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Crim Rocks ( "little reef") is a small group of uninhabited islands in the Isles of Scilly, England, United Kingdom.
The Crim Rocks are the most westward of the archipelago's Western Rocks, therefore making them the westernmost point of England. They are approximately north of Bishop Rock, and about southwest of Zantman's Rock. The name may be cognate with the Middle Welsh "crimp" meaning "shin, ridge, or ledge." The most conspicuous of the Crim Rocks is the Peaked Rock. At least thirty ships are known to have been wrecked on the Crims.
See also
List of shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly
List of extreme points of the United Kingdom
References
Uninhabited islands of the Isles of Scilly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crim%20Rocks |
Robert or Bob Chambers may refer to:
Robert Chambers (English judge) (1737–1803), English judge, professor of jurisprudence, Chief Justice of Bengal, collector of Sanskrit manuscripts
Robert Chambers (New Zealand judge) (1953–2013), New Zealand judge and Supreme Court justice
Robert Chambers (priest) (1571–1628), English Catholic priest, writer and translator
Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802) (1802–1871), Scottish publisher, writer, and scientist known for Vestiges of Creation and, with his brother William Chambers, Chambers's Encyclopaedia
Robert Chambers Jr. (1832–1888), Scottish publisher and amateur golfer, son of the above
Robert Craig Chambers (1832–1901), American 19th-century businessman, minerals miner, banker, politician, sheriff, and silver mine supervisor
Robert Chambers (oarsman) (1831–1868), English oarsman and world sculling champion
Robert Chambers (development scholar) (born 1932), British academic and development practitioner
Robert Chambers (Quebec City mayor) (1834–1886), Canadian politician
Robert W. Chambers (1865–1933), American artist and writer, author of The King in Yellow
Robert Chambers (criminal) (born 1966), also known as the Preppie Killer
Robert G. Chambers (1924–2016), British physicist known for the first observation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect
Robert Chambers (Canadian politician) (1813–1875), merchant and politician in Nova Scotia, Canada
Robert Chambers (cricketer) (born 1943), former English cricketer
Robert Charles Chambers (born 1952), United States federal judge
Robert Chambers (biologist) (1881–1957), American biologist
Robert Chambers (sculptor) (born 1958), American sculptor
Bob Chambers (footballer) (1899–1972), English footballer
Bob Chambers (cartoonist) (1905–1996), cartoonist and illustrator from Nova Scotia
Bob Chambers (athlete) (1926–2010), American track and field athlete | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Chambers |
Ælfwald (born between 759 and 767 AD) was king of Northumbria from 779 to 788. He is thought to have been a son of Oswulf, and thus a grandson of Eadberht Eating.
Ælfwald became king after Æthelred son of Æthelwald Moll was deposed in 778. He was murdered, probably at Chesters, by ealdorman Sicga on 23 September 788. He was buried at Hexham Abbey where he was considered a saint.
Ælfwald was succeeded by his first cousin Osred, son of Alhred and Osgifu, daughter of Eadberht Eating. Ælfwald's sons Ælf and Ælfwine were killed in 791 on the orders of King Æthelred.
See also
List of monarchs of Northumbria
References
Further reading
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Stroud: Sutton, 1993.
External links
8th-century births
788 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Northumbrian saints
Northumbrian monarchs
8th-century Christian saints
8th-century English monarchs
Burials at Hexham Abbey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwald%20I%20of%20Northumbria |
Antarmahal is a 2005 Indian Bengali film, directed by Rituparno Ghosh, based on a short story by the name Pratima by the renowned Bengali author Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay. It stars Roopa Ganguly, Soha Ali Khan and Jackie Shroff in lead, and Abhishek Bachchan, Sumanta Mukherjee and Biswajit Chakraborty in supporting roles. Raima Sen stars in a cameo role in the film.
Shoojit Sarkar who assisted Rituparno as the first AD and Rituparno used to call him with a unique nickname Shooji.
Plot
The story takes place towards the end of the 19th century in Bengal. Bhubaneswar Chowdhury (Jackie Shroff) is a rich and oppressive Zamindar (Landlord). He is planning to please the British so that they bestow on him the Raibahadur title. There are quite a few contenders and so something unique has to be done, so he decides to put Queen Victoria's face on the body of the Goddess Durga whose clay idol is made every year for Durga Pooja.
On the other hand, he also wants an heir and since he blames the failure on his elder wife Mahamaya (Roopa Ganguly) he marries again, the much younger Jashomati (Soha Ali Khan). Both these wives compete against each other in an ego struggle. In his pursuit for a son, Bhubaneswar rapes Jashomati every night while a priest reads hymns for conception near the bed, ordering Mahamaya, in a drugged state, to fulfill the carnal desires of five sexually deprived Brahmin priests.
Although she luckily escapes the fate due to the untimely ending, Jashomati, while in her traumatised and lonely state, gets physically drawn towards a young sculptor (Abhishek Bachchan). It's in this centre of all this that the sculptor makes his masterpiece, his tribute, and seals Jashomati's ultimate fate.
the script is based on protima a masterpiece of Tarashankar bandopadhyay.
Cast
Soha Ali Khan as Jashomoti (voice dubbed by Rimjhim Mitra)
Jackie Shroff as Bhubaneswar Chowdhury (voice dubbed by Shantilal Mukherjee)
Roopa Ganguly as Mahamaya
Abhishek Bacchan as Brijbhushan
References
External links
2005 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films directed by Rituparno Ghosh
Films about landlords
2000s Bengali-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarmahal |
The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organized religion, instead participating in one or more practices of folk religions, such as venerating ancestors, or praying to deities, especially during Tết and other festivals. Folk religions were founded on endemic cultural beliefs that were historically affected by Confucianism and Taoism from ancient China, as well as by various strands of Buddhism (Phật giáo). These three teachings or tam giáo were later joined by Christianity (Catholicism, Công giáo) which has become a significant presence. Vietnam is also home of two indigenous religions: syncretic Caodaism (Đạo Cao Đài) and quasi-Buddhist Hoahaoism (Phật giáo Hòa Hảo).
According to estimates by the Pew Research Center in 2010, most of the Vietnamese people practiced (exclusively) folk religions (45.3%). 16.4% of the population were Buddhists (Mahayana), 8.2% were Christian, and about 30% were unaffiliated to any religion. Officially, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is an atheist state, as declared by its communist government.
According to statistics from the Government Committee for Religious Affairs, as of 2018, Buddhists account for 14.9% of the total population, Christians 8.5% (Catholics 7.4% & Protestants 1.1%), Hoahao Buddhists 1.5%, and Caodaism followers 1.2%. Other religions include Hinduism, Islam, and Baháʼí Faith, representing less than 0.2% of the population. Folk religions (worship of ancestors, gods and goddesses), not included in government statistics, have experienced revival since the 1980s.
Overview
Although according to a 1999 census most Vietnamese list themselves as having no religious affiliation, religion, as defined by shared beliefs and practices, remains an integral part of Vietnamese life, dictating the social behaviours and spiritual practices of Vietnamese individuals in Vietnam and abroad. The triple religion (), referring to the syncretic combination of Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, and Vietnamese folk religion (often assimilated), remain a strong influence on the beliefs and practices of the Vietnamese, even if the levels of formal membership in these religious communities may not reflect that influence. One of the most notable and universal spiritual practices common to Vietnamese is ancestor veneration. It is considered an expression of hiếu thảo (filial piety), a key virtue to maintain a harmonious society. Regardless of formal religious affiliation, it is very common to have an altar in the home and business where prayers are offered to their ancestors. These offerings and practices are done frequently during important traditional or religious celebrations (e.g., death anniversaries), the starting of a new business, or even when a family member needs guidance or counsel. Belief in ghosts and spirits is very common; many believe that the traditions are important links to culture and history and are enjoyable, while others believe that failing to perform the proper rituals for one's ancestors will literally cause them to become hungry ghosts ().
A 2002 Pew Research Center report claimed that 24% of the population of Vietnam view religion as "very important".
Statistics
Varied sources indicate very different statistics of religious groups in Vietnam
Statistics controversy
Government statistics of the religion in Vietnam, are counts of members of religious organization recognized by the government. Hence, this does not include people practicing folk religion, which is not recognized by government. Also, many people practice religion such as Buddhism without taking any membership of specific government organization. Official statistics from the 2019 census, also not categorizing folk religion, indicates that Catholicism is the largest (organized) religion in Vietnam, surpassing Buddhism. While some other surveys reported 45-50 millions Buddhist living in Vietnam, the government statistics counts for 6.8 millions. It is the Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam, however, does not reports official statistics on its adherents. The great gaps in statistics on the number of Buddhist adherents is due to disagreement on the very criteria of what constitute a Buddhist.
History
The earliest forms of Vietnamese religious practice were animistic and totemic in nature. The decorations on Đông Sơn bronze drums, generally agreed to have ceremonial and possibly religious value, depict the figures of birds, leading historians to believe birds were objects of worship for the early Vietnamese. Dragons were another frequently recurring figure in Vietnamese art, arising from the veneration of Lạc Long Quân, a mythical dragon-king who is said to be the father of the Vietnamese people. The Golden Turtle God Kim Quy was said to appear to Emperors in times of crisis, notably to Lê Lợi, from whom he took the legendary sword Thuận Thiên after it had been dropped into Hoàn Kiếm Lake. Contact with Chinese civilization, and the introduction of the triple religion of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism, added a further ethical and moral dimension to the indigenous Vietnamese religion. A recent research using folkloristic computations has provided evidence on the existence of "cultural additivity" by examining the interaction of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism throughout the history of Vietnam.
Folk religions
Scholars such as Toan Ánh (Tín ngưỡng Việt Nam 1991) have listed a resurgence in traditional belief in many local, village-level, spirits.
Đạo Mẫu
Đạo Mẫu is a branch of shamanism of Vietnamese folk religion, it is the worship of mother goddesses in Vietnam. There are distinct beliefs and practices in this religion including the worship of goddesses such as Thiên Y A Na, Bà Chúa Xứ, Bà Chúa Kho and Liễu Hạnh, legendary figures like Âu Cơ, the Trưng Sisters (Hai Bà Trưng), Lady Triệu (Bà Triệu), and the cult of the Four Palaces. Đạo Mẫu is commonly associated with spirit mediumship rituals—known in Vietnam as lên đồng. It is a ritual in which followers become spirit mediums for various deities. The Communist government used to suspend the practice of lên đồng due to its superstition, but in 1987, the government legalized this practice.
