Atlanta Braves in six games. Gurriel was, again, the final out of the series, grounding to Braves shortstop Dansby Swanson. This marked the third time Gurriel was the final out of a championship-clinching game. Game 6 also was the 73rd postseason start together for the infield unit of Gurriel, José Altuve, Alex Bregman, and Carlos Correa, which was more postseason starts than any quartet of teammates in major league history, surpassing the Yankees' Derek Jeter, Tino Martinez, Paul O’Neill, and Bernie Williams, who had started 68 postseason contests together.
2022
An announcement became public on November 3, 2021, that the Astros had selected Gurriel's option for 2022. The club placed him on the paternity list on April 8, 2022, and called up third baseman Joe Perez to take his place on the roster. Gurriel drove in two runs with two hits on April 22 versus the Blue Jays; one hit was a single that started a rally in the ninth versus closer Jordan Romano which fell short as the Astros lost, 4–3. On May 17, Gurriel hit the final of five Astros home runs in the second inning versus starter Nathan Eovaldi of the Boston Red Sox, tying the major league record for home runs hit by a team in one inning as the Astros rolled to a 13–4 victory.
Gurriel collected two hits on May 25 versus the Cleveland Guardians to help key an Astros 2–1 win. Three hits and two runs scored helped lad a 13–3 win over the Chicago White Sox on June 17. On August 11 versus the Texas Rangers, Gurriel broke an 0-for-12 slump with three hits to tie his season high. He connected for his 200th career double in extra innings versus the Atlanta Braves on August 20.
In 2022, Gurriel batted .242/.288/.360 in 545 at bats with 8 home runs, 53 RBIs, and a career-high 8 stolen bases. He led the Astros with 40 doubles, ranking sixth in the AL, and was fifth in the league in AB/SO ratio (7.9).
In the 2022 ALDS, Gurriel played a critical role in a sweep of the Mariners, batting .400/.400/1.000 with one home run, one stolen base, and no strikeouts over 15 at bats. It was his third postseason series with an OPS of at least 1.000, and first since the 2021 ALCS versus Boston. During Game 5 of the World Series, he exited with a knee injury, and was removed from the roster. A resurgent Gurriel batted .347/.360/.490 during the club's postseason. The following day, the Astros defeated the Philadelphia Phillies to give Gurriel his second World Series title.
The Houston Chronicle ranked Gurriel as the fourth-best first baseman in Astros history through the 2022 season among those who played there more for the club than any other position, following Bagwell, Bob Watson, Glenn Davis and ahead of Lee May. Gurriel was an integral piece on squads that made six consecutive six American League Championship Series and won two World Series titles. He batted .284 with 94 home runs, 435 RBI and .776 OPS in his first seven seasons in Houston, and hit another 8 home runs in 85 postseason games.
Following the World Series, Gurriel became a free agent.
Miami Marlins
On March 10, 2023, Gurriel signed a one-year minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. On March 26, the Marlins announced that Gurriel had made the Opening Day roster and would have his contract selected to the 40-man roster.
On April 25, 2023, Gurriel recorded an inside-the-park home run off Atlanta Braves reliever Jesse Chavez after the ball got away from Kevin Pillar in the outfield.
The Houston Astros presented Gurriel his 2022 World Series ring during a pregame ceremony at LoanDepot Park on August 16, 2023, with former teammates Yordan Álvarez, José Altuve, Alex Bregman, Martín Maldonado, Justin Verlander, and manager Dusty Baker.
Batting profile
As a right-handed batter, Gurriel is unusual in the sense that he has a better batting average against right handed pitchers than left-handers, and is better at batting against breaking balls away from the bat, esp. sliders.
Personal life
Gurriel is the older brother of Lourdes Gurriel Jr. who plays for the Arizona Diamondbacks and is the son of Lourdes Gurriel. His family currently resides in Miami, Florida.
See also
Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
Houston Astros sign stealing scandal
List of baseball players who defected from Cuba
List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba
List of Olympic medalists in baseball
List of Olympic Games gold medalists who won World Series
List of other second-generation Major League Baseball personnel
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
American League batting champions
Baseball players at the 2003 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Baseball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Baseball players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in baseball
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Corpus Christi Hooks players
Cuban expatriate baseball players in Japan
Cuban expatriate baseball players in the United States
Defecting Cuban baseball players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Gold Glove Award winners
Gulf Coast Astros players
Houston Astros players
Lancaster JetHawks players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball players from Cuba
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball third basemen
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Miami Marlins players
Nippon Professional Baseball second basemen
Nippon Professional Baseball third basemen
Olympic baseball players for Cuba
Olympic gold medalists for Cuba
Olympic silver medalists for Cuba
Olympic medalists in baseball
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
People from Sancti Spíritus
Sportspeople from Sancti Spíritus Province
Yokohama DeNA BayStars players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2015 WBSC Premier12 players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuli%20Gurriel |
The Universidad Station () is a station on Line 2 of the Monterrey Metro. It is located in the Alfonso Reyes Avenue.
This station is next to the campus of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL – from which it takes its name), and it sees heavy traffic of students on a daily basis. The station is also the nearest to the Estadio Universitario, the home venue of the UANL Tigres. It is accessible for people with disabilities.
This station's logo represents the flame and atoms that appear in the logo of the UANL.
This station was inaugurated on October 31, 2007, as part of the first stage of the Line 2 expansion (along with Regina and Niños Heroes Stations). It served as the Line 2 terminus until stage 2 of the Line 2 expansion was completed on October 1, 2008, when Sendero Station took its place as the northern terminus of the line.
See also
List of Monterrey metro stations
References
Metrorrey stations
Railway stations opened in 2007
Railway stations in Mexico at university and college campuses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad%20metro%20station%20%28San%20Nicol%C3%A1s%20de%20los%20Garza%29 |
Æthelwald Moll was King of Northumbria, the historic petty kingdom of Angles in medieval England, from 759 to 765. He seized power after the murder of Oswulf son of Eadberht; his ancestry and connection to the royal family of Northumbria is unknown. Æthelwald faced at least one rebellion, led by Oswine, perhaps a brother of Oswulf. In 765 a Witenagemot of Northumbrian notables deposed Æthelwald and replaced him with Alhred, a kinsman of his predecessor. After his removal from the throne Æthelwald became a monk, perhaps involuntarily.
Æthelwald's marriage with one Æthelthryth is recorded in 762 at Catterick by Symeon of Durham. He is known to have had at least one son, Æthelred, who later became king.
Origins
Æthelwald is not recorded in the extant genealogies of Northumbrian kings, perhaps because he was not a descendant of Ida and the Bernician kings. Whether he was a descendant of the Deiran dynasty of Ælle, or simply a member of a powerful noble family, is unknown.
It is likely that he is to be identified with the patrician Moll, recorded in the reign of King Eadberht, to whom Eadberht and his brother Ecgbert, Archbishop of York, granted the monasteries of Stonegrave, Coxwold, and Donaemuthe, all in modern Yorkshire. These had belonged to Moll's brother, Abbot Forthred.
Reign
On 24 July 759, King Oswulf was murdered by members of his own household. The regicide was "a crime in which Æthelwald may very well have been involved." Æthelwald was crowned King of Northumbria on 5 August 759.
His reign was not unopposed. The continuator of Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum reports the death of a certain Oswine in 761. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Symeon of Durham's Historia Regum supply more details, recording that Oswine, "a most noble ætheling", was killed fighting against Æthelwald on 6 August 761 in the Eildon Hills.
Æthelwald was deposed on 30 October 765, apparently by a council of noblemen and prelates held at Pincanheale, an important site used for two later Northumbrian church councils. According to the Irish Annals of Tigernach, Æthelwald was tonsured.
He was succeeded as king by Eadberht's son-in-law Alhred.
Descendants
Æthelwald's marriage with one Æthelthryth is recorded in 762 at Catterick by Symeon of Durham. They are known to have had at least one son, Æthelred, who later became king. It is presumed, on onomastic grounds, that the Moll "slain by the urgent command of King Eardwulf" was a kinsman of Æthelwald Moll.
Notes
References
D.P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin Hyman, 1991.
John Marsden, Northanhymbre Saga: The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria. London: Cathie, 1992.
Ann Williams, Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999.
Barbara Yorke, Kings and Kingdoms in Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990.
External links
; see also
Anglo-Saxon warriors
Northumbrian monarchs
8th-century English monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwald%20Moll%20of%20Northumbria |
Cieplewo is a railway station in Cieplewo, Poland.
Lines crossing the station
References
Cieplewo article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 2 March 2006
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Gdańsk County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieplewo%20railway%20station |
Scapoli is a town and comune located in province of Isernia, which is part of the region of Molise, southern Italy. As of 2011 it had a population of 758.
Geography
Located in the western area of the province, near the region of Lazio, it borders with the municipalities of Colli a Volturno, Filignano and Rocchetta a Volturno. It is connected to the nearby municipality of Vallerotonda (Province of Frosinone, Lazio), by the national road via Cerasuolo, below the Mainarde mountains.
Scapoli counts the hamlets (frazioni) of Acquaviva, Cannine, Cerratino, Collalto, Collematteo, Fontecostanza, Fonte La Villa, Padulo, Pantano, Parrucce, Ponte, Prato, Santa Caterina, Sodalarga, Vaglie and Vicenne.
Culture
It is notable for its bagpipes museum and for the international bagpipe festival which, each year in the month of July, attracts pipers from around the world to come and perform in Scapoli.
Demographics
References
External links
Scapoli official website
Il Museo della Zampogna (Bagpipe Museum)
History of Scapoli (Italy World Club)
Demographics of Scapoli (Italia Indettaglio)
Hotpipes (Information about Zampogna) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapoli |
Andrea Britton is a British singer-songwriter and marketing consultant, and is also the Founder and Editor of Gozo in the House.
Biography
Britton has been releasing music since 2002. Britton's single "Am I on Your Mind?", recorded with Oxygen, made it to No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart in late 2002. In 2005, she had another hit single, "Winter", with DT8 Project, which made No. 35. Her other notable songs include the singles "Time Still Drifts Away" and "Inner Sense" with The Disco Brothers, "Wait for You" with Lost Witness, "Take My Hand" with Jurgen Vries (which peaked at #23) and "Counting Down The Days" with Sunfreakz in 2007 (peaked at No. 37 on the UK chart). She has appeared on numerous compilation albums worldwide.
She fronted the Lord Large Experiment with the keyboard player and composer Stephen Large. Their debut album, The Lord's First Eleven, was released on Acid Jazz. She also shared the stage with Dave Randall on his project Slovo. They toured with Lamb, Moloko and Damien Rice. Britton supported Kylie Minogue on her Fever Tour, and continues to appear live around the world, more recently supporting Kelly Rowland. Britton also writes for other artists.
References
British women singers
Trance singers
British women songwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Britton |
Henry Strachey may refer to:
Henry Strachey (artist) (1863–1940), English painter and art critic
Henry Strachey (explorer) (1816–1912), British explorer and army officer
Sir Henry Strachey, 1st Baronet (1736–1810), British politician
Sir Henry Strachey, 2nd Baronet (1772–1858), son of the above, of Sutton Court | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Strachey |
Edward Evans or Ted Evans may refer to:
Edward Evans (divine) (1573–?), English divine
Edward Evans (poet) (1716–1798), Welsh poet
Edward Evans (printseller) (1789–1835), printseller and compositor in London
Edward Payson Evans (1831–1917), American scholar and linguist
Edward B. Evans (1846–1922), British philatelist and army officer
Ted Evans (footballer) (1868–1942), English footballer
Edward J. Evans (1871–1928), American labor unionist
Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans (1880–1957), British naval officer and Antarctic explorer
Edward Evans (politician) (1883–1960), British Labour Party politician
Edward Lewis Evans (bishop) (1904–1996), Bishop of Barbados
Edward Gurney Evans (1907–1987), politician in Manitoba, Canada
Edward Evans (actor) (1914–2001), British actor
Ted Evans (politician) (1939–1981), Australian politician
Ted Evans (public servant) (1941–2020), Australian public servant and businessman
Edward P. Evans (1942–2010), American heir, businessman, investor, horse breeder and philanthropist
Edward Evans (c. 1948–1965), victim of the Moors murders in England
See also
E. E. Evans-Pritchard (1902–1973), British anthropologist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Evans |
Thin may refer to:
a lean body shape. (See also: emaciation, underweight)
Thin (film), a 2006 HBO documentary about eating disorders
Paper Thin (disambiguation), referring to multiple songs
Thin (web server), a Ruby web-server based on Mongrel
Thin (name)
See also
Thin client, a computer in a client-server architecture network.
Thin film, a material layer of about 1 μm thickness.
Thin-film deposition, any technique for depositing a thin film of material onto a substrate or onto previously deposited layers
Thin film memory, high-speed variation of core memory developed by Sperry Rand in a government-funded research project
Thin-film optics, the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials
Thin layer chromatography (TLC), a chromatography technique used in chemistry to separate chemical compounds
Thin layers (oceanography), congregations of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water column
Thin lens, lens with a thickness that is negligible compared to the focal length of the lens in optics
Thin Lizzy, Irish rock band formed in Dublin in 1969
Thin Man (disambiguation)
The Thin Blue Line (disambiguation)
Thin capitalisation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin |
The National Street Gazetteer (NSG) is a database of all streets in England and Wales compiled from the responsible highway authorities which is restricted to local authorities and statutory undertakers (e.g. for maintenance or installing services).
Database
In the United Kingdom local authorities have responsibility for the creation and maintenance of streets as well as the management of street works. The NSG brings together the knowledge spread across local authorities and is a repository for combining the local street gazetteers they are required to keep. Maintenance of the NSG is covered by the National Streetworks Register legislation and is a statutory requirement of local authorities.
In effect, the NSG has become the definitive list of all streets in England and Wales and provides a definitive identification of all streets with the use of a Unique Street Reference Number (USRN).
On a monthly basis, highway authorities are required to upload their street gazetteers, along with Associated Street Data (ASD), to the NSG; a master index built to the national standard BS 7666, for access by a number of other organisations via the NSG online hub and managed by GeoPlace. This enables third-party organisations such as public utilities to meet their statutory requirements to provide the appropriate streetworks notifications.
The NSG has exceeded its initial aims to provide a consistent and unambiguous identification of streets and their associated streetworks. The street gazetteer has become a foundation for the National Land and Property Gazetteer (NLPG). It has also become the basis for Transport for London's (TfL) road network through the Pan London Street Gazetteer.
Originally the NSG was managed by the national mapping agency for the UK, Ordnance Survey (OS). However, it became clear that OS was unwilling or unable to provide a rigorous management of the service. Part of this may have been because OS was operating outside of their acknowledged expertise in mapping rather than data management, although it has been suggested that OS simply saw no commercial advantage in developing the NSG.
In May 2005 the Mapping Services Agreement (MSA) was signed with local authorities. This was part of a long drawn out process of procurement for mapping data and included management of the NSG and the NLPG. The outcome of agreement involved the loss of the custodianship by OS of the NSG which was awarded to the data management company Intelligent Addressing Ltd who were already managers of the NLPG.
See also
National Address Gazetteer
National Streetworks Gazetteer
External links
National Street Gazetteer
Databases in England
Geography of England
Gazetteers
Databases in Wales
Geography of Wales
Geographical databases in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Street%20Gazetteer |
"Twilight Zone" is the fourth single by Iron Maiden, released on 2 March 1981 and is the lead single to the 1981 LP Killers. The song did not appear in the original album in February, but was included in the U.S. release in June and the international 1998 remaster. At the time of its release, it was the band's second-most successful single, peaking at No. 31 in the UK Singles Chart. It is the band's first single to feature guitarist Adrian Smith. In the 1990 box set, The First Ten Years, it is on the same CD and 12" vinyl as the previous single, "Women in Uniform".
History
"Twilight Zone" was a non-album single in the UK, but it did appear on the US and Canadian versions of the Killers album and as a bonus track on the Japanese version, although mistakenly entitled "Details of Twilight Zone". This came about because the band also sent a telex explaining the song to their Japanese colleagues, headlined "Details of Twilight Zone", which they mistook to be the name of the song itself. It was released a month after the album, in the middle of the band's UK tour. The song was originally intended to be the B-side of Wrathchild, but the band felt it was so strong that it deserved to be the A-side instead. The single's other song, "Wrathchild", was also given 'A-side' status because, according to Steve Harris, "we had a live version of us doing 'Wrathchild' at the Rainbow, before Christmas, on video that we could use. We couldn't afford to pay for another video for 'Twilight Zone', so we did a double A-side, because we knew we were gonna be off touring a lot and, if by any chance they wanted us on Top of the Pops again, at least we'd got a video for 'Wrathchild' we could give them."
Like their two previous single covers, the artwork for "Twilight Zone" was subject to criticism in the press, where it was interpreted as "gratuitous sexism." The media were offended by what appeared to be the band's mascot, Eddie, spying on a young girl in her bedroom. Garry Bushell points out that the critics were mistaken, as the song lyrics and picture on the girl's dressing table insinuate that Eddie is dead and contacting his lover ("Charlotte") from beyond the grave, thus making it the band's first love song. Derek Riggs painted the cover over the course of a weekend, on a CS-10 drawing board, on which he had difficulty painting; the girl was modeled after a friend of his.
In an interview with eonmusic in 2020, Adrian Smith said that the song had been recorded "very quickly", stating that the tempo made the track "almost on the edge of being unplayable". Although uncredited as a writer, Smith also revealed that he had written the song's distinctive harmony section.
Track listing
7" single
Personnel
Production credits are adapted from the 7 inch vinyl cover.
