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State Road 456 (NM 456) is a state highway in northeast New Mexico. NM 456's western terminus is in Folsom, New Mexico at NM 325, and the eastern terminus is at the Oklahoma state line west of Kenton, Oklahoma. At the state line, it becomes Oklahoma State Highway 325 (SH-325).
Route description
NM 456 parallels the Cimarron River for its entire length. It does not leave Union County. It is a former routing of U.S. Route 64 (US 64). Seventeen consecutive miles of it are unpaved, as per signs at each end of the unpaved stretch; their main purpose is to warn of potential impassibility in inclement weather. The stretch does have two spots of pavement, nevertheless: one about in from the west, which is only about long, and one about in from the west, which often confuses drivers since it is so near to the end of the advertised length (its pavement lasts about ). The drive has some nice scenic views, including one reminiscent of Colorado's Garden of the Gods; but its remoteness is not amicable to tourists having automobile breakdowns.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
456
Transportation in Union County, New Mexico
U.S. Route 64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Mexico%20State%20Road%20456 |
Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College, or QE as it is commonly known, is a sixth form college on Vane Terrace in Darlington, County Durham, England. It educates nearly 2000 students from Darlington and the surrounding areas with students coming from Stockton, Richmond, Newton Aycliffe and elsewhere. It is situated near the town centre, next to Stanhope Park.
History
It was established in 1970 on the site of the old Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, designed by George Gordon Hoskins. The original educational establishment was commissioned by Queen Elizabeth I, hence the name. Much of the building was refurbished following a fire in 1987 and on 17 April 1991, the Duchess of Kent opened the library. In 2004 a large extension was completed, the Trinity building, including a new sports hall, art department and atrium study area, increasing the capacity of students. In 2012 another extension was completed with the Stanhope building, designed to house creative arts and media, as well as a refurbishment of the library with more computer and study areas.
Admissions
Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College has almost 2000 students, mostly aged 16–18. It offers around 40 full-time AS and A level courses, some vocational courses and GCSEs, as well as several part-time evening classes. For most students the college requires that applicants have at least 6 GCSEs at grades 5 (old grade C) to 9 (old grade A*) to begin A level courses.
Academic performance
A level results for 2011 had over 99% pass rate and over 60% A*-B grades.
Alumni
Jane Kennedy, Labour MP for Liverpool Wavertree (1992–2010)
Andrea Sutcliffe, chief executive of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (1980–2)
Theo Hutchcraft, one half of synth-pop duo, Hurts
Alex Cunningham, Labour MP for Stockton North (2010–present)
Scarlett Moffatt, Reality star
Robert Icke, Olivier award-winning theatre director and writer
Philippa Langley, discoverer of Richard III's body.
Queen Elizabeth Grammar School
Vice Admiral Sir Robert Dixon, former President of the Institute of Marine Engineers (1878–85)
Walter Dixon (1870–1931l), pharmacologist.
Sir Eric Miller, industrialist (1893-1900)
Bentley Beetham (1886–1963), mountaineer, ornithologist and photographer
William Henderson, 1st Baron Henderson, Labour MP for Enfield from 1923 to 1924 and 1929–31 (1902–09)
Norman Creek (1909–14)
Air Vice-Marshal Arthur Hutton CBE DFC (1912–19)
Eric Neil (1918–1990), physiologist.
Chapman Pincher, journalist (1925–32)
Rear Admiral Thomas Cruddas CB, Comdr HMS Ark Royal from 1953 to 1955 (1928–35)
Sir Geoffrey Cass, chief executive of Cambridge University Press from 1972 to 1992 (1933–40)
Prof James Francis Tait, Joel Professor of Physics as Applied to Medicine from 1970 to 1982 at University College London (1937–44)
Angus Maddison, economist (1938–45)
Prof David Daniell, Professor of English from 1992 to 1994 at University College London (1940–7)
Prof Cecil Kidd, Regius Professor of Physiology from 1984 to 1997 at Marischal College, University of Aberdeen (1944–51)
Aidan Chambers, children's novelist who wrote Postcards from No Man's Land (1946–53)
Bernard Dixon OBE, science writer (1949–56)
Ian Hamilton, poet (1949–56)
Sir Alan Wilson, Vice-Chancellor from 1991 to 2004 of the University of Leeds (1950–7)
Edward Pearce, political journalist, (1950–7)
David Harker CBE, Chief Executive of Citizens Advice (1962–69)
Stanley Baines Hamilton (1889–1977), civil engineer and historian.
See also
List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)
References
External links
College website
Ofsted Report
2005 League tables.
EduBase
Learning and Skills Beacons
Education in the Borough of Darlington
Sixth form colleges in County Durham
Schools in Darlington
Educational institutions established in 1970
1970 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Elizabeth%20Sixth%20Form%20College |
Peukert is a surname:
Detlev Peukert (1950–1990), German historian
Josef Peukert (1855, Albrechtsdorf an der Adler – 1910, Chicago), a Bohemian-Austrian anarchist
Karl Peukert (1902–1962), German actor
Leo Peukert (1885–1944), German actor
Randolf Peukert (1929–2009), German athlete
Wolfgang Peukert (born 1958), German process engineer
Wilhelm Peukert (1855–1932), German scientist
See also
Peucker and Peuker
Peukert's law – relating battery capacity to discharge rate
References
German-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peukert |
Eugène Deloncle (20 June 1890 – 17 January 1944) was a French politician and fascist leader who founded the organisation “Secret Committee of Revolutionary Action" (CSAR), better known as . He became a prominent Nazi collaborator during World War II.
Early life and war service
Antoine Octave Eugène Deloncle was born on 20 June 1890 in Brest, Brittany, France. His parents were Antoine Charles Louis Deloncle and Anna Ange Marie Grossetti.
His father died in tragic circumstances in 1898 when his son was 8. He was the captain of the French transatlantic liner SS La Bourgogne accidentally rammed in thick fog by the sailing ship Cromartyshire off Sable Island with a high death toll. Captain Deloncle did his best to organize rescue in difficult circumstances and refusing to leave the bridge went down with his ship. Eugène Deloncle was a graduate of the École Polytechnique, and worked as a naval engineer for the French Navy. He married Mercedes Cahier on 4 February 1918 in Paris.
World War I
Deloncle served as an artillery officer during World War I, including the Champagne frontline, where he was wounded.
1930s political activity
Initially supportive of the integralist , he left the movement in 1935 because of his perception of inaction by the older organisation in combating the French left. Deloncle founded his own group, the (CSAR), with similar political goals. The new group became well known by the epithet ('The Hood'), a term that was first applied by Charles Maurras and Maurice Pujo of , as the group's tactics reminded them of the American Ku Klux Klan; the name was subsequently embraced by the press. The was a fascist and anti-communist terrorist group that kept the Orleanist and strongly anti-republican line of the , but added the rhetoric of fascism. It was formed to overthrow the leftist Popular Front government of Léon Blum. In the 1930s the was responsible for assassinations, including those of the antifascist activists and Italian refugees, Carlo Rosselli and his brother Nello in June 1937, and terrorist attacks, including the bombing of several Paris synagogues.
World War II and death
In 1940, with the Fall of France during World War II and the German period of occupation, Deloncle created a movement backing Philippe Pétain's "French State", the (MSR, 'Social Revolutionary Movement'). MSR, a more radical form of the , strongly supported Pétain's social conservatism and reactionary aims; it viewed with approval the political experiment that was being engineered in Vichy France in the south of the country. Afterwards, he approached the National Popular Rally (RNP) of Marcel Déat, but conflicts with Déat saw him expelled in May 1942, when he was succeeded as leader by Jean Fontenoy.
In October 1941, unbeknownst to his superiors, SS Officer Hans Sommer helped plan an attack on seven synagogues in Paris, inspired by the 1938 pogrom, in collaboration with Eugène Deloncle.
By 1942, Deloncle became doubtful of the inevitability of German victory and became a member of François Darlan's secret staff; he was in contact with head Wilhelm Canaris. Deloncle's involvement with the made him an enemy of the Gestapo. Initially, he was arrested in August 1943, interrogated and detained for a month in Ville-d'Avray. Once released, he renewed contact with Canaris, sustaining the Gestapo's enmity. On 17 January 1944, Deloncle's house was swarmed by the Gestapo and he was killed in a shootout.
Awards
On 16 June 1920, Deloncle was made a (Knight) of the Legion of Honour.
References
Sources
1890 births
1944 deaths
Politicians from Brest, France
National Popular Rally politicians
Executed French collaborators with Nazi Germany
French fascists
Knights of the Legion of Honour
People affiliated with Action Française
Assassinated French politicians
Assassinated Nazis
École Polytechnique alumni
French military personnel of World War I
French anti-communists
20th-century assassinated French politicians
1940s assassinated French politicians
1940s assassinated politicians
French civilians killed in World War II
People killed by Nazi Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne%20Deloncle |
Aluminium can form an amalgam in solution with mercury. Aluminium amalgam may be prepared by either grinding aluminium pellets or wire in mercury, or by allowing aluminium wire to react with a solution of mercury(II) chloride in water.
This amalgam is used as a chemical reagent to reduce compounds, such as the reduction of imines to amines. The aluminium is the ultimate electron donor, and the mercury serves to mediate the electron transfer.
The reaction and the waste from it contains mercury, so special safety precautions and disposal methods are needed. As an environmentally friendlier alternative, hydrides or other reducing agents can often be used to accomplish the same synthetic result. An alloy of aluminium and gallium was proposed as a method of hydrogen generation, as the gallium renders the aluminium more reactive by preventing it from forming an oxide layer. Mercury has this same effect on aluminium, but also serves additional functions related to electron transfer that make aluminium amalgams useful for some reactions that would not be possible with gallium.
Reactivity
Aluminium exposed to air is ordinarily protected by a molecule-thin layer of its own oxide. This aluminium oxide layer serves as a protective barrier to the underlying unoxidized aluminium and prevents amalgamation from occurring. No reaction takes place when oxidized aluminium is exposed to mercury. However, if any elemental aluminium is exposed (even by a recent scratch), the mercury may combine with it to form the amalgam. This amalgamation can continue well beyond the vulnerable aluminium was exposed, potentially reacting with a large amount of the raw aluminium before it finally ends.
The net result is similar to the mercury electrodes often used in electrochemistry, however instead of providing electrons from an electrical supply, they are provided by the aluminium which becomes oxidized in the process. The reaction that occurs at the surface of the amalgam may actually be a hydrogenation rather than a reduction.
The presence of water in the solution is reportedly necessary; the electron rich amalgam will oxidize aluminium and reduce H+ from water, creating aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and hydrogen gas (H2). The electrons from the aluminium reduce mercuric Hg2+ ion to metallic mercury. The metallic mercury can then form an amalgam with the exposed aluminium metal. The amalgamated aluminium then is oxidized by water, converting the aluminium to aluminium hydroxide and releasing free metallic mercury. The generated mercury then cycles through these last two steps until the aluminium metal supply is exhausted.
2Al + 3Hg^2+ + 6H2O -> 2Al(OH)3 + 6H+ +3Hg
Hg + Al -> Hg*Al
2 Hg*Al + 6 H2O -> 2 Al(OH)3 + 2 Hg + 3 H2
Due to the reactivity of aluminium amalgam, restrictions are placed on the use and handling of mercury in proximity with aluminium. In particular, large amounts of mercury are not allowed aboard aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in the aircraft. Even the transportation and packaging of mercury-containing thermometers and barometers is severely restricted. Accidental mercury spills in aircraft do sometimes result in insurance write-offs.
See also
Amalgam
Aluminium-gallium
References
External links
Video of Mercury-Aluminium-Gallium amalgam attacking aluminium bar
Video ( closeup ) of Mercury-Aluminium-Gallium amalgam attacking aluminium bar
Aluminium alloys
Reducing agents
Amalgams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20amalgam |
Armilus () (also spelled Armilos and Armilius) is an anti-messiah figure in medieval Jewish eschatology who will conquer the whole Earth, centralizing in Jerusalem and persecuting the Jewish believers until his final defeat at the hands of the Jewish Messiah. His believed destruction symbolizes the ultimate victory of the Jewish Messiah in the Messianic Age.
Sources
The Sefer Zerubbabel is probably from the 7th century CE. Armilus is thought to be a cryptogram for Heraclius, a Byzantine emperor, and it is thought that the events described in the Sefer Zerubbabel coincide with the Jewish revolt against Heraclius.
The 11th-century Midrash Vayosha, which describes Armilus, was first published at Constantinople in 1519.
According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Armilus is "a king who will arise at the end of time against the Messiah, and will be conquered by him after having brought much distress upon Israel." He is spoken of in the Midrash Vayosha, Sefer Zerubbabel and other texts. He is an adversary similar to Gog and Magog, and in some instances he is considered identical to Gog, but under another name. In the Sefer Zerubbabel he takes the place of Magog and defeats the Messiah ben Joseph.
The origin of this figure, said to be the offspring of Satan and a virgin, or Satan and a statue (or "stone"), is regarded as questionable by the Jewish Encyclopedia, due to the variation and clear relation (if not parody) to Christian doctrine, legend, and scripture.
The Jewish Encyclopedia also links the figure to Roman mythology, comparing the story of his birth from a stone to a similar legend about a living statue attributed to Virgil, and the figure's name and conflict with the Messiah to an account in Eusebius' Chronicon in which a Roman leader (given the name Amulius or Armilus in various translations, but listed as a successor to Agrippa in the place of Romulus Silvius) wages war on Jupiter and is destroyed by a storm.
Name
The name might be derived from that of Romulus, one of the founders of Rome, or from Ahriman, the evil principle in Zoroastrianism (Angra Mainyu).
Appearance
Midrash Vayosha depicts Armilus as bald, partially deaf, partially maimed, and partially leprous.
See also
Antichrist
Belial
False messiah
Jewish messianism
Masih ad-Dajjal
Messiah ben Joseph
Notes
Jewish eschatology
Antichrist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armilus |
Gracie may refer to:
Names
Gracie (name), a given name and a family name (includes a list of people with that name)
Gracie family, a Brazilian family known for their practice and development of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Hurricane Gracie, a 1959 Atlantic hurricane that affected the Bahamas and United States
Places
Gracie Mansion, official residence for the New York City mayor
Arts, entertainment, and media
Fictional characters
Gracie, the shopkeeper in the 2006 television series Jericho
Film
Gracie (film), a 2007 American film directed by Davis Guggenheim
Gracie!, 2010 TV film on the life of the British singer Gracie Fields
Music
"Gracie", a track on the album Home Cookin' (1959) by Jimmy Smith
"Gracie", a song on the album Rockin' with Curly Leads (1973) by rock band The Shadows
"Gracie", a track on the album Songs for Silverman (2005) by Ben Folds
Other uses
Gracie Awards, presented by the Alliance for Women in Media Foundation
Gracie (yacht), 19th century American racing sloop yacht built in 1868
See also
Gracey (disambiguation)
Gracy (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie |
Power to the People may refer to:
Music
Power to the People (Joe Henderson album)
Power to the People (Poison album)
Power to the People: The Hits, a 2010 compilation album by John Lennon
"Power to the People" (song), 1971, by John Lennon
"Power to the People" (Poison song)
"Power to the People", a song by Public Enemy
Politics
Power to the people (slogan)
Power to the People (Transnistria), in Moldova
Power to the People (Russia), a defunct political party in Russia
Power to the People (Italy), a political party in Italy
Other uses
Power to the People (book), 2007, by Laura Ingraham
"Power to the People" (Yes, Prime Minister, a television episode
Power to the People, a strength training method and philosophy introduced by Pavel Tsatsouline
Power to the People, the weapons upgrade station in the Bioshock video game series
See also
All Power to the People (film), a 1997 documentary
"(For God's Sake) Give More Power to the People", a 1971 song and album by The Chi-Lites
People Power (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20to%20the%20People |
Next House was a Swedish company working in the field of construction of houses. The company was founded in 2007 by Thomas Mårtensson.
Mission
Next House developed, promoted and sold homes until it was sold to 32Group in March 2011. ambition of the company was to make homes greener and more energy efficient by improving energy use, material selection, and transportation. With the participation of award-winning architects and engineers, Next House had developed a new concept within the construction industry, in which they delivered the homes as well as complete study kits.
Reception
The company received media attention both in Sweden and in international media. Next House has appeared in over 200 articles in newspapers and magazines, and a score of television channels, including the M6 channel, in its Capital Programme. Next House was the third Swedish company, after IKEA and H & M, to appear in the program. In October 2009, Next House was mentioned in several Spanish television channels, where the Spanish Minister of Housing invited Next House to Spain.
Next House was headquartered in Stockholm, but is also present in Russia, Norway, Spain, France, Switzerland, and Luxembourg. In March 2011, Thomas Martensson, CEO of Next House, signed an agreement with the Global 32Group moving Next House's headquarters to Geneva, Switzerland.
References
Construction and civil engineering companies of Sweden
Swedish companies established in 2007
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 2007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next%20House |
The Honda Vamos is a leisure vehicle originally produced by Japanese automaker Honda from 1970 to 1973, and reintroduced again as a trim level of the Honda Acty microvan starting in 1999. Its name, "Vamos", is Spanish language for "let's go".
1970-1973
Available as a kei truck, it was based on the Honda TN360. The Vamos used a 354 cc 2-cylinder, mid mounted, air-cooled, overhead camshaft gasoline engine shared with the Honda TN360, N360, and the Z360. The Vamos was a competitor at the time to the Suzuki Jimny and the Daihatsu Fellow buggy. According to the article for this vehicle at Japanese Wikipedia, only 2,500 were sold. Honda had hoped the popularity of the Honda Dax minibike with its off-road image would be associated with the Vamos. Because of the installation of the spare tire on the front of the vehicle and the sound from the air-cooled engine, it had a Volkswagen Type 2 reputation but because of the open cabin design, it wasn't very popular due to a lack of four-wheel drive.
The Vamos was available with an optional and removable rear seat, whereas the Vamos was known as the Vamos 2 or the Vamos 4, for its ability of passenger capacity. It was also available with lap only seat belts for all passengers. The convertible top was easily and quickly removed as needed. Due to the open cab configuration, all instrumentation and switches were both water- and dust proof. It used a MacPherson strut front suspension and a De Dion tube with half leaf springs in the back.
Vamos & Vamos Hobio
The Honda Vamos name was reintroduced in June 1999, and was joined by its twin, the Honda Vamos Hobio in April 2003. Both are microvans with 659 cc straight-3 SOHC E07Z gasoline engines and are upper trim level versions of the Honda Acty van. Four-wheel drive is optional, using Honda's Full Time 4WD system that utilizes a viscous coupling. It features independent suspension with front coil springs and rear leaf springs. The engine is also available with a turbocharger with the maximum horsepower being limited to .
The Vamos is marketed more for personal use whereas the Acty van and truck are geared more towards commercial and industrial uses, and as delivery vehicles. The Vamos has a redesigned rear end, with vertical rather than horizontal taillights and a smaller rear gate. Most of the luxury equipment offered on the Vamos is not available on the Acty. The Vamos competes with the Suzuki Every van, the Subaru Sambar van and the Daihatsu Atrai van in Japan. The 2003 Vamos Hobio is a "recreational" vehicle, meant to be used as part of an active lifestyle. It has a roof which is taller and has the Acty Van's bigger tailgate and low-mounted taillights. The interior features numerous hooks and mounting points on the floor and walls and has water proof trim. The Vamos Hobio also has a different front design with a more prominent, trapezoidal grille.
Various trim packages and unique options have been offered on the Vamos and Vamos Hobio, with almost yearly cosmetic changes to items like grille, tail lights and color combinations. The interior seats are configurable into multiple positions to maximize its load-carrying and passenger accommodation. From May until October 2003 Honda also accepted orders for the Vamos Hobio "Travel Dog Package," especially designed to accommodate dogs. This offered water-repellant and deodorant upholstery, pet mats, and other special equipment. In May 2007 a Travel Dog Package was again offered, this time on the regular Vamos. This package remained available to order until the end of January 2008.
Aftermarket appearance kits are available in Japan.
Production of the Vamos and Vamos Hobio was discontinued on May 21, 2018 as the car could not meet new crash safety standards without extensive reengineering. The Vamos was replaced by the N-Van, although scattered examples of existing stock continued to be sold until the final Vamos Hobio Pro was sold in October 2019.
References
External links
VAMOS Official Page
ThisOldHonda.org
Folding Top Demonstration Video at honda.co.jp
Vamos
Pickup trucks
Microvans
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Kei trucks
Hatchbacks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Vamos |
Rick Peters (born June 1, 1967 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American actor. He has appeared in several films and numerous television shows, and is perhaps best known for his role as Bobby Manning in Sue Thomas: F.B.Eye. He also plays the role of Elliot Larson in the 4th season of Dexter.
Personal life
He resides in Southern California with his wife and two children.
Selected filmography
Film
Television
External links
1966 births
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Detroit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Peters |
The Richmond Art Museum was founded in 1898 as the Art Association of Richmond, Indiana. Artist John Elwood Bundy and author and attorney William Dudley Foulke were instrumental in the founding.
Permanent collection
Its collection includes important works of American Impressionists, particularly from the Hoosier Group, the Richmond Group and the Taos School. Important ceramics including a significant collection of the work of the Overbeck Sisters are part of the collection housed in McGuire Memorial Hall at Richmond High School. The museum is believed to be the only public art museum connected with a public high school. An icon of the collection is a very large self-portrait of the American impressionist William Merritt Chase painted for the museum in 1915-16.
Some of the more important artists represented in the collection are:
William Merritt Chase
Frank Duveneck
Henry Mosler
Walter Shirlaw
William Aiken Walker
William Wendt
Charles Courtney Curran
William Victor Higgins
Ben Foster
Robert Reid
Asher Durand
Childe Hassam
Adam Emory Albright
E. Irving Couse
Leonard Ochtman
John Christen Johansen
Francis Focer Brown
Guy Carleton Wiggins
Jane Peterson
Janet Scudder
Paul Weber
Harry Mills Walcott
Albert Lorey Groll
Gordon Grant
Louis Betts
De Scott Evans
Marcus Mote
Frederick Judd Waugh
Wayman Elbridge Adams
Aminah Robinson
External links
Official Site
Art museums and galleries in Indiana
Art museums established in 1898
Museums in Richmond, Indiana
1898 establishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%20Art%20Museum |
Roy F. Schwitters (June 20, 1944 – January 10, 2023) was an American physicist, professor of physics at Harvard, Stanford, and finally the University of Texas at Austin. He was also director of the Superconducting Super Collider between 1989 and 1993.
Education
Schwitters earned a B.S at MIT in 1966, and a Ph.D. there in 1971, with a dissertation titled, Pi Plus Meson Photoproduction from H with Linearly Polarized Photons at 12 GeV. He conducted his doctoral research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
Career
Schwitters was a researcher involved with the MIT Laboratory for Nuclear Science's Moby Dick project at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator in the late 1960s.
An early major accomplishment in Schwitters' career was to oversee the design and construction of the Cylindrical Wire Spark Chambers of the Mark I (detector) experiment, which operated at the interaction point of the SPEAR collider at the Stanford SLAC Laboratory from 1973 to 1977, and major involvement in the analysis and interpretation of the data that resulted in the discovery of the particle (which resulted in the Nobel prize for Burton Richter in 1976). A description of the discovery of the particle and his key role in this discovery is given by this article/talk from Burton Richter.
Another major accomplishment in Schwitters' career was as a founding member and becoming the associate head in 1980 of the Collider Detector at Fermilab experiment, with significant involvement in managing the initial construction and development of CDF, leading up to the initial Run 0 commissioning run before any upgrades (1988-1989).
Schwitters was director of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) in Waxahachie, Texas starting in 1989, and ending in October 1993 when the funding for its construction was terminated by Congress. During the events leading up to the project's cancellation, Schwitters was famously quoted, "The SSC is becoming the victim of the revenge of the C students." In a 2021 interview, he speculated that, had the project been completed, it would have led to the discovery of the Higgs boson particle in Waxahachie 10 years before its eventual discovery at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland and attracted an equivalent number of visitors to CERN's 120,000 per year.
Beginning 2004, Schwitters led the University of Texas Maya Muon Tomography research team. From 2005 to 2011, he was the chair of the JASON Defense Advisory Group.
Awards, honors
1980: Alan T. Waterman Award of the National Science Foundation.
1984: Elected Fellow, American Physical Society, Citation: For vital contributions to the discovery of the family of particles and of their properties; for leadership in developing the pp colliding beam physics program at FNAL and building the CDF detector.
1990: S.W. Richardson Foundation Regental Professor of Physics, University of Texas at Austin.
1996: Panofsky Prize, Citation: Gail Hanson and Roy Schwitters are honored for their separate contributions which together provided the first clear evidence that hadronic final states in e+ e- annihilation, which are largely composed of spin 0 and spin 1 particles, originate from the fragmentation of spin 1/2 quarks. Roy Schwitters used muon pair production to measure the polarization of the beams in the electron-positron storage ring SPEAR. He showed that the azimuthal distribution of high momentum hadrons in hadronic final states was the same as that observed for muon pairs, consistent with the origin of these hadrons from the fragmentation of spin 1/2 quarks.
1987: Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
References
External links
Schwitters' Web site at UT-Austin
American Institute of Physics Oral History interview of Roy Schwitters, by David Zierler, May 8, 2020.
UT Maya Muon Group Homepage
UT College of Natural Sciences: Faculty Death Notice and Remembrance
1944 births
2023 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Harvard University faculty
Stanford University SLAC faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Winners of the Panofsky Prize
Members of JASON (advisory group)
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Scientists from Seattle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Schwitters |
The Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik (also translated as The Passion of Saint Shushanik; ) is the earliest surviving piece of Georgian literature. Purported to have been written between 476 and 483, the earliest surviving manuscript dates back to the 10th century and was written at Parkhali Monastery. There exists an Armenian translation of the same text, dated also to the 10th century. The author is Iakob Tsurtaveli (Jacob of Tsurtavi), a contemporary and participant in the events described in this hagiographic novel.
The manuscript describes the martyrdom of Saint Shushanik, an Armenian noblewoman, at the hand of her spouse, bidaxshe (high prince) Varsken, who had renounced Christianity and embraced Zoroastrianism. Shushanik, whose father was Vardan Mamikonyan, the sparapet (military leader) of the Christians in Armenia, refused to follow him, and died as a martyr after years of imprisonment and torture.
The first printed version was published in 1882. It has been translated into Russian, French, English, German, Spanish, Hungarian and Icelandic. In 1979, UNESCO marked the 1,500th anniversary of the Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik.
References
Sources
Bart D Ehrman, Andrew Jacobs, editors, Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E: A Reader, Oxford University Press US, pages 499-504
Donald Rayfield, The Literature of Georgia: A History, Routledge (UK) page 42
External links
English translation of the Martyrdom by Rev. K.V. Maksoudian
Christian hagiography
Old Georgian literature
Works about violence against women
Martyrdom in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom%20of%20the%20Holy%20Queen%20Shushanik |
The Harrisonburg Turks are a collegiate summer baseball team in Harrisonburg, Virginia. They play in the South Division of the Valley Baseball League, a collegiate wooden bat summer league consisting of 11 teams in the state of Virginia. The Turks have been coached and/or owned by Bob Wease for 33 years as of the end of the 2023 season. Wease sold the team to Gerald Harman prior to the start of the 2023 season. The Turks play their home games at Eagle Field at Veterans Memorial Park on the campus of James Madison University.
Notable alumni
Scott Cousins
Roy Corcoran
Rich Croushore
Steve Decker
David Eckstein
Steve Finley
Jesse Foppert
Danny Godby
Orlando Gonzalez
Travis Harper
Gary Hill
Ron Hodges
Chris Hoiles
Mike Hubbard
Daryl Irvine
Logan Kensing
Darren Lewis
Sean Maloney
Kirt Manwaring
Frank Menechino
Larry Mitchell
Oscar Múñoz
Tim Nordbrook
Talmadge Nunnari
Brian O'Connor
Jim Pankovits
Cliff Pennington
Juan Pierre
Greg Pryor
Jon Rauch
Billy Sample
Ryan Shealy
Doug Strange
Steve Swisher
Jeff Tam
Mo Vaughn
George Vukovich
Brian Wolfe
Jon Zuber
References
External links
Turks
Valley Baseball League
Amateur baseball teams in Virginia
Valley Baseball League teams
Harrisonburg, Virginia
Baseball teams established in 1915
1915 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisonburg%20Turks |
Jacob of Tsurtavi () also known as Jacob the Priest (იაკობ ხუცესი, Iakob Khutsesi) was the 5th-century Georgian religious writer and priest from Tsurtavi, then the major town of Gogarene and the Lower Iberia.
A personal priest of Saint Shushanik and an eyewitness of her martyrdom at the hand of her spouse, bidaxae Varsken, Jacob compiled her life in his hagiographic novel the Martyrdom of the Holy Queen Shushanik, the oldest surviving work of the Georgian literature written between 476 and 483. Except for scarce information obtained from his work, nothing more is known about Jacob's life.
See also
List of Georgian writers
References
მ. საბინინი, საქართველოს სამოთხე, გვ. 182–192;
იაკობ ცურტაველი, მარტვილობაÁ შუშანიკისი, ქართული და სომხური ტექსტები გამოსცა ილ. აბულაძემ, ტფილისი, 1938, გვ. 3-47;
ს. ყუბანეიშვილი, ძველი ქართული ლიტერატურის ქრესტომათია, I, თბილისი, 1946, გვ. 34–44;
ძველი ქართული აგიოგრაფიული ლიტერატურის ძეგლები, I, გვ. 11–29;
იაკობ ცურტაველი, წამებაÁ წმიდისა შუშანიკისი დედოფლისაÁ, გამოსაცემად მოამზადა ც. ქურციკიძემ, თბილისი, 1979.
К. Кекелидзе,Памятники древнегрузинской агиографии, Тбилиси, 1956, გვ. 7-28.
К. Кекелидзе, Якоб Цуртавели, Мученичество Шушаники, Тбилиси, 1979;
Яков Цуртавели, Мученичество Шушаник, перевод В. Дондуа, Введение и примечания З. Алексидзе, Тбилиси, 1978.
ა. ბარამიძე, `შუშანიკის წამების~ ახლებური გაგების გარშემო, ჟურნ. მნათობი, # 10, 1978.
რ. ბარამიძე, ქართული მწერლობის სათავეებთან, თბილისი, 1978;
კ. კეკელიძე, ძველი ქართული ლიტერატურის ისტორია, გვ. 113-122;
ქართული მწერლობა, I, თბილისი, 1984, გვ. 124-127;
შ. ონიანი, იაკობ ხუცესის `წამებაÁ წმიდისა შუშანიკისი~, თბილისი, 1978;
შუშანიკის წამება. საიუბილეო კრებული. გამოკვლევები და წერილები, თბილისი, 1978;
თ. ჭილაძე, იაკობ ცურტაველის `შუშანიკის წამება~, თბილისი, 1978;
ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, საისტორიო მწერლობა, გვ. 45-54;
ნ. ჯანაშია, შუშანიკის წამება, ისტორიულ-წყაროთმცოდნეობითი გამოკვლევა, თბილისი, 1980;
შ. ონიანი, იაკობ ხუცესის `შუშანიკის წამება”, თბილისი, 1978.
Bart D Ehrman, Andrew Jacobs, editors, Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300-450 C.E: A Reader, Oxford University Press US, pages 499-504
Donald Rayfield, The Literature of Georgia: A History, Routledge (UK) page 42
Male writers from Georgia (country)
5th-century writers
Christian hagiographers
5th-century Christian clergy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakob%20Tsurtaveli |
Jodi Leigh Miller is an American female bodybuilder and figure competitor.
Biography
Miller, a bodybuilder and figure competitor, was born in Chicago, Illinois on November 8, 1972, and currently resides in Dallas, Texas. She graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a BA in English and a Secondary Teaching Certification, and earned certification as a personal trainer from the Cooper Institute in Dallas. In the mid-1990s, her interest in powerlifting led her to try her hand in competition. She won first place in her first two powerlifting appearances, and began to consider competing in other fields. She is also an accomplished kickboxer. By the early 2000s she had been successful in sporting challenges and turned to bodybuilding, along with fitness and figure competition.
In 2001, Miller began competing in events for the NPC, an affiliate of the IFBB and the largest amateur bodybuilding organization in the United States. She won her division and the overall champion title in her first event, and since then has gradually gained repute on the national level. Miller actively markets herself through the Internet, and has attracted sponsorship from several national sporting equipment and apparel companies. She has also written as a guest columnist for Oxygen magazine. Miller is a former public school teacher as well.
In 2006, Miller transitioned back to bodybuilding. She won the lightweight class in the amateur bodybuilding division of the Europa Supershow. That qualified her to compete in the bodybuilding Nationals, where she placed eighth in the lightweight class.
Miller's transition into bodybuilding has been a successful one. She won the lightweight division of the 2007 Team Universe, the only drug-tested NPC event at the national level. This qualified her for the IFBB Women's Amateur Bodybuilding World Championships, held in Santa Susana, Spain, on September 21. She placed 13th in a field of 16 women in the <55 kg category.
Contest history
Powerlifting
1996 USA Powerlifting Federation Texas State Championships - 1st (111 lb. weight class)
1996 ADFPA Powerlifting Federation Longhorn Open - 1st (104 lb. weight class)
24-Hour Fitness Gyms Triathlon Fitness Challenge
1998 Club Level, Texas - 1st
1998 Regional Level, Texas - 1st
1998 National Level - 4th
Galaxy Nova Federation
2000 Texas Grand Prix - 12th (physique round)
2001 Nationals - 15th (physique round)
2001 Nova USA Championships - 12th (physique round)
NPC
2001 NPC Texas State Championships - 1st-Overall Champion (novice lightweight bodybuilding division), 4th (figure division)
2001 NPC Heart of Texas - 2nd (open bodybuilding division), 3rd (figure division)
2002 NPC Lone Star Classic - 4th (short figure division)
2002 NPC Junior Nationals - 17th (short figure division)
2002 NPC Team Universe Figure Nationals - 19th-tie (short figure division)
2003 NPC Junior USA's - 7th (5'2" and under division)
2003 NPC Pittsburgh - 4th (short figure division)
2003 NPC Junior Nationals - 6th (short figure division)
2003 NPC Team Universe Figure Nationals - 5th (5'2" and under division)
2004 NPC Junior USA's - 5th (5'2" and under Figure Division)
2004 NPC Emerald Cup - 2nd (5'3" and under Figure Division)
2004 NPC Junior Nationals - 12th (5'2" and under Figure Division)
2005 NPC Junior Nationals - 11th (5'2" and under Figure Division)
2005 NPC USA's - 4th (5'2" and under Figure Division)
2006 NPC Team Universe/Figure Nationals - 10th (5'2" and under Figure Division)
2006 NPC USA's - 12th (5'2" and under Figure Division)
2006 NPC Europa Supershow amateur bodybuilding - 1st (LW)
2006 NPC Nationals (bodybuilding) - 8th (LW)
2007 NPC Team Universe (bodybuilding) - 1st (LW)
2007 IFBB Amateur World Championships (bodybuilding) - 13th (<55 kg)
External links
Official website
1972 births
American female bodybuilders
Fitness and figure competitors
Living people
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi%20Leigh%20Miller |
This is a list of films primarily marketed to children.
Pre-1940
The Blue Bird (1918)
Pollyanna (1920)
Peter Pan (1924)
A Kiss for Cinderella (1925)
Wizard of Oz (1925)
The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926)
Alice in Wonderland (1933)
Babes in Toyland (1934)
The New Gulliver (1935)
The Littlest Rebel (1935)
Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936)
Heidi (1937)
Wee Willie Winkie (1937)
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
The Tale of the Fox (1937)
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938)
Alarm (1938)
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938)
Gulliver's Travels (1939)
The Little Princess (1939)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
1940s
1940
The Blue Bird
Pinocchio
The Thief of Bagdad
1941
Dumbo
Mr. Bug Goes to Town
1942
Bambi
The Jungle Book
Saludos Amigos
1943
Lassie Come Home
My Friend Flicka
1944
National Velvet
1945
The Enchanted Forest
Son of Lassie
1946
Courage of Lassie
Song of the South
The Yearling
1947
Bush Christmas
Fun and Fancy Free
1948
The Boy with Green Hair
Hills of Home
So Dear to My Heart
1949
Alice in Wonderland
Challenge to Lassie
The Secret Garden
The Sun Comes Up
1950s
1950
Cinderella
The Great Rupert
Heart of Stone
Kim
Treasure Island
1951
Alice in Wonderland
Amazon Symphony
The Painted Hills
Superman and the Mole Men
1952
Aladdin and His Lamp
Hans Christian Andersen
Jack and the Beanstalk
The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men
1953
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T.
Confidentially Connie
Little Fugitive
Peter Pan
Rob Roy: The Highland Rogue
The Sword and the Rose
White Mane
1954
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
Hansel and Gretel (directed by Fritz Genschow)
Hansel and Gretel (directed by Walter Janssen)
Mother Holly
Return to Treasure Island
1955
The Court Jester
Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier
John and Julie
Lady and the Tramp
The Littlest Outlaw
A Man Called Peter
The Stolen Airliner
1956
The Brave One
Davy Crockett and the River Pirates
The Red Balloon
1957
Johnny Tremain
Old Yeller
The Snow Queen
1958
Panda and the Magic Serpent
The 7th Voyage of Sinbad
The Light in the Forest
Tonka
1959
1001 Arabian Nights
Darby O'Gill and the Little People
A Dog of Flanders
Magic Boy
Santa Claus
The Shaggy Dog
Sleeping Beauty
1960s
1960
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Alakazam the Great
The Boy and the Pirates
David and Goliath
The Hound That Thought He Was a Raccoon
Hand in Hand
Kidnapped
Pollyanna
Swiss Family Robinson
Ten Who Dared
Those Calloways
Toby Tyler
1961
The Absent-Minded Professor
Babes in Toyland
Boy Who Caught a Crook
Greyfriars Bobby
The Legend of Lobo
Misty
Mysterious Island
Nikki, Wild Dog of the North
One Hundred and One Dalmatians
The Parent Trap
Snow White and the Three Stooges
Tomboy and the Champ
1962
Big Red
Gay Purr-ee
In Search of the Castaways
Jack the Giant Killer
Little Red Riding Hood and Tom Thumb vs. the Monsters
The Magic Sword
The Two Who Stole the Moon
The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm
1963
Captain Sindbad
The Courtship of Eddie's Father
Flipper
The Incredible Journey
Jason and the Argonauts
Lassie's Great Adventure
Miracle of the White Stallions
Savage Sam
Son of Flubber
Spencer's Mountain
Summer Magic
The Sword in the Stone
The Three Lives of Thomasina
When the Cat Comes
1964
Dear Heart
Emil and the Detectives
Flipper's New Adventure
Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!
Island of the Blue Dolphins
Mary Poppins
The Misadventures of Merlin Jones
The Moon-Spinners
The Three Lives of Thomasina
A Tiger Walks
1965
Clarence, the Cross-Eyed Lion
Funny Things Happen Down Under
Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon
Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters
The Magic World of Topo Gigio
The Man from Button Willow
That Darn Cat!
Those Calloways
Willy McBean and His Magic Machine
Zebra in the Kitchen
1966
The Christmas That Almost Wasn't
The Daydreamer
The Fighting Prince of Donegal
Follow Me, Boys!
The Great St. Trinian's Train Robbery
Jimmy, the Boy Wonder
The Magic Serpent
The Man Called Flintstone
Namu, the Killer Whale
Thunderbirds Are Go
The Ugly Dachshund
1967
The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin
Brighty of the Grand Canyon
Charlie, the Lonesome Cougar
Doctor Dolittle
The Gnome Mobile
The Happiest Millionaire
The Heathens of Kummerow
Jack and the Beanstalk
The Jungle Book
Monkeys, Go Home!
The Wacky World of Mother Goose
1968
Asterix and Cleopatra
Blackbeard's Ghost
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun
Heidi
The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit
The Love Bug
Never a Dull Moment
Oliver!
The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band
Robby
Thunderbird 6
The World of Hans Christian Andersen
1969
The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha
A Boy Named Charlie Brown
Captain Nemo and the Underwater City
The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes
Godzilla's Revenge
Kes
My Side of the Mountain
Pippi Goes on Board
Pippi Longstocking
Rascal
Run Wild, Run Free
Tintin and the Temple of the Sun
The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots
1970s
1970
Aladdin and His Magic Lamp
The Aristocats
King of the Grizzlies
The Phantom Tollbooth
Pippi in the South Seas
Pippi on the Run
Pufnstuf
The Railway Children
Santa and the Three Bears
The Wild Country
1971
The Barefoot Executive
Bedknobs and Broomsticks
Black Beauty
A Christmas Carol
Flight of the Doves
Here Comes Peter Cottontail
The Million Dollar Duck
The Point!
Scandalous John
Tales of Beatrix Potter
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
1972
The Amazing Mr. Blunden
The Biscuit Eater
Hide and Seek
Justin Morgan Had a Horse
Napoleon and Samantha
Now You See Him, Now You Don't
Oliver and the Artful Dodger
Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny
Snoopy, Come Home
Snowball Express
Sounder
Veronica
1973
Charley and the Angel
Charlotte's Web
Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler
One Little Indian
Robin Hood
Three Wishes for Cinderella
Tom Sawyer
The World's Greatest Athlete
1974
Benji
Castaway Cowboy
The Golden Fortress
Herbie Rides Again
The Island at the Top of the World
Jack and the Beanstalk
Journey Back to Oz
The Little Prince
Professor Popper's Problem
Swallows and Amazons
Where the Lilies Bloom
Where the Red Fern Grows
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too
1975
Against a Crooked Sky
The Adventures of the Wilderness Family
The Apple Dumpling Gang
Escape to Witch Mountain
Hans Christian Andersen’s The Little Mermaid
One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing
The Pinchcliffe Grand Prix
Ride a Wild Pony
The Strongest Man in the World
Tubby the Tuba
1976
Across the Great Divide
Bugsy Malone
Escape from the Dark
Freaky Friday
Gus
Let the Balloon Go
No Deposit, No Return
The Shaggy D.A.
The Slipper and the Rose
The Smurfs and the Magic Flute
Storm Boy
Treasure of Matecumbe
The Twelve Tasks of Asterix
1977
The Billion Dollar Hobo
Blue Fire Lady
Candleshoe
Dot and the Kangaroo
For the Love of Benji
The Glitterball
Gulliver's Travels
Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo
The Hobbit
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
The Mouse and His Child
Pete's Dragon
The Prince and the Pauper
Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown
Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure
The Rescuers
Return to Boggy Creek
Wombling Free
1978
Blue Fin
Candleshoe
Casey's Shadow
The Cat from Outer Space
The Further Adventures of the Wilderness Family
Hot Lead and Cold Feet
International Velvet
The Magic of Lassie
Return From Witch Mountain
Ringing Bell
Sammy's Super T-Shirt
The Sea Gypsies
The Water Babies
1979
The Adventure of Sudsakorn
The Black Stallion
The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie
C.H.O.M.P.S.
Mountain Family Robinson
The North Avenue Irregulars
Scooby Goes Hollywood
Tarka the Otter
Taro the Dragon Boy
Unidentified Flying Oddball
1980s
1980
Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!)
Doraemon: Nobita's Dinosaur
Fatty Finn
The King and the Mockingbird
The Last Flight of Noah's Ark
Little Lord Fauntleroy
Never Never Land
Popeye
The Return of the King: A Story of the Hobbits
Yogi's First Christmas
1981
Doraemon: The Records of Nobita, Spaceblazer
The Fox and the Hound
The Little Fox
The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie
The Mystery of the Third Planet
Revenge of the Mysterons from Mars
Swan Lake
Unico
1982
Aladdin and the Magic Lamp
Annie
Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales
Doraemon: Nobita and the Haunts of Evil
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
The Flight of Dragons
Friend or Foe
Heidi's Song
The Last Unicorn
Mighty Mouse in the Great Space Chase
Oliver Twist
The Secret of NIMH
The Wizard of Oz (anime version)
1983
The Black Stallion Returns
Coolie
Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island
Doraemon: Nobita and the Castle of the Undersea Devil
Dot and the Bunny
Phar Lap
Twice Upon a Time
The Wind in the Willows
Where the Toys Come From
1984
Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure
Doraemon: Nobita's Great Adventure into the Underworld
The Dog Who Stopped the War
Gallavants
The NeverEnding Story
The Old Curiosity Shop
Ronia, the Robber's Daughter
Samson & Sally
The Tale of Tsar Saltan
1985
The Adventures of Mark Twain
Asterix Versus Caesar
The Black Cauldron
The Care Bears Movie
D.A.R.Y.L.
Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars
The Dirt Bike Kid
Give the Devil His Due
He-Man and She-Ra: The Secret of the Sword
Here Come the Littles
The Peanut Butter Solution
The Pickwick Papers
Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer
Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird
Star Fairies
1986
The Adventures of the American Rabbit
The Adventures of Milo and Otis
The Adventures of Scamper the Penguin
An American Tail
Babes in Toyland
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation
Castle in the Sky
Doraemon: Nobita and the Steel Troops
Flight of the Navigator
GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords
The Great Mouse Detective
Heathcliff: The Movie
Lightning, the White Stallion
Momo
My Little Pony: The Movie
SpaceCamp
Super Mario Bros.: The Great Mission to Rescue Princess Peach!
The Transformers: The Movie
Valhalla
1987
Batteries Not Included
Benji the Hunted
The Brave Little Toaster
The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland
The Chipmunk Adventure
Doraemon: Nobita and the Knights on Dinosaurs
The Garbage Pail Kids Movie
G.I. Joe: The Movie
The Great Land of Small
Harry and the Hendersons
The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones
Mio in the Land of Faraway
Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night
The Puppetoon Movie
Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers
The Secret Garden
Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats
Ultraman: The Adventure Begins
Where Is the Friend's Home?
Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose
Yogi's Great Escape
1988
BraveStarr: The Movie
Care Bears Nutcracker Suite
Daffy Duck's Quackbusters
David and the Magic Pearl
Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West
Felix the Cat: The Movie
The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound
Just Ask for Diamond
The Land Before Time
Mac and Me
My Neighbor Totoro
The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking
Oliver & Company
Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw
Purple People Eater
Rockin' with Judy Jetson
Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School
Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf
Willy the Sparrow
Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears
1989
The Adventures of Chatran
All Dogs Go to Heaven
Asterix and the Big Fight
Babar: The Movie
The BFG
Cheetah
Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan
George's Island
Granpa
The Little Mermaid
Little Monsters
Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland
Looking for Miracles
Prancer
The Wizard
Yaaba
1990s
1990
Courage Mountain
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp
The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship
A Gnome Named Gnorm
Home Alone
Jetsons: The Movie
A Mom for Christmas
The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter
The Nutcracker Prince
Peter in Magicland
The Rescuers Down Under
Shipwrecked
The Witches
Problem Child
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1991
Adventures in Dinosaur City
And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird
An American Tail: Fievel Goes West
Beauty and the Beast
Bingo
Ernest Scared Stupid
The Giant of Thunder Mountain
In the Nick of Time
Perfect Harmony
The Princess and the Goblin
Rock-a-Doodle
The Seventh Brother
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze
1992
3 Ninjas
Adventures in Dinosaur City
Aladdin
Alan and Naomi
Beauty and the Beast
Beethoven
Blinky Bill
The Boy and the King
FernGully: The Last Rainforest
Freddie as F.R.O.7
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York
Into the West
The Mighty Ducks
Munchie
Porco Rosso
Split Infinity
The Three Musketeers
Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation
To Grandmother's House We Go
Tom and Jerry: The Movie
1993
The Adventures of Huck Finn
Beethoven's 2nd
Dennis the Menace
Digger
A Far Off Place
Free Willy
Happily Ever After
Hocus Pocus
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey
Kid Cop
Little Miss Millions
Magic Kid
Me and the Kid
Mr. Nanny
The Nutcracker
Once Upon a Forest
Prehysteria!
Rigoletto
Rookie of the Year
Sailor Moon R: The Movie
The Secret Garden
The Silver Brumby
Sinbad
The Three Musketeers
We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story
Wind Dancer
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III
1994
3 Ninjas Kick Back
Andre
Angels in the Outfield
Asterix Conquers America
Baby's Day Out
Black Beauty
Blank Check
Camp Nowhere
Cinderella
D2: The Mighty Ducks
Dragonworld
Getting Even With Dad
Iron Will
Jock of the Bushveld
The Jungle Book
The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure
Lassie
Leo the Lion: King of the Jungle
The Lion King
Little Big League
Little Giants
The Little Rascals
Magic Kid 2
Miracle on 34th Street (remake)
Monkey Trouble
Munchie Strikes Back
My Girl 2
The NeverEnding Story III
No Worries
The Pagemaster
Pet Shop
Pocahontas
Pom Poko
Prehysteria! 2
The Return of Jafar
Richie Rich
Sailor Moon S: The Movie
The Santa Clause
Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights
The Secret of Roan Inish
The Shaggy Dog
The Swan Princess
Thumbelina
Trading Mom
A Troll in Central Park
War of the Buttons
White Fang 2: Myth of the White Wolf
1995
3 Ninjas Knuckle Up
The Amazing Panda Adventure
Babe
The Baby-Sitters Club
Balto
The Big Green
Born to Be Wild
Bushwhacked
Casper
Catnapped!