Đạo Dừa
Ông Đạo Dừa (1909-1990) created the Coconut Religion (Vietnamese: Đạo Dừa or Hòa đồng Tôn giáo), a syncretic Buddhist, Christian and local Vietnamese religion which at its peak had 4,000 followers, before it was banned. Its adherents ate coconut and drank coconut milk. In 1975 the Reunited Vietnam authorities forced this religion to go underground.
Buddhism
Vietnam was conventionally considered to be a Buddhist country. Buddhism came to Vietnam as early as the second century AD through the North from China and via Southern routes from India. Mahayana Buddhism first spread from India via sea to Vietnam around 100 AD. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Theravāda became established as the state religion in Cambodia and also spread to Cambodians living in the Mekong Delta, replaced Mahayana. Buddhism as practiced by the ethnic Vietnamese is mainly of the Mahayana school, although some ethnic minorities (such as the Khmer Krom in the southern Delta region of Vietnam) adhere to the Theravada school.
Today, more than half of the Vietnamese population, consider themselves as adherents of Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada and Hòa Hảo Buddhism are also present in significant numbers. Buddhist practice in Vietnam differs from that of other Asian countries, and does not contain the same institutional structures, hierarchy, or sanghas that exist in other traditional Buddhist settings. It has instead grown from a symbiotic relationship with Taoism, Chinese spirituality, and the indigenous Vietnamese religion, with the majority of Buddhist practitioners focusing on devotional rituals rather than meditation.
Thiền tông
Chan Buddhism arrived in Vietnam as early as the 6th century CE, with the works of Vinītaruci. It flourished under the Lý and Trần dynasties. Trúc Lâm Zen is the only native school of Buddhism in Vietnam.
Pure Land
Pure Land Buddhism is a broad branch of Mahayana Buddhism and is said to be one of the most popular schools of Buddhism in Vietnam, in which practitioners commonly recite sutras, chants and dharani looking to gain protection from bodhisattvas or Dharma-Protectors. While Pure Land traditions, practices and concepts are found within Mahayana cosmology, and form an important component of Buddhist traditions in Vietnam, Pure Land Buddhism was not independently recognized as a sect of Buddhism (as Pure Land schools have been recognized, for example, in Japan) until 2007, with the official recognition of the Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhism Association as an independent and legal religious organization.
Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
Hòa Hảo
Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition, based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huỳnh Phú Sổ, a native of the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. Adherents consider Sổ to be a prophet, and Hòa Hảo a continuation of a 19th-century Buddhist ministry known as Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương ("Strange Perfume from Precious Mountains", referring to the Thất Sơn range on the Vietnam-Cambodia border). The founders of these traditions are regarded by Hòa Hảo followers as living Buddhas—destined to save mankind from suffering and to protect the Vietnamese nation. An important characteristic of Hòa Hảo is its emphasis on peasant farmers, exemplified by the old slogan "Practicing Buddhism While Farming Your Land." Hòa Hảo also stresses the practice of Buddhism by lay people in the home, rather than focusing primarily on temple worship and ordination. Aid to the poor is favored over pagoda building or expensive rituals.
Today, as an officially recognized religion, it claims approximately two million followers throughout Vietnam; in certain parts of the Mekong Delta, as many as 90 percent of the population of this region practice this tradition. Since many of the teachings of Huỳnh Phú Sổ related in some way to Vietnamese nationalism, adherence to Hòa Hảo outside of Vietnam has been minimal, with a largely quiescent group of followers presumed to exist among the Vietnamese diaspora in the United States.
Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa ("Four Debts of Gratitude"), a Buddhist sect based in An Giang Province, is one of the most recently registered religions in Vietnam. It is based on the teachings of Ngô Lợi (1831–1890). Official government statistics report that Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa claimed over 70,000 registered followers and 476 religious leaders as of 2005, centred in 76 places of worship spread across 14 provinces, mainly in Southern Vietnam. is a sect that is related to Cao Đài.
Christianity
Catholicism
By far the most widespread Christian denomination in Vietnam, Catholicism first entered the country through Portuguese and Spanish missionaries in the 16th century, although these earliest missions did not bring very impressive results. Only after the arrival of Jesuits, who were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese, in the first decades of the 17th century did Christianity begin to establish its positions within the local populations in both domains of Đàng Ngoài (Tonkin) and Đàng Trong (Cochinchina). Two priests Francesco Buzomi and Diogo Carvalho established the first Catholic community in Hội An in 1615. Between 1627 and 1630, Avignonese Alexandre de Rhodes and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than 6,000 people in Tonkin.
17th-century Jesuit missionaries including Francisco de Pina, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the Latin script with added diacritic marks. This writing system continues to be used today, and is called chữ Quốc ngữ (literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional chữ Nôm, in which Girolamo Maiorica was an expert, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to Vietnamese until the late 19th century.
Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the Foreign Missions Society and Spanish missionaries of the Dominican Order were gradually taking the role of evangelisation in Vietnam. Other missionaries active in pre-modern Vietnam were Franciscans (in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans & Discalced Augustinians (in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the Propaganda Fide. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Catholicism successfully integrated into Vietnamese society and culture.
The French missionary priest Pigneau de Behaine played a role in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century by befriending Nguyễn Ánh, the most senior of the ruling Nguyễn lords to have escaped the rebellion of the Tây Sơn brothers in 1777. Becoming Nguyễn Ánh's loyal confidant, benefactor and military advisor during his time of need, he was able to gain a great deal of favor for the Church. During Nguyễn Ánh's subsequent rule as Emperor Gia Long, the Catholic faith was permitted unimpeded missionary activities out of his respect to his benefactors. By the time of the Emperor's accession in 1802, Vietnam had 3 Catholic dioceses with 320,000 members and over 120 Vietnamese priests.
The Catholic Church in Vietnam today consists of 27 dioceses organized in 3 ecclesiastical provinces of Hanoi, Hue and Saigon. The government census of 2019 shows that Catholicism, for the first time, is the largest religious denomination in Vietnam, surpassing Buddhism. Ecclesiastical sources report there are about 7 million Catholics, representing 7.0% of the total population.
Protestantism
Protestantism was introduced to Da Nang in 1911 by a Canadian missionary named Robert A. Jaffray; over the years, he was followed by more than 100 missionaries, members of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, an Evangelical Protestant denomination. The two officially recognized Protestant organizations recognized by the government are the Southern Evangelical Church of Vietnam (SECV), recognized in 2001, and the smaller Evangelical Church of Vietnam North (ECVN), recognized since 1963.
Present estimates of the number of Protestants range from the official government figure of 500,000 to claims by churches of 1 million. Growth has been most pronounced among members of minority peoples (Montagnards) such as the Hmong, Ede, Jarai, and Bahnar, with internal estimates claiming two-thirds of all Protestants in Vietnam are members of ethnic minorities. By some estimates, the growth of Protestant believers in Vietnam has been as much as 600 percent over the past ten years. Some of the new converts belong to unregistered evangelical house churches, whose followers are said to total about 200,000.
Baptist and Mennonite movements were officially recognized by Hanoi in October, 2007, which was seen as a notable improvement in the level of religious freedom enjoyed by Vietnamese Protestants. Similarly, in October 2009, the Assemblies of God movement received official government permission to operate, which is the first step to becoming a legal organization.
The Assemblies of God were said to consist of around 40,000 followers in 2009, the Baptist Church around 18,400 followers with 500 ministers in 2007, and The Mennonite Church around 10,000 followers.
Eastern Orthodoxy
For Orthodox Christianity, the Russian Orthodox Church is represented in Vũng Tàu, Vietnam, mainly among the Russian-speaking employees of the Russian-Vietnamese joint venture "Vietsovpetro". The parish is named after Our Lady of Kazan icon was opened in 2002 with the blessing of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, which had been given in Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra. The representatives of the foreign relations department of the Russian Orthodox Church come to Vũng Tàu from time to time to conduct the Orthodox divine service. There are also two recently organized parishes in Hanoi and Hochiminh City.
Vietnam is also mentioned as territory under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople), though there is no information on its organized activities there.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses established their permanent presence in Saigon in 1957. As of 2019, Jehovah's Witnesses are a target of government oppression in Vietnam.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
On May 31, 2016, leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) met with Vietnamese officials. The Government Committee for Religious Affairs officially recognized the church's representative committee. Congregations currently meet in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Caodaism
Caodaism is a relatively new, syncretist, monotheistic religion, officially established in the city of Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam, in 1926. The term Cao Đài literally means "highest tower", or figuratively, the highest place where God reigns. Cao Đài's first disciples, Ngô Văn Chiêu, Cao Quỳnh Cư, Phạm Công Tắc and Cao Hoài Sang, claimed to have received direct communications from God, who gave them explicit instructions for establishing a new religion that would commence the Third Era of Religious Amnesty. Adherents engage in ethical practices such as prayer, veneration of ancestors, nonviolence, and vegetarianism with the minimum goal of rejoining God the Father in Heaven and the ultimate goal of freedom from the cycle of birth and death.
The monotheistic syncretic religion but still retains many Vietnamese folk beliefs such as ancestral worship.
Official government records counted 2.2 million registered members of Tây Ninh Cao Đài in 2005, but also estimated in 2007 that there were 3.2 million Caodaists including roughly a dozen other denominations. According to the official statistics, in 2014, the estimated number of Caodaists is 4.4 million, it was a dramatic increase of 1.2 million followers or an increase of 37.5%. Country Information and Guidance — Vietnam: Religious minority groups. December 2014. Quoting United Nations' "Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief". It is more likely that "unofficial" Caodaists have decided that it is now acceptable to identify themselves as followers of the religion in the last seven years. Many outside sources give 4 to 6 million. Some estimates are as high as 8 million adherents in Vietnam. An additional 30,000 (numbers may vary) (primarily ethnic Vietnamese) live in the United States, Europe, and Australia.
Hinduism
Adherence to Hinduism in Vietnam is associated with the Cham ethnic minority; the first religion of the Champa kingdom was a form of Shaivite Hinduism, brought by sea from India. The Cham people erected Hindu temples (Bimong) throughout Central Vietnam, many of which are still in use today; the now-abandoned Mỹ Sơn, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is perhaps the most well-known of Cham temple complexes.
Approximately 50,000 ethnic Cham in the south-central coastal area practice a devotional form of Hinduism. Most of the Cham Hindus belong to the Nagavamshi Kshatriya caste, but a considerable minority are Brahmins who are recognised by the government. Another 4,000 Hindus (mostly Tamil, and otherwise of Cham or mixed Indian-Vietnamese descent) live in Ho Chi Minh City, where the Mariamman Temple acts as a focal point for the community. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Balamon (Hindu Cham) numbers 32,000; out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, 15 are Hindu.