Iron Maiden
Paul Di'Anno – lead vocals
Dave Murray – guitar
Adrian Smith – guitar
Steve Harris – bass guitar
Clive Burr – drums
Production
Iron Maiden – producer
Nigel Hewitt – engineer
Derek Riggs – cover illustration
Charts
Twilight Zone
Women in Uniform/Twilight Zone
References
1981 singles
1981 songs
Iron Maiden songs
Songs written by Dave Murray (musician)
Songs written by Steve Harris (musician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight%20Zone%20%28Iron%20Maiden%20song%29 |
Różyny railway station is a railway station serving the village of Różyny, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Warsaw–Gdańsk railway and the train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Kleschkau.
Modernisation
The station was modernised in 2010, which included rebuilding the platforms, renewing the tracks and the signalling system.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk - Tczew - Malbork - Elblag - Ilawa - Olsztyn
Regional services (R) Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk - Tczew - Laskowice - Bydgoszcz
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of October 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Gdańsk County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCyny%20railway%20station |
Fever Fever (styled as Fever*Fever) is a 1999 album by PUFFY.
On tracks 4 and 10, "Nannari to Naru Deshou (Anything Can Become a Habit)" and "Always Dreamin' About You", the vocal parts are sung by Yumi Yoshimura and Ami Onuki solo, respectively. The latter is also sung entirely in English.
Track listing
Charts
Personnel
Sumiharu Arima – French horn
Tomoyuki Asakawa – harp
Jake H. Concepcion – sax (tenor)
Otsuhiko Fujita – French horn
Takashi Furuta – drums
Takayuki Hijikata – guitar, electric guitar, handclapping
Makoto Hirahara – sax (alto)
Masato Inami – chorus
Megumi Ishibachi – French horn
Shin Kazuhara – trumpet
Taro Kiyooka – trombone
Chiharu Mikuzuki – bass
Akira Okazawa – bass
Tamio Okuda – chorus
Seigen Ono – engineer, mastering, mixing
Ami Onuki – vocals
Puffy AmiYumi – vocals, chorus, handclapping
Masanori Sasaji – keyboards
Masatsugu Shinozaki – strings
Andy Sturmer – producer, engineer, mixing
Shoko Suzuki – drums, chorus
Hideyo Takakuwa – flute
Yuichi Togashiki – drums
Minoru Uesato – sax (baritone)
Hiroshi Yaginuma – sax (tenor)
Tsuyoshi Yokoyama – programming
Yumi Yoshimura – vocals
Bob Zung – sax (tenor)
References
[ Allmusicguide listing for Fever*Fever]
Puffy AmiYumi albums
1999 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever%20Fever%20%28album%29 |
The America class (formerly the LHA(R) class) is a ship class of landing helicopter assault (LHA) type amphibious assault ships of the United States Navy (USN). The class is designed to put ashore a Marine Expeditionary Unit using helicopters and MV-22B Osprey V/STOL transport aircraft, supported by AV-8B Harrier II or F-35 Lightning II V/STOL aircraft and various attack helicopters. The first of these warships was commissioned by the U.S. Navy in 2014 to replace of the ; as many as eleven will be built. The design of the America class is based on that of , the last ship of the Wasp class, but the "Flight 0" ships of the America class will not have well decks, and have smaller on-board hospitals to provide more space for aviation uses.
Although they only carry helicopters and V/STOL aircraft, the America class, with a displacement of about , is similar in size to the French and the Indian fixed-wing aircraft carriers. Also, while more than shorter, America class ships are of comparable displacement to the former US Navy s.
Ships of the America class can be used as a small aircraft carrier with a squadron of jet fighters plus several multipurpose helicopters, such as the MH-60 Seahawk. They can carry about 20 to 25 AV-8B, F-35Bs, or a mixture of the two, but the future ships of this class, starting with , will have smaller aircraft hangars to leave room for larger amphibious warfare well decks.
Design
America is based on the design of , itself an improved version of the s with gas turbine power. About 45 percent of the "Flight 0" design of this class is based on that of Makin Island, but with its well deck omitted to allow more room for aircraft, their spare parts and weapons, and their fuel. The gas turbines of Makin Island, America, and their successors use JP-5 fuel which is the same fuel used by their helicopters, the jet engines of their AV-8B Harrier and MV-22 Osprey aircraft and, in future ships, the gas turbines of the Landing Craft Air Cushions (LCACs) that they could carry in their well decks. This commonality greatly simplifies the storage, distribution, and use of the fuels.
The typical aircraft complement for the first two vessels is expected to be twelve MV-22B Osprey transports, six F-35B Lightning II STOVL multi-role jet aircraft, four CH-53K heavy transport helicopters, seven AH-1Z/UH-1Y attack/utility helicopters, and two Navy MH-60S Knighthawks for air-sea rescue. The exact make-up of the ship's aircraft complements may vary according to their missions. They can carry about 20 AV-8Bs or F-35Bs, and 2 MH-60Ss, to serve as a small aircraft carrier as demonstrated by landing helicopter dock (LHD) operations in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
The U.S. Marine Corps is now more concerned about anti-ship missile attacks from fast attack craft and long-range precision fires from land. To counter such attacks the Marine Corps wants to keep amphibious ships farther offshore. For this Marines will be transported ashore in larger and longer range MV-22 V/STOL aircraft. To accommodate these requirements, America has twice the displacement of the retired s.
The America-class amphibious assault ships are engineered with a (CODLOG) hybrid-electric propulsion system derived from the one used on Makin Island. The ships can use gas-turbines for high speeds and the diesel-electric engines when required. Setting the beam of America at was dictated by the need for these ships to pass through the Panama Canal. The Congressional Budget Office found that if before 2040 the price of oil reached and remained above $140 per barrel then the use of nuclear propulsion for LHX-class ships would be more cost-effective.
The LHX or LH(X) was a warship that was proposed in the late 1990s to replace the s, but with a dry deck for hovercraft rather than a floodable "well deck". After 2000, the LHX, the "Amphibious Assault Ship Future Replacement", was put forward to replace all of the LHDs. The new LHX could be a Flight 2 design of the America class built with a well deck and a smaller island superstructure, which would give it 20 percent more capacity on the flight deck. This would remove the current restriction on MV-22s to land on spots 5 and 6, and also giving room for four MV-22B, three F-35B Lightning IIs, or three CH-53Ks to use the flight deck. In 2008, the procurement of Flight 2 ships was tentatively planned for 2024, but that might not be practical or affordable by then.
A modified version of the design of America, designated the MPF(F), LHA(R), or T-LHA(R), was proposed for two ships of the Maritime Prepositioning Force (Future). The MPF(F) is the Navy's concept for a "sea base" to support operations ashore starting in about 2025. These two ships would hypothetically be manned by a civilian crew from the Military Sealift Command and not armed with weapons. Funding for the MPF(F) and the LHA(R) was tabled by the Senate Armed Services Committee in the fiscal year 2008 budget. The U.S. Navy now intends to buy more ships of the America class for its fleet of amphibious warfare ships.
In January 2014, the U.S. Navy began taking measures on America in order to reduce damage from excessive heat given off by the F-35B and MV-22 to prolong the life of the flight deck. The F-35B engine gives off much more heat than the previous AV-8B Harrier STOVL fighter and the MV-22 Osprey's heat exhaust has been known to damage flight decks. Plans include 14 different modifications to the ship and limiting the number of flight operations that are conducted off the deck. The U.S. Navy is looking for cost-effective solutions that will not affect the combat effectiveness of America. Restricting the number of flight operations is not expected to decrease its usefulness as amphibious assault ships are made to support quick assaults, while full-sized aircraft carriers have the mission of conducting sustained air operations. Lessons learned from these measures will be applied to and under construction, which will allow them to perform "complete unrestricted operations." Minor modifications to America are as small as putting covers over life rafts and refueling stations and moving antennas.
Well deck
Further warships in this class will have a well deck for amphibious warfare in their sterns to contain landing craft, such as the LCAC, as in Tarawa-class LHAs and Wasp-class amphibious assault ships.
The addition of a well deck will leave less space for aircraft on board the ships, but the "Early Operational Assessment" of 2005 criticized the "Flight 0" design because the expanded aviation facilities gave no space for a well deck. Also, USS America has reduced stowage space for military vehicles, and the size of its hospital was reduced by two-thirds with respect to the Wasp-class ships.
Before he became the Under Secretary of the Navy, Robert O. Work also brought into question the usefulness of an amphibious warfare ship without a well deck. The concept of the landing platform helicopter (LPH) had failed when their helicopters met enemy anti-aircraft systems off the coast of Lebanon during the late 1970s. In that case, Marines first had to be moved onto ships that had well decks.
The third ship of the class (USS Bougainville) will be the first in its class with a well deck for deploying amphibious vehicles. While there was emphasis on lighter ground vehicles in the late 1990s, up-armored and heavier vehicles were used during operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Future counterinsurgency operations require ships that can carry and deliver those vehicles, including through use of shore connectors; cargo lift requirements are met more expensively by aircraft airlifting equipment. Adding the well deck will require the ship's island to be slightly smaller compared to its two predecessors. Early design work with funds will begin in 2015, detailed design work and construction will start in 2017, and the LHA-8 will enter service in 2024.
History
The program started in July 2001, with development beginning in October 2005, the production decision was made in January 2006, and construction of LHA-6 began in December 2008.
Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding was awarded $48.1M for "additional planning and advanced engineering services in support of the LHA replacement (LHA[R]) Flight 0 amphibious assault ship (LHA 7)" on 28 October 2010, to run until May 2012. It was scheduled for delivery in 2017. In January 2011, development problems led to the F-35B program being delayed two years, and plans for LHA-7 could change if the F-35B were to be canceled.
In April 2012, Contract N00024-10-C-2229 was issued to Huntington Ingalls Industries, in which funding for steel plate purchases for LHA-7 was planned, and announced the requirement for an additional four ships (to LHA-10).
On 4 May 2012, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced the selection of USS Tripoli as the name for the Navy's next large-deck amphibious assault ship (LHA-7). On 20 June 2014, Ingalls Shipyards, authenticated Tripolis keel in ceremony by the ship's sponsor, Lynne Mabus, wife of Secretary of the Navy, Ray Mabus. Tripoli was officially delivered to the U.S. Navy on 28 February 2020.
On 13 June 2014, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that it had awarded a contract worth for $23.5 million to General Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Co., San Diego, California for design and development work on LHA-8.
On 14 December 2021, a $70.8 million U.S. Navy contract was awarded to Huntington Ingalls as its latest installment toward acquiring long-lead-time materials for LHA 9. The award was offered by the Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C.
On 27 October 2022, the U.S. Navy awarded Ingalls Shipbuilding a $2.4 billion contract modification for detail, design, and construction of LHA-9.
Ships in class
References
External links
US Navy LHD/LHA(R) page
America Class project on Naval Technology site
LHA-6 America page and LHX/LHA(R) page on Globalsecurity.org
Amphibious warfare vessel classes
Naval ships of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America-class%20amphibious%20assault%20ship |
Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji () or Mahmud Hafid Zadeh (1878 – October 9, 1956) was a Kurdish leader of a series of Kurdish uprisings against the British Mandate of Iraq. He was sheikh of a Qadiriyah Sufi family of the Barzanji clan from the city of Sulaymaniyah, which is now in Iraqi Kurdistan. He was named King of Kurdistan during several of these uprisings.
Background
After World War I, the British and other Western powers occupied parts of the Ottoman Empire. Plans made with the French in the Sykes–Picot Agreement designated Britain as the mandate power. The British were able to form their own borders to their pleasure to gain an advantage in this region. The British had firm control of Baghdad and Basra and the regions around these cities mostly consisted of Shiite and Sunni Arabs.
In 1921, the British appointed Faisal I the King of Iraq. It was an interesting choice because Faisal had no local connections, as he was part of the Hashemite family in Western Arabia. As events were unfolding in the southern part of Iraq, the British were also developing new policies in northern Iraq, which was primarily inhabited by Kurds, and was known as Greater Kurdistan in the Paris (Versailles) Peace Conference of 1919. The borders that the British formed had the Kurds between central Iraq (Baghdad) and the Ottoman lands of the north.
The Kurdish people of Iraq lived in the mountainous and terrain of the Mosul Vilayet. It was a difficult region to control from the British perspective because of the terrain and tribal loyalties of the Kurds. There was much conflict after the Great War between the Ottoman government and British on how the borders should be established. The Ottomans were unhappy with the outcome of the Treaty of Sèvres, which allowed the Great War victors control over much of the former Ottoman lands through the distribution of formerly Ottoman territory as League of Nations mandates.
In particular, the Turks felt that the Mosul Vilayet was theirs because the British had illegally conquered it after the Mudros Armistice, which had ended hostilities in the war. With the discovery of oil in northern Iraq, the British were unwilling to relinquish the Mosul Vilayet. Also, it was to the British advantage to have the Kurds play a buffer role between themselves and the Ottoman Empire. All that led to the importance of Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji.
The British government promised the Kurds during the First World War that they would receive their own land to form a Kurdish state. However, the British government did not keep their promise at the end of the war, leading to resentment among the Kurds.
There was mistrust on the part of the Kurds. In 1919, uneasiness began to evolve in the Kurdish regions because they were unhappy with their current situation and in their dealings with the British government. The Kurds revolted a year later.
The British government attempted to establish a Kurdish protectorate in the region and so appointed a popular leader of the region, which was how Mahmud became governor of southern Kurdistan.
Power and revolts
Mahmud was a very ambitious Kurdish national leader and promoted the idea of Kurds controlling their own state and gaining independence from the British. As Charles Tripp relates, the British appointed him governor of Sulaimaniah in southern Kurdistan as a way of gaining an indirect rule in this region. The British wanted this indirect rule with the popular Mahmud at the helm, which they believed would give them a face and a leader to control and calm the region. However, with a little taste of power, Mahmud had ambitions for more for himself and for the Kurdish people. He was declared "King of Kurdistan" and claimed to be the ruler of all Kurds, but the opinion of Mahmud among Kurds was mixed because he was becoming too powerful and ambitious for some.
Mahmud hoped to create Kurdistan and initially the British allowed Mahmud to pursue has ambitions because he was bringing the region and people together under indirect British control. However, by 1920 Mahmud, to British displeasure, was using his power against the British by arresting British officials in the Kurd region and starting uprisings against the British. As historian Kevin McKierman writes, "The rebellion lasted until Mahmud was wounded in combat, which occurred on the road between Kirkuk and Sulaimaniah. Captured by British forces, he was sentenced to death but later imprisoned in a British fort in Lahore." Mahmud remained in India until 1922.
Return and second revolt
With the exile of the Sheikh in India, Turkish nationalists in the crumbling Ottoman Empire were causing a great deal of trouble in the Kurdish regions of Iraq. The Turkish nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal, were riding high in the early 1920s after their victory against Greece and were looking to take that momentum into Iraq and take back Mosul. With the British in direct control of northern Iraq after the exile of Sheikh Mahmud, the area was becoming increasingly hostile for the British officials due to the threat from Turkey. The region was led by the Sheikh's brother, Sheikh Qadir, who was not capable of handling the situation and was seen by the British as an unstable and unreliable leader.
Sir Percy Cox, a British military official and administrator to the Middle East especially Iraq, and Winston Churchill, a British politician, were at odds on whether to release the Sheikh from his exile and bring him back to reign in northern Iraq. That would allow the British to have better control over the hostile but important region. Cox argued that the British could gain authority in a region they recently evacuated, and the Sheikh was the only hope of gaining back a stable region. Cox was aware of the dangers of bringing back the Sheikh, but he was also aware that one of the main reasons for the unrest in the region was the growing perception that the earlier promises of autonomy would be abandoned and the British would bring the Kurdish people under direct rule of the Arab government in Baghdad. The Kurdish dream of an independent state was growing less likely which caused conflict in the region. Bringing the Sheikh back was their only chance of a peaceful Iraqi state in the region and against Turkey.
Cox agreed to bring back the Sheikh and name him governor of southern Kurdistan. On December 20, 1922, Cox also agreed to a joint Anglo-Iraqi declaration that would allow a Kurdish government if they were able to form a constitution and agree on boundaries. Cox knew that with the instability in the region and the fact that there were many Kurdish groups it would be nearly impossible for them to come to a solution. Upon his return, Mahmud proceeded to pronounce himself King of the Kingdom of Kurdistan. The Sheikh rejected the deal with the British and began working in alliance with the Turks against the British. Cox realized the situation and in 1923 he denied the Kurds any say in the Iraqi government and withdrew his offer of their own independent state. The Sheikh was the king until 1924 and was involved in uprisings against the British until 1932, when the Royal Air Force and British-trained Iraqis were able to capture the Sheikh again and exile him to southern Iraq.
Death and legacy
Sheikh sued for peace and was exiled in southern Iraq in May 1932 and was able to return to his family village in 1941 where he remained the rest of his years. He ultimately died in 1956 with his family. He is still remembered today with displays of him around Iraqi Kurdistan and especially in Sulaimaniah. He is a hero to the Kurdish people to this day, as he is thought of as an pioneering Kurdish nationalist who fought for the independence and respect of his people. He is regarded as a pioneer for many future Kurd leaders.
See also
Kingdom of Kurdistan
RAF Iraq Command
References
External links
Ethnic Cleansing and the Kurds
The Rebellion of Sheikh Mahmmud Barzanji, in German
1878 births
1956 deaths
People from Sulaymaniyah
Iraqi Kurdistani politicians
Kurdish people from the Ottoman Empire
Iraqi Kurdish people
Kurdish rulers
Kingdom of Kurdistan
Kurdish nationalists
Kurdish revolutionaries
Burials in Iraq
Iraqi exiles
Iraqi expatriates in India
Iraqi revolt of 1920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud%20Barzanji |
Yerkir (, literally "Country") is the official newspaper of the Supreme Body of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF).
The first issue of Yerkir was published on August 27, 1991, in Yerevan. Since April 2002 it is also published in Beirut, Lebanon, in traditional Armenian orthography.