Escape to Witch Mountain
Far from Home: The Adventures of Yellow Dog
Fluke
Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home
Friendship's Field
Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken
Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain
A Goofy Movie
Gordy
Gumby: The Movie
Heavyweights
Here Come the Munsters
The Indian in the Cupboard
It Takes Two
Jonny Quest vs. The Cyber Insects
Jumanji
A Kid in King Arthur's Court
The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving
A Little Princess
Little Red Riding Hood
Magic Island
Magic in the Water
Man of the House
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
Monster Mash
Napoleon
The Pebble and the Penguin
Pocahontas
Sailor Moon Super S: The Movie
The Tale of Tillie's Dragon
Three Wishes
Toy Story
The White Balloon
The Wind in the Willows
1996
101 Dalmatians
The Adventures of Pinocchio
Aladdin and the King of Thieves
Alaska
All Dogs Go to Heaven 2
Body Troopers
Bogus
Clubhouse Detectives
D3: The Mighty Ducks
Dunston Checks In
Ed
First Kid
Flipper
Forest Warrior
Harriet the Spy
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco
House Arrest
How the Toys Saved Christmas
James and the Giant Peach
Kazaam
The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists
The Last Home Run
Matilda
My Friend Joe
The Paper Brigade
Rainbow
Sabrina the Teenage Witch
Santa With Muscles
Shiloh
Space Jam
Susie Q
The Wind in the Willows
Wish Upon a Star
1997
Air Bud
Anastasia
Angels in the Endzone
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas
The Borrowers
The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue
Buddy
Casper: A Spirited Beginning
Cats Don't Dance
A Christmas Carol
Cinderella
FairyTale: A True Story
The Fearless Four
Free Willy 3: The Rescue
George of the Jungle
Good Burger
Hercules
Home Alone 3
The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island
MouseHunt
Mr. Magoo
Northern Lights
Oliver Twist
Paws
Pippi Longstocking
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin
RocketMan
The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo
A Simple Wish
The Swan Princess II: Escape from Castle Mountain
That Darn Cat
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie
Under Wraps
Warriors of Virtue
The Wiggles Movie
Zeus and Roxanne
1998
3 Ninjas: High Noon at Mega Mountain
Air Bud: Golden Receiver
An All Dogs Christmas Carol
An American Tail: The Treasure of Manhattan Island
Antz
Babe: Pig in the City
Baby Huey's Great Easter Adventure
Barney's Great Adventure
Beauty and the Beast: Belle's Magical World
Billboard Dad
The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars
A Bug's Life
Casper Meets Wendy
Dennis the Menace Strikes Again
FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue
The First Snow of Winter
Halloweentown
Hercules and Xena – The Animated Movie: The Battle for Mount Olympus
Hercules: Zero to Hero
I'll Be Home for Christmas
Jack Frost
The Land Before Time VI: The Secret of Saurus Rock
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
Madeline
Meet the Deedles
The Mighty Kong
Mulan
My Date with the President's Daughter
Noah
The Parent Trap
Paulie
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World
Pokémon: The First Movie
The Prince of Egypt
Quest for Camelot
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie
The Rugrats Movie
Rusty: A Dog's Tale
Safety Patrol
Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island
The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue
Slappy and the Stinkers
Star Kid
Summer of the Monkeys
The Swan Princess: The Mystery of the Enchanted Kingdom
Wide Awake
The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit
You Lucky Dog
1999
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein
Animal Farm
Annie
Babar: King of the Elephants
Bartok the Magnificent
Belle's Tales of Friendship
Can of Worms
Cardcaptor Sakura: The Movie
Dillagi
A Dog of Flanders
Don't Look Under the Bed
Doug's 1st Movie
Durango Kids
Faeries (1999 film)
Genius
Horse Sense
I'll Remember April
Inspector Gadget
The Iron Giant
Johnny Tsunami
The King and I
Liang Po Po: The Movie
Madeline: Lost in Paris
My Brother the Pig
The New Adventures of Pinocchio
Nico the Unicorn
The Nuttiest Nutcracker
Passport to Paris
Peppermint
Pirates of the Plain
Pokémon: The Movie 2000
The Prince and the Surfer
Running Free
Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost
Secret of the Andes
Shiloh 2: Shiloh Season
Smart House
Stuart Little
Switching Goals
Tarzan
The Thirteenth Year
Tom's Midnight Garden
Toy Story 2
Wakko's Wish
Yu-Gi-Oh!
Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century
2000s
2000
102 Dalmatians
Air Bud: World Pup
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman
Beethoven's 3rd
Blue's Big Musical Movie
Can't Be Heaven
Cardcaptor Sakura Movie 2: The Sealed Card
Casper's Haunted Christmas
Chicken Run
The Color of Friendship
Digimon: The Movie
Dinosaur
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas
The Emperor's New Groove
Escape to Grizzly Mountain
An Extremely Goofy Movie
The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas
Franklin and the Green Knight
Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer
Help! I'm a Fish
Joseph: King of Dreams
The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire
The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus
Life-Size
The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea
The Little Vampire
Mermaid
Miracle in Lane 2
Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire
Monster Mash
My Dog Skip
Once Upon a Christmas
The Other Me
Our Lips Are Sealed
Phantom of the Megaplex
Pokémon 3: The Movie
Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns
Quints
Ready to Run
The Road to El Dorado
Rugrats in Paris: The Movie
Running Free
The Scarecrow
Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders
Seventeen Again
Stepsister from Planet Weird
A Summer Tale
The Tangerine Bear
Thomas and the Magic Railroad
The Tigger Movie
Titan A.E.
Tom Sawyer
Tweety's High Flying Adventure
Up, Up and Away
2001
Atlantis: The Lost Empire
Back to the Secret Garden
Barbie in the Nutcracker
Beethoven's 4th
The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart
Cats & Dogs
Dr. Dolittle 2
The Flintstones: On the Rocks
Franklin's Magic Christmas
Halloweentown II: Kalabar's Revenge
The Happy Cricket
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Holiday in the Sun
Hounded
The Jar: A Tale from the East
The Jennie Project
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
Jumping Ship
Kingdom Come
Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure
The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze
The Little Bear Movie
The Luck of the Irish
Marco Polo: Return to Xanadu
Max Keeble's Big Move
Monsters, Inc.
Motocrossed
MVP: Most Vertical Primate
My Life as McDull
Osmosis Jones
Pokémon 4Ever
The Poof Point
Recess: School's Out
Rugrats: All Growed Up
Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase
See Spot Run
Shrek
Spirited Away
Spy Kids
The Trumpet of the Swan
'Twas the Night
Voyage of the Unicorn
Winning London
2002
The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina
The Archies in Jugman
Asterix and Obelix: Mission Cleopatra
Balto II: Wolf Quest
Barbie as Rapunzel
Big Fat Liar
Carol's Journey
Catch That Girl
The Cat Returns
Cinderella II: Dreams Come True
The Climb
Clockstoppers
The Country Bears
Dennis the Menace: Cruise Control
Dibu 3
Double Teamed
Elina: As If I Wasn't There
Falling Sky
Get a Clue
Getting There
Gotta Kick It Up!
Grand Champion
Groove Squad
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
Hey Arnold!: The Movie
Home Alone 4
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II
Ice Age
Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie
Kermit's Swamp Years
The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water
Like Mike
Lilo & Stitch
Pinocchio
Pokémon Heroes
The Powerpuff Girls Movie
The Princess and the Pea
Return to Never Land
A Ring of Endless Light
The Rookie
Sabrina: Friends Forever
The Santa Clause 2
Scooby-Doo
The Scream Team
Snow Dogs
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron
Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams
Stuart Little 2
Tarzan & Jane
Thunderpants
Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring
Tom and Thomas
Treasure Planet
Tru Confessions
Tuck Everlasting
Virginia's Run
Whale Rider
When in Rome
The Wild Thornberrys Movie
2003
101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure
Agent Cody Banks
Air Bud: Spikes Back
Atlantis: Milo's Return
Barbie of Swan Lake
Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman
Beethoven's 5th
Blizzard
Brother Bear
Caillou's Holiday Movie
Captain Sabertooth
Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure
The Cat in the Hat
The Challenge
Eddie's Million Dollar Cook-Off
Finding Nemo
The Flying Classroom
Freaky Friday
Full-Court Miracle
The Ghost Club
Good Boy!
The Haunted Mansion
Holes
Hot Wheels World Race
I, Cesar
The Jungle Book 2
Just for Kicks
Kangaroo Jack
Kim Possible Movie: A Sitch in Time
The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration
The Legend of Johnny Lingo
A Light in the Forest
Maniac Magee
Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Kids
Peter Pan
Piglet's Big Movie
Pokémon: Jirachi Wish Maker
Quigley
Recess: All Growed Down
Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade
Rescue Heroes: The Movie
Right on Track
Rugrats Go Wild
Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire
Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico
Secondhand Lions
Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas
Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over
Stitch! The Movie
The Story of the Weeping Camel
What a Girl Wants
When Zachary Beaver Came to Town
Wondrous Oblivion
The Wooden Camera
You Wish!
Young Black Stallion
2004
Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London
Around the World in 80 Days
Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper
Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot
Catch That Kid
Chestnut: Hero of Central Park
Clifford's Really Big Movie
Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen
The Dust Factory
Ella Enchanted
Fat Albert
Funky Monkey
Garfield: The Movie
Going to the Mat
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Home on the Range
Howl's Moving Castle
The Incredibles
In Orange
In Search of Santa
Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.!
Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
The Lion King 1½
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas
Mulan II
My Scene: Jammin' in Jamaica
New York Minute
Pinocchio 3000
Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys
The Polar Express
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement
Raise Your Voice
Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster
Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed
Shark Tale
Shrek 2
Sleepover
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
Spookley the Square Pumpkin
The Story of an African Farm
Stuck in the Suburbs
Tainá 2: A New Amazon Adventure
Teacher's Pet
Thunderbirds
Two Brothers
The Winning Season
Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light
Zenon: Z3
2005
The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D
Aloha, Scooby-Doo!
Arashi no Yoru ni
Are We There Yet?
Balto III: Wings of Change
Bailey's Billion$
Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus
Barbie: Fairytopia
The Batman vs. Dracula
Because of Winn-Dixie
The Blue Umbrella
Bob the Butler
Buffalo Dreams
Candy Land: The Great Lollipop Adventure
The Care Bears' Big Wish Movie
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Cheaper by the Dozen 2
Chicken Little
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Come Away Home
Digital Monster X-Evolution
Dinotopia: Quest for the Ruby Sunstone
Down and Derby
Duma
Empress Chung
The Golden Blaze
The Great Yokai War
The Happy Elf
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Heidi
Hoodwinked!
Hot Wheels AcceleRacers
Kicking and Screaming
Ice Princess
Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama
The Land Before Time XI: Invasion of the Tinysauruses
Lassie
Life Is Ruff
Little Manhattan
Madagascar
The Magic Roundabout
My Little Pony: A Very Minty Christmas
My Scene Goes Hollywood
Nanny McPhee
Once Upon a Halloween
Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
Pooh's Heffalump Movie
Popstar
The Proud Family Movie
Racing Stripes
Rebound
Robots
School's Out!: The Musical
Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy?
Sky High
Son of the Mask
Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild
Tarzan II
Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars
Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry
Valiant
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
Zathura: A Space Adventure
2006
The Adventures of Brer Rabbit
Air Buddies
Akeelah and the Bee
The Ant Bully
Aquamarine
Arthur and the Invisibles
Azur and Asmar
Bambi II
The Barbie Diaries
Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses
Barbie: Mermaidia
Barnyard
The Blue Elephant
Bratz Genie Magic
Brother Bear 2
Cars
Casper's Scare School
Charlotte's Web
A Christmas Carol
Codename: Kids Next Door: Operation: Z.E.R.O
Curious George
Deck the Halls
Dr. Dolittle 3
Eragon
Everyone's Hero
Eye of the Dolphin
Flicka
Flushed Away
The Fox and the Hound 2
Franklin and the Turtle Lake Treasure
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties
Happy Feet
Hearty Paws
High School Musical
Holly Hobbie and Friends: Christmas Wishes
Holly Hobbie and Friends: Surprise Party
Hoot
How to Eat Fried Worms
Ice Age: The Meltdown
The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers
The Legend of Sasquatch
Leroy & Stitch
Lotte from Gadgetville
Miss Potter
Monster House
A Movie of Eggs
My Little Pony Crystal Princess: The Runaway Rainbow
My Little Pony: The Princess Promenade
Open Season
Over the Hedge
Pokémon: The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon
Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea
PollyWorld
The Prince and Me 2: The Royal Wedding
Re-Animated
Return To Halloweentown
The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause
Saving Shiloh
Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy!
The Shaggy Dog
Shark Bait
Stanley's Dinosaur Round-Up
Stormbreaker
Strawberry Shortcake: The Sweet Dreams Movie
Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo
The Thief Lord
Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers
The Ugly Duckling and Me!
Unaccompanied Minors
The Wild
Zoom
2007
Alice Upside Down
Alvin and the Chipmunks
Arctic Tale
Barbie as the Island Princess
Battle for Terra
Bratz Kidz: Sleep-Over Adventure
Brichos
Bridge to Terabithia
Care Bears: Oopsy Does It!
Chill Out, Scooby-Doo!
Christmas Is Here Again
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time
Daddy Day Camp
Donkey Xote
Fairly OddBaby
Finding Rin Tin Tin
Firehouse Dog
Fishtales
Flight of the Red Balloon
The Fox and the Child
The Game Plan
Garfield Gets Real
The Great Discovery
Happily N'Ever After
Johnny Kapahala: Back on Board
Labou
The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends
Like Stars on Earth
Meet the Robinsons
Mug Travel
My Friends Tigger & Pooh: Super Sleuth Christmas Movie
My Little Pony: A Very Pony Place
Nancy Drew
Nocturna
Pokémon: The Rise of Darkrai
Pride
Ratatouille
The Secret of the Magic Gourd
Shrek the Third
SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis
Stardust
Strawberry Shortcake: Berry Blossom Festival
Strawberry Shortcake: Let's Dance
Surf's Up
The Ten Commandments
TMNT
Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale
Underdog
The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep
Winx Club: The Secret of the Lost Kingdom
2008
All Roads Lead Home
Asterix at the Olympic Games
Barbie & the Diamond Castle
Barbie Mariposa
Bedtime Stories
Beethoven's Big Break
Beverly Hills Chihuahua
Bolt
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
College Road Trip
Dr. Dolittle: Tail to the Chief
Delgo
Dragon Hunters
The Flight Before Christmas
Fly Me to the Moon
Garfield's Fun Fest
The Great Discovery
Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors
Horton Hears a Who!
Igor
Impy's Island
Inkheart
Kit Kittredge: An American Girl
Kung Fu Panda
Lost Stallions: The Journey Home
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh
Minutemen
Missing Lynx
Nim's Island
Open Season 2
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie
Pokémon: Giratina and the Sky Warrior
Ponyo
Roadside Romeo
Roxy Hunter and the Secret of the Shaman
The Seven of Daran: Battle of Pareo Rock
Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King
The Secret of Moonacre
Snow Buddies
Space Chimps
The Spiderwick Chronicles
Spirit of the Forest
Spy School
Strawberry Shortcake: Rockaberry Roll
Summer of the Flying Saucer
The Tale of Despereaux
Tinker Bell
WALL-E
Wubbzy's Big Movie!
2009
Aliens in the Attic
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel
An American Girl: Chrissa Stands Strong
Another Egg and Chicken Movie
Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard
Astro Boy
Barbie and the Three Musketeers
Barbie Thumbelina
Ben 10: Alien Swarm
Broken Hill
Chal Chalein
Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs
Coraline
Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!
Dr. Dolittle: Million Dollar Mutts
Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show
Fantastic Mr. Fox
G-Force
Gooby
The Gruffalo
Hachi: A Dog's Tale
Hannah Montana: The Movie
Happily N'Ever After 2: Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple
The Happy Cricket and the Giant Bugs
Hatching Pete
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
Hero of the Rails
Hotel for Dogs
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Inkheart
Just Peck
Looking for Jackie
Monsters vs. Aliens
My Little Pony: Twinkle Wish Adventure
The Perfect Game
Planet 51
Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life
The Princess and the Frog
Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva
Race to Witch Mountain
Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword
Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins
The Secret of Kells
The Secret of Moonacre
A Shine of Rainbows
Shorts
Space Buddies
The Strawberry Shortcake Movie: Sky's the Limit
Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure
Totally Spies! The Movie
Turtles Forever
Up
Vicky the Viking
Where the Wild Things Are
The Wild Stallion
Wishology
Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!: Wubb Idol
2010s
2010
Adventures of a Teenage Dragon Slayer
Alpha and Omega
...And Once Again
Animals United
Arrietty
Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds
Barbie: A Fashion Fairytale
Barbie in A Mermaid Tale
Big Time Christmas
Big Time Concert
The Black Tulip
The Boy Who Cried Werewolf
Care Bears: The Giving Festival
Care Bears: Share Bear Shines
A Cat in Paris
Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
Despicable Me
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
The Dog Who Saved Christmas Vacation
Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale
Expecting Mary
Firebreather
Flicka 2
Flipped
Free Willy: Escape from Pirate's Cove
Furry Vengeance
Gaturro
Gulliver's Travels
Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
How to Train Your Dragon
Kooky
Kung Fu Magoo
Kung Fu Panda Holiday
The Last Airbender
Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole
The Legend of Silk Boy
Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers
Marmaduke
Megamind
My Friends Tigger & Pooh: Super Duper Super Sleuths
Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang
Open Season 3
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief
Plumíferos
Pokémon: Zoroark: Master of Illusions
Ramona and Beezus
Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo
Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare
Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster
The Search for Santa Paws
Shrek Forever After
Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back
Space Dogs
Tangled
Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes
Tooth Fairy
Toy Story 3
A Turtle's Tale: Sammy's Adventures
Welcome to the Space Show
What If...
Winx Club 3D: Magical Adventure
Yogi Bear
Yu-Gi-Oh!: Bonds Beyond Time
2011
After the Wizard
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked
Arthur Christmas
Barbie: A Fairy Secret
Barbie: Princess Charm School
Beethoven's Christmas Adventure
Best Player
Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2
Big Time Beach Party
Brasil Animado
Cars 2
Chillar Party
Dolphin Tale
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules
The Dragon Pearl
A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner!
From Up on Poppy Hill
Gnomeo & Juliet
The Great Bear
The Great Ghost Rescue
The Gruffalo's Child
Happy Feet Two
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil
Hop
Horrid Henry: The Movie
I Am Kalam
Judy Moody and the Not Bummer Summer
Koko and the Ghosts
Kung Fu Panda 2
The Lamp
Leafie, A Hen Into the Wild
Legend of a Rabbit
Little Big Panda
The Little Engine That Could
The Magic of Belle Isle
Mars Needs Moms
Monster Mutt
A Monster in Paris
Monte Carlo
Mr. Popper's Penguins
The Muppets
My Angel
Once Upon a Warrior
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension
Pixie Hollow Games
Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom
Puss in Boots
Quest for Zhu
Red Dog
Rio
Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur
SeeFood
The Smurfs
Snowflake, the White Gorilla
Spy Kids: All the Time in the World
Tainá 3: The Origin
Tibetan Dog
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz
Top Cat: The Movie
Winnie the Pooh
2012
The Adventures of Mickey Matson and the Copperhead Treasure
Back to the Sea
Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2
Barbie: The Princess & the Popstar
Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3
Big Time Movie
Big Top Scooby-Doo!
Brave
Cowgirls 'n Angels
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days
Dino Time
Echo Planet
Ernest & Celestine
A Fairly Odd Christmas
Hotel Transylvania
Ice Age: Continental Drift
The Lorax
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure
Outback
ParaNorman
Peixonauta – Agente Secreto da O.S.T.R.A.
The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists!
Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice
Rags
The Reef 2: High Tide
Room on the Broom
Sammy's Great Escape
Santa Paws 2: The Santa Pups
Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire
Secret of the Wings
The Snow Queen
The Snowman and the Snowdog
So Undercover
The Swan Princess Christmas
Tad, the Lost Explorer
Tinker Bell and the Secret of the Wings
Thunderstruck
Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse
A Turtle's Tale 2: Sammy's Escape from Paradise
Wreck-It Ralph
Yak: The Giant King
Zambezia
2013
Against the Wild
Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure
Angels Sing
Bunks
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2
Contest
The Croods
Despicable Me 2
Epic
Escape from Planet Earth
Free Birds
Frozen
The House of Magic
Jinxed
Jungle Master
Justin and the Knights of Valour
Khumba
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return
Monsters University
Moshi Monsters: The Movie
My Little Pony: Equestria Girls
Nicky Deuce
Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
Planes
Pokémon the Movie: Genesect and the Legend Awakened
Pororo, The Racing Adventure
Return to Nim's Island
Robosapien: Rebooted
Savannah
Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map
Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon
Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright
The Smurfs 2
Super Buddies
Swindle
A Talking Cat!?!
Thunder and the House of Magic
Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure
Transformers Prime Beast Hunters: Predacons Rising
Turbo
Underdogs
Walking with Dinosaurs
Wish You Well
Zambezia
Zip & Zap and the Marble Gang
2014
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day
Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games
Alpha and Omega 4: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave
Asterix and Obelix: Mansion of the Gods
Big Hero 6
The Book of Life
Boonie Bears: To the Rescue
The Boxtrolls
Dolphin Tale 2
Dragon Nest: Warriors' Dawn
Earth to Echo
From Up on Poppy Hill
The Frogville
Henry & Me
The Hero of Color City
How to Steal a Dog
How to Train Your Dragon 2
The Incredible Adventures of Professor Branestawm
Jungle Shuffle
The Lego Movie
The Monkey King
Mr. Peabody & Sherman
Muppets Most Wanted
My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Rainbow Rocks
The Nut Job
Paddington
Penguins of Madagascar
Ping Pong Summer
The Pirate Fairy
Planes: Fire & Rescue
Pokémon the Movie: Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction
Postman Pat: The Movie
Pudsey the Dog: The Movie
Rio 2
Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy
Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery
Song of the Sea
Stand by Me Doraemon
The Swan Princess: A Royal Family Tale
Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon
Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers
2015
Alibaba and the Thief
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip
Blinky Bill the Movie
Brave Rabbit 2 Crazy Circus
Capture the Flag
The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown!
The Good Dinosaur
Goosebumps
Heidi
Home
Hotel Transylvania 2
Huevos: Little Rooster's Egg-cellent Adventure
Inside Out
The Invincible Piglet
The Little Prince
Marshall the Miracle Dog
Minions
My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Friendship Games
Oddball
Ooops! Noah Is Gone...
Paper Planes
The Peanuts Movie
Pokémon the Movie: Hoopa and the Clash of Ages
Pororo: Cyberspace Adventure
Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery
Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness
Shaun the Sheep Movie
Snowtime!
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
Strange Magic
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast
Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest
Top Cat Begins
2016
The Angry Birds Movie
Dear Eleanor
El Americano: The Movie
Finding Dory
Ice Age: Collision Course
Kung Fu Panda 3
The Land Before Time: Journey of the Brave
Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood
Middle School: The Worst Years of My Life
Moana
My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Legend of Everfree
Nine Lives
Norm of the North
Papa
Ratchet & Clank
Robinson Crusoe
Rock Dog
Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon
The Secret Life of Pets
Sheep and Wolves
Sing
Spark
Storks
Trolls
Zootopia
2017
Animal Crackers
The Boss Baby
Bunyan & Babe
Cars 3
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie
Coco
Despicable Me 3
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul
The Emoji Movie
Gnome Alone
Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie
The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania!
The Lego Batman Movie
The Lego Ninjago Movie
Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash
Monster Trucks
My Little Pony: The Movie
The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature
Paddington 2
Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown
Smurfs: The Lost Village
The Star
2018
Duck Duck Goose
Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween
The Haunted House: The Secret of the Cave
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation
The House with a Clock in Its Walls
Incredibles 2
Mary Poppins Returns
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms
Peter Rabbit
Ralph Breaks the Internet
Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold
Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost
Sherlock Gnomes
Smallfoot
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse
Teen Titans Go! To the Movies
2019
Abominable
The Angry Birds Movie 2
Arctic Dogs
A Dog's Way Home
Dora and the Lost City of Gold
Frozen II
The Haunted House: The Sky Goblin VS Jormungandr
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World
The Kid Who Would Be King
Klaus
The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part
Missing Link
Playmobil: The Movie
Pokémon Detective Pikachu
Scooby-Doo! and the Curse of the 13th Ghost
Scooby-Doo! Return to Zombie Island
Toy Story 4
The Secret Life of Pets 2
A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon
Sheep and Wolves: Pig Deal
Spies in Disguise
Turma da Mônica: Laços
UglyDolls
Wonder Park
2020s
2020
Artemis Fowl
Cats & Dogs 3: Paws Unite!
Dolittle
Curious George: Go West, Go Wild
The Croods: A New Age
Happy Halloween, Scooby-Doo!
Norm of the North: Family Vacation
Onward
The One and Only Ivan
Over the Moon
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Candace Against the Universe
Scoob!
Soul
The Secret Garden
Sonic the Hedgehog
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run
Timmy Failure: Mistakes Were Made
Trolls World Tour
We Bare Bears: The Movie
The Willoughbys
Wolfwalkers
2021
Back to the Outback
The Boss Baby: Family Business
Encanto
Clifford the Big Red Dog
Finding ʻOhana
Flora & Ulysses
Home Sweet Home Alone
The Loud House Movie
Luca
The Mitchells vs. the Machines
My Little Pony: A New Generation
PAW Patrol: The Movie
Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway
Raya and the Last Dragon
Ron's Gone Wrong
Scooby-Doo! The Sword and the Scoob
Sing 2
Space Jam: A New Legacy
Spirit Untamed
Straight Outta Nowhere: Scooby-Doo! Meets Courage the Cowardly Dog
Tom & Jerry
Vivo
Wish Dragon
2022
The Amazing Maurice
The Bad Guys
Better Nate Than Ever
Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers
DC League of Super-Pets
The Haunted House: The Dimensional Goblin and the Seven Worlds
Hocus Pocus 2
Hotel Transylvania: Transformania
The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild
King Tweety
Lightyear
Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile
Minions: The Rise of Gru
My Father's Dragon
Paws of Fury: The Legend of Hank
Puss in Boots: The Last Wish
The Sea Beast
Sonic the Hedgehog 2
Strange World
Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up!
Trick or Treat Scooby-Doo!
2023
Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget
Elemental
Ladybug & Cat Noir: The Movie
The Magician's Elephant
Migration
PAW Patrol: The Mighty Movie
Rally Road Racers
Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken
Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!
Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse
Spy Kids: Armageddon
The Super Mario Bros. Movie
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem
Trolls Band Together
Wish
Wonka
World's Best
2024
The Garfield Movie
Harold and the Purple Crayon
Inside Out 2
Kung Fu Panda 4
Orion and the Dark
See also
Children's television series
Children's literature
References
Children's | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20children%27s%20films |
William Charles Simmons (February 28, 1865 – August 24, 1956) was a Canadian politician and judge from Alberta.
Early life
William Charles Simmons was born on February 28, 1865, in the farming community of Tara, Canada West, to William Simmons and Jane Wilson. Simmons attended the University of Toronto and completed a Bachelor of Arts in 1895. Simmons married Mary W. Wilson on August 7, 1899, and moved west to Alberta to become a principal in Lethbridge. Simmons resigned from teaching to article with R. B. Bennett in Calgary and passed the bar in the North-West Territories on August 12, 1900. Simmons was employed as a Crown prosecutor in Lethbridge from 1903 to 1904.
Political life
Simmons was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1906 to 1908 for the Alberta Liberal Party. He was elected in a by-election after Leverett DeVeber was appointed to the Senate of Canada. He resigned in 1908 to run for the House of Commons of Canada for Medicine Hat. He was defeated by the former Northwest Territories MLA Charles Alexander Magrath.
Alberta Supreme Court
Simmons was appointed to the Supreme Court of Alberta on October 12, 1910, and was appointed the Chief Justice on August 27, 1924.
References
External links
Alberta Liberal Party MLAs
Candidates in the 1908 Canadian federal election
1865 births
1956 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Judges in Alberta
People from Bruce County
University of Toronto alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Simmons%20%28politician%29 |
Saab Arena, formerly named Cloetta Center between 2004–2014, is an arena in Linköping, Sweden. It opened in September 2004 and holds 8,500 people during sport events and 11,500 during concerts. On its opening, it became the new home ice for the ice hockey team Linköpings HC, replacing Stångebro Ishall.
The arena has hosted a Melodifestivalen semi-final six times: in 2005, 2008, 2011, 2017, 2020, and 2023. Some other notable music acts include Deep Purple, Europe, John Fogerty, Toto, W.A.S.P. and Whitesnake.
History
The arena cost a total of SEK 249 million to build. Candy manufacturer Cloetta acquired the naming rights prior to the arena's opening and named it Cloetta Center. The name held a double meaning in that "Center" was also one of the company's main brands. On 10 July 2013, Cloetta announced that they wouldn't extend their contracts with the arena after the 2013–14 season, which meant the arena would operate under a new name starting in the 2014–15 season. On 16 June 2014, Saab and Linköpings HC signed an agreement that would rename Cloetta Center to Saab Arena. The change didn't technically take effect before 1 July 2014.
See also
List of indoor arenas in Sweden
List of indoor arenas in Nordic countries
References
External links
Hockeyarenas.net entry
Indoor arenas in Sweden
Indoor ice hockey venues in Sweden
Ice hockey venues in Sweden
Sports venues completed in 2004
Handball venues in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Linköping
Music venues completed in 2004
2004 establishments in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab%20Arena |
Jodi Miller (born May 8, 1971), is an American stand-up comedian, writer, actress, and author known for appearing on the 9th season of America's Got Talent.
Personal life
Jodi Miller was born in New Jersey.
In February 2021, she adopted a daughter, McKenzie Jack.
Career
Miller has appeared as a reoccurring guest commentator on CNN’s Showbiz Tonight and as the host of the news parody show NewsBusted. She has performed on Comics Unleashed, The Tonight Show, Comedy Central, and Gotham Comedy Live.
She was a writer on the Cinemax series Co-Ed Confidential and is the co-author of the book series WTF with Gregory Bergman (WTF? College; WTF? Work; WTF? Women; SRSLY, WTF; WTF? America; and OMG! Guys).
On April 8, 2016, Miller released a comedy album entitled No Child Left Behind on iTunes. She also appears on the comic game show Funny You Should Ask and hosts the show The World's Funniest Weather.
References
External links
Jodi Miller Website
American people of Jewish descent
Actresses from New Jersey
American stand-up comedians
American television actresses
American television writers
American women comedians
America's Got Talent contestants
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
Actresses from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Comedians from California
1971 births
Screenwriters from California
21st-century American comedians
American women television writers
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi%20Miller |
American Quarterly is an academic journal and the official publication of the American Studies Association. The journal covers topics of both domestic and international concern in the United States and is considered a leading resource in the field of American studies. The current editor-in-chief is Mari Yoshihara (University of Hawaiʻi). The journal is published quarterly by the Johns Hopkins University Press. It has been promoting digital research and teaching.
Notes
External links
American Quarterly on the Johns Hopkins University Press website
American Quarterly at Project MUSE
American Studies Association
American studies journals
Academic journals established in 1949
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Johns Hopkins University Press academic journals
Magazines published in Baltimore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Quarterly |
Crawford Castle, substantially in ruins, is located on the north bank of the River Clyde, around north of Crawford, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. The ruins stand on an earlier motte and bailey earthwork. The castle is also known as Lindsay Tower, after its former owners, the Lindsay family. The strategic location of the castle, at , guards the strategically important Mennock Pass from England into the upper Clyde Valley.
History
Archaeological excavations to the north-west of the castle have shown that a Roman fort, with a garrison of perhaps 300, existed at this site between 80 AD and 170 AD.
This site was the administrative centre for the Barony of Crawford, at that time the largest and most influential barony in southern Scotland. The Barony was established before 1100 when records of the period show Sveinn as Lord of Crawford. Upon his death, his son Thor, Lord of Tranent and the Sheriff of Edinburghshire, is recorded as Lord of Crawford. Crawford Castle was in existence by 1175, and was probably built as an earthwork and timber castle some time before this by Thor, or indeed by Thor's father Sveinn.
The Lindsay family inherited the barony of Crawford when William Lindsay married ca. 1154 the younger daughter of Thor, and granddaughter of Sveinn, Lord of Crawford or following the death of Thor in about 1165. It was probably William Lindsay who built the stone castle by 1175. He is recorded as Lord of Crawford by 1185x1190. Crawford Castle is located in Crawford Parish. From an early date, the Clan Carmichael of Meadowflatt acted as hereditary constables of the castle, retaining this post under successive owners.
In 1398, Robert II granted the title of Earl of Crawford to David Lindsay, who had won great praise on St George’s Day, 23 April 1390 for bravery in a duel with the Englishman Baron Welles on London Bridge after Welles, as Champion of England, at a banquet in Edinburgh and presumably after too much alcohol, issued the challenge: "Let words have no place; if ye know not the Chivalry and Valiant deeds of Englishmen; appoint me a day and a place where ye list, and ye shall have experience."
At the accession of James IV in 1488 the barony of Crawford was transferred to Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus for supporting the young prince's rebellion against his father James III. The Earls of Angus held the castle until 1578, when their estates were forfeited by the young James V. James used Crawford as a hunting lodge until his own death in 1542. His mistress, Elizabeth Carmichael, was the daughter of the hereditary constable.
After 1542 the barony was returned to the Earls of Angus, the keepership of the Carmichaels of Meadowflatt coming to an end in 1595. In 1633 the 11th earl was created Marquess of Douglas, and the castle was probably rebuilt after this date. The castle then passed to the Duke of Hamilton, before being sold to Sir George Colebrooke in the 18th century. After a period of use as a farmhouse, the building was abandoned at the end of the 18th century, and much of the stone reused to build the present Crawford Castle Farm. Four stone tablets bearing coats of arms, one with the date 1648, are built into the west and south walls of the Castle Crawford House.
Ruins
The early earthworks of Crawford Castle comprise a motte around 5 m high, with a surrounding ditch and a bailey some 45 m by 33 m to the south-west. On the motte are the remains of a curtain wall, surrounding an enclosure around 20 m square. There may have been round towers at the corners of this enclosure, which probably dates to the 16th or early 17th centuries. A range of buildings on the south-west side of the castle were built at around the same time. This tower-like range was of three storeys, plus an attic, with a vaulted basement and projecting chimney-breast. To the south-east, a second range was added later in the 17th century, providing more spacious accommodation with larger windows. The prominent arched recess in the east wall suggests that a single storey building of some kind projected from the main structure at this location. Much of the present remains probably date from the 17th century rebuilding by the Marquess of Douglas.
Crawford Castle is specified in a list of monuments published by the Minister of Public Building and Works under the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913. It is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland lists the site as a castle or motte.
Footnotes
References
Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 1654, p. 61
Coventry, Martin The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition), Goblinshead, 2001
Crawfurd, G. (1716), Peerage of Scotland, Account of Nobility, George Stewart Publisher, Paisley, Scotland.
Crawfurd, G. (1782), The History of the Shire of Renfrew, Alexander Weir Publisher, Glasgow, Scotland.
Lindsay, Maurice The Castles of Scotland, Constable & Co. 1986
Mason, Gordon The Castles of Glasgow and the Clyde, Goblinshead, 2000
MacGibbon, T. and Ross, D. (1887–92). The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, Mercat Press : Edinburgh.
Salter, Mike The Castles of South West Scotland, Folly Publications, 1993
External links
Pictures of Crawford Castle
Video and information pertaining to Castle Crawford
Clan Crawford Association
Castles in South Lanarkshire
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in South Lanarkshire
Listed castles in Scotland
Clan Lindsay
Clan Crawford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford%20Castle |
The Haymarket Senators were a collegiate summer baseball team based out of Haymarket, Virginia.They competed in the Northern Division of the Valley Baseball League and played their home games at Battlefield High School. The team dropped out of the league after the 2015 season.
The team's uniform colors are navy blue and red.
The Haymarket Senators originally joined the Valley Baseball League in the winter of 2005 when Mark Keagle purchased the Haymarket Battlecats and promptly renamed the team. Due to a lack of support by the local community the Senators were sold at the conclusion of 2007 season. The Haymarket Senators moved to the neighboring community of Aldie after the completion of the 2012 season.
On August 12, 2009, the Senators won their first Valley League Baseball Championship, beating the Covington Lumberjacks 6-1.
On July 7, 2009, Scott Krieger, a player from George Mason University who played for the Senators in 2008, was selected by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 19th round of the MLB Draft.
References
External links
Valley Baseball League
Amateur baseball teams in Virginia
Valley Baseball League teams
Prince William County, Virginia
Sports in Northern Virginia
Baseball teams established in 2006
2006 establishments in Virginia
Baseball teams disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldie%20Senators |
MIL-STD-810, U.S. Department of Defense Test Method Standard, Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests, is a United States Military Standard that emphasizes tailoring an equipment's environmental design and test limits to the conditions that it will experience throughout its service life, and establishing chamber test methods that replicate the effects of environments on the equipment rather than imitating the environments themselves. Although prepared specifically for U.S. military applications, the standard is often applied for commercial products as well.
The standard's guidance and test methods are intended to:
define environmental stress sequences, durations, and levels of equipment life cycles;
be used to develop analysis and test criteria tailored to the equipment and its environmental life cycle;
evaluate equipment's performance when exposed to a life cycle of environmental stresses
identify deficiencies, shortcomings, and defects in equipment design, materials, manufacturing processes, packaging techniques, and maintenance methods; and
demonstrate compliance with contractual requirements.
The document revision as of 2019 is U.S. MIL-STD-810H. It supersedes MIL-STD-810G, Change Notice 1 which was issued in 2014.
Cognizant agency
MIL-STD-810 is maintained by a Tri-Service partnership that includes the United States Air Force, Army, and Navy.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2005 |title=Treatise Helps Users Interpret and Apply MIL-STD-810 — A Test Method Standard |journal=Journal of the IEST |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=147–151 |publisher=Institute of Environmental Sciences & Technology |url=http://iest.metapress.com/content/k8gw17538jl71314/fulltext.pdf |accessdate=27 Jun 2012|doi= 10.17764/jiet.48.1.k8gw17538jl71314}}</ref> The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, or ATEC, serves as Lead Standardization Activity / Preparing Activity, and is chartered under the Defense Standardization Program (DSP) with maintaining the functional expertise and serving as the DoD-wide technical focal point for the standard. The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology is the Administrator for WG-DTE043: MIL-STD-810, the Working Group that updates this constantly evolving standard.
Scope and purpose of MIL-STD-810
MIL-STD-810 addresses a broad range of environmental conditions that include: low pressure for altitude testing; exposure to high and low temperatures plus temperature shock (both operating and in storage); rain (including wind blown and freezing rain); humidity, fungus, salt fog for rust testing; sand and dust exposure; explosive atmosphere; leakage; acceleration; shock and transport shock; gunfire vibration; and random vibration. The standard describes environmental management and engineering processes that can be of enormous value to generate confidence in the environmental worthiness and overall durability of a system design. The standard contains military acquisition program planning and engineering direction to consider the influences that environmental stresses have on equipment throughout all phases of its service life. The document does not impose design or test specifications. Rather, it describes the environmental tailoring process that results in realistic materiel designs and test methods based on materiel system performance requirements.
Finally, there are limitations inherent in laboratory testing that make it imperative to use proper engineering judgment to extrapolate laboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, real-world environmental stresses (singularly or in combination) cannot be duplicated in test laboratories. Therefore, users should not assume that an item that passes laboratory testing also will pass field/fleet verification tests.
History and evolution of MIL-STD-810
In 1945, the Army Air Force (AAF) released the first specification providing a formal methodology for testing equipment under simulated environmental conditions. That document, entitled AAF Specification 41065, Equipment - General Specification for Environmental Test of, is the direct ancestor of MIL-STD-810. In 1965, the USAF released a technical report with data and information on the origination and development of natural and induced environmental tests intended for aerospace and ground equipment. By using that document, the design engineer obtained a clearer understanding of the interpretation, application, and relationship of environmental testing to military equipment and materiel.
The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST), a non-profit technical society, released the publication History and Rationale of MIL-STD-810 to capture the thought process behind the evolution of MIL-STD-810. It also provides a development history of test methods, rationale for many procedural changes, tailoring guidance for many test procedures, and insight into the future direction of the standard.
The MIL-STD-810 test series originally addressed generic laboratory environmental testing. The first edition of MIL-STD-810 in 1962 included only a single sentence allowing users to modify tests to reflect environmental conditions. Subsequent editions contained essentially the same phrase, but did not elaborate on the subject until MIL-STD-810D was issued marking one of the more significant revisions of the standard with its focus more on shock and vibration tests that closely mirrored real-world operating environments. MIL-STD-810F further defined test methods while continuing the concept of creating test chambers that simulate conditions likely to be encountered during a product's useful life rather than simply replicating the actual environments. More recently, MIL-STD-810G implements Test Method 527 calling for the use of multiple vibration exciters to perform multi-axis shaking that simultaneously excites all test article resonances and simulates real-world vibrations. This approach replaces the legacy approach of three distinct tests, that is, shaking a load first in its x axis, then its y axis, and finally in its z axis.
A matrix of the tests and methods of MIL-STD-810 through Revision G is available on the web and quite useful in comparing the changes among the various revisions .
The following table traces the specification's evolution in terms of environmental tailoring to meet a specific user's needs.
MIL-STD-810, Part one - General program guidelines
Part One of MIL-STD-810 describes management, engineering, and technical roles in the environmental design and test tailoring process. It focuses on the process of tailoring design and test criteria to the specific environmental conditions an equipment item is likely to encounter during its service life. New appendices support the succinctly presented text of Part One. It describes the tailoring process (i.e., systematically considering detrimental effects that various environmental factors may have on a specific equipment throughout its service life) and applies this process throughout the equipment's life cycle to meet user and interoperability needs.
MIL-STD-810, Part two - Laboratory test methods
Part Two of MIL-STD-810 contains the environmental laboratory test methods to be applied using the test tailoring guidelines described in Part One of the document. With the exception of Test Method 528, these methods are not mandatory, but rather the appropriate method is selected and tailored to generate the most relevant test data possible. Each test method in Part Two contains some environmental data and references, and it identifies particular tailoring opportunities. Each test method supports the test engineer by describing preferred laboratory test facilities and methodologies. These environmental management and engineering processes can be of enormous value to generate confidence in the environmental worthiness and overall durability of equipment and materiel. Still, the user must recognize that there are limitations inherent in laboratory testing that make it imperative to use engineering judgment when extrapolating from laboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, real-world environmental stresses (singularly or in combination) cannot be duplicated practically or reliably in test laboratories. Therefore, users should not assume that a system or component that passes laboratory tests of this standard also would pass field/fleet verification trials.
Specific examples of Test Methods called out in MIL-STD-810 are listed below:
Test Method 500.6 Low Pressure (Altitude)
Test Method 501.6 High Temperature
Test Method 502.6 Low Temperature
Test Method 503.6 Temperature Shock
Test Method 504.2 Contamination by Fluids
Test Method 505.6 Solar Radiation (Sunshine)
Test Method 506.6 Rain
Test Method 507.6 Humidity
Test Method 508.7 Fungus
Test Method 509.6 Salt Fog
Test Method 510.6 Sand and Dust
Test Method 511.6 Explosive Atmosphere
Test Method 512.5 Immersion
Test Method 513.7 Acceleration
Test Method 514.7 Vibration
Test Method 515.7 Acoustic Noise
Test Method 516.7 Shock
Test Method 517.2 Pyroshock
Test Method 518.2 Acidic Atmosphere
Test Method 519.7 Gunfire Shock
Test Method 520.4 Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, and Altitude
Test Method 521.4 Icing/Freezing Rain
Test Method 522.2 Ballistic Shock
Test Method 523.4 Vibro-Acoustic/Temperature
Test Method 524.1 Freeze / Thaw
Test Method 525.1 Time Waveform Replication
Test Method 526.1 Rail Impact.
Test Method 527.1 Multi-Exciter
Test Method 528.1 Mechanical Vibrations of Shipboard Equipment (Type I – Environmental and Type II – Internally Excited)
MIL-STD-810, Part three - World climatic regions
Part Three contains a compendium of climatic data and guidance assembled from several sources, including AR 70-38, Research, Development, Test and Evaluation of Materiel for Extreme Climatic Conditions (1979), a draft version of AR 70-38 (1990) that was developed using Air Land Battlefield Environment (ALBE) report information, Environmental Factors and Standards for Atmospheric Obscurants, Climate, and Terrain (1987), and MIL-HDBK-310, Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products. It also provides planning guidance for realistic consideration (i.e., starting points) of climatic conditions in various regions throughout the world.
Applicability to "ruggedized" consumer products
U.S. MIL-STD-810 is a flexible standard that allows users to tailor test methods to fit the application. As a result, a vendor's claims of "...compliance to U.S. MIL-STD-810..." can be misleading, because no commercial organization or agency certifies compliance, commercial vendors can create the test methods or approaches to fit their product. Suppliers can — and some do — take significant latitude with how they test their products, and how they report the test results. When queried, many manufacturers will admit no testing has actually been done and that the product is only designed/engineered/built-to comply with the standard. This is because many of the tests described can be expensive to perform and usually require special facilities. Consumers who require rugged products should verify which test methods that compliance is claimed against and which parameter limits were selected for testing. Also, if some testing was actually done they would have to specify: (i) against which test methods of the standard the compliance is claimed; (ii) to which parameter limits the items were actually tested; and (iii) whether the testing was done internally or externally by an independent testing facility.
Related documents
Environmental Conditions for Airborne Equipment: The document DO-160G, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment outlines a set of minimal standard environmental test conditions (categories) and corresponding test procedures for airborne equipment. It is published by the RTCA, Inc, formerly known as Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics until their re-incorporation in 1991 as a not-for-profit corporation that functions as a Federal Advisory Committee pursuant to the United States Federal Advisory Committee Act.
Environmental Test Methods for Defense Materiel: The Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) provides requirements for environmental conditions experienced by defence materiel in service via the Defence Standard 00-35, Environmental Handbook for Defence Materiel (Part 3) Environmental Test Methods. The document contains environmental descriptions, a range of tests procedures and default test severities representing conditions that may be encountered during the equipment's life.
NATO Environmental Guidelines for Defence Equipment: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) provides guidance to project managers, programme engineers, and environmental engineering specialists in the planning and implementation of environmental tasks via the Allied Environmental Conditions and Test Publication (AECTP) 100, Environmental Guidelines for Defence Materiel. The current document, AECTP-100 (Edition 3), was released January 2006.
Shock Testing Requirements for Naval Ships: The military specification entitled MIL-DTL-901E, Detail Specification, Shock Tests, H.I. (High-Impact) Shipboard Machinery, Equipment, and Systems, Requirements for (often mistakenly referred to as MIL-STD-901) covers shock testing requirements for ship board machinery, equipment, systems, and structures, excluding submarine pressure hull penetrations. Compliance to the document verifies the ability of shipboard installations to withstand shock loadings which may be incurred during wartime service due to the effects of nuclear or conventional weapons. The current specification was released 20 June 2017.
IEST Vibration and Shock Testing Recommended Practices:'' These documents are peer-reviewed documents that outline how to do specific tests. They are published by the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology.
See also
IP Code
Rugged computer
EN 62262
Industrial PC
References
External links
DOD MIL-STD-810 standard, Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests.
Military of the United States standards
Environmental testing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-810 |
An ampere-hour or amp-hour (symbol: A⋅h or A h; often simplified as Ah) is a unit of electric charge, having dimensions of electric current multiplied by time, equal to the charge transferred by a steady current of one ampere flowing for one hour, or 3,600 coulombs.
The commonly seen milliampere-hour (symbol: mA⋅h, mA h, often simplified as mAh) is one-thousandth of an ampere-hour (3.6 coulombs).
Use
The ampere-hour is frequently used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating and for battery capacity where the commonly known nominal voltage is dropped.
A milliampere second (mA⋅s) is a unit of measurement used in X-ray imaging, diagnostic imaging, and radiation therapy. It is equivalent to a millicoulomb. This quantity is proportional to the total X-ray energy produced by a given X-ray tube operated at a particular voltage. The same total dose can be delivered in different time periods depending on the X-ray tube current.
To help express energy, computation over charge values in ampere-hour requires precise data of voltage: in a battery system, for example, accurate calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of the power delivered (product of instantaneous voltage and instantaneous current) over the discharge interval. Generally, the battery voltage varies during discharge; an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the integration of power.
When comparing the energy capacities of battery-based products that might have different internal cell chemistries or cell configurations, a simple ampere-hour rating is often insufficient. For example, at 3.2 V for a battery cell, the perceived energy capacity of a small UPS product that has multiple DC outputs at different voltages but is simply listed with a single ampere-hour rating, e.g., 8800 mAh, would be exaggerated by a factor of 3.75 compared to that of a sealed 12-volt lead-acid battery where the ampere-hour rating, e.g., 7 Ah, is based on the total output voltage rather than the internal cell voltage, so the 12-volt output of the example UPS product can actually deliver only about a third of the energy of the example battery, not a quarter more energy. But a direct replacement product for the example battery, in the same form factor and comparable output voltage and energy capacity but based on , might also be specified as 7 Ah, here based on output voltage rather than cell chemistry. For consumers without an engineering background, these difficulties would be avoided by a specification of the watt-hour rating instead (or additionally).
In other units of electric charge
One ampere-hour is equal to (up to 4 significant figures):
3,600 coulombs
2.247 × 1022 elementary charges
0.03731 faradays
1.079 × 1013 statcoulombs (CGS-ESU equivalent)
360 abcoulombs (CGS-EMU equivalent)
Examples
An AA size dry cell has a capacity of about 2,000 to 3,000 milliampere-hours.
An average smartphone battery usually has between 2,500 and 4,000 milliampere-hours of electric capacity.
Automotive car batteries vary in capacity but a large automobile propelled by an internal combustion engine would have about a 50-ampere-hour battery capacity.
Since one ampere-hour can produce 0.336 grams of aluminium from molten aluminium chloride, producing a ton of aluminium required transfer of at least 2.98 million ampere-hours.
See also
Electrochemical equivalent
Kilowatt-hour (kW⋅h)
References
Units of electrical charge
Non-SI metric units | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere-hour |
Luiz Fernando Carvalho (born July 28, 1960, in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian filmmaker and television director, known for works closely linked to literature that constitute a renovation in Brazilian audiovisual aesthetics. He has already brought to the screen works by Ariano Suassuna, Raduan Nassar, Machado de Assis, Eça de Queirós, Roland Barthes, Clarice Lispector, Milton Hatoum, José Lins do Rego and Graciliano Ramos, among others.
Some critics compare Luiz Fernando Carvalho's productions to the Brazilian Cinema Novo and icons of film history such as Luchino Visconti and Andrei Tarkovsky. His work is characterized by visual and linguistic experimentation and exploration of the multiplicity of Brazil's cultural identity. The baroque style of overlays and interlacing of narrative genres, the relation to the moment in Time, the archetypal symbols of the Earth and the reflection on the language of social and family melodrama are features of the director's poetic language.
The filmmaker's works have met with both critical and public acclaim. He directed the film To the Left of the Father (Lavoura Arcaica) (2001), based on the homonymous novel by Raduan Nassar, cited by the critic Jean-Philippe Tessé in the French magazine Cahiers du Cinéma as a "ground-breaking promise of renovation, of an upheaval not seen in Brazilian cinema since Glauber Rocha, which won over 50 national and international awards. The telenovelas Renascer (Rebirth) (1993) and The King of the Cattle (O Rei do Gado) (1996), by screenwriter Benedito Ruy Barbosa and directed by Luiz Fernando Carvalho, are recognized as benchmarks of Brazilian television drama and achieved some of the highest audience ratings of the 1990s.
There is a marked contrast between the director's television works: from the pop design of the 60s in the series Ladies' Mail (Correio Feminino) (2013) to the classic rigor of the mini-series The Maias (Os Maias) (2001), the urban references of the working-class suburbs in the mini-series Suburbia (2012) to the playfulness of the soap My Little Plot of Land (Meu Pedacinho de Chão) (2014), the aesthetic research of the Sertão (backcountry) in Old River (Velho Chico) (2016) to the Brazilian fairytale of the mini-series Today is Maria's Day (Hoje É Dia de Maria) (2005) and the realistic universe of family tragedy in Two Brothers (Dois Irmãos) (2017).
The director's production process is renowned for identifying new talent from all over Brazil and for training actors, revealing new stars of the dramatic arts such as Letícia Sabatella, Eliane Giardini, Bruna Linzmeyer, Johnny Massaro, Irandhir Santos, Simone Spoladore, Caco Ciocler, Marcello Antony, Marco Ricca, Isabel Fillardis, Giselle Itié, Emilio Orciollo Netto, Sheron Menezes, Jackson Antunes, Maria Luísa Mendonça, Eduardo Moscovis, Jackson Costa, Leonardo Vieira, Cacá Carvalho, Luciana Braga, Julia Dalavia, Renato Góes, Cyria Coentro, Marina Nery, Júlio Machado, Bárbara Reis, Lee Taylor, Zezita de Matos, Mariene de Castro and Lucy Alves, among others. The director's actor coaching technique has given rise to a method recounted in the book O processo de criação dos atores de Dois Irmãos (The creation process of the actors in Dois Irmãos), by the photographer Leandro Pagliaro.