As per the census of 2009, there are a total of 56,427 Cham Hindus in Vietnam. In 2022, there were an estimated 70,000 ethnic Cham living along the south-central coast.
Islam
Much like Hinduism, adherence to Islam in Vietnam is primarily associated with the Cham ethnic minority, although there is also a Muslim population of mixed ethnic origins, also known as Cham, or Cham Muslims, in the southwest (Mekong Delta) of the country. Islam is assumed to have come to Vietnam much after its arrival in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907), through contact with Arab traders. The number of followers began to increase as contacts with Sultanate of Malacca broadened in the wake of the 1471 collapse of the Champa Kingdom, but Islam would not become widespread among the Cham until the mid-17th century. In the mid-19th century, many Muslim Chams emigrated from Cambodia, settling in the Mekong Delta and further bolstering the presence of Islam in Vietnam.
Vietnamese Muslims remained relatively isolated from the mainstream of world Islam, and their isolation, combined with the lack of religious schools, caused the practice of Islam in Vietnam to become syncretic. Although the Chams follow a localised adaptation of Islamic theology, they consider themselves Muslims. However, they pray only on Fridays and celebrate Ramadan for only three days. Circumcision is performed not physically but symbolically, with a religious leader making the gestures of circumcision with a wooden toy knife.
Vietnam's largest mosque was opened in January 2006 in Xuân Lộc, Đồng Nai Province. Its construction was partially funded by donations from Saudi Arabia.
A 2005 census counted over 66,000 Muslims in Vietnam, up from 63,000 in 1999. Over 77% lived in the Southeast, with 34% in Ninh Thuận Province, 24% in Bình Thuận Province, and 9% in Ho Chi Minh City. Another 22% lived in the Mekong Delta region, primarily in An Giang Province. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Bani (Muslim Cham) number close to 22,000. Out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, 7 are Muslim.
The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. Both Hindu and Muslim Chams have experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. Hindu temples were turned into tourist sites against the wishes of the Cham Hindus. In 2010 and 2013, several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Châu Giang village stormed into a Cham mosque, stole the electric generator and raped Cham girls. Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government.
The evidence of Champa's influence over the disputed area in the South China Sea had brought attention to human rights violations and killings of ethnic minorities in Vietnam such as in the 2001 and 2004 uprisings, and lead to the issue of Cham autonomy being brought into the dispute, since the Vietnamese conquered the Hindu and Muslim Chams in an 1832 war and continuing to destroy evidence of Cham culture and artifacts left behind, plundering or building on top of Cham temples, building farms over them, banning Cham religious practices, and omitting references to the destroyed Cham capital of Song Luy in the 1832 invasion in history books and tourist guides. The situation of Chams compared to ethnic Vietnamese is substandard, lacking water and electricity and living in houses made out of mud.
Judaism
The first Jews to visit Vietnam likely arrived following the French colonization of the country, in the latter half of the 19th century. There are a handful of references to Jewish settlement in Saigon sprinkled through the pages of the Jewish Chronicle in the 1860s and 1870s.
As late as 1939, the estimated combined population of the Jewish communities of Haiphong, Hanoi, Saigon and Tourane in French Indo-China numbered approximately 1,000 individuals. In 1940 the anti-Semitic Vichy-France Law on the status of Jews was implemented in French Indo-China (Vietnam), leading to increased restrictions and widespread discrimination against Jews. The anti-Jewish laws were repealed in January 1945.
Prior to the French evacuation of Indochina in 1954, the Jewish population in Indochina (which encompassed Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) was reportedly 1,500; most of these Jews were said to have left with the French, leaving behind no organized Jewish communal structure. In 1971, about 12 French Jews still remained in South Vietnam, all in Saigon. In 2005, the U.S. State Department's "International Religious Freedom Report" noted "There were no reported anti-Semitic incidents during the period covered by this report. The country's small Jewish population is comprised almost entirely of expatriates and is based in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Baháʼí Faith
Established in the 1950s, the Vietnamese Baháʼí community once claimed upwards of 200,000 followers, mainly concentrated in the South. The number of followers dwindled as a result of the banning of the practice of the Baháʼí Faith after the Vietnam War. After years of negotiation, the Baháʼí Faith was registered nationally in 2007, once again receiving full recognition as a religious community. In 2009 it was reported that the Baháʼí community has about 7,000 followers and 73 assemblies; by 2022, there were an estimated 3,000 followers in the country.
Religious freedom
The Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam formally allows religious freedom, however, government restrictions remain on organized activities of many religious groups. The government maintains a prominent role overseeing officially recognized religions. Religious groups encounter the greatest restrictions when they are perceived by the government as a challenge to its rule or to the authority of the Communist party. In 2007, Viet Nam News reported that Viet Nam has six religions recognised by the State (Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Cao Đài, and Hòa Hảo), but that the Baháʼí Community of Viet Nam had been awarded a "certificate of operation" from the Government's Committee for Religious Affairs. In 2007, the Committee for Religious Affairs was reported to have granted operation registration certificates to three new religions and a religious sect in addition to six existing religions. Every citizen is declared free to follow no, one, or more religions, practice religion without violating the law, be treated equally regardless of religious belief, and to be protected from being violated in their religious freedom, but is prohibited from using religion to violate the law.
In fact, there are some limitations in religious practice in Vietnam. Foreign missionaries are not legally allowed to proselytize or perform religious activities. No other religions than the aforementioned eight are allowed. Preachers and religious associations are prohibited to use religion to propagate ideologies that are opposed to the government. Many Vietnamese preachers who fled for America and other countries say that they were suppressed by the Communist government for no, unreasonable or ethnic reasons; however, preachers and religious associations who abide by the law working in Vietnam today are aided and honored by the government.
The Vietnamese government has been criticized for its religious violations by the United States, the Vatican, and expatriate Vietnamese who oppose the Communist government. However, due to recent improvements in religious liberty, the United States no longer considers Vietnam a Country of Particular Concern. The Vatican has also considered negotiations with Vietnam about freedom for Vietnamese Catholics, and was able to reach a permanent agreement which would allow a permanent representative in the future to the country.
Despite some substantial attempts by the Vietnamese government to improve its international image and ease restrictions on religious freedom, the cases of dissident religious leaders' persecution has not stopped in the recent years. The general secretary of the Mennonite Church in Vietnam and religious freedom advocate Nguyen Hong Quang was arrested in 2004, and his house razed to the ground. Christian Montagnards and their house churches continue to suffer from state control and restrictions. In March, 2007, a member of the main Hanoi congregation of the legally recognized Evangelical Church of Vietnam (North) Nguyen Van Dai was arrested for accusations relating to his defense of religious freedom, including disseminating alleged "infractions" of religious liberty. However, during this period of time, it is unknown whether the causes of their protests were more due to personal circumstances, like poverty, or if the government was really suppressing religious freedom, which is unlikely due to the diversity and number of religious institutes allowed to operate in Vietnam.
In 2023, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom. In the same year it was ranked as the 25th most difficult place in the world to be a Christian.
See also
Freedom of religion in Vietnam
Vietnamese philosophy
Taoism in Vietnam
Vietnamese folk religion
Baháʼí Faith in Vietnam
Buddhism in Vietnam
Hinduism in Vietnam
Islam in Vietnam
Judaism in Vietnam
Caodaism
Hòa Hảo
Christianity in Vietnam
Catholic Church in Vietnam
Orthodoxy in Vietnam
Protestantism in Vietnam
:Category:Vietnamese Confucianists
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam, edited by Philip Taylor, ISEAS, Singapore, 2007. ; Lexington Books, Maryland, 2008, .
Hoskins, Janet Alison. "What Are Vietnam's Indigenous Religions?". Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University.
Journal articles
"A Really Great Article on (Premodern) Vietnamese Religion". Review by Liam Kelley.
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20in%20Vietnam |
{{Infobox television
| image = RobotechTitle1985.jpg
| caption = Title screen from the 1985 broadcast
| genre = Epic, Mecha, Space opera
| runtime = 25 minutes
| producer = Carl MacekAhmed Agrama
| director = Robert V. BarronNoboru Ishiguro (Macross)
| creator = Carl Macek
| based_on = Part 1:Super Dimension Fortress Macross(by Studio Nue)Part 2:Super Dimension Cavalry Southern CrossPart 3:Genesis Climber MOSPEADA
| story = Carl Macek
| screenplay = Ardwight ChamberlainGreg FinleySteve FloodJason KlassiSteve KramerMike ReynoldsGregory SnegoffJim WagerTao WillWinston RichardTom Wyner
| starring = (see below)
| narrated = J. Jay Smith
| theme_music_composer = Ulpio Minucci
| composer = Ulpio Minucci
| country = United StatesJapan ()
| animator = Tatsunoko Production
| company = Harmony Gold USAStudio NueArtlandArtmic
| network = First-run syndicationSci-Fi ChannelCartoon NetworkKTEH
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
| num_series = 3
| num_episodes = 85
| list_episodes = List of Robotech episodes
| related = {{Plainlist|
Codename: Robotech
Robotech: The Movie
Robotech II: The Sentinels
Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles
Robotech: Love Live Alive
}}
}}Robotech is an American 85-episode adaptation of three unrelated Japanese anime television series (from three different fictional universes) made between 1982 and 1984 in Japan; the adaptation was aired in 1985. Within the combined and edited story, Robotechnology refers to the scientific advances discovered in an alien starship that crashed on a South Pacific island. With this technology, Earth developed giant robotic machines or mecha (many of which were capable of transforming into vehicles) to fight three successive extraterrestrial invasions.
BackgroundRobotech was one of the first anime televised in the United States that attempted to include most of the complexity and drama of its original Japanese source material. Produced by Harmony Gold USA, Inc. in association with Tatsunoko Productions Co. Ltd., Robotech is a story adapted with edited content and revised dialogue from the animation of three different mecha anime series: The Super Dimension Fortress Macross from 1982, Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross from 1984, and Genesis Climber Mospeada from 1983. Harmony Gold's cited reasoning for combining these unrelated series was its decision to market Macross for US-American weekday syndication television, which required a minimum of 65 episodes at the time (thirteen weeks at five episodes per week). Macross and the two other series each had fewer episodes than required since they originally aired in Japan as a weekly series.
Production history
Harmony Gold hired American writers to adapt the scripts of the three Japanese series. This complicated process was supervised by producer Carl Macek, a pioneer of the anime industry in the United States.