The paper was published as an 8-page daily until the end of 2001. It reached its highest circulation (56,000 copies) in 1993–1994, the largest circulation of the Armenian press of the last ten years. In January 2002 (circulation 2,500 copies) Yerkir became a 20-page weekly.
On December 28, 1994, then President of Armenia Levon Ter-Petrossian banned the ARF by his decree. The Yerkir daily was also banned, as was Azatamart weekly (the official newspaper of ARF's Armenia Structure), the official newspaper of the ARF Bureau, and many other newspapers and magazines. Permission to relaunch Yerkir was given only in March, 1998.
Yerkir is distributed in the CIS countries, as well as to the Armenian diaspora. Many large libraries of the world carry the collections of the paper. The main objective of the paper is to cover the political, economic, educational, cultural and sport events on basis of impartiality and, when necessary, comment on these events.
The online edition carries articles in English, Russian and Armenian.
Editors in Chief
Ashot Kerobian (1991)
Abo Poghikian (1991)
Aghvan Vardanian (1991–93)
Eduard Harutiunian (1993)
Hamlet Davtian (1994)
Mushegh Mikaelian (1998–1999)
Shaghik Marukhian (1999–2000)
Hamlet Davtian (2000–2001)
Gegham Manukian (2002–2004)
Spartak Seyranian (March 2004–)
Bagrat Yesayan
See also
Yerkir Media
External links
Official website
Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Newspapers published in Armenia
Newspapers established in 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkir |
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Henry Strachey (1816–1912) was a British officer of the Bengal Army. Despite a longstanding prohibition by the Tibetan authorities on the entry of Europeans into Tibet, Strachey surveyed parts of western Tibet during the late 1840s.
He was the second son of Edward Strachey, second son of Sir Henry Strachey, 1st Baronet. His brothers included Sir Richard Strachey, Sir John Strachey and Sir Edward Strachey, 3rd Baronet.
Tibetan surveys
In 1846, while a lieutenant of the 66th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, Strachey explored the Tibetan regions surrounding Lakes Manasarovar and Rakshastal. He found a channel between the lakes, suggesting that Manasarovar, and not Rakshastal, was the source of the Sutlej River. Strachey's brother Richard, with J. E. Winterbottom, continued the exploration of the lakes in 1848.
In 1847 Strachey was appointed to a boundary commission of Jammu and Kashmir led by Alexander Cunningham. The third member was Thomas Thomson. The commission was set up to fix the boundary between Tibet and Ladakh. Raja Gulab Singh's forces had previously annexed Ladakh and invaded Tibet in 1841. The British deemed it important to formalise the boundary so as to prevent any future conflicts. However, the Tibetan authorities did not participate. Neither was the commission given permission to enter Tibet. The commission based itself at Leh, Ladakh. It eventually drafted a description of the boundary and retired. In 1848 Strachey was the first European to find the Siachen Glacier, and ascended it for 2 miles.
In 1849, Henry Strachey and his brother Richard Strachey briefly entered Tibet by following the Niti Pass out of Garhwal. Their route included Tholing Monastery and Hanle.
Strachey's Tibetan surveys won him the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal in 1852.
Family
On 6 September 1859, by this time a captain of the 66th Goorkha Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, he married Joanna Catherine, daughter of Rudolphe Cloete, of Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa. The wedding was in Claremont, Cape Town. Their only child was Julia Charlotte, who in 1884 married barrister William Chance (2 July 1853 – 9 April 1935), son of James Timmins Chance of the glassmaking company Chance Brothers. Julia was an amateur sculptor, and a supporter of the Arts and Crafts movement. The couple's house, Orchards in Surrey, was designed by architect Edwin Lutyens. In 1902, Sir William Chance succeeded his father to the Chance baronetcy. Julia, Lady Chance died in 1949.
Writings
"Physical Geography of Western Tibet", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 23, 1853.
References
External links
1816 births
1912 deaths
Explorers of Asia
British East India Company Army officers
Henry
English male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Strachey%20%28explorer%29 |
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a is a Garratt or Union Garratt articulated locomotive using a pair of engine units back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between them. The wheel arrangement of each engine unit has four leading wheels on two axles, usually in a leading bogie, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck. Since the type is known as a Pacific, the corresponding Garratt type is usually known as a Double Pacific.
Overview
Garratt
The Double Pacific type was fairly common for Garratt locomotives, especially those intended for faster passenger service. The first of the type was the Class GF, built by Hanomag for the South African Railways in 1927. The first to be built by Beyer, Peacock & Company, the owner of the Garratt patent, was the G class for the New Zealand Railways Department in 1928. Beyer, Peacock & Company also built the last Double Pacific in 1943, for the Nigerian Railways.
Union Garratt
The South African Railways also operated a Double Pacific version of the Union Garratt articulated locomotive. The Union Garratt was a hybrid locomotive, partly Modified Fairlie and partly Garratt. The front end was of a typical Garratt arrangement, with a water tank mounted on the front engine unit’s frame, while the rear end was constructed in the Modified Fairlie fashion, with the coal bunker mounted on a rigid extension of the locomotive’s main frame and with the pivoting rear engine unit positioned beneath the coal bunker. It had an additional large underbelly water tank under the boiler. The main frame therefore carried the smokebox, boiler, firebox, cab, coal bunker, as well as the underbelly water tank. As a result, like the Modified Fairlies, the Union Garratts were prone to metal fatigue and cracking of the frames. In the case of the Union Garratts, this occurred particularly at the rear, brought about by the long frame overhang laden with the coal bunker.
Use
Algeria
Twenty-nine 4-6-2+2-6-4 Garratts, constructed between 1936 and 1941 by Société Franco-Belge in Northern France, operated until the Algerian independence war caused their withdrawal in 1951. This class, designated 231-132BT, was streamlined and featured Cossart motion gear, mechanical stokers and driving wheels, the largest of any Garratt class. On a test in France, one of these achieved a speed of —a record for any Garratt class (and indeed any articulated class).
Mozambique
In the late 1960s, four South African Class GF Garratt locomotives were sold to the Mozambique Ports & Railways, where they became the Series 911.
New Zealand
Three six-cylinder G class Garratt locomotives were built for the New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1928. They were the only six-cylinder simplex Garratts ever used in New Zealand and used Walschaerts valve gear to operate the outside cylinders, while Gresley conjugated valve gear operated the inner third cylinders. The locomotive was equipped with a mechanical stoker and was of an unusual design, with the coal bunker mounted on an extension to the main frame behind the cab instead of being mounted as a coal-and-water bunker on the rear engine unit’s frame, as was the usual practice on Garratt locomotives. Unlike a Union Garratt, however, the rear water tank was still mounted on the rear engine unit.
The Garratts were acquired in response to traffic growth over the heavy grades of the North Island Main Trunk and to eliminate the use of banking locomotives on steep gradients. However, since they proved to be unsuccessful and problem-ridden in service, they were withdrawn in 1937 and rebuilt to six three-cylinder 4-6-2 locomotives by the NZR’s Hillside Workshops.
South Africa
In 1927, the South African Railways (SAR) placed 37 Class GF Garratt locomotives in service. They were the first of the 4-6-2+2-6-4 type and were built by Hanomag in Germany. The locomotive specifications were prepared by Colonel F.R. Collins, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the SAR from 1922 to 1929, who designed it as a mixed traffic locomotive for use on branch lines and secondary mainlines throughout the country.
A second order was placed with Henschel & Son for eighteen locomotives which were delivered in 1928. These were followed by a third order, placed with Maffei in 1928, for a final batch of ten locomotives which were delivered in that same year. They were superheated, had bar frames and used Walschaerts valve gear. Its good turn of speed and reasonably high tractive effort made the Class GF Double Pacific a good utility locomotive and, with 65 units, the class was the most numerous Garratt type in SAR service until the arrival of the Class GMA and Class GMAM in 1954.
In 1928, the SAR placed two Class GH passenger train versions of its Class U Union Garratt in service, designed and built by Maffei, to work the named fast passenger trains of the era, the Union Express and Union Limited, forerunners of the Blue Train. They were superheated and had Walschaerts valve gear, bar frames and mechanical stokers. They made several trips working the two Union trains out of Cape Town, but they were not as successful as had been hoped and they were soon taken off that duty. Their mechanical stokers also proved to be troublesome and were eventually removed. Both remained in service until 1958.
Spain
Six Garratt locomotives of this wheel arrangement, built by Euskalduna in 1931, were used on the gauge Ferrocarril Central de Aragón (FCA) in Spain. They worked the heaviest passenger trains on the steepest gradients from Valencia to Zaragoza.
After the FCA was integrated into Renfe in 1941, the locomotives were converted to oil-burners and worked in the Tarragona-Valencia section on the line between Barcelona and Seville, until they were replaced by diesel traction in 1967 and retired.
References
External links
Garratt locomotives
Whyte notation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-6-2%2B2-6-4 |
Universidad station may refer to:
Universidad station (Medellín), Colombia
Universidad metro station (Mexico City), Mexico
Universidad station (Puerto Rico), in San Juan
Universidad metro station (San Nicolás de los Garza), Nuevo León, Mexico
Universidad Católica metro station, Santiago, Chile
Universidad Central metro station, Quito, Ecuador
Universidad de Chile metro station, Santiago, Chile
Universidad de Santiago metro station, Santiago, Chile
Universidad Nacional (TransMilenio), a BRT station in Bogotá, Colombia
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Madrid Metro), Spain
Amín Abel metro station, a metro station in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, previously called Universidad
Universidad, a station on the Málaga Metro
Universidad, a station on the Maracaibo Metro
Universidades (TransMilenio), a BRT station in Bogotá, Colombia
See also
Ciudad Universitaria (disambiguation), for other stations of similar name
University Station (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad%20station |
Scott David Burrell (born January 12, 1971) is an American basketball coach and former player who is currently the men's basketball head coach at Southern Connecticut State University. He has played internationally and was also a professional baseball player.
In 1990, Burrell was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays of MLB. He played in Minor League Baseball during the 1990 and 1991 seasons. After ending his baseball career, he was drafted in 1993 by the Charlotte Hornets of the NBA. He was later traded to the Golden State Warriors and then the Chicago Bulls, where he won a championship ring. He next played with the New Jersey Nets and then finished his NBA career with the Hornets in 2000–01. He played in other professional basketball leagues through the 2005–06 season.
Early life
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Burrell was raised in nearby Hamden and attended Hamden High School. At Hamden High, in addition to basketball, Burrell was a quarterback on the football team and pitcher on the baseball team. Burrell was named to the ABCA/Rawlings High School All-America Second Team as a senior in 1989. He was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the first round of the 1989 Major League Baseball draft after graduating from high school. Burrell initially planned on attending the University of Miami to play baseball, before University of Connecticut assistant basketball coach Howie Dickenman convinced Burrell to commit to Connecticut.
College career
From 1989 to 1993, Burrell played at guard and forward for the Connecticut Huskies under Jim Calhoun. As a freshman in 1989–90, Burrell averaged 8.2 points and 5.5 rebounds. In 1990, Burrell was drafted by another baseball team, the Toronto Blue Jays, and Burrell spent the next two summers playing minor league baseball.
As a junior in 1991–92, Burrell averaged a career high 16.3 points, and he had a career high 7.5 rebounds in 1990–91. Burrell became the first player in NCAA basketball history to compile over 1,500 points, 750 rebounds, 275 assists and 300 steals. Burrell is known for his full-court pass with one second on the clock to Tate George, who hit a shot as time expired to beat Clemson in the East Regional semi-final of the 1990 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keating |first1=Christopher |title=Scott Burrell Says Tate George Conviction is "Sad Situation |url=https://www.courant.com/politics/capitol-watch/hc-scott-burrell-says-tate-george-conviction-is-sad-situation-20150717-story.html |website=Hartford Courant |access-date=June 4, 2020 |date=July 17, 2015}}</ref>
Burrell went back to school and received his bachelor's degree in general studies from the University of Connecticut on May 8, 2010.
Professional career
Minor league baseball (1990–1991)
After being drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the fifth round of the 1990 Major League Baseball draft, Burrell was a minor league baseball pitcher from 1990 to 1991, first with the St. Catharines Blue Jays in 1990 and splitting the 1991 season between the Myrtle Beach Hurricanes and St. Catharines Blue Jays. Burrell had a 3.71 ERA and 2–6 record as a minor league pitcher.
Charlotte Hornets (1993–1997)
Burrell was selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 20th overall pick in the 1993 NBA draft.
He averaged 4.8 points per game during his rookie season, during which he missed 31 games due to knee, ankle, and Achilles tendon injuries. In the 1994–95 season, Burrell played in 65 games with 62 starts and averaged 11.5 points and 5.7 rebounds. Despite a season ending injury on April 1, 1995, Burrell finished third in NBA Most Improved Player Award votes. On February 11, he also finished third at the AT&T Long-Distance Shootout. During the 1995–96 NBA season, Burrell was limited to 20 games due to injuries, including Achilles tendon surgery. After that season, Burrell would play mostly off the bench.
Later NBA career (1997–2001)
On February 20, 1997, the Hornets traded Burrell to the Golden State Warriors for Donald Royal. Burrell averaged 5.9 points overall in 1996–97. On September 22, 1997, the Warriors traded Burrell to the Chicago Bulls for Dickey Simpkins. Bulls general manager Jerry Krause sought Burrell for his ability to play both forward spots. During the season, in which the Bulls won the NBA championship, Burrell played 80 games with three starts and averaged 5.2 points and 2.5 rebounds. On February 2, 1998, Burrell scored a season high 24 points in 18 minutes in a 111–72 victory over the Denver Nuggets. The Last Dance'', a 2020 ESPN and Netflix documentary series on Burrell's Bulls teammate Michael Jordan, depicts Burrell as a common target of Jordan's competitive banter. Burrell contributed to the Bulls’ success that season by guarding Jordan in practice. His athleticism made him a good match for Jordan.
Shortly after the 1998–99 NBA lockout ended, the Bulls released Burrell on January 25, 1999. Burrell signed as a free agent with the New Jersey Nets nearly a week later on February 3; he would average 6.6 points in 1999 and 6.1 points in 1999–2000 with the Nets. Burrell had successful hand and knee surgery on April 27, 2000.
On April 10, 2001, Burrell returned to the Charlotte Hornets, where he played four games off the bench in what would be his final NBA season.
NBDL and overseas career (2001–2006)
Burrell signed with National Basketball Development League (NBDL, now NBA G League) team Fayetteville Patriots on March 8, 2002. In six games with five starts, Burrell averaged 5.5 points and 3.7 rebounds in his only NBDL season.
After leaving the NBDL, Burrell finished much of his professional basketball career internationally, starting with the Shaanxi Kylins of the Chinese Basketball Association where he averaged 18.0 points and 6.2 rebounds in 2002–03. In 2003–04, Burrell played for the Batang Thunder of the Philippine Basketball Association, averaging 25.1 points and 5.0 rebounds.
Burrell returned to the U.S. signing with the Idaho Stampede of the Continental Basketball Association on November 30, 2004. Burrell played 14 games for the Stampede, averaging 6.9 points and 3.9 rebounds. In 2005, Burrell signed with Bilbao Basket of the Spanish Liga ACB, where he played eight games and averaged 5.0 points. On January 24, 2005, Burrell signed with the Hitachi Sunrockers of the Japanese JBL Super League. Burrell averaged 6.2 points in his final pro basketball season with Hitachi in 2005–06.
Coaching career
In the 2006–07 season, Burrell was an assistant coach for the Colorado 14ers of the NBA D-League (now G League).
On August 17, 2007, Burrell became an assistant coach for the Quinnipiac Bobcats men's basketball team at Quinnipiac University in his hometown of Hamden, Connecticut, under former UConn assistant coach Tom Moore. Burrell helped Quinnipiac win the regular season Northeast Conference title and qualify for the NIT in the 2009–10 season.
On July 13, 2015, Burrell was hired as head men's basketball coach at Southern Connecticut State University, a Division II school in New Haven. Inheriting a 24–8 team from former head coach Mike Donnelly, Burrell led the Southern Connecticut Fighting Owls to a 22–8 (17–3 conference) record, Northeast-10 Conference Southwest Division title, and NCAA tournament appearance in his first season; as a result of this success, Burrell earned Eastern College Athletic Conference Coach of the Year honors. Burrell followed up with an 18–13 record and second straight NCAA tournament under his tenure (fourth overall for the program) in 2016–17.
As of the 2019–20 season, Burrell has a 91–56 cumulative record at Southern Connecticut .
Head coaching record
Personal life
Following the Chicago Bulls' 1998 championship, Connecticut Governor John G. Rowland issued a proclamation of October 20, 1998 as "Scott Burrell Day," after the town of Hamden presented Burrell with a "key to the city." Burrell is married to SportsNet New York reporter Jeané Coakley. They have two children. His niece is the USA Eagles women's Rugby Union Lock Alycia Washington.