Early career: 1980s
Luiz Fernando Carvalho studied architecture and literature. He started out in cinema at 18 in a number of roles: audio technician, assistant director, screenwriter, short film editor, and director. His first TV work came in the early 80s, as assistant director of noteworthy mini-series, such as O Tempo e o Vento, based on the work of Érico Veríssimo, directed by Paulo José, and Grande Sertão: Veredas, from the work of João Guimarães Rosa, in which he started to direct his first scenes, still as assistant director to Walter Avancini.
The Waiting (A Espera)
He wrote and directed the short The Waiting (A Espera), based on the book A Lover's Discourse: Fragments (Fragments d'un discours amoureux) by Roland Barthes. Launched in 1986, the film collected the following awards: Best Short Film, Best Actress (Marieta Severo) and Best Cinematography (Walter Carvalho) at the 13th Festival de Gramado; Best Short Film (Golden Shell) at the San Sebastián International Film Festival (Spain); and the Special Jury Award at the Ste Therèse Festival (Canada).
1990s
Sweet River (Riacho Doce)
Early in the 90s, Luiz Fernando Carvalho directed a 40-chapter mini-series written by Aguinaldo Silva, based on the work of José Lins do Rego and starring Vera Fischer, Osmar Prado, Sebastião Vasconcelos, Carlos Alberto Riccelli and Fernanda Montenegro, with costumes by Beth Filipecki. The then inhospitable island of Fernando de Noronha (PE) served as the scene for the story, which is set in a small fishing village in the Northeast of Brazil.
The Cangaceiro's Revenge (Os Homens Querem Paz)
In 1991, Luiz Fernando Carvalho directed an adaptation of a script by Brazilian TV pioneer Péricles Leal, with costumes by Beth Filipecki. The telefilm was shot in the town of Canindé, Ceará, and reached the finals of the 34th New York Television Festival. This marked the television debut of actress Letícia Sabatella. The critic Rodrigo Fonseca affirmed that his first memory of Letícia Sabatella on TV was also when he discovered the existence of the "genius of direction that is Luiz Fernando".
Stone on Stone (Pedra Sobre Pedra)
In 1992, he directed the telenovela written by Aguinaldo Silva, considered to have reached the 6th largest audience in Brazilian television history. Notable cast members included: Lima Duarte, Renata Sorrah, Armando Bógus, Eva Wilma, Paulo Betti, Andréa Beltrão, Pedro Paulo Rangel and Eduardo Moscovis. Certain characters are regarded as landmarks in TV drama: Sergio Cabeleira (Osmar Prado) and the photographer Jorge Tadeu (Fábio Jr.).
The Tale of Our Lady of Light (O Auto de Nossa Senhora da Luz)
While filming Pedra sobre Pedra, Luiz Fernando Carvalho came up with a significant sequence inspired by Ariano Suassuna's Armorial Movement (Movimento Armorial) . The enormous success of the sequence, confirmed by the record number of requests by viewers for a rerun, was decisive in the transformation of the material into a telefilm, with additional scenes written by Braulio Tavares and interpreted by the actor and musician Antonio Nóbrega. It competed for the International Emmy Award in 1993.
Rebirth (Renascer)
The 1993 soap, written by Benedito Ruy Barbosa and directed by Luiz Fernando Carvalho, met with critical and public acclaim and was the most-watched in the 90s and 4th in audience ratings in the history of Brazilian television. It was also shown in several other countries. As directed by Luiz Fernando Carvalho, it is regarded as among the symbols of renovation of the aesthetics of the genre in the 90s. The character Buba, interpreted by Maria Luísa Mendonça, caused a national controversy, as it was the first time that the discussion of gender had been addressed in a telenovela. It received the APCA Award for Best Novela, Best Actor (Antônio Fagundes), Best Supporting Actor (Osmar Prado), Best Supporting Actress (Regina Dourado), Best Male Breakthrough Performance (Jackson Antunes). Leonardo Vieira, Jackson Antunes, Cacá Carvalho, Marco Ricca, Isabel Fillardis and Maria Luísa Mendonça were among the talents revealed in this work. The television entrepreneur José Bonifácio de Oliveira, considered the plot "well structured by Benedito, with a well-crafted first part, masterfully directed by Luiz Fernando Carvalho". According to Marilia Martins, few novelas had a first chapter directed with such polish and skill as Rebirth.
A Woman Clothed in Sun (Uma Mulher Vestida de Sol)
In 1994, the telefilm directed by Luiz Fernando Carvalho marked the first appearance of Ariano Suassuna's works on television. Based on the writer's unpublished novel of the same name, the script was the work of Ariano himself, in partnership with the director. Director of photography Dib Lufti, costumes by Luciana Buarque, and art production by Lia Renha. Scenography by the artist Fernando Velloso, from the Grupo Corpo dance group, music by Antônio Madureira, a member of the Armorial Quintet (Quinteto Armorial). With A Woman dressed in Sun (Uma Mulher Vestida de Sol), the director commenced his exploration of the limits of television language, combining elements of the popular theater of the Northeast. Luiz Carlos Vasconcelos's Grupo Piolim participated and the cast included Tereza Seiblitz, Lineu Dias, Sebastião Vasconcelos, Ana Lúcia Torre, Raul Cortez and the then novice actor Floriano Peixoto. According to the researcher of Literature Hélio Guimarães, the work gave rise to an impasse at the TV station: was Luíz Fernando Carvalho too big for the Globo screen?
The Farce of Pleasant Idleness (A Farsa da Boa Preguiça)
One year after A Woman dressed in Sun (Uma Mulher Vestida de Sol), in 1995, Luiz Fernando Carvalho resumed his connection with the writer Ariano Suassuna, this time transforming the play The Farce of Pleasant Idleness (A Farsa da Boa Preguiça) into a telefilm . The director continued his search for a hybrid language for television, as a way of criticizing the naturalism of the novelas. Art production and costumes by Yurika Yamasaki and the artist Dantas Suassuna, participation of Antonio Nóbrega, Patrícia França, Ary Fontoura and Marieta Severo. According to the critic Rogério Durst, the telefilm was a major feat of TV drama.
The King of the Cattle (O Rei do Gado)
The King of the Cattle (O Rei do Gado), 1996, the director's next collaboration with the author Benedito Ruy Barbosa, became the novela with the 9th largest audience in Brazilian television history. It was rescreened three times, outrating other productions of the time, and was sold to over 30 countries. It marked the debut of Marcello Antony, Caco Ciocler, Mariana Lima, Emilio Orciollo Netto and Lavínia Vlasak. Other significant aspects of the novela were its social criticism and sensitive approach to the Landless Workers Movement (movimento dos sem-terra). The actors Jackson Antunes and Ana Beatriz Nogueira stand out in this context. The cast included Antônio Fagundes, Patricia Pillar, Leticia Spiller and Raul Cortez with guest appearances in the early stages by Tarcisio Meira, Eva Wilma and Vera Fischer. The character Tião Galinha, interpreted by Osmar Prado, is a landmark of his career. The novela received the Certificate of Merit at the San Francisco International Film Festival and the APCA Award for Best Actor (Raul Cortez), Best Supporting Actor (Leonardo Brício), Best Supporting Actress (Walderez de Barros) and Best Male Breakthrough Performance (Caco Ciocler). Fernando de Barros e Silva wrote, in the Folha de S.Paulo, "The King of the Cattle (O Rei do Gado) swallows up Brazilian cinema". According to critic Rogerio Durst, the novela is "a dramatic epic with first class special appearances and superb photography".
Tiao Galinha belongs to another soap opera: “Renascer”.
Giovanna and Henrico (Giovanna e Henrico)
The quality of the first seven chapters of The King of the Cattle (O Rei do Gado), showing the decline of the coffee cycle and Brazil's participation in World War II, prompted The Globo Network's International Division to transform the first part of the novela into the mini-series Giovanna and Henrico, with Letícia Spiller and Leonardo Brício playing the lead couple. The production was selected as hors-concours at the Banff World Media Festival, in Canada.
May your eyes be blessed (Que Teus Olhos Sejam Atendidos)
Before the end of the 90s, Luiz Fernando Carvalho had already started on research for the feature film To the Left of The Father (Lavoura Arcaica). Together with the author of the novel, Raduan Nassar, he traveled to Lebanon to familiarize himself with Mediterranean culture. The material collected during the trip was used to produce the documentary May your eyes be blessed (Que Teus Olhos Sejam Atendidos), screened on GNT in 1997. In the opinion of critic Rodrigo Fonseca, the documentary "honed to the limit of tragic fatality its investigation of time".
2000s
To the Left of The Father (Lavoura Arcaica)
In 2001, the director made his first feature film, To the Left of the Father (Lavoura Arcaica), in which he was responsible for directing, screenplay and editing, with cinematography by Walter Carvalho, art direction by Yurika Yamazaki and costume design by Beth Filipecki. The cast included Selton Mello, Raul Cortez, Simone Spoladore, Leonardo Medeiros, Caio Blat and Juliana Carneiro da Cunha. Aiming to maintain the connection with the poetic prose of Raduan Nassar's book, the director elected to film without a defined script, based entirely on the actors' improvisations on the theme. This involved intensive coaching of the cast, secluded on a farm for four months. The film's creation and production process was discussed in the book About To the Left of The Father ("Sobre Lavoura Arcaica"), in which the director is interviewed by José Carlos Avellar, Geraldo Sarno, Miguel Pereira, Ivana Bentes, Arnaldo Carrilho and Liliane Heynemann, launched in Portuguese, English and French by the publisher Ateliê Editorial. It was success with the critics and the public, reaching 300 thousand viewers with just two copies, one in Rio de Janeiro and the other in São Paulo. It is considered one of the 100 best Brazilian films of all times, according to the Brazilian Film Critics Association (Abraccine). It had a successful career in a number of national and international festivals, receiving over 50 awards at the Montreal World Film Festival, the Rio Film Festival, the São Paulo International Film Festival, the Grand Prix for Brazilian Film, the Brasília Film Festival, the Havana Film Festival, the Cartagena Film Festival, the Guadalajara International Film Festival, the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema, among others. In the opinion of writer and psychoanalyst Renato Tardivo, author of Porvir que vem antes de tudo – literatura e cinema em Lavoura Arcaica, the film is one of the most important works of Brazilian cinema “of all times”. The critic Carlos Alberto de Mattos described it as the first work of art of the Brazilian cinema in the 21st century. The film was acclaimed by the critics of various countries and, according to the French magazine Cahiers du Cinéma, To the Left of the Father is a "barbarous poem verging on hallucination, of extraordinary power".
The Maias (Os Maias)
A 2001 production, this mini-series based on the homonymous novel by Eça de Queirós and adapted by Maria Adelaide Amaral was another landmark in the director's career. The Maias portrays the decadent Portuguese aristocracy in the second half of the 19th century, through the tragic story of a traditional Lisbon family. Costumes by Beth Filipecki and direction of photography by José Tadeu Ribeiro. In the opinion of writer Luis Fernando Veríssimo, "the extraordinarily mobile camera of Luiz Fernando Carvalho “visited”, more than portrayed, the frivolous Lisbon of the time and all the novel's atmospheres. But beneath it all, there was this majestic progression, from the first scene to the denouement, the moving camera conducting us like a slow tragic theme tune that recalls a symphony. No TV camera has ever been so complicit and seductive, never has TV been so romantic".
Today is Maria's Day (Hoje é Dia de Maria)
Over two seasons, Today is Maria's Day (Hoje É Dia de Maria) (2005), a mini-series in which he was also responsible for creation and script, consolidated the director's linguistic research. His co-writers were Luis Alberto de Abreu and Carlos Alberto Soffredini, basing themselves on a selection of stories taken from popular Brazilian oral storytelling tradition, collected by the writers Câmara Cascudo, Mário de Andrade and Sílvio Romero. Art direction by Lia Renha, guest artist Raimundo Rodriguez, direction of photography by José Tadeu Ribeiro and costumes by Luciana Buarque. The 60 marionettes that represented the animals were produced by the Grupo Giramundo, from Minas Gerais state. The work marked the start of the partnership between the director and psychoanalyst Carlos Byington, as advisor on the mythological dramatization of the text. The mini-series was conceived under a 360º dome, scrap from a rock show stage. The sound track, by Tim Rescala, was based on cirandas (traditional dances) by Heitor Villa-Lobos, César Guerra-Peixe and Francisco Mignone. Designer Jum Nakao was responsible for some of the costumes, with animation of the stop-motion scenes by Cesar Coelho, founder of the Anima Mundi festival. It received the 2005 APCA (Associação Paulista de Críticos de Arte) Critics' Choice Award, the ABC Best Photography Award, the Contigo Award for Best Director and Best Child Actress and the Brazil Quality Award (Prêmio Qualidade Brasil ) for Best Director, Television – Best Special Project, Best Author and Best Breakthrough Actress, and reached the finals of the 2005 International Emmy Award, in the categories Best Mini-Series and Best Actress. It was nominated Hors Concours by the Banff World Media Festival, in Canada (2006), and the Input International Board Taipei (2005). Compared with To the Left of the Father on account of its innovative television language, it caught the attention of critics and public by its novel, theatrical and playful language in transporting the universe of popular culture to a sophisticated television production, without losing its authenticity. The critic Nilson Xavier considers it one of the most poetic, original and beautiful productions of recent years. According to Jean-Philippe Tessé, in the French magazine Cahiers du Cinéma, the mini-series was very ambitious and formally very well produced, following other noteworthy projects such as The Maias (Os Maias).
Stone of the Kingdom (A Pedra do Reino)
In 2007, the director's third production based on the works of Ariano Suassuna brought to the TV the Romance d'A Pedra do Reino e o Príncipe do Sangue do Vai-e-Volta. The mini-series is regarded as yet another aesthetic innovation by the director, as in To the Left of the Father (Lavoura Arcaica) and Today is Maria's Day (Hoje é Dia de Maria). The script was the work of Luiz Fernando Carvalho, in collaboration with Luis Alberto de Abreu and Braulio Tavares, direction of photography by Adrian Teijido, scenography by João Irenio Maia, editing by Marcio Hashimoto and costumes by Luciana Buarque. Colorist Sergio Pasqualino. Regional artists, coordinated by the artist Raimundo Rodriguez, assisted with the art production. Music by Antônio Madureira (Quinteto Armorial) and Marco Antônio Guimarães (Uakti). The cast was the fruit of the director's extensive search for talent throughout the backcountry (sertão) of the Northeast. The television debut of the actors Irandhir Santos and Mayana Neiva and the singer Renata Rosa, among many others. It was filmed in the town of Taperoá, where Ariano Suassuna spent his childhood. During the coaching process, the team and cast attended lectures, out in the sertão, by the actress Fernanda Montenegro, the psychoanalyst Carlos Byington and the writer himself. Ariano Suassuna affirmed that Luiz Fernando Carvalho's recreation of his Romance d’A Pedra do Reino resulted in an "extraordinarily beautiful work that moved him as author and individual, as a spectator".
Quadrante Project (Projeto Quadrante)
Based on Stone of the Kingdom (A Pedra do Reino) (2007), the director set up the Quadrante Project with the intention of making a series of regional drama programs to rediscover the Brazilian imaginary through adaptations of literary texts of authors from each Brazilian state. Similarly, local actors act out the texts. The richness of the project lay in the discovery of regional talent: authors, actors, composers, artists in general. The project recognized the human potential of each regional culture, looking beyond the simplistic image of a postcard. In addition to Stone of the Kingdom, the Quadrante is made up of the mini-series Capitu (2008), based on the book Dom Casmurro, by Machado de Assis, and Dois Irmãos (2017), by Milton Hatoum.
Capitu
In 2008, Luiz Fernando Carvalho directed and finalized the script for this adaptation of the book Dom Casmurro, by Machado de Assis. The mini-series was written by Euclydes Marinho in collaboration with Daniel Piza, Luis Alberto de Abreu and Edna Palatnik. Art direction by Raimundo Rodriguez, photography by Adrian Teijido and costumes by Beth Filipecki. Colorist Sergio Pasqualino. It marked the TV debut of actors Letícia Persiles and Michel Melamed, among others. The mini-series was filmed in the abandoned Automóvel Clube building, in downtown Rio de Janeiro, and the whole scenographic universe was created from newspaper and recycled material. The opening credits scene was conceived by the director and created by the designer Carlos Bêla. The production is part of the Quadrante Project and was the director's tribute to Machado de Assis on the centenary of his death. It received the APCA (Associação Paulista de Críticos de Arte) Critic's Choice Award (2009), ABC Best Photography Award (from the Associação Brasileira de Cinematografia) and the Creative Review award in the Best in Book and Design and Art Director categories. In the opinion of critic Gustavo Bernardo, the mini-series deserves "to be viewed and reviewed countless times, at least because each fragment of a scene is precious for its beauty". According to theatre director Gabriel Villela, Luiz Fernando Carvalho produces works of art on the screen, calls on the viewer's vivacity so that he accepts nothing masticated, but masticates along with Casmurro. For Randall Johnson, director of the UCLA Latin American Institute, "Luiz Fernando Carvalho is today, without doubt, the director whose work is the most authorial of all TV and cinema production in Brazil".
2010s
After all, what does a woman want (Afinal, O Que Querem as Mulheres?)
In 2010, Luiz Fernando Carvalho created, directed and wrote the mini-series inspired by Sigmund Freud's: famous question "What does a woman want?". João Paulo Cuenca, Cecilia Giannetti and Michel Melamed collaborated on the script. As well as acting in the production, Melamed created the opening sound track. The direction of Photography Adrian Teijido, costumes by Beth Filipecki and art direction by Raimundo Rodriguez. The director launched actress Bruna Linzmeyer’s career in this production. Osmar Prado shared the part of Freud with a model animated by Cesar Coelho, founder of the Anima Mundi festival, using the stop-motion technique. The opening vignette features the work of German artist Olaf Hajek, who also produced special illustrations for the mini-series by invitation of the director. It received the ABC award (Associação Brasileira de Cinematografia) for Best Photography. According to columnist Patrícia Kogut, "it is an oneiric journey, a visual poem that blends realities, full of references to times past, to what has been experienced, to what lingers in memory".
Suburbia
In 2012, Luiz Fernando Carvalho inaugurated in TV drama a production in which all the protagonists are of African descent. The mini-series, created and written by the director in partnership with Paulo Lins, counted on the collaboration of Adrian Teijido (Photography), Luciana Buarque (Costumes), Marcio Hashimoto (Editing) and Sergio Pasqualino (Colorist). It also marked the start of another research cycle, in which the director focused on realist aesthetics, which influenced the language as a whole, but mainly in the choice of non-actors for the main parts. The nearly 40 actors launched in the mini-series include artists of the groups Nós do Morro and Afroreggae. Érika Januza, until then secretary of a school in the interior of Minas Gerais state, was chosen to play the main character of the story. Guest appearance by Fabrício Boliveira, Rosa Marya Colin, Haroldo Costa, Maria Salvadora, Paulo Tiefenthaler and Dani Ornellas, among others. In 2012, the Globo network took the series up again for a second season in 2013 due to its satisfactory audience ratings. Later, however, the director Luiz Fernando Carvalho chose to cancel the new season. In the opinion of anthropologist Luiz Eduardo Soares, the work was a "reconstructive reading of the carioca society, producing a superb result ".
Ladies' Mail (Correio Feminino)
A mini-series in eight episodes, created and directed by Luiz Fernando Carvalho based on women's journals written by Clarice Lispector in the 1950s and 1960s, under the pseudonym Helen Palmer. The visual language and narrative were based on 60s pop art and design, from the costumes to the lighting and set; all filmed in a single lightbox, which changed color according to the subjects addressed. Adapted by Maria Camargo, the series was shown in 2013 as part of the program Fantástico, with costumes by Thanara Schönardie and Luciana Buarque, photography by Mikeas and edited by Marcio Hashimoto. The actress Maria Fernanda Cândido played Helen Palmer narrating all the episodes. In the cast, Luiza Brunet interpreted the mature woman, and Alessandra Maestrini, the young woman. The adolescent is Cintia Dicker, an international model whose acting career was launched in the mini-series. In the opinion of critic Patricia Kogut, the series is "inspired, pleasant, in good taste and unpretentious, like Clarice's texts as Helen Palmer".
Alexandre and Other Heroes (Alexandre e Outros Heróis)
A 2013 telefilm, with script by Luis Alberto de Abreu and Luiz Fernando Carvalho based on two stories by the Alagoan writer Graciliano Ramos. Luiz Fernando Carvalho's coaching and directing of the actors revealed a new code of interpretation to Marcelo Serrado and Ney Latorraca, as well as a harmony in the quality of the interpretations. Direction of photography by Mickeas, art direction by Raimundo Rodriguez and costumes by Luciana Buarque. Incidental sound track by Tim Rescala. Opening theme by the Pernambucan Siba. The cast of the TV special, a finalist in the 2014 International Emmy Awards, also included Flávio Bauraqui, Flávio Rocha, Marcélia Cartaxo and Luci Pereira. Critic Patricia Kogut considered the telefilm a miniature work of art on television.
My Little Plot of Land (Meu Pedacinho de Chão)
This 2014 production marked the director's return to the telenovela format after 12 years of dedicating himself to mini-series and more authorial projects. My Little Plot of Land (Meu Pedacinho de Chão) was written by Benedito Ruy Barbosa and directed by Luiz Fernando Carvalho, with art production by Marco Cortez, art work by Raimundo Rodriguez and costumes by Thanara Schönardie. The critics praised various aspects, from the harmony of the quality of acting to the editing, direction, costumes, scenography and aesthetics, inspired by Westerns and Japanese manga (comics). Luiz Fernando Carvalho's direction of the actors revealed a new code of interpretation, noted by the critics, to actors such as Juliana Paes and Rodrigo Lombardi. The team's creative process and cast coaching to shape the aesthetics of My Little Plot of Land took place at TVLiê, known as Galpão, which operated from 2013 to 2017. The space brought together all the creative teams and was conceived by Luiz Fernando Carvalho, at Projac, for collaborative project creation and talent training. In addition to My Little Plot of Land (Meu Pedacinho de Chão), the works Female Messages (Correio Feminino), Alexander and Other Heroes (Alexandre e Outros Heróis), Old River (Velho Chico) and The Brothers (Dois Irmãos) were created in the Galpão. The whole process of creation and production of the novela in the Galpão is described by the journalist Melina Dalboni in the book Meu Pedacinho de Chão, which has drawings, sketches and photos by the director and the team (published by Casa da Palavra). Sets and costumes were envisaged through the playful eye of childhood, and according to the columnist Patrícia Kogut, contributed to a beautiful invented universe, far different from what we are used to seeing on TV. The houses were faced with recycled cans, based on the work of artist Raimundo Rodriguez. The costumes, the subject of an exhibition, mixed technological fabrics and plastic material. Cesar Coelho, of the Anima Mundi Festival, used stop-motion and time-lapse techniques for all the animation. The novela received the APCA (Associação Paulista de Críticos de Arte) Award for Best Actor (Irandhir Santos); Contigo Magazine Award for Best Child Actor (Tomás Sampaio) and Best Director; the Extra television award for Best Costumes and Best Makeup (Rubens Libório); and the Quem Magazine award for Best Actor (Irandhir Santos), Best Supporting Actor (Johnny Massaro) and Best Author (Benedito Ruy Barbosa). The critic Cristina Padiglione regards the novela as worthy of a standing ovation, and in the opinion of Alexandra Moraes "the images, at first sight childish, gain relevance with colors and effects of dramatic intent. Good performances and the firm hand of the director give the plot meaning".
Old River (Velho Chico)
In 2016, Old River (Velho Chico) marked Luiz Fernando Carvalho's return to prime time, directing the novela written by Benedito Ruy Barbosa and Bruno Luperi, which again carried the imprint of the new esthetic in TV drama. The novela was divided into two phases, with direction of photography by Alexandre Fructuoso and costumes by Thanara Schönardie. Highlights were the photography and acclaimed performances by the actors Antônio Fagundes, Lucy Alves, Domingos Montagner, Lee Taylor, Marcos Palmeira, Chico Diaz, Renato Góes, Rodrigo Lombardi, Dira Paes, Irandhir Santos, Fabiula Nascimento, Julia Dalavia, Cyria Coentro, Barbara Reis, Julio Machado, Umberto Magnani, Camila Pitanga, Christiane Torloni, Marcelo Serrado, Gabriel Leone, Giulia Buscaccio, Mariene de Castro, Gésio Amadeu, José Dumont, Marcélia Cartaxo and others. The cast was of a uniformity rarely seen in novelas, resulting in countless awards for its actors, including the APCA (Associação Paulista de Críticos de Arte) Award for Best Actress for Selma Egrei and the Critics' Choice Award for Domingos Montagner(posthumous) and the production also won Best Supporting Actress (Selma Egrei), Best Supporting Actor (Irandhir Santos), Best Breakthrough Actress (Lucy Alves) and Best Breakthrough Actor (Lee Taylor), with Veja Rio's Carioca of the Year Award going to Luiz Fernando Carvalho for the renovated aesthetic of prime time television. The team's creative process and cast coaching lasted only three months and took place at TVliê, Luiz Fernando Carvalho's collaborative creative space, which operated at Projac between 2013 and 2017 and was known as Galpão. The first phase, applauded by the critics, marked the return of actor Rodrigo Santoro to the Globo fold and revealed the hitherto undiscovered talent of Carol Castro. Tarcísio Meira, in just two episodes, put in an impressive performance, as did actress Selma Egrei, who took part in both phases of the novela. The cast was selected after an extensive search for actors from the Northeast and marked the debut in novelas of Lucy Alves, Renato Góes, Marina Nery, Barbara Reis, Diyo Coelho, Xangai, Veronica Cavalcanti, Lee Taylor, Zezita de Matos, Mariene de Castro, Yara Charry, Raiza Alcântara, Lucas Veloso, Sueli Bispo and the comedian Batoré. The last chapters of the novela pay tribute to the actor Domingos Montagner (Santo), who drowned in the São Francisco river two weeks before the end of the serial. The character was maintained in the plot even after the actor's death through the language created by Luiz Fernando Carvalho, in which a single subjective camera interpreted Santo's viewpoint, so his presence was felt, engaging with all the other characters, to the end. The novela came under strong pressure from the Globo network's drama department, calling for modifications to the text, storyline and esthetics. The director and the author, Benedito Ruy Barbosa, stood firm and refused to make the changes to Old River (Velho Chico). The in-house crisis made the TV columns and was described as a form of public pressure on Luiz Fernando Carvalho. According to the critic Maurício Stycer, Old River (Velho Chico) is a landmark in the recent history of Brazilian TV, on account of its esthetic ambition and cultural relevance. According to Nilson Xavier, the novela “had incontestable technical and artistic quality, from the direction to the photography, sound track and the actors’ performances. It competed for the International Emmy Award for Best Telenovela of 2017.
Lavoura Arcaica, 15 years on
Tribute was paid to the film To the Left of the Father in 2017, 15 years after it was made and on account of it being hailed as one of the most important Brazilian films of all time, at the Rio International Film Festival and the São Paulo International Film Festival, where a 35 mm copy was shown. As part of the tribute at the Rio International Film Festival, artist Raimundo Rodriguez created an installation that went on show for a month at the Estação Net Botafogo, with memorabilia from the film, reviews and the director's notebooks. For Ismail Xavier and Ilana Feldman, Lavoura was born in 2001, emerging as a foreign body in the scenario of early 21st century Brazilian film, marked by its realism and its direct confrontation with Brazilian social and urban issues.
Two Brothers (Dois Irmãos)
Screened in 2017, the mini-series written by Maria Camargo based on the homonymous novel by Milton Hatoum was regarded by critics as another quality contribution to Brazilian television on account of the poetic style applied by the director to the adaptation of the novel. Direction of photography by Alexandre Fructuoso, costumes by Thanara Schönardie, scenography by Danielly Ramos, Juliana Carneiro and Mariana Villas-Bôas, art production by Marco Cortez and Myriam Mendes. The production is part of the Quandrante Project and gained kudos with writer Milton Hatoum's television debut. According to the publishing house Companhia das Letras, the book sales increased by some 500% after the start of the mini-series. Careers launched in Two Brothers include actors Matheus Abreu (Omar and Yaqub as an adolescent), the indigenous Zahy Guajajara (the índia Domingas) and the singer Bruna Caram (Rânia in the adult phase). The Lebanese actor Mounir Maasri made a guest appearance in the mini-series and was also responsible for the prosody (stress patterns) of the cast. The quality of the acting of the whole cast was stressed by the critics and also on social media and reached the worldwide and Brazilian Trending Topics throughout the series: Eliane Giardini and Juliana Paes as Zana; Antônio Fagundes and Antonio Calloni as Halim; and Cauã Reymond and Matheus Abreu as the twins Omar and Yaqub. It was filmed in 2015, but at the request of the Globo network, the director agreed to make the novela Old River (Velho Chico) before he finished editing Dois Irmãos, which was shown in January 2017. A number of innovative relevant points in the director's language were highlighted: the relation between literature and the transposition into images, photography, framing, poetic language and sound track, which included hits from various decades to contextualize the period in which the mini-series was set. In addition, Luiz Fernando Carvalho inaugurated, on TV, the dialogue between the fictional scenes and images from the archives of Brazilian History, with the research of historical material done by Raquel Couto.
According to the critic Maurício Stycer, in an article published in the Folha de S.Paulo newspaper about Netflix's investment in Brazil, the miniseries was a startling revelation to those who normally only have access to terrestrial channels in Brazil. For Luiz Zanin, the miniseries was about Brazil and the thwarted ideal of a multi-ethnic, sensual and carefree nation. “An elegant delicacy served up to the public, and which will leave it wanting more". Critic Carlos Alberto de Mattos wrote that what was seen in The Brothers (Dois Irmãos) “was not a realistic reflection, but an exuberant image, a mythical saga, a work of art”.
In February 2017, Luiz Fernando Carvalho left the Globo Network (Rede Globo) after 30 years of working for the TV station.
In 2017, the director received the APCA Award for Two Brothers (Dois Irmãos), the International Emmy Award for Best Telenovela Nomination for Old River (Velho Chico) and the Bravo Award (Prêmio Bravo) for Artist of the Year, for his trajectory and esthetic renovation on television with Old River (Velho Chico) and Two Brothers (Dois Irmãos) and the 15th anniversary of the film To the Left of The Father (Lavoura Arcaica).
2020s
The Passion According to G.H. (A Paixão Segundo G.H.)
In 2018, Carvalho filmed an adaptation based on based on The Passion According to G.H., novel by Clarice Lispector. It’s in post-production. Is the second feature film by the filmmaker after the award-winning To the Left of the Father (Portuguese: Lavoura Arcaica) (2001), also a cinematographic version of a classic of Brazilian literature. It was during the editing of "Lavoura Arcaica" that Luiz Fernando Carvalho had contact with G.H. - central novel of Clarice Lispector's work. The movie was entirely filmed in a penthouse of the neighbourhood of Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, and presents Maria Fernanda Candido as the main character, G.H.
IndependênciaS
IndependênciaS was a drama series in 16 episodes developed by Carvalho and written by Luis Alberto de Abreu, Alex Moletta, Paulo Garfunkel and Melina Dalboni with the collaboration of Kaká Werá Djecupé, Ynaê Lopes dos Santos, Cidinha da Silva and Tiganá Santana. The series was premiered to coincide with Brazil's Bicentennial Day, September 7th of 2022, making a contemporary rereading of the facts of the country’s history in the 19th century, from the escape of the Portuguese royal family to Brazil in 1808 to the death of Pedro I of Brazil, in 1834, in Portugal.
The cast comprises a blend of renowned actors, such as Antonio Fagundes, Daniel de Oliveira, Isabel Zuaa, Gabriel Leone, Ilana Kaplan, André Frateschi, Celso Frateschi, Cassio Scapin, Rafael Cortez, Walderez de Barros and Maria Fernanda Candido, and newcomers, such as Alana Ayoká, Marcela Vivan, Veronia Mucúna, Jamila Cazumbá and Ywy'zar Guajajara.
The premise of the series was the need to review the representation of historical processes, such as the "Independence or Death" painting, considered the most consecrated, widespread representation of Brazil's moment of independence. Referring to the portrait of Pedro Américo, director, Luiz Fernando Carvalho wrote, "It all seems false, a kind of fake news of the time, imperialist and exclusionary. We wondered: Where are the women? What happened to Maria Felipa, Leopoldina, Maria Quiteria and martyrs like Soror Joana Angélica, José Bonifácio, Frei Caneca and Chaguinhas? And other people too, anonymous heroes of so many popular uprisings? Where’s Marisqueiras de Itaparica”.
The series was well received by critics. For Estado de S. Paulo critic, Ubiratan Brasil, the series is a "program that will make history. It is certainly one of the best productions of the year."
According to the philosopher, sociologist and regional director of Sesc-SP, Danilo Santos de Miranda, the first episode "left us all impacted by the sheer artistic beauty and the much-needed fresh approach to this chapter of our history."
Folha de S. Paulo journalist, Naief Haddad wrote: "the originality from a visual and narrative point of view, which characterizes Carvalho’s works, is another mark of the series.(...) In the 200 years since the Cry of Ipiranga, an unusual and fallible emperor is silenced, without the hero pose eternalized in the portrait of Pedro Américo."
In the article by critic, Rodrigo Fonseca, "The first episode (...) is synesthetic splendor, mixing file images of villages, photos, paintings and a stunning performance by Ilana Kaplan as Carlota Joaquina. In its dramaturgy (simultaneously baroque and pop), this opening chapter focuses on a cartography of human indignity imposed on peoples from Latin Pangeia and the enslaved Africans. It is a kind of “La Chinoise” (1967), with the entire semiotics of Godard, yesterday and today."
For director, Gabriel Priolli, "IndependênciaS is light years ahead of the unambitious aesthetics of the current soap operas, and even Brazilian series, which are supposed to be an evolution of the progenitor. It is not an entertainment product. Rather, it’s a work of art."
Personal life
He was married to the artist Sandra Burgos.
He was married to the actress Tereza Seiblitz.
He was married to the actress Letícia Persiles.
Bibliography
The following books written by Luiz Fernando Carvalho are references for this article. For the complete list of books about the director, see Luiz Fernando Carvalho Bibliography
Filmography
References
External links
Luiz Fernando Carvalho - Official website
*
To The Left of The Father - Mostra de Cinema de SP
A La Gauche du Pere - Comme au Cinema
A La Gauche du Pere - AlloCine
Luiz Fernando Carvalho - Enciclopedia Itaú Cultural
Luiz Fernando Carvalho - Estadão
Luiz Fernando Carvalho - Ateliê Editorial
Luiz Fernando Carvalho - Mostra de Cinema de SP
Luiz Fernando Carvalho - Filme B
Luiz Fernando Carvalho - Adoro Cinema
Lavoura Arcaica - Festival do Rio
Luiz Fernando Carvalho no Twitter
Luiz Fernando Carvalho no Facebook
1960 births
Living people
Mass media people from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian film directors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz%20Fernando%20Carvalho |
Solex vs. the Hitmeister is the debut studio album by Dutch musician Solex. It was released on 10 March 1998 by Matador Records.
Critical reception
Heather Phares of AllMusic wrote, "A completely unique combination of beats, samples, and voice, Solex is insular and inventive, revealing an artist with a very personal kind of creativity." David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said, "The echoey, rattling, wind-tunnel music lends an even eerier power to her tales of obsessions both romantic and physical."
In 2015, Fact placed Solex vs. the Hitmeister at number 28 on its list of the best trip hop albums of all time.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Solex (Elisabeth Esselink) – performance, production, mixing, sleeve design
Gerard Atema – clarinet
Geert de Groot – guitar, piano, cello, bass guitar, melodica
Frans Hagenaars – production, engineering, mixing
Flip Heurckmans – engineering (assistant)
Jeroen Kramer – saxophone, clarinet
Robert Lagendijk – drums, vocals
Colette Sloots – graphic editing
References
External links
1998 debut albums
Solex (musician) albums
Albums recorded in a home studio
Matador Records albums
Experimental pop albums
Trip hop albums
Sound collage albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solex%20vs.%20the%20Hitmeister |
10 Years Younger in 10 Days, previously called 10 Years Younger (and sometimes called 10 Years Younger: The Challenge), is a make over show aired on Channel 5 in Britain and repeated on its 5Star network. As 10 Years Younger, the series debuted as a Channel 4 programme in 2004, before being relaunched and rebranded by Channel 5 in 2020.
Presented for its first five series by Nicky Hambleton-Jones, who was replaced by Myleene Klass for series six, with Cherry Healey hosting the show for Channel 5, with the programme's full name also being used in Australia.
About the show
With the help of experts the participant of the show is given a complete make over in an attempt to make them look 10 Years Younger, partially through plastic surgery. At the start of the programme the person's age is guessed by 100 people on the street and an average is taken. From this average the target image is set. At the end of the show this happens again to see the results.
The programme regularly makes use of cosmetic surgery, which has attracted criticism from some quarters. However, in his book 10 Years Younger: Cosmetic Surgery Bible, the show's resident consultant surgeon Jan Stanek says: "I decided to take part in the series because I felt that it offered an opportunity to shine an honest light on what was involved in cosmetic surgery and to address some of the common misconceptions about it."
Experts
Presenter:
Series 1–5: Nicky Hambleton-Jones (and clothing stylist)
Series 6: Myleene Klass
Series 6: Denise Welch (Narrator)
Series 7-8: Cherry Healey (Channel 5, Series 1-2)
Jan Stanek - Cosmetic surgery
Dr Uchenna Okoye - Dentistry
John Vial - Hair
Andrew Barton - Hair
Guy Parsons - Hair
Karen Melvin - Hair Colour
Ruby Hammer - Make-up (Series 1–5)
Lisa Eldridge - Make-up
Gemma Sheppard - Style and fashion
Kat Byrne - Behind the scenes assistance with clothing
Dan Reinstein - Specialist Laser Eye Surgery Ophthalmic Surgeon
Books
There are currently three books which accompany the series. The first two are both written by former presenter Nicky Hambleton-Jones. The third book is written by Jan Stanek with Hayley Treacy.
10 Years Younger in 10 Days (Paperback - 17 January 2005)
10 Years Younger Nutrition Bible (Paperback - 2 February 2006)
10 Years Younger Cosmetic Surgery Bible (Paperback - 1 February 2007)
International versions
See also
London Welbeck Hospital - a hospital used in the show
References
External links
10 Years Younger at Channel4.com
10 Years Younger Top pick on Maverick Television site
10 Years Younger Review
Review, Leicester Mercury
Live Show
Channel 4 original programming
2004 British television series debuts
2000s British reality television series
2010s British reality television series
2020s British reality television series
English-language television shows
Television series by All3Media
Television series about plastic surgery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%20Years%20Younger%20%28British%20TV%20series%29 |
WheelPower is the national organisation for wheelchair sports in the United Kingdom, and aims to help people with disabilities improve their quality of life.
Formally named the British Wheelchair Sports Foundation, it is a registered charity and is based at Stoke Mandeville Stadium in Buckinghamshire. Its Patrons include Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson and Ade Adepitan.
History
WheelPower originally formed in as the British Paraplegic Sports Society.
The organisation was founded by the late Professor Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who revolutionised the treatment of people with spinal cord injury at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in the late 1940s. Guttmann began using sport as a vital part of the rehabilitation of Second World War veterans and in 1948 he set up a competition between sports clubs and other hospitals to coincide with the London Olympic Games.
From those early days a worldwide sports movement has developed for not only those with spinal injuries but also many other different types of disability.
In 1952 competitors from the Netherlands took part in the competition, giving an international notion to the movement.
In 1960, the Olympics were held in Rome, and Guttmann brought 400 wheelchair athletes to the Olympic city to compete. Although officially called the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, the Paralympics were born. The first Winter Paralympics were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden in 1976.
Since 1988, the Summer Paralympics have been held in the conjunction with the Olympic Games in the same host city and this practice was adopted in 1992 for the Winter Paralympics.
The name Paralympics derives from the Greek "para" ("beside" or "alongside") and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the Olympic Games. No relation with paralysis or paraplegia was intended.
WheelPower
Since the early days of Guttmann, WheelPower has developed a range of sports activities and nowadays works with Sports Associations.
The provision of sporting facilities at Stoke Mandeville started in the 1940s and in 1969 the Stoke Mandeville Stadium was opened by Her Majesty The Queen.
In 1984 the centre played host to the Paralympic Games with some 1200 athletes taking part in a festival of sport.
WheelPower organises a range of events to assist Sports Associations develop wheelchair sport within the UK. WheelPower also organises a variety of opportunities for disabled children and adults, these include:
Inter Spinal Unit Games
Annually hosted Games for recently paralysed patients of the 12 Spinal Units within the UK and Ireland providing coaching and an opportunity to try wheelchair sport including a fun introductory competition. Previous attendees include Paralympic athlete Matt Skelhon.
National Wheelchair Sport Championships
Together with a number of Sports Associations it organises the National Wheelchair Sport Championships. Some of these events have been expanded to include an international element to provide increased competition for participants.
Sports
WheelPower supports, among others, the following sports:
Archery
Athletics
Wheelchair basketball
Bowls
Cue sports
Wheelchair fencing
Handcycling
Powerlifting
Wheelchair racing
Racquetball
Rugby
Shooting
Sledge hockey
Swimming
Table tennis
Tennis
Winter sports
See also
International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation
Stoke Mandeville Stadium
References
External links
WheelPower website
Charities based in Buckinghamshire
Sports organisations of the United Kingdom
Wheelchair sports
Sports organizations established in 1972
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WheelPower |
Falling Joys are an Australian alternative rock band formed in Canberra in 1985. The original line-up included Suzie Higgie on lead vocals and guitar and Stuart G. Robertson on bass guitar. By the end of 1988 Higgie and Robertson, now on guitar, were joined by Pat Hayes on bass guitar and vocals, and Pete Velzen on drums. They have released three albums, Wish List (1990), Psychohum (1992) and Aerial (1993). Both the latter two albums reached the ARIA Albums Chart Top 50. They disbanded in 1995 but reunited in 2011 and, again, in July 2016.
History
1985–1989: Formation and Omega
Falling Joys were formed in Canberra in 1985 by Suzie Higgie on lead vocals and guitar (ex-Get Set Go); Anthony Merrilees on drums; Robin Miles on keyboards and vocals; and Stuart G. Robertson on bass guitar and vocals. They played in the Canberra area and in Sydney and were soon joined by Andrew McFarlane on saxophone.
McFarlane, Merrilees and Miles, all left the band in late 1985: Higgie and Robertson were joined by Ken Doll on drums. In April 1986 the trio played their last Canberra gig, before relocating to Sydney; they co-headlined with fellow Canberra-formed band, the Plunderers, which had moved to Melbourne. With Craig Adam on keyboards Falling Joys recorded a single, "Burnt So Low", in August. It was released in January of the following year and the band signed with Volition Records.
By the end of 1988 Higgie and Robertson, now on guitar and vocals, had recruited Pat Hayes on bass guitar and vocals (fellow Canberrans, the Hayes' brothers included Bernie Hayes of Club Hoy and Anthony Hayes aka Stevie Plunder of the Plunderers) and Peter Velzen on drums (aka Pete Pillage, ex-the Plunderers). Bernie Hayes, Anthony Hayes, Pat Hayes and Peter Velzen also performed regularly - most every Sunday night at the Sandringham Hotel in Newtown as the Shout Brothers with a cult following. Robertson worked in videotape operations and Higgie as a vision mixer. The Falling Joys were part of the Duckberg group, a set of independent bands publishing their own record label, and recorded their first few singles under this label. Secret Seven was another of the bands publishing under this label.
Falling Joys next three singles, "Nearly a Sin" (June 1988), "You're in a Mess" (December 1988) and "Tunnel Vision" (July 1989), were followed by their debut extended play, Ω (aka Omega), in November 1989. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, noticed that "Higgie's breathy vocals on these records were just one of the band's trademark sounds." Penelope Layland of The Canberra Times described Omega as "A tempting four-track EP from [the band]. Recent line up changes do not appear to have had a radical effect on the music, which is still dominated by the vocals and song-writing of Suzie Higgie." She felt that "probably the best track on the EP, 'Burnt So Low', [is] an upbeat number with thrumming guitars."
Amanda Lynch, Layland's associate, interviewed Higgie who "draws material from 'every facet of experience' and incorporates these in her songs. 'For instance, I was in an elevator the other day and I hate elevators; I also write about my friends, relationships, and what I do when I get up – there are just so many things to write about'." Lynch opined that "they [are] successful at playing commercially appealing songs that aim at a broad audience... [and] have battled hard to achieve recognition with their bright well-crafted sound that has been branded 'pop with muscle'." In Canberra they had frequently played at the Australian National University (ANU) Refectory Bar. By 1989 the band played frequently at the Annandale Hotel, Sydney. They supported international touring acts, including Buzzcocks in that year.
1990–1992: Wish List & Psychohum
The group released their debut studio album, Wish List, in December 1990. The album was "quickly picked up" by youth national radio station, 2JJJ–FM, which "has given the record good rotation." The group had "spent a fortnight in an improvised studio in the Blue Mountains in Wish Lists pre-production period, where a handful of the album's songs were written between 'working out whose turn it was to chop the fire wood ... and Suzie cooking lentils." The album reached the top 60 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Eleven of its twelve tracks were produced by Adrian Bolland and Falling Joys, with "You're in a Mess" produced by John Harvey.
Higgie reflected on the group's plans to tour the United States, "When we started out no one wanted to know us but now with us going overseas there are people involved that we don't even know." Bevan Hannan of The Canberra Times reported that they toured North America for six weeks in early 1991 from "Vancouver and winding through Texas, Florida, Washington and New York" which "hasn't jaded the band." Hannan caught their gig at the ANU Refectory in May, "Higgie's energy and delivery is reportedly better than 'A1' class. Stuart Robertson unleashes guitar work which wasn't recorded on Wish List, while bassist Pat Hayes and drummer Pete Velzen have also been sharing some of the lead singing duties."
The lead single from Wish List, "Lock It", peaked at no. 55 on the ARIA Singles Chart in February 1991. Hayes described how it was written, "Suzi did the majority of it. Like I did a bit, Pete did a bit, Stu did a bit and Suzi wrote a melody over it and tied it all together." Hannan declared that it "opened the door to a new audience for the four-piece band. The charming tone which Higgie's writing skills address the topic of early love in 'Lock It' extracts true emotion from the band... So often expressions of love interest can be over-the-top but the [group] couldn't put it in a more genuine manner in 'Lock It' – 'Christ, I really like you.'"
The next single, "Jennifer", appeared in April 1991 with a five-track EP released in August 1992. The title track is dedicated to Higgie's sister, Jennifer Higgie. The EP reached the top 60 on the ARIA Singles Chart in September. The group followed with a European tour during 1991 and recorded their second album, Psychohum which was released in May 1992. Psychohum peaked at No. 35 on the ARIA Albums Chart – their highest-charting release.
McFarlane opined that Psychohum was "harder edged" and "yielded three singles: the noisy, guitar-driven pop of 'Black Bandages' (May) and 'Incinerator' (September), plus the ballad 'A Winter's Tale' (March 1993)." Charles Miranda, also of The Canberra Times, felt that "It is a lot different to the band's first album, Wish List, having a more live, 'earthy' sound and flavour – from energetic heavy rock to soft vocaled love songs." They were named most popular independent act at the 1993 Australian Music Awards by local version of Rolling Stone.
1993–1997: Aerial and break up
The group's third studio album, Aerial, was released in August 1993 and was produced by Paul McKercher. The group went to Kangaroo Valley, Higgie explained, "We took our studio with us and went to this amazing house in the valley for three weeks, then we mixed it down at a place called Megaphone in Sydney, so we're up to our third album now... I think because of equipment and everything, it is getting easier to go and record anywhere. You've really got to throw yourself into it and it's a great way of doing it. If I got stuck for lyrics I'd just go walking off into the bush and see what I came up with." It reached No. 46 on the ARIA Albums Chart.
McFarlane declared that it was "the band's most accomplished, varied and cohesive release to date." Miranda pointed out that it "oozes relaxed and cohesive diversity. It's
simple but still leaves plenty for one to ponder on and is devoid, like the band's music for the past seven years, of conforming commercialism. No doubt it will do brilliantly again." Tharunkas reviewer opined that it "has a laidback, 'organic' feel, and captures that spark which can so often be lost in studio recordings. The album sounds range from pure pop and hard guitar work to rhythm and grooves, producing song offerings which are diverse and yet maintain an indelibly fresh and strong thread throughout."
In July 1994 Velzen was replaced by Jason Morrisby on drums – the latter was recorded on the EP, Universal Mind. According to Hayes, Velzen left due to family commitments, "Pete had twins, so it was a bit of an up-end when it happened because we had shows booked." They played their last gig at Canberra's ANU Bar on 5 October 1995, Higgie declared it would be "one of the last Joys shows for a very very long time." Band members were set "to pursue their own interests for a while, whether it's carpentry, chefing, or studying." Higgie later explained, "It was ten years and we were getting a bit weary. We toured very heavily, very heavily. We’d been to America, we were all just a bit over it and I think we needed to stop." Volition issued a compilation album, Singles, in 2001.
1998–present: Post break-up and reunions
In 1998, Suzie Higgie collaborated with keyboardist Conway Savage, a member of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, on an album, Soon Will be Tomorrow. Her first solo album, Songs of Habit, was released in 2002. Higgie had another collaboration, with Andrea Croft from the Honeys and Catherine Wheel, which provided a four-track EP, Splinter (1992), which was re-released in 2013. Pat Hayes played bass guitar in the band, Stella One Eleven.
Volition issued a compilation album, Singles, in 2001.
On 26 February 2011 Falling Joys played their first live show in 15 years at the outdoor amphitheatre of the National Museum of Australia, Canberra. The band also played at the Oxford Arts Factory in Sydney on 10 June in that year. Along with The Hummingbirds, the band reunited to play two shows on 2 and 3 July 2016 at the Newtown Social Club, Sydney.
In February 2018, the Falling Joys finished a national tour of Australia with The Clouds.
Discography
Albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Singles
References
Australian alternative rock groups
Australian Capital Territory musical groups
Australian indie pop groups
Culture of Canberra
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
1985 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling%20Joys |
WOFX (980 AM) is a radio station licensed to Troy, New York. The station is owned by iHeartMedia and runs a sports format and is the Fox Sports Radio affiliate for the Capital District, Adirondacks, and Berkshires.
Programming
Much of WOFX's schedule is programming from Fox Sports Radio. Previously, WOFX aired Imus in the Morning, a program which predated the sports format. However the show was taken off the schedule at the end of 2006 and replaced by Fox Sports Radio's Steve Czaban. WOFX was also once home to Jay Mohr's syndicated midday sports show. WOFX is the Albany market home to the syndicated Cigar Dave show.
In addition to sports talk, the station clears a sizeable amount of play by play on both the local and national levels. WOFX currently is home to Boston Red Sox baseball. It carries University at Albany college football and men's basketball, some Syracuse University basketball games not heard on WGY, plus the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship among other events.