This combination resulted in a storyline that spans three generations as mankind must fight three destructive Robotech Wars in succession over a powerful energy source called "Protoculture":
The First Robotech War (The Macross Saga) concerns humanity's discovery of a crashed alien ship and subsequent battle against a race of giant warriors called the Zentraedi, who have been sent to retrieve the ship for reasons unknown. In the course of this chapter, Earth is nearly annihilated, the Zentraedi are defeated, and humans gain knowledge of the energy source called protoculture. Humanity also learns of the Robotech Masters whose galactic empire the Zentraedi protected and patrolled.
The Second Robotech War (The Masters) focuses on the arrival in Earth orbit of the Robotech Masters, who have come seeking what turns out to be the sole means in the universe of producing protoculture. Through a combination of mistrust and arrogance, their attempts at retrieving this meet with opposition from the humans and unleash a war that leaves the Masters defeated and Earth awash in the spores of a plant called the Flower of Life—the source of protoculture and a beacon to the mysterious Invid who scour the galaxy for its presence.
The Third Robotech War (The New Generation) begins with the arrival on Earth of the Invid, who are lured by the Flower of Life and rapidly conquer the planet. References in the previous two chapters explain to viewers that many of the heroes of the First Robotech War had left Earth to seek out the Robotech Masters on a preemptive mission, and it is this Robotech Expeditionary Force that sends missions back from across the galaxy to attempt a liberation of their homeworld. The storyline follows one group of freedom fighters as they work their way towards the final battle with the Invid.
Codename: RobotechCodename: Robotech is a 73-minute animated pilot that preceded the series. It is set within the events of the First Robotech War. It was a greatly extended version of Gloval's Report, the fourteenth television episode that summarizes the beginning of the series. It was aired on some television stations before the broadcast of the series in 1985. It was included on DVD as an extra with the first volume of the Robotech Legacy Collection and the complete Protoculture Collection, from ADV Films. The disc includes the option of audio commentary by producer Carl Macek and was also released in Australia by Madman Entertainment.
Television broadcast
North American television debutRobotech originally aired in 1985 in first-run syndication, meaning it was sold directly to local television stations without having been run on a network first—this was part of a trend in animation in the 1980s. Previously, local stations would rerun theatrical cartoons like Looney Tunes or shows that had previously aired on network TV on Saturday mornings. This changed after He-Man and the Masters of the Universe introduced a new economic model: shows sold directly for first-run to stations, driving and funded by sales of related toys. Though the original Robotech series did well in ratings, the attempt to cash in on toys may have doomed Robotech II: The Sentinels as the original series attracted older viewers, not necessarily the children targeted by the toy line. The failure of the Matchbox toy line is cited as a primary reason for the cancellation of the Sentinels series.
International broadcast
In Australia, Robotech was aired from 12 April 1986 to and throughout 1988 and 1995 by both the Ten and Seven Networks and various regional stations in different states (including RTQ7, AMV4 and GRV6). Ten cut the series at episode 52 (Love Song), while Seven broadcast all 85 episodes. In 2018, also in Australia, Network Ten multichannel Eleven started airing the Macross Saga.
In France, Robotech was originally broadcast by La Cinq during the summer of 1987; the show moved to TF1 in 1991.
The Philippine network GMA-7 aired the Masters and New Generation episodes in the late 1980s (as RPN-9 aired Macross in the early 1980s), as part of the late-afternoon weekday animation block (together with Captain Harlock).
The Hong Kong cable television channel Star Plus (now Star World) aired all 85 episodes, from May 1994 to January 1995, with changes in time-slots (May-early October 1994, 11:00 a.m. Sundays; October 1994-January 1995, 5:30 p.m. Weekdays). The series was broadcast in a number of European countries by the then Super Channel during the 1980s.
In the UK, Robotech aired on The Children's Channel in the mid to late 1980s, and it was transmitted on Prem1ere, the satellite movie channel, in the same period.
In Spain, all Robotech episodes were aired using the Latin American Dubbing, from August 1990 to April 1991, with changes in time slots, in Telecinco channel. The series was aired again in the same channel from October 1993 to May 1994. At that time only The Macross Saga and The Robotech Masters Saga were aired, leaving the third part of the show unaired.
In Russia on the TV channel 2x2 a dubbed version in Russian was shown in 1992. In the spring of 2012, there was a rerun on the TV channel 2x2 with a new dubbed version.
The Dubai-based channel MBC 3 began broadcasting an Arabic-language dubbed version in early 2010.
Subsequent airingsRobotech appeared on the Sci-Fi Channel in 1993, and on Cartoon Network's Toonami in 1998. Toonami aired only episodes 1 through 60, finishing the run at the end of the Robotech Masters story-line. Toonami reran 3 selected episodes of Robotech as part of the Giant Robot Week in 2003. Superstation KTEH, a PBS public television station in San Jose, California, as part of its Sunday Late-Prime (9pm-after 12) Sci-Fi programming line-up aired the "Macross" and "New Generation" storylines, as well as the Robotech II: The Sentinels feature. Robotech formerly aired daily on The Anime Network. As of January 7, 2007, the show also airs in Canada on Space and Retro. As of 2017, all three storyline sagas of Robotech are currently available for streaming on Netflix. Internet based Pluto TV, a Paramount Global subsidiary, began showing all three Robotech stories Summer of 2019 on the Anime All Day channel. They appeared in their original Japanese format as Macross, Southern Cross and Genesis Climber Mospeada.
Critical reception
The series has attained a significant cult-following over the years along with critical appraisal; in 2009, IGN ranked Robotech as the 34th greatest animated show of all time in their Top 100 list.
In 1996, Hyper magazine reviewed The Macross Saga, rating it 10 out of 10.
Home media
Family Home Entertainment (FHE) first attempted to release one episode per VHS tape, but only got through a handful of early episodes before abandoning this approach. In 1987, the company then heavily edited the 36-episode Macross Saga portion into six feature-length tapes, cutting out episode introductions and nudity in shower scenes, and ignoring the Southern Cross and New Generation series entirely. A third VHS run finally succeeded at releasing the entire series with two uncut episodes per tape, over a total of 42 volumes. The Macross Saga and The Masters were also released on Laserdisc in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Each Laserdisc contained four uncut episodes.
Palladium Books, past and current publishers of the Robotech role-playing game, was the first company to release Southern Cross, New Generation, and Robotech II: The Sentinels on VHS home video. These VHS videos were available via mail-order, as well as some direct-market game and hobby shops.
Streamline Pictures, founded by Macek after the end of Robotech, released Robotech II: The Sentinels on VHS and Laserdisc after the Palladium Books releases went out of print. In 1994, Streamline Pictures also released an incomplete series of "Perfect Collection" VHS videos. Each volume included two episodes of Robotech after their corresponding episodes of Macross, Southern Cross, or Mospeada, completely uncut but inaccurately subtitled. This series allowed English-speaking viewers to see many of the changes made.
GameTek Cinema released the first episode of Robotech on CD-ROM in 1994. This uncut episode was encoded in QuickTime 2.0 format at a video resolution of 320x226. The episode contained a marginally different arrangement of background music.
AnimEigo, a specialty anime company, released the original Japanese Super Dimension Fortress Macross TV series on DVD in 2001 with subtitles and unedited in its pre-Robotech form. The footage was extensively restored from the original film stock by Shin Kurokawa, making this the most pristine release of Super Dimension Fortress Macross outside Japan. The final DVD of the series also contains commentary by chief director Noburo Ishiguro.
ADV Films, an American distributor of anime, began releasing the entire series on DVD in 2001, typically with six episodes per disc. The first box sets of the series (dubbed the Robotech Legacy Collection) included extra discs with special features ranging from Robotech II: The Sentinels to pre-Robotech dubs of the first Macross and Mospeada episodes. Complete collection box-sets were also released, containing all the episodes of each of the three Robotech sagas, minus the extras discs.
The restoration of the original Super Dimension Fortress Macross TV series led to speculation among fans that the remastered footage could also be used to create a similarly remastered version of Robotech. However, Carl Macek stated that a remaster would be impossible at the time because they lacked the necessary source materials, including edit-decision lists, unmixed audio elements, and restored video elements for Southern Cross and Mospeada, as well as for Macross. Some of this (the audio elements and edit-lists) had been destroyed in a flood in the early 1990s; some of it (remastered footage for the other two series) had never been available to begin with. But in 2002, a set of off-site audio backup tapes was discovered to include the missing audio elements, and in 2003 ADV delayed its release of the subtitled Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Genesis Climber Mospeada series by several months in order to remaster them, as well. With the remastered footage and audio elements available, ADV were able to forego needing the edit-decision lists by commissioning the same video production company that had originally edited Robotech to create a new edit of the show. Robotech: Remastered included the restoration of some scenes previously cut from the original Robotech release to conform to broadcast standards and broadcast length requirements, new opening/ending sequences, 5.1 Dolby surround sound with rerecorded sound effects, and new eyecatch sequences.
Robotech: Remastered is not without its share of controversy. Some fans were upset by the reversal of ADV's position on a remastered Robotech, feeling betrayed because they purchased the expensive Legacy Collection during the time ADV was insisting that there would be no remaster, and that this would be the best way Robotech would ever be seen on DVD. Other fans feel that the new 5.1 mix is overly loud and lacks subtlety; they prefer the unremastered version of the series, because it represents the Robotech that they love and remember as it first aired on television without the distraction of new sound effects. Also, the extent of the new footage is limited to sequences that did not require newly recorded dialogue (though other cut scenes are included, in the original Japanese, on one of the Legacy Collection extras discs). The video quality suffers slightly by comparison to AnimEigo's Macross DVDs: ADV includes six episodes per Robotech disc to AnimEigo's four per disc of Macross, meaning that more compression is necessary, and therefore more compression artifacts appear. However, there is little question that the audio and video quality are substantially improved over the prior Robotech DVD release, and Robotech fans would likely prefer having had two different DVD versions released than none at all.
In 2003, the original Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Genesis Climber Mospeada series were released subtitled on DVD in their original Japanese language by ADV Films.
Finally, in 2005, ADV released yet another box set, Robotech: The Protoculture Collection, containing all the Robotech: Remastered DVDs plus the seven extras discs from the Legacy Collection in one thin-pack box. Detractors criticize these DVD re-releases as part of an industry trend to entice buyers to "double-dip", or buy more than one edition of the same DVD.
Nevertheless, ADV Films announced at Anime Expo 2005 that they would be creating an uncut dub for Macross, with the original Japanese voice actress Mari Iijima reprising her role as Minmei. This six-volume release has been completed, with the first volume being released on January 10, 2006, and the final volume being released on December 19, 2006. However, this dub did not utilize the same voice actors used in Robotech.
Manga Entertainment started to release Robotech on DVD as two-disc sets in the UK in late 2005. These sets are essentially the same as the Robotech: Remastered release from the US, but in different packaging.