Career statistics
NBA
Regular season
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 51 || 16 || 15.0 || .419 || .333 || .657 || 2.6 || 1.2 || .7 || .3 || 4.8
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 65 || 62 || 31.0 || .467 || .409 || .694 || 5.7 || 2.5 || 1.2 || .6 || 11.5
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 20 || 20 || 34.7 || .447 || .378 || .750 || 4.9 || 2.4 || 1.4 || .7 || 13.2
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 28 || 2 || 17.2 || .344 || .345 || .792 || 2.8 || 1.4 || .5 || .4 || 5.4
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Golden State
| 29 || 0 || 15.8 || .379 || .361|| .652 || 2.7 || 1.2 || .5 || .3 || 4.9
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"| †
| align="left" | Chicago
| 80 || 3 || 13.7 || .424 || .354 || .734 || 2.5 || .8 || .8 || .5 || 5.2
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | New Jersey
| 32 || 0 || 22.1 || .361 || .389 || .810 || 3.7 ||1.4 || 1.3 || .3 || 6.6
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | New Jersey
| 74 || 9 || 18.1 || .394 || .353 || .780 || 3.5 || 1.0 || .9 || .6 || 6.1
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 4 || 0 || 10.3 || .467 || .333 || .250 || .8 || .3 || .8 || .0 || 4.3
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan=2| Career
| 383 || 122 || 19.8 || .418 || .373 || .723 || 3.5 || 1.4 || .9 || .5 || 6.9
Playoffs
|-
|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"|1998†
| align="left" | Chicago
| 21 || 0 || 12.4 || .438 || .300 || .909 || 2.0 || .5 || .9 || .1 || 3.8
|-
| align="left" | 2001
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 2 || 0 || 6.0 || .667 || 0 || .500 || 1.5 || .5 || 1.0 || .0 || 2.5
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan=2| Career
| 23 || 0 || 11.9 || .447 || .286 || .846 || 2.0 || .5 || .9 || .1 || 3.7
College
|-
|1989–90
|Connecticut
| 32 || 20 || 25.8 || .386 || .313 || .623 || 5.5 || 1.8 || 1.9 || .9 || 8.2
|-
|1990–91
|Connecticut
| 31 || – || 34.7 || .440 || .343 || .592 || 7.5 || 3.1 || 3.6 || 1.3 || 12.7
|-
|1991–92
|Connecticut
| 30 || 30 || 35.3 || .453 || .396 || .611 || 6.1 || 2.9 || 2.5 || 1.0 || 16.3
|-
|1992–93
|Connecticut
| 26 || –|| 33.1 || .411 || .345 || .760 || 6.0 || 2.1 || 2.4 || 1.1 || 16.1
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan=2| Career
| 119 || 50+ || 32.1 || .426|| .357 || .640 || 6.3 || 2.5 || 2.6 || 1.1 || 13.1
References
External links
Scott Burrell player profile at NBA.com via Wayback Machine
1971 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Barako Bull Energy Boosters players
Baseball players from Connecticut
Basketball coaches from Connecticut
Basketball players from New Haven, Connecticut
Bilbao Basket players
Charlotte Hornets draft picks
Charlotte Hornets players
Chicago Bulls players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Colorado 14ers coaches
Fayetteville Patriots players
Golden State Warriors players
Idaho Stampede (CBA) players
Liga ACB players
Myrtle Beach Hurricanes players
New Jersey Nets players
People from Hamden, Connecticut
Sportspeople from New Haven County, Connecticut
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Quinnipiac Bobcats men's basketball coaches
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Southern Connecticut State Fighting Owls coaches
Sportspeople from New Haven, Connecticut
St. Catharines Blue Jays players
Sun Rockers Shibuya players
UConn Huskies men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Burrell |
There are over 230 Catholics in the Falkland Islands, approximately 10% of the total population. There are no dioceses in the islands, instead they form an apostolic prefecture which was erected in January 1952. It is immediately subject to the Holy See and separate from any Argentine or UK dioceses. The spiritual leader of the prefecture is Father Hugh Allan who was appointed in 2016.
The Eucharist is celebrated at RAF Mount Pleasant.
St. Mary's Catholic Church
St. Mary's Catholic Church in Ross Road in Stanley is the sole Catholic Church on the Falkland Islands. It was blessed in 1899. On the west wall is a "pictorial history" of the Catholic Church in the Falkland Islands; it was illustrated by the local artist James Peck.
Religious affiliation
References
External links
Statistics relating to the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands
Statistics relating to the Major Religions of the Falkland Islands
Original Source of Information used by the Major Religions of the Falkland Islands website
Falkland
Falkland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Islands |
A sunspot is a dark region that periodically appears on the surface of the Sun.
Sun spot, Sunspot, or Sunspots may also refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
Sunspot (Marvel Comics), a Marvel Comics superhero
"Sunspot", a song by Moby, B-side to the 1999 song "Bodyrock"
"Sunspots" (song), a 1984 song by Julian Cope
"Sunspots", a song by Modest Mouse from their 1997 EP The Fruit That Ate Itself
"Sunspots", a song by Nine Inch Nails from the 2005 album With Teeth
"Sunspots", an episode of Static Shock
Sunspots (TV series), a 1974–75 Canadian television series
Science and technology
Sunspot Solar Observatory, a solar telescope in Sunspot, New Mexico, unincorporated place, United States, and the site of the Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope and visitors center
Sun SPOT, a wireless sensor network device created by Sun Microsystems
Sun spots or solar lentigo, skin blemishes
Sunspot (Trojan horse), computer malware
SunSpot, the codename for the multi-display ATI Eyefinity Technology
Other
Sunspots (economics), the economic term referring to a random variable | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Jennifer Holden (born in Chicago, Illinois), is an American actress who appeared in the films Jailhouse Rock, Buchanan Rides Alone, and Gang War. Holden had modeled before being cast in Jailhouse Rock. Later, she was a rock-and-roll singer.
References
External links
American film actresses
Living people
Actresses from Los Angeles County, California
Actresses from Chicago
People from Topanga, California
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Holden |
Walter Richard Szwender is a former provincial level politician and teacher from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1982 until 1986.
Political career
Szwender ran for a seat to the Alberta Legislature and was elected to the electoral district of Edmonton-Belmont in the 1982 Alberta general election. He held the seat for the governing Progressive Conservative caucus.
He ran for a second term in office in the 1986 Alberta general election but was defeated in a closely contested race by New Democrat candidate Tom Sigurdson. Szwender finished second out of six candidates.
Szwender would face off against Sigurdson three years later in the 1989 election in an attempt to retake Edmonton-Belmont and he was once again defeated, this time by a larger margin.
He would attempt another come back to the Alberta Legislature by running in the 2004 provincial election in Edmonton Decore as a last minute replacement after it was revealed that the nominated candidate Ray Hajar was a convicted criminal, and had years of unpaid alimony. Swzender ran against incumbent MLA Gary Masyk. Both Masyk and Swender were defeated by Liberal candidate Bill Bonko.
Szwender is a high school teacher.
References
External links
Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing
1950 births
Living people
Politicians from Edmonton
Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Szwender |
Brightwood Beach Cottage is an historic octagonal building on the southern shore of Lake Ripley in Litchfield, Minnesota, United States, that once was a part of the Brightwood Beach Resort of the late nineteenth century. The resort opened in 1889, and it offered cultural amenities such as concerts, classes in fine arts, and other live entertainment. Other summer activities included dancing, ball games, and canoeing and steamboat excursions on Lake Ripley. The Minnesota Editorial Association, in a report at the time, called Brightwood "the most lovely spot in Minnesota" and a "gem of a lake with pebbly shores and blue as the vaults of heaven." Thousands of people visited the resort, many of them wealthy individuals pictured in suits and fancy dresses, but the resort was not financially successful. In 1893, the resort was forced to close, a victim of the Panic of 1893 and competition from resorts to the north that became accessible by railroad.
On May 22, 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places
References
External links
Octagonal buildings in the United States
Houses in Meeker County, Minnesota
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
1889 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Meeker County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwood%20Beach%20Cottage |
Good Machine Productions was an American independent film production, film distribution, and foreign sales company started in the early 1990 by its co-founders and producers, Ted Hope and James Schamus. David Linde joined as a partner in the late 1990s and also started the international sales company Good Machine International. They sold the company to Universal Pictures, where it was then merged with USA Films and Universal Focus to create Focus Features. Hope, along with the heads of production development and business affairs (Anthony Bregman, Anne Carey, and Diana Victor) then went on to form the independent production company This Is That Productions. Schamus and Linde became co-presidents of Focus Features.
In 2001, the Museum of Modern Art celebrated the tenth anniversary of Good Machine's work, commemorating their support of international and domestic filmmakers.
Background
Good Machine was involved in production and/or distribution of a number of films, including Ang Lee's The Ice Storm and Ride with the Devil; Hal Hartley projects such as Flirt (1995), Edward Burns's The Brothers McMullen and Todd Solondz's Happiness.
History
Launched in 1990 from a small loft space in lower Manhattan by writer/producer/Columbia professor James Schamus and his partner, Ted Hope, Good Machine produced many important independent films over the years, among them Safe (Todd Haynes, 1995) and The Wedding Banquet (Ang Lee, 1993). The company survived by doing line producing for hire and keeping overhead costs low. Many films were commercially successful thanks to centrist marketing strategies. David Linde joining in 1997 and creating the foreign sales company gave Schamus, Hope and Linde greater control of Good Machine's products, increased financing sources, and provided information about what people in the marketplace wanted. In 1997, it was announced that Good Machine would become the foreign sales agent of films produced and distributed by October Films, in order to acquire worldwide rights of the films. In 1998, it struck a deal with Universal. Previously, the company had a one-time production deal with 20th Century Fox, which was signed in 1996. It was dismantled in 2002, when it merged with Focus Features.
Disbandment
In 2003, Good Machine was acquired by Universal Pictures. James Schamus and David Linde remained with Universal, serving as co-presidents of Focus Features.
Ted Hope chose to part with the company to form the This is that Corporation (This Is That Productions) with Good Machine Director of Development Anne Carey, Director of Production Anthony Bregman, and Director of Business Affairs Diana Victor. Under the This Is That banner they produced films such as Adventureland, The Savages, and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.
Filmography
The Hours and Times (1991) — US distribution
Keep It for Yourself (1991) — coproduced with Allarts
Pushing Hands (1991) ― coproduced with Central Motion Pictures
Simple Men (1992) — coproduced with Fine Line Features
The Wedding Banquet (1993) ― coproduced with Central Motion Pictures
Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) ― coproduced with Central Motion Pictures
What Happened Was (1994) — coproduced with Genre Films
The Brothers McMullen (1995) – coproduced with Videography Prods.
Flirt (1995)
Safe (1995) — coproduced with American Playhouse and Channel Four Films
She's the One (1996) — coproduced with Marlboro Road Gang Productions and South Fork Pictures
Walking and Talking (1996) — coproduced with Channel Four Films, Zenith Productions, Pandora Film, PolyGram Filmed Entertainment, Makido Films (France), Electric, and TEAM Communications Group
The Ice Storm (1997)
The Myth of Fingerprints (1997) — Sony Pictures Classics
Office Killer (1997) — coproduced with Strand, Kardana/Swinsky Films, and Good Fear
Happiness (1998) — Good Machine Releasing
No Looking Back (1998) — coproduced with Polygram Filmed Entertainment Group, Marlboro Road Gang, and South Fork Pictures
Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl (1998) — Good Machine International
The Lifestyle (1999) — coproduced with Swinging T Productions
Ride with the Devil (1999) — coproduced with USA Films
Trick (1999) — coproduced with Fine Line Features
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) — Good Machine International; coproduced with Asian Union Film & Entertainment, China Film Co-Productions Corporation, Sony Pictures Classics, Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia, Edko Films, and Zoom Hunt Productions
The Tao of Steve (2000) — Sony Pictures Classics
Buffalo Soldiers (2001) — coproduced with FilmFour, Grosvenor Park Productions, and Odeon Film
Human Nature (2001) — co-produced with StudioCanal
In the Bedroom (2001) — coproduced with Eastern Standard Film Company and GreeneStreet Films
Lovely & Amazing (2001) — coproduced with Blow Up Pictures
The Man Who Wasn't There (2001) — coproduced with Working Title Films, Gramercy Pictures, Mike Zoss Productions, and Constantin Film
Storytelling (2001) — coproduced with Killer Films and New Line Cinema
Y Tu Mamá También (2001) — Good Machine International
Adaptation (2002) — coproduced with Columbia Pictures, Intermedia, and Propaganda Films
The Laramie Project (2002) — coproduced with HBO Films
American Splendor (2003) — coproduced with Dark Horse Entertainment, and HBO Films
Hulk (2003) — coproduced with Marvel Enterprises, and Valhalla Motion Pictures
References
External links
Contemporary Independent Film
Film production companies of the United States
Universal Pictures
Companies disestablished in 2003
Companies based in New York City
American independent film studios
Companies established in the 1990s
International sales agents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Machine |
Skowarcz railway station is a railway station serving the village of Skowarcz, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Warsaw–Gdańsk railway and the train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Schönwarling.
Modernisation
The station was modernised in 2010, which included rebuilding the platforms, renewing the tracks and the signalling system.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Gdynia – Sopot – Gdansk – Tczew – Malbork – Elblag – Ilawa – Olsztyn
Regional services (R) Gdynia – Sopot – Gdansk – Tczew – Laskowice – Bydgoszcz
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of October 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Gdańsk County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skowarcz%20railway%20station |
The Turtle is the name of two supervillains appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, who were primarily enemies of the Flash.
Two versions of the Turtle made their live action debut on The Flash, portrayed by Aaron Douglas and Vanessa Walsh.
Publication history
The first Turtle appears in All Flash #21 and was created by Gardner Fox and Martin Naydel.
The second Turtle (the Turtle Man) appears in Showcase #4 and was created by Robert Kanigher and Carmine Infantino.
Fictional character biography
Turtle (Golden Age)
The original Turtle is a 1940s villain who uses tricks of slowness in battle with the Golden Age Flash (Jay Garrick). His main weapon is slow, deliberate planning. After a few clashes with the Flash, the Turtle fades from the public scene.
Years later, the Turtle Man carries on his legacy. After the debut of the third Flash (Wally West) in recent years, the original Turtle returns, now with the younger Turtle Man as his henchman, to take over Keystone City from underground. A final clash with Wally and his allies results in the Turtle destroying his own headquarters and apparently himself with it.
Turtle Man (Silver Age)
The Turtle Man (sometimes simply calling himself "the Turtle") is the first gimmicked Rogue fought by the second Flash (Barry Allen) and appears in Central City shortly after Barry's debut as the Flash. Originally using his natural slowness as a weapon, such as returning to rob a bank vault later to place people off guard, this Turtle Man is also an independently wealthy scientific genius who creates fantastic devices based on slowness. After robbing the bank he paints his shadow on the wall, fooling the Flash into crashing into it. In his first appearance, he is captured by the Flash while trying to escape via boat and arrested. This is apparently true both Pre- and Post-Crisis. The Turtle Man only has a handful of battles with the second Flash. After some years, the original Turtle from the 1940s returns and meets his "successor". Impressed with the latter's scientific talent, the first Turtle becomes an ally in an attempt to take over Keystone City. A lab accident seriously cripples the Turtle Man during this time. After the third Flash (Wally West) and his allies find the Turtle's underground headquarters, the original Turtle seemingly kills himself while the younger Turtle Man is taken into custody.
Later, the Turtle Man reappears again, seemingly cured from his severe injuries and having developed the ability to 'steal' speed, slowing down others around him to a crawl no matter how fast they were moving.
During the Infinite Crisis, the Turtle Man is part of the Secret Society of Super Villains led by Alexander Luthor Jr. (posing as Lex Luthor), using his speed-stealing abilities to negate the power of speedsters and thus make it harder for the heroes to track the Society.
Still Force entity
In Scott Snyder's Justice League series, the Turtle is revised as believing in an opposing energy to the Speed Force, known as the "Still Force". Each time he accessed this power, it aged him. Now a hatchling (described as "the fourth generation of his line"), he is finally attuned to the Still Force, and grants Gorilla Grodd (now a member of Lex Luthor's Legion of Doom) total control of it to combat the Flash. His origin was elaborated on with growing up in an abusive household, but this didn't stop his intellect from shining. The boy graduated from school far earlier then any of his classmates and quickly became a leading scientist. One day he met a woman and fell in love. The boy married this woman and had two children: a boy and a girl. The scientist spent most of his time with his family, slowing down his scientific advancements and allowing his peers to surpass him.
Growing jealous of his peers, the scientist began experimenting with a mysterious energy force that he believed kept the universe moving forward. In his jealousy, the scientist rushed the experiments, hoping to prove his genius again. His experiment quickly meandered out of control and the scientist was caught in an explosion. The explosion accelerated the scientist's age, giving him the body of a feeble old man. Furthermore his movement was slowed and he stopped aging physically or mentally. His family helped him through the recovery process and soon enough he could once again move like his old self, however he still kept the appearance of an old man.
He experimented with this energy force for decades, discovering he could negate any form of motion, including the progression of life. Eventually he became disillusioned with human life as he knew that he would outlive everyone he loved, this led him to kill his family with his powers as he saw them as a needless distraction from his work. Eventually he began going by the name "Turtle", most likely because of the motion negating powers he now possessed.
Jai West
In the pages of Flash Forward, Jai West is a manifestation of Wally West's fear of not being able to see his family again that was born in the Dark Multiverse. He is the twin brother of Irey West and was emigrated to Earth 0 by Wally.
In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Doctor Manhattan's vision of a possible future says that Jai will become a superhero called the Turtle.
Powers and abilities
The Turtle Man wears a device that enables him to project a force field which can stop bullets. His shell is also body armor which can expand to cover his head and also has some jets in it. The Turtle Man also has a ray device that he uses to make people move slower, as well as a laser gun that causes the optic nerves of a person to see everything moving faster than they are.
Other characters named the Turtle
There have been other villains who called themselves the Turtle:
The Turtle is a gangster who fought Robotman.
The Turtle is a criminal who faced off against the Green Arrow and Speedy. He is a channel pirate who operates out of a glass structure and uses a submarine and his gang to commit crimes.
In other media
Television
The Turtle makes a cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Flash and Substance".
Two original incarnations of the Turtle appear in The Flash:
The first Turtle appears in the episode "Potential Energy", portrayed by Aaron Douglas. This version is a metahuman thief named Russell Glosson who can drain the potential kinetic energy from his immediate surroundings and all those around him, sapping their speed. He is eventually apprehended by the Flash and imprisoned at S.T.A.R. Labs, where he is secretly killed by Harry Wells, who uses his brain tissue to create a device to siphon the Flash's speed on Zoom's orders.