History
From the station's sign-on in 1940 until 2000, the call sign was WTRY. Albany broadcasters WABY and WOKO petitioned the FCC to block approval of the new station and were denied. WTRY took to the air on 950 kHz with 1,000 watts of power, moving to 980 kHz on March 29, 1941, as part of the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. In the early days of network radio, WTRY took the local CBS Radio Network affiliation from WOKO. The station's original owner was Troy Broadcasting Co.
During its 63 years, led by principal owner C. George Taylor and others, WTRY gave birth or adopted three other stations at varying times: WTRI-FM 102.7 (in the early 1950s, went silent), co-owned WTRI-TV channel 35 (later became WAST-TV 13 (1959-1981); now WNYT) from 1954 to 1955 with Van Curler Broadcasting, and WTRY-FM 106.5 (now WPYX).
When WROW took the CBS affiliation in 1954, WTRY briefly was the ABC affiliate before WPTR took that affiliation several years later. In the early 1960s, the station aired a Top 40 format (which gained a simulcast on 106.5 FM briefly in the early 1970s). The contemporary hits sound was maintained in some form until the early 1980s when it went through a long-term evolution which resulted in the station becoming oldies in 1986. In 1992, WTRY gained a simulcast on WTRY-FM (98.3 FM) which ended in 1994, then regained in a mutual arrangement two years later in which the FM became primary and the AM secondary with the AM splitting for alternate programming at points.
WTRY went through several ownership changes. Follow the selling its stake in WTRI, Troy Broadcasting, changes its name to Tri-City Radio, Inc. in late winter of 1956. In 1965, the station was acquired by New Haven based Kops-Monahan Communications. In 1972, WTRY and WTRY-FM (106.5) were sold to Scott Broadcasting of Pennsylvania, Inc. In 1985, television personality Merv Griffin, through his company Merv Griffin Enterprises, brought the stations and then sold it in 1994 to Capstar Broadcasting (which was controlled by billionaire mogul Tom Hicks). In 1999, Capstar merged with another Hicks-owned company, Chancellor Media Corporation, to form AMFM Inc.
Expanded Band assignment
On March 17, 1997, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced that 88 stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with WTRY authorized to move from 980 to 1640 kHz. However, the station never procured the construction permit needed to implement the authorization, so the expanded band station was never built.
Later history
After the merger of AMFM and Clear Channel Communications (now known as iHeartMedia) in 2000, WTRY and WTRY-FM (98.3 FM) were permanently split with 980 AM flipping to sports and becoming WOFX while the oldies format stayed on 98.3 FM.
On September 20, 2010, with the flip of WHRL to a simulcast of talk radio WGY, WOFX's sports programming can now be heard on WGY-FM's HD2 channel.
Previously, WOFX has held the rights to the New York Giants (which were moved to sister WPYX), New York Jets football (currently on WQBK-FM), and New York Mets baseball. They were the home of Albany Devils (previously the Albany River Rats) hockey until the team relocated following the 2017 season. They were the home of Westwood One's coverage of the National Football League until 2019.
In the rare case of play by play conflicts, the latter games are usually heard on sister WTRY-FM, a procedure that has become more solidly done in the wake of the mild success of UAlbany football and the success of the Mets in the 2006 season.
See also
List of radio stations in New York
References
External links
OFX
IHeartMedia radio stations
Sports radio stations in the United States
Fox Sports Radio stations
Radio stations established in 1940
1940 establishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOFX%20%28AM%29 |
The mobile web comprises mobile browser-based World Wide Web services accessed from handheld mobile devices, such as smartphones or feature phones, through a mobile or other wireless network.
History and development
Traditionally, the World Wide Web has been accessed via fixed-line services on laptops and desktop computers. However, the web is now more accessible by portable and wireless devices. Early 2010 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) report said that with current growth rates, web access by people on the go via laptops and smart mobile devices was likely to exceed web access from desktop computers within the following five years. In January 2014, mobile internet use exceeded desktop use in the United States. The shift to mobile Web access has accelerated since 2007 with the rise of larger multitouch smartphones, and since 2010 with the rise of multitouch tablet computers. Both platforms provide better Internet access, screens, and mobile browsers, or application-based user Web experiences than previous generations of mobile devices. Web designers may work separately on such pages, or pages may be automatically converted, as in Mobile Wikipedia. Faster speeds, smaller, feature-rich devices, and a multitude of applications continue to drive explosive growth for mobile internet traffic. The 2017 Virtual Network Index (VNI) report produced by Cisco Systems forecasts that by 2021, there will be 5.5 billion global mobile users (up from 4.9 billion in 2016). Additionally, the same 2017 VNI report forecasts that average access speeds will increase by roughly three times from 6.8 Mbit/s to 20 Mbit/s in that same period with video comprising the bulk of the traffic (78%).
The distinction between mobile web applications and native applications is anticipated to become increasingly blurred, as mobile browsers gain direct access to the hardware of mobile devices (including accelerometers and GPS chips), and the speed and abilities of browser-based applications improve. Persistent storage and access to sophisticated user interface graphics functions may further reduce the need for the development of platform-specific native applications.
The mobile web has also been called Web 3.0, drawing parallels to the changes users were experiencing as Web 2.0 websites proliferated.
The mobile web was first popularized by the silicon valley company, Unwired Planet. In 1997, Unwired Planet, Nokia, Ericsson, and Motorola started the WAP Forum to create and harmonize the standards to ease the transition to bandwidth networks and small display devices. The WAP standard was built on a three-layer, middleware architecture that fueled the early growth of the mobile web but was made virtually irrelevant with faster networks, larger displays, and advanced smartphones based on Apple's iOS and Google's Android software.
Mobile points of access
Mobile Internet refers to Internet access and mainly usage of Internet using a cellular telephone service provider or mobile wireless network. It is wireless Internet access and usage that can easily change to next wireless Internet (radio) tower while mobile user with his/her device is moving across the service area. It can also refer to a desktop computer or other not in move device that stays connected to one tower as using mobile internet, but this is not the prime meaning of "mobile" here. Wi-Fi and other better Internet connectivity methods are commonly available for users not on the move. Cellular base stations are more expensive to provide compared to a wireless base station that connects directly to the network of an internet service provider, rather than through the telephone system.
A mobile phone, such as a smartphone, that connects to Internet hypertext data or voice services without going through the cellular base station is not on the service mobile Internet but connected to wireless mobile Internet. A laptop with a broadband modem and a cellular service provider subscription, that is traveling on a bus through the city is on mobile Internet.
A mobile broadband modem "tethers" the smartphone to one or more computers or other end-user devices to provide access and usage to the Internet via the protocols that cellular telephone service providers may offer.
According to BuzzCity, the mobile internet increased by 30% from Q1 to Q2 2011. The four countries which have advertising impression (?) in total more than 1 billion in one quarter were India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the United States. As of July 2012, approximately 10.5% of all web traffic occurs through mobile devices (up from 4% in December 2010).
Mobile web access today still suffers from interoperability and usability problems. Interoperability issues stem from the platform fragmentation of mobile devices, mobile operating systems, and browsers. Usability problems are centered on the small physical size of the mobile phone form factors (limits on display resolution and user input/operating). Despite these shortcomings, many mobile developers choose to create apps using mobile web. A June 2011 research on mobile development found mobile web the third most used platform, trailing Android and iOS.
Mobile standards
The Mobile Web Initiative (MWI) was set up by the W3C to develop the best practices and technologies relevant to the mobile web. The goal of the initiative is to make browsing the web from mobile devices more reliable and accessible. The main aim is to evolve standards of data formats from Internet providers that are tailored to the specifications of particular mobile devices. The W3C has published guidelines for mobile content, and is addressing the problem of device diversity by establishing a technology to support a repository of device descriptions.
W3C is also developing a validating scheme to assess the readiness of content for the mobile web, through its mobileOK Scheme, which will help content developers to determine if their content is web-ready quickly. The W3C guidelines and mobileOK approach have not been immune from criticism. This emphasizes adaptation, which is now seen as the key process in achieving the ubiquitous web when combined with a device description repository.
mTLD, the registry for .mobi, has released a free testing tool called the MobiReady Report (see mobiForge) to analyze the mobile readiness of website.
Other standards for the mobile web are being documented and explored for particular applications by interested industry groups, such as the use of the mobile web for education and training.
Development
The first access to the mobile web was commercially offered in Finland at the end of 1996 on the Nokia 9000 Communicator phone via the Sonera and Radiolinja networks. This was access to the real internet. The first commercial launch of a mobile-specific browser-based web service was in 1999 in Japan when i-mode was launched by NTT DoCoMo.
The mobile web primarily utilizes lightweight pages like this one written in Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) or Wireless Markup Language (WML) to deliver content to mobile devices. Many new mobile browsers are moving beyond these limits by supporting a wider range of Web formats, including variants of HTML commonly found on the desktop web.
Growth
At one time, half the world had mobile phones. The articles in 2007-2008 were slightly misleading because the real story at the time was that the number of mobile phone subscriptions had reached half the population of the world. In reality, many people have more than one subscription. For example, in Hong Kong, Italy and Ukraine, the mobile phone penetration rate has passed 140% (source wireless intelligence 2009). By 2009 even the number of unique users of mobile phones had reached half the planet when the ITU reported that the subscriber number was to reach 4.6 billion users which means 3.8 billion activated mobile phones in use, and 3.4 billion unique users of mobile phones. Mobile Internet data connections are following the growth of mobile phone connections albeit at a lower rate. In 2009 Yankee Group reported that 29% of all mobile phone users globally were accessing browser-based internet content on their phones. According to the BBC, there are now (2010) over 5 billion mobile phone users in the world.
According to Statista there were 1.57 billion smartphone owners in 2014, 2.32 billion in 2017 (now) and 2.87 billion are predicted in 2020.
Many users in Europe and the United States are already users of the fixed internet when they first try the same experience on a mobile phone. Meanwhile, in other parts of the world, such as India, their first usage of the internet is on a mobile phone. Growth is fastest in parts of the world where the personal computer (PC) is not the first user experience of the internet. India, South Africa, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia are seeing the fastest growth in mobile internet usage. To a great extent, this is due to the rapid adoption of mobile phones themselves. For example, the Morgan Stanley report states that the highest mobile phone adoption growth in 2006 was in Pakistan and India.
The widespread deployment of Web-enabled mobile devices (such as phones) make them a target of choice for content creators. Understanding their strengths and their limitations, and using technologies that fit these conditions are key to create success mobile-friendly Web content.
Mobile internet has also been adopted in West Africa
China has 155 million mobile internet users as of June 2009.
Top-level domain
The .mobi sponsored top-level domain was launched specifically for the mobile Internet by a consortium of companies including Google, Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, and Vodafone. By forcing sites to comply with mobile web standards, .mobi tries to ensure visitors a consistent and optimized experience on their mobile device. However, this domain has been criticized by several big names, including Tim Berners-Lee of the W3C, who claims that it breaks the device independence of the web:
It is fundamentally useful to be able to quote the URI for some information and then look up that URI in an entirely different context. For example, I may want to look up a restaurant on my laptop, bookmark it, and then, when I only have my phone, check the bookmark to have a look at the evening menu. Or, my travel agent may send me a pointer to my itinerary for a business trip. I may view the itinerary from my office on a large screen and want to see the map, or I may view it at the airport from my phone when all I want is the gate number.
Dividing the Web into information destined for different devices, or different classes of user, or different classes of information, fundamentally breaks the Web.
I urge ICANN not to create the ".mobi" top-level domain.
Advertising
Advertisers are increasingly using the mobile web as a platform to reach consumers. The total value of advertising on mobile was 2.2 billion dollars in 2007. A recent study by the Online Publishers Association, now called Digital Content Next (DCN), reported that about one-in-ten mobile web users said they have made a purchase based on a mobile web ad, while 23% said they had visited a Web site, 13% said they have requested more information about a product or service and 11% said they have gone to a store to check out a product.
Accelerated Mobile Pages
In the fall of 2015, Google announced it would be rolling out an open source initiative called "Accelerated Mobile Pages" or AMP. The goal of this project is to improve the speed and performance of content-rich pages which include video, animations, and graphics. Since the majority of the population now consumes the web through tablets and smartphones, having web pages that are optimized for these products is the primary need to AMP.
The three main types of AMP are AMP HTML, AMP JS, and Google AMP Cache.
Parity between accelerated mobile pages and canonical pages
A recent requirement beginning 1 February 2018 from Google requires the canonical page content should match the content on accelerated mobile pages. In creating a great user experience and to avoid user interface traps it's important to display the same content on Accelerated Mobile Pages as there are with the standard canonical pages.
Limitations
Though Internet access "on the go" provides advantages to many, such as the ability to communicate by email with others and obtain information anywhere, the web, accessed from mobile devices, has many limits, which may vary, depending on the device. However, newer smartphones overcome some of these restrictions. Some problems which may be encountered include:
Small screen size – this makes it difficult or impossible to see text and graphics dependent on the standard size of a desktop computer screen. To display more information, smartphone screen sizes have been getting bigger.
Lack of windows – on a desktop computer, the ability to open more than one window at a time allows for multi-tasking and easy revert to a previous page. Historically on mobile web, only one page could be displayed at a time, and pages could only be viewed in the sequence they were originally accessed. However, Opera Mini was among the first allowing multiple windows, and browser tabs have become commonplace but few mobile browsers allow overlapping windows on the screen.
Navigation – Navigation is a problem for websites not optimized for mobile devices as the content area is large, the screen size is small, and there is no scroll wheel or hover box feature.
Lack of JavaScript and cookies – most devices do not support client-side scripting and storage of cookies (smartphones excluded), which are now widely used in most web sites to enhance the user experience, facilitating the validation of data entered by the page visitor, etc. This also results in web analytics tools being unable to uniquely identify visitors using mobile devices.
Types of pages accessible – many sites that can be accessed on a desktop cannot on a mobile device. Many devices cannot access pages with a secured connection, Flash, or other similar software, PDFs, or video sites, although as of 2011, this has been changing.
Speed – on most mobile devices, the speed of service is slow, sometimes slower than dial-up Internet access.
Broken pages – on many devices, a single page as viewed on a desktop is broken into segments, each treated as a separate page. This further slows navigation.
Compressed pages – many pages, in their conversion to mobile format, are squeezed into an order different from how they would customarily be viewed on a desktop computer.
Size of messages – many devices have limits on the number of characters that can be sent in an email message.
Cost – the access and bandwidth charges levied by cellphone networks can be high if there is no flat fee per month.
Location of mobile user:
If advertisements reach phone users in private locations, users find them more distressful (Banerjee & Dholakia, 2008)
If the user is abroad the flat fee per month usually does not apply
The situation in which ad reaches user – when advertisements reach users in work-related situations, they may be considered more intrusive than in leisure situations (Banerjee & Dholakia, 2008)
The inability of mobile web applications to access the local capabilities on the mobile device can limit their ability to provide the same features as native applications. The OMTP BONDI activity is acting as a catalyst to enable a set of JavaScript APIs which can securely access local capabilities on the mobile device. Specifications and a reference implementation have been produced. Security is a key aspect of this provision to protect users from malicious web applications and widgets.
In addition to the limits of the device, some limits should be made known to users concerning the interference these devices cause in other electromagnetic technology.
The convergence of the Internet and phone, in particular, has caused hospitals to increase their mobile phone exclusion zones. A study by Erik van Lieshout and colleagues (Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam) have found that the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) used in modern phones can affect machines from up to 3 meters away. The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) signals, used in 3G networks, have a smaller exclusion zone of just a few centimeters. The worst offenders in hospitals are doctors.
See also
.mobi
Mobile app
Mobile application server
Mobile browser
Mobile dating
Mobile content
Mobile touch-responsive web design
Wireless Application Protocol
References
External links
Jo Rabin, mTLD Mobile Top Level Domain (dotMobi), Mobile Web Best Practices, 2 November 2006
Hoschka, Philipp, The W3C Mobile Web Initiative (MWI), W3C, 2005.
W3C mobileOK Checker
Internet Standards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20web |
Thetford railway station is on the Breckland line in the east of England, serving the market town of Thetford, Norfolk. The line runs between in the west and in the east.
Thetford is situated between and , from London Liverpool Street via . The station is managed by Greater Anglia, which operates most of the services, typically one to two trains per hour in either direction. East Midlands Railway operates a regular service between Norwich and via and .
It is the nearest station to the Center Parcs holiday village at Elveden Forest, approximately five miles to the west.
History
The Bill for the Norwich & Brandon Railway (N&BR) received Royal Assent on 10 May 1844. The line was to link with an Eastern Counties Railway (ECR) project of a line from Newport in Essex to Brandon in Suffolk. Once complete the line would enable trains to travel from Norwich to London. Work started on the line in 1844.
One month before the N&BR opened, a Bill authorising the amalgamation of the Yarmouth & Norwich Railway with the N&BR came into effect, and so Thetford station became a Norfolk Railway asset.
The line opened on 30 July 1845, including the Eastern Counties Railway Brandon to Newport line. However, the line only went as far as Trowse, in the suburbs of Norwich, as the contractors were having to build a swing bridge to cross the River Wensum. Thetford station was, when opened, located between Brandon and Roudham Junction.
The ECR and its rival, the Eastern Union Railway (EUR), were both sizing up the NR to acquire and expand their railway empire. The ECR trumped the EUR by taking over the NR, including Thetford station, on 8 May 1848.
By the 1860s the railways in East Anglia were in financial trouble, and most were leased to the Eastern Counties Railway, which wished to amalgamate formally but could not obtain government agreement for this until an Act of Parliament on 7 August 1862, when the Great Eastern Railway (GER) was formed by the amalgamation. Actually, Thetford became a GER station on 1 July 1862 when the GER took over the ECR and the EUR before the Bill received the Royal Assent. Also in the 1860s the GER opened a line from Roudham towards Swaffham. Roudham was renamed Roudham Junction.
A decade later the Bill received Royal Assent, promoting a line linking (on the Ipswich to Cambridge line) and Thetford. The Act was passed on 5 July 1873 and work was started by the Thetford & Watton Railway (T&WR) in 1874. The T&WR opened the first part of the line on 15 November 1875. The line went south and terminated at Thetford Bridge, the first station after Thetford going towards Bury St. Edmunds. The opening made Thetford a joint GER and T&WR station. Four months later the rest of the line opened to Bury St. Edmund's. Two years later the GER took over the T&WR and joint working at Thetford ended.
The system remained in place for the next four decades, apart from the disruption of First World War. The difficult economic circumstances that existed after the war led the Government to pass the Railways Act 1921, which led to the creation of the "Big Four". The GER amalgamated with several other companies to form the London & North Eastern Railway (LNER). Thetford became an LNER station on 1 January 1923.
On nationalisation in 1948, Thetford came under the auspices of the Eastern Region of British Railways.
Five years after nationalisation, British Railways decided to close the Thetford to Bury St Edmunds line. Thetford lost its junction status on 8 June 1953.
As part of the Beeching rationalisation plan, British Railways closed the Roudham Junction and Swaffham line, including station, on 15 June 1964. With the closure of Roudham Junction, Harling Road became the next station after Thetford going towards Norwich. The 1960s also saw steam locomotives withdrawn and replaced by diesel multiple units.
Upon sectorisation in the 1980s the station and its services came under the Regional Railways brand.
On privatisation of British Rail, most services and management of the station passed to Anglia Railways on 5 January 1997, with services towards the Midlands transferring to Central Trains on 2 March 1997.
On 1 April 2004, the station and its operations were transferred to National Express East Anglia (NXEA). NXEA trains were initially branded as One. Three years later, on 11 November 2007, the Central Trains franchise was broken up and the Liverpool-Norwich services were taken over by East Midlands Trains.
In February 2012, the station and its other services were transferred to Abellio Greater Anglia. In August 2019, all East Midlands Trains services were transferred to East Midlands Railway, upon the expiry of EMT's franchise.
The original station building of knapped flint was constructed by the Norwich & Brandon Railway in 1845. The brickwork extension dates from 1889 and the year is engraved on its façade. The station complex is a Grade II listed building.
Services
The station is served by Greater Anglia and East Midlands Railway.
The typical off-peak service frequency (Monday to Saturday) is:
Eastbound
2tph (trains per hour) to , of which 1tph is non-stop and 1tph calls at and (other intermediate stations have a very limited service frequency).
Westbound
2tph to , of which:
1tph continues to , with nine trains per day now extended to . This service also calls at and .
1tph reverses at Ely and continues to , via , , and Manchester Piccadilly. Early evening trains on this route terminate at Nottingham and there are no westbound departures after 19:30.
References
External links
Railway stations in Norfolk
DfT Category E stations
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1845
Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
Thetford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetford%20railway%20station |
Palu is a city on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.
Palu may also refer to:
Places
Palù, Verona, Italy
Palu, Elazığ, Turkey
Palu River, Sulawesi, Indonesia
Piz Palü, a mountain in the Bernina Range, Switzerland
Palü Glacier
Palü Lake, a lake below Piz Palü
Palu'e Island, or Palu Island, East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia
Emirate of Palu, a Kurdish emirate from 1515 to c. 1839
People
Boris Palu (born 1996), a French rugby player
Louie Palu (born 1968), a Canadian photographer and filmmaker
Tevita Silifou Palu (born 1981), a New Zealand rugby player
Tomasi Palu (born 1986), a Tongan rugby player
Uno Palu (born 1933), an Estonian decathlete
Wycliff Palu (born 1982), known as Cliffy Palu, an Australian rugby player
Other uses
Unified Lumumbist Party (French: Parti Lumumbiste Unifié, PALU), a political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Progressive Workers' and Farmers' Union (Dutch: Progressieve Arbeiders- en Landbouwersunie, PALU), a political party in Surinam
Cape Lisburne LRRS Airport, Alaska, U.S., ICAO airport code PALU
Manilkara hexandra, a tree species, known regionally as Palu
Palu language, a spurious language
See also
Palus (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palu%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The S500 was the second production car from Honda (and its first passenger automobile), released in 1963, following the T360 truck into production by four months. It was a larger-displacement variant of the S360 roadster which, though developed for sale in 1962, was never produced.
Design
Like the S360, the S500 used a high-tech engine developed from Honda's motorcycle expertise. It was a dual overhead cam straight-4 with four Keihin carburetors and a 9500 rpm redline. Originally intended to displace 492 cc, the production version was 531 cc and produced at 8000 rpm. At the time of its introduction, its dimensions and engine displacement were larger than established kei car regulations.
The S500 used a four-speed manual transmission. A four-wheel independent suspension was also novel, with torsion bars at the front and chain-driven, coilover-sprung trailing arms at the rear.
The car was priced at $1,275 in 1963. An optional fiberglass hardtop was also available. 1,363 S500s were produced from October 1963 through September 1964.
The S500 saw competitors during its introduction, such as the Datsun Fairlady, the Toyota Sports 800, and the Daihatsu Compagno.
References
Notes
External links
Motor Trend History of S600
S500
Cars introduced in 1963
Cars discontinued in 1964
Roadsters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20S500 |
Robotech comics first officially appeared in print in 1985, though Comico published the first issue of its license from Harmony Gold USA under the Macross name.
When Harmony Gold was releasing the first few episodes of its original Macross dub in 1984, it was discovered that Revell already had a Robotech Defenders line of scale model kits that included the transformable Macross mecha. The potential for brand confusion caused concern that Harmony Gold would have problems selling its own transformable Macross toys. Harmony Gold and Revell were able to come to a co-licensing agreement — when producer Carl Macek had the idea to combine Macross with Southern Cross and Mospeada to create an 85-episode television series, he chose to use Revell's pre-existing Robotech name and logo to strengthen the title's brand recognition.
Publication history
DC Comics (1984)
A little-known Robotech Defenders limited comic book series was first published by DC Comics in 1984. Based on the Revell line of plastic models, this series actually combines mecha designs from Macross, Orguss, and Dougram. It predates the television series by about a year. The comic was originally intended to be a three-issue limited series; however, due to poor sales (and reportedly, pressure from Harmony Gold to "clear the way" for the TV series), the series was truncated down to only two issues.
Robotech Defenders (no connection to the television series)
Revell (1984)
Revell's division in West Germany, Revell Plastic, GmbH, published a one-shot promotional issue of Robotech Defenders with a subtitle translating to "The Defenders of the Cosmos." Written by W. Spiegel with Artwork by W. Neugebauer, this original comic was not a reprint of the DC Comics series and was not connected to its continuity. Like the DC Comics series, it also had no connection to the TV series.
Robotech Defenders: Die Verteidiger des Kosmos (no connection to the television series)
Comico (1985-1989)
Comico's Robotech comics consisted almost entirely of adaptations of the Robotech TV episodes, released alongside or just after their TV airings. Rather than releasing them sequentially, they released all three series at once. Of the 85 TV episodes, only "Dana's Story" was not directly adapted; it was later re-published in an expanded graphic novel. The main reason for this was not to provide spoilers for the outcome of The Macross Saga. Each issue also contains script lifted verbatim from the show.
The Robotech Graphic Novel was not based on any TV episodes, but instead provided a backstory for some elements of the TV series. The events of the Graphic Novel also were depicted in the first Robotech novel, written by James Luceno and Brian Daley.
Though the Comico comic adaptations are no longer considered official continuity by Harmony Gold, the first 25 issues of The Macross Saga comic series, along with Robotech: The Graphic Novel, was reprinted in four trade paperback collections published by Wildstorm in 2002–2003.
Robotech: The Macross Saga (1984–1989), #1–36
Robotech Special (1988), #1 (extended version of "Dana's Story")
Robotech Masters (1985–1988), #1–23
Robotech: The New Generation (1985–1986), #1–25
Robotech: The Graphic Novel (1986) (prequel)
Robotech in 3-D (1989), #1 (a 3D adaptation of episode one of The Macross Saga television episode)
Eternity (1988-1994)
Eternity Comics started with direct adaptations of the Sentinels scripts and novels into comic format. However, they also began writing additional stories that expanded the canon beyond the initial 85 animated episodes and The Sentinels. Also, as the series progressed, the writers began deviating from the Sentinels novels, adding new story elements and new characters. For the entirety of the Eternity run, the artwork for the Sentinels adaptation was handled by Jason and John Waltrip.
When Malibu Comics was purchased by Marvel Comics, Eternity (a Malibu imprint) was closed. The Robotech comics license was acquired by Academy Comics, an independent publisher.
Robotech II: The Sentinels
Book I (1988–1990), #1–16
Book II (1990–1993), #1–21
Book III (1993–1994), #1–8 (continued at Academy Comics)
Robotech II: The Malcontent Uprisings (1989–1990), #1–12
Robotech II: The Sentinels: Cyberpirates (1991), #1–4
Robotech II: The Sentinels: The Illustrated Handbook (1991), #1–3
Robotech II: The Sentinels: Wedding Special (1989), #1–2
Robotech II: The Sentinels: Swimsuit Spectacular (1992), #1
Robotech Genesis: The Legend of Zor (1992), #1–6
Robotech: Invid War (1992–1993), #1–18
Robotech: Invid War: Aftermath (1993–1994), #1–6 (continued at Academy Comics)
Robotech: Return to Macross (1993–1994), #1–12 (continued at Academy Comics)
Academy (1994-1996)
Academy Comics acquired the Robotech licence from Malibu, as well as Jason and John Waltrip and long-time Robotech comics writer Bill Spangler. Academy initially re-launched all of Eternity's then-current comic series, as well as several new lines. The Sentinels comic picked up directly from where Eternity had left off, with the Waltrips taking over the writing and art work.
While the academy Sentinels comics were well-received, the other comics suffered from often inconsistent writing and artwork—both Invid War: Aftermath and Clone were canceled prematurely after their respective writer/artists left the company. Despite these problems, the academy Robotech comics were often well received by fans.
In 1996, Harmony Gold abruptly revoked Academy's Robotech license, handing it to Antarctic Press. Academy folded shortly thereafter.
Robotech II: The Sentinels
Book Three (1994–1995), #9–22 (continued from Eternity)
Book Four (1995–1996), #1–13
Robotech II: The Sentinels Halloween Special (1996), #1
Robotech II: The Sentinels: Star Runners: Carpenter's Journey (1995), #1
Robotech: Return to Macross (1994–1996), #13–37 (continued from Eternity)
Robotech: Invid War: Aftermath (1994–1995), #7–13 (continued from Eternity)
Robotech: Clone (1994–1995), #0–5 (continued for one issue as Robotech: Mordecai)
Robotech: Macross Missions
Destroid (1994), #1
Excalibur (1995), #1
Excalibur II (1996), #1
Robotech: Academy Blues (1995–1996), #0–5
Robotech: Mechangel (1995–1996), #0–3
Robotech: The Movie (1996), #1–2 (adaptation)
Robotech: The Misfits (1996), #1 (canceled after one issue)
Robotech: The Warriors (1994–1995), #0–3
Worlds of Robotech
Robotech: Cyber World - Secrets of Haydon IV (1994), #1
Robotech II: Invid World - Assault on Optera (1994), #1
Robotech: Amazon World - Escape from Praxis (1994), #1
Robotech: Smith World - Sabotage on Karbarra (1995), #1
The Sentinels Presents... Feral World - Nightmare on Garuda (1996), #1
The Sentinels Presents... Crystal World - Prisoners of Spheris (1996), #1
Antarctic Press (1997-1998)
These stories consisted chiefly of standalone side-stories and spinoffs featuring mostly the original Macross Saga characters. Most of the stories were strongly revisionist in nature, and sometimes involved established characters acting out-of-character, even occasionally to the point of camp. Because of Antarctic Press' decision not to enlist the talents of John and Jason Waltrip to finish The Sentinels (which, by the end of its academy run, was 80% complete, storywise), many fans are highly critical of Antarctic's Robotech comics.
Most notably criticised was Sentinels: Rubicon, which theoretically picks up many years after the Sentinels story would have concluded. Those two issues bore no resemblance to any previous (or subsequent) Robotech material, and featured art that was virtually incomprehensible. Rubicon ended abruptly, two issues into a proposed seven-issue series, with many fans applauding the decision.
Antarctic's Robotech license was abruptly revoked in 1998, with no explanation offered.
Robotech (1997–1998), #1–11 (featuring the "Megastorm", "Rolling Thunder", and "Prototype 001" storylines)
Robotech Annual, #1 (1998)
Robotech: Covert Ops (1998), #1–2
Robotech: Crystal Dreams (1999), #1 (promotional video game tie-in given away at E3)
Robotech: Vermillion (1997–1998), #1–2
Robotech: Wings of Gibraltar (1998), #1–2
Robotech: Class Reunion (1998), #1
Robotech: The Sentinels: Rubicon (1998), #1–2) (no discernible relation to the Jack McKinney novel)
Wildstorm (DC Comics) (2002-2010)
In 2002, with the publication of the Wildstorm (DC) comics, Harmony Gold officially decided to reboot and retcon the Robotech universe.
Rather than running a continuing series with side stories as the previous holders of the Robotech comic license had done, Wildstorm instead ran several limited series. The last Wildstorm publication was the trade paperback of Robotech: Prelude to the Shadow Chronicles in 2010.
Robotech: From The Stars
Covers the early years of Roy Fokker and the VF-1 development program before the launch of the SDF-1. Also features young Rick Hunter at the flying circus, the battle against the Anti-Unification League, and Roy's early dealings with Claudia, Jan Morris, and Colonel Edwards. Based on Robotech TV series continuity, and unrelated to Macross Zero. This comic series was criticized for its revisionist nature, diverging from the events previously described in the Jack McKinney novels, with a new account of the discovery and adaptation of the SDF-1 (Gloval is introduced as a Russian submarine captain), Robotechnology, and a redesigned version of Lt. Colonel T. R. Edwards. It presented yet another version of Roy Fokker on Macross Island before the launch of the SDF-1, like Comico's The Graphic Novel, Eternity and Academy's Return to Macross, and the anime Macross Zero.
Robotech Sourcebook
A one-shot companion book that details the characters and mecha before the First Robotech War. Partially reprinted in the 2003 From The Stars trade paperback collection.
Robotech: Love & War
Follows the relationship of Max & Miriya from a more backstory angle, including Max's early friendship with Ben on Macross Island before the launch of the SDF-1. Includes the companion story "Little White Dragon," about Minmei's first movie.
Robotech: Invasion
Details Lancer's early adventures under the 10th Mars Division and expands his relationship with Carla. While not an adaptation of the 2004 video game, it covers the first REF attempt to liberate the Earth, and ends with the arrival of Scott Bernard and the 21st Mars Division. The side story "Mars Base 1" expands on the adventures of Lisa Hayes' first love, Karl Riber. Features a couple alternative covers by original Genesis Climber Mospeada character designer Yoshitaka Amano.
Robotech: Prelude to the Shadow Chronicles
Written by Jason and John Waltrip, this series picks up with many elements from secondary sources such as the Sentinels novels and comics. While not an exact continuation of the Waltrips' previous comics, it is neither a total reimagining. Rather, it selectively retcons The Sentinels era to fit with the new "official" continuity, and provide a prelude to the Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles feature film. Initially closely spaced, the issues were released further apart when the release of The Shadow Chronicles was delayed.
Dynamite/DC Comics (2013-2015)
In July 2013, Dynamite Entertainment announced at San Diego Comic-Con the future publication of a Robotech/Voltron crossover title, via a licensing agreement with DC, Harmony Gold, and World Events Productions. While more comics were planned, these concepts were cancelled when it became clear that DC Comics would not be renewing their license to the comics.
Robotech/Voltron
A crossover between the Robotech TV series and the similar Voltron TV show. In the Voltron universe, the Voltron Force disappears during a battle and leaves the planet defenseless. In the Robotech universe (set during the episode Space Fold), Voltron appears outside of Earth and changes history, destroying the Zentradi fleet and killing Breetai and Exedore. The SDF-1 also disappears in a fold, and the Voltron ships crash land on Macross Island, all but the fifth lion, which goes missing. The two universes must find out what has caused this dimensional anomaly and set it right before it is too late.
Titan Comics (2017-present)
In June, 2016, Harmony Gold and Titan Comics announced a collaboration to release a new Robotech comic line in 2017. A cover was revealed in October, drawn by the Waltrip brothers.
Robotech (2017–2019), #1–24
This series marks the very first time the Robotech story has been rebooted, offering significant changes to events and characters. Solicitations for issue #24, released on September 11, 2019, announced it as the "final issue."
Robotech: Remix (2019–)
Following Event Horizon event of Robotech (2017), the comic continued with a new series Robotech: Remix. The fourth issue of Remix was released in January 2020, but despite planned additional issues, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the direct market comics industries has delayed additional releases indefinitely.
Robotech: Rick Hunter (2023–)
Notes
References
External links
Robotech Bibliography - Comprehensive listings of books in and out of print.
Robotech: Prelude to the Shadow Chronicles - Official site of the Prelude to the Shadow Chronicles comic series.
1985 comics debuts
Antarctic Press titles
Comico Comics titles
Eternity Comics titles
Comics based on television series
Malibu Comics titles
Comics
War comics
WildStorm titles
DC Comics
ja:ロボテック#漫画 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotech%20%28comics%29 |
A Little Tiny Smelly Bit of... The Stinky Puffs is The Stinky Puffs first release following the band's self-titled debut in 1991. It includes four songs recorded in the studio, followed by the same four songs recorded live at the Capitol Theater in Olympia, Washington as part of the Yoyo A Go Go Festival in July 1994. "Pizza Break" acts as an intermission between the two recordings. The album is notable for containing the first live performances of Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl following the death of Kurt Cobain, whom the track "I'll Love You Anyway" was written about. The live tracks also feature Ira Kaplan of Yo La Tengo.
Track listing
All songs written and composed by Simon Fair Timony and Don Fleming, except where noted.
"Buddies Aren't Butts" (Ranaldo) – 1:56
"Menendez' Killed Their Parents" – 1:17
"I'll Love You Anyway" – 1:45
"I Am Gross!/No You're Not!" – 1:20
"Pizza Break" – 0:40
"Buddies Aren't Butts" (live) – 1:55
"Menendez' Killed Their Parents" (live) – 0:50
"I'll Love You Anyway" (live) – 1:43
"I Am Gross!/No You're Not!" (live) – 1:40
Personnel
Simon Fair Timony – vocals
Cody Linn Ranaldo – guitar (tracks 1–4)
Don Fleming – guitar (tracks 1–4)
Sheenah Fair – drums
Eric Eble – bass (tracks 1–4), guitar (tracks 6–9)
Jad Fair – effects
Krist Novoselic – bass (tracks 6–9)
Dave Grohl – drums (tracks 6–9)
Ira Kaplan – guitar (tracks 6–9)
External links
[ allmusic.com]
1995 albums
The Stinkypuffs albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Little%20Tiny%20Smelly%20Bit%20of...the%20Stinky%20Puffs |
John Ericsson Memorial, located near the National Mall at Ohio Drive and Independence Avenue, SW,
in Washington, D.C., is dedicated to the man who revolutionized naval history with his invention of the screw propeller. The Swedish engineer John Ericsson was also the designer of , the ship that ensured Union naval supremacy during the American Civil War.
The memorial was authorized by Congress August 31, 1916, and dedicated May 29, 1926 by President Calvin Coolidge and Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden. Congress appropriated $35,000 for the creation of the memorial, and Americans chiefly of Scandinavian descent raised an additional $25,000. Constructed on a site near the Lincoln Memorial between September 1926 and April 1927, the pink Milford granite memorial is high with a diameter base.
Sculpted by James Earle Fraser, it features a seated figure of Ericsson high, and three standing figures representing adventure, labor, and vision. The national memorial is managed by National Mall and Memorial Parks.
Images
See also
List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2
References
External links
John Ericsson Memorial official NPS website
1926 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1926 sculptures
Granite sculptures in Washington, D.C.
National Mall and Memorial Parks
Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C.
Sculptures of women in Washington, D.C.
Southwest (Washington, D.C.)
Union (American Civil War) monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.
Works by James Earle Fraser (sculptor) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ericsson%20Memorial |
The River Yeo (often referred to as the Congresbury Yeo, after the village of Congresbury, through which it flows, to avoid confusion with other similarly named rivers) is a river which flows through North Somerset, England.
River course
The river rises in the centre of Compton Martin village, in the district of Bath and North East Somerset, as a spring which feeds the village duckpond. From there it flows past the village of Ubley and enters Blagdon Lake (created in the 1890s by damming the river) just north of the village of Blagdon. From the lake the river flows south of Wrington and Iwood, where there were once a series of watermills along its banks. Its route then takes it around the northern outskirts of Congresbury, and across the North Somerset Levels roughly parallel to the A370 road, past the site of a Roman villa before crossing under the M5 motorway and emptying into the Severn Estuary in Woodspring Bay, downstream from Clevedon and west of the village of Kingston Seymour.
Close to the mouth on the Severn Estuary on land owned by Environment Agency and leased by the Avon Wildlife Trust are Blake's Pools which were dug between 1983 and 1987 to attract wildlife. It forms part of the Severn Estuary Site of Special Scientific Interest, Special Protection Area and Ramsar site.
Flood prevention and conservation
The river falls within the area of the West Mendip Internal Drainage Board, which has a range of policies and guidance about flood prevention and conservation in the area. Levees or high embankments have been erected where the river runs parallel to the A370 and the river is regularly dredged.
See also
Wrington Vale Light Railway
Yeo Valley Organic
References
External links
Congresbury/Iwood Circular walk
North Somerset
Yeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresbury%20Yeo |
The Honda S360 is a prototype sports car with a engine developed by Honda. It was one of the first automobiles created by the company known for their motorcycles. The S360 was unveiled on 5 June 1962 during the 11th Nation Honda Meeting General Assembly held at Suzuka Circuit, but was never put into production. It used a 356 cc AK250E series DOHC inline-four engine shared with the Honda T360 kei truck.
History
In May 1955, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry announced a promotional program called the "People's Car." Their executive summary of the foreseen car was described as, “a four-seater with a top speed of 100 km/h, priced at ¥150,000." It immediately established the engineering target for manufacturers producing passenger cars of the coming era. Eventually several mini passenger models debuted in answer to MITI's proposal, including Suzuki's Suzulight in October 1955 and the Subaru 360 in March 1958.
Honda hired nearly 50 engineers between 1957 and 1958 and created a new research facility all in preparation for car development. Since the Honda corporation had little experience with automobile design most of the engineers on the project, including project manager Yoshio Nakamura, were hired from failing automaker Tokyu Kurogane Industries. While consumers expected Honda to shortly begin automobile production, Soichiro Honda remained somewhat cautious about the matter. In the December 1959 issue of the Honda Company Newsletter (Vol. 50), Honda stated, "we shouldn’t rush into auto production... until we conduct thorough research and are absolutely confident that every requirement has been fulfilled, including the performance of our cars and production facilities." Over the next couple of years, Honda would build and test prototypes rather than try to market automobiles.
The 11th National Honda Meeting General Assembly was held on 5 June 1962 at Suzuka Circuit. Honda showcased products and conducted test drives throughout the event. The all-new Honda S360 eventually took to the track with Soichiro Honda behind the wheel and Yoshio Nakamura, manager of the development project, in the passenger seat. The S360's entrance impressed the representatives of Honda's franchised dealers who had strongly suggested that Honda manufacture cars so they had products they could sell during the winter months when motorcycle sales declined. Just as Honda had met with success selling motorcycles from bicycle shops, they now planned on selling cars from motorcycle shops. On 25 October 1962 at the 9th Japan National Auto Show, Honda displayed three new automobile models; the S360 and S500 Honda Sports series, and the T360 mini truck.
Despite a very favorable reception at both the Honda Meeting and the Tokyo Motor Show, the S360 never made it to the market because the S500 was a much more marketable car on a global level.
References
S360
Roadsters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20S360 |
Al-Mi'raj or Almiraj (; ) is a mythical creature resembling a one-horned hare or rabbit, mentioned in medieval Arabic literature.
The name appears in a version of the legend of Iskandar who, after defeating the dragon of Dragon Island in the Indian Ocean, obtained the animal as a gift from the inhabitants. The creature is also said to cause all animals that sets sight on it to flee.
The creature also appears nameless, is given other variant names, or situated elsewhere, depending on the text or manuscript source.
Qazwini's account
Al-miʿrāj is a beast purported to live on an island called ('Sea-Serpent Island' or 'Dragon Island') in the Indian Ocean, according to Qazwini's Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing (c. 1260, aka The Wonders of Creation).
This beast is said to resemble a yellow hare (or rabbit) with a single black horn. All the wild beasts fled at the sight of it (which is a trait also shared by the karkadann, another unicorn of Arabic literature). The islanders made a gift of it to Iskandar (Alexander the Great) after he helped kill a dragon (or large serpent) which had been eating the livestock.
Manuscripts
The hare has been drawn rather faithfully according to text e.g. in the Sarre manuscript (the relevant folio is now in the possession of Freer Gallery of Art), captioned "Dragon of Dragon Island and the Miraculous Hare").
The creature however is depicted rather like a "hybrid animal that looks more like a fierce hound" in the Berlin copy (Staatliche Museen, Islamische Abteilung, now Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin).
The Sarre manuscript and other copies of Qazwini's cosmography fail to mention any name for the horned hare. Michel Wiedemann, who provides a French translation that mentions no name for the hare, is of the opinion that the name didn't occur in the original text but was added by later copyists.
The oldest copy of Qazwini is the Munich manuscript, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB) Cod.Arab. 464, which carries a miniature painting of the dragon and the horned hare on folio 63 (pictured above). The dragon is depicted "devouring sulfur-filled bulls, which look like a red piece of meat".
Idrisi's account
The horned hare is called ʿarāj (), and the dragon-inhabited isle is called Mustashiayn (; ) situated in Western Africa in a recension of Idrisi's Nuzhat al-Mushtaq ("The Book of Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands", c. 1154),. Iskandar, here also called Dhu'l-Qarnayn "The Two-Horned", vanquishes the dragon by the same means as in Qazwini's tale, namely, stuffing the two sacrificial oxen with active substances, and the outcome was that the bait "ignites fire inside the [monster's] entrails, and it expires".
In a modern edition of Idrisi, the name of horned hare is given as (), but the account differs as to circumstances: it states that Iskandar had harvested aloeswood on Lāqā, which failed to give off fragrance at first, but turned into fine-scented dense black wood upon departure from the island, and he traded the best specimen with other goods, including the baqrāj which looked like a hare but had a coat of shiny gold and a single black horn; it also caused wild animals (whether predator, mammal, or birds) to flee.
Ibn al-Wardi's treatise
The name of the wondrous beast was copied as al-Maharāǧ (al-Maharāj, , sic.) in Ibn al-Wardī's Margarita mirabilum or Pearl of Wonders during the 14th century.
Miscellaneous
There is a Turkish translation of Qazwini on illuminated manuscript (18th century, Walters Art Museum), and the episode of the dragon's isle and the horned hare is illustrated on one of its leaves (Fig. right).
Also, the Ottoman historian 's Qanun al-Dunya ("Law of the World"), preserved in manuscript (Topkapi Sarayi Museum Library ms. R 1638, fol. 15v), depicts the dragon and the golden one-horned hare.
Dragon-slaying variations
Legend holds that Iskandar carried out his serpent/dragon-slaying using decoy oxen consisting of oxen-hide loaded with lethal material.
In Qazwini's cosmology, the reactive ingredients consisted of coniferous resin/turpentine{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Fichtenharz as given by Ethé is literally "spruce resin", but this is a general term for coniferous resins.}} (or pitch or tar), sulfur, quicklime, arsenic, and iron hooks, or just sulfur and iron hooks, depending on the recension.
Persian version
As for treatments in languages other than Arabic, it is pointed out that the dragon-slaying Iskandar of Qazwini can be identified with one of the shahs of the Persian epic Shahnāma, or "The Book of Kings".
In the Shahnāma version, Iskandar/Sekandar/Sikandar employs five oxen filled with poison and oil ("bane and naphtha") which are inflated, in order to defeat his dragon.
Old Syriac version
The immediate source of this legend circulating in the Islamic world seems to be the 7th century Syriac version of the Alexander Romance (pseudo-Callisthenes). Here, Aleksandros after several days orders two large sacrificial oxen be removed of flesh, and had them stuffed with gypsum, pitch, lead, and sulfur to feed to the dragon. When it was incapacitated, heated balls of brass be cast into its mouth by Alexander's orders, upon which the monster finally died. The episode is only found in the Syriac version, but is conjectured to have been present in the hypothetical Greek original (*δ variant).
Turkish version
Later, the Ottoman Turkish poet (d. 1413) composed the , using the Persian Shahnāma and Nizami's as source material. And in Ahmedî's poem, uses hooks in his stratagem to destroy a dragon: namely, he attached a thousand poisoned hooks to his ox-driven chariot, and having administered himself with the antidote, he assaulted the dragon. The dragon consequently received fatal injuries around its mouth and on its head. Incidentally, this tactic is paralleled in the Shahnāma for a different king, Isfandiyar who used a horse-drawn chariot spiked with swords to combat a dragon.
Pop culture references
Al-Mi'raj has been occasionally featured in video and role-playing games.
Al-Mi'raj has been adapted into Dungeons & Dragons, as part of the 1st edition Advanced Dungeons and Dragons Fiend Folio.
An enemy in the Dragon Quest series (アルミラージ ... arumirāji), first appearing in Dragon Quest III, where it is a low-level monster with a sleep attack used to render players helpless while it attacks. In U.S. localizations it has usually been renamed to "Spiked Hare", but its name is preserved in the Game Boy Color version Unlike the normal legendary Miraj, this Mi'raj is purple with a white horn and white cheeks.
In Episode 10 of the anime Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon? the first floor of the mid level contains multiple white rabbits that walk on two legs and which are identified as al-mi'raj.
In the animated short "Red" (2010), the little wolf-boy protects Red from an al-mi'raj that can grow to a monstrous size.
The Yu-Gi-Oh! Breakers of Shadow booster pack features a card based on this mythical creature called Al-Lumi'raj, and the Battles of Legend: Hero's Revenge pack features another called Salamangreat Almiraj.
The game Rage of Bahamut (and subsequently the Shadowverse CCG, which is based on it) contains a character called Moon Al-Mir'aj, a humanoid rabbit with a black horn called Ramina.
In the Donald Duck story "Mythological Menagerie", Donald tries to fool Huey, Dewey and Louie by painting a rabbit yellow and attaching a horn to it, but the nephews identify it as a Mi'Raj.
In Brave Frontier, Al-mi'raj is a common light-element unit, depicted as a white rabbit with tufts of blue fur and a golden horn.
In the episode 10 of I've Been Killing Slimes for 300 Years and Maxed Out My Level, a musician bunny girl appears, introduces herself as Kuku from Al-Mi'raj race.
In the episode 8 of Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World season 2, multiple al-mi'raj appear in a vast and snowy plain as Subaru is standing in the middle of them.
In the series KonoSuba'', multiple Al-Mir'Aj are seen as they are common monsters that are hostile to people. In the Explosions spin-off Megumin and her friend Yunyun nearly fall prey to their attack.
See also
Golden Fleece
Jackalope
Lepus cornutus
Shadhavar
Shope papilloma virus
Wolpertinger
Explanatory notes
References
Bibliography
Arabian mythology
Arabian legendary creatures
Asian witchcraft
Mythological rabbits and hares
Unicorns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mi%27raj |
Temescal Creek (Temescal, Mexican Spanish for "sweat lodge") is one of the principal watercourses in the city of Oakland, California, United States.
The word "temescal" is derived from temescalli/temazcalli (variously transliterated), which means "sweat house" in the Nahuatl language of Mexico. The name was given to the creek when it became part of the Peralta's Rancho San Antonio. It is surmised that the Peraltas or perhaps one of their ranch hands (vaqueros) had seen local indigenous (Ohlone) structures along the creek similar to those in other parts of New Spain which were called temescalli or "temazcalli".
Three forks begin in the Berkeley Hills in the northeastern section of Oakland (also referred to as the Oakland hills south of the Caldecott Tunnel), part of the Pacific Coast Ranges, coming together in the Temescal district of Oakland, then flowing westerly across Oakland and Emeryville to San Francisco Bay.
The north fork of Temescal Creek was renamed "Harwood's Creek" in the mid 19th century after an early claimant to grazing lands in the canyon above the Claremont neighborhood, retired sea captain and Oakland wharfinger William Harwood. It was renamed yet again "Claremont Creek" in the early 20th century after a residential development in the same vicinity, today's Claremont district.
The middle fork flows through Temescal Canyon mostly in underground culverts, beneath the Grove Shafter Freeway starting near the Caldecott Tunnel and underneath the interchange with State Route 13. It joins the south fork at Lake Temescal. Before the Caldecott tunnel project (1934–37), this fork entered the lake via a prominent inlet that was traversed by a trestle bridge of the Sacramento Northern Railroad. The inlet was filled in and the trestle replaced by a large concrete embankment which exists to this day.
The south fork begins in the northern section of Oakland's Montclair district, flowing southwest out of a canyon in the hills alongside Thornhill Road, then turning abruptly northwestward in the linear valley formed by the Hayward Fault. It then flows into Lake Temescal, a natural sag pond which was dammed in the 19th century to increase its capacity for use as a reservoir. Lake Temescal is now a public park.
The creek continues out of the northernmost corner of Lake Temescal into another underground culvert. The tunnel follows the Grove Shafter Freeway and briefly re-emerges next to Saint Albert's Priory next to Presley Way and Miles Avenue. It continues westerly around the end of the shutter ridge in the Rockridge district of Oakland, where it joins the north fork (Claremont Creek) at approximately the intersection of Forrest Street and Miles Avenue.