Madman Entertainment released an Australian Region 4 version of the Robotech Legacy Collection boxed sets starting in November 2002 with Volume One, and ending with Volume Seven in May 2003; the Australian version almost identical to the original US release, except for not repeating the "gold box" mistake.
Claiming for a long time there wasn't enough demand for subtitled-only DVD releases, Madman eventually chose to test the waters with the release of the Japanese Macross series in March 2004. It was successful enough to secure the release of Southern Cross in July and Genesis Climber Mospeada in October of the same year. All three series are released in their own Madman-designed box, and bear little resemblance to the US releases; many fans preferring the Madman Macross box design over the various US versions.
When initially asked about the possibility of an Australian release of Robotech: Remastered, Madman claimed that it would not be cost-effective or profitable with the Legacy Collection already in the market, only to change their tune and release the Robotech 20th Anniversary Remastered Extended Edition, a single box with all 14 discs, in June 2005. The recommended retail price for this box was only a little more than that of two of Madman Legacy Collection boxes.
Continuing to follow the ADV Films trend, Madman announced the release of an Australian version of Robotech: The Protoculture Collection in November 2007, again with an RRP only a little more than the preceding 20th Anniversary set.
A&E Networks Home Entertainment picked up the video distribution rights to Robotech following ADV's closure in 2009 and re-released the series on DVD in 2011, based on ADV's remastered version of the series. Their release includes many of the special features of ADV's Legacy and Protoculture collections as well as new features, including a documentary, Carl Macek's Robotech Universe, an edited version of Robotech II: The Sentinels (which omits the Macross flashback scenes) and a 29-minute version of Robotech: The Movie (which does not include the Megazone 23 footage, as Harmony Gold USA no longer has the rights to that series). This release was duplicated by Go Entertainment for a Region 2 release in the UK and Beyond Home Entertainment for a Region 4 release in Australia, after Manga Entertainment and Madman Entertainment respectively lost the distribution rights. An advantage that the Beyond Home version presents over A&E and Go Entertainment's versions is that it also includes Love Live Alive. The 2013 A&E re-release of the boxset also contains it.
Funimation announced in October 2019 that they have licensed the Robotech series, Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles and Robotech II: The Sentinels. Funimation began streaming them on August 24, 2021. They released the TV series on Blu-ray and digitally in a collector's edition box set in September 2021, and in three parts from September to December 2021.
Original series cast and crew
Since Robotech was a non-union project, many of the voice actors involved worked under pseudonyms to avoid trouble with their union. The voice-actor list printed in Robotech Art One lists the pseudonyms rather than the real names of most of the actors.
Continuing after the original series
Harmony Gold attempted to produce several follow ups to the original series, most notably Robotech II: The Sentinels. The project fell through due to problems with toy licensing and changes in the Japanese yen-US Dollar exchange rate, among other reasons. The Sentinels saga continued to be chronicled in the novelizations by Jack McKinney and comic book adaptations by the Waltrip brothers.
A poor screen-test at the Robotech: The Movie screening in Texas led to Cannon Films pulling the feature from release in 1986, getting a very limited home video release in Europe.
A disastrous reception by the fans to the Robotech 3000 trailer in 2000 prompted Harmony Gold to cancel the project before any more footage was completed. In addition, Netter Digital, the animation producers of the trailer, went bankrupt shortly afterward.
Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles was first announced at Anime Expo 2004 as the latest incarnation of the Robotech saga. Unlike previous attempts, the movie was a direct continuation of the original series' last episode. The first teaser trailer debuted one year later at Anime Expo 2005 for the 20th anniversary of Robotech. The 88-minute movie premiered at various film festivals in 2006 and a limited theatrical run in January 2007, but the DVD release was delayed until February 6, 2007, the film's reception was very mixed.
Robotech: Shadow Rising was a proposed sequel to the Shadow Chronicles that was originally intended to be released in 2009. Pre-production ceased after Harmony Gold could not reach an agreement with FUNimation Entertainment. The Shadow Rising trademark has been abandoned since 2007.
Warner Bros. and Material Pictures licensed the film rights to Robotech and were reportedly considering the production of a live-action adaptation. Tobey Maguire (Spider-Man and Seabiscuit) "is eyeing the lead role" and were to serve as the film's producer.
Robotech: Love Live Alive is a co-production between Harmony Gold and Tatsunoko Production, released in July 2013. It is based on the OVA Genesis Climber MOSPEADA: Love Live Alive, but also includes new material.
Robotech: Academy'' was a planned crowd-funded TV pilot based on an idea by the late series' creator Carl Macek. The Kickstarter project ran from July to August 2014, but was prematurely cancelled after funding fell significantly short of its goal.
Notes
References
External links
1985 American television series debuts
1985 American television series endings
1980s American animated television series
American television series based on Japanese television series
American children's animated space adventure television series
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Japanese science fiction television series
Robotech
Animated television series about robots
Tatsunoko Production
Toonami
English-language television shows
American children's animated science fiction television series
Madman Entertainment anime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotech%20%28TV%20series%29 |
The 2002 24 Hours of Le Mans was an automobile endurance race held for Le Mans Prototype and Grand Touring cars from 15 to 16 June 2002 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, close by Le Mans, France. It was the 70th running of the event, as organized by the automotive group, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) since 1923. A test day was held five weeks prior to the race on 5 May. The No. 1 Audi Sport Team Joest car of Tom Kristensen, Frank Biela and Emanuele Pirro won the race overall and Audi's third consecutive victory in Le Mans, extending back to the 2000 event.
Background and circuit changes
The 2002 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 70th edition of the event and took place at the Circuit de la Sarthe road racing track close to Le Mans, France, from 15 to 16 June. The race was first held in 1923 after the automotive journalist Charles Faroux, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) general secretary Georges Durand and the industrialist Emile Coquile agreed to hold a test of vehicle reliability and durability. It is considered the world's most prestigious sports car race and is part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport.
After the Bugatti Circuit was reconstructed, the organisers of the race and automotive group, the ACO, announced improvements requested to the circuit by the governing body of motorcycle racing, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme, between the Dunlop Bridge and the entry to the Esses complex of corners. The track was lengthened by and widened by due to the addition of a new left-hand corner for a better transition from the Circuit de la Sarthe to the Bugatti Circuit. New gravel traps were also added to the area. Construction cost ₣15 million and took place from November 2001 to February 2002.
Entries
The ACO received 96 applications by the deadline for entries on 22 February 2002. It granted 48 invitations to the 24 Hours of Le Mans and entries were divided between the LMP900 (Le Mans Prototype 900), LMGTP (Le Mans Grand Touring Prototype), LMP675 (Le Mans Prototype 675), LMGTS (Le Mans Grand Touring Sports) and LMGT (Le Mans Grand Touring) categories. A special invitation category was created by the ACO for the Panoz and Lola prototypes fielded by the DAMS team to allow for the filming of the 2003 film Michel Vaillant by Luc Besson.
Automatic entries
Eight automatic entry invitations were earned by teams that won their class in the 2001 24 Hours of Le Mans, or victories in two rounds of the worldwide Le Mans Series that the ACO designed as "qualifying events" – the Petit Le Mans of the American Le Mans Series and the 1000km of Estoril of the defunct European Le Mans Series. They were Audi Sport Team Joest in the LMP900 class, Corvette Racing in the LMGTs category and Seikel Motorsport in the LMGT class. Audi and Corvette also earned berths for securing victories in their respective classes at the Petit Le Mans race and Pescarolo Sport of the LMP900 category, GTS entrants Ray Mallock Limited and Freisinger Motorsport in the LMGT class were granted invitations for winning the 1000 km of Estoril. Prototype Technology Group were the only team not to accept their automatic invitation as the team's car supplier BMW had withdrawn from the American Le Mans Series due to a technological dispute.
Entry list and reserves
On 21 March 2002, the selection committee of the ACO announced the full 50-car entry list for Le Mans, plus six reserves. In addition from the eight guaranteed entries, 17 regular season entries came from the American Le Mans Series, while the remainder of the field was filled with one-off entries only competing at Le Mans. Team Rafanelli announced that their Ferrari 550M would be withdrawn on 26 March, after the team decided to focus on the GTS championship in the American Le Mans Series. This promoted the 27 Chamberlain Motorsport MG-Lola EX257 to the race entry as a result and increased the number of LMP675 entries to seven. All of the reserve entries were deleted from the entry list on 31 May.
Testing
A mandatory pre-Le Mans testing day split into two daytime sessions of four hours each was held at the circuit on 5 May, involving all 48 entries as well as all six reserve cars. The two four-hour sessions were held in cold and overcast weather conditions. Audi set the day's pace with a lap of 3 minutes and 30.296 seconds from the No. 2 Audi R8 of Rinaldo Capello in the final ten minutes of the second session, followed by Stéphane Sarrazin in the No. 14 Team Oreca Dallara SP1 in second. Slower traffic restricted Tom Kristensen's No. 1 car to third and his teammate Michael Krumm put the No. 3 vehicle in fourth. The No. 27 MG-Lola EX257 driven by Mark Blundell was fifth overall, and he was in front of the sole LMGTP entry, Eric van de Poele's No. 8 Bentley EXP Speed 8 in sixth overall. In the LMGTS class, Tomáš Enge, driving the No. 58 Prodrive Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello, set the category's fastest time and he was more than two seconds faster than Christophe Bouchut in the No. 50 Larbre Compétition-Chereau-entered Chrysler Viper GTS-R. The No. 81 The Racer's Group-fielded Porsche 911 GT3-RS was the fastest car in the LMGT category, followed by the PK Sport Ltd. Porsche in second and the third-placed JMB Racing Ferrari 360 Modena.
Qualifying
There were eight hours of qualifying divided into four two-hour sessions available to all the entrants on 12 and 13 June. During the sessions, all entrants were required to set a time within 110 percent of the fastest lap established by the fastest vehicle in each category to qualify for the race. Jan Lammers' No. 16 Racing for Holland Dome S101 set an early pace of 3 minutes and 31.355 seconds just before the end of the first qualifying session's first hour. The lap was not bettered by any other car, giving the entry provisional pole position. The fastest Audi R8 was the No. 1 car of Kristensen who was 0.414 seconds slower in second but more than three seconds faster than Capello in third and Krumm in fourth. Olivier Beretta was the fastest Dallara in fifth and van de Poele put the No. 8 Bentley in sixth. A red flag was necessitated when the No. 26 MG-Lola EX257 of Jonny Kane had an engine failure on the Mulsanne Straight and his team changed engines. The first two positions in the LMP675 class were occupied by Warren Hughes and Julian Bailey's MGs, with the No. 28 ROC Organisation Course Reynard 2KQ-LM driven by Mark Smithson in third. Rickard Rydell in the Prodrive Ferrari led the LMGTS category by more than four seconds over the leading Corvette of Andy Pilgrim and the LMGT class was topped by The Racer's Group Porsche 911 of Lucas Luhr. JMB Racing's No. 71 Ferrari got beached in the gravel trap at the Dunlop Curve, bringing an early end to the session with ten minutes to go.