A female incarnation of the Turtle appears in the episode "Death of the Speed Force", portrayed by Vanessa Walsh. This version is Frida Novikov, a Russian metahuman criminal with chronokinetic abilities, which manifests as "time bubbles". While attempting to seek revenge on everyone who ruined a previous crime spree she went on, she is confronted by Joe West, the Flash, and Kid Flash. Together, the speedsters distract her long enough to negate her powers with the Velocity-X formula so West can arrest her.
Film
An original incarnation of the Turtle called Victor Vesp was planned to appear in David S. Goyer's cancelled Flash film.
References
External links
Turtle and Turtle Man at Comic Vine
Hyperborea entry for the Turtle
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics supervillains
DC Comics male supervillains
Golden Age supervillains
Comics characters introduced in 1945
Characters created by Gardner Fox
Fictional turtles
Flash (comics) characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle%20%28comics%29 |
Master McGrath (1866–1873) was a famous Greyhound in the sport of hare coursing.
Early days
Master McGrath was born in County Waterford, Ireland. A small, weak pup, he went on to become the most celebrated and successful dog of his time. Master McGrath was born in 1866 at Colligan Lodge, the home of James Galwey, a well-known trainer and owner of greyhounds. Master McGrath was one of a litter of seven pups and although small was powerfully built. As a pup, his pet name was "Dicksy".
First trial
The dog showed none of the outstanding qualities which were later to make him famous at his first trial; his performance was so bad that his trainer ordered him to be given away. As luck would have it his "slipper" (handler) took charge of him and having more faith in him, entered him in several courses which he won. After these wins, he was returned to his trainer.
Waterloo Cup
He won the Waterloo Cup on three occasions, 1868, 1869 and 1871, and was the first greyhound to do so. He became such a celebrity that his owner, The 2nd Baron Lurgan, was asked to take him to be seen by Queen Victoria and the British Royal Family. His success enabled Lord Lurgan to build a terrace of houses in Walthamstow from Master McGrath's winnings. These houses now form part of Shernhall Street, but are still clearly marked at one end of the terrace as "Master McGrath Terrace". The plaque commemorating Master McGrath can be found in the upper part of number 18 Shernhall Street.
Death
Master McGrath died early in 1873 of heart disease which had already ended his career as a sire. An autopsy showed that his heart was twice the size of a normal dog's heart. He was buried in the grounds of a house called "Solitude" in Lurgan. The house has since been demolished for development and Master McGrath's grave lies at a house once owned by an early English settler.
Information
Name: Master McGrath
Pet Name: Dicksy
Color: BKW
Sex: male
Weight: 24 kg (53 lb)
Date Of Birth:1866
Land Of Birth: Ireland
Breeder: James Galway Waterford
Owner: Lord Lurgan
Song and Ballad – Master McGrath
Eighteen sixty eight being the date and the year,
Those Waterloo sportsmen and more did appear;
For to gain the great prizes and bear them awa',
Never counting on Ireland and Master McGrath.
On the twelfth of December, that day of renown,
McGrath and his keeper they left Lurgan town;
A gale in the Channel, it soon drove them o'er,
On the thirteenth they landed on fair England's shore.
And when they arrived there in big London town,
Those great English sportsmen all gathered round -
And one of the gentlemen gave a "Ha! Ha!" Saying,
"Is that the great dog you call Master McGrath?"
And one of those gentlemen standing around
Says, "I don't care a damn for your Irish greyhound,"
And another he laughs with a scornful "Ha! Ha!
We'll soon humble the pride of your Master McGrath."
Then Lord Lurgan stepped forward and said, "Gentlemen,
If there's any among you has money to spend -
For your grand english nobles I don't care a straw -
Here's five thousand to one upon Master McGrath."
Then McGrath he looked up and he wagged his old tail,
Informing his lordship, "I know what you mane,
Don't fear, noble Brownlow, don't fear them, agra,
For I'll tarnish their laurels," says Master McGrath.
And Rose stood uncovered, the great English pride,
Her master and keeper were close by her side;
They have let her away and the crowd cried "Hurrah!"
For the pride of all England – and Master McGrath.
As Rose and the Master they both ran along,
"Now I wonder," says Rose, "what took you from your home;
You should have stayed there in your Irish domain,
And not come to gain laurels on Albion's plain."
"Well, I know," says McGrath, "we have wild heather bogs
But you'll find in old Ireland there's good men and dogs.
Lead on, bold Britannia, give none of your jaw,
Stuff that up your nostrils," says Master McGrath.
Then the hare she went on just as swift as the wind
He was sometimes before her and sometimes behind.
Rose gave the first turn according to law;
But the second was given by Master McGrath.
The hare she led on with a wonderful view.
And swift as the wind o'er the green field she flew.
But he jumped on her back and he held up his paw
"Three cheers for old Ireland," says Master McGrath.
I've known many greyhounds that filled me with pride,
In the days that are gone, but it can't be denied,
That the greatest and the bravest that the world ever saw,
Was our champion of champions, great Master McGrath.
There was also a tune; "The Master McGrath Gallop" by H. R. Callcott R.A.M. (Composer of The Massereene Waltzes)
Honours
Waterloo Cup 1868, 1869, 1871
Pedigree
See also
List of individual dogs
External links
Information on the famous greyhoud-Master McGrath
Information and pictures on Master McGrath
Master McGrath
References
1866 animal births
1871 animal deaths
Individual animals in Ireland
Racing greyhounds
Individual dogs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20McGrath |
Formula Continental is a single seater, open wheel racing class in motorsport. It replaced Formula C as an SCCA racing class.
Most Formula Continental's are Formula Ford 2000 (FF2000) models, which is a flat bottomed, steel tube frame open wheel car with smaller wings and a 2-litre engine derived from the steel blocked Ford Pinto, Ford Zetec, or Mazda MZR engines.
Formula Continental at the SCCA National Championship Runoffs
Continental
Sports Car Club of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula%20Continental |
Route 122 is a primary, minor arterial highway in the United States. It begins at Interstate 95 in West Haven, Connecticut. It runs north of West Haven center and roughly follows the path of the West River. It then enters the Westville neighborhood of New Haven and ends at Route 63 (Whalley Avenue). Route 122 is long.
Route description
Route 122 officially begins as First Avenue in West Haven at the end of the southbound Exit 43 ramp of I-95 heading north. First Avenue continues south of the interchange as an unsigned state highway (SR 745). First Avenue ends at Campbell Avenue in the Allingtown section of West Haven while Route 122 continues north on Campbell Avenue. The road passes by the University of New Haven, crosses US 1 at diagonal four-corners involving two sets of traffic lights, then continues north as Forest Road. Forest Road travels for another following the line of the West River. Along the way it intersects Route 34 (Derby Turnpike) and enters the Westville neighborhood of New Haven. Forest Road ends at Route 243 (Fountain Street). Route 122 jogs left and right, continuing north on Dayton Street for another block until its end at Route 63 (Whalley Avenue).
History
In the 1920s, old State Highway 337 ran from Route 1 in downtown Milford via Woodmont and West Haven center, ending at Campbell Avenue in the Allingtown section of West Haven. The old route went along current Route 162 to Ocean Avenue, then ran along the West Haven shoreline to First Avenue, then north along First Avenue. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, old Highway 337 was renumbered to Route 122. Route 158 was also established in 1932 and ran along Campbell Avenue and Forest Road from West Haven center (Campbell Avenue and Main Street) to Westville (Forest Road and Fountain Street). In 1950, the Route 158 designation was removed and the portion north of First Avenue was added as a northward extension of Route 122. The portion of former Route 158 south of First Avenue was transferred to the town. In 1962, Route 122 was extended north to Whalley Avenue (Route 63) along Dayton Street. In 1966, the south end of Route 122 was truncated to end at I-95, while Route 162 was extended along the Milford portion of Route 122.
Junction list
State Road 745
State Road 745 (SR 745) is a , unsigned state highway that begins at Interstate 95 in West Haven, at the southern end of Route 122. It runs south as First Avenue, then turns east at Elm Street. After crossing the West River into New Haven, the road becomes Kimberly Avenue and has an interchange with I-95 at Exit 44. SR 745 ends at Route 10 (Ella T. Grasso Boulevard).
History
SR 717 (before)
SR 794 (after)
References
External links
122
Route 122
Transportation in New Haven County, Connecticut
Transportation in New Haven, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%20122 |
Edmond Martène (22 December 1654 – 20 June 1739) was a French Benedictine historian and liturgist.
Life
Martène was born at Saint-Jean-de-Losne near Dijon. In 1672 he entered the Benedictine Abbey of St-Rémy at Reims, a house of the Congregation of Saint Maur. Owing to his zeal for learning, however, he was sent to Saint-Germain to receive training under d'Achéry and Mabillon, and also to assist in the preliminary work connected with the new edition of the Church Fathers. Thenceforth he devoted his life to the study of subjects connected with history and liturgy, residing in various monasteries of his order, especially at Rouen, where he received the sympathetic co-operation of the prior of Sainte-Marthe.
Even in his student years he had gathered from widely various sources everything that might be helpful in elucidating the Rule of St. Benedict; the fruit of his labours he published in 1690 as Commentarius in regulam S. P. Benedicti litteralis, moralis, historicus ex variis antiquorum scriptorum commentationibus, actis sanctorum, monasticis ritibus aliisque monumentis cum editis tum manuscriptis concinnatus (Paris, 1690; 1695). During the same year he issued as a supplement to this: De antiquis monachorum ritibus libri 5 collecti ex variis ordinariis, consuetudinariis ritualibusque manuscriptis (Lyons, 1690; Venice, 1765). These were followed by other liturgical works.
In 1708 Martène and his fellow Benedictine, Ursin Durand, were commissioned to ransack the archives of France and Belgium for materials for the forthcoming revised edition of the Gallia Christiana, proposed by the prior of Sainte-Marthe. The numerous documents gathered by them from about eight hundred abbeys and one hundred cathedrals were incorporated in the abovementioned work or in the five volumes of the Thesaurus novus anecdotorum (Paris, 1717). The results of a journey made through the Netherlands and Germany for the purpose of documentary research were embodied by the two scholars in the nine folio volumes of Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum ecclesiasticorum et dogmaticorum amplissima collectio.(Paris, 1724–33). Finally, the sixth volume of the Annales Ordinis S. Benedicti (Paris, 1739) is the work of Martène alone.
Martène died at Saint-Germain-des-Prés near Paris.
Works
Commentarius in regulam S. P. Benedicti litteralis, moralis, historicus ex variis antiquorum scriptorum commentationibus, actis sanctorum, monasticis ritibus aliisque monumentis cum editis tum manuscriptis concinnatus, 1590; 1695.
De antiquis monachorum ritibus libri V collecti ex variis ordinariis, consuetudinariis ritualibusque manuscriptis, Lyons, 1690 (about the history of liturgy).
La vie du vénérable Claude Martin, religieux bénédictin, Tours, 1697; Rouen, 1698.
De antiquis ecclesiæ ritibus libri IV, Rouen, 1700-1702.
Tractatus de antiqua ecclesiæ disciplina in divinis officiis celebrandis, Lyons, 1706.
Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, V volumi, Paris, 1717 (with Ursin Durand).
De antiquis ecclesiæ ritibus editio secunda (4 vols., Antwerp, 1736-8; Venice, 1763-4; 1783; Bassano, 1788), in which he collected and expanded his earlier writings.
Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum moralium, historicorum, dogmaticorum ad res ecclesiasticas monasticas et politicas illustrandas collectio, Rouen, 1700 (with Ursin Durand), is a continuation of the Spicilegium of Martène's teacher, Luc d'Achery.
Imperialis Stabulensis monasterii jura propugnata adversus iniquas disceptationes, Cologne, 1730.
Histoire de l'abbaye de Marmoutier, first edited in 1874 and 1875 by Ulysse Chevalier as Vols. XXIV and XXV of Mémoires de la Société archéologique de Touraine.
Annales Ordinis S. Benedicti, Paris, 1739.
References
External links
Veterum Scriptorum Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio
1654 births
1739 deaths
18th-century French historians
French Benedictines
French male non-fiction writers
17th-century French historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Mart%C3%A8ne |
Bantzenheim (; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Haut-Rhin department
References
Communes of Haut-Rhin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantzenheim |
The Ulster Senior Cup is a knock-out competition for senior rugby union teams in the province of Ulster. It is administered by Ulster Rugby.
The most successful club is Queen's University with 23 wins. The current holders are City of Armagh RFC.
The winners compete with the other three provincial cup winners for the All-Ireland Cup.
Entry requirements
Entry is currently restricted to rugby clubs from Ulster that play in the All-Ireland League.
Performance by club
Finals
1880s
1884-85 NIFC (North of Ireland) 19-4 Lisburn
1885-86 Queen's College 6-0 Albion
1886-87 Queen's College 5-0 NIFC
1887-88 Lisburn 5-0 Albion
1888-89 Albion 4-3 Queen's College
1890s
1889-90 Queen's College 13-0 Albion
1890-91 Queen's College 8-0 Albion
1891-92 Queen's College 6-0 Albion
1892-93 NIFC 3-0 Queen's College (After extra time in Replay)
1893-94 NIFC 11-8 Collegians
1894-95 NIFC 3-0 Collegians
1895-96 NIFC 11-3 Collegians
1896-97 NIFC 9-3 Queen's College
1897-98 NIFC 13-0 Queen's College
1898-99 NIFC 16-3 Collegians
1900s
1899-1900 Queen's College 16-0 Holywood
1900-01 NIFC 14-0 Dungannon
1901-02 NIFC 6-0 Malone
1902-03 Queen's College 6-0 NIFC
1903-04 Malone 10-3 Queen's College
1904-05 Malone 8-5 Fortwilliam
1905-06 Collegians 8-0 NIFC
1906-07 Malone 13-3 Collegians
1907-08 NIFC 10-0 Knock
1908-09 Queen's University 16-6 NIFC
1910s
1909-10 Collegians 10-6 Queen's University
1910-11 Knock 6-5 NIFC
1911-12 Queen's University 13-0 Malone
1912-13 Collegians 9-3 Knock
1913-14 All Senior Rugby was suspended in early 1914 due to the Home Rule crisis and the Senior Cup was not played.
1914-1919 Not played due to World War I
1920s
1919-20 NIFC 5-0 Queen's University
1920-21 Queen's University 19-6 NIFC (at Balmoral)
1921-22 Instonians 8-0 Queen's University (at Balmoral)
1922-23 Instonians 19-5 Queen's University (at Balmoral)
1923-24 Queen's University 16-8 Instonians (at Ravenhill)
1924-25 Queen's University 14-3 Instonians (at Ravenhill)
1925-26 Collegians 11-3 Queen's University (at Ravenhill)
1926-27 Instonians 8-3 NIFC (after extra time)
1927-28 Instonians 3-0 NIFC
1928-29 Instonians 23-13 NIFC
1930s
1929-30 NIFC 6-4 Queen's University
1930-31 Instonians 7-3 Collegians
1931-32 Queen's University 10-3 Collegians
1932-33 Queen's University 18-6 Malone
1933-34 Instonians 11-6 Civil Service
1934-35 NIFC 15-0 Queen's University
1935-36 Queen's University 11-0 NIFC (Replay – Game 1: 0-0)
1936-37 Queen's University 5-0 Collegians
1937-38 Instonians 11-6 NIFC
1938-39 NIFC 20-0 Malone
1940s
1939-1945 Not Played
1945-46 Instonians 6-0 NIFC
1946-47 Queen's University 16-11 Collegians
1947-48 Instonians 12-10 C.I.Y.M.S.
1948-49 Instonians 13-9 Queen's University
1950s
1949-50 Instonians 11-0 Malone
1950-51 Queen's University 15-0 NIFC
1951-52 Collegians 8-3 Queen's University
1952-53 C.I.Y.M.S. 9-6 Collegians
1953-54 Instonians 6-0 Queen's University
1954-55 NIFC 17-3 Queen's University
1955-56 Instonians 6-3 C.I.Y.M.S.
1956-57 Instonians 6-3 Ballymena
1957-58 Instonians 3-0 Ballymena
1958-59 Queen's University beat C.I.Y.M.S.
1960s
1959-60 Queen's University 14-3 Instonians
1960-61 Collegians 6-3 Ballymena
1961-62 Collegians 8-0 Queen's University
1962-63 Ballymena 8-0 Collegians
1963-64 Dungannon 6-0 C.I.Y.M.S.
1964-65 Instonians 9-6 Malone
1965-66 C.I.Y.M.S. 29-6 Queen's University
1966-67 C.I.Y.M.S. 3-0 Dungannon
1967-68 Dungannon 12-6 Instonians
1968-69 NIFC 23-11 Dungannon
1970s
1969-70 Ballymena beat C.I.Y.M.S.
1970-71 Malone 6-3 NIFC
1971-72 C.I.Y.M.S. 22-18 Ballymena
1972-73 NIFC 25-12 Malone
1973-74 C.I.Y.M.S. 16-6 Bangor
1974-75 Ballymena 13-3 C.I.Y.M.S.