A small section of above-ground creek exists as the Rockridge-Temescal Greenbelt parallel to Claremont Avenue between the Grove Shafter Freeway and Telegraph Avenue. A pumping station at the top of the greenbelt diverts water from the tunnel and pumps it up to the surface creek. After Telegraph Avenue the tunnel continues east underneath the Temescal Community Garden and Temescal Creek Parks, then follows 53rd Street through Emeryville to its mouth at Bay Street.
Mouth area
Temescal Creek is a perennial stream, and as such, was highly valued by early settlers. At its mouth, the indigenous Ohlone people (Chochen/Huichin band), and their predecessors, built up the shellmound of Emeryville, the largest and most studied shellmound on the shoreline of San Francisco Bay.
When the area was part of the Peralta's Rancho San Antonio, the site near the shellmound was one of the landings for the ranch where their cattle and hides were loaded for shipping. Cattle and other livestock were slaughtered in this vicinity right up through the early 20th century for various meatpacking plants in an area which became known as "Butchertown".
It is believed that Temescal Creek once supported a population of rainbow trout, though urbanization and the damming at Lake Temescal have led to their decline. Archeological evidence indicates that coho salmon were also likely found at one time in the creek. The Emeryville Shellmound is also notable for its remains of beaver (Castor canadensis).
Today, the creek is mostly underground in culverts in the flatlands, but many stretches are open above Lake Temescal. In 2000, a segment of the creek below the tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad in Emeryville became accessible to the public after the demolition of one of the buildings of the historic Sherwin-Williams paint factory in early 2000. Temescal Creek now flows in an open culvert through the 2002 Bay Street Mall development. This is just about the spot where the Emeryville Shellmound once stood. A small informational park commemorating the creek and the Ohlone presence at the site is situated here.
At Shellmound Street, which runs approximately along the original Bay shoreline, the creek returns to a culvert which takes it to San Francisco Bay. This straight course, however, is a later imposition - the original course of the creek bent south and entered the Bay near the northern edge of the IKEA property. Temescal Creek near the mouth area is channelized with concrete linings. The mouth of Temescal Creek at the discharge to San Francisco Bay is fully tidal and consists of mudflats and marshland. Historically both banks of Temescal Creek in the lower area of Emeryville were part of the San Francisco Bay tidal floodplain and were extensively filled from about 1900 through the 1970s. Fill included slag, soil and other inert materials originating from the Judson Steel plant. The Judson plant occupied much of the lower reach banks in Emeryville; Judson used this reach for metal recycling/recovery. Foundations remained of a shear, tin baler, scale, and conveyor as late as 1990 when the lower banks were renamed the "Chiron" site and re-developed.
See also
Sausal Creek
Codornices Creek
Schoolhouse Creek
Strawberry Creek
References
Durham's Place-Names of the San Francisco Bay Area, by David L. Durham, Published 2000 by Quill Driver Books,
External links
Friends of Temescal Creek
Rivers of Alameda County, California
Berkeley Hills
Tributaries of San Francisco Bay
Emeryville, California
Geography of Oakland, California
Subterranean rivers of the United States
Rivers of Northern California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temescal%20Creek%20%28Northern%20California%29 |
The Purcellville Cannons are a collegiate summer baseball team in Purcellville, Virginia. They play in the north division of the Valley Baseball League. The team plays its home games at Fireman's Field, located adjacent to historic Bush Tabernacle.
History
The Wranglers were the second team to represent Luray in the Valley League. The Luray Colonials competed in the Valley League from 1958 to 1969. The Colonials won the Valley Baseball League championship for four years straight, from 1965 to 1968.
In 2000, baseball returned to the town of Luray and that following June, the team took the field for the first time as the Wranglers. In the 2001 season, the Wranglers had a record of 13 wins and 27 losses.
In 2002, the Wranglers finished with a record of 15 wins and 25 losses.
In 2003, the Wranglers finished with a record of 15 wins and 25 losses.
In 2004, the Wranglers finished with their first record above .500 and finished in second place in the Northern Division. The Wranglers final record was 23–21.
In 2005, the Wranglers were the Northern Division regular season champions/pennant winners, with an impressive record of 30 wins and 14 losses. They were the most successful in the team's short history, however they fell in the playoffs.
The Wranglers completed the regular season with 31 wins and 21 losses and were the 2006 Northern Division Champions and the 2006 Valley Baseball League Champions, with a final record of 38 wins and 23 losses.
In 2007, the Wranglers received the #3 seed, advanced to the championship round, and became league runner up. Their regular season record was 26 wins and 18 losses.
In 2008, the Wranglers completed the regular season with a record of 30 wins and 14 losses. The Wranglers won the 2008 Jim Lineweaver Cup, after defeating Covington in the Championship. Their final record was 37 wins and 15 losses, the best record in Wranglers history.
In 2010, The Luray Wranglers won the Valley League Baseball Championship with a record of 33–18.
At the end of the 2012 season the Wranglers moved to Charles Town, WV and became the Cannons.
In September 2015 the Cannons moved from Charles Town, West Virginia, to their current home in Purcellville, Virginia.
Additional notes
†=The Colonials left the Valley League in 1971 and became part of the Rockingham County Baseball League, before disbanding in 1973.
Retired Numbers
#29 - Ryne Guida (July 23, 2023)
Year-to-Year Results
Cannons in the Pros
Additional Notes
Joe Vogatsky, who played for the Cannons during the 2021 and 2022 seasons, was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 2023 MLB Draft. Toronto selected him in the 14th round, with the 424th pick, but he did not sign by the July 25th, 2023 deadline.
Luray Colonials/Wranglers (MLB Alumni Only)
References
External links
Valley Baseball League
Amateur baseball teams in West Virginia
Valley Baseball League teams
Jefferson County, West Virginia
Baseball teams established in 1958
Baseball teams established in 2012
1958 establishments in Virginia
2012 establishments in West Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcellville%20Cannons |
Roger Bigod may refer to:
Roger Bigod of Norfolk (died 1107), Norman knight who came to England with William the Conqueror; father of Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk
Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk (c. 1144/1150 – 1221)
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (c. 1209 – 1270), Marshal of England
Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (1245 – 1306)
Bigod family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Bigod |
Peter Hathaway Capstick (1940–1996) was an American hunter and author. He was born in New Jersey and educated at the University of Virginia although he was not a graduate. Capstick walked away from a successful Wall Street career shortly before his thirtieth birthday to become a professional hunter. His hunting career began in Central and South America and culminated with hunts in Africa for which he is best known. Capstick spent much of his life in Africa, a land he called his "source of inspiration". A chain smoker and heavy drinker, he died at age 56 from complications following heart surgery.
Biography
After a short career as a Wall Street stockbroker, Capstick headed to Latin America, where he traveled widely while hunting, fishing, and mastering the Spanish language. A few years later he returned to New York, where he founded a business arranging professionally guided hunting trips. Shortly thereafter, he took a position as Hunting and Fishing Director at Winchester Adventures of New York, a subsidiary of the famous gun manufacturer. In that capacity, he made his first trip to Africa in 1968. Subsequently, he worked as a professional hunter and game ranger in Zambia, Botswana, and Rhodesia.
Capstick started writing about his adventures in the late 1960s and published numerous articles in various sporting magazines. In 1977, he published his first book, Death in the Long Grass, which became a commercial success and established his reputation as an author of true adventure stories.
Capstick is frequently compared to Ernest Hemingway and Robert Ruark in discussions of influential African hunting authors.
Death
In early 1996, Capstick was a keynote speaker at the annual Safari Club International convention in Reno, Nevada, when he collapsed in his hotel room and was diagnosed with exhaustion. He was immediately flown back to his adopted country of South Africa and underwent heart bypass surgery in a Pretoria hospital. He died just before midnight on March 13 of complications from surgery.
After a small private ceremony, his ashes were scattered over the Chobe River in northeastern Botswana.
Legacy
The .470 Capstick rifle cartridge, developed by A-Square's Colonel Arthur B. Alphin in 1990, bears his name. Additionally, his legacy is saluted by The Dallas Safari Club's annual Peter Hathaway Capstick Hunting Heritage Award for the promotion of responsible hunting and wildlife conservation.
Bibliography
A Man Called Lion
The African Adventurers: A Return To Silent Places
Death in a Lonely Land
Death in the Dark Continent
Death in the Long Grass
Death in the Silent Places
The Last Ivory Hunter
Last Horizons
Maneaters
Peter Capstick's Africa: A Return To The Long Grass
Sands of Silence
Safari: the Last Adventure
Warrior: the Legend of Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen
Filmography
Capstick published a series of hunting videos over the years.
Capstick - Botswana Safari
Capstick - Hunting the White Rhino
Capstick - Hunting the African Elephant
Capstick - Hunting the African Lion
Capstick - Hunting the Cape Buffalo
Capstick's Last Safari
See also
List of famous big game hunters
References
1940 births
1996 deaths
American hunters
American non-fiction outdoors writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Hathaway%20Capstick |
Portuguese heraldry encompasses the modern and historic traditions of heraldry in Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. Portuguese heraldry is part of the larger Iberian tradition of heraldry, one of the major schools of heraldic tradition, and grants coats of arms to individuals (usually members of the Portuguese Royal Family or the Portuguese nobility), cities, Portuguese colonies, and other institutions. Heraldry has been practiced in Portugal at least since the 12th century, however it only became standardized and popularized in the 16th century, during the reign of King Manuel I of Portugal, who created the first heraldic ordinances in the country. Like in other Iberian heraldic traditions, the use of quartering and augmentations of honor is highly representative of Portuguese heraldry, but unlike in any other Iberian traditions, the use of heraldic crests is highly popular.
Characteristics
Portuguese heraldry was born within the Iberian heraldry tradition, itself a constituent part of the Latin heraldry family, and has kept many of its features to the present day. In the late 14th century it came under significant influence from English heraldry, also absorbing part of its features. Portuguese heraldry then evolved autonomously, and by the 16th century had many features of its own. These reached their peak with the ordinances of King Manuel I of 1521, which defined strict heraldic rules and established the statutes for the officers of arms.
Heraldry declined in Portugal from the 17th to the 19th century. However, in the late 19th century, and especially in the 20th, it had a strong revival, mainly driven by the high development of the civic, corporate and military heraldries.
Some features retained from the Iberian tradition include the frequent use of bordures, the appearance of mottos and legends inside the shield and the frequent use of some specific charges like the cauldron to represent the power of a nobleman to maintain and feed a military contingent and the castle to represent a place where a memorable action occurred. However, Portuguese heraldry departs from that tradition in that almost all armorial bearings are granted with a crest, which is rare in the rest of Latin heraldry. Additionally, it is characterized by the rarity of the granting of armorial bearings that include supporters, although informal ones are commonly represented in their artistic displays.
With the beginning of the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, many coats of arms came to include charges related to Portuguese overseas expansion. These included padrões, ships, flags and weapons, Moorish and African heads, exotic animals and other motifs.
Another feature of Portuguese heraldry is that when an achievement of arms includes a coronet, it is represented over the helm - when it is represented - and not below it (as is common in English heraldry, for example).
Shape
Since very early, the round bottom shield has been the preferred shape to display the coat of arms in Portugal, causing this shape to often be referred as the "Portuguese shield". In 1911, it was adopted as the standard shield shape for the national coat of arms, and in 1930 became mandatory for the coats of arms of local governments. In the past, however, other formats were frequently used, such as the modern French style in the late 19th century, the cartouche (oval) in the early 19th century, the Italian style (horse head shape) in the 18th century, the heater shield in the 14th century and the Norman shield (almond shape) in the 12th century. Women's coats of arms are always represented in a lozenge (lisonja), with the single exception of those of the Portuguese queens (regnants or consorts), which are represented in a shield.
Cadency
The Portuguese system of heraldic cadency originates in the regulations of King Manuel I. These regulations state that the head of a lineage, whether royal or common, is the only person to have the right to bear the full arms of the lineage without defacement. No other person can bear such full and undifferentiated arms, not even the heir apparent of the lineage. The system of cadency for the royal family has the same features as similar systems of other European countries, using labels to identify the order of the children of the monarch. However, the system of cadency of non-royal lineages is unlike any other. This system aims not to identify the place of the owner in the line of succession of each lineage, but instead aims to identify from which of his/her grandparents the coat of arms was inherited, this origin being signed by a specific mark of cadency, or brisure. Although it is true that the brisure personalizes the arms, in Portugal anyone is entitled to choose their surname and coat of arms from any of their ancestors, not necessarily the same ancestor for both.
Augmentations
It was common for Portuguese monarchs to grant augmentations of honour to the achievements of arms as a reward or recognition to their bearers. The most common of these augmentations was the inclusion of elements of the arms of Portugal: the escutcheon of Portugal ancient (arms of Portugal without the bordure), quinas (escutcheons Azure charged with five plates), or castles Or in Gules field. Occasionally, some augmentations were done with the inclusion of elements of the arms of other kingdoms in whose royal houses the Portuguese Monarchs had ancestors. In the late 19th century, some augmentations were done by the marshaling of the full and un-defaced arms of Portugal with the original arms of the bearers, which was a clear infraction of the heraldic rules that limit the use of those arms to the Monarch.
Tinctures
As tinctures, Portuguese heraldry uses the two metals ( Or [gold] and Argent [silver]), the five traditional colours (Gules [red], Azure [blue], Purpure [purple], Sable [black], and Vert [green]) and the furs (ermine, vair and their variations). Additional tinctures that are used in some other countries (like tenné, sanguine or orange) are not used. However, some new armorial achievements, granted in the 19th century, broke with the heraldry rules in including unconventional tinctures like azul celeste (sky blue) and carmesim (crimson). The carnation tincture is also occasionally used in the blazoning of human beings, and the description "proper" ("de sua cor") is also sometimes used to indicate the blazoning of animals or trees in their natural colors.
White (branco) is not considered a different tincture from Argent. However, probably by an heraldic error, it is so represented in some coats of arms, like those of the municipality of Santiago do Cacém (in which the white of the fallen Moor's clothing and the knight's horse is distinguished from the argent of the distant castle) and in those of the Logistical and Administrative Command of the Portuguese Air Force.
In Portuguese heraldry, the terms de ouro (Or [gold]) and de prata (Argent [silver]) are however replaced, respectively, by amarelo (yellow) and branco (white) in the description of flags. The rationale behind this is that metal materials do not enter in the composition of flags, which are made entirely of cloth.
Terminology
In English and some other countries' heraldry, achievements of arms are usually blazoned in a specialized jargon that uses derivatives of French terms. In Portuguese heraldry, however, achievements of arms are usually described in relatively plain language, using only Portuguese terms and tending to avoid specialized jargon. Examples include the use of Portuguese azul and verde for blue and green, as compared to the French-derived azure and vert used in English blazon. The hatchings in the right-hand half of the tincture illustrations are used to indicate the tincture in monochrome renderings.
Particular charges
Some particular charges are frequently used in Portuguese heraldry, with some of them being referred by specific terms. Most of these are related with the coat of arms of Portugal or other heraldic emblems, being occasionally used as augmentations of honor.
A quina is one of the five escutcheons Azure charged with five plates of the arms of Portugal. Quina is the Portuguese term for quincunx (the 5 face of a gaming die); it began to be used to designate the escutcheons of the Portuguese arms when the number of plates charging them was fixed at five in the late 14th century. Before that, each escutcheon was represented as Azure semée of plates. By synecdoche, the whole arms of Portugal are frequently refereed as the Cinco Quinas (Five Quinas) or simply as the Quinas. Similarly, the Portuguese flag is often referred as the Bandeira das Quinas (Flag of the Quinas).
The Portugal antigo (Portugal ancient) is the version of the shield of Portugal without the bordure Gules charged with castles Or. This designation is however misleading, as the Portugal ancient is not the real old version of the Portuguese coat of arms. The real old version of the Portuguese arms - before the introduction of the bordure with castles - was similar to the Portugal ancient, but with the dexter and sinister escutcheons lying horizontal and pointing to the center, with all the escutcheons being semée of plates and not just five plates. This real old version is occasionally also referred as "Portugal ancient". From the introduction of the bordure with castles in the arms of Portugal by King Afonso III until the introduction of the heraldic rules of King Manuel I, the Portugal ancient was often used as the coat of arms of the illegitimate children of the Monarchs. From then on, it was used as an augmentation of honor to a coat of arms granted by the Monarch.
The esfera armilar (armillary sphere) is also a charge that frequently appears in Portuguese heraldry, usually represented in Or. The armillary sphere was granted by King John II to Duke Manuel of Viseu as his personal badge when he was appointed heir of the Crown. When Manuel became King of Portugal in 1495, he continued to bear the armillary sphere. This reign coincided with the height of Portuguese overseas expansion and might, with the armillary sphere being widely displayed, alone or together with the Portuguese arms, in public buildings, documents, flags and other environments. The armillary sphere was so common in this period that it came to be considered not only as a royal personal badge but as a symbol of the country and of its overseas empire, with its use continuing even after the death of King Manuel I.
The cross of the Order of Christ, often referred to simply as the cruz de Cristo (cross of Christ), is a cross patty Gules charged with a small cross Argent. It is the symbol of the Portuguese Order of Christ, deriving from the old cross of the Knights Templar (ancestors of the Knights of Christ). As Prince Henry the Navigator was governor of the Order of Christ, the early Portuguese overseas maritime expeditions were sponsored by this Order, with the participating ships carrying the cross of Christ painted in their sails. The symbol was so heavily and prominently used in the Portuguese overseas expansion that it came to symbolize it and Portugal as a whole. As the government of the Order came into the hands of the King himself during the reign of Manuel I, the cross of Christ came to be also considered a royal badge (during that reign, being frequently represented together with the armillary sphere and the royal coat of arms) and later also as a national symbol.
The cross of the Portuguese Order of Aviz, referred simply as the cruz de Avis (cross of Aviz), is a cross fleury vert. As a heraldic badge, this cross had a high importance during the reigning of the House of Aviz. The founder of this House was King John I, who was the Master of the Order of Aviz before ascending to the throne. John I introduced this cross in the arms of Portugal, with its fleur-de-lis verts points appearing over the bordure of the shield. This inclusion was however considered as heraldically incorrect, and the points were removed from the shield during the reign of John II.
The castles or over a bordure gules were introduced by King Afonso III as a charge of the coat of arms of Portugal. Initially the bordure was charged with a semée of castles, but in the early 16th century the number of castles was reduced to eight and later was fixed at seven. There is a common myth that the bordure with castles represent the Portuguese reconquest of Algarve from the Moors, which was completed during the reign of Afonso III. However, today it is commonly accepted that the bordure of castles was taken by Afonso III from the arms of his mother (Urraca of Castile) and used by him as a differentiation of the arms of Portugal because its legitimate user would be his brother Sancho II. The castles were also later used as augmentations of honor.
Personal and family heraldry
Royal heraldry
Royal heraldry refers to the coats of arms of the members of the Portuguese Royal Family, including the Monarchs, the consorts, the princes and the infantes.
Until the 14th century, no clear rules existed for Portuguese royal heraldry. However, it was a practice of the children of the Monarchs to use a variation of the royal coat of arms (at that time field argent, five escutcheons azur with each semée of plates). This variation could be obtained by rearranging the elements of the Royal Coat of Arms and/or by adding to it additional elements as ordinaries or bordures. The main currently accepted theory is that the present coat of arms of Portugal was precisely originated in one of these variations, used by the future Afonso III while he was merely the brother of King Sancho II. This theory assumes that the future Afonso III assumed a coat of arms that consisted of the royal coat of arms differenced with a Gules border semée with castles Or, taken from the arms of his mother Urraca of Castile, this coat of arms being maintained after Afonso III deposed Sancho II and assumed the throne in 1248, becoming the Royal Arms of Portugal.
In the 14th century, the royal coat of arms began to be represented topped by a crown. Later, a crest was introduced, this being a wyvern Or.
In the reign of John I, a system of cadency for the coat of arms of his children was introduced. This consisted in differentiating the royal arms through the inclusion of a label, which field was different for each child of the King. Besides the use of coats of arms, the use of personal heraldic badges by the members of the Royal Family was also introduced in this reign. One of these badges - the armillary sphere of King Manuel I - obtained the status of a national insignia, being later included in the national achievement of arms.
The definitive system of royal heraldry was established by King Manuel I in its ordinances for the officers of arms of 1521. It follows strict rules that include a fixed system of cadency to distinguish the coat of arms of the different members of the royal Family.
According to the system, the Monarch of Portugal is the sole user of the undifferentiated full coat of arms of Portugal. No other person is authorized to use the full arms of Portugal, not even the Prince heir.
The consort of the Monarch uses a coat of arms with a field parti per pale, with the Portuguese arms in dexter and her/his family arms in sinister.
In the Portuguese heraldry system, Queens (either regnants or consorts) were the only women whose arms were represented in shields and not in lozenges.
The male children of the Monarch use the arms of Portugal differentiated by a label. The eldest son, as the Prince heir of Portugal, uses the label with all its points empty. The cadets (infantes) have the points of the label charged with arms of their ancestors (usually the arms of the lineage of their mother), other than the arms of Portugal. The first infante has only the dexter point of the label charged, the second one has the sinister and dexter points charged and the third and following infantes have all the three points charged.
The eldest son of the Prince heir uses the coat of arms of Portugal defaced by a label with each of its points charged with a heraldic rose.
The female children of the Monarch use a lozenge instead of a shield. This applies both to the Princesses and to the infantas. The field of the lozenge is parti per pale, with the arms of Portugal in sinister. The dexter of the shield remains empty (field argent) while the owner is single and is filled with the arms of her husband when she marries.
The members of the cadet branches had the right to include the differentiated arms of Portugal in their coat of arms until the fourth generation, when they ceased to have the status of members of the Royal Family. From the second generation on, their coat of arms would be the differentiated arms of Portugal quartered with the arms of the other non-royal ancestors of the person. The differentiated arms of Portugal always occupy the first quarter of the field of the shield.
The illegitimate children of the Monarchs also bear the arms of Portugal, but defaced with special marks of distinction. These marks varied accordingly with the old Portuguese usages of classifying illegitimate children either as natural children when both parents were not married, as bastards when just one of the parents was married, as adulterine when both parents were married but not to each other, as incestuous when the parents were close relatives or as sacrilegious when one or both parents had taken religious vows. The corresponding defacing marks would be a bend dexter for natural children, a baton sinister for bastards, a bend sinister azur for adulterine, a bend sinister vert for incestuous and a bend sinister gules for sacrilegious children.
In the late 17th century, the system of crowns and coronets to be used in the coat of arms of the members of the Royal Family was defined. From then on the royal crown (with four arches) was to be included in the coat of arms of the King and of the Queen. The princely crown (with two arches) was to be used in the coat of arms of the Prince heir (titled Prince of Brazil from 1645 to 1815 and Prince Royal from then on) and of the eldest son of the Prince heir (titled Prince of Beira since 1734). The ducal coronet was to be used in the coats of arms of the infantes.
From the 19th century on, it was common to represent the achievement of arms of the Monarchs with a pavilion issuing from the royal crown, which formed a backdrop for the shield. The Royal pavilion was purple with an ermine facing. Occasionally it was charged with elements of the coat of arms of Portugal, like quinas and castles.
Heraldry of the nobility
The system of heraldry of the Portuguese non-royal nobility applies to the noble persons and lineages that were not part of the Royal Family. These were referred as "popular lineages". The heraldic ordinances of the King Manuel I also established the rules for this type of heraldry.
These rules have taken in consideration some specific Portuguese usages that did not occur in some other European countries and that impact heraldry. One of these is that a Portuguese woman is able to hold titles and transmit them to her heirs. Another is that the surnames given to a person can optionally be taken either from the father's or from the mother's family, including surnames not used by the parents themselves, but used by their ancestors. This is reflected in heraldry, with a person being able to include quarters with arms both from the paternal and the maternal ancestors in his/her coat of arms.
The chief of a lineage is the sole person entitled to bear the undifferentiated coat arms of the lineage. If the person was chief of two lineages, his coat of arms would be divided per fess, with the arms of each lineage occupying half of the field. If the person was chief of three or more lineages, the field of the shield would be quarterly, with the arms of the lineages being distributed by the several quarters.
A noble person that is not chief of a lineage bears a quarterly coat of arms, containing in its quarters the arms taken from the lineage of the father and from the lineage of the mother. These can be combined in different ways. The simple way is to have a quarterly field with the arms of the father in quarters I and IV and arms of the mother in II and III. Another option is to have the four quarters occupied by the arms of the four grandparents. All the arms included in the field must be differentiated, as the owner is not the chief of any of the represented lineages.
The ordinances of King Manuel I also introduced a kind of marks of cadency to differentiate the coats of arms of the cadets of the lineages. These are not intended however to establish the order of succession of the cadet in the family, as are the marks of cadency of the Portuguese royal heraldry and of the heraldry of other countries, but to establish from which ancestor of the person the arms were inherited. These marks consist of brisures, checkers (quarters of a canton) and half checkers, usually placed in the dexter of the chief of the field. The different marks identified if those arms came from the paternal grandfather (brisure), the paternal grandmother (half checker charged with a brisure), the maternal grandfather (checker charged with a brisure) or the maternal grandmother (checker charged with a cushion and this with a brisure).
The rules for the coats of arms of the illegitimate children of popular lineages were similar to those of the Royal Family. So, their arms would be defaced by a baton sinister, a bend dexter, a bend sinister azur, a bend sinister vert or a band sinister gules depending on the type of illegitimacy. Regarding the natural children of popular lineages, there were more precise rules than those for the natural children of the Royal Family. The defacing of the arms of a simple natural child would also be a single baton sinister. However, if the father of the child was also a natural child the defacing would be two batons. If both the father and the grandfather would also be natural children, the batons would be three. On the other side, the legitimate descendants of natural children would have a diminutive baton sinister, that would finally disappear from the coat of arms after a number of legitimate generations.
Women from the popular lineages that were holder of titles, landladies of territories with jurisdiction or ladies lieutenants (alcaidessas) had also the right to bear coats of arms. All the above rules applied to women's coats of arms, but these would be represented in lozenges and not in shields.
In the late 16th, a system of coronets similar to those used in other European countries was introduced, with the particularity that, in Portugal, those who had only the titles of baron and viscount but had the status of Grandee had the right to bear the coronet of count.
In the 19th century, during the period of Constitutional Monarchy, the peers of the Kingdom and the counselors of State had the right to bear a coat of arms including a black mantle with ermine facing issuing from the coronet.
Burgher arms
Until the reign of King John I there were apparently no restrictions on the use of burgher arms in Portugal. The first restriction appeared in this reign, with the ban of the use of the or tincture in these type of arms.
During the reign of King Afonso V, burgher arms were restricted to the use of colours only, with both metals being banned.
This restriction would become irrelevant when King Manuel I forbade the use of arms to those who were not of the Portuguese nobility. This restriction against burgher arms in Portugal lasted until the end of the Monarchy in 1910, although, by that time, it was very common to a burgher who stood out in politics, commerce, industry, agriculture, military or other matters, to be ennobled and so to become entitled to bear a coat of arms.
Civic heraldry
National heraldry
Portuguese national heraldry evolved from the royal heraldry, with the royal coat of arms gradually coming to be considered a national coat of arms.
The present national achievement of arms of Portugal was established in 1910, after the replacement of the Monarchy by the republic. As its central element, the traditional Portuguese shield was kept. This was placed over an armillary sphere. The achievement of arms has three main versions. The simpler includes only the shield over the armillary sphere, and is so displayed in the National Flag.
In the second version, used in the national colors of military units, the armillary sphere is surrounded by two branches of laurel, tied in the base with a white scroll with Camões' verse "Esta é a ditosa Pátria minha amada" (This is my beloved famous Motherland). The final version, intended to be used in seals, coins and other badges, is similar to the second version, but the scroll does not include the verse and is usually represented in red and green.
The Portuguese shield itself is the result of about 300 years of evolution, from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The putative initial shield used by Afonso Henriques, who became the first King of Portugal, was field argent with a cross azur. This evolved to a field argent with five escutcheons azur forming a cross, the dexter and sinister ones pointing to the center, with each escutcheon semée of plates. When Afonso III became King in 1247, he maintained the shield he used as brother of King Sancho II: the then Portuguese shield added with a bordure gules semée of castles or. When the master of the Order of Aviz became King in 1385, as John I, the cross of the order (cross vert with fleur-de-lis in its points) was inserted in the shield, with its points appearing in the bordure gules, between the castles or. Later, the semée of plates of each of the five escutcheons gradually evolved to fixed five plates disposed in saltire and, because of this, each of these escutcheons started to be known as quina (the face "five" of a dice). By synecdoche, the Portuguese shield started to be referred as the five quinas or simply as the quinas. Finally, in 1481, King John II ordered the correction of the Portuguese shield, eliminating its features identified as heraldic errors. So, the cross of the Order of Aviz was taken off and the dexter and sinister escutcheons were set upright. Later the semée of castles or of the bordure evolved to seven fixed castles, this being the version in use today.
Municipal heraldry
Portuguese municipal heraldry includes the heraldic symbols — including coats of arms, flags and seals — of the local governments of Portugal, that is, the municipalities and freguesias (civil parishes).
Municipal heraldry has a long tradition in Portugal, with city, town and municipal heraldic insignia appearing as early as the 12th century. The oldest example known is the coat of arms of the former municipality of Castelo Mendo, dated from 1202. These insignia were mainly used in seals, in ceremonial flags, in the municipal halls and in the public infrastructures built by the municipalities (such as fortifications, fountains, aqueducts and bridges). Until the 19th century, the assumption of coats of arms by the municipalities was the rule, with the right to bear heraldic insignia and the right to choose their design being understood by the municipalities as one of the prerogatives of their old autonomy. Thus, the creation of municipal coats of arms did not usually pass through the officers of arms of the Crown. In the 19th century, however, some municipal coats of arms started to be granted centrally by the Crown.
The revival of heraldry in Portugal in the 20th century was much driven by a large revival in the field of municipal heraldry. Despite the restrictions on heraldry imposed by the Republican regime 1910, many municipalities expressed the desire to continue to bear arms and, in the case of some municipalities that had not had them before, even to obtain new arms. Marinha Grande was one of these municipalities, and its intention to bear a coat of arms would trigger the high development of the municipal heraldry in Portugal. In the 1920s, the recently created Municipal Council of Marinha Grande expressed the desire to bear arms, but did not find any authority capable of creating it. It then appealed to the general public through the press. The appeal was answered by Afonso Dornellas, an heraldic specialist and member of the Portuguese Association of Archaeologists, who presented a proposal for coat of arms, flag and seal designs for the Marinha Grande municipality. This proposal was approved and adopted by the respective Municipal Council. At the same time, Dornellas created a draft of regulation for the municipal heraldry.
On 14 April 1930, the Ministry of the Interior, through its Directorate General of Political and Civil Administration, issued a circular letter defining the heraldic standards to be used in the coat of arms, flags and seals of all municipalities. These were based on the regulation draft created by Dornellas. The municipal heraldic rules were reformed in 1991, but the basic standard rules established in 1930 were kept and are still in force. Most of the municipal arms were then gradually reformed in order to comply with the standard rules. In most cases, the reform kept the basic design of the original coat of arms, occasionally with a mere adjustment of the tinctures and charges in order to fully comply with the heraldic rules. However, in many cases the standardization led to a radical change, with completely new designs being introduced in some cases. While the blazon of the old municipal coat of arms tended to have an erudite meaning, with frequent references to the history of the municipality or puns regarding their names, the blazon of the municipal coat of arms introduced after 1930 tended to have more mundane meanings, frequently referring to their economical activities or landmarks. This resulted in the frequent repetition of some charges (like bunches of grapes representing the local production of wine or castles representing the existence of castles in the area), which made many of the coats of arms very similar to each other. Some municipalities refused to abandon their traditional and distinctive heraldic emblems and maintained them, even if they were non-conforming to the new standards. Caldas da Rainha, for example, kept the coat of arms that was bestowed upon the settlement by Queen Leonor and Horta kept the coat of arms granted to the city, together with the title "most loyal" bestowed by King Louis I in 1865. Angra do Heroísmo, despite having its traditional coat of arms replaced in 1939 by a completely new design intended to be standards-compliant, decided in 2013 to readopt its old coat of arms granted to the city by Queen Mary II in 1837, even though it defied the standards in the inclusion of a crest, in the divisions of the field and in not using the round bottom shape shield.
Accordingly, with Law no. 53/1991 of 7 August 1991, the Portuguese municipalities, freguesias, cities and towns had the right to bear three types of standardized heraldic symbols: the coat of arms, the flag and the seal.
Coats of arms follow a standard design that consists of a shield topped by an mural crown and under it a scroll. The shield is required to be of the round-bottom shape (Portuguese shield). The mural crown defines the rank of the seat of the local government, being five apparent towers or for Lisbon as the capital city, five towers argent for the other cities, four towers argent for towns and three towers argent for villages and urban freguesias. The scroll contains the name of the seat of the municipality or freguesia, including possible honorific titles associated with it. Alternatively, the scroll may include a motto, although this is very rare. The coat of arms may also include the insignias of the decorations awarded to the municipality or freguesia.
The blazon of the shield must obey the general Portuguese heraldry rules, which follow general European tradition. Some of the specific Portuguese heraldic norms followed include the interdiction of the inclusion of the Portuguese shield (unless it is defaced), the use of only the seven traditional tinctures (excluding others like the orange allowed in the heraldry of some other countries), and the permission to use mottos and legends inside the field of the shield. In municipal heraldry there is also the interdiction of the use of divisions of the field that cause a split in their meaningful whole.
The flags of the municipalities and freguesias may follow one of the following three standard designs, regarding their field: gyronny of eight pieces, quarterly or single tincture. Tinctures used are those corresponding to the dominant metal and/or color of the coat of arms. Following the Portuguese usage for blazoning flags, or and argent are not used, being respectively replaced by yellow and white. Flags with a gyronny field are reserved for cities. Regarding the other two designs, although not a mandatory rule, recent practice has been to give quarterly flags to towns and flags with a single tincture to the rest of the freguesias. There are two shapes of flags, according to the intended use. The first type is the standard, to be used as parade flag. This is square with a side of 1 meter, made of silk, with the coat of arms represented in the center of its field. Standards are bordered by a cord in the dominant metal and color, ending in tassels and tied to a golden staff and spear. The other type are the flags to be flown from fixed staffs, flagpoles or halyards. These are rectangular, with a proportion of 2:5 and with no fixed dimensions. The flags of this type may include the coat of arms or not (with exception of flags with a single tincture, which always include it).
The seals are always round and consist of a central circle surrounded by a bordure. The central circle contains the charges of the coat of arms, but without the tinctures. The bordure contains the name of the body of government of the municipality or freguesia.
Regional heraldry
The regional heraldry refers to the coat of arms used by the regional level (above municipal level) self-governing entities of Portugal. Although provinces, autonomous districts and other self-governing entities existed in the past, at present the only such entities these type are the autonomous regions of Azores and Madeira. In contrast with the municipal heraldry, there is no regional heraldry tradition in Portugal.
The local government heraldry law of 1991 also defines the standards for the coats of arms and flags of the administrative regions. These are envisioned in the Portuguese Constitution as regional local government entities of mainland Portugal, but were never created, so their heraldry was also never implemented. The administrative regions would also have the right to bear arms, seal and flag, with similar features to those of the municipalities. The arms would be topped by a special mural crown similar to that of the city of Lisbon, but with a quina alternating with each tower. The flags would be a gyronny of sixteen pieces.
In contrast, the Portuguese autonomous regions were implemented. They established their own heraldry, case by case by the regions' own governing bodies within the scope of their developed powers, not following any specific standards besides the general rules of heraldry. Both the regional achievement of arms of the Azores and that of Madeira follow a model inspired by the old Portuguese royal heraldry. The shield of Madeira, together with its seal and flag, was established in 1978, but its complete achievement of arms (with the addition of supporters, motto, helmet and crest) was only established in 1991. The arms of the Azores were established in 1979, as well as their seal and flag. Before that, however, a heraldic charge identifying Azores (a flying goshawk (açor) or with a quina in its claws) was already in use, inserted in the chief of the coats of arms of many municipalities of the Region.
Besides the two autonomous regions, the region of the Algarve, although not existing as a legal personality, is also occasionally collectively identified by a coat of arms: the putative coat of arms of the ancient honorary Kingdom of the Algarve, consisting of a quarterly shield, with the head of a Christian king in the I and IV, and the head of a Moor in the II and III. The fields of the I and IV are usually represented in Or and those of the II and III in Gules, although variations occur. Elements of this coat of arms were included in the arms of most of the Algarve municipalities (usually the Christian king and Moor heads in the chief). Some regional and local organizations also use the Algarve coat of arms or include elements of it in their own emblems.
Military heraldry
Military heraldry is the youngest branch of Portuguese heraldry. Each branch of the Armed Forces and the Republican National Guard (GNR) has its own system of heraldry, that also includes their heraldic vexillology.
Before the 20th century, the Portuguese military made only rare use of heraldry, besides use of the royal and national coats of arms. In contrast with the usage of other militaries, even the use of particular badges, insignia or mottos was rare in the Portuguese military units. In the late 1920s, the Portuguese Army started a policy of reviving its units' historical traditions. As part of its policy, mottos were introduced for some units in the late 1920s, and units' semi-heraldic guidons were introduced in the early 1930s. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the first unit's coat of arms were introduced, although in most cases these consisted of non-heraldic designs. In 1953, the Portuguese Institute of Heraldry proposed a system of rules to construct heraldically compliant coats of arms for the Army. Some units adopted coats of arms following these rules.
In 1964 the Army finally started to experiment with the implementation of a regulation of heraldry and symbology, establishing strict heraldic compliance rules for the creation of coats of arms and heraldic flags for the units. A particular characteristic of these rules was the use of the heater shield in the coat of arms, instead of the traditional Portuguese shield with a round point proposed in the 1950s. Although an Army heraldic coronet was established, this was rarely used, with the coat of arms usually represented in a similar way to personal heraldry, with the shield topped by a helm and this by a crest. These regulations became official in 1969.
The other branches of the Armed Forces followed the Army in implementing processes of heraldic regulation. In 1960, the Portuguese Air Force established a regulation of vexillology that also defined the unit's coat of arms to be inserted in their guidons. Most of these coats of arms consisted of non-heraldic designs. The Portuguese Navy established several regulations for the guidons of their units in the 1960s, but not rules for coats of arms. The Navy adopted its own heraldic regulation in 1972, similar to the Army regulation but preferring the use of round-bottom shields, and with the units' coats of arms being always represented topped by a naval coronet. The Air Force implemented its own heraldic regulation in 1985, based on the Army standards but with the unit's coat of arms always represented topped with an aeronautical coronet.
Meanwhile, the Army changed its heraldry regulation in 1987, with deep changes in heraldic vexillology and also some changes in the heraldry itself. These changes were not adopted by the other branches, which makes the Army's heraldry, especially the vexillology, markedly different from those of the Navy and the Air Force.
Army heraldry
The present regulation of Army heraldry was established in 1987, replacing the regulation of 1969. The new regulation marked a deep change in the Army heraldic vexillology, that incidentally became substantially different from the vexillology of the other branches of the Armed Forces that continued to be based on the Army's 1969 standards. However, it did not cause substantial changes in the standards of the coat of arms.
The coat of arms of the Army is gules, a lion rampant or holding an ancient sword argent with a handle or, the crest of the achievement being the figure of the shield. The badge of the Army is this coat of arms, but represented in a round shield surrounded by a laurel wreath in dexter and oak wreath in sinister, topped by the Army's coronet, with or without the crest. The Army's coronet is a mural crown with eight towers, five of them apparent, interspersed by cannonballs.
Each independent body of the Army has the right to bear a coat of arms and a flag to be flown. The coat of arms is represented in a heater shield (referred to as "classical shield"). The field is blazoned accordingly with the general rules of Portuguese heraldry, but mottoes, legends and monograms are not allowed inside the shield, and partitions of the field are only allowed without any charges on them.
The complete achievement of arms of an body is represented by the shield, helmet, torse, mantling and crest, scroll with motto and, optionally orders, supporters, compartment and a war cry. Alternatively, the achievement can be represented by the shield topped by the Army's coronet and optionally the crest on its top, without any other elements including the helmet.
The previous 1969 Army heraldic regulations also envisioned the existence of personal coats of arms for certain general officers. These included rank or office insignia to be put under or on the sides of the shield. Examples of those insignia were two crossed batons under the shield for marshals, two crossed cannon under the shield for the director of the artillery branch, two towers in the dexter and sinister of the shield for the director of the engineering branch, a Greek cross under the shield for the director of the military health service and a collar with flaming grenades and cog-wheels around the shield for the director of the ordnance service. However, the present regulations include only achievements of arms for bodies.
The heraldic flags used by the bodies of the Army are the flags to be flown, the standards (estandartes) and the pennants (flâmulas). The standards of the independent bodies are square (75 cm × 75 cm), being a quadrature of the respective coat of arms. The flags to be flown are similar, but their dimensions can vary. The standards of the sub-units of battalion size have the center of the field occupied by the quadrature of its mother unit coat of arms, with a bordure of the main metal of the arms, with the angles occupied by a color or fur which identifies the order of the sub-unit inside the unit. It is notable that while the battalion flags were traditionally referred as "guidons" (guiões), this new designation implemented in 1987 broke with that tradition. The company size sub-units bear a pennant (75 cm × 25 cm forked flag) with a quadrature of its mother battalion near the host and the tips with a specific color that identifies the company inside the battalion. Independent companies bear battalion type standards and not pennants.
The Portuguese Army has its own heraldic authority, the Directorate of Military History and Culture, through its Section of Heraldry.
Navy heraldry
Portuguese Naval heraldry is regulated by the Office of Naval Heraldry, under the 2010 Regulation of the Heraldry of the Navy, that replaced the previous Regulation of 1972.
The coat of arms of the Navy is a field azur with a dolphin argent, a naval crown or, a scroll with the war cry São Jorge (Saint George) on the top and a scroll with the motto Talant de bien faire (Talent to make good) on the bottom. This coat of arms, including its external elements, but represented in a round shield flanked by a laurel wreath in dexter and an oak laurel in sinister, constitutes the badge of the Navy.
Besides the Navy itself, the following bodies have the right to bear coats of arms: the Naval Command and the maritime zone commands, the bodies that are part of the Naval Command that are headed by commanders or officers of higher rank, the bodies of the National Maritime Authority, the Hydrographic Institute, the frigates, corvettes, submarines, training ships and other naval units commanded by commanders or officers of higher rank, permanent naval forces and groups, other bodies headed by captains or officers of higher rank, the Naval Staff and the Naval Band. When authorized by the Chief of Staff of the Navy, a coat of arms can be granted to non-permanent naval or marine force commanded by a commander or officer of higher rank. Flag officers with the role of commanders, directors or chiefs of the aforementioned bodies also have the right to bear achievements of arms. The small naval units not included in the aforementioned ones usually bear an heraldic device that serves as badge and as main charge of their heraldic pennants.
The achievements of arms used in the Navy usually consist of a shield topped by a naval crown. They can also include crosses and collars of orders, decorations with their ribbons, trophies, mottos and war cries. The achievements may also include supporters and their compartments. The achievements of arms of the flag officers consist of the shield of the body under his/her command, with the rank insignia of the bearer under the shield and with the naval crown replaced by helm, torse and crest. The shields are of the round-bottom shape, but round shields flanked by laurels can also be used to constitute badges. The Navy's heraldry allows the augmentation of honors to the achievements of arms. The possible marks of augmentation are based in the ancient Portuguese usage of royal augmentation with elements of the coat of arms of Portugal and are a canton charged with a castle or, a canton charged with a quina or an escutcheon argent with the five quinas.
Naval flag officers have specific heraldic rank insignia to be inserted under the shields of their achievements of arms. These are two anchors argent in saltire each charged with two quinas for admirals, the same anchors but without the quinas for vice-admirals, a single anchor argent per pale for rear-admirals and the same anchor but with a reduced canton in the shield charged with an anchor argent for commodores.
The Portuguese Navy has the custom of granting coats of arms to ships with the blazoning of the family or personal coat of arms of their patrons. Example are the shields of the three Vasco da Gama-class frigates (Vasco da Gama, Álvares Cabral and Corte Real), which fields have the identical blazoning of the coats of arms borne, respectively, by Vasco da Gama, by Pedro Álvares Cabral and by the brothers Miguel and Gaspar Corte-Real.
The Navy also uses heraldic flags that are based in the Army's 1969 standards and so are considerably different from those used today by that branch of service. These flags are the heraldic standards (estandartes heráldicos), the guidons (guiões) and the heraldic pennants (flâmulas heráldicas). The heraldic standards are square flags (1 m × 1 m), whose fields may be blazoned with a combination of ordinaries, crosses, stars or stripes, with an optional cross or saltire overall, the fields having in the center the shield of the bearers surrounded by a scroll with their designation. The guidons are also square flags (0.8 m × 0.8 m), the field charged with the heraldic badges of the bearers, with a bordure that can be simple, gyronny, quartered or cantoned. The heraldic pennants - not to be confused with the commissioning pennants - are triangular flags (0.75 m × 0.25 m), divided in four parts by a scroll in bend with the name of the bearers and charged with their heraldic badges. Heraldic standards are borne by the Navy itself, the Naval Command and the maritime zone commands, the Marine Corps and the naval and marine forces and units entitled to bear coats of arms, the marine battalions, the Naval School, the Naval Technologies, Maritime Authority and Marines schools and the Naval and Marine bases. Guidons are borne by independent Marine companies and divers units. Heraldic pennants are borne by small naval units not entitled to bear heraldic standards and by Marine companies that are part of battalions.
Air Force's heraldry
The heraldry of the Portuguese Air Force was officially regulated in 1985, being largely based on the Army's 1969 heraldic standards. The 1985 Regulation of Heraldry is an update of the transitional standards approved in 1978 and replaced the previous Air Force's flag regulation of 1960, which also defined the mainly non-heraldic shields used by each unit.
The coat of arms of the Air Force itself is field azur with a spread eagle or beaked and membered gules, an aeronautical coronet and under the shield a scroll with the motto Ex mero motu (from the mere motion). The aeronautical or Air Force's coronet is a variation on an astral crown, in which the pairs of wings alternate with crosses of Christ (traditional emblem of Portuguese military aviation). The achievement of arms of the Air Force can also be represented in the form of greater arms, with the addition of the following external elements: crest (a wing Or charged with a cross of Christ), torse (Azure and Or), supporters (a lion Gules holding the banner of arms of the Armed Forces General Staff in dexter and a dolphin Sable holding the banner of arms the Air Force in sinister) and compartment (mountains Vert in dexter and water waves Vert in sinister).
Besides the Air Force itself, the following existing bodies have the right to bear coats of arms: base units, technical departments, commands, the Air Force Academy, the Inspection General of the Air Force and the Air Force Staff. The commanding officers of the base units and technical departments with a rank of colonel or above have also the right to bear a coat of arms. Exceptionally and if authorized by the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, coats of arms can also be granted to other bodies not listed above whose commanding officers have the rank of major or above.
The coats of arms of the bodies are usually represented in a heater shield with an aeronautical coronet, with or without the crest. Additional external elements can also be represented. The coats of arms can form a badge, for this use being represented in a round shield surrounded by a laurel wreath in dexter and an oak wreath in sinister, topped by the aeronautical coronet and the crest.
The personal achievements of arms of commanding officers of the bodies are the coats of arms of the respective bodies, but with the aeronautical coronet replaced by a helmet with torse and mantling. These coats of arms can also include the crest and other external elements.
The heraldic flags used by the Air Force are the distinctive flags (galhardetes), the standards (estandartes), the merit guidons (guiões de mérito), the guidons (guiões) and the pennants (flâmulas). The distinctive flags are borne by the general officers and usually are a quadrature of the coat of arms of the body they command. The standards are square banners (1 m × 1 m) with a field resulting from a geometric combination of quarterlies and gyronnies, over which a cross or a saltire may lap up, with the shield of the body in the center, surrounded by a scroll bearing either its designation or motto. The standard of the Air Force itself is its banner of arms. The guidon of merit is a square flag (0.75 m × 0.75 m) with the field Azure with an eagle displayed Or, a bordure Or with a palm Vert in each flank. The guidon is a square flag (0.75 m × 0.75 m) with a quadrature of the coat of arms of the bearer, with a bordure that can be simple, with cantons, quarterly or gyronny. The pennant is a triangular flag (0.25 m × 0.5 m) containing the symbology of the unit. The standards are intended to be borne by the base units, commands, the Air Force Academy and the Air Force; the guidons are by groups; and the pennants by squadrons and independent flights. The merit guidons are to be borne by flights, squadrons and groups distinguished, with the golden medal of distinguished services or above decorations, for exceptional merit in a combat action, including the name of the unit and the date when that action occurred.
The Air Force heraldic authority is the Historical Archive of the Air Force, which includes a deputy chief for heraldry.
Unified bodies' heraldry
The heraldry of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (EMGFA) was established in 1977, based on the 1969 heraldic rules of the Army and the 1972 rules of the Navy. The achievement of arms of the EMGFA was established as Azure, a winged sea lion Or handling an ancient sword Argent, a coronet with five apparent cannonballs or, the winged sea lion of the shield issuing as crest and a scroll with the motto Que quem quis sempre pôde (That anyone who wanted always could). The coat of arms was represented in a round bottom shield. The coat of arms of the Chief of the General Staff consisted of the shield of the EMGFA with the coronet replaced by a helm and the crest of the EMGFA. A coat of arms of Vice-Chief of the General Staff was also established, being the field of the shield of the EMGFA with a bordure Argent, topped by a helm and the crest of the EMGFA, this defaced by a roundel Gules. The distinctive flags (galhardetes) of the Chief and Vice-Chief of Staff were their respective banners of arms. The standard (estandarte) of the EMGFA followed the 1969 model of the Army units' heraldic standards with a quarterly field of Azure and Argent and a countercharged bordure of Gules and Or, a reduced cross Or overall and the shield of the EMGFA on the center surrounded by a scroll with the designation of the body.
The heraldry of some of the unified bodies of the Armed Forces that were under the direct authority of the EMGFA followed the same model, including the use of the special coronet of the EMGFA. These are the operational commands of the Azores, Madeira, and the Hospital of the Armed Forces.
In 1979, a coat of arms was also established for the Minister of National Defense. The shield was the reproduction of a quina (Azure, five plates in saltire), an helm, torse and mantling Azure and Argent, with an issuing wyvern Argent as crest, a scroll with the motto Os Portugueses somos do Ocidente (We Portuguese are of the West).
Heraldry for several other bodies of the Ministry of National Defense has been created, but not following a specific standard besides the general standards of the Portuguese heraldry.
GNR's heraldry
The Republican National Guard (GNR) is a gendarmerie type security force, whose members have military status. The GNR started to implement a system of heraldry in the 1970s, following closely the model of the Army's heraldry. The standards used until 1987 were based in the Army's heraldic regulations of 1969. When the Army changed its regulations in 1987, the GNR kept the heraldry of the already existing bodies, but the heraldry of the newly created bodies started to follow the Army's new regulations. Finally, in 2009, the GNR implemented a new heraldic regulation for general application, which is based in the Army's 1987 regulation.
The coat of arms of the GNR is field Vert, an ancient sword Or sustained by two wyverns combatant Or, military helmet Argent, torse and mantling Vert and Or, a wyvern of the shield wielding an ancient sword Or as crest, the collar of the Order of the Tower and Sword and a scroll with the motto Pela Lei e pela Grei (For the Law and for the People). This coat of arms was granted in 1973 and replaced a non-heraldic design used since the 1950s.