The second qualifying session had Capello go faster than Lammers' time from the first session to take the provisional pole position with a lap of 3 minutes and 30.347 seconds in its eighth minute. Kristensen remained in second as he improved the No. 1 car's best lap. He demoted the No. 16 Racing for Holland Dome of Lammers to third overall although the latter entry bettered its first session time. Krumm's No. 3 Audi maintained fourth and Blundell advanced the No. 27 MG-Lola from seventh to fifth overall despite a collision with a LMGT Porsche through the Tetre Rouge Esses complex of corners at about . The MG-Lola crashed into a barrier beside the circuit and damaged its steering arm. Blundell drove the car back to the pit lane for extensive repairs to it. Four minutes before the conclusion of the session, Andy Wallace's No. 8 Bentley and a slower car made contact on the approach to Indianapolis corner, causing the Bentley to run into the trackside gravel trap. Yannick Dalmas in the No. 5 Audi Sport Japan Team Goh car lost his right rear wing endplate from possibly hitting debris on the Mulsanne Straight and the car launched airborne before resting against a barrier. In LMGTS, Oliver Gavin's Chevrolet Corvette C5-R and Alain Menu in the Prodrive Ferrari battled for the provisional pole position with Menu ending the session top of all the entrants in the category with a time of 3 minutes and 56.730 seconds. The LMGT class continued to be led by The Racer's Group Porsche 911.
After the second session, the No. 16 Racing for Holland Dome had all of its lap times deleted due to a fuel infringement caused by possibly its fuel tank not being extensively cleaned. Teams running with more powerful engines for qualifying stopped utilising them and installed the power units they would use for the race in order to comply with an ACO regulation that forbade teams changing engines before the final qualifying session and the race. The 13 June's first qualifying session had Capello improve provisional pole position with a 3 minutes and 29.905 seconds lap that he set late in the session and broke the overall lap record held by Martin Brundle in a Toyota GT-One since the 1999 race. He was followed by Kristensen's No. 2 Audi in second after the latter was delayed by a slower car and Sarrazin's third-placed No. 14 Team Oreca Dallara though he aborted his first timed lap due to traffic. The No. 3 Audi remained in fourth place, and Blundell's No. 27 MG-Lola maintained fifth though his engine failed at the first chicane on the Mulsanne Straight. Dalmas' session was ended early with an electrical failure that caused him to abandon his Audi at the side of the track. Although it stopped on its first lap with a transmission fault, the Prodrive Ferrari continued to lead the LMGTS category, and The Racer's Group Porsche maintained the LMGT class lead despite Luhr making a driver error that put the car into the gravel trap at the Dunlop Chicane, and a broken water sealant when Kevin Buckler was driving the vehicle. The session was stopped halfway through for ten minutes to allow marshals to dry a large amount of spilled oil at the Ford Chicanes.
As temperatures cooled in the final qualifying session, over a third of the field improved their fastest laps, but Capello's pole position time was unchallenged. Kristensen led the session in the No. 2 Audi with a lap of 3 minutes and 30.219 seconds while his teammate Krumm moved the No. 3 car to third place as the Audis concentrated on race testing. It was Audi's third consecutive pole position at Le Mans, extending back to the 2000 event. Franck Montagny and Sarrazin qualified the No. 14 Oreca in fourth and Lammer qualified the Racing for Holland Dome in fifth. The No. 27 MG-Lola fell to sixth as it did not take part in the session as it underwent a change of engine and Beretta put the No. 15 Team Oreca Dallara in seventh. The No. 11 Panoz LMP01 Evo, driven by Bryan Herta, caused the session's only stoppage halfway through the session for ten minutes when the car caught fire and stopped at the Dunlop Chicane. Enge earned Prodrive the LMGTS pole position by improving the class' fastest lap time to a 3 minutes and 54.091 seconds although he damaged the rear of his Ferrari in a crash against a trackside wall. The Racer's Group Porsche 911 of Luhr lowered its best lap to 4 minutes and 10.803 seconds and took pole position in the LMGT category.
Qualifying results
Pole positions in each class are denoted in bold and by a ‡. The fastest time set by each entry is denoted in gray.
Race
The 2002 edition saw Audi Sport Team Joest, with drivers Frank Biela, Tom Kristensen, and Emanuele Pirro, taking their third victory not only as a team and manufacturer, but also as a driving team, marking the first time a set of three drivers won the event three years in a row.
Race results
Statistics
Fastest Lap – #1 Audi Sport Team Joest – 3:33.483
Distance – 5118.75 km
Average Speed – 213.068 km/h
Highest Trap Speed – Audi R8 – 340 km/h (race), Dome Judd S101 Racing for Holland – 340 km/h (race)
References
Le Mans
Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans races
Le Mans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%2024%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans |
Weißenthurm is a town in the district of Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite Neuwied, approximately 12 km northwest of Koblenz.
The town is spelled with an ß which may be replaced by ss if not available (Weissenthurm).
Weißenthurm is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Weißenthurm.
References
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Mayen-Koblenz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenthurm |
Gerd Oswald (June 9, 1919 – May 22, 1989) was a German director of American films and television.
Biography
Born in Berlin, Oswald was the son of German film director Richard Oswald and actress Käthe Oswald. He worked as a child actor before emigrating to the United States in 1938. Early production jobs at low-budget studios like Monogram Pictures prepared Oswald for a directorial career.
Oswald's film credits include A Kiss Before Dying (1956), Valerie (1957), Crime of Passion (1957), Brainwashed (1960), and Bunny O'Hare (1971).
His television credits include Perry Mason, Blue Light, Bonanza, The Outer Limits, The Fugitive, Star Trek, Gentle Ben, It Takes a Thief, Rawhide, and The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series). Fans of Mystery Science Theater 3000 know Oswald as the director of the 1966 film Agent for H.A.R.M.
He was an assistant director for 20 years, including on his father's film The Captain from Köpenick (completed in 1941, but only released in 1945), aka Passport to Heaven and I Was a Criminal.
Oswald was the uncredited second-unit director of The Longest Day (1962) responsible for staging the parachute drop scenes into Sainte-Mère-Église, France on D-Day, during the Normandy landings of World War II.
Oswald died of cancer in Los Angeles, California at the age of 69.
References
Further reading
Parsons, Louella (November 15, 1970). "Pola Negri to Return to Germany". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 10
"A New Star in the TV Heavens: Last-minute coaching". Ebony. January 1967. p. 74
"Gerd Oswald Forms Own Company". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. June 7, 1969. p. 10
External links
1919 births
1989 deaths
American film directors
American television directors
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Male actors from Berlin
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%20Oswald |
The Chatham raven (Corvus moriorum) is a prehistoric raven formerly native to the Chatham Islands (New Zealand). The closely related New Zealand raven, C. antipodum occurred in the North and South Islands of New Zealand. C. antipodum was formerly included in C. moriorum, and later considered a distinct species, however in 2017 genetic research determined that the two raven populations were subspecies rather than separate species, having only split 130,000 years ago.
A reconstruction of the raven is in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, specimen MNZ S.036749.
Description and ecology
The Chatham raven was significantly larger than the New Zealand raven, and probably the world's fourth- or fifth-largest passerine. They had long, broad bills that were not as arched as those of some of the Hawaiian crows (C. hawaiiensis). Presumably, they were black all over like all their close relatives. There do not seem to be recorded oral traditions of this sub-species – most of the Moriori people, after whom this sub-species was named, were eventually killed or enslaved by Māori explorers, and little of their natural history knowledge has been preserved. Thus, it cannot be completely ruled out that like some congeners they had partially white or grey plumage (see also Pied raven).
Remains of Chatham ravens are most common in coastal sites on the Chatham Islands. On the coast, it may have frequented the seal and penguin colonies or fed in the intertidal zone, as does the Tasmanian forest raven (C. tasmanicus). It may also have depended on fruit, like the New Caledonian crow (C. moneduloides), but it is difficult to understand why a fruit eater would have been most common in coastal forest and shrubland when fruit was distributed throughout the forest.
See also
List of extinct animals of New Zealand
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
References
Gill, B. J. 2003. "Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 43–58.
Scofield, R. P., Mitchell K.J., Wood, J.R., De Pietri, V.L., Jarvie, S., Llamas, B., Cooper, A., 2017. "The origin and phylogenetic relationships of the New Zealand ravens" in Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, Vol.106, p. 136-143. ;
Worthy, T.H., Holdaway R.N., 2002, The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. .
External links
Chatham Islands Raven. Corvus moriorum. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
Corvus
Extinct birds of the Chatham Islands
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Ravens
Holocene extinctions
Fossil taxa described in 1892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham%20raven |
Orthoreovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Reoviridae, in the subfamily Spinareovirinae. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are ten species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include mild upper respiratory tract disease, gastroenteritis, and biliary atresia. Mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (strain dearing-T3D) induces cell death preferentially in transformed cells and therefore displays inherent oncolytic properties.
History
The name "orthoreovirus" comes from the Greek word ortho, meaning "straight" and the reovirus, which comes from taking the letters: R, E, and O from "respiratory enteric orphan virus". The Orthoreovirus was named an orphan virus because it was not known to be associated with any known disease. It was discovered in the early 1950s when it was isolated from the respiratory as well as gastrointestinal tracts of both sick and healthy individuals
Classification
Orthoreovirus is part of the family Reoviridae. Its genome is composed of segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), thus it is classified as a group III virus according to the Baltimore classification system of viruses. This family of viruses is taxonomically classified into 15 distinct genera. These genera are sorted out taking into account the number of dsRNA genomes. The Orthoreovirus genus has 10 segments that have been isolated from a large range of hosts including mammals, birds, and reptiles. These genera are further divided into two phenotypic groups: fusogenic and non-fusogenic. The way that they are determined to belong to a specific group is if the virus is able to cause multinucleated cells known as syncytial cells. According to this classification, mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRV) are known to be non-fusogenic, meaning it does not produce syncytia, while other members of this genus are fusogenic, such as avian orthoreoviruses (ARV), baboon orthoreoviruses (BRV), reptilian orhtoreoviruses (RRV).