1975-76 Dungannon 12-9 Instonians
1976-77 Ballymena 14-4 NIFC
1977-78 C.I.Y.M.S. 14-12 Ballymena
1978-79 Instonians 9-6 NIFC
1980s
1979-80 Bangor 10-6 Instonians
1980-81 Queen's University 16-12 Collegians
1981-82 Bangor 26-7 Carrickfergus
1982-83 Collegians 11-6 City of Derry
1983-84 Malone 19-12 NIFC
1984-85 Ards 19-7 Instonians
1985-86 Bangor beat Malone
1986-87 Ards beat Bangor
1987-88 Malone beat Bangor
1988-89 Ballymena beat Bangor
1990s
1989-90 Ballymena 17-9 Malone
1990-91 Ballymena 13-0 Bangor
1991-92 Malone 13-3 NIFC
1992-93 Dungannon 20-18 Ballymena
1993-94 Dungannon 14-10 Instonians
1994-95 Dungannon 21-16 Instonians
1995-96 Ballymena beat Malone
1996-97 Ballymena 20-13 Malone
1997-98 Dungannon beat Malone
1998-99 Instonians beat Malone
2000s
1999-2000 City of Derry beat Dungannon
2000-01 Belfast Harlequins 41-12 Dungannon
2001-02 Dungannon 32-3 Ballynahinch
2002-03 Ballymena 44-3 Dungannon
2003-04 Ballymena 11-3 Ballynahinch
2004-05 Ballymena 22-20 Belfast Harlequins
2005-06 Belfast Harlequins 36-9 Malone
2006-07 Dungannon 27-10 Belfast Harlequins
2007-08 Belfast Harlequins 22-17 Ballymena
2008-09 Ballynahinch 19-0 Ballymena
2010s
2009-10 Queen's University 37-0 Malone
2010-11 Dungannon 25-0 City of Derry
2011-12 Ballymena 17-11 Banbridge
2012-13 Ballymena 25-6 Rainey Old Boys
2013-14 Queen's University 16-10 Ballynahinch
2014-15 Ballynahinch 17-10 Malone
2015-16 Ballynahinch 19-10 Ballymena
2016-17 Ballynahinch 27-10 Dungannnon
2017-18 Armagh 17-13 Ballymena
2018-19 Armagh 9-7 Ballymena
2020s
2019-20 Armagh 38-34 Ballynahinch
2020-21 Not played due to COVID-19 pandemic
2021-22 Queen's University 40-22 City of Armagh
2022-23 Ballynahinch 32-15 Queen's University
See also
Connacht Senior Cup
Leinster Senior Cup
Munster Senior Cup
Sources
Rugby union competitions in Ulster
Irish senior rugby competitions
1884 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster%20Senior%20Cup%20%28rugby%20union%29 |
The Glasgow Central by-election, in the Glasgow Central constituency, was held on 15 June 1989. It was caused by the death of the sitting Member of Parliament, Bob McTaggart.
The Scottish National Party had high hopes of repeating their victory from the previous year at the by-election for the Glasgow Govan seat, where Jim Sillars gained the seat from Labour. For Glasgow Central, the SNP chose a close associate of their Govan victor Alex Neil. However, the hope for victory did not transpire for the SNP, as Mike Watson retained the seat for the Labour Party with a 6,462 majority, despite a 20.3% rise in the SNP share of the votes cast. The day after the election, The Glasgow Herald described the result as "the revenge" Labour sought for their by-election defeat in Govan a few months earlier. The SNP blamed opinion polls in the latter stages of the election campaign which showed them trailing Labour, arguing these stalled their momentum. Winner Mike Watson argued that the result showed that "The SNP bandwagon is off the rails", although SNP spokesman Chris McLean denied that the result was a setback, pointing out that they had significantly increased their vote share.
The Liberal Democrats fell to fifth place, the worst position achieved by a major party at any British by-election since the 1976 Walsall North by-election. This was equalled in the Henley by-election in 2008, when Labour also fell to fifth, and surpassed in the Glasgow North East by-election in 2009, when the Liberal Democrats came sixth. Their 1.6% vote share remained the lowest percentage vote for the Liberal Democrats until they entered the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition in 2010, and in fact was not beaten until the South Shields by-election three years into their time in government.
This was also the only parliamentary contest engaged in by the Scottish Socialist Party that existed at the time (which should not be confused with the present day Scottish Socialist Party). Their candidate was Bill Kidd.
Results
References
See also
Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)
Elections in Scotland
List of United Kingdom by-elections
Glasgow Central by-election
Glasgow Central by-election
1980s elections in Scotland
Glasgow Central by-election
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Glasgow constituencies
1980s in Glasgow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20Glasgow%20Central%20by-election |
Pszczółki railway station is a railway station serving the town of Pszczółki, Gmina Pszczółki, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened in 1852 and is located on the Warsaw–Gdańsk railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Hohenstein (Westpreußen).
Modernisation
The station was modernised in 2010, which included rebuilding the platforms, renewing the tracks and the signalling system.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk - Tczew - Malbork - Elblag - Ilawa - Olsztyn
Regional services (R) Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk - Tczew - Laskowice - Bydgoszcz
Gallery
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of October 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Gdańsk County
Railway stations served by Przewozy Regionalne InterRegio
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszcz%C3%B3%C5%82ki%20railway%20station |
Lobolo or lobola in Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Silozi, Shona and northern and southern Ndebele (mahadi in Sesotho, magadi in Setswana, lovola in Xitsonga), and mamalo in Tshivenda language, sometimes referred to as "bride wealth" or "bride price" is a property in livestock or kind, which a prospective husband, or head of his family, undertakes to give to the head of a prospective wife's family in gratitude of letting the husband marry their daughter.
Lobolo and the Law
In South Africa, where the custom of lobolo is widely practiced, the union was previously concluded in terms of customary law, but is now governed under the Recognition of Customary Marriages, 1998 (Act 120 of 1998) (RCMA) and has the following prerequisites in order for a marriage to qualify under customary law:
Consensus – Historically, the consensus was sought between the families of the prospective bride and groom. Since 2008, the RCMA states that consensus is required only between the individuals, and not their families.
Age requirements – According to customary law, no specific age requirement exists; however, the RCMA includes a minimum age requirement of 18.
Lobolo – A customary marriage, under the RCMA, is valid on the agreement to pay lobolo and does not require the payment of lobolo.
Transfer of the bride – The transfer of a bride is another requirement for the validity of a customary marriage. The RCMA does not specifically regulate this custom and it is dealt with on an ad-hoc basis.
Absence of common-law marriage – Two parties in a monogamous customary marriage can enter into a common law marriage, but not vice versa
Prohibited degrees of relationship – In the past, each community had its own rules about prohibited relationships. These rules have evolved over the years. The RCMA states that these prohibited relationships are regulated by customary rules.
South African law recognizes customary marriages through the Recognition of Customary Marriages, 1998 (Act 120 of 1998). The purpose of the Act was to address gender inequality and the diminished rights of women in customary marriages. The Act was passed in order to improve the position of women by using measures that brought customary law in line with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, as well as South Africa's international human rights commitments.
A key requirement for a customary marriage to be recognized as valid is that it must be negotiated, entered into, or celebrated in accordance with customary law. Furthermore, the prospective spouses must be at least 18 years old and both prospective spouses must consent to the marriage. Until the recent Johannesburg High Court judgement in Sengadi v Tsambo 3 November 2018, there has been contention and confusion as to what constitutes a valid customary marriage. In the case involving the widow of renowned hip hop musician, Jabulani Tsambo, also known as HHP, it was her status as the legally recognized customary wife that was in question. In this case the family of the deceased refused to acknowledge Lerato Sengadi as the customary wife on the basis that there had not been a customary 'handover ceremony' of the bride to the family of the groom, which would meet the requirements of a ‘'celebration'’ in accordance with customary law, and therefore no customary law marriage was concluded or came into existence between the deceased and Sengadi. On examination of the evidence, the judge concluded that in fact, there had been a tacit waiver of this custom because a ‘'symbolic'’ handing over of the applicant to the Tsambo family occurred after the conclusion of the customary law marriage. As the judge put it:
In what can be described as a landmark case, the judge ruled against the family and declared Sengadi as the lawful spouse of the deceased.
Negotiations
In South African law, certain requirements must be complied with; in order to conclude a valid customary marriage (including the negotiation of the lobolo). This negotiation is a crucial step towards a valid customary marriage, in law and in culture. A distinction is made between 'lobolo' or 'lobola', the tangible form of asset that constitutes an agreed-upon dowry, and the lobolo negotiations, the set of legal customary processes that constitutes the fundamental dialogues between the two families and is necessary to establish the lobolo and the conclusion of the negotiation. The latter always precedes the former.
The process of lobolo negotiations can be culturally varied, long, and complex, and involves many members from both the bride and the groom's extended families; normally, this would just be the uncles of the marrying parties, as well as the fathers, where custom allows. The groom is not allowed to participate directly in the actual negotiations. In some cultures, women may be present in the negotiations, while some households hold on to a tradition of not allowing women to actively take part in the negotiations.
Ivulamlomo is a key process to the negotiation as negotiations cannot begin until this traditional act has been observed. Often, to dispel any tensions between the families, in modern times a bottle of brandy is placed on the table; however, this is not required nor is the vulamlomo limited to brandy, and it can be traditional sorghum beer or cash. This is usually not drunk; it is simply a gesture to welcome the guest family and make everyone feel more relaxed, and it is known as ivulamlomo, which, literally translated, is isiXhosa for mouth opener (Sotho pulamolomo) i.e. price for opening your mouth (to speak) to express the purpose of your visit. It is up to the potential wife's delegation to decide whether to make use of the alcohol or keep it closed.
Lobolo cannot be paid in full in one go, the groom's delegation will need to come again after the first negotiations to finish paying for their bride-to-be. Once the lobolo has been paid in full then the next step follows which is called izibizo, which can happen on the day when lobolo negotiations are concluded. This step involves the groom's delegation giving the bride's family according to the list that was issued presents, which may include blankets, pinafores, doeks, shawls, and three-foot pots or grass mats for women and coats, walking sticks, hats, beer pots for men. There is then a celebration to mark the occasion.
Amount
It is generally accepted that cows, at a minimum, are required in a lobolo within the Zulu and Xhosa cultures. While differing customs within various regions may contribute to determining the amount of the cash value of each cow, it also depends on the negotiation prowess of the representatives or oonozakuzaku. In modern times, there has been growing controversy around the amount demanded in certain families deemed by spectators as unreasonably excessive. Today, negotiations involve setting a price for a single cow and then multiplying the agreed price by the number of cows the new bride is deemed to be worth. The amount due is affected by many different factors including, but not limited to, the education level of the prospective bride, the financial means of the prospective spouses, and whether the prospective bride (or groom) already has children. Semanya (2014) claims that even high-profile figures such as Nelson Mandela practiced the custom, by paying a lobolo of 60 cows for his wife, Graça Machel.
Northern Ndebele culture
A man marrying a woman from the Ndebele culture has to observe lobola. A man is seen to love his partner when he strives to save and pay for lobola. In the Ndebele culture in Zimbabwe, Lobola takes place in a number of stages. At each stage of the ceremony, there are traditions to observe and small amounts to pay. Lobola is not paid at once but is a culmination of many different amounts. The amount paid is determined during negotiations and is dependent on various factors. If the groom has been saving up in preparation for the marriage, after hints from his beloved of what the lobola might be, the process can be concluded in two short stages - the first stage, the mouth opener stage or "isivulamlomo", where the groom is given a chance to state his intentions to marry his beloved after putting money in a woven basket, and the bride's family tells the grooms family what they want as lobolo. A date is then set, agreeable to both parties, to meet again. At the time of writing, a cow in Zimbabwe in equivalent rate is given to the bride's family, the family can ask for a cash equivalent of the number of cows they want. This is convenient to most families because keeping cattle can be time and labour-intensive. This cow is called "ukangaziwe" which is the bride's mother's cow. In the second stage, where the groom's family presents themselves on the agreed date, money is again placed in a woven basket to be allowed to speak and fulfills the bride's family requests by presenting all of the lobola.
Negative effects
Lobolo may have some unintended negative effects. It may create a financial barrier for some young men looking to take a bride. It is common for a couple that is emotionally ready to commit to each other to stay unmarried if the man does not have the financial resources to satisfy the impeding traditional ritual, and in some cases, the bride-to-be who has the financial resources secretly pays her own lobolo by giving the money to the man who in turn hands it over to the bride's family. For those who do have the financial means, the issue can be lobolo's opportunity cost. Young men who are in the wealth-creation stage of life may feel that their future is better secured if they invest their money elsewhere to receive significant financial returns.
Lobolo is seen by some as an extravagance that has little relevance in a society where young Africans are trying to lift themselves out of poverty. However, the tradition is still adhered to as strongly as ever, and in families where tradition and intention override greed, lobolo is perceived to be an effective way of showing commitment between families, not just between the bride and groom. Lobolo is also seen by some rural South African women as a sign of respect in that it symbolizes their worth and reinforces their dignity. Many traditional marriages utilize a cash-based lobolo; this can be then followed by a European-style wedding ceremony, where the lobolo funds are used to pay for expenses. In this way, any outlaid costs are returned to the payer in another form, preserving tradition, honour, and finances.
Recently, the meaning of lobolo has been abused. The bride's family is demanding huge amounts of money from the groom's family and in turn, lobolo is now more of a money-generating scheme for most families. Instead of simple gifts for lobolo payment as it was in the 20th century and beyond, fathers are demanding outrageous amounts for their daughters. This has given some men in African society the 'right' to abuse and ill-treat their wives because they feel that they bought them. There is no gender equality because (in some views) the system "promotes male superiority" where the voices of women do not matter nor their importance acknowledged.
Dissolution
The dissolution of a customary marriage occurs on the death of the husband or wife. However, the marriage could continue if the woman is transferred to a brother of the deceased to sire an heir. In the event that the woman returns to her father's house as a result of alleged abuse, the husband may have to pay a fine to the father, prior to fetching (phutuma) her. If the husband does not fetch her within a reasonable time, then it would be assumed that he had intended to dissolve the marriage. If the wife refuses to return to the husband, then the husband may make a claim to a portion of the lobolo. If the husband wishes to end the marriage, he could send her back to her father's house. Should the wife initiate the divorce, the father will have to repay some of the lobolo.
See also
Umtsimba – Swazi marriage ceremony
References
External links
Lobola, AIDS and Africa
Man hangs at in-laws home after lobola dispute
Lobola: Its Implications for Women's Reproductive Rights
Xhosa culture
Zulu culture
Engagement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobolo |
Wong Nai Chung Gap () is a geographic gap in the middle of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. The gap is between Mount Nicholson and Jardine's Lookout behind Wong Nai Chung (Happy Valley). Five roads meet at the gap: Wong Nai Chung Gap Road, Tai Tam Reservoir Road, Repulse Bay Road, Deep Water Bay Road and Black's Link. It is a strategic passage between the north and south of the island, though less so today since the opening of the Aberdeen Tunnel.
History
In the 1930s, the British army began installing defence structures at the gap as a strategically important location, being the primary passage between the North and South of Hong Kong Island. Defensive structures included bunkers along Wong Nai Chung Gap Road, along with fortifications on Jardine's Lookout, near the end of Sir Cecil's Ride.
Battle of Hong Kong
The Battle of Wong Nai Chung Gap was the largest sustainment of casualties in a single day, on both sides, in the whole conflict. Its subsequent capture by the Japanese effectively led to the downfall of Hong Kong Island, splitting the forces there in two (Separating East/West Brigades). At the time of this Battle, the Wong Nai Chung Gap area included defenders of the Middlesex Regiment, The Winnipeg Grenadiers and the HKVDC. Canadian Army Brigadier John K. Lawson was present at the HQ and involved in the Battle.
On 18 December, the Japanese had landed around present-day Taikoo Shing (then Taikoo Dockyard) and had made advances into the North Point area. They moved up towards Wong Nai Chung Gap from Braemar Hill through the primary use of Sir Cecil's Ride, but also through Wan Chai and Happy Valley. Primary engagements occurred around the area of Jardine's Catch-water, where there were two pillboxes manned mainly by Middlesex Machine Gunners (JLO1/2). Royal Scots on Mount Nicholson also became engaged in fighting the Japanese advance units on the adjacent Jardine's Lookout, but also those coming up Happy Valley/Wan Chai area.
The superior Japanese force soon closed in on the West Brigade HQ, before the staff and other units could be evacuated. The conflict ensued for a long period, with defenders holding out and inflicting heavy casualties through the use of heavy machine gun fire. The defenders were surrounded and pinned down, with few units able to get through to relieve them. The defense finally deteriorated after nearly every defender was either killed or wounded. Even Brigadier Lawson made a call to Fortress HQ, saying he was going outside to ‘fight it out’ and was killed in action. Few stragglers managed to escape and the remainder of the soldiers (almost all wounded) were taken prisoner.
The Japanese held the position against a number of counterattacks, and were able to effectively split the Commonwealth forces in Hong Kong Island. This was key factor that led to the downfall of the colony on 25 December Surrender.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong%20Nai%20Chung%20Gap |
Barzilla Worth Clark (December 22, 1880 – September 21, 1943) was an American politician from Idaho. He served as the 16th governor of Idaho mayor of Idaho Falls, and was a member of the Idaho Democratic Party.
Early life and education
Clark was born in Hadley, Indiana, the son of Eunice (Hadley) and Joseph Addison Clark. Clark made the journey to eastern Idaho by narrow-gauge railroad in 1885 with his family to Eagle Rock (now He attended Rose Polytechnic Institute in Terre Haute, Indiana, but left school due to a lung injury during track and field practice.
Career
After leaving school, Clark returned to Idaho and engaged in farming, mining, and cattle raising. On October 26, 1905, he married Ethel Salome Peck, and they had four children.
Clark became a licensed engineer in 1905 and worked as a civil engineer. His reservoir on the Blackfoot River was purchased by the government and his plan for impounding Lost River was merged into Mackay Dam. After two terms as councilman, he served as mayor of Idaho Falls from 1913 to 1915 and again from 1926 to 1936. During this term, the city built the Municipal Hydroelectric Plant No. 1.