Besides the GNR itself, the following bodies have the right to bear a coat of arms: the Command General, the Guard Inspection, the Operational Command, the Human Resources Administration Command, the Training and Doctrine Command, the School of the Guard and the units. Units and sub-units deployed outside of the national territory of Portugal have also the right to bear a coat of arms.
The coats of arms of the above bodies follow exactly the model of the coat of arms of the GNR, being always represented with a heater style shield.
The heraldic flag types used in the GNR are the flag to be flown (bandeira de arvorar), the standard (estandarte), the guidon (guião), the pennant (flâmula) for sub-units, the pennant for vessels and the distinctive flag (galhardete). The flags, the standards, the guidons and the pennants for sub-units follow the model of the Army's respective flags, standards for independent bodies, standards for battalions and pennants. The GNR's own standard is larger, 1 m × 1 m. The pennants for vessels are triangular flags and include near the staff the heraldic symbol of the Coastal Control Unit, and near the fly the symbol of the vessel. The distinctive flags to be borne by general officers are the quadrature of the field of the coat of arms of the bodies they command, with a chief Vert charged with a number of stars Or corresponding to the rank of the general. The flags are to be borne by the bodies entitled to bear a coat of arms, the guidons by battalion-size units, and the pennants by company-size units and by vessels under the command of officers.
The former Fiscal Guard (GF) also made use of heraldry before its integration into the GNR in 1993. The coat of arms of the GF was established in 1980 as Azure with a star of 16 points or (this star was the traditional badge of this body since the 19th century), a helm Argent, torse and mantling Azure and Or, the crest being an issuing griffon or holding a bugle Or, a scroll with the motto Pela Pátria e pela Lei (For the Motherland and for the Law). In 1989, particular coats of arms were also granted to the several units and commands of this body, following the same general standard. With the integration of the GF in the GNR as its Fiscal Brigade, the coat of arms of the previous body became the coat of arms of its successor.
Other security forces and services
Besides the National Republican Guard and the former Fiscal Guard, other Portuguese security forces and services make use of military type heraldry, despite most of these having a civil nature.
The coat of arms of the Public Security Police (PSP) was approved in 1982. It was Azure with a star of six points Argent, a helm Argent, torse and mantling Azure and Argent, a flying falcon Argent for a crest, the collar of the Order of the Tower and Sword and a scroll with the motto Pela Ordem e pela Pátria (For the Order and for the Motherland). In the same year, the PSP Command initiated a process of creation of coat of arms for the several units and commands of the body, with the support of Colonel Jorge Guerreiro, head of the Army's Heraldic Office. Col. Guerreiro designed a specific PSP coronet, consisting of a ring topped by four stars of six points (three visible) with displayed falcons in their intervals, all in Or. The achievements of arms of most of the units (including of all territorial commands) were then represented as a heater shield topped by the PSP coronet and a scroll with a motto under the shield. However, the heraldic standardization was not universal as, besides the PSP's own coat of arms, the coats of arms created for a number of units did not follow the PSP heraldic standards.
The Portuguese intelligence system (SIRP) and its constituent services also make use of coats of arms. That of the Secretary General of the SIRP was established in 2007 as being a shield Sable with a wall with three doors Argent, accompanied by two lamps in the chief and an armillary sphere in the base all Or, a helm Argent, the crest being a phoenix Argent crowned Or issuing from flames Gules, a scroll with the motto E com força e saber, que mais importa (And with strength and knowing, what matters most). The coat of arms of the Internal Security Intelligence Service (SIS) is Sable, an eagle head Argent beaked Or, a bordure Or with eight castles Sable, an ancient crown Or, a scroll with the motto Principiis Obstare (To hold the front line). The coat of arms of the external intelligence service (SIED) is Gules, an armillary sphere Or, a helm Argent, the crest an owl Or and a scroll with the motto Adivinhar Perigos, e Evitallos (To foresee dangers and avoid them). The achievements of arms of the three bodies are represented with round bottom shields.
A heraldic emblem was granted to the Border and Immigration Police (SEF) in 1989. This is a shield Azure with an armillary sphere Or, helm Argent, torse and mantling Azure and Or, the crest a flying swallow proper, a scroll with the motto Sub Lege, Libertas (Under the law, freedom).
The Economic and Food Security Authority (ASAE) also wished to have a heraldic insignia. The entity adopted a coat of arms in 2012, although the adopted design does not comply with the rules of heraldry. It includes a round bottom shield with a dancetty field with the logo of the ASAE, two crossed halberds over the shield, two griffons on top the shield, a scroll with the motto Pro Lege (For the Law) and the coat of arms of Portugal under the achievement, all involved by laurel wreaths.
Portuguese Empire
Heraldry accompanied the Portuguese overseas expansion since the early 15th century, reaching Africa, Asia and America. The heyday of Portuguese heraldry coincided with the height of the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century.
The Portuguese monarchs granted probably the first achievements of arms to be borne by sub-Saharan Africans: namely, coats of arms were granted to Prince Bemoym (Buumi Jelen) of Jolof, to King Afonso I of Congo and to Emperor Mwenemutapa of Mutapa.
In the main cities and towns of the Portuguese Overseas, local municipal councils were established according to the model that already existed in European Portugal. As their European counterparts did, many of these municipal councils also adopted their own heraldic insignia.
The Portuguese practice was the universal use of the royal coat of arms through all the Portuguese Empire and not to create particular coats of arms for the dominions, even to those to which the status of state was granted (Portuguese India, and later Brazil). Besides the coat of arms of Portugal, other national heraldic insignia were used, these being especially the cross of the Order of Christ and the armillary sphere. From the reign of Manuel I onward, this last device was so much used in the Overseas that it came to be considered as a kind of semi-official symbol of the Portuguese Empire.
The first official grant of coat of arms to a Portuguese overseas territory was made to Brazil in 1815, when it was elevated to the status of a constituent kingdom of the then created United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Brazil became field azure with an armillary sphere or. The armillary sphere (often displayed over a cross of the Order of Christ) had been already used as a badge of the Portuguese State of Brazil since the 17th century and, from 1822, continued to be present in the coat of arms of the Empire of Brazil. After the establishment of the republic in 1889, the armillary sphere was altered and transformed in the celestial sphere of the present Brazilian national flag and coat of arms.
After the independence of Brazil in 1822, a Brazilian heraldry appeared, which continued the Portuguese tradition in most of its aspects. Regarding family heraldry, as most of the noble families of Brazil descended from Portuguese lineages, in many cases they continued to bear their coats of arms. The Portuguese tradition of civic heraldry was also partially followed in Brazil. In the 20th century, the Portuguese municipal heraldry official standards established in 1930 served as the model for the municipal heraldry of Brazil. Many Brazilian municipalities created new coats of arms or adapted their old ones to such standards.
In the remaining parts of the Portuguese Empire, the official grant of civic coats of arms only started in the late 19th century, when a number of municipal achievements of arms were granted to several cities of the Overseas by the Portuguese Crown. These granted coats of arms joined municipal coats of arms that had been assumed earlier by other Overseas municipalities.
In 1932, the Portuguese Institute of Heraldry proposed a model of coats of arms to be borne by the Portuguese colonies. Each coat of arms would have a field with the particular heraldic achievement of each colony and a common bordure or charged with four quinas alternating with four crosses of the Order of Christ. The shield was to be topped by a specific model of mural crown with five visible towers or, each tower charged with an armillary sphere gules and between each tower a shield argent charged with the cross of the Order of Christ. Particular heraldic achievements for each colony were also designed to be inserted in the fields of the respective coats of arms. Although this model was never officially adopted, it was apparently in limited use by some colonies.
Finally in 1935, the Ministry of Colonies granted official coats of arms to all of the then Portuguese colonies. All these coats of arms followed the same model: a shield tierced in mantle, the I field argent with the five quinas of Portugal (Portugal ancient), the II with the particular heraldic achievement of the colony and the III field wavy in vert and argent. The shield was placed over an armillary sphere or, topped by a colonial mural crown of the same design as was proposed in 1932 and under it a scroll argent with the name of the colony. As a kind of lesser arms, the achievement was occasionally represented with only the shield topped with the crown. Some of the designs for the particular heraldic achievements proposed for the colonies in 1932 were also used in this model of coats of arms, being placed in the II division of the field of the shields. The coats of arms had a small adjustment in 1951, when the status of the overseas territories reverted from that of "colonies" to "overseas provinces", this being reflected in the inscriptions of the scrolls with the name of those territories.
In the late 1950s, the Portuguese Government started a policy of general granting of coats of arms to the municipalities of the Overseas, most of which - especially the newly created ones - did not yet have them. These new coats of arms followed the 1930 standards established for the heraldry of the municipalities of European Portugal. However, as the municipalities of the Overseas were not under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior and its rules, instead being under the Ministry of the Overseas, some different approaches were made. Instead of resorting to the Heraldry Section of the Association of Portuguese Archeologists, the Ministry of the Overseas asked the Office of Corporative Heraldry, headed by F.P. Almeida Langhams, to design the new municipal coats of arms. Besides introducing its own style, Almeida Langhams ignored some of the restrictions imposed by the 1930 standards of municipal heraldry. So some coats of arms were made with divisions of the field and, in others, a motto replaced the designation of the municipality in the scroll under the shield. Most of the rest of the standards were followed, including the use of the round bottom shield and the mural crowns with a number of towers identifying the rank of the municipal seat. The coats of arms granted to the capital cities of the several Overseas provinces included mural crowns of five visible towers or like the model until then only used by Lisbon as capital of the Nation.
Ecclesiastical heraldry
The members of the Portuguese Catholic Church have made use of heraldry since it was first introduced in Portugal. One of the first known ecclesiastical heraldic insignia appears in the seal of Soeiro Mendes, the first bishop of Évora after its reconquest from the Moors in 1165.
Portuguese ecclesiastical heraldry follows the general standards established for the heraldry of the Roman Catholic Church. However, some national features stand out.
One such feature is that the Patriarchate of Lisbon is the only Catholic see - besides the Holy See itself - that has the right to bear the Papal tiara in its achievement of arms. The coat of arms of the Patriarchate of Lisbon differs from that of the Holy See only in combining the tiara with a processional cross crossed with a pastoral staff, while the Holy See combines the crossed keys of Saint Peter. The Patriarchs themselves have the right to bear the Papal tiara in their personal coat of arms; however this has fallen into disuse, with the latter holders of the office (who, by tradition, are always made cardinals) preferring the use of the red ecclesiastical hat (galero) of cardinal.
Another feature is that the Portuguese bishops and archbishops often don't use the standard entirely green ecclesiastical hat, but use instead a Portuguese specific model that is black with the facing and tassels in green. With fifteen tassels, the black and green galero may also be used in the coats of arms of the Primates of Braga and of the Patriarchs of Lisbon if they are not cardinals.
Ecclesiastical coats of arms are often represented in oval shields. However, the use of round-bottom ("Portuguese shield"), heater and other shapes of shield is also common.
In the past, most ecclesiastical coats of arms consisted of family coats of arms, often representing the lineages from which the holder descended. This reflected the noble origin of most of the high-ranking officials of the Portuguese Church. As there were few legal restrictions regarding the ecclesiastical coat of arms, many officials of the Church bore arms that they were not supposed to be entitled to bear, e.g., the undefaced family arms, in theory reserved to the heads of lineages. There were also many cases of officials of the Church that adopted the family coat of arms corresponding to their surnames, although not even belonging to that lineage. Other officials of the Church bore instead Arms of Faith (Armas de Fé), with elements that represented their religious devotions and philosophies. These have become more common, as a growing number of non-noble persons ascended to the high ranks of the Church. There were also coats of arms created through the marshaling of Arms of Faith with family arms.
The bishop of Coimbra João Galvão was made count of Arganil, by King Afonso V in 1472. Since then the title has remained associated with the ecclesiastical office, with its holders being known as "bishops-counts". Because of their singular status as holders of both an ecclesiastical and a secular title, the bishops-counts of Coimbra used a coat of arms in which the shield was topped by a count's coronet, and that was topped by a bishop's ecclesiastical hat. Following the ban on the use of noble titles by the members of the Catholic Church, the bishops of Coimbra dropped the use of the title and the use of the respective coronet in their coat of arms.
Another peculiar mixed ecclesiastical and secular coat of arms was that of by the Cardinal-King Henry of Portugal. Being the youngest son of King Manuel I, Henry followed the ecclesiastical life, later becoming a cardinal. When his great nephew King Sebastian died in the battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578, Henry was the next in the line of succession and became King of Portugal, although maintaining his ecclesiastical standing. As a cardinal and King, Henry bore the Royal Arms of Portugal, with a cardinal hat over the royal crown.
Santa Casa da Misericórdia
Other Portuguese corporations that also make significant use of heraldry are the misericórdias (holy houses of mercy). The traditional achievement of arms used by the misericórdias consisted of two shields represented in courtesy. The sinister shield is usually the coat of arms of Portugal, while the dexter shield is usually the particular coat of arms of the misericórdia itself. This contains heraldic charges representing the attributes of the institution, the most common being: cross (representing God and the support to the sick during their life), skull and crossed bones (representing spiritual comfort given in death), the legend "MIZA" (old abbreviation for misericórdia "mercy"), the allegoric figure of the Mercy, the image of Our Lady and images of Saints. The two shields are usually oval and represented in a cartouche, surrounded by a laurel wreath and frequently topped by the Portuguese royal crown (representing the royal tutelage of the misericórdias since their foundation).
After the implantation of the republic, some misericórdias opted by less "monarchic" achievement, eliminating the royal crown and instead placing the two shields in courtesy over the armillary sphere of the present Portuguese coat of arms. Besides this, many variations occur, like the representation of the arms of the misericórdia and of Portugal in the same shield parti per pale, or the replacement of the arms of Portugal by those of the local municipality. In the early 1930s, the heraldist Afonso Dornelas of the Section of Heraldry of the Association of Portuguese Archeologists proposed a model for the heraldry to be bore by the misericórdias, but this not implemented by most of them. In the 1990s, the heraldist J. Bernard Guedes proposed a new heraldic model that has been accepted and implemented by a number of misericórdias. Accordingly, with this model, the achievement of arms is composed of a round-bottom shield, a Marian crown and a scroll with the designation of the institution. The charges included in this model of coat of arms are more heterogeneous than in the old one, although some of them, such as the shrimping net (heraldic badge of Queen Eleanor, founder of the misericórdias), are frequently repeated. Bernard Guedes also established the model for the heraldic flags, which have a white field with a saltire azur (taken from the crest of the family coat of arms of Friar Miguel Contreiras, the mythical creator of the misericórdias), a bordure in the main color of the coat of arms, with the cantons in the main metal charged with the abbreviation "MIZA" in the I and IV and with diverse charges in the II and III.
Corporate heraldry
Corporate heraldry refers to the coats of arms of the several types of Portuguese corporations, including charitable organizations, labor organizations, educational institutions and others. Corporate heraldry achieved a high development in the scope of the corporative regime of the Estado Novo, in force from 1933 to 1974.
Under the Estado Novo, the labor and economic activities of the Nation were to be framed by corporative bodies or corporations (in a broad sense), including the trade unions, the guilds, the orders of independent professionals, the houses of the fishermen and the houses of people. Under the leadership of the heraldist F. P. Almeida Langhans, the Office of Corporate Heraldry was established as the official heraldic authority for those bodies. Almeida Langhans created a specific model for the coats of arms of corporative bodies that consisted of an oval shield entirely encircled by a cartouche (designed as a scroll) bearing the designation of the body. The charges used in these coats of arms were often the tools used in the crafts that the body represented and the images of the patron Saints of those crafts. An unconventional type of charges, also often included in the field of the shields, were complete achievements of arms (including its external elements), especially those of the municipalities where the corporative bodies were located. The model created for the coats of arms of the corporations (in the narrow sense) that represented the large branches of industry was different and consisted in a heater shield topped by an helmet, torse, mantling and crest.
Within the scope of corporate heraldry, Almeida Langhans was also responsible for the creation of a model of coat of arms for the corps of volunteer firefighters. This consisted in the Phoenix issuing from the flames and holding two crossed axes, charged with the municipal coat of arms of the city or town where the corps was located. This model of coat of arms is still today used by almost all the corps of volunteer firefighters of the country.
The use of heraldic insignia was not traditional among Portuguese universities and other educational institutions. As insignia, these usually preferred the use of variants of their seals, usually with allegoric and non-heraldic designs. However, since the 1970s, a number of universities and polytechnic institutes have adopted coats of arms as their insignia.
The 1991 law regulating the Portuguese municipal heraldry also defined a model for the corporate coat of arms to be borne by the legal persons of administrative public interest. These would be represented in a round-bottom shield, with a civic crown and a scroll with the name of the institution; however, this model of coat of arms was apparently never granted to any institution.
Heraldic authorities
King of Arms
During the period of the Monarchy (until 1910), the heraldic authorities of the Kingdom were the officers of arms and the Nobility Register Office.
The Portuguese Monarchs had officers of arms at their service since the 14th century or earlier. The first known holder of the office of Portugal King of Arms was probably an Englishman named Harriet, during the reign of John I.
At that time, the granting of arms was not reserved to the Monarch. Several nobles not only assumed their own arms, but also granted arms to their vassals. So besides the Monarchs, several princes and other members of the high nobility also had private officers of arms in their service. This ended in 1476, when King Afonso V decreed that all grants of arms were to be made through the Portugal King of Arms.
The heraldic ordinances of King Manuel I of 1521, not only regulated the heraldry itself, but also strictly regulated the organization of the corporation of officers of arms of the Crown. The corporation was to be headed by a principal king of arms - whose role was to be fulfilled by the already existing Portugal King of Arms - and was to further include additional kings of arms, heralds and pursuivants.
The corporation of the officers of arms came so to include three kings of arms, three heralds and three pursuivants. The kings of arms were named after the three constituent states of the Portuguese Crown (the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Algarve and the State of India), the heralds after their respective capital cities and the pursuivants after a notable town of each of the states. So, there were the Portugal King of Arms (Rei de armas Portugal), the Algarve King of Arms (Rei de armas Algarve), the India King of Arms (Rei de armas Índia), the Lisbon Herald (Arauto Lisboa), the Silves Herald (Arauto Silves), the Goa Herald (Arauto Goa), the Santarém Pursuivant (Passavante Santarém), the Lagos Pursuivant (Passavante Lagos) and the Cochin Pursuivant (Passavante Cochim). The Silves Herald was later retitled Tavira Herald (Arauto Tavira), when the capital of Algarve was moved to this city. Also, in the course of the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil, the India King of Arms was retitled America, Africa and Asia King of Arms (Rei de armas América, África e Ásia) in 1808, returning to the original title in 1825.
Besides the officers of arms proper, the heraldic authority of the Crown also included the Scrivener of the Nobility (Escrivão da Nobreza) and the High Armorer (Armeiro-mor). The former headed the Nobility Register Office (Cartório da Nobreza), being responsible for keeping the registers of all the coats of arms of the Kingdom and for the signing of new grants. The High Armorer, besides his main role of maintaining the personal armor and weapons of the King, had the heraldic responsibility of keeping a roll of arms for the King's immediate consultation.
From the late 17th century, associated with the beginning of a period of decadence of heraldry in Portugal, the role of the officers of arms became increasingly merely ceremonial. The offices were often filled by persons with little heraldic knowledge, instead of the highly literate officers of arms in the past. From then until the end of the Monarchy, the responsibility for the heraldic authority function fell mainly on the Scrivener of the Nobility and his Nobility Register Office.
Contemporary authorities
With the introduction of the republican regime on the 5 October 1910, the body of officers of arms and the Nobility Register were disbanded. Since then no central heraldic authority has existed in Portugal. However, some sectorial heraldic authorities were later established.
In 1930, the Heraldic Section of the Association of Portuguese Archeologists (AAP) was appointed by the Ministry of Interior as the authority for municipal heraldry. The municipal heraldry law of 1991 anticipated the establishment of a State Office of Municipal Heraldry that would become the authority in these matters. However, as this office was never created, the Heraldic Section of the AAP continued to fulfill that role until today. This section also serves as heraldic adviser for other entities, but with no formal authority.
In the 1940s the Office of Corporate Heraldry was established within the FNAT (the workers' leisure organization during the Corporatist Estado Novo). This office became the authority for corporate heraldry, including the heraldry used by labor groups such as trade unions, guilds, and professional orders. Besides the corporate heraldry, this office was also required by the Ministry of the Overseas to serve as the authority for the Overseas municipalities heraldry.
The Office of Corporate Heraldry was disbanded in 1974, following the overthrow of the Estado Novo and the end of Portuguese corporatism.
The Institute of the Portuguese Nobility is the heraldic authority for the personal and family coats of arms of the descendants of the old Portuguese nobility. It was established in 2004 by members of Portugal's titled nobility, with Duarte Pio, Heir to the Portuguese Crown as its honorary president, as a replacement for the previous Council of Nobility. As a private institution with no formal powers granted by the State, it is not an official authority, although its technical know-how and its decisions in these matters have been accepted by the Portuguese courts of Justice and by other official authorities.
There are other private institutions that are frequently required to act as heraldic advisers for public and non-public entities, like the Portuguese Institute of Heraldry and the Portuguese Academy of Heraldry. However, these institutions have no formal heraldic powers.
Rolls of arms
The Portuguese officers of arms and the Nobility Register Office had to maintain official rolls of arms. These rolls took usually the form of illuminated manuscripts that constitute beautiful works of art. Unfortunately, part of these disappeared when the Nobility Register Office was destroyed by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Others however survived and still exist.
The most notable still existent Portuguese rolls of arms are:
Livro do Armeiro-Mor (Book of the King of Arms) - dated from 1509 and created by João do Cró, Portugal King of Arms. It includes the real and imaginary coats of arms of the Nine Worthies, of the states of Europe, Africa and Asia, of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor, of the peerage of France, of members of the Royal Family of Portugal and of the other noble families of Portugal. It was supposed to be the book kept by the King of Arms near the Monarch to be consulted by him when needed.
(Book of the Nobility and Perfection of the Arms) - dated from 1521 to 1541 and created by António Godinho, secretary of King John III of Portugal. It follows the model of the Livro do Armeiro-Mor, being its update, but omitting the chapters on the Nine Worthies, the electors of the Emperor and the peers of France.
(Treasure of the Nobility) - dated from 1675 and created by Francisco Coelho, India King of Arms. It includes the real and imaginary arms of the 12 tribes of Israel, the Nine Worthies, the Romans, the peers of France, the electors of the Empire, the cavalry and regular orders of Portugal, some cities of the overseas dominions of Portugal, the cities and principal towns of Portugal, the Kings and Queens of Portugal, the dukes and marquises of Portugal, and the counts of Portugal and their families.
See also
Coat of arms of Portugal
Portuguese vexillology
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20heraldry |
is the English title of the shōjo manga Mikan no Tsuki (literally An Incomplete Moon)), written by Haruko Iida in partnership with Red Company. It was originally published by Kadokawa Shoten beginning in 1999 and serialized in Asuka Comics, and it was translated into English by Tokyopop. It is collected in six volumes.
Story
The plot deals with Mahiru Shiraishi, a young woman with the ability to grant others good fortune by touching them. She herself does not benefit from this good fortune, and occasionally laments that this is because she has given all of her luck away to others.
Mahiru begins to have recurring dreams of a demon, and these dreams soon lead to her becoming entangled with the "Lunar Race" — a collection of creatures of folklore such as vampires, werewolves, kitsune, and tengu. These creatures' powers are related to the phase of the moon, strongest when the moon is full and weakest when it is new.
Mahiru learns that she is the "Descendant of the Princess" and that the members of the Lunar Race she has encountered, known as the Moonlight Bandits, need her help to recover the "Teardrops of the Moon," the source of their power. In the process, she attempts to heal the rift that has developed between humans and the Lunar Race, and bring the two closer together.
Characters
Mahiru Shiraishi
The main protagonist of the story, she is a seemingly ordinary high school junior with the ability to bring out the hidden abilities of the "Lunar Race". She has been "gifted" with the ability to distribute good luck to the people around her. Mahiru is good-natured, always seeing the best in people, and strong-willed. She loves to swim, and her hobby is to collect little plush aquatic animal toys, such as dolphins, fish and clams. Her personal name means "midday" and her family name means "white rock ".
Marhiru was born on June 29 and is 17 years old. Mahiru had a normal life until she was in elementary school, when her parents died in a car accident. She was raised by her aunt. According to her aunt, Mahiru never asked for a single thing in her younger ages, and is always constantly worrying about what other people think of her.
When she meets the Moonlight Bandits, she learns that she is a descendant of a mythological princess and has special powers that aide the Moonlight Bandits in their search for the Teardrops of the Moon. She grew very close to them while they searched for the Teardrops of the Moon, and while searching for the final Teardrop, she and Mitsuru become a couple. She becomes a waitress at the bar The Moonshine Cafe.
Mitsuru Suou
Mitsuru is a tengu. He has aqua colored hair and a hostile personality. His major abilities are controlling wind and lightning, as well as the power to fly. He also can't swim. His first name means "full" while his last name means "sweated "
He's 17 years old, but his birth date and place are unknown. Mitsuru, unlike the rest of the Moonlight Bandits, had been raised by humans. When the humans betrayed him, he vowed that he would one day kill the entire human race. He wandered through Japan for years, and it was only until he was 16 that he met and became one of the Moonlight Bandits. Because he grew up with humans, he has no idea what his clan's weaknesses are and is not used to his transformation. Until he learns to control his power, Mitsuru transforms every time he touches Mahiru, or vice versa. Along with this transformation comes an uncontrollable surge of anger.
When the group first meets Mahiru, he strongly objects being near her and shows his dislike. She is frightened by him, at first, and this bothers him, although he tries not to show it. After a while, though, he begins to warm up to her a little bit, and finally realizes that he loves her. When he shows his love, he finds that Mahiru feels the same way.
Nozomu Moegi
The second member of the Moonlight Bandits encountered by Mahiru, Nozomu is a suave and affectionate vampire who takes a shine to Mahiru. He loves the ladies and has an irresistible charm. A member of the Moonlight Bandits. His major power is using his bats to spy and talk to his comrades through. Although he has blond hair and blue eyes, he speaks with a thick Kansai accent. Being a vampire, he cannot eat solid foods, and sustains himself on soup and juice. He was born in Osaka. His first name means "desire" and his last name is "budding justice"
He is 19 years old and was born on September 27. He was the result of a vampire and a powerful demon, so he came to realize his powers at an early age. It is unsure when he joined the Moonlight Bandits. He meets Mahiru in the library, where she is checking out books about The Demon and the Minister of The Left. He also transforms when he first touches her, but controls it any other time, unlike Mitsuru.
Misoka Asagi
Misoka is a fox demon and the unspoken leader of the Moonlight Bandits. Level-headed and quick thinker, it has been hinted that Misoka is slightly sensitive about the fact that he's obscenely short. His greatest abilities are hypnosis and transformations. His first name means "the last day of the month", and his last name means "light blue". In the first volume released by Tokyopop, Misoka was mistakenly referred to as female. This was corrected in later volumes.
Misoka is 21 years old and was born on March 11. He was born and raised in the Moon Palace. When his mother died, he was raised by Oboro, so he was probably the first to join the Moonlight Bandits. He is also the only member to call Mahiru "Princess" other than Tsukiko when he is around Misoka. At the end of the series, Misoka meets up with his aunt, who is harsh and somewhat rude. He is known for his leadership and quick thinking in a situation
Akira Yamabuki
Akira is the fourth member of the Moonlight Bandits that Mahiru encounters. He is a happy-go-lucky werewolf who loathes dwelling on serious issues for too long. His major abilities are super-speed, super strength, and an amazing sense of smelling and hearing. He loves to cook, and is very skilled at it. His name means "bright" and "mountain rose." Later in the manga, he develops a crush on Keiko, Mahiru's classmate.
Akira is the youngest of the Moonlight Bandits, at sixteen years of age. Akira was born on December 4 in Northeastern Japan.. Even though Akira's parents died at a young age, the werewolf population where Akira lived was abundant, so Akira was raised happily with the love of his extended family. It is not known when Akira joined the Moonlight Bandits, but he seems to be very attached to them. He also seems to have taken a liking to Mahiru, like all of the others in the group.
References
External links
Mania.com vol. 1 review
Anime Fringe vol. 1 review
Japanese mythology in anime and manga
Kadokawa Shoten manga
Shōjo manga
Tokyopop titles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent%20Moon%20%28manga%29 |
Georgina Bruni (born Linda Naylor; 12 January 1947 – 19 January 2008) was a British businesswoman and a UFO researcher best known for her book on the Rendlesham Forest incident, You Can't Tell the People. She worked as a celebrity events organizer and as the founder and editor in chief of the online magazine Hot Gossip.
Biography
Born Linda Naylor, Bruni trained as a private investigator and subsequently became an investigative journalist in the 1980s. She specialized in the researching and reporting on cults and the paranormal. According to an obituary by fellow UFO researcher Nick Pope, she travelled extensively and at various times lived in Jersey, Italy, Hong Kong and America, before settling in London in 1992." She died from ovarian cancer on 19 January 2008. Obituary for Georgina Bruni , twinbases.org.uk; accessed 7 March 2016.</ref>
You Can't Tell the People
Bruni wrote one book called You Can't Tell the People, a study of Britain's most famous UFO case, the Rendlesham Forest incident of December 1980. It was published in hardback by Sidgwick & Jackson in November 2000, and in paperback by Pan Macmillan in November 2001. The title comes from a quotation Bruni claims to have been spoken by Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister at the time of the events in 1980: "UFOs! You must get your facts right and you can't tell the people".
The hardback edition was launched at media event held at the Ministry of Defence, alongside fellow UFO researcher Nick Pope.
Post-publication
After its publication, she worked with Admiral of the Fleet Lord Peter Hill-Norton, who asked questions in the House of Lords regarding the case.
References
1947 births
2008 deaths
English journalists
Ufologists
Deaths from cancer in England
People from Knightsbridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina%20Bruni |
Pressure Cooker is a nine piece reggae/ska/rocksteady band from Boston. The group writes, records, and performs original songs in the styles of 1960s and 1970s Jamaican music. The group formed in 1997.
Pressure Cooker has released seven full-length CDs. Fronted by lead singer Craig Akira Fujita and backed by a core of Boston-area musicians, the band has played to audiences at clubs and festivals spanning from New England to Chicago. Over the years, Pressure Cooker has opened locally for notable artists of roots reggae music including Toots & the Maytals, Burning Spear, Gregory Isaacs, The Wailers, Prince Buster, Derrick Morgan, The Skatalites, Culture, Laurel Aitken, Eek-A-Mouse, Julian Marley, and Sister Carol.
Their newest recording, Wherever You Go, was released in December 2012 and funded through Kickstarter.
Line up
Craig Akira Fujita - vocals
Michael O'Connor - tenor saxophone
Brian Thomas - trombone
Jeffrey Eckman - drums
Dan Hawkins - bass
Adam Dobkowski - guitar
Zack Brines - keyboards
Robin Teague - tenor saxophone
Louisa Bram - trumpet
Discography
Pressure Cooker S/T - 1999
I Want to Tell You - 2001
Committed - 2003
Burning Fence - 2004
Future's History - 2006
What She Wants - 2009
Wherever You Go - 2012
References
External links
Pressure Cooker Official Homepage
American ska musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20Cooker%20%28band%29 |
Alliance station is an Amtrak train station in Alliance, Ohio, United States. Located at 820 East Main Street, the station consists of an uncovered platform on the south side of the east-west tracks, with a shelter and a small parking lot nearby.
Amtrak spent $1.5 million to improve the station in 2011. It built a new shelter and installed a long concrete platform, signage and light poles. Developed by d+A Design+Architecture, LLC of Yardley, Pennsylvania, the shelter is composed primarily of rich red brick and has an enclosed, one-story waiting room with large windows. On the facades facing the street and the tracks, the waiting room is marked by stylized projecting bays faced with coursed ashlar stonework that adds texture to the overall elevation. The design is similar to the Okeechobee station (Florida), Connellsville station (Pennsylvania), and Winnemucca station (Nevada).
Alliance is served by the Capitol Limited train from Washington to Chicago. Because the station consists of only one platform, westbound trains switch to the usual eastbound tracks to pass the station. Amtrak is the only way, other than by car or the Stark Area Regional Transit Authority (SARTA) bus from elsewhere in Stark County, Ohio, for travel to Alliance, the home of Mount Union College, as the city has neither commercial bus nor airline service.
The Pennsylvanian train served Alliance from 1998 to 2003.
The station serves the Ohio cities of Youngstown and Akron, which are forty minutes or more away by car. Canton is 30 minutes away by car.
History
The station site in earlier years served Pennsylvania Railroad, then Penn Central passenger trains northwest to Cleveland, west to Detroit, west to Chicago and east to Philadelphia and New York City. Amtrak service began at the station when the Capitol Limited was rerouted north in fall, 1990 from Canton station in Canton.
Transit connections
The Alliance Transit Center operated by the Stark Area Regional Transit Authority (SARTA) is located within walking distance of the station, which serves as a point of convergence for all routes that serve Alliance (Routes 130, 131, 135, 136, 139). However, the current early morning arrival times of the Capitol Limited make connecting to buses difficult. All SARTA service to Alliance ends three hours before the arrival of the Chicago-bound train and doesn't resume until three hours after the arrival of the Washington D.C.-bound train.
Station layout
References
External links
Alliance Amtrak Station (USA Rail Guide -- Train Web)
Amtrak stations in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Mahoning County, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Stark County, Ohio
Alliance, Ohio
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1990
1990 establishments in Ohio
Transportation in Mahoning County, Ohio
Fort Wayne Line
Former Pennsylvania Railroad stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance%20station |
Jeff Sarau (born 25 January 1954) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for St Kilda in the Victorian Football League and West Torrens Football Club in the South Australian National Football League as a ruckman.
Although at 191 centimetres, Sarau was short for a ruckman, he compensated for this by his aggressive attitude and good leap. Sarau made his debut with Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Sandringham Football Club in 1971 before transferring to St Kilda in 1973.
Sarau played for Victoria twice, won Best and Fairest Awards at St Kilda in 1975 and 1977 and became club vice-captain. After 226 games and 119 goals for St Kilda Sarau moved to West Torrens after being sacked from the vice-captaincy role in 1984. He won the West Torrens Best and Fairest in his first season and played 35 games for the Eagles before returning to Victoria to join VFA club Frankston Football Club in 1986.
Sarau was runner-up in the Liston Trophy in 1986 and was appointed Frankston captain-coach in 1987, a position he held until the end of the 1989. He played 67 games for Frankston, and finished with a win–loss record of 29-24 from his 53 games as coach of the club. He was sacked following the season, in part due to the eight match suspension he received for four striking charges in the 1989 elimination final.
References
External links
Jeff Sarau's playing statistics from The VFA Project
Devaney, J. (2007) "Jeff Sarau", Full Points Footy . Accessed 8 April 2007.
Trevor Barker Award winners
St Kilda Football Club players
1954 births
Living people
Frankston Football Club players
Sandringham Football Club players
West Torrens Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Sarau |
Waikawa is the name of three small settlements and a river in New Zealand.
Waikawa, Southland
Waikawa, Marlborough
Waikawa Beach, a bach community between Ōtaki and Levin in the Horowhenua Region
Waikawa River in Southland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikawa |
The Grand Army of the Republic Hall in Litchfield, Minnesota is one of many original and authentic Grand Army of the Republic halls remaining in the United States. Built in 1885 for the Frank Daggett GAR Post No. 35, it is one of four remaining GAR halls in Minnesota. On May 21, 1975, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
The Meeker County Historical Society Museum building was added to the rear of it in 1960, but the Hall was left exactly as it was when the "Boys of '61", as they called themselves, met there 75 years earlier in 1885.
History
After the Civil War, twenty-seven veterans from Minnesota's Meeker County founded a chapter of the Grand Army of the Republic, a service organization begun in Illinois in 1866 by Dr. B. F. Stephenson. Meeker County's original organization was called the Edward Branham Post. The membership was limited to honorably discharged veterans of the Union Army, Navy, Marine Corps and the Revenue Cutter Service who had served between April 12, 1861, and April 9, 1865. With a motto of "Fraternity, Charity and Loyalty", the organization's purpose was to maintain fellowship for the men who fought to preserve the Union and to help handicapped veterans and the widows and orphans of veterans.
A new Post was started in July 1883. It was named after Lt. Frank E. Daggett, the Post's ranking member and later a Grand Commander of the Minnesota GAR. He had been actively associated with abolitionist John Brown and the commander of two all-black heavy artillery regiments during the Civil War. Daggett, who was only five feet six inches in height and weighed nearly two hundred and fifty pounds, came to Meeker County in 1872 and was the editor of the Litchfield Ledger, one of the earliest newspapers in the county. He died at the age of 39 in 1876.
The Post met in the old county courthouse, which was next to the Howard House hotel on Sibley Avenue. The hotel has since been torn down. A meeting hall was needed to accommodate the local membership, which had grown to one hundred and forty veterans. A suitable lot by Central Park was bought from Reuben S. Hershey. Henry Ames, a post member and owner of a brickyard northeast of Litchfield, donated the bricks to build the hall. Construction began in early 1885. The total cost was $5000. The hall was finished in the late fall and was dedicated on November 14, 1885. Shortly after the dedication, the members deeded the Memorial Hall, as they called it, to the Village of Litchfield with the condition that it be kept "as is" as a memorial to the Veterans of the Civil War and be opened to the public for reading. It became the first public library in Meeker County.
The city has kept the meeting room as it was at the last meeting. In that meeting room there are large portraits on the north wall of most of the original members and the same chairs that were used by them in 1885. At their first meeting, the members brought their own chairs from their homes to the Hall. So all the chairs, now painted gray, are different from each other, but generally just ordinary kitchen table chairs. The original organ is also there along with other original furniture.
In 1889 the Post was given an oak log from the actual Acton cabin where five members of the Jones family became the first settlers killed in the Dakota Indian War of 1862, previously called the Sioux Uprising. It was taken to a sawmill in Forest City and made into lumber from which an altar, in the center of the room, and a gavel, which were both used during the meetings, were made. The altar is 32 ½ inches square and 36 inches high. It has a cushioned top covered with heavy leather. In the northwest corner of the meeting room is a miniature model of the Jones cabin and it was also made from wood from that log.
The Civil War cannons on the front lawn have been brought inside the Hall and displayed near the entrance. The entrance room, with a guest book, is a Civil War museum in its own right with tall glass showcases displaying rifles, uniforms, flags and other Civil War artifacts, such as munitions, medals and ribbons. The hall actually had many more artifacts but it was broken into several years ago and many of the Civil War rifles were taken.
GAR members started the celebration of Memorial Day in 1868. W. A. Olmstead, who died in 1933, was the last Civil War veteran and GAR member to live in Litchfield. Albert H. DeLong was the last Meeker County veteran. He died on February 10, 1936. He was an Indian scout. He and Vincent Coombs went to Acton after the Jones family's massacre to bury the bodies and pursue the Indians into Kandiyohi Woods. The last GAR member in the United States was Albert Woolson, from Duluth, Minnesota, who died in 1956. One member of Litchfield's GAR was unusual, at least for that very Scandinavian town. He was black and his name was Allison or Albert Van Spence.
Meeker County Historical Museum
The GAR Hall serves as the entrance to the Meeker County Historical Museum. Many visitors come to do genealogical research in the museum. It has county plat books, records of obituaries, lists of cemetery markers and many old local newspapers. There are many artifacts from the pioneer days of the county, including an actual 1868 log cabin that is accessible. Upstairs is a replica of pioneer O. A. Jacobson's Crow River Store. The entire downtown of Litchfield, between Depot Street and Third Street, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The GAR Hall and the museum are open to the public Tuesday through Saturday 10 AM to 4 PM. Admission is $3.00 and children 12 and under are free. Litchfield is located at the intersection of Highways 12 and 22, about sixty-five miles straight west of Minneapolis.
References
External links
GAR Hall Litchfield website
American Civil War museums in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Meeker County, Minnesota
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1885
Minnesota
History museums in Minnesota
Military and war museums in Minnesota
Minnesota in the American Civil War
Museums in Meeker County, Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Meeker County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Army%20of%20the%20Republic%20Hall%20%28Litchfield%2C%20Minnesota%29 |
Bendorf () is a town in the district of Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine, approx. north of Koblenz.
Structure of the town
The town consists of the following districts:
Bendorf
Sayn
Mülhofen
Stromberg
Economy
From the 18th century Bendorf was dominated by mining and the metallurgical industry. The most imposing relic of this era is the Sayner Hütte (Sayn mine works). The ores of the Bendorfer mine works came from the Trierischer Loh iron-ore mine. The Rhine port of Bendorf dates from 1900. In addition to handling clay and basalt it has the largest oil-storage facilities between Mainz and Cologne.
Today the former industrial city is home to many retail stores. Bendorf Focus is an association of traders, the aim of which is to improve the local economy.
The Bendorf Vierwindenhöhe FM radio transmitter is situated on the hill known as Vierwindenhöhe.
Climate
In literature
Heinrich Böll's short story Wanderer, kommst du nach Spa... is set in Bendorf.
Personalities
Theodor Wiegand (1864-1936), archaeologist
Hermann Junker (1877-1962), born in Bendorf, egyptologist and Catholic priest
Georg Bauer (1900-1983), German politician (SPD), Member of Landtag Rhineland-Palatinate, honorary citizen of the city of Bendorf
Hans Werner Kettenbach (pseudonym: Christian Ohlig ) (born 1928), journalist, writer and screenwriter
Hans Müller (born 1949), politician, member of the Schleswig-Holstein State Parliament 2005-2012 (SPD)
Jutta Nardenbach (1968-2018), soccer player
References
External links
Mayen-Koblenz
Middle Rhine
Districts of the Rhine Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendorf |
Stephanie Hirst is an English radio and television presenter on Hits Radio. She has hosted Hit40UK and the weekday breakfast show on Capital Yorkshire Hirsty's Daily Dose.
Career
Hirst started her career at 96.3 Radio Aire in Leeds as a helper making tea for DJs, before joining the overnight show at age 16. She moved to Minster FM in York, then to The Pulse of West Yorkshire in Bradford in 1995 to present the evening show. In 1997 she moved to Hallam FM in Sheffield, her local station, where she hosted the drivetime programme for three years. She then returned to The Pulse of West Yorkshire to co-host the breakfast show with Elisa Hilton, but quickly left to take over the breakfast show at Viking FM in Hull after the departure of JK and Joel. Hirst left Viking FM, to present Hirsty's Daily Dose) at Galaxy Yorkshire, a station covering all areas of Yorkshire.
After Neil Fox quit as the host of Hit40UK in 2004, Hirst – one of Fox's stand-ins previously from 2003 – was recruited, initially with Katy Hill, to host the programme each Sunday from the studios of Capital Radio in London and went on to host the programme alone. Hirst presented her last Hit40UK chart on 15 October 2006.
In May 2013, Hirst returned to presenting nationally on Gold on Saturday afternoons where she created a show called 'Vinyl Heaven', with every song played live from the original vinyl copies.
On 20 June 2014, Hirst announced that she had left her presenting roles at Capital and Gold with the final edition airing on 13 June. In January 2015, Hirst started work on ITV's morning show 'Lorraine' as part of a strand called 'Change One Thing'. She made a return to radio on 4 July 2015, with a programme called, 'Nothing but the 90s' which was aired on BBC Radio Manchester.
As of 3 September 2016, her weekly Saturday night show on BBC Radio Manchester changed to a "Vinyl Revival" show. The show was taken off air - initially, according to the BBC, temporarily - to be replaced by a phone-in during the first Covid-19 lockdown in the UK in March 2020. However, the show never returned.
In April 2018, Hirst began hosting her first, solo, daily radio show since leaving Capital in 2014. The Stephanie Hirst Show was broadcast on BBC Radio Leeds. She left the BBC in April 2021.
She made a return to commercial radio for Bauer's Hits Radio Pride, initially a temporary 'pop up' DAB & Online station for the LGBT community, it has subsequently become a full time national radio station. She hosted her first 'Belters' show on 28 August 2020.
She then joined the national Hits Radio network in August 2021 to host 'Stephanie Hirst's Belters'.
She also is a trustee of The Radio Academy and a former chair of the Student Radio Awards sponsored by BBC Radio 1 and Global Radio and can be seen on Channel 5 as a occasional panelist on Jeremy Vine.
Transition and activism
Hirst came out publicly as a woman and talked about her gender transition on 11 October 2014 during an interview with Stephen Nolan on BBC Radio 5 Live. In 2014 and 2015, Hirst was included in The Independent On Sundays "Rainbow List", an annual celebration of 101 LGBT people in the UK.
In June 2016, she was one of the prominent faces of Pride In London's 'No Filter' campaign. The manifesto film, which starred Hirst alongside Sir Ian McKellen and Graham Norton, explored what 'No Filter' means to the LGBT+ community. A second short film was made with Hirst describing her first 'No Filter' moment and shown daily within London's Westfield centre. In July 2016, Hirst was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Leeds Beckett University for her LGBT activism. In February 2017, Hirst was nominated for a British LGBT Award in the 'Top 10 LGBT+ Celebrity' category.
References
External links
Stephanie Hirst on her transition
Living people
British radio personalities
British radio DJs
Capital (radio network)
People from Barnsley
English transgender writers
LGBT DJs
LGBT people from Yorkshire
Transgender women musicians
Transgender women writers
Transgender journalists
English LGBT musicians
English LGBT broadcasters
English LGBT journalists
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20Hirst |
A sag pond is a body of fresh water collected in the lowest parts of a depression formed between two sides of an active strike-slip, transtensional or normal fault zone.
Formation
A sag pond is formed along a strike-slip fault, which may create a depression in the earth. When water enters the depression from rivers, streams, rainfall or snowfall, it fills the low-lying area, and a pond is the result.
Scientific significance
Sag pond formation is common in California, and many of them can be found on the San Andreas Fault, which runs through the western part of the state. Aerial photography or high-resolution topography can easily determine their locations.
Uses
Sag ponds have been converted into stock reservoirs. Larger sag ponds are converted into reservoirs for public water sources, such as San Andreas Lake
Examples
Sag ponds of various sizes can be found along the San Andreas Fault, most notably within the Carrizo Plain and Sierra Pelona Mountains. Some have been converted into reservoirs like the San Andreas Reservoir near San Bruno, California. Various lagoons on the plateau of Pico Island in the Azores are the result of a graben.
Sources
Depressions (geology)
Ponds
Geology terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sag%20pond |
Business Today may refer to:
Business Today (student magazine), an American, non-profit student organization
Business Today (India), an Indian fortnightly business magazine
Business Today (Philippine TV series), 1990–1996 Philippine television public affairs show
Business Today (Australian TV program), 2006–2014 Australian television program
Business Today Egypt, English business magazine published in Cairo, Egypt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20Today |
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), also known as vesicoureteric reflux, is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into one or both ureters and then to the renal calyx or kidneys. Urine normally travels in one direction (forward, or anterograde) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, with a one-way valve at the vesicoureteral (ureteral-bladder) junction preventing backflow. The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder, creating a short length of ureter (1–2 cm) that can be compressed as the bladder fills. Reflux occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling, i.e., too "end-on".
Signs and symptoms
Most children with vesicoureteral reflux are asymptomatic. Vesicoureteral reflux may be diagnosed as a result of further evaluation of dilation of the kidney or ureters draining urine from the kidney while in utero as well as when a sibling has VUR (though routine testing in either circumstance is controversial). Reflux also increases risk of acute bladder and kidney infections, so testing for reflux may be performed after a child has one or more infections.
In infants, the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection may include only fever and lethargy, with poor appetite and sometimes foul-smelling urine, while older children typically present with discomfort or pain with urination and frequent urination.
Causes
In healthy individuals the ureters enter the urinary bladder obliquely and run submucosally for some distance. This, in addition to the ureter's muscular attachments, helps secure and support them posteriorly. Together these features produce a valvelike effect that occludes the ureteric opening during storage and voiding of urine. In people with VUR, failure of this mechanism occurs, with resultant backward (retrograde) flow of urine.
Primary VUR
Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes inadequacy of the valvular mechanism. This is precipitated by a congenital defect or lack of longitudinal muscle of the portion of the ureter within the bladder resulting in an ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) abnormality.
Secondary VUR
In this category the ureters' valvular mechanism is initially intact and healthy but becomes overwhelmed by increased bladder pressures associated with obstruction, which distorts the ureterovesicular junction. The obstructions may be anatomical or functional. Secondary VUR can be further divided into anatomical and functional groups.
Anatomical
Posterior urethral valves; urethral or meatal stenosis. These causes are treated surgically when possible.
Functional
Bladder instability, neurogenic bladder and non-neurogenic bladder. Bladder infections may cause reflux due to the elevated pressures associated with inflammation.
Resolution of functional VUR will usually occur if the precipitating cause is treated and resolved. Medical and/or surgical treatment may be indicated.
Diagnosis
The following procedures may be used to diagnose VUR:
Cystography
Fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Abdominal ultrasound
Technetium-99m Dimercaptosuccunic Acid (DMSA) Scintigraphy
An abdominal ultrasound might suggest the presence of VUR if ureteral dilatation is present; however, in many circumstances of VUR of low to moderate, even high severity, the sonogram may be completely normal, thus providing insufficient utility as a single diagnostic test in the evaluation of children suspected of having VUR, such as those presenting with prenatal hydronephrosis or urinary tract infection (UTI).
VCUG is the method of choice for grading and initial workup, while RNC is preferred for subsequent evaluations as there is less exposure to radiation. A high index of suspicion should be attached to any case where a child presents with a urinary tract infection, and anatomical causes should be excluded. A VCUG and abdominal ultrasound should be performed in these cases
DMSA scintigraphy is used for the evaluation of the parenchymal damage, which is seen as cortical scars. After the first febrile UTI, the diagnostic role of an initial scintigraphy for detecting the damage before the VCUG was investigated and it was suggested that VCUG can be omitted in children who has no cortical scars and urinary tract dilatation.
Early diagnosis in children is crucial as studies have shown that the children with VUR who present with a UTI and associated acute pyelonephritis are more likely to develop permanent renal cortical scarring than those children without VUR, with an odds ratio of 2.8. Thus VUR not only increases the frequency of UTIs, but also the risk of damage to upper urinary structures and end-stage renal disease.
Severity
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is graded according to severity.
Grade I – reflux into non-dilated ureter
Grade II – reflux into the renal pelvis and calyces without dilatation
Grade III – mild/moderate dilatation of the ureter, renal pelvis and calyces with minimal blunting of the fornices
Grade IV – dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with moderate ureteral tortuosity
Grade V – gross dilatation of the ureter, pelvis and calyces; ureteral tortuosity; loss of papillary impressions
The younger the patient and the lower the grade at presentation the higher the chance of spontaneous resolution. Approximately 85% of grade I & II VUR cases will resolve spontaneously. Approximately 50% of grade III cases and a lower percentage of higher grades will also resolve spontaneously.