Taxonomy
The following ten species are assigned to the genus:
Avian orthoreovirus
Baboon orthoreovirus
Broome orthoreovirus
Mahlapitsi orthoreovirus
Mammalian orthoreovirus
Nelson Bay orthoreovirus
Neoavian orthoreovirus
Piscine orthoreovirus
Reptilian orthoreovirus
Testudine orthoreovirus
Structure
Mammalian orthoreovirus virions are non-enveloped with icosahedral symmetry created by a double-layered capsid reaching about 80 nm wide. Each capsid contains 10 segments of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome. The inner capsid or core particle (T=2) contains five different proteins: σ2, λ1, λ2, λ3, and μ2 and is approximately 70 nm in diameter. One hundred and twenty copies of the λ1 protein arranged in 12 decameric units make up the shell of the inner capsid structure. This shell is stabilized by one hundred and fifty copies of the σ2 protein that 'clamp' adjacent λ1 monomers together. At the 12 five-fold axes of symmetry, pentamers of the λ2 protein form turret-like structures that protrudes from the surface of the shell. In the center of the λ2 turret a channel allows viral mRNAs to be extruded during transcription. The channel is 70Å at its base and 15Å at its narrowest point. The core also contains within it twelve copies of λ3, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. One λ3 protein is found slightly offset from each of the twelve pentameric λ2 turrets. Closely associated with λ3 are one or two copies of μ2, a transcriptase cofactor. μ2 has been found to have some enzymatic functions, such as NTPase activity. The λ3 protein is responsible for transcription of the double-stranded RNA genome segments. Each transcript is threaded through the λ2 pentameric turret as it is being extruded. Guanylyltransferase enzymatic activity in the λ2 turret adds a 5' guanosine cap to the extruded mRNA. In addition, two methyltransferase domains found in the λ2 structure act to methylate the 7N position of the added guanosine and the 2' O of the first templated nucleotide, which in all cases is also a guanosine. The outer capsid (T=13) is composed of μ1 and σ3 proteins with λ2, in compound with σ1, interspersed around the capsid. It has been proposed that λ2 is involved in replication due to its placement at the fivefold axes and its ability to interact with λ3 in solution. σ1, a filamentous trimer extruding from the outer capsid, is responsible for cell attachment by interacting with sialic acid and other entry receptors. μ1 and σ3 are both involved in the attachment and thus entry of the virus via receptor-mediated endocytosis involving the formation of clathrin-coated pits.
Strains
Mammalian orthoreoviruses
The only orthoreovirus to not produce syncytia, mammalian orthoreoviruses have the capability of infecting all mammals, but do not cause disease, except in young populations enabling them to be studied frequently as a model for viral replication and pathogenesis.
Pteropine orthoreovirus
This orthoreovirus has been extracted from the heart blood of a fruit bat (Pteropus policephalus) in Australia with different viruses being isolated from different species, such as the flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) which have been found to cause respiratory infections in humans in Southeast Asia. The Nelson Bay Orthoreovirus, like the Avian orthoreovirus, has 3 open reading frames (ORFs) which encode for three different proteins: P10 which promotes syncytia formation, P17, and σC involved in cell attachment.
Baboon orthoreovirus
The syncytia inducing capabilities of this class of orthoreoviruses combined with their association to encephalitis in baboons, distinguish them from other mammalian orthoreoviruses. While these viruses have the signature Orthoreovirus genome, they have not been found to encode for a cell attachment protein (σC), they do not encode any S-class genome segments, and are organized differently from the other species of fusogenic orthoreoviruses. The BRV genome contains 2 ORFs and contains two proteins, p15 and p16, that are not homologous to known viral or cellular proteins; however, p15 has been found to be the cell fusion protein in BRV.
Avian orthoreovruses
The Avian orthoreovirus has a similar structure compared to the Mammalian Orthoreovirus with the differences mainly existing in the proteins that it encodes: 10 structural proteins and 4 non-structural proteins. However, these proteins have not been studied in depth, so there is some skepticism regarding their exact functions. The pathogenesis of this virus has been studied in an attempt to determine the pathway of inducing apoptosis. Avian orthoreovirus induces apoptosis by what has been proposed as an upregulation of p53 and Bax, a mitochondria-mediated pathway. P17 has also been found to play a role in growth retardation involved in the p53 pathway. Avian Orthoreoviruses have been found to cause diseases in poultry including chronic respiratory disease, malabsorption syndrome, and arthritis representing economic losses that make this virus particularly important to study.
Reptilian orthoreovirus
These orthoreoviruses were first isolated in 1987 from a moribund python (Python regius) and was found to cause high levels of syncytium formation but did not cause hemagglutination in human red blood cells (RBCs). In reptiles the virus has been found widely but is not necessarily associated with any specific disease. The virus has been found to have 2 ORFs encoding for p14, a cell fusion protein and σC. RRVs belong to the fusogenic subgroup and has only recently been classified as a distinct subgroup of orthoreoviruses.
Piscine orthoreovirus
Also known as Piscine reovirus or PRV, was initially discovered in Atlantic salmon and subsequently in Pacific salmon and is associated with Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI)
Infection and transmission
Transmission of the virus is either through the fecal–oral route or through respiratory droplets. The virus is transmitted horizontally and only known to cause disease in vertebrates. Different levels of virulence may be observed depending on the strain of orthoreovirus. Species that are known to become infected with the virus include: humans, birds, cattle, monkeys, sheep, swine, baboons, and bats
Replication
Replication occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell. The following lists the replication cycle of the virus from attachment to egress of the new virus particle ready to infect next host cell.
Attachment
Attachment occurs with the aid of the virus σ1 protein. This is a filamentous trimer protein that projects out of the outer capsid of the virus. There are two receptors for the virus on the host cell. There is the junctional adhesion molecule-A, which is a serotype-independent receptor as well as the sialic acid coreceptor. Viral proteins μ1 and σ3 are responsible for attachment by binding to the receptors. After the attachment to the receptors, entry to the host cell occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis through the aid of clathrin coated pits.
Uncoating and Entry
Once inside the host cell, the virus must find a way to uncoat. The virus particles enter the cell in a structure known as an endosome (also called an endolysosome). Disassembly is a stepwise process. Uncoating requires a low pH, which is provided by the help of endocytic proteases. Acidification of the endosome removes the outer-capsid protein σ3. This removal allows membrane-penetration mediator μ1 to be exposed and attachment protein σ1 goes through a conformational change. After uncoating is completed, the active virus is released in the cytoplasm where replication of the genome and virion takes place.
Replication of genome and proteins
Replication of the virus takes places in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Since the genome of this virus is dsRNA, early transcription of the genome must take place inside the capsid where it is safe and will not be degraded by the host cell. dsRNA inside of a cell is a tip off to the immune system that the cell is infected with a virus, since dsRNA does not occur in the normal replication of a cell. As transcription occurs with the aid of viral polymerase, protein λ3 serves as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, full strands of positive sense single stranded RNA (mRNA) are synthesized from each of the dsRNA segments. Viral protein, μ2, is known to be a transcriptase cofactor during transcription. It has been determined that this protein has some enzymatic functions such as NTPase activity, capping the mRNA transcript, even serving as RNA helicase to separate the dsRNA strands. The viral helicase comes from protein λ3 These mRNA now are able to go into the cytoplasm to be translated into protein. The viral protein gyanyltransferase λ2 is responsible for capping the viral mRNA. Mammalian orthoreovirus mRNA transcripts have a short 5’ un translated region (UTR), do not have 3’ poly A tails, and may even lack 5’ caps during late post-infection. Thus is it not known how exactly how these uncapped versions of viral mRNA are able to use host cell ribosome to aid in translation. To be able to produce the genome, positive sense RNAs serve as the template strand to make negative sense RNA. The positive and negative strands will base-pair to create the dsRNA genome of the virus.
Assembly and Maturation
The assembly of new virion occurs in sub-viral particles in the cytoplasm. Since this virus has two capsids, each capsid, T13 (outer capsid) and T2 (inner capsid) need to be able to self-assemble to form the virus particle. It is known that the assembly of T13 capsid is dependent on viral protein σ3. This allows the formation of heterohexameric complexes to be made. The T2 capsid proteins of orthoreovirus need the co-expression of both the T2 protein and the nodular σ2 protein to stabilize the structure and aid in assembly. Positive and negative strands of RNA produced during the transcription state must base pair correctly in order to serve as the genome in the newly formed virus particle.
Release (Egress)
After virus has fully assembled and matured, the newly formed virus particle is released. It is unknown how they exit the host cell, but it thought that this is done once the host cell has died and disintegrated, allowing for easy exit of newly formed virus.
Signs and symptoms
Mammalian orthoreovirus does not really cause a significant disease in humans. Even though the virus is fairly common, the infection produced is either asymptomatic or causes a mild disease which is self-limiting in the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory region for children and infants. Symptoms are similar to what a person might have when they have the common cold, such as a low-grade fever and pharyngitis. However, in other animals such as baboons and reptiles, other known orthoreoviruses fusogenic strains can cause more serious illness. In baboons it can cause neurological illness while in reptiles it can be the cause of pneumonia. In birds this virus may even cause death.
Pathophysiology
Members of the Orthoreovirus genus have been known to cause apoptosis in host cells, and have thus been studied fairly extensively for this very purpose. Mammalian orthoreoviruses induce apoptosis via the activation of several death receptors—TNFR, TRAIL, and Fas—while avian orthoreovirus has been found to use the up-regulation of p53 to induce apoptosis. Both of these strains have also been found to be involved in G2/M cell cycle arrest. The avian orthoreovirus has also been proven to promote autophagy of the host which could contribute to disease in a similar manner as apoptosis. The inhibition of the innate immune response has also been seen in mammalian and avian orthoreoviruses. Other strains of the orthoreoviruses have not been studied as frequently as mammalian and avian strains resulting in a lack of understanding in the pathophysiology of those strains, though it can be assumed they act in similar ways.
Oncolytic properties
One of the most relevant uses for the mammalian orthoreoviruses are the manipulation of their oncolytic properties for their use in cancer treatments. This particular use of reoviruses was discovered in 1995 by Dr Patrick Lee who discovered these viruses could kill those cells that contained an over-activated Ras pathway, often a hallmark of cancerous cells. These viruses are particularly ideal for these sort of therapies because they are self-limiting while simultaneously harnessing the ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells exclusively. One of the more widely used strains for these anti-cancer clinical trials is the serotype 3 dearing strain, Resolysin, used in phase I-III trials. A variety of cancers have been treated with this therapy, either alone or in tandem with others, including multiple myeloma, ovarian epithelial, and pancreatic cancers. A recent clinical trial demonstrated that mammalian orthoreovirus was effective in inducing apoptosis in hypoxic prostate tumor cells with hopes of success in clinical trials.