Clark's interest turned to Idaho mines until he was again elected mayor of Idaho Falls in 1927 and served until his inauguration as governor on January 4, 1937. During his two-year term, a state tuberculosis hospital was authorized, a judicious pardon and parole system was installed, and junior college districts were created.
Clark lost the Democratic primary for a second term to his predecessor, C. Ben Ross, who ran for United States Senate in 1936 against longtime incumbent William Borah. Ross lost the general election in 1938 to C. A. Bottolfsen; Clark left office on January 2, 1939, and returned to Idaho Falls and his private interests. He chose not to run in 1940 to reclaim the office, which was won by his younger brother Chase Clark (1883–1966). Chase was the father-in-law of Frank Church (1924–84), a four-term U.S. Senator (1957–81) and presidential candidate in 1976. In turn, Bottolfsen defeated Chase in 1942.
Death
Clark died of complications of lung cancer at age 62 in Idaho Falls he is interred at Rose Hill Cemetery in Idaho Falls.
References
External links
University of Idaho Library – Barzilla Clark (1885–1943), papers 1937–1938
National Governors Association
Gem of the Mountains, UI annual: 1938
South Fork Companion: Barzilla Clark
1880 births
1943 deaths
Mayors of places in Idaho
Democratic Party governors of Idaho
People from Idaho Falls, Idaho
People from Bonneville County, Idaho
People from Hendricks County, Indiana
American civil engineers
Deaths from lung cancer
Methodists from Idaho
Deaths from cancer in Idaho
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barzilla%20W.%20Clark |
In television technology, Error Detection and Handling (EDH) protocol is an optional but commonly used addition to the Standard Definition-Serial Digital Interface (SDI) standard. This protocol allows an SD-SDI receiver to verify that each field of video is received correctly.
The SD-SDI transmitter calculates two CRC values for each video field—one corresponding to the active picture, and corresponding to the entire field (excluding the switching lines)--and places them in an EDH ancillary data packet. The EDH packet is inserted at a specific location in each field of video. The SD-SDI receiver also generates the same two CRC values for each field and compares them against the CRC values in the received EDH packet to determine if each field of video is received without errors. The EDH packet also contains bits to signal that a prior link in a broadcast or transmission chain contained an error; equipment which receives a video signal with an incorrect CRC, and retransmits the signal, is expected to re-insert the correct CRC (which may be different if the equipment alters the video signal in any way) and set the flag indicating a prior error. This feature makes it easier to determine which link, in a multi-link chain, was the source of the error.
The EDH protocol does not provide for error correction, only error detection. Also, there is no mechanism in SD-SDI to allow a field containing errors to be retransmitted. EDH is used primarily to assist in identifying faulty equipment in a video chain so that it can be quickly replaced or repaired.
EDH is not used with high definition video, as the HD serial digital interface includes a mandatory embedded CRC for each line.
The SD-SDI EDH protocol is defined by SMPTE RP 165-1994 and the equivalent ITU standard ITU-R BT.1304
See also
error detection and correction
External links
Error detection and handling in digital television
An Error Measurement Method for Television
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers: Recommend Practice 165-1994: Error Detection and Handling. Available for purchase at the SMPTE website
.
Serial digital interface
Digital television
ITU-R recommendations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error%20Detection%20and%20Handling |
Miłobądz railway station is a railway station serving the village of Miłobądz Mały in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Warsaw–Gdańsk railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Mühblanz.
A train crash took place here on 6 July 1972.
Modernisation
The station was modernised in 2010, which included rebuilding the platforms, renewing the tracks and the signalling system.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk - Tczew - Malbork - Elblag - Ilawa - Olsztyn
Regional services (R) Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk - Tczew - Laskowice - Bydgoszcz
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of October 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Tczew County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%82ob%C4%85dz%20railway%20station |
A disjunctive sequence is an infinite sequence (over a finite alphabet of characters) in which every finite string appears as a substring. For instance, the binary Champernowne sequence
formed by concatenating all binary strings in shortlex order, clearly contains all the binary strings and so is disjunctive. (The spaces above are not significant and are present solely to make clear the boundaries between strings). The complexity function of a disjunctive sequence S over an alphabet of size k is pS(n) = kn.
Any normal sequence (a sequence in which each string of equal length appears with equal frequency) is disjunctive, but the converse is not true. For example, letting 0n denote the string of length n consisting of all 0s, consider the sequence
obtained by splicing exponentially long strings of 0s into the shortlex ordering of all binary strings. Most of this sequence consists of long runs of 0s, and so it is not normal, but it is still disjunctive.
A disjunctive sequence is recurrent but never uniformly recurrent/almost periodic.
Examples
The following result can be used to generate a variety of disjunctive sequences:
If a1, a2, a3, ..., is a strictly increasing infinite sequence of positive integers such that n → ∞ (an+1 / an) = 1,
then for any positive integer m and any integer base b ≥ 2, there is an an whose expression in base b starts with the expression of m in base b.
(Consequently, the infinite sequence obtained by concatenating the base-b expressions for a1, a2, a3, ..., is disjunctive over the alphabet {0, 1, ..., b-1}.)
Two simple cases illustrate this result:
an = nk, where k is a fixed positive integer. (In this case, n → ∞ (an+1 / an) = n → ∞ ( (n+1)k / nk ) = n → ∞ (1 + 1/n)k = 1.)
E.g., using base-ten expressions, the sequences
123456789101112... (k = 1, positive natural numbers),
1491625364964... (k = 2, squares),
182764125216343... (k = 3, cubes),
etc.,
are disjunctive on {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}.
an = pn, where pn is the nth prime number. (In this case, n → ∞ (an+1 / an) = 1 is a consequence of pn ~ n ln n.)
E.g., the sequences
23571113171923... (using base ten),
10111011111011110110001 ... (using base two),
etc.,
are disjunctive on the respective digit sets.
Another result that provides a variety of disjunctive sequences is as follows:
If an = (f(n)), where f is any non-constant polynomial with real coefficients such that f(x) > 0 for all x > 0,
then the concatenation a1a2a3... (with the an expressed in base b) is a normal sequence in base b, and is therefore disjunctive on {0, 1, ..., b-1}.
E.g., using base-ten expressions, the sequences
818429218031851879211521610... (with f(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 + 11x )
591215182124273034... (with f(x) = πx + e)
are disjunctive on {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}.
Rich numbers
A rich number or disjunctive number is a real number whose expansion with respect to some base b is a disjunctive sequence over the alphabet {0,...,b−1}. Every normal number in base b is disjunctive but not conversely. The real number x is rich in base b if and only if the set { x bn mod 1} is dense in the unit interval.
A number that is disjunctive to every base is called absolutely disjunctive or is said to be a lexicon. Every string in every alphabet occurs within a lexicon. A set is called "comeager" or "residual" if it contains the intersection of a countable family of open dense sets. The set of absolutely disjunctive reals is residual. It is conjectured that every real irrational algebraic number is absolutely disjunctive.
Notes
References
Sequences and series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunctive%20sequence |
In mathematics, the term normal sequence has multiple meanings, depending on the area of specialty. In general, it is a sequence with "nice" properties.
In set theory, a normal sequence is one that is continuous and strictly increasing.
In probability theory, a normal number is a number whose representation is a normal sequence in all bases, i.e. regardless of which base is chosen (e.g. base 2, base 8, base 10, etc.) the sequence of digits contains every finite subsequence with equal probability.
References
Thomas Jech. Set Theory, 3rd millennium ed., 2002, Springer Monographs in Mathematics,Springer, | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20sequence |
Catherine Ségurane (Catarina Ségurana in the Niçard dialect of Provençal) is a folk heroine of the city of Nice, France who is said to have played a decisive role in repelling the city's siege by Turkish invaders allied with Francis I, the siege of Nice, in the summer of 1543.
At the time, Nice was part of Savoy, independent from France, and had no standing military to defend it. Most versions of the tale have Catherine Ségurane, a common washerwoman, leading the townspeople into battle. Legend has it that she knocked out a standard-bearer with her beater and took his flag.
Catherine's existence has never been definitively proven, and her heroic act is likely pure fiction or highly exaggerated; Jean Badat, a historian who stood witness to the siege, made no mention of her involvement in the defense. Historically attested defense of Nice include the townspeople's destruction of a key bridge and the arrival of an army mustered by a Charles III of Savoy. Nevertheless, the legend of Catherine Ségurane has excited the local imagination. Louis Andrioli wrote an epic poem about her in 1808, and a play dedicated to her story was written by Jean-Baptiste Toselli in 1878. In 1923, a bas-relief monument to Catherine was erected near the supposed location of her feat.
In Nice, Catherine Segurane Day is celebrated annually, concurrent with St. Catherine's Day on 25 November.
References
Women in war in France
Women in 16th-century warfare
People of the Italian Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20S%C3%A9gurane |
The Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations 1980, or the "Rome Convention", is a measure in private international law or conflict of laws which creates a common choice of law system in contracts within the European Union. The convention determines which law should be used, but does not harmonise the substance (the actual law). It was signed in Rome, Italy on 19 June 1980 and entered into force in 1991.
It has now been replaced by the Rome I Regulation (593/2008) except for in Denmark, which has an opt-out from implementing regulations under the area of freedom, security and justice, and the Overseas countries and territories of European Union member states. In that respect, the convention is applicable in Aruba, the Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands), Faroer (Denmark), Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna and New Caledonia (France). The agreement and regulation were applied by the United Kingdom during its membership of the European Union, and following Brexit it still applies the regulation as part of its domestic law.
Scope of the convention
Under Article 1, the Convention's rules are to apply to all choice of law issues involving contractual obligations and, under Article 10, once selected, the lex causae will govern:
(a) interpretation;
(b) performance but, in relation to the manner of performance and the steps to be taken in the event of defective performance, regard shall be had to the lex loci solutionis, i.e. law of the place in which performance takes place;
(c) within the limits of the powers conferred on the forum court by its procedural law, the consequences of breach, including the assessment of damages in so far as it is governed by rules of law;
(d) the various ways of extinguishing obligations, and the limitation of actions; and
(e) the consequences of nullity of the contract.
Article 15 excludes the operation of renvoi. In addition, a number of issues with a separate characterisation are excluded, namely:
the status or capacity of natural persons. Article 11 covers the situation where two persons physically present in the same state make a contract, and both parties have capacity under the lex loci contractus. One party cannot invoke incapacity under another law unless the other party was aware of this incapacity at the time the contract was made or was not aware of the incapacity as a result of negligence.
contractual obligations relating to succession and all rights claimed in property in a marriage or family relationship, particularly where the question of the entitlement of any child who is illegitimate is raised.
obligations arising under negotiable instruments including bills of exchange, cheques, and promissory notes and connected to their negotiable character;
arbitration agreements and agreements on the choice of court (see arbitration clauses and forum selection clauses);
questions governed by the law of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organisation or winding up of companies and other bodies corporate or unincorporate, and the personal liability of officers and members for the obligations of the company or body;
the question whether an agent is able to bind a principal, or an organ to bind a company or body corporate or unincorporate, to a third party;
the constitution of trusts and the relationship between settlors, trustees and beneficiaries (see trusts (conflict));
evidence and procedure save that, under Article 14, the Applicable Law applies to the extent that it contains, in the law of contract, rules which raise presumptions of law or determine the burden of proof. Thus, under Article 14 (2) a contract or an act intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognised by the lex fori or by any of the laws referred to in Article 9 under which that contract or act is formally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be administered by the forum court.
the question of whether a contracts of insurance covers a risk situated in the territories of one of the Member States is determined under the municipal law of the relevant states. This exclusion does not apply to contracts of reinsurance.
The uniform rules
Express selection
Article 3 states the general rule that the parties to a contract have freedom of choice over the applicable law. To exercise this choice either express words may be used or the intention should be demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the terms of the contract or the circumstances of the case.
The law chosen may apply to the whole or only a part of the contract, and the choice is not irrevocable. The parties can at any time agree to change the applicable law and any such variation will not prejudice the formal validity of the agreement nor adversely affect the rights of third parties.
Where all the elements of a contract, at the time of its conclusion, are connected with only one country, Article 3 may not be used to evade the mandatory provisions of that state (Article 3(4)).
To establish a choice demonstrated with reasonable certainty, there must have been a "real choice". That the parties would have chosen a particular law is not sufficient. The court will take into account both the terms of the contract and the circumstances of the case.
The Guiliano-Lagarde Report gives three examples of situations where a real choice may be demonstrated with reasonable certainty:
Standard form contracts The report gives as an example a Lloyd's policy of marine insurance.
Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements
Course of dealing
Implied selection
If there is no express choice, Article 4 provides that the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. If the agreement is severable, two applicable laws may be selected. For these purposes, it is presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the lex loci solutionis, i.e. the law of the place where the contract is to be performed, or the law of the habitual residence of the person who is to perform, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporate, where its central administration is located. However, if it is a commercial or professional contract, the applicable law will be the law of the place in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated except that there is a rebuttable presumption:
where the subject matter of the agreement is immovable property, the lex situs will apply; and
contracts for the carriage of goods and charter-parties are governed by the law of the place in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place of business if that is also the place in which loading or discharge is to occur or the place where the consignor has his or her principal place of business.
Consumer contracts
Article 5 applies to contracts for the supply of goods or services to a consumer for a non-commercial purpose, or to a contract for the provision of credit for that object. Although Article 3 gives the parties a free choice of law, this choice cannot deprive the consumer of any protections available under the mandatory law of the country in which he has his habitual residence if the consumer was responding to advertising material or a specific invitation and makes the agreement in that country, or if the other party or his agent received the consumer's order in that country, or if the contract is for the sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country and there gave his order, provided that the consumer's journey was arranged by the seller for the purpose of inducing the consumer to buy. For these purposes, Article 7 defines "mandatory rules" as rules that must be applied whatever the Applicable Law. In deciding whether rules are mandatory in the lex fori or a law with which the contract has a close connection, regard shall be had to their nature and purpose and to the consequences of their application or non-application.
If the contract is silent on the choice of law, it will be governed by the law of habitual residence if it is entered into in the circumstances described above. But this Article does not apply to:
(a) a contract of carriage;
(b) a contract for the supply of services where the services are to be supplied to the consumer exclusively in a country other than that in which he has his habitual residence.
The Article does, however, apply to a contract which, for an inclusive price, provides for a combination of travel and accommodation.
Contracts of employment
Under Article 6, no choice of law selection contained in a contract of employment can deprive the employee of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory laws which would be applicable in the absence of that choice. If there is no express selection, an employment contract is governed,
The provisions may only apply for the benefit of the employee.
Material validity
Under Article 8, the material validity of a contract, or of any term in a contract, shall be determined by the law which would govern it under the Convention if the contract or term were valid (i.e. the putative Applicable Law). But, if this would produce an obviously unfair result, a party may rely upon the law of the place of habitual residence to establish that he did not give a free consent.
Formal validity
Under Article 9, a contract concluded between persons who are in the same country is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of either the Applicable Law or the law of the country where it is concluded. A contract concluded between persons who are in different countries is formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of either the Applicable Law or the law of one of those countries. Where a contract is concluded by an agent, the country in which the agent acts is the relevant country for the purposes of the earlier tests. But a contract relating to immovable property is always subject to the mandatory provisions of the lex situs.
Transfers of obligation
Article 12 deals with a voluntary assignment or novation. Whether the rights and/or obligations can be transferred, the nature of the relationship between the assignee and the debtor that results from a transfer, the conditions under which the assignment can be invoked against the debtor, and any question whether the debtor's obligations have been discharged, are determined by the Applicable Law of the original agreement. The Applicable Law of the transfer will determine the mutual obligations of assignor and assignee as against the third party, i.e. "the debtor". Article 13 deals with subrogation so that whether a third person may enforce an existing liability owed to a "creditor" by a "debtor" is determined by reference to the law which governs the debtor's duty to satisfy the creditor.
Ordre public
Under Article 16, the forum court may invoke its own public policy as a justification for refusing to apply the lex causae.
Composite or federated states
Under Article 19, where the choice of law rules point to a country with more than one legal system, the Convention selects the most appropriate municipal law (not the choice of law rules of that law given that renvoi is excluded).
Signature, ratification and amendment
The convention was signed by Belgium, Germany, France, Ireland and Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands on 19 June 1980, followed by Denmark and the United Kingdom in 1981, thus covering all members of the European Communities. It entered into force in 1991 for 8 of those countries and one year later for Ireland. During the enlargement of the Communities with Greece (1984), Spain and Portugal (1992) and Sweden, Finland and Austria (1996), and the 10 countries in 2004, treaties were concluded on the extension of the convention to those countries. Those Extension conventions were however not all ratified by the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland and thus which hampered entry into force of the convention between those three countries and the acceding countries. With the accession of Romania and Bulgaria, the council of the European Union was empowered to effect the accession to the treaty, which took place in 2008.
See also
Brussels Regime, regarding jurisdiction.
Rome II Regulation. The analogous EU regulation for torts and delicts arising from non-contractual obligations.
Notes
External links
Text of Convention on EUR-Lex
Treaties of the European Union
Conflict of laws
1980 in Italy
1980s in Rome
Treaties concluded in 1980
Treaties entered into force in 1991
Contract law
Law of obligations
1980 in law
June 1980 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention%20on%20the%20Law%20Applicable%20to%20Contractual%20Obligations%201980 |
PATCOB (Professional, Administrative, Technical, Clerical, Other white collar, and Blue collar) are occupational categories established by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). They are used for statistical reporting on data collected by the United States Census Bureau, employer reports or federal agencies.
The approximately 420 federal employee Occupational Specialty Codes from the United States Office of Management and Budget are characterized into one of these categories by the EEOC for statistical reporting and evaluation of affirmative action programs. For workers outside the government, the civilian labor force is characterized by the federal code that closest matches their job title.