Treatment
The goal of treatment is to minimize infections, as it is infections that cause renal scarring and not the vesicoureteral reflux. Minimizing infections is primarily done by prophylactic antibiotics in newborns and infants who are not potty trained. However, in children who are older, physicians and parents should focus on bowel and bladder management. Children who hold their bladder or who are constipated have a greater number of infections than children who void on a regular schedule. When medical management fails to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections, or if the kidneys show progressive renal scarring then surgical interventions may be necessary. Medical management is recommended in children with Grade I-III VUR as most cases will resolve spontaneously. A trial of medical treatment is indicated in patients with Grade IV VUR especially in younger patients or those with unilateral disease. Of the patients with Grade V VUR only infants are trialled on a medical approach before surgery is indicated, in older patients surgery is the only option.
Endoscopic injection
Endoscopic injection involves applying a gel around the ureteral opening to create a valve function and stop urine from flowing back up the ureter. The gel consists of two types of sugar-based molecules called dextranomer and hyaluronic acid. Trade names for this combination include Deflux and Zuidex. Both constituents are well known from previous uses in medicine. They are also biocompatible, which means that they do not cause significant reactions within the body. In fact, hyaluronic acid is produced and found naturally within the body.
Medical treatment
Medical treatment entails low dose antibiotic prophylaxis until resolution of VUR occurs. Antibiotics are administered nightly at half the normal therapeutic dose. The specific antibiotics used differ with the age of the patient and include:
Amoxicillin or ampicillin – infants younger than 6 weeks
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) – 6 weeks to 2 months
After 2 months the following antibiotics are suitable:
Nitrofurantoin {5–7 mg/kg/24hrs}
Nalidixic acid
Bactrim
Trimethoprim
Cephalosporins
Urine cultures are performed 3 monthly to exclude breakthrough infection. Annual radiological investigations are likewise indicated. Good perineal hygiene, and timed and double voiding are also important aspects of medical treatment. Bladder dysfunction is treated with the administration of anticholinergics.
Surgical management
A surgical approach is necessary in cases where a breakthrough infection results despite prophylaxis, or there is non-compliance with the prophylaxis. Similarly if the VUR is severe (Grade IV & V), there are pyelonephritic changes or congenital abnormalities. Other reasons necessitating surgical intervention are failure of renal growth, formation of new scars, renal deterioration and VUR in girls approaching puberty.
There are four types of surgical procedure available for the treatment of VUR: endoscopic (STING/HIT procedures); laparoscopic; robotic-assisted laparoscopic; and open procedures (Cohen procedure, Leadbetter-Politano procedure, Lich-Gregoir technique). Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic procedures are often imitation of classical open procedures in laparoscopic or robotic-assisted laparoscopic environments.
Surveillance
The American Urological Association recommends ongoing monitoring of children with VUR until the abnormality resolves or is no longer clinically significant. The recommendations are for annual evaluation of blood pressure, height, weight, analysis of the urine, and kidney ultrasound.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of VUR is difficult to ascertain at any one time, it differs depending on the population looked at. The prevalence of VUR in healthy children has been estimated 0.4-1.8% However in children with UTI the prevalence is up to 30%. Probably the prevalence in healthy population is significantly higher than the traditional estimates, up to 10% of the population. Younger children are more prone to VUR because of the relative shortness of the submucosal ureters. This susceptibility decreases with age as the length of the ureters increases as the children grow.
Four times as many girls as boys are diagnosed with VUR during childhood. Boys most commonly present during their first year, and girls present more cumulatively throughout childhood.
History
As early as the time of Graeco-Roman physician and anatomist Galen described the urinary tract and noted that there were specific mechanisms to prevent the reflux of urine.
References
External links
Urinary bladder disorders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicoureteral%20reflux |
Pedrá is an album by musicians from different bands, signed as Extremoduro. It contains just one song. At first, it would be the first album of the "Pedrá" project. However, just one label, DRO, accepted to release, but the group name should be "Extremoduro". Its lyrics contains around 180 verses, of which four are in Catalan.
Track listing
Personnel
Pedrá
Roberto Iniesta "Robe" (from Extremoduro) - vocals, Guitars
José Luis Nieto "Selu" (from Reincidentes) - Sax
Joserra "Gary" Garitaonandia (from Quattro Clavos) - drums
Iñaki "Uoho" Antón (from Platero y Tú) - Guitars, Keys
Diego Garay 'Dieguillo' (from Quemando Ruedas)- Bass
Additional personnel
Fito Cabrales (from Platero y Tú) - Guitar
Ramone (from Capitán Kavernícola) - Vocals
Certifications
References
External links
Extremoduro official website (in Spanish)
1995 albums
Extremoduro albums
Spanish-language albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedr%C3%A1 |
Songs and Advice for Kids Who Have Been Left Behind is a seven-song EP released by 1990s cult rock band The Stinkypuffs. Released in 1996, it was also their last. The band's frontman, Simon Fair Timony, said he based the songs on the release on what he felt and learned after Kurt Cobain's death.
Track listing
"I Know I Know"
"The Vitamin Song"
"I'll Love You Anyway" (written about Kurt Cobain)
"Rubber Pen"
"The Three Tuners"
"Bummer Skit"
"Dream Weaver" (cover of Gary Wright hit)
References
External links
1996 EPs
The Stinkypuffs albums
Elemental Records EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs%20and%20Advice%20for%20Kids%20Who%20Have%20Been%20Left%20Behind |
David Niall Wilson (born 1959 in Clay County, Illinois) is an American writer primarily known for his works of horror, science fiction, and fantasy fiction. He is also the founder and CEO of Crossroad Press, a publishing house for horror and science fiction/fantasy. He is the former President of the Horror Writers Association of America and a two time Stoker Award winning author (Short Fiction, Poetry Collection).
The Academic Study of Wilson's Novels
Scholars such as A. Asbjørn Jøn, at the University of Canterbury, have positively received Wilson's The Grails Covenant Trilogy (1997–1998) - even noting the way that it fits within a continuum of shifting popular culture portrayals of vampires.
Bibliography
Novels
The Path of the Meteor (limited release - Re-released as Darkness Falling by Crossroad Press in 2010 - paperback edition 2016)
Star Trek: Voyager #12: Chrysalis (1997, )
The Grails Covenant Trilogy (1997–1998)
To Sift Through the Bitter Ashes (1997, )
To Speak in Lifeless Tongues (1998, )
To Dream of Dreamers Lost (1998, )
This is My Blood (1999, )
Roll Them Bones (Cemetery Dance Publications' Novella #12, 2003, )
Dark Ages: Lasombra (2003, )
Deep Blue (2004, , hardcover; 2005, , paperback)
The Temptation of Blood (2004, )
Exalted: Relic of the Dawn (2004, )
The Mote in Andrea's Eye (2005, Thompson-Gale / Fives Star - 2013 Crossroad Press)
Ancient Eyes (2007, Bloodletting Press Signed Limited HC)
The Not Quite Right Reverend Cletus J. Diggs & the Currently Accepted Habits of Nature (2009 limited edition HC from Bad Moon Books)
The Orffyreus Wheel (Crossroad Press, 2010)
Sins of the Flash (2010 digital release from Crossroad Press)
Killer Green (2013 Crossroad Press)
The Second Veil (2013 from Crossroad Press - Tales of the Scattered Earth Series)
The Crazy Crazy Case of Foreman James - A Cletus J. Diggs Mystery - (2013 from Crossroad Press)
Block 10 (With Stacy Childs - 2014 Crossroad Press)
The Blackguards (With Richard Murphy - 2014 Crossroad Press)
Remember Bowling Green - The Adventures of Frederick Douglass - Time Traveler (With Patricia Lee Macomber - 2017 from Crossroad Press)
Gideon's Curse (2017 from Crossroad Press)
The DeChance Chronicles (2009–present)
Heart of a Dragon (2011 from Crossroad Press)
Vintage Soul (2009 Thompson-Gale Five Star & Limited HC from Bad Moon Books)
My Soul to Keep (2012 from Crossroad Press)
Kali's Tale (2012 from Crossroad Press)
Nevermore (2013 from Crossroad Press)
A Midnight Dreary (2019 from Crossroad Press)
Novels of the O.C.L.T.
The Parting (2011 from Crossroad Press)
The Temple of Camazotz (Novella 2011 from Crossroad Press)
Crockatiel (2016 Crossroad Press)
Collections
Spinning Webs and Telling Lies (Limited Trade Paperback 2002 - eBook / Audio from Crossroad Press 2009)
The Subtle Ties That Bind (2002, Lone Wolf Publications CD Rom)
Defining Moments (2007, Sarob Press Signed limited HC digital and audio 2009 from Crossroad Press)
Ennui & Other States of Madness (2008 from Dark Regions Press)
The Fall of the House of Escher & Other Illusions (1996 limited trade paperback - 2010 digital from Crossroad Press)
The Taste of Blood & Roses (2010 Crossroad Press digital)
The Whirling Man & Other Tales of Pain, Blood and Madness (2010 by Crossroad Press)
The Call of Distant Shores (2011 from Crossroad Press)
Etched Deep & Other Dark Impressions (2012 From Crossroad Press)
Intermusings (Formerly Joined at the Muse - with various collaborators - 2012 from Crossroad Press eBook and Audible)
An Unkindness of Ravens (With Patricia Lee Macomber 2013 from Crossroad Press)
Children's books
Mars Needs Pumpkins (Illustrator - with Katie Mary Wilson 2011 from Crossroad Press)
Perilous Pink PcGee (With Katie Mary Wilson 2012 from Crossroad Press)
The Kingdom of Clowns (2013 from Crossroad Press)
Bob Goes to Mars (Illustrator - with Katie Mary Wilson 2013 from Crossroad Press)
The Skeleton Inside Me (2014 from Crossroad Press)
The Halloween House & Others (2016 from Crossroad Press)
FILM
GODHEAD - The Movie (2008 With Rosanna Jeran & Blurgirl Productions)
Stories and Poetry
Poet Cabal: (one poem)
The Essential World of Darkness: "Except You Go Through Shadow--Wraith"
100 Vicious Little Vampire Stories: "Just Another Saturday Night"
Robert Bloch's Psychos: "Blameless (1998, )
The Best of Cemetery Dance, Volume I: "The Mole" (2000, )
Horrors! 365 Scary Stories: (seven short stories) (2001, )
The Gossamer Eye (2002, , with Mark McLaughlin and Rain Graves) (winner of the 2003 Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement in the Poetry Collection category)
All Hell Breaking Loose: "Burning Bridges" (2005, )
Shadows over Baker Street: New Tales of Terror: "Death Did Not Become Him" (2005, , with Patricia Lee Macomber)
Cthulhu's Heirs: New Cthulhu Mythos Fiction'': "Of Dark Things and Midnight Planes" (1994, )
His short stories have appeared in more than thirty anthologies, in magazines, and on websites.
Notes
External links
Author's Official website
Crossroads Press
Living people
1959 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
People from Clay County, Illinois
Novelists from Illinois
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Niall%20Wilson |
The Stelton Baptist Church is in the Stelton section of Edison, Middlesex County, New Jersey. It is the second oldest Baptist Church in New Jersey and the tenth oldest in the United States.
History
The congregation was formed in the spring of 1689, and among its original members was the Stelle family, after whom the Stelton section of Edison, New Jersey is named. Up until 1875 the church was known as the First Baptist Church of Piscataway. The land occupied by the church and cemetery at Stelton was purchased in April 1731. The first church was erected in 1748, and that building was taken down and rebuilt in 1825. This building was destroyed by a fire on New Year's Day, January 1, 1851. In 1870 portions of Piscataway, New Jersey and Woodbridge, New Jersey were used to form Raritan, New Jersey. The site of the church later became Edison, New Jersey. The building which took its place was destroyed in a fire in 1924. The present building was erected in 1925. The cemetery contains hundreds of early burials, including Andrew Drake. The first female pastor of the congregation, the Rev. Kathleen Tice, was installed in 1999. After 10 years of service at the congregation, Pastor Tice retired during the summer of 2010.
References
External links
Stelton Baptist Church at Blogspot
Baptist churches in New Jersey
Cemeteries in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Edison, New Jersey
Churches in Middlesex County, New Jersey
1689 establishments in New Jersey
Colonial architecture in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelton%20Baptist%20Church%2C%20Edison |
is a skyscraper business district in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. This region was previously called .
Nishi-Shinjuku was Tokyo's first major foray into building skyscrapers with the first appearing in the 1970s with Keio Plaza Inter-Continental. It is the location of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.
Progress continues in Nishi-Shinjuku, which is heading away from the city centre and has the site of the proposed Nishi-Shinjuku 3-Chōme Redevelopment, with plans for what will be three of the four tallest buildings in Japan.
Economy
Livedoor has its headquarters in the . H.I.S. has its headquarters in the Shinjuku Oak Tower. Seiko Epson's Tokyo Office is in the Shinjuku NS Building. Capcom's Tokyo offices are located in the Shinjuku Mitsui Building and Keihin Corporation is headquartered in the Shinjuku Nomura Building. Taisei Corporation also has its headquarters in the district.
Skyscrapers
See also
References
Neighborhoods of Tokyo
Shinjuku | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi-Shinjuku |
Maifeld is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated south-east of Mayen, and west of Koblenz. The seat of the municipality is in Polch.
The Verbandsgemeinde Maifeld consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Einig
Gappenach
Gering
Gierschnach
Kalt
Kerben
Kollig
Lonnig
Mertloch
Münstermaifeld
Naunheim
Ochtendung
Pillig
Polch
Rüber
Trimbs
Welling
Wierschem
Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maifeld%20%28Verbandsgemeinde%29 |
Lotos Kolej sp. z o.o. is a Polish rail company operating as a part of Grupa Lotos JSC. Lotos Kolej is responsible for transporting Lotos Group products and delivering petrol for Rafineria Gdańska.
The company precedesor, Zakład Transportu Kolejowego Rafinerii Gdańskiej operated since 20 March 2002.
Since 2003 the company has the license to transport petrol along all PKP PLK lines and is operating outside the Tricity, operating refineries in Czechowice-Dziedzice, Jasło and Gorlice.
Rails and rolling stock
The company manages over 80 km of track on the refinery's property. The main locomotives used by the company are ST43, SM42 and SM48. Lotos Kolej uses many different kinds of oil tankers for transporting products of the Lotos Group.
See also
Transportation in Poland
List of railway companies
Polish locomotives designation
References
Companies official website, URL accessed 2 March 2006
Railway companies of Poland
Polish Limited Liability Companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotos%20Kolej |
The Robotech Role-Playing Game, based on the Robotech and Robotech II: The Sentinels series, was originally published by Palladium Books from 1986 to 1995 (and reprinted until 1998). A second series based on Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles was released between 2008 and 2018.
First edition (1986–1998)
Titles
The Robotech RPG sourcebooks
Book One: Macross (November 1986)
Book Two: Robotech Defense Force Manual (March 1987)
Book Three: Zentraedi (March 1987)
Book Four: Southern Cross (September 1987)
Book Five: Invid Invasion (June 1988)
Book Six: The Return of the Masters (July 1989)
Book Seven: New World Order (April 1995)
Book Eight: Strike Force (July 1995)
The Robotech RPG adventure books
Ghost Ship (February 1988)
Robotech Defense Force Accelerated Training Program (March 1988)
Lancer's Rockers (December 1989)
Zentraedi Breakout (May 1994)
Robotech II: The RPG
The Sentinels (September 1987)
Robotech Expeditionary Force Field Guide (March 1989)
Books one through five covered the three segments of Robotech as aired. The initial five volumes were written by Kevin Siembieda.
Books seven, eight, and all but one of the adventure books took place during or shortly after the Macross segment. The two "Robotech II" books also took place after Macross.
Book six and Lancer's Rockers took place after the series ended.
Other Palladium regulars and freelance authors contributed to the later sourcebooks and adventure books. Illustrations consisted of line art taken from original Japanese source material in addition to new black-and-white line art done by Palladium artists such as Kevin Long.
Palladium also published Macross II: The Role-Playing Game, a separate RPG based on the Macross II anime, but this was entirely unrelated to the Robotech continuity.
Storyline
The original Robotech RPG by and large followed the TV series storyline, attempting in its own way to fill in gaps just as the novelizations by Jack McKinney did. Several of the sourcebooks covered different parts of the world during or shortly after the Macross era, where there was the most room for expansion. However, the RPG diverged from the McKinney stories after the events covered in the Robotech series ended. Where McKinney followed Scott Bernard and the others in their search for Admiral Rick Hunter, leaving behind a peaceful planet earth, Palladium posited the Invid returning to earth a few months after they were driven away.
The books Return of the Masters and Lancer's Rockers were set during this second Invid invasion, and introduced concepts and events not suggested by the original material. Return of the Masters, set in Asia, features a system of gladiatorial mecha martial arts combat called Mecha Su-Dai. Lancer's Rockers concerns a network of travelling performers following in the footsteps of New Generation rock star Lancer/Yellow Dancer, carrying protoculture-powered musical instruments that double as powerful weapons (reminiscent of, but unrelated to, similar developments in the Macross sequel Macross 7).
The Sentinels RPG also diverged in some respects from the story covered in the Sentinels novels and comic books, having been developed independently based on the same incomplete source material provided by Harmony Gold. The two primary differences are the idea that the SDF-3 left with an entire fleet of REF ships accompanying them, and that the REF and the Sentinels joined in a protracted war against the Invid Regent. The game also suggested that members of the Sentinels' races would openly join the REF.
Game system
The Robotech RPG used a modified version of the rule system used in the Palladium Fantasy Role-Playing Game introduced several years earlier. Clearly patterned after Dungeons & Dragons, the Palladium Fantasy RPG used a very similar rule system based around physical and mental statistics generated by rolling 3D6 (three six-sided dice), and the use of a D20 (20-sided die) in combat. Percentile dice (two ten-sided dice, one read as a tens column and the other as a ones column) are used for skill resolution. The Robotech RPG introduced the concept of mega-damage—"super" hit-points that are equivalent to 100 ordinary-person hit points—to simulate the toughness of the heavily armored mecha. This concept would become widely used in Palladium's Rifts game.
Inaccuracies
The creators of the Robotech RPG originally lacked access to the complete source material, working against deadlines based on what could be seen from show footage and limited-scope translations. As a result of incomplete availability, compounded by animation and dubbing errors, some descriptions of mecha and weapon systems given in the First-Edition books are inconsistent with either the animation or subsequently uncovered source material. The confusion is particularly strong in Southern Cross, where the many humanoid robots, battloids, and suits of armor are often confused for one another. These inaccuracies are genuine errors and distinct from creative choices that Palladium writers made to elaborate on the Robotech storyline as discussed previously.
Cancellation
Contractual issues in the wake of Harmony Gold's aborted Robotech 3000 project, as well as a general refocusing of the company on production of its flagship Rifts line, caused Palladium to forgo renewing the Robotech license. The Robotech RPG line went out of print as of June 30, 2001.
Reviews
The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games
Second edition (2008–2018)
In 2007 Palladium reacquired the Robotech license, coinciding with the DVD release of the animated feature film Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles. The game was released under the new title Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game.
Palladium's license for the game expired on March 31, 2018, and is not being renewed.
Robotech RPG Tactics (2013-2018)
On April 18, 2013, Palladium Books initiated a Kickstarter campaign to raise $70,000 needed to develop a new miniature wargaming system called Robotech RPG Tactics. The campaign raised $1,442,312 from 5,342 backers by its close on May 20, 2013. The funded game was scheduled to ship in December 2013, but was eventually delayed.
As of September 2014 the game had begun to be shipped, with Wave 1 shipping expected to continue throughout the fall.
Partial delivery of the Kickstarter rewards had been in progress since 3Q 2014 through 1Q 2015. Despite all claims and given the history so far of Palladium Books regarding delivery dates, there had been no real evidence shown of any progress on the rest of the miniatures and no clue on a time frame as noted starting in the updates to the project from 30 Jan 2014 as the entire "Wave 1" line was put through preproduction starting after the delivery date was missed. No pictures of the "Wave 2" products were ever shown.
What was delivered so far was substandard in quality compared to even low end wargame miniatures manufacturers. This was noted by multiple miniature wargaming sites and model builders, such as talkwargaming, theminaturespage forums (where use of scale model rather than game miniature manufacturing processes was noted), and deltavector, whose summary reads:
As noted in the sample references above and simple comparisons to miniatures from Games Workshop , Zvezda , Battlefront (Flames of War), Wargames Factory , Hawk Wargames and many others revealed that RRPGT miniatures were less detailed, with glaring errors in manufacturing requiring additional work by customers to correct (seams highly visible in the middle of supposedly flat areas), extremely high piece counts comparable to much larger vehicle miniatures by other miniature manufacturers (Space Marine Terminators have six or so, Space Marines have eight or so, while none of the RRPGT minis were in single figures and many were closer to 20+ pieces) and the lack of simple industry standard basics like clear acrylic flight stands for flying units (see references to multiple miniature companies above). Also, possibility out of the box was limited since many square peg & slot connections were used rather than round ones, which required yet further customer modification of the base miniatures to gain something other than a few different clones of each miniature, all available in the Kickstarter updates referenced above.
On 28 February 2018 it was announced that the Robotech® RPG Tactics Wave Two rewards would not be realised, and that Palladium's license has expired and is not being renewed.
Strange Machine Games
After Palladium lost the license, it was picked up by Strange Machine Games, who published a new version of the Robotech RPG. The first volume was released in December, 2019. On November 2, 2021, Strange Machine Games Finished funding of their second book, Robotech: Homefront. The book will feature the second and third seasons of Robotech, The Masters Saga and New Generations.
Robotech: A Macross Saga Role Playing Game
References
External links
Robotech role-playing games official discussion board at Palladium Books Forums of the Megaverse
The Robotech Role-Playing Game at RPG Geek Database
Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles at RPG Geek Database
Robotech role-playing games at RPGnet Game Index
Robotech Bibliography - Listings of RPG books in and out of print.
Product page
Robotech games
Megaverse (Palladium Books)
Mecha role-playing games
Role-playing games based on anime and manga
Role-playing games introduced in 1986
ja:ロボテック#ロールプレイング・ゲーム本 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotech%20%28role-playing%20game%29 |
Hu Fu may refer to:
Tiger tally, or hu fu
Hu Fo, or Hu Fu, Taiwanese political scientist
See also
Hufu
Hufu (novelty item) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%20Fu |
Tommyland: The Ride is the second solo album by the Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee. It was released in 2005 on TL Education Services Inc.
Background
Tommyland: The Ride was released in conjunction with Lee's book of the same name, as well as his then new reality television series Tommy Lee Goes to College, which premiered a week after the album was released. The album features tracks from the show. Among these is the first single "Tryin to Be Me" and the second single "Good Times", which is the theme song for the series.
The first three singles: "Tryin to Be Me", "Good Times" and "Hello Again" all featured Music videos.
Several other musicians also make guest appearances, including Butch Walker on "Good Times", Chad Kroeger on the first single "Tryin to Be Me", and Nick Carter on "Say Goodbye".
Track listing
Personnel
Tommy Lee — drums, producer, vocals, background vocals
Scott Humphrey — guitar, keyboards, mixing, producer
Andrew McMahon — piano, vocals
Phil X — lead guitar, background vocals
Deryck Whibley - guitar
Dave Navarro — lead guitar
Nick Lashley — guitar
Carl Bell — lead guitar
Bobby "Raw" Anderson — guitar
Chad Kroeger — guitar
Tim Dawson — guitar
Chris Chaney — bass guitar
Patrick Warren — keyboards
Carla Kihlstedt — violin
Matt Sorum — background vocals
Joel Madden - co lead vocals on "Tired"
Butch Walker - vocals, guitar, bass
Will Campagna - guitar
Tommy Mac - bass guitar
Earl Crispin -vocals/backing vocals, guitar, drums
Randy Staub — mixing
Tom Baker — mastering
Chris Baseford — engineer
Charts
Album
Singles
References
External links
lyrics
2005 albums
Tommy Lee albums
Albums produced by Scott Humphrey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommyland%3A%20The%20Ride |
The L700 is a commercial station wagon from Honda. Produced for only eleven months beginning in October 1965, it shared the S600 roadster's mechanicals and used a bored out version of that car's high-tech inline-four engine. At 687 cc, the DOHC engine produced 52 hp (39 kW) with twin side-draft carburettors.
The L700 was designed for commercial deliveries and was referred to by Honda as a light van, but it appeared as a conventional station wagon, seating five. Only a four-speed manual transmission was available, the front suspension was an independent MacPherson struts while the rear was a conventional leaf sprung live axle. Two models were built — the basic LA700 and better-equipped LM700. A third version, called the Honda P700 was a small pick-up truck version, with an exposed load bay and a standard cab situated behind the engine, using the same chassis as the L700 (front engine, rear drive). It appeared a month after the L700. 12,763 L700 and 1328 P700 were built. Payload for all L and P-series models was .
L800
The L700 was replaced in 1966 by the L800. Basically an L700 with a 58 hp (43 kW) 791 cc engine, the L800 was introduced at the Tokyo Motor Show in 1966. The engine came from the S800 roadster but used a single side-draft carburettor. It was available in LA and LM trim levels like the L700, and about 12,500 were produced through 1967. The "L" prefix is a naming reference to lorry, from the British word for "truck." 7275 L800 were built, alongside 1079 P800. In total, 22,445 of all L- and P-series models were built; very few remain.
References
L700
Cars introduced in 1965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20L700 |
The flag of the Cherokee Nation was adopted by the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma on October 9, 1978.
Background
The Cherokee Nation is the largest of the three federally-recognized tribes of Cherokee in the United States. First recognized under the Franklin Roosevelt administration in 1941, it drafted a constitution under the name "Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma." The constitution was not finally ratified by tribal members until 1976.
Design
A flag for the new nation was designed by Stanley John, and approved by the Cherokee Tribal Council on October 9, 1978. The flag has an orange field with the "Great Seal of the Cherokee Nation" at its center. The seal is surrounded by seven yellow stars with seven points. Each of the stars points toward the star in the center of the seal. The seven-pointed stars represent the seven clans of the Cherokee.
The current version comes the flag being modified in a resolution passed by the council on September 9, 1989. Then, a black seven-pointed star was added to the upper right-hand corner of the flag to represent the light that went out with the deaths of those who perished on the Trail of Tears. The official flag also has a green-and-black rope edging.
The Cherokee script in the central seal reads: "Tsa la gi yi A ye hli" (translation: "Cherokee Nation").
Historic flags
Peace Flag
Oral tradition states that the earliest Cherokee flag was the Cherokee Peace Flag, which had seven red stars with seven points, arranged in the form of the Big Dipper asterism on a white field. Tradition also states the Cherokee War Flag was the same design as the Peace Flag but with the colors inverted.
Confederate Flags
In the 1860s, Cherokee Confederate troops, part of the Indian cavalry, carried battle flags adapted from the first Confederate flag, most notably the Cherokee Braves Flag of the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles. One was captured at the Battle of Locust Grove. It displayed the original Stars and Bars with the addition of five red stars in the center of the white stars. The red stars represented the Five Civilized Tribes, who were aligned with the Confederate States. The center red star represented the Cherokee Nation.
Current
The flag used by the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma is not the same as that used Eastern Band of Cherokee, as their seals differ.
See also
Cherokee Clans
References
Cherokee Nation
Cherokee Nation
Cherokee Nation
Cherokee Nation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20the%20Cherokee%20Nation |
Mark Nuckols is a writer and regular commentator on Russian television. He appears on various political talk shows. He also writes for various publications, including The New York Post, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Atlantic, The Christian Science Monitor and others. He has taught at the Lomonosov Moscow State University Business School and at the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. He has a JD from Georgetown Law and an MBA from Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. He grew up in rural Virginia.
References
Living people
American educators
American legal scholars
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Nuckols |
Mendig () is a small town in the district Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated approximately 6 km north-east of Mayen, and 25 km west of Koblenz. Mendig is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Mendig.
The popular rockfestival Rock am Ring was held in Mendig in 2015 and 2016.
Personalities
Rosemarie Nitribitt (1933-1957), spent her childhood in foster care in the Mendig Kaplan-slip road
Andrea Nahles (born 1970), politician, Member of Bundestag (SPD) and a former Minister for Labour and Social Affairs, was born in Mendig
References
External links
Official website
Verbandsgemeinde Mendig
Mayen-Koblenz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendig |
Acton was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, created for the 1918 general election. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election.
The constituency was abolished for the 1974 general elections, and replaced by Ealing Acton.
Boundaries
The seat was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 which increased the number of seats where population had expanded such as in Middlesex due to the conurbation growing around the County of London. It was based on the town of Acton. The seat consisted of the Acton Urban District which became a Municipal Borough in 1921.
A redistribution of Parliamentary seats, which took effect at the 1950 United Kingdom general election made no change to the boundaries; its legislation, affecting election expenses and returning officer re-classified, the seat as a borough constituency.
In 1965 the area became part of the London Borough of Ealing and Greater London.
In the redistribution which took effect at the February 1974 general election, the seat to the west, Ealing South, was abolished and this seat absorbed most of its area to reach the electoral quota, it having been heavily underweight in electorate. The seat in statute and statutory instrument became variously Ealing: Acton and/or simply Acton where under a heading of London Borough of Ealing. From the review effective from the election of 1983 it became Ealing Acton.
Components
1918–74: Acton M.B. Note per the London Government Act 1963 the Metropolitan Borough ceased to exist in 1965, its functions being replaced by the larger London Borough of Ealing.
1974–83: Six wards (the old area plus the centre of the new larger borough, further west), namely:
The London Borough of Ealing wards: Central, East, Hanger Hill, Heathfield, Southfield and Springfield.
The change was extension, along all of the former western edge.
Members of Parliament
Elections
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
References
Parliamentary constituencies in London (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983
History of the London Borough of Ealing
Politics of the London Borough of Ealing
Acton, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 |
The Bloomsburg Fair has been held in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, since 1855 and continues to this day.
History
It was originally held as an agricultural exhibition located on the lower end of Second Street, which is now Main Street. Since then it has grown to be the largest fair in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Bloomsburg Fair was started by Caleb Barton in 1854. The 156th Bloomsburg Fair was held from September 25 to October 2, 2010. In 2006, fair attendance for the week reached 413,203 people. The 157th Fair was scheduled to be held from September 24, 2011, to October 1, 2011, but was canceled due to flooding associated with Tropical Storm Lee. However, the fair returned with the 158th edition in 2012 after a one-year hiatus. On July 28, 2020, it was announced that the fair has been cancelled for 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides 2011 and 2020, there were other cancellations in 1917–18 due to World War I and 1942–44 due to World War II.
Organization
The Bloomsburg Fair is run and maintained by a board of 13 directors, each in charge of a different aspect of the Fair. They are voted in by the thousands of members that hold a share in the Bloomsburg Fair during a yearly meeting. Each director has a different term length and can maintain their station as long as the shareholders allow. Any member can run for position on the board of directors as long as they have held that share for more than two years. While each director has a specific set of duties they all vote for major changes and additions that happen at the Fair Grounds.
Unique aspects
The Bloomsburg Fair is one of the last quarter-mile dirt tracks to remain open during the winter season for harness racing. While the stage and seating is limited at the Bloomsburg Fair they still have high end entertainment. Fair week entertainment has been country music dominated but they allot two of the nights for a newer rock band and a classic rock band still in the past the fair has hosted acts such as Nelly, Three Days Grace, Sugarland, Seether, Lady Antebellum, Trace Adkins, 38 Special, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Foreigner, and comedians such as Jeff Dunham and Bill Engvall.
Attractions
The fair has a variety of games, foods, shows, and contests. It has a midway with an assortment of carnival rides.
Contests
Photography
Canning
Farm animals
Baking
Entertainment
Every year, the Bloomsburg Fair's Grandstand hosts a variety of world-renowned musical artists, comedians, and general entertainment. The horse races and demolition derby are also a popular form of entertainment at the Bloomsburg Fair.
In 2006, international superstar Taylor Swift performed her first major concert at the fair.
Vendor issues
In 2016, early in the fair week, a merchant selling the Hitler Youth flag was expelled from the Fair for being a registered sex offender.
References
External links
Official site of the Bloomsburg Fair
Agricultural shows in the United States
Festivals in Pennsylvania
Festivals established in 1855
1855 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsburg%20Fair |
A shutter ridge is a ridge which has moved along a fault line, blocking or diverting drainage. Typically, a shutter ridge creates a valley corresponding to the alignment of the fault that produces it. Shutter ridges occur exclusively at strike-slip faults.
Example Locations
Oakland, California
Dragon's Back, Carrizo Plain, CA
References
Geomorphology
Physical geography
Structural geology
Landforms
Seismology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter%20ridge |
Orlen KolTrans was a Polish rail company operating as a part of PKN Orlen. Orlen KolTrans was responsible for transporting PKN Orlen products and delivering crude oil to refineries.
See also
Transportation in Poland
List of railway companies
Polish locomotives designation
Resource
Companies official website, URL accessed 2 March 2006
Railway companies of Poland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlen%20KolTrans |
USS Laub (DD-613) was a in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the second ship named for Henry Laub, who was killed during the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813.
Laub was laid down 1 May 1941 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding, San Pedro, California; launched 28 April 1942; sponsored by Miss Barbara Mohun Handley, a collateral descendant of Henry Laub; and commissioned 24 October 1942.
Service history
After shakedown along the west coast, Laub steamed through the Panama Canal, arriving Norfolk, Virginia 1 February 1943. She departed New York 7 February, escorting a convoy to North Africa. After reaching Casablanca, the destroyer patrolled the African coast until departing 14 March with a return convoy to the United States.
The following month, she sailed with another convoy. On 26 May, while escorting a return convoy, she joined other escorts in chasing off an enemy U-boat set on attacking the vulnerable supply ships in the convoy. The destroyer departed New York on her third extended voyage 11 June to join Allied forces in north Africa preparing for the invasion of Sicily. On 5 July she sailed from Oran to screen the transports and their passage to the strategic Sicilian beaches.
The amphibious force arrived off Sicily 4 days later, made a dramatic night landing, and the next day fought off Nazi aircraft. On the 11th, while bombarding the shore, Laub assisted in downing an aircraft. Continuing fire support operations, Laub destroyed four tanks and damaged strategic bridges.
The destroyer returned to Mers el Kebir 15 July and continued operations in the Mediterranean Sea until joining a convoy for America on 28 July. Laub made additional convoy runs to north Africa and the United Kingdom before returning to Oran to support the Allied campaigns in the Mediterranean.
Off north Africa 6 November, six planes made a torpedo attack on Laubs convoy, scoring several hits. Laub proceeded to assist the stricken ships, Beatty, Maraix, and Ruys, and rescued 341 survivors. From November 1943 until April 1944, the destroyer continued escort operations in the Mediterranean, and made several cross-Atlantic cruises from New York to the British Isles.
Returning to Oran 2 May, Laub sailed 10 days later with to provide fire support off the Anzio beachhead on the west coast of Italy. On the 23rd while bombarding the Italian coast, Laub collided with Philadelphia. Following temporary repairs at Naples and additional ones at Boston, Massachusetts the destroyer was back in Oran 2 December.
For the rest of the European campaign, she performed escort and fire support missions off the French-Italian coast. Departing Oran 15 May 1945, she reached Boston on the 23rd and began training in the Caribbean in preparation for Pacific duty. Laub returned to Casco Bay, Maine, when the Japanese surrender was announced.
The destroyer arrived Charleston, South Carolina, 2 November and decommissioned there 2 February 1946, joining the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Laub was stricken from the Naval Register on 1 July 1971. She was then sold on 14 January 1975, and broken up for scrap.
Awards
Laub received four battle stars for World War II service.
References
External links
history.navy.mil: USS Laub
navsource.org: USS Laub
hazegray.org: USS Laub
Benson-class destroyers
Ships built in Los Angeles
1942 ships
World War II destroyers of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Laub%20%28DD-613%29 |
Peter Moore (born 11 January 1957) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood and Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Early life and education
As a student at Eltham High School, Moore excelled in both academic and sporting events. He played for the Eltham Football Club before being selected to play for Collingwood.
Sporting career
A tall, agile ruckman with good ball skills, Moore is one of only five men to have won Brownlow Medals at different clubs; with Collingwood in 1979 and with Melbourne in 1984.
Winner of the Copeland Trophy in 1979 and 1980 and captain of Collingwood from 1981 to 1982, Moore was inducted into the Collingwood Hall of Fame before being transferred to the Melbourne Football Club.
Recurring hamstring injuries saw Moore's form drop off in his final seasons with Collingwood before being recruited by Melbourne, where his career took on a resurgence.
Moore played a total of 249 matches and was unlucky not to play in a premiership side considering he played in the Magpies' losing Grand Final teams of 1977, 1979, 1980 and 1981.
At the 1979 Perth State of Origin Carnival he was named in the All-Australian team.
After his VFL career finished, he coached Eltham Football Club, where he began his career, to a premiership in the second division of the Diamond Valley Football League in 1989.
In 2005, Moore was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.
When Collingwood lost the 1981 Grand Final to Carlton, the players were presented with runners-up medallions on the dais. Moore infamously threw his into the crowd. The runners-up medal was abolished.
In 2023, Moore presented the premiership cup to his son, Darcy Moore, after Collingwood won the 2023 AFL Grand Final.
External links
Melbourne FC – History
Australian Football Hall of Fame
Demon Wiki profile
1957 births
Living people
Collingwood Football Club players
Melbourne Football Club players
Brownlow Medal winners
Copeland Trophy winners
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
All-Australians (1953–1988)
Victorian State of Origin players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Eltham Football Club players
Eltham Football Club coaches
Monash Law School alumni
People from Eltham, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Moore%20%28Australian%20rules%20footballer%29 |
Rhens is a municipality in the district Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Rhine, approx. 10 km south of Koblenz.
Rhens was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Rhens, which merged into Rhein-Mosel in 2014.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor was elected here in 1346 as King of the Romans.
Twinnings
Bramley, United Kingdom.
References
Mayen-Koblenz
Middle Rhine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhens |
Paul Martínez Pompa is a Latino poet.
The author of My Kill Adore Him (University of Notre Dame Press, 2009), (selected by Martín Espada for the 2008 Andrés Montoya Poetry Prize) and the chapbook Pepper Spray (Momotombo Press, 2006). Martinez Pompa's poetry and prose have been anthologized in Telling Tongues and The Wind Shifts: New Latino Poetry. He earned degrees from the University of Chicago and Indiana University, where he served as a poetry editor for Indiana Review. Martinez Pompa currently teaches at Triton College in River Grove, Illinois.
External links
Review of My Kill Adore Him at the Poetry Foundation Blog
References
American male poets
Hispanic and Latino American poets
Hispanic and Latino American writers
Living people
Chapbook writers
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers
University of Chicago alumni
Indiana University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Mart%C3%ADnez%20Pompa |
The New Zealand raven (Corvus antipodum) was native to the North Island and South Island of New Zealand but has been extinct since the 16th century. There were two subspecies: the North Island raven (Corvus antipodum antipodum) and the South Island raven (Corvus antipodum pycrofti). Another closely related species, the Chatham raven (Corvus moriorum), occurred on the Chatham Islands.
The holotype of the South Island raven (Corvus antipodum pycrofti) is in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
New Zealand ravens were large corvids with long, broad bills that were not as arched as those of some of the Hawaiian crows (Corvus hawaiiensis). They were significantly smaller than the Chatham Island raven, and the South Island subspecies was rather larger than the North Island subspecies.
Remains of New Zealand ravens are most common in Pleistocene and Holocene coastal sites. On the coast, it may have frequented seal and penguin colonies or fed in the intertidal zone, as does the Tasmanian forest raven Corvus tasmanicus. It may also have depended on fruit, like the New Caledonian crow Corvus moneduloides, but it is difficult to understand why a fruit eater would have been most common in coastal forest and shrubland when fruit was distributed throughout the forest.
DNA evidence suggests that its closest relatives aside from the Chatham raven is the clade containing the Forest raven, Little raven and Australian raven, from which it split around 2 million years ago. The morphology and ossification of the palate is unusual among corvids, suggesting a unique dietary adaption, perhaps for scavenging large hard food items.
Gallery
See also
List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species
List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene
References
Gill, B. J. 2003. "Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 43–58.
Worthy, T.H., Holdaway R.N., 2002, The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. .
External links
New Zealand Raven. Corvus antipodum. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
The Extinction Website
Corvus
Extinct birds of New Zealand
Holocene extinctions
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Ravens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20raven |
Untermosel is a former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated along the lower course of the river Mosel, south-west of Koblenz. The seat of the municipality was in Kobern-Gondorf. On 1 July 2014 it merged into the new Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Mosel.
The Verbandsgemeinde Untermosel consisted of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Alken
Brodenbach
Burgen
Dieblich
Hatzenport
Kobern-Gondorf
Lehmen
Löf
Macken
Niederfell
Nörtershausen
Oberfell
Winningen
Wolken
Former Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermosel |
Andrew John Whing (born 20 September 1984) is an English football manager and former professional player who played as a right back. He is currently the head coach of club Solihull Moors.
Playing career
Coventry City
Whing was born in Birmingham West Midlands. He grew up supporting Aston Villa and had trials at Birmingham City and Derby County before joining Coventry City at the age of thirteen. While progressing at the club's academy, Whing was released and then re-signed. Whing eventually came through the ranks at Coventry and was appointed captain at the club's academy.
Whing made his first-team debut at Highfield Road in a Division One game against Burnley in February 2003. Following a string of first-team appearances, Whing signed his first professional contract, keeping him until 2005.
Ahead of the 2003–04 season, Whing changed shirt from 40 to 2. His first goal for Coventry came in a 3–1 home defeat against Nottingham Forest in August 2003. During the season, he made more first-team appearances, rewarded by a four-year contract and praise from manager Eric Black. Whing established himself in the first-team squad during the 2003–04 season, in which he made a total of 31 appearances in all competitions.
However, he made fewer starts the following season after a hernia operation and losing his right-back position to new signing Louis Carey. He did, however, provide a moment that will never be forgotten by Coventry fans in scoring the last ever goal for Coventry at Highfield Road in the 6–2 win over Derby County in the 2004–05 season. He was the recipient of the goal of the season award and a special award for the historic goal. His running high-five celebration became the moment that almost all Coventry fans remember him for. This helped the full-back's return to the regular first-team selection during the first season at the Ricoh Arena, in which he played 36 times in all competitions.
The 2005–06 season proved to be the high-water mark of Whing's Coventry career. Some poor performances the following season saw him loaned and then sold to Brighton & Hove Albion, who were managed by his former manager Micky Adams. After being recalled by Coventry in late December, Whing made his first appearance in a 1–1 draw against Southend United, but was rarely selected for the first team and played in the reserves throughout the season. At the end of the season, he was among four players to be released by Coventry. After the announcement of his release, Whing was given a farewell lap of honour after the final home match of the season, having made over 100 appearances for the club.
Brighton & Hove Albion
Whing initially joined Brighton & Hove Albion on loan on 8 October 2006, initially for one month. He made his Brighton & Hove Albion debut, as a right-back, in a 3–0 loss against Blackpool. Club and fans alike were impressed by what they saw of Whing and the club extended his spell at the Withdean twice more. Despite his wishes to extend his loan deal at Brighton, Whing was recalled by Coventry on 27 December, as the team looked to reinvigorate themselves following a run of three straight defeats. Brighton then tried unsuccessfully to sign Whing on a permanent basis during the January transfer window.
Whing eventually joined Brighton permanently during the summer of 2007 after his contract ended at Coventry. On signing, Whing said joining the club was an easy decision. His first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came in the opening game of the season, a 2–1 defeat to Crewe. He was sent off two weeks later after a second bookable offence, in a 2–0 loss against Tranmere Rovers. He remained in the first team throughout the 2007–08 season, making 42 appearances.
Whing retained his starting position at right-back at the start of the 2008–09 season, until he was dropped from the first team for one game in late November following a blunder that resulted a winning goal, in a 1–0 loss against Huddersfield Town. After making his return against Oldham Athletic, Whing hoped his good performance would keep him in the first team. Whing went on to make forty appearances for the club and, after helping them avoid relegation, was overwhelmingly voted Brighton's player of the year for the 2008–09 season, receiving 77% of the vote. With his contract expiring at the end of the 2008–09 season, Whing attracted interest from Walsall and Leeds United, around the same time he was offered a new contract. After his move to Leeds United stalled, Whing signed a new two-year contract with Brighton.
In the first half of the 2009–10 season, Whing remained in the right-back position for the first seven matches until he suffered a dead leg and was substituted, in a 1–0 defeat to Wycombe Wanderers. After being sidelined for two months, he made his return from injury for the club's reserves on 11 November 2009 against Millwall's reserves and returned to the first team four days later, in a 3–1 win over Southampton.
However, under new manager Gus Poyet, Whing found first-team opportunities at Brighton very limited; therefore, on 5 March 2010, he was allowed to join League Two side Chesterfield on loan until the end of the season. He made his Chesterfield debut four days later, coming on as a substitute for Dan Gray in a 1–0 loss against Notts County. Whing went on to make eleven appearances for the club.
Leyton Orient
On 28 October 2010, Whing signed for Leyton Orient on a two-month loan deal. He made his Leyton Orient debut five days later, on 2 November 2010, in a 3–2 loss against Colchester United.
After impressing Os boss Russell Slade with five appearances, Whing signed for Orient until the end of the season, and his Brighton contract was cancelled by mutual consent. On 12 February 2011, he scored his first goal in several years in Orient's 4–1 victory over Bristol Rovers. Three weeks later on 5 March 2011, he scored his second goal, in a 2–0 win over Notts County. After making 19 appearances and scoring twice, Whing was offered a one-year contract extension.
Oxford United
Instead, Whing signed a two-year deal with Oxford United when his contract with Leyton Orient expired in the summer of 2011. He said of Oxford: "This is a fantastic club with a lovely stadium and it gets great attendances that are worthy of a Championship side and it shows the potential here."
Whing made his Oxford United debut in the opening game of the 2011–12 season, a 1–0 loss against Rotherham United, on 6 August 2011. Apart from a minor illness, he remained in the first team throughout the season. After initial criticism, he won the Supporters Player of the Year Award at the end of the season.
In the 2012–13 season Whing retained his number 16 shirt. However, he suffered a groin injury that kept him out of the team for the first part of the season. By early October, he had returned to training and returned to the first team on 15 October 2012, coming on as a substitute in the 82nd minute for Tom Craddock, in a 3–0 loss against Port Vale. He scored his first goal for Oxford in a 2–2 draw at Barnet on 20 November 2012. He subsequently suffered an injury to his knee and ankle during a FA Cup match against Accrington Stanley on 1 December 2012. After making a recovery in early February, he returned to the first team, coming on as a substitute for Adam Chapman in the final minutes of a 3–0 loss against Plymouth Argyle on 16 February 2013. His second Oxford goal was an uncharacteristic scissor-kick against Rochdale that left keeper Josh Lillis stunned. Despite being restricted by injury to 22 appearances, Whing signed a contract with the club keeping him until 2016. At the end of the season, Whing was awarded Goal of the Season for his goal against Rochdale.
At the start of the 2013–14 season, Whing regained his right-back position. In the absence of captain Jake Wright, he was made captain for the match against Cheltenham Town on 14 September 2013, which ended 2–2. After the match, Whing described the award of the captain's armband as a "privilege". In the next game, a 1–0 defeat to Chesterfield, Whing was sent off in the 67th minute for a professional foul on Eoin Doyle. After serving a suspension and making his return, Whing suffered an ankle injury during a match against Mansfield Town, which led to his being sidelined until January. An operation further extended his period out of the team, and he remained on the sidelines until 21 March 2014, when he made his return to the starting eleven in a 1–0 win over Hartlepool United. Whing went on to make eighteen appearances for the club in 2013–14.
Shortly after the end of the 2013–14 season, Whing had an operation on his hip, resulting in him missing the start of the 2014–15 season. After playing his first match of the season in the reserve side, Whing made his first appearance of the 2014–15 season, coming on as a substitute for Brian Howard in the 57th minute of a televised 5–1 defeat to Cambridge United on 11 October 2014. He expressed "delight" on making his return, and remained in midfield in the first team, before suffering a hip injury during a reserve match against Southend United. He made three more appearances towards the end of the season, in which he made 21 appearances in total.
At the end of the season, Whing announced that he would not be signing a new playing contract with Oxford, although he was in talks over a new role at the club. He had previously hinted about his retirement from professional football, citing his injury, and had already started a UEFA B Licence course. In late November, Whing was appointed jointly with Leon Blackmore-Such as the club's under-18 coach. In September 2017 he left, after six years as a player and coach with the club, to become head coach of the under-23 side at Kidderminster Harriers.
During his time at Oxford United, Whing became something of a cult hero on the Oxford terraces.
Coaching and managerial career
On 18 September 2017, Whing was announced as the new head coach of Kidderminster Harriers' under-23 team.
In September 2019, Whing joined National League North club Hereford and was re-united with former manager Russell Slade.
Whing was appointed as manager of Southern League Premier Division Central club Banbury United on 12 May 2020, with his former Oxford United teammate James Constable as his assistant. Whing led Banbury to the Southern League Premier Division Central Title during the 2021–22 season, promotion being secured on 2 April 2022 with four matches remaining, the club earning promotion to the National League for the first time in their history, to be playing in either the North or South division. Following survival in their first season in the National League North, he resigned from his role in May 2023.
On 28 June 2023, Whing was appointed head coach of National League club Solihull Moors. Having ended August top of the league, he was awarded the National League Manager of the Month award.
Personal life
From August 2008 to April 2009, Whing was a columnist for the Worthing Herald newspaper.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Individual
National League Manager of the Month: August 2023
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Coventry City F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
English Football League players
Association football coaches
Oxford United F.C. non-playing staff
English football managers
Banbury United F.C. managers
Solihull Moors F.C. managers
Southern Football League managers
National League (English football) managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Whing |
Birmingham Aston was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. From 1918 to 1974 it elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election.
History
The constituency was created for the 1918 general election, when the boundaries of the city of Birmingham had been expanded. One of the areas included in the city's expansion was the Aston area, which had formerly been part of Warwickshire. From 1885 to 1918, Aston Manor was a borough constituency in Warwickshire.
Boundaries
1918–1950: Parts of the County Borough of Birmingham wards of All Saints', Aston, Lozells, and St Mary's. The newly created seat was smaller and more the northern part of central Birmingham than Aston Manor had been.
1950–1955: The County Borough of Birmingham wards of Aston, Lozells, and St Paul's.
1955–1974: The County Borough of Birmingham wards of Aston, Gravelley Hill, and Stockland Green. The latter two wards had formerly been part of Birmingham Erdington. St Paul's ward became part of Birmingham Ladywood. Lozells ward was transferred to Birmingham Handsworth.
In the 1974 redistribution, this constituency disappeared. Aston ward became part of Birmingham Handsworth, while Gravelley Hill and Stockland Green wards became part of Birmingham Erdington.
Members of Parliament
Elections
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
See also
List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
References
Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press, revised edition 1977)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1950-1973, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Research Services 1983)
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume III 1919-1945, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1979)
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume IV 1945-1979, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1981)
Parliamentary constituencies in Birmingham, West Midlands (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham%20Aston%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 |
Æthelred (; c. 762 – 18 April 796), was the king of Northumbria from 774 to 779 and again from 790 until he was murdered in 796. He was the son of Æthelwald Moll and Æthelthryth and possibly became king while still a child after Alhred was deposed.