The categories may be roughly described as follows:
Professional - occupations with matching 4-year or higher degree with major in that area. (e.g. doctor, lawyer, accountant, biologist, chemist, engineer)
Administrative - occupations in fields of management or administrative involving significant levels of analysis, judgement and responsibility. (e.g. organization head, program manager, budget analyst)
Technical - occupations typically supportive of professional or administrative which is non-routine and uses practical knowledge and experience/training below bachelor's degree level.(e.g. computer technician, budget assistant, personnel assistant)
Clerical - occupations supportive of office or business which is routine and structured. (e.g. secretary, receptionist)
Other - Occupations that cannot be otherwise attributed (e.g. security guards, training programs)
Blue Collar - Occupations in a recognized trade or craft, typically Wage Grade or Union. (e.g. driver, plumber, heavy equipment operator)
In 2004, EEOC changed to nine occupational categories: officials and managers, professionals, technicians, sales, office and clerical, craft workers, operatives, laborers, and service workers.
References
Labor in the United States
Employment classifications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATCOB |
A tiki bar is a themed drinking establishment that serves elaborate cocktails, especially rum-based mixed drinks such as the Mai Tai and Zombie cocktails. Tiki bars are aesthetically defined by their tiki culture décor which is based upon a romanticized conception of tropical cultures, most commonly Polynesian. Some bars also incorporate general nautical themes or retro elements from the early atomic age.
Many early tiki bars were attached to hotels or were the bar sections for large Asian restaurants. While some are freestanding, cocktail-only affairs, many still serve food; and some hotel-related tiki establishments are still in existence. Large tiki bars may also incorporate a stage for live entertainment. Musicians such as Alfred Apaka and Don Ho played a historically important role in their popularity, and the bars also booked acts such as exotica-style bands and Polynesian dance floor shows.
History
Don the Beachcomber
One of the earliest and perhaps the first of what is now known as a tiki bar was named "Don the Beachcomber," created in Hollywood in 1933 by Ernest Gantt (who later legally changed his name to "Donn Beach"). The bar served a wide variety of exotic rum drinks (including the Sumatra Kula and Zombie cocktail), and later Cantonese food. It displayed many artifacts that he had collected on earlier trips through the tropics. When Beach was sent to World War II, Don the Beachcomber flourished under his ex-wife's management (Sunny Sund), expanding into a chain of 16 restaurants. Ultimately there were at least 25 restaurants in the chain.
When Gantt returned from the War, he moved to Hawaii and opened Waikiki Beach, one of two archetypal tiki bars. The bar was designed to evoke the South Pacific, with palm trees, tiki masks on the walls, a garden hose that showered a gentle rain on the roof and a myna bird that was trained to shout "Give me a beer, stupid!" The bar was located on the beach, lit by tiki torches outside which enhanced its primitive ambiance. A Don the Beachcomber was located at Waikiki's International Market Place.
Trader Vic's
The other archetypical bar is Trader Vic's, the first of which was created by Victor Bergeron in Oakland, California, in 1936. The quintessential tiki cocktail, the Mai Tai, was concocted at the original Trader Vic's in 1944. He began opening franchises outside of California, beginning with The Outrigger in Seattle, WA in 1949.
In 1957, lacking the capital to expand, Bergeron partnered with Conrad Hilton and licensed the Trader Vic's brand to Hilton Hotels for $2,000,000, for use in Hiltons across the US and worldwide. Hilton retained Bergeron to oversee the decoration, staffing and operation of the restaurants for an annual salary of $65,000. Hilton soon estimated the popular Trader Vic's establishments were earning his hotel chain $5 million a year. As the chain expanded, Bergeron also marketed tiki mugs, cocktail mixes, and other products for mass retail sale.
Members of the Bergeron family still have a hand in the operations of at least one branch. The original restaurant in Oakland, California, is now gone but there is still a Trader Vic's a few miles away in nearby Emeryville, California. Roughly 20 locations are operating throughout the world and bearing the iconic name.
Other historical establishments
Prior to Don Beach opening his first tiki bar, during the 1920s South Pacific-influenced dreams of escapism had started to become more prevalent in American music and popular culture. The "kitschy" Clifton's Cafeteria opened in 1931 with some elements that today could be viewed as part of "tiki-like" thematics (indoor gardens with exotic travel themes), labeled by Tiki historian Sven Kirsten as pre-tiki and part of the "birth of Polynesian pop". In 1939 Clifton's Pacific Seas was remodeled to a full-blown exotic setting and decorated with 12 waterfalls, volcanic rock, and tropical foliage. The original restaurant was demolished, but a much smaller version in the form of a side-room bar named the Pacific Seas resides at another Clifton's location.
The Tonga Room of the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco is an iconic tiki bar operating since 1945, still retaining its Polynesian flair after having undergone a number of facelifts over the years. At one time the Sheraton Hotel, Hilton Hotel, and Marriott Hotel chains all had several tiki bars incorporated into their establishments.
From California, tiki spread north, and The Alibi Tiki Lounge is a currently operating tiki bar established in Portland, Oregon from 1947. The Kalua Room opened as part of the Windsor Hotel in Seattle in 1953 and was one of the first to put a tiki-like image next to their restaurant's name. The oldest operating tiki bar in Hawaii is the La Mariana Sailing Club Tiki Bar and Restaurant, established in 1957. The Hawaiian Village Hotel was the home to legendary tiki bartender Harry Yee.
California's Tiki Ti is another historically important tiki establishment still in operation, as is Florida's Mai Kai, which is a focal spot for a large annual hukilau tiki gathering. Shelter Island, San Diego had at one time a heavily concentrated area of tiki bars, the best known being the still operating Bali Hai.
In 1962, the now famous Kon Tiki Bar opened in Tucson, Arizona. Also in 1962, the Sip 'n Dip Lounge opened in Great Falls, Montana, bringing a tiki theme to the cold northern state and featuring a swimming pool where swimmers could be observed underwater from a window in the bar, a concept inspired by a similar design at the Playboy Club in Chicago.
The Kahiki Supper Club was a very large tiki restaurant and bar in Columbus, Ohio (since demolished). The Pago Pago Lounge was in Tucson, and the Chin Tiki and Mauna Loa were in Detroit (both closed). The Zombie Hut closed in 1990. Stephen Crane's The Luau restaurant is also gone but was considered historically important in the tiki craze's early days, as were Trader Vic's and Don the Beachcomber.
Eli Hedley (1903–1981), a sculptor and beachcomber, had "Island Trade Store", a Polynesian-themed tiki bar, in Midway City, California, "Tiki's Tropical Traders", a retail venue in Disneyland, where Steve Martin worked, and also worked with Donn Beach.
Decline and revival
The original tiki bars flourished for about 30 years, and then fell out of vogue. In the 1990s, the tiki culture was revived by a new generation of fans and new tiki bars were founded worldwide that often looked to Trader Vic's and Don the Beachcomber for inspiration. In that decade, the Sip 'n Dip Lounge, which had survived with its tiki theme intact, added the feature of having women dressed as mermaids swimming in their pool within view of the bar's patrons. The live mermaid incorporation and the overall retro tiki ambience led GQ Magazine to rate the lounge as one of the top 10 bars in the world for 2003.
Design and aesthetics
The interiors and exteriors of tiki bars often include tiki masks and carvings, hula girl motifs, black velvet paintings, large tropical murals, live plants or palm trees, bamboo, grasscloth, tapa cloth, and similar fabrics, torches, woven fish traps, pufferfish lamps, glass floats, and the use of rock and lava stone. Indoor fountains, waterfalls, or even lagoons are popular features.
Beyond Don Beach and Victor Bergeron, Stephen Crane was a well known promoter of the early tiki style, and was hired by Sheraton Hotels to design their Kon Tiki chain of establishments to compete with Hilton's Trader Vics. An early menu from his The Luau restaurant in Beverly Hills outlines where he got the materials for its decoration, including "chairs from Hong Kong", "Monkey pod furniture milled in Papaaloa", "structural bamboo hand-wrapped by Philippine craftsmen", "Chinese soapstone", the shells of "man-eating clams from the Indian ocean", and mentioning other materials from Nepa, Niiu, Samoa, Tahiti, Fuji, and of Tonga-Tabu origin.
"Mick" Brownlee was the main wood carver for Donn Beach in Hawaii. After 1956 many designs were also accomplished with original work from the company Oceanic Arts, co-owned by Bob Van Oosting and Leroy Schmaltz in California, which imported materials and did original wood carvings. The tiki aesthetic was also refined by restaurant designers Clif and Lou Sawyer, who took part in over 360 design projects including at The Luau, Don the Beachcomber (Palm Springs, AZ), The Reef (Casper, Wyoming), and the Pago Pago (Tucson, AZ).
Separate side rooms are employed, one of the earliest being "the black hole of Calcutta" as used by Donn Beach. Some of the biggest tiki restaurants are designed as large open air spaces with cavernous ceilings that allowed for the construction of separate areas with exotic names. The "cannibal room", "kon-tiki bar", "scorpion's den", and "trader's hut" could all be collected under one roof. Some like the Chin Tiki were multiple-level affairs, requiring patrons to climb stairs or cross bamboo bridges to get to other sections. The Kahiki Supper Club in Columbus, OH advertised as "The world's most elaborate Polynesian Supper Club" in Life Magazine and even provided its own interior map. This allowed keeping dinner show areas secluded away from more private drinking lounges, and lent to the "experience" by making patrons feel they had been transported away to an entire village. Limited windows or the use of fake windows with dioramas is done for similar reasons.
Live animals are sometimes present. The now closed Bahooka Tiki bar was famous for its over one-hundred fish tanks.
The look of the establishment's menu, swizzle sticks, matchbook covers, and cocktail napkins can be extremely important design considerations for tiki bars. These add to the exotic destination immersion and feel for the bar and are taken home by customers where they then become a form of outside advertising.
Drinks
A hallmark of tiki bars are specialty drinks, some of which may be unique to a bar and the recipes for which were often carefully guarded in order to prevent imitation from competing bars or from customers trying to recreate a drink at home.
Multiple types of rums (light, dark, spiced, overproof and originating from various countries) are typically mixed together with orange liqueurs (Triple sec, Grand Marnier, Cointreau), tropical fruit juices, sweet syrups (falernum, fassionola, orgeat) and bitters. Many are bright in color, including more unusual cocktail colors such as blue (from Curaçao) and green hues (from Midori or Crème de menthe).
Some classic drink recipes from the early tiki era, many attributed to Don the Beachcomber or Trader Vic, include the:
Blue Hawaii, Cobra's Fang, Coffee Grog, Corpse Reviver, Doctor Funk, Diki-Diki, Fog Cutter, Fu Manchu, Gold Cup, Head Hunter, Mai Tai, Navy Grog, Lapu Lapu, Mr. Bali Hai, Outrigger, Pago Pago, Pearl Diver, Py Yi, Planter's Punch, QB Cooler, Rum Barrel, Scorpion, Shark's Tooth, Shrunken Head, Singapore Sling, Suffering Bastard, Sumatra Kula, Test Pilot, Three Dots & A Dash, and the Zombie
New tiki drinks continue to be created by a variety of bartenders and others. Jeff "Beachbum" Berry devised two cocktails in honor of new-wave tiki-pioneers Sven Kirsten and Otto Von Stroheim, with the Sven-Tiki and Otto's Grotto cocktails. He is also known from having created the Ancient Mariner and Von Tiki cocktails.
Beyond fruit, cocktails are often garnished for customers with paper cocktail umbrellas, fancy swizzle sticks, live flowers or plastic animals. Cocktails can be very complicated and dramatic, often served in decorated ceramic vessels, employing dry ice or ice shells, or may be set on fire. The ordering of some drinks also triggers a serving ritual, such as the Mystery Drink that could result in the ringing of a gong and a hula dressed "mystery girl" bringing the beverage to the table; the mystery drink was once popular enough that Johnny Carson "ordered" it twice during the filming of The Tonight Show. Some drinks ordered at Disney's Enchanted Tiki Bar also result in certain things happening, such as the ordering of a Krakatoa Punch causing the picture of a faux volcano to erupt.
Tiki mugs and drink vessels
As the term is used generically, "tiki mugs" are ceramic drink vessels traditionally shaped as tikis, Easter Island statues (moai), shrunken heads, totems, coconuts, skulls, or in other Hawaiian, exotic, retro, or pirate-themed styles. The name of the bar is often listed on the back of the mug or its bottom. Wood may also be used, typically in the shapes of miniature barrels or boats. For some drinks actual fruit is used, such as hollowed-out pineapples or drilled coconuts with long straws that are used to serve customers.
Although many are much bigger than a typical coffee mug, for drinks that are meant to be shared, larger capacities are required. A Scorpion Bowl (or Kava Bowl) is an oversized cocktail that is served in a large bowl for communal drinking. A variation on the Scorpion Bowl is the Flaming Volcano. Also a communal drink, the Flaming Volcano is traditionally served in a ceramic volcano bowl that has a raised crater reservoir typically filled with a small amount of overproof rum (151 or 160) and carefully lit on fire. Large shells or their ceramic counterparts are also sometimes used for communal drinks, such as in the Chin Tiki Special.
Customers who want to keep a tiki mug can frequently do so for an additional fee. Mugs are often "taken" from the bar as a souvenir or collectible, and some mugs can be quite valuable.
Outside of the United States
Although a largely American creation, tiki bars are not limited to the United States, and many others exist in Canada, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, particularly in Germany and the United Kingdom. At least three tiki bars opened in Australia in 2017.
There are at least a dozen Trader Vic's locations in Europe and Asia, including in London, Tokyo, Munich, and Bangkok. The Trader Vic's franchise caters to its local clientele, and in London opened with a London Sour on its cocktail menu in 1965, and its Munich location with a Munich Sour in 1972.
In 2017 noted tiki historians Sven Kirsten, Jeff Berry, Martin Cate, Brian Miller, and Chris Osburn listed their top 15 operating tiki bars in the world and included four in London, one in Munich, one in Tokyo, and one in Barcelona. Other judges included top- rated tiki bars in Paris, Hong Kong, and Berlin.
Home tiki bars
In the wake of commercial tiki bars, during each wave of tiki popularity, home tiki bars were also built. Home bars often serve a dual purpose — to create a recreational space in which to imbibe home-crafted cocktails, and to show off tiki collections of mugs, art, and other artifacts. Home tiki bars are built both inside and outside, sometimes as man caves. Those built outdoors are typically placed in backyard patios but are also erected on the shorelines of boat docks for people living on the water.
Some of these home bars are simple but others are lavish enough to rival their commercial forebears. Not limited to America, many from around the world are uploaded onto internet sites and sometimes even toured.
See also
Bar
Disney's Tiki Room
Drinking-establishment-related articles
Exoticism
Kava bar and Kava culture
Tiki culture
References
External links
The Bizarre Rise and Fall of the Tiki Bar
[Historic Bars] Honolulu’s La Mariana Sailing Club Tiki Bar and Restaurant
6 Bars Ushering In Tiki’s Exciting 3rd Wave
RNZ National: 'Long Distance': tiki (bar) tour
Tiki drinks
Tiki culture
Types of drinking establishment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki%20bar |
Elspeth Mary Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Pittenweem (5 January 1940 – 5 June 2023) was a British baroness and socialite. She was married to the Liberal Democrat politician Menzies Campbell from 1970 until her death.
Early life and education
Elspeth Mary Urquhart was born on 5 January 1940 in New Delhi, British India, one of four children of Major (later Major-General) Roy Urquhart, who was portrayed by Sean Connery in the 1977 film A Bridge Too Far, and his wife Pamela. When she was six months old, she and her mother embarked on a two-month journey to Britain, during which some of the ships in their convoy were torpedoed. She spent the rest of the Second World War with relatives in Exmouth, Devon, cared for by Alice (Adgie) Sweet, carer for the children of British parents in colonial India, and recalled her father's return from the Battle of Arnhem arriving home in his army uniform.
After the war the family moved to Kuala Lumpur, British Malaya, after her father was appointed General Officer Commanding during the Malayan Emergency. This was followed by two years living by the Wörthersee in Austria while her father was General Officer Commanding of the British troops there before she returned to Exmouth and was sent to a convent school there. At school, she earned A levels that would have enabled her admission to Oxford, but her father vetoed the idea and she was instead sent to a finishing school near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire.
After school, Urquhart worked at the Conservative Party's Central Office in London and later at a venue on Park Lane, London, that hosted parties and dances, where she met her first husband.
Family and later life
On 13 October 1962 Urquhart married her first husband, Sir Philip Grant-Suttie, who had inherited a baronetcy and estate in East Lothian, Scotland. She thereby became Lady Grant-Suttie. They had one son, James, and were divorced in 1969. It was during the divorce that her lawyer, the future Conservative politician Nicholas Fairbairn, introduced her to a fellow laywer, Menzies Campbell. He proposed within two weeks of their first meeting and they were married at Buchanan parish church on the shores of Loch Lomond in June 1970.
Known for her strong personality, Campbell encouraged her husband to become MP for North East Fife and was said to have persuaded him to stand in the 2006 Liberal Democrat leadership election, in which he was eventually victorious. She served as her husband's parliamentary assistant and was known for hosting grand dinner parties.
In her forties she studied for an Open University degree in English, choosing the television series Coronation Street, of which she was a fan, as the subject of her thesis.
She became Lady Campbell when her husband was knighted in 2004, and subsequently The Lady Campbell of Pittenweem when he was made a life peer in 2015.
Campbell died from a heart attack at home in Edinburgh, on 5 June 2023, at the age of 83.
References
1940 births
2023 deaths
People from New Delhi
British people in colonial India
British expatriates in Austria
British expatriates in Malaysia
Alumni of the Open University
Spouses of British politicians
Wives of baronets
Wives of knights
Spouses of life peers
Campbell of Pittenweem
People from Edinburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elspeth%20Campbell |
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