Family and early life
The origin of Æthelred's family isn't recorded, but his father Æthelwald, who was also called Moll, seems to have come from a noble background. Æthelwald first appears in the historical records in a letter written by Pope Paul I to king Eadberht, ordering him to return lands taken from an Abbot Fothred, which were given to his brother Moll. After the abdication of king Eadberht in 758, his son Oswulf took his place but despite his father's long reign and his powerful uncle Ecgbert, he was murdered just a year later in 759 at Market Weighton by his own bodyguards. The murder was possibly ordered by Æthelwald as he became king soon after. In 761 Oswulf's brother Oswine met Æthelwald in battle but Oswine was killed in the fighting at Eildon Hill on 6 August.
After his victory, Æthelwald married Æthelthryth at Catterick on 1 November 762. Æthelwald was deposed as king on 30 October 765, by a council of noblemen and prelates, and replaced by Alhred, the brother-in-law of Oswulf and Oswine.
First Term
After ruling for nearly ten years, the Northumbrians drove out King Alhred from York in 774. They then chose Æthelred as their king and he was "crowned with such great honour". In the year after his accession Æthelred, who may have been influenced by his father Æthelwald, ordered the killing of an Ealdorman, Eadwulf..
Æthelred was deposed as king and the throne passed on to Ælfwald, a grandson of Eadberht Eating.
Restoration
Æthelred lived in exile during the reign of Ælfwald and his successor Osred II. However, in 788 or 789, Osred was deposed, forcibly tonsured and exiled and Æthelred was restored to the throne.
In 790, during Æthelred's second reign, the ealdorman Eardwulf was ordered to be killed by Æthelred but survived and later became king. Ælfwald's sons Ælf and Ælfwine were killed, probably on Æthelred's orders, in 791. The next year Osred attempted to regain the throne, but was defeated, captured and killed on 14 September 792. A year later, Lindisfarne was sacked by the Vikings with Alcuin's letters to Æthelred blaming this event on the sins of Æthelred and his nobility.
On 29 September 792 Æthelred married Ælfflæd the daughter of Offa of Mercia at Catterick.
Death and succession
While Æthelred was in Corbridge a group of conspiring nobles murdered him on 18 April 796. As a result, Osbald, an ealdorman and a friend of Alcuin, Æthelred's former adviser, became king, but within 27 days he abdicated.
References
Further reading
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993.
Kirby, D.P., The Earliest English Kings. London: Unwin, 1991.
Yorke, Barbara, Kings and Kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Seaby, 1990.
See also
List of monarchs of Northumbria
External links
760s births
796 deaths
Anglo-Saxon warriors
Northumbrian monarchs
8th-century English monarchs
8th-century murdered monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred%20I%20of%20Northumbria |
Human-based computation (HBC), human-assisted computation, ubiquitous human computing or distributed thinking (by analogy to distributed computing) is a computer science technique in which a machine performs its function by outsourcing certain steps to humans, usually as microwork. This approach uses differences in abilities and alternative costs between humans and computer agents to achieve symbiotic human–computer interaction. For computationally difficult tasks such as image recognition, human-based computation plays a central role in training Deep Learning-based Artificial Intelligence systems. In this case, human-based computation has been referred to as human-aided artificial intelligence.
In traditional computation, a human employs a computer to solve a problem; a human provides a formalized problem description and an algorithm to a computer, and receives a solution to interpret. Human-based computation frequently reverses the roles; the computer asks a person or a large group of people to solve a problem, then collects, interprets, and integrates their solutions. This turns hybrid networks of humans and computers into "large scale distributed computing networks". where code is partially executed in human brains and on silicon based processors.
Early work
Human-based computation (apart from the historical meaning of "computer") research has its origins in the early work on interactive evolutionary computation (EC). The idea behind interactive evolutionary algorithms is due to Richard Dawkins. In the Biomorphs software accompanying his book The Blind Watchmaker (Dawkins, 1986) the preference of a human experimenter is used to guide the evolution of two-dimensional sets of line segments. In essence, this program asks a human to be the fitness function of an evolutionary algorithm, so that the algorithm can use human visual perception and aesthetic judgment to do something that a normal evolutionary algorithm cannot do. However, it is difficult to get enough evaluations from a single human if we want to evolve more complex shapes. Victor Johnston and Karl Sims extended this concept by harnessing the power of many people for fitness evaluation (Caldwell and Johnston, 1991; Sims, 1991). As a result, their programs could evolve beautiful faces and pieces of art appealing to public. These programs effectively reversed the common interaction between computers and humans. In these programs, the computer is no longer an agent of its user, but instead, a coordinator aggregating efforts of many human evaluators. These and other similar research efforts became the topic of research in aesthetic selection or interactive evolutionary computation (Takagi, 2001), however the scope of this research was limited to outsourcing evaluation and, as a result, it was not fully exploring the full potential of the outsourcing.
A concept of the automatic Turing test pioneered by Moni Naor (1996) is another precursor of human-based computation. In Naor's test, the machine can control the access of humans and computers to a service by challenging them with a natural language processing (NLP) or computer vision (CV) problem to identify humans among them. The set of problems is chosen in a way that they have no algorithmic solution that is both effective and efficient at the moment. If it existed, such an algorithm could be easily performed by a computer, thus defeating the test. In fact, Moni Naor was modest by calling this an automated Turing test. The imitation game described by Alan Turing (1950) didn't propose using CV problems. It was only proposing a specific NLP task, while the Naor test identifies and explores a large class of problems, not necessarily from the domain of NLP, that could be used for the same purpose in both automated and non-automated versions of the test.
Finally, Human-based genetic algorithm (HBGA) encourages human participation in multiple different roles. Humans are not limited to the role of evaluator or some other predefined role, but can choose to perform a more diverse set of tasks. In particular, they can contribute their innovative solutions into the evolutionary process, make incremental changes to existing solutions, and perform intelligent recombination. In short, HBGA allows humans to participate in all operations of a typical genetic algorithm. As a result of this, HBGA can process solutions for which there are no computational innovation operators available, for example, natural languages. Thus, HBGA obviated the need for a fixed representational scheme that was a limiting factor of both standard and interactive EC. These algorithms can also be viewed as novel forms of social organization coordinated by a computer, according to Alex Kosorukoff and David Goldberg.
Classes of human-based computation
Human-based computation methods combine computers and humans in different roles. Kosorukoff (2000) proposed a way to describe division of labor in computation, that groups human-based methods into three classes. The following table uses the evolutionary computation model to describe four classes of computation, three of which rely on humans in some role. For each class, a representative example is shown. The classification is in terms of the roles (innovation or selection) performed in each case by humans and computational processes. This table is a slice of three-dimensional table. The third dimension defines if the organizational function is performed by humans or a computer. Here it is assumed to be performed by a computer.
Classes of human-based computation from this table can be referred by two-letter abbreviations: HC, CH, HH. Here the first letter identifies the type of agents performing innovation, the second letter specifies the type of selection agents. In some implementations (wiki is the most common example), human-based selection functionality might be limited, it can be shown with small h.
Methods of human-based computation
(HC) Darwin (Vyssotsky, Morris, McIlroy, 1961) and Core War (Jones, Dewdney 1984) These are games where several programs written by people compete in a tournament (computational simulation) in which fittest programs will survive. Authors of the programs copy, modify, and recombine successful strategies to improve their chances of winning.
(CH) Interactive EC (Dawkins, 1986; Caldwell and Johnston, 1991; Sims, 1991) IEC enables the user to create an abstract drawing only by selecting his/her favorite images, so human only performs fitness computation and software performs innovative role. [Unemi 1998] Simulated breeding style introduces no explicit fitness, just selection, which is easier for humans.
(HH2) Wiki (Cunningham, 1995) enabled editing the web content by multiple users, i.e. supported two types of human-based innovation (contributing new page and its incremental edits). However, the selection mechanism was absent until 2002, when wiki has been augmented with a revision history allowing for reversing of unhelpful changes. This provided means for selection among several versions of the same page and turned wiki into a tool supporting collaborative content evolution (would be classified as human-based evolution strategy in EC terms).
(HH3) Human-based genetic algorithm (Kosorukoff, 1998) uses both human-based selection and three types of human-based innovation (contributing new content, mutation, and recombination). Thus, all operators of a typical genetic algorithm are outsourced to humans (hence the origin of human-based). This idea is extended to integrating crowds with genetic algorithm to study creativity in 2011.
(HH1) Social search applications accept contributions from users and attempt to use human evaluation to select the fittest contributions that get to the top of the list. These use one type of human-based innovation. Early work was done in the context of HBGA. Digg and Reddit are recently popular examples. See also Collaborative filtering.
(HC) Computerized tests. A computer generates a problem and presents it to evaluate a user. For example, CAPTCHA tells human users from computer programs by presenting a problem that is supposedly easy for a human and difficult for a computer. While CAPTCHAs are effective security measures for preventing automated abuse of online services, the human effort spent solving them is otherwise wasted. The reCAPTCHA system makes use of these human cycles to help digitize books by presenting words from scanned old books that optical character recognition cannot decipher.
(HC) Interactive online games: These are programs that extract knowledge from people in an entertaining way.
(HC) "Human Swarming" or "Social Swarming". The UNU platform for human swarming establishes real-time closed-loop systems around groups of networked users molded after biological swarms, enabling human participants to behave as a unified collective intelligence.
(NHC) Natural Human Computation involves leveraging existing human behavior to extract computationally significant work without disturbing that behavior. NHC is distinguished from other forms of human-based computation in that rather than involving outsourcing computational work to human activity by asking humans to perform novel computational tasks, it involves taking advantage of previously unnoticed computational significance in existing behavior.
Incentives to participation
In different human-based computation projects people are motivated by one or more of the following.
Receiving a fair share of the result
Direct monetary compensation (e.g. in Amazon Mechanical Turk, ChaCha Search guide, Mahalo.com Answers members)
Opportunity to participate in the global information economy
Desire to diversify their activity (e.g. "people aren't asked in their daily lives to be creative" )
Esthetic satisfaction
Curiosity, desire to test if it works
Volunteerism, desire to support a cause of the project
Reciprocity, exchange, mutual help
Desire to be entertained with the competitive or cooperative spirit of a game
Desire to communicate and share knowledge
Desire to share a user innovation to see if someone else can improve on it
Desire to game the system and influence the final result
Fun
Increasing online reputation/recognition
Many projects had explored various combinations of these incentives. See more information about motivation of participants in these projects in Kosorukoff, and Von Hippel.
Human-based computation as a form of social organization
Viewed as a form of social organization, human-based computation often surprisingly turns out to be more robust and productive than traditional organizations. The latter depend on obligations to maintain their more or less fixed structure, be functional and stable. Each of them is similar to a carefully designed mechanism with humans as its parts. However, this limits the freedom of their human employees and subjects them to various kinds of stresses. Most people, unlike mechanical parts, find it difficult to adapt to some fixed roles that best fit the organization. Evolutionary human-computation projects offer a natural solution to this problem. They adapt organizational structure to human spontaneity, accommodate human mistakes and creativity, and utilize both in a constructive way. This leaves their participants free from obligations without endangering the functionality of the whole, making people happier. There are still some challenging research problems that need to be solved before we can realize the full potential of this idea.
The algorithmic outsourcing techniques used in human-based computation are much more scalable than the manual or automated techniques used to manage outsourcing traditionally. It is this scalability that allows to easily distribute the effort among thousands of participants. It was suggested recently that this mass outsourcing is sufficiently different from traditional small-scale outsourcing to merit a new name crowdsourcing. However, others have argued that crowdsourcing ought to be distinguished from true human-based computation. Crowdsourcing does indeed involve the distribution of computation tasks across a number of human agents, but Michelucci argues that this is not sufficient for it to be considered human computation. Human computation requires not just that a task be distributed across different agents, but also that the set of agents across which the task is distributed be mixed: some of them must be humans, but others must be traditional computers. It is this mixture of different types of agents in a computational system that gives human-based computation its distinctive character. Some instances of crowdsourcing do indeed meet this criterion, but not all of them do.
Human Computation organizes workers through a task market with APIs, task prices, and software-as-a-service protocols that allow employers / requesters to receive data produced by workers directly in to IT systems. As a result, many employers attempt to manage worker automatically through algorithms rather than responding to workers on a case-by-case basis or addressing their concerns. Responding to workers is difficult to scale to the employment levels enabled by human computation microwork platforms. Workers in the system Mechanical Turk, for example, have reported that human computation employers can be unresponsive to their concerns and needs
Applications
Human assistance can be helpful in solving any AI-complete problem, which by definition is a task which is infeasible for computers to do but feasible for humans. Specific practical applications include:
Internet search, improving ranking of results by combining automated ranking with human editorial input.
Distributed Proofreaders
Analysis of astronomical images:
Galaxy Zoo
Stardust@home
General scientific computing platforms:
Zooniverse (citizen science project)
Berkeley Open System for Skill Aggregation, by analogy with the distributed computing project Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing
Criticism
Human-based computation has been criticized as exploitative and deceptive with the potential to undermine collective action.
In social philosophy it has been argued that human-based computation is an implicit form of online labour. The philosopher Rainer Mühlhoff distinguishes five different types of "machinic capture" of human microwork in "hybrid human-computer networks": (1) gamification, (2) "trapping and tracking" (e.g. CAPTCHAs or click-tracking in Google search), (3) social exploitation (e.g. tagging faces on Facebook), (4) information mining and (5) click-work (such as on Amazon Mechanical Turk). Mühlhoff argues that human-based computation often feeds into Deep Learning-based Artificial Intelligence systems, a phenomenon he analyzes as "human-aided artificial intelligence".
See also
Citizen science
Collaborative intelligence
Collaborative Innovation Networks
Collaborative human interpreter
Crowdsourcing
Game with a purpose (or GWAP)
Global brain
Human computer
Human Computer Information Retrieval
Simulated reality
Social software
Social computing
Social organization
Symbiotic intelligence
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-based%20computation |
Cherokee flag may refer to any of several flags associated with groups within the Cherokee Native American tribe. These include
the Flag of the Cherokee Nation (Oklahoma)
the Flag of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (Oklahoma)
the Flag of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee nation (North Carolina). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee%20flag%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Vallendar () is a town in the district Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, approx. 4 km north-east of Koblenz. Vallendar is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Vallendar.
Geography
Situation
The town of Vallendar spreads out on the right side of the Mittelrhein opposing the island of Niederwerth, where several creek valleys from the Westerwald meet the Rhine valley. It is situated north of Koblenz and south of Neuwied. East of Vallendar rises the Westerwald, on the other side of the river the Eifel.
Districts
Mallendar
Mallendarer Berg
Schönstatt
Gumschlag
Gartenstadt
History
Vallendar is first mentioned around 830–840 AD as the property of the Archbishop of Trier; it was probably, however, of Celtic origin and a lot older (700–600 BC). In 1143 Schoenstatt Abbey was founded. In 1232 the Count of Sayn took possession of the land and began building a castle at the northern edge of the town in 1240. Its foundations today support the Marienburg.
From the 14th century the Archbishop of Trier regained more and more power over the land to become proprietor again in 1681 and in 1767 (for good). Today the Lion of Sayn and the Cross of Trier are evidence of this history in Vallendar's coat of arms.
During the Middle Ages a Palatine high court was located in Vallendar. 1802 the proprietorship went to the Count of Nassau-Weilburg; in 1815 it fell to the Kingdom of Prussia. A rich business life is the reason why Frederick William IV of Prussia granted town rights to Vallendar in 1856. In 1939 Mallendar was added to the town. It was the scene of a military action by the 23rd US Infantry. From 1954 to the 1970s numerous new construction areas were established. Since 1973 the skyline has been dominated by the "Humboldthöhe".
Today Vallendar's appearance is influenced mostly by the internationally renowned Schönstatt and the WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management and its students.
Population development
Politics
City Hall
Economy and infrastructure
Companies
Baldus Medizintechnik GmbH is a consulting and service company specialised in the medical gas supply for hospitals.
Traffic
Vallendar is connected to the B 42 and A 48, with the exit Bendorf/Neuwied/Vallendar leading into the city center via B 42.
Vallendar has a train station on the Rheinstrecke.
The KEVAG busses 7/7a and 8/8a connect Vallendar to Koblenz, Bendorf and Höhr-Grenzhausen.
Education
WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management (formerly: Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Unternehmensführung), is a private university founded in 1984 in Koblenz.
Schönstätter Marienschule, state recognized, private girls' school
Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Vallendar (philosophic-theologic school) of the Pallottines is occupied with the formation of priests and church-related people
Sights
Roman Catholic St. Marzellinus and St. Petrus Church (constructed 1837-41 by Koblenz-based architect Johann Claudius von Lassaulx as one of the biggest church constructions in this area of the century)
Protestant Lukas-church, constructed 1884-85 by Wiesbaden-based architect Friedrich Lang, typical Protestant 19th century church
former St.-Josef-Krankenhaus, 1856-59 by Cologne-based architect Vincenz Statz
Wiltberger Hof, 1695–98
Former school in Eulerstraße, 1844-45 by Ferdinand Nebel
Haus d'Ester, so called Marienburg (formerly seat to the d'Ester family, 1773 by Nikolaus Lauxen) ; today seat of the WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management
Marienburg-chappel
Persons of interest
1800: Theodor von Zwehl, bavarian politician
1805: Johann Baptist Kraus, Priest Arenberg
Lived in Vallendar:
Josef Kentenich, Founder of the international Schoenstatt Movement
Emilie Engel
Gerhard Henschel, author of the book Kindheitsroman
Oliver Samwer, Founder of Alando (bought by eBay.de) and Jamba!
Twin Cities
Cercy-la-Tour, France
Cranleigh, UK
Murów, Poland
Trivia
A city named "Vallendar" is included in the PC game Call of Duty 2. This fictional city also lies on the river Rhine. The players task is to fight retreating German soldiers during World War II. Other than its location on the river the virtual Vallendar has nothing in common with its real world counterpart.
References
External links
Website of the city of Vallendar
Collective municipality Vallendar
Thomas Trumpp: Goethe in Vallendar on July 18th 1774
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Populated places on the Rhine
Mayen-Koblenz
Middle Rhine
Districts of the Rhine Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallendar |
The Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards, a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, to actresses for quality supporting roles in a Broadway play. The awards are named after Antoinette Perry, an American actress who died in 1946. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the Tony Award Productions, a joint venture of The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing, to "honor the best performances and stage productions of the previous year."
Originally called the "Tony Award for Actress, Supporting or Featured (Dramatic)," Patricia Neal first won the award at the inception of the ceremony for her portrayal of Regina Hubbard in Lillian Hellman's Another Part of the Forest. Before 1956, nominees' names were not made public: the change was made by the awards committee to "have a greater impact on theatregoers". The award was renamed in 1976, when Shirley Knight became the first winner under the new title for her role as Carla in Robert Patrick's Kennedy's Children. Its most recent recipient is Miriam Silverman, for the role of Mavis Parodus Bryson, in The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window.
Six actresses (Christine Baranski, Judith Ivey, Judith Light, Swoosie Kurtz, Audra McDonald, and Frances Sternhagen) hold the record for most awards in this category, each with two total. Portrayals of Ruth Younger in A Raisin in the Sun and Mavis Parodus Bryson in The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window have won twice. Supporting actresses in two of three plays in Neil Simon's Eugene trilogy (Brighton Beach Memoirs and Broadway Bound) were nominated for the Tony, and featured actresses in six parts of August Wilson's The Pittsburgh Cycle have also been nominated for the award.
Recipients
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Win total
2 Wins
Christine Baranski
Judith Ivey
Swoosie Kurtz
Judith Light
Audra McDonald
Frances Sternhagen
Nomination total
5 Nominations
Frances Sternhagen
4 Nominations
Dana Ivey
3 Nominations
Elizabeth Franz
Eileen Heckart
Jayne Houdyshell
Judith Ivey
Celia Keenan-Bolger
Swoosie Kurtz
Judith Light
Condola Rashād
Marian Seldes
Lois Smith
Zoë Wanamaker
Julie White
2 Nominations
Jane Alexander
Rae Allen
Christine Baranski
Leora Dana
Viola Davis
Johanna Day
Linda Emond
Fionnula Flanagan
Alice Ghostley
Mary Beth Hurt
Zohra Lampert
Linda Lavin
Anna Manahan
Jan Maxwell
Audra McDonald
Laurie Metcalf
Debra Monk
Rosemary Murphy
Cynthia Nixon
Martha Plimpton
Amy Ryan
Carole Shelley
Maureen Stapleton
Margaret Tyzack
Kara Young
Character win total
2 Wins
Mavis Parodus Bryson from The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window
Ruth Younger from A Raisin in the Sun
Character nomination total
3 Nominations
Brooke Ashton from Noises Off
Honey from Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Mavis Parodus Bryson from The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window
2 Nominations
Bananas Shaughnessy from The House of Blue Leaves
Beneatha Younger from A Raisin in the Sun
Beverly from The Shadow Box
Big Mama Pollitt from Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Birdie Hubbard from The Little Foxes
Charlotte from The Real Thing
Hannah Pitt (and others) from Angels in America
Harper Pitt (and others) from Angels in America
Lady Gay Spanker from London Assurance
Lady in Red from For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf
Lavinia Penniman from The Heiress
Linda Loman from Death of a Salesman
Madge Kendal from The Elephant Man
Maria Merelli from Lend Me a Tenor
Marthy Owen from Anna Christie
Ruth Younger from A Raisin in the Sun
Productions with multiple featured nominations
Winners are in bold.
Separate Tables -- Beryl Measor and Phyllis Neilson-Terry
Butterflies Are Free -- Blythe Danner and Eileen Heckart
Absurd Person Singular -- Geraldine Page and Carole Shelley
The Shadow Box -- Patricia Elliott and Rose Gregorio
Bedroom Farce -- Joan Hickson and Susan Littler
Crimes of the Heart -- Mia Dillon and Mary Beth Hurt
Hurlyburly -- Judith Ivey and Sigourney Weaver
The House of Blue Leaves -- Stockard Channing and Swoosie Kurtz
Joe Turner's Come and Gone -- Kimberleigh Aarn, L. Scott Caldwell and Kimberly Scott
Our Country's Good -- Amelia Campbell and J. Smith-Cameron
Angels in America: Millennium Approaches -- Kathleen Chalfant and Marcia Gay Harden
Dancing at Lughnasa -- Brid Brennan, Rosaleen Linehan and Dearbhla Molloy
Picnic -- Debra Monk and Anne Pitoniak
Seven Guitars -- Viola Davis and Michele Shay
The Last Night of Ballyhoo -- Dana Ivey and Celia Weston
Morning's at Seven -- Elizabeth Franz, Estelle Parsons and Frances Sternhagen
Dinner at Eight -- Christine Ebersole and Marian Seldes
A Raisin in the Sun -- Sanaa Lathan and Audra McDonaldDoubt: A Parable -- Heather Goldenhersh and Adriane LenoxThe Coast of Utopia -- Jennifer Ehle and Martha Plimpton
The Norman Conquests -- Jessica Hynes and Amanda Root
A View from the Bridge -- Jessica Hecht and Scarlett JohanssonA Raisin in the Sun -- Sophie Okonedo and Anika Noni Rose
Noises Off -- Megan Hilty and Andrea Martin
A Doll's House, Part 2 -- Jayne Houdyshell and Condola Rashād
Sweat -- Johanna Day and Michelle Wilson (Both this and A Doll's House, Part 2 were nominated the same year)
Angels in America -- Susan Brown and Denise Gough
Slave Play -- Chalia La Tour and Annie McNamara
Clyde's -- Uzo Aduba and Kara Young
POTUS: Or, Behind Every Great Dumbass Are Seven Women Trying to Keep Him Alive -- Rachel Dratch and Julie White (Both this and Clyde's were nominated the same year)
Cost of Living -- Katy Sullivan and Kara Young
Multiple awards and nominationsActress who have been nominated multiple times in any acting categories'Trivia
Supporting actresses in two of three plays in Neil Simon's Eugene trilogy (Brighton Beach Memoirs and Broadway Bound) were nominated for the Tony.
Featured actresses in six parts of August Wilson's The Pittsburgh Cycle have been nominated for the award.
Featured actress Trazana Beverley in Ntozake Shange's for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf'' is the first African American actor to receive the award.
See also
Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play
Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical
Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Performance in a Play
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
List of Tony Award-nominated productions
Notes
References
External links
Internet Broadway Database Awards Archive
Official Tony Awards Website Archive
Tony Awards
Awards established in 1947
Theatre acting awards
Awards for actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Award%20for%20Best%20Featured%20Actress%20in%20a%20Play |
A droll is a short comical sketch of a type that originated during the Puritan Interregnum in England. With the closure of the theatres, actors were left without any way of plying their art. Borrowing scenes from well-known plays of the Elizabethan theatre, they added dancing and other entertainments and performed these, sometimes illegally, to make money. Along with the popularity of the source play, material for drolls was generally chosen for physical humor or for wit.
Francis Kirkman's The Wits, or Sport Upon Sport, 1662, is a collection of twenty-seven drolls. Three are adapted from Shakespeare: Bottom the Weaver from A Midsummer Night's Dream, the gravedigger's scene from Hamlet, and a collection of scenes involving Falstaff called The Bouncing Knight. A typical droll presented a subplot from John Marston's The Dutch Courtesan; the piece runs together all the scenes in which a greedy vintner is gulled and robbed by a deranged gallant.
Just under half of the drolls in Kirkman's book are adapted from the work of Beaumont and Fletcher. Among the drolls taken from those authors are Forc'd Valour (the title plot from The Humorous Lieutenant), The Stallion (the scenes in the male brothel from The Custom of the Country), and the taunting of Pharamond from Philaster. The prominence of Beaumont and Fletcher in this collection prefigures their dominance on the early Restoration stage. The extract from their Beggar's Bush, known as The Lame Commonwealth, features additional dialogue, strongly suggesting it was taken from a performance text. The character of Clause, the King of the Beggars in that extract, appears as a character in later works, such as the memoirs of Bampfylde Moore Carew, the self-proclaimed King of the Beggars.
Actor Robert Cox was perhaps the best-known of the droll performers.
References
Kirkman, Francis. The Wits, or Sport Upon Sport. ed. John James Elson (Cornell University Press, 1932)
Baskervill, C. R. "Mummers' Wooing Plays in England." Modern Philology, Vol. 21 No. 3 (February 1924),pp. 225–272; see pp. 268–272, folkplay.info
History of theatre
Theatre in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droll |
Neighbourhood is the second solo album released by session drummer Manu Katché. While his first offering, It's About Time, was considered a rock/funk album, Neighbourhood is solid jazz. Katché composed all of the music on the album.
Track listing
"November 99" – 6:02
"Number One" – 6:13
"Lullaby" – 6:16
"Good Influence" – 5:01
"February Sun" – 4:50
"No Rush" – 5:52
"Lovely Walk" – 6:20
"Take Off and Land" – 4:02
"Miles Away" – 4:14
"Rose" – 6:11
Personnel
Manu Katché – percussion, drums
Sławomir Kurkiewicz – double bass
Marcin Wasilewski – piano
Jan Garbarek – saxophones
Tomasz Stańko – trumpet
References
2005 albums
Neighbourhood
ECM Records albums
Albums produced by Manfred Eicher | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood%20%28album%29 |
Teflic acid is the chemical compound with the formula . This strong acid is related to orthotelluric acid, . Teflic acid has a slightly distorted octahedral geometry.
Preparation
Teflic acid was accidentally discovered by Engelbrecht and Sladky. Their synthesis did not yield the anticipated telluryl fluoride , but a mixture of volatile telluric compounds, containing :
(25%)
Teflic acid can also be prepared from fluorosulfonic acid and barium tellurate:
It is also the first hydrolysis product of tellurium hexafluoride:
Teflates
The conjugate base of teflic acid is called the teflate anion, (not to be confused with triflate). Many teflates are known, one example being , that can be pyrolysed to give acid anhydride .
The teflate anion is known to resist oxidation. This property has allowed the preparation several highly unusual species such as the hexateflates (in which M = As, Sb, Bi). Xenon forms the cation .
References
Further reading
R.B. King; Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements, VCH Publishers, New York,1994.
Oxohalides
Tellurium(VI) compounds
Substances discovered in the 1960s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflic%20acid |
The Rockingham County Baseball League is a summer baseball league in Rockingham County, Virginia and neighboring areas. It was founded in 1924, and has included teams from across Rockingham County and up and down the Shenandoah Valley. As of 2023, the league has 8 teams and has a 28-game regular season schedule where every team plays each other 4 times. The first round of the playoffs is the best out of three games, the second round is best out of five games, and the third and final round is best out of seven games.
Teams
Grottoes Cardinals - Shifflett Field
New Market Shockers – Rebel Park
Stuarts Draft Diamondbacks – The Diamond Club
Bridgewater Reds – Ray Heatwole Field
Broadway Bruins – Broadway High School
Clover Hill Bucks – Buck Bowman Park
Montezuma Braves – Ruritan Park
Elkton Blue Sox - Stonewall Memorial Park
Championships
Clover Hill – 18
Bridgewater – 17
Linville – 11
Grottoes – 9
Stuarts Draft - 4
Mt. Crawford – 4
Dayton – 3
Broadway – 3
Harriston – 2
Elkton – 2
Keezletown – 2
Ottobine – 2
Spring Creek – 2
Harrisonburg – 1
Twin County – 1
Waynesboro – 1
Weyers Cave - 1
Fishersville – 1
Briery Branch- 1
Montezuma – 1
New Market – 1
Former teams
Linville Patriots
Fishersville Rangers
Fishersville Cardinals
Briery Branch Braves
Twin County Twins
Harrisonburg Chic's
Luray Cavemen
Luray Colonials
Shenandoah Indians
Spring Creek
Ottobine
Famous alumni
Dell Curry
Travis Harper
Maven Huffman
Alan Knicely
Larry Sheets
Wayne Comer
Brian Bocock
Lorenzo Bundy
Tom Brookens
Daryl Irvine
Reggie Harris
Erik Kratz
Brenton Doyle
Chase DeLauter
RCBL Champions
External links
Summer baseball leagues
Rockingham County, Virginia
College baseball leagues in the United States
Baseball leagues in Virginia
Sports leagues established in 1924
1924 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham%20County%20Baseball%20League |
Drake's Drum is a snare drum that Sir Francis Drake took with him when he circumnavigated the world. Shortly before he died he ordered the drum to be taken to Buckland Abbey and vowed that if England were ever in danger and someone was to beat the drum he would return to defend the country. According to legend it can be heard to beat at times when England is at war or significant national events take place.
History
Drake is said to have taken the drum, emblazoned with his coat of arms, with him on his voyages around the world between 1577 and 1580. It was still with him for his final voyage and as he lay on his death bed off the coast of Panama in 1596 he ordered the drum returned to England, where in times of trouble it should be beaten to recall him from heaven to rescue the country.
Following his death the drum was returned to Drake's family home of Buckland Abbey in Buckland Monachorum, Devon. A replica of the drum remains on public display at Buckland Abbey under the care of the National Trust.
The Drake's Drum on display is a replica made by Mr J Manning, art and display officer at Plymouth Museum. The original drum, being fragile, is stored in a climate controlled store in central England. Another replica, also made by Mr Manning, is kept in storage. Both replicas were made in Plymouth from historically authentic materials.
Cultural impact
The drum has become an icon of English folklore with its variation of the classic king asleep in mountain story. Several times throughout history, people have claimed to have heard the drum beating, including: when the Mayflower left Plymouth for America in 1620, when Admiral Lord Nelson was made a freeman of Plymouth, when Napoleon was brought into Plymouth Harbour as a prisoner, and when World War I first began in 1914 and when was closed down and at the point of sailing, as part of the Grand Fleet, before the Battle of Jutland.
Reportedly, on , a victory drum roll from a drum was heard when the Imperial German Navy surrendered in 1918. The ship was then searched twice by the officers and then again by the captain and neither a drum nor a drummer was found on board; eventually the phenomenon was put down to the legendary drum.
In 1938, when Buckland Abbey was partly destroyed by fire, the drum was rescued and taken to safety at Buckfast Abbey. Plymouth was devastated in the air raids that followed, reminding some of the ancient legend that “If Drake’s Drum should be moved from its rightful home, the city will fall”. The drum was returned and the city remained safe for the rest of the war.
The drum was most recently reported to have been heard in 1940 at the Dunkirk evacuation during World War II. In 1940 the 45th Infantry Division, which included 4th and 5th Battalions of The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry and the 9th battalion The Devonshire Regiment, took Drake's Drum as their emblem. This emblem was painted on their transport.
Drake's Drum has been the title and subject of poems by Sir Henry Newbolt and the Victorian poet Norah M. Holland. Newbolt's poem was set to music by Charles Villiers Stanford as part of his Songs of the Sea, op.91 suite2. It was popularised by Peter Dawson. The setting is in the key of D minor, with a dramatic resolution to D major.
The drum was also mentioned in Bernard Cornwell's 1988 novel Sharpe's Rifles as analogous to the Gonfalon of Santiago Matamoros that features heavily in the story. A composition called "Drake's Drum" can also be heard on the album by British instrumental band Acoustic Alchemy, Natural Elements (1988). Drake's Drum is mentioned in the Sabbat song "Behind the Crooked Cross" from their 1988 album History of a Time to Come. It features in Katherine Kurtz's World War II supernatural novel Lammas Night.
Further reading
Cynthia Gaskell Brown (1996). The Battle's Sound: Drake's Drum and the Drake Flags. Devon Books.
References
External links
Legendary Dartmoor: a picture of the drum
Historic articles and picture of the drum
History of Devon
Drums
English heroic legends
Francis Drake
King asleep in mountain
Maritime folklore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%27s%20Drum |
The Hull-Ottawa Canadiens were a semi-professional ice hockey franchise from 1959 until 1963.
History
The Hull-Ottawa Canadiens were formed as members of the Eastern Professional Hockey League in 1959. The professional team was granted to the area after the success of a junior/senior mixed squad in the area called the Ottawa-Hull Canadiens, formerly the Montreal Junior Canadiens and junior farm team of the NHL's Montreal Canadiens, relocated to the capital region after the top tier of junior hockey dried up temporarily in Quebec.
With the EPHL entering the market, the Ottawa-Hull Canadiens were relocated by their parent, Montreal Canadiens, to Brockville, Ontario. The EPHL teams lasted for 4 years until the EPHL folded after the 1962-63 season. In the Montreal Canadiens system, the EPHL Canadiens were able to draw up junior players from the Brockville team to fill their roster. The next season when the junior team moved to the Interprovincial Senior Hockey League and relocated to Hull, the EPHL Canadiens were able to draw both junior and senior players from their roster. The most notable being Jacques Laperriere.
Games were played at the Ottawa Auditorium and at the Arena de Hull later renamed the Arena Robert Guertin.
NHL alumni
Season records
See also
Ice hockey in Ottawa
External links
hockeydb.com Hull-Ottawa Canadiens (EPHL)
Defunct ice hockey teams in Canada
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
Ice hockey teams in Ottawa
Ice hockey in Gatineau
1959 establishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1959
1963 disestablishments in Ontario
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull-Ottawa%20Canadiens |
The Honda 1300 is an automobile which was produced by Japanese manufacturer Honda from 1969 to 1972. The largest car manufactured by the company to that point, the front wheel drive 1300 was released as a sedan and coupé intended to compete primarily against Japanese automotive stalwarts such as the Toyota Corona, Mazda Capella, Mitsubishi Galant, and Nissan Bluebird. An ambitious project spearheaded by Soichiro Honda, it was plagued by engineering delays and high price compared to its competition. However, lessons learned from it would lead to the successful debut of the Civic in 1972 and the 1300's successor, the Honda Accord, in 1976.
History
During development frequent changes, sometimes made on a daily basis, hampered production. Mr. Honda was adamant the engine needed to be air rather than water cooled, arguing that "since water-cooled engines eventually use air to cool the water, we can implement air cooling from the very beginning."
In May 1969 final specifications and prices for the Japanese market were announced. There were originally two engine versions, being the "Series 77" with a single carburetor (SAE) engine and the "Series 99" with a four carburetors (SAE) unit: the less powerful car was listed with four levels of trim offered, of which the top three were also available with the four carburetor engine. The manufacturer's ex-works prices ranged from ¥488,000 for the entry level "Series 77" standard saloon to ¥710,000 for the "Series 99" Custom saloon. Automatic transmission and air-conditioning were optional. Six of the seven versions offered were priced comfortably above the less powerful Toyota Corolla 4-door deluxe, then retailing at ¥520,000: for this price Toyota included delivery to the Tokyo area.
The car had been introduced at the Tokyo Motor Show in October 1968, but production only got under way during the early months of 1969. In May 1969 the Honda 1300 went on sale in Japan. It was reported at the time that launch was delayed by a couple of months because company president Soichiro Honda found the styling of the car as presented at the Tokyo Motor Show the previous year unacceptably bland and called for a redesign. It was not lost on contemporary commentators that Honda himself at the time owned and frequently drove a Pontiac Firebird, and the split air intakes on the front of the Honda 1300 as it came to market suggest that Honda design personnel were also aware of the boss's fondness for his Pontiac.
Despite enthusiastic imprecations from Honda's US dealers the Honda 1300 was not sold in the US. Nor is there evidence of any sustained effort to sell it into Europe. Surviving examples appear mostly to be located in countries bordering the Pacific Ocean. In European terms, the car's engine size and dimensions would have placed it in the competitive sector of small 1300 cc family sedans, although its width, reported to have been selected in order to qualify for the lower tax class on the domestic (Japanese) market, was significantly below the European standard represented by cars such as the Ford Escort of the time. The 1.3 litre engine displacement also gave Japanese buyers tax savings when the annual road tax was due over competitors with larger engines.
The two-door coupé bodystyle, with a longer and sportier looking front end, was added to the lineup in February 1970. The same two engines (95 and 110 PS) were on offer, marketed as the Coupé 7 and the Coupé 9.
The engine
The engine was SOHC air-cooled, with a fan attached to the flywheel to pull cool air through the engine block, labeled DDAC, or Duo Dyna Air Cooling. This warm air, and additional hot air from around the exhaust manifold, was then used to heat the passenger compartment, a novel approach which was not commonly used afterward. Hideo Sugiura, then the head of the R&D Center, looked back upon the sentiment of the time:
"We had a powerful company founder, Mr. Honda, who was on top of the engineering operation. He also had expertise, which he had acquired through a string of enormous successes. Having such a leader, the sentiment in the company was that we had to see it all the way through, regardless of where the road might take us. There was to be no surrender. We could not give up halfway."
"Streamlining the bulky construction of the air-cooled engine, and giving it the quietness of a water-cooled engine, will create the ideal power plant...." With that concept in mind, the research engineers worked tirelessly to achieve their ideal. It was from this grueling process of trial and error that the DDAC integrated dual air-cooled engine was achieved. The initial prototype was completed in July 1968, after which dynamic performance testing, temperature measurements and other basic evaluations were conducted.
In a departure from the previous Honda practice of using roller bearings on the crankshaft, the 1300 engine had more conventional plain bearings. Two versions of the engine were available. The engine fitted to the 77 sedan and Coupé 7 had a single Keihin carburetor and developed , while the engine that powered the 99 sedan and Coupé 9 was equipped with four Keihin carburetor and developed at 7,300 rpm.
Initial skepticism was expressed among competitor manufacturers and in the trade press concerning Honda's power output claims for the car, but those who drove it reported an engine that would freely rev to an indicated 8,000 rpm and remarkable performance for a 1,300 cc engined car: the factory figure at launch for a standing quarter-mile acceleration test of 17.2 seconds was felt to be not unreasonable. The engine was a dry-sump design with a pressurized oil system feeding from a tank. An electrical fuel pump was another high-tech novelty which would eventually be common. The electrical system was another matter — it had a separate redundant set of wiring on each side of the car.
The high-revving character and dry-sump oil system both meant that the 1300's engine should be a natural for racing, and soon the RSC (Racing Service Club, Honda's competition department) built the mid-engined, tubular framed Honda R·1300. Next, in the 1969 Japan GP the similar Can-Am style Carman-Apache made its racing debut, with a Honda 1300 engine tuned to at 7,000 rpm, mounted transversally in the middle. Weight was a mere . The car only made 29 laps (out of 120) before retiring, but continued to race with some modest success through the next year. The engine block was also used to create the 2991cc V8 used in the Honda RA302 that was raced at the Formula One racing car produced by Honda Racing, and introduced by Honda Racing France during the 1968 Formula One season. The car was built based on the order by Soichiro Honda to develop an air-cooled Formula One engine.
DDAC
DDAC (Duo Dyna Air Cooling system: dynamic dual air cooling system) (), was the name of the air-cooling system presented by Honda in 1968. It had a double wall structure, thus, its name.
In this engine, the cooling "water jacket" was combined with the concept of air-cooled engine; the outer wall of the cylinder block is part of the structure in a two casting mold. It has the cooling air passage in the space where coolant would flow in a water-cooled engine. One fan forced cooling air through the passages, while another fan helped remove the heated air from the engine. Although an all-aluminum engine, this design did increase weight from the usual air-cooled design while benefiting from cross flow cooling.
Running gear
The car employed rack and pinion steering. At the front it had disc brakes, with drum brakes controlled via a dual-line hydraulic system at the rear. Suspension was independent, employing MacPherson struts at the front and an unusual combination of full-width swing axles and half-elliptic leaf springs at the rear. The front suspension was substantially modified after the car's initial presentation: production cars incorporated modified front suspension geometry, a lowered steering ratio and a steering damper, intended to reduce the unusually strong self-centring propensity which was a feature of the pre-production cars originally presented to journalists. The cars as sold also incorporated an updated gear-box and final drive ratios along with re-sized wheels.
Legacy
The H1300 provided the shock needed to change Honda's operating structure. Under the new system, Honda introduced the water-cooled Life and Civic models as its new mini automobile and small passenger cars. The Civic, which was equipped with a CVCC engine in full compliance with the Japanese government's Air Pollution Control Act, drew the world's attention to Honda's engineering approach.
Those involved in the H1300 project agreed unanimously. The pain indeed contributed much to the development of Honda's subsequent, successful future automobile models.
Honda 145
In 1972, the 1300 was succeeded by the technically interesting Honda 145, again offered as a sedan or a coupé. The 145's body was little changed from the 1300, but it was powered now by a water-cooled 1,433 cc engine with fuel injection instead of carburetors, the inspiration for the car's name. The market was not impressed by the 145: only 9,736 were produced as the model quickly found itself overshadowed by Honda's new Civic, and the 145 ended production in October 1974.
A coupé would not be produced again by Honda until 1978, when the Prelude was introduced.
Notes
References
1300
Cars introduced in 1969
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%201300 |
Apertium is a free/open-source rule-based machine translation platform. It is free software and released under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
Overview
Apertium is a transfer-based machine translation system, which uses finite state transducers for all of its lexical transformations, and Constraint Grammar taggers as well as hidden Markov models or Perceptrons for part-of-speech tagging / word category disambiguation. A structural transfer component is responsible for word movement and agreement; most Apertium language pairs up until now have used "chunking" or shallow transfer rules, though newer pairs use (possibly recursive) rules defined in a Context-free grammar.
Many existing machine translation systems available at present are commercial or use proprietary technologies, which makes them very hard to adapt to new usages. Apertium code and data is free software and uses a language-independent specification, to allow for the ease of contributing to Apertium, more efficient development, and enhancing the project's overall growth.
At present (December 2020), Apertium has released 51 stable language pairs, delivering fast translation with reasonably intelligible results (errors are easily corrected). Being an open-source project, Apertium provides tools for potential developers to build their own language pair and contribute to the project.
History
Apertium originated as one of the machine translation engines in the project OpenTrad, which was funded by the Spanish government, and developed by the Transducens research group at the Universitat d'Alacant. It was originally designed to translate between closely related languages, although it has recently been expanded to treat more divergent language pairs. To create a new machine translation system, one just has to develop linguistic data (dictionaries, rules) in well-specified XML formats.
Language data developed for it (in collaboration with the Universidade de Vigo, the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and the Universitat Pompeu Fabra) currently support (in stable version) the Arabic, Aragonese, Asturian, Basque, Belarusian, Breton, Bulgarian, Catalan, Crimean Tatar, Danish, English, Esperanto, French, Galician, Hindi, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Kazakh, Macedonian, Malaysian, Maltese, Northern Sami, Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk), Occitan, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Sardinian, Serbo-Croatian, Silesian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Tatar, Ukrainian, Urdu, and Welsh languages. A full list is available below. Several companies are also involved in the development of Apertium, including Prompsit Language Engineering, Imaxin Software and Eleka Ingeniaritza Linguistikoa.
The project has taken part in the 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 editions of Google Summer of Code and the 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 editions of Google Code-In.
Translation methodology
This is an overall, step-by-step view how Apertium works.
The diagram displays the steps that Apertium takes to translate a source-language text (the text we want to translate) into a target-language text (the translated text).
Source language text is passed into Apertium for translation.
The deformatter removes formatting markup (HTML, RTF, etc.) that should be kept in place but not translated.
The morphological analyser segments the text (expanding elisions, marking set phrases, etc.), and looks up segments in the language dictionaries, returning dictionary forms and tags for all matches. In pairs that involve agglutinative morphology, including a number of Turkic languages, a Helsinki Finite State Transducer (HFST) is used. Otherwise, an Apertium-specific finite state transducer system called lttoolbox, is used.
The morphological disambiguator (the morphological analyser and the morphological disambiguator together form the part of speech tagger) resolves ambiguous segments (i.e., when there is more than one match) by choosing one match. Apertium uses Constraint Grammar rules (with the vislcg3 parser) for most of its language pairs.
Retokenisation uses a finite state transducer to match sequences of lexical units and may reorder or translate tags (often used for translating idiomatic expressions into something that more approaches the target language grammar)
Lexical transfer looks up disambiguated source-language basewords to find their target-language equivalents (i.e., mapping source language to target language). For lexical transfer, Apertium uses an XML-based dictionary format called bidix.
Lexical selection chooses between alternative translations when the source text word has alternative meanings. Apertium uses a specific XML-based technology, apertium-lex-tools, to perform lexical selection.
Structural transfer (i.e., it is an XML format that allows writing complex structural transfer rules) can consist of one-step chunking transfer, three-step chunking transfer or a CFG-based transfer module. The chunking modules flag grammatical differences between the source language and target language (e.g. gender or number agreement) by creating a sequence of chunks containing markers for this. They then reorder or modify chunks in order to produce a grammatical translation in the target-language. The newer CFG-based module matches input sequences into possible parse trees, selecting the best-ranking one and applying transformation rules on the tree.
The morphological generator uses the tags to deliver the correct target language surface form. The morphological generator is a morphological transducer, just like the morphological analyser. A morphological transducer both analyses and generates forms.
The post-generator makes any necessary orthographic changes due to the contact of words (e.g. elisions).
The reformatter replaces formatting markup (HTML, RTF, etc.) that was removed by the deformatter in the first step.
Apertium delivers the target-language translation.
Language pairs
List of currently stable language pairs, hover over the language codes to see the languages that they represent.
See also
Babel Fish (discontinued; redirects to main Yahoo! site)
Comparison of machine translation applications
Jollo (discontinued)
Microsoft Translator
Moses
OpenLogos
SYSTRAN
Yandex.Translate
Notes
References
Corbí-Bellot, M. et al. (2005) "An open-source shallow-transfer machine translation engine for the romance languages of Spain" in Proceedings of the European Association for Machine Translation, 10th Annual Conference, Budapest 2005, pp. 79–86
Armentano-Oller, C. et al. (2006) "Open-source Portuguese-Spanish machine translation" in Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3960 [Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language, Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Computational Processing of Written and Spoken Portuguese, PROPOR 2006], p 50–59.
Forcada, M. L. et al. (2010) "Documentation of the Open-Source Shallow-Transfer Machine Translation Platform Apertium" in Departament de Llenguatges i Sistemes Informatics, University of Alacant.
Forcada, M. L. et al. (2011) "Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation". in "
External links
Apertium home
Apertium Wiki
OpenTrad
End-user services and software
(All services are based on the Apertium engine)
Online translation websites
Apertium Translation home
Prompsit Translator
PoliTraductor Translator
University d' Alacant Translator
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Translator
Offline applications
Apertium Caffeine
Apertium Android
Apertium OmegaT
Free software programmed in C++
Machine translation software
Natural language processing software
Natural language processing toolkits
Products introduced in 2009
Translation websites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertium |
Nils Gustaf Ekholm (9 October 1848 – 5 April 1923) was a Swedish meteorologist who led a Swedish geophysical expedition to Spitsbergen in 1882–1883.
Biography
Ekholm was born in Smedjebacken in Dalarna, son of a pharmacist. Having completed his mogenhetsexamen in 1868, he enrolled at the University of Uppsala in September 1869, and graduated with a Candidate of Philosophy degree in 1876, completing a Licentiate degree in 1887 and a Ph.D. in 1888. He was a student of Robert Rubenson and Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson.
He worked at the Meteorological department at Uppsala University from 1876 until 1881, and again, after returning from his Spitsbergen expedition, 1884–1890, and was docent of meteorology at the university 1888–1892. From 1890 he worked as an assistant at the Swedish Meteorological Institute in Stockholm (one of the predecessor institutions of the current Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SMHI, now located in Norrköping). He became professor and head of the institute in 1913, retiring at the age of 70 in 1918.
Ekholm was originally responsible only for the meteorological research of Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition (1897-1898). Ekholm was made head of the expedition as a whole after his predecessor, Commander F. Malmberg, had become unable to participate because of illness.
The projected 1896 launch of engineer and balloonist S. A. Andrée's balloon from Spitsbergen was called off because of contrary winds. Ekholm later started to question that the tightness of the balloon was going to be sufficient to keep hydrogen leakage to the minimum necessary for the success of the expedition. When Andrée disregarded his warnings, Ekholm abandoned the expedition. Ekholm was replaced by Knut Frænkel. Following the 1897 balloon launch, the entire expedition perished.
Ekholm is regarded as the founder of the Swedish storm warning system, which he initiated during his time at the Meteorological Institute. The system began in 1905 with 27 storm warning stations on the Swedish west coast, and expanded over the following years until it finally covered the entire Swedish coastline from 1913.
Ekholm was elected a Fellow of the British Royal Meteorological Society in 1892, and a Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1905.
In 1899, Ekholm, an early and eager spokesman for anthropogenic climatic control, pointed out that at present rates, the burning of coal eventually could double the concentration of atmospheric CO2. According to Ekholm, being influenced by the thoughts of his lifelong friend and colleague Svante Arrhenius, this would "undoubtedly cause a very obvious rise of the mean temperature of the Earth." By controlling the production and consumption of CO2, he thought humans would be able to "regulate the future climate of the Earth and consequently prevent the arrival of a new ice age (Fleming 1998). An English version published in 1901 in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society resulted in wide dissemination of Ekholm's ideas, including the use of the term "greenhouse" to describe the effect of carbon dioxide).
Publications
Notes
References
Ångström, Anders: "Ekholm, Nils Gustaf", in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 12 (1949), p. 720–725.
"SMHI och dess föregångare i årtal fr o m 1873", a timeline of the history of SMHI and its predecessor institutions
External links
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon
1848 births
1923 deaths
People from Smedjebacken Municipality
Swedish explorers
Explorers of the Arctic
Swedish meteorologists
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Gustaf%20Ekholm |
Vordereifel is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the eastern edge of the Eifel, west of Mayen. The seat of the municipality is in Mayen, itself not part of the municipality.
The Verbandsgemeinde Vordereifel consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
References
Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vordereifel |
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