Diagnosis
To be able to perform a proper diagnosis of this pathogen is it important to take samples from the suspected infected individuals such as a stool, throat, or nasopharyngeal sample. There are various tests that can be done on these samples to see if a person is infected. Viral antigen can be detected by performing an assay. A serological assay can also be performed on the sample to look for virus-specific antibodies present in the sample, thus showing that the person is trying to combat the virus. The virus can be isolated in culture through the use of mouse-L fibroblasts, green monkey kidney cells, as well as HeLa cells.
See also
Double-stranded RNA viruses
Avian reovirus
References
External links
MicrobiologyBytes – Reoviruses
Viralzone: Orthoreovirus
ICTV
Orthoreoviruses
Virus genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoreovirus |
Sanford H. Calhoun High School is a public high school located in Merrick, New York. Established in 1958, Calhoun is one of three high schools in the Bellmore–Merrick Central High School District, and acts as a magnet school for several programs.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,224 students and 110.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.1:1. There were 146 students (11.9% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 16 (1.3% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
Hoofbeats
Hoofbeats is the official student newspaper of Calhoun. The newspaper has won numerous awards, and five editions are produced each year.
Athletics
Calhoun competes in Section VIII athletics, a compilation of public schools in Nassau County. The fall season hosts boys' and girls' cross country, football, boys' and girls' soccer, girls' tennis, boys' badminton, boys' volleyball, girls' volleyball, cheerleading, and girls' swimming. The winter season hosts wrestling, boys' and girls' basketball, cheerleading, and indoor track, with district teams—including athletes from the other two schools of the district, Mepham and Kennedy—for ice hockey, swimming, diving, rifle, and bowling. The final season, spring, is home to boys' and girls' lacrosse, track and field, baseball, softball, boys' tennis, and girls' badminton.
Calhoun Choral Program
The Calhoun Choral Program (CCP) is composed of over 160 students, and consists of three groups. Many students belong to more than one group.
Concert Choir is an auditioned 75-person class composed of tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders. Each spring, over one-hundred students audition for the incoming group. The group performs a wide variety of three-, four-, six-, and eight-part music, primarily a cappella.
Chorale, a 3-section class made of over 80 ninth–twelfth grade students, is a group that performs a wide variety of three-part a cappella and accompanied music.
Crescendo, the most well known of the ensembles, is an auditioned show choir of 24 to 27 students that performs pop-rock literature with choreography.
Calhoun Band Program
The Calhoun Band Program consists of three main ensembles: Wind Ensemble, Symphonic Band, and Concert Band, as well as the extracurricular Calhoun Rock Band. Each ensemble is under the direction of Mr. Edward Tumminelli.
Wind Ensemble is the most advanced of Calhoun's ensembles, consisting of about 40 students (sophomores, juniors, and seniors) selected for the group via. audition. The group is known as Calhoun's Varsity Band (CCVB). Members perform in two concerts each year and take overnight trips to locations including Disney World, Virginia Beach, and Boston.
Symphonic Band is also composed of sophomores, juniors, and seniors, and performs in two concerts each year. No audition is required for membership.
Concert Band is Calhoun's freshman band. The group performs in concerts with Symphonic Band. No audition is required for membership.
Rock Band is composed of vocalists from Calhoun's Choral Program, as well as students who play rock instruments. The group performs at Sweet Sixteens, Homecoming, and football games.
Calhoun Theatre Program
Calhoun High School's award-winning theater program, the On Tour Company, began in 1974 and has been successful in producing a wide range of productions each year. Since 1985 the program has been run by Salvatore Salerno of Merrick. Typically, the company stages a Shakespeare play, a straight play, a musical, and an alternating style show each year, in addition to several smaller productions. These include 3 improv nights, the Gotta Sing, Gotta Act and Gotta Dance production and one night of senior one acts each year.
The On Tour Company also participates in various local community wide events such as street fairs and Shakespeare festivals. The On Tour Company is currently directed by Salvatore Salerno.
Notable alumni
David Architzel, U.S. Navy aviator and vice admiral
Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, of Ben & Jerry's,
Debbie Gibson, singer and actress
Steve Grilli, baseball player
Lindsay Lohan, actress, singer and model
Jeff Mattson, lead guitarist and singer of Dark Star Orchestra
Dana Milbank, author, political analyst, and columnist for The Washington Post
Robbie Rosen, American Idol contestant
Zack Ryder, professional wrestler
Kevin Shinick, actor, writer, director, and creator of the animated sketch comedy show MAD
Lou Silver, American-Israeli basketball player
Bruce Sussman, songwriter and librettist
Jacob Derwin, Survivor contestant
Peter Ragone, American public affairs expert
References
External links
Calhoun alumni website
Calhoun Choral Program website
1958 establishments in New York (state)
Educational institutions established in 1958
Magnet schools in New York (state)
Public high schools in New York (state)
Schools in Nassau County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford%20H.%20Calhoun%20High%20School |
Dawson is a small unincorporated community located in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. It is located atop Sand Mountain, approximately northeast of the town of Crossville.
Geography
Dawson is located at . Its average elevation is above sea level.
References
Unincorporated communities in DeKalb County, Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%2C%20Alabama |
CKXU-FM is a Canadian Not-for-profit radio station, broadcasting at 88.3 FM, from the University of Lethbridge, in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
History
CKXU began as CKUL in 1972, when a public address system was set up in Section A of University Hall at the University of Lethbridge to broadcast musical content inside the building from mid-morning to early afternoon. The station was managed by a three-member executive under the auspices of the University of Lethbridge Students' Union.
The CKUL Radio Society was incorporated in October 1977, to govern the affairs of the station, and a year later the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) granted the society a licence to broadcast at 530 AM. Even in those early days, the Board of Directors of the station began examining the possibility of a move to the FM band by increasing the number of daily broadcast hours and developing the long-term income streams necessary to fund such an operation.
On October 23, 1978, CKUL-AM signed on to the radio spectrum for the very first time with O Canada, broadcasting at a mere 25 watts, the AM transmitter was of such low power that it was drowned out by the time it reached the parking lot of the university, by a station originating in Montana. However, the move to AM still represented a major step forward in the development of the station. CKUL was now a bona fide radio station, broadcasting 65 hours per week with 25 DJs rather than irregularly with only a handful of programmers.
FM transition
Although the station began broadcasting on cable FM in 1988, a switch to FM was considered ideal and the CKUL Radio Society began this process. In 2003, the CRTC approved the application to operate a new English-language community-based campus FM radio station in Lethbridge. CKUL's call letters were changed to CKXU, and on April 8, 2004, the station began to broadcast at 88.3 FM to the city of Lethbridge and the surrounding area from a 125W transmitter located on top of the Students' Union Building at the University of Lethbridge. CKXU 88.3 FM now broadcasts for more than 168 hours per week, year-round, with a volunteer core of over 100 members.
In 2012 CKXU officially became a partner of the Alberta Emergency Alert and now provides emergency news updates to listeners during an emergency with information provided by AEMA. During this year CKXU also received a license renewal to extend their ability to transmit to the Lethbridge area on 88.3 FM.
As of 2015, CKXU broadcasts in the following ways:
Terrestrially at 88.3FM in Lethbridge;
On TelusTV channel 7084; and
On the internet.
CKXU is a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association.
Fundraising
CKXU Loves You
In February of every year CKXU hosts a fundraising event at the Slice Bar and Grill in Downtown Lethbridge. First held in 2006, 'CKXU Loves You' features a variety of local musicians.
FUNdrive
In February 2006 CKXU held its first annual on-air funding drive. The funds raised totaled over $5,000. In 2007 the annual funding drive (Fundrive) took place from February 8 to February 11, and the goal was $6,000, a modest increase from the first year and the pledges totaled $7,800. During the 2012 FUNdrive the pledgers managed to surpass the pledged amount of $10,000 with a total of $12,543. FUNdrive centres on a week-long change in the regular radio format where the DJs ask listeners for pledges to the station in return for incentive packages (often referred to as 'SWAG'). During FUNdrive CKXU also hosts various events throughout the community called 'LiveDrive Events' to provide an opportunity for listeners to unite and enjoy such activities as: Cupcake Carnival, Boardgame night, Movie Night, Appreciation Gala, and DIY workshops. In CKXU's 2016 #FundTheFrequency campaign over $25,000 was raised in support of increased signal strength.
Friend's Card
One initiative of the FUNdrive is the CKXU Friend's Card. In exchange for a $25 donation to the station a pledger receives a Friend's Card keytag that can be used at multiple Friend's business locations throughout Lethbridge. The Friend's Card entitles the bearer to discounts and special pricing at over 20 locations.
CKXU Christmas
CKXU also hosts an annual Christmas party benefiting the Lethbridge Food Bank or other community organization as determined by the organizing committee. The CKXU Christmas often features photos with Santa, an impressive Pick-Your-Prize Raffle (with prizes donated from local 'Friends of CKXU' businesses). The 2012 CKXU Christmas party raised over $1,000.
CKXU Loves You
CKXU Loves You is an annual fundraiser that is held in February as a Valentine's Day event.
CKXU CupcakeCamp
CKXU has held CupcakeCamp "Bakesale" events for their annual FUNdrives.
See also
University of Lethbridge Students' Union
University of Lethbridge
National Campus and Community Radio Association
Alberta Emergency Alert
References
External links
CKXU 88.3 FM
Kxu
University of Lethbridge
Kxu
Radio stations established in 1972
1972 establishments in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKXU-FM |
George Washington Carmack (September 24, 1860 – June 5, 1922) was an American prospector in the Yukon. He was originally credited with registering Discovery Claim, the discovery of gold that set off the Klondike Gold Rush on August 16, 1896. Today, historians usually give the credit to his Tagish brother-in-law, Skookum Jim Mason.
Early years
Carmack's mother died when he was 8 years old and his father when he was 11. His great-grandfather was Abraham Blystone. Carmack briefly served in the United States Marine Corps aboard the USS Wachusett and in Alaska before deserting in California in 1882 when he was refused leave to visit his sick sister.
Carmack returned to Alaska in 1885 to engage in trading, fishing and trapping. In 1887, he entered a common-law marriage to Shaaw Tláa, a Tagish First Nation woman known as "Kate".
Prospector
Carmack was not popular with other miners, who nicknamed him "Squaw Man" for his association with native people and "Lyin' George" for his exaggerated claims. Nevertheless, he did find a coal deposit near what is today the village of Carmacks, Yukon which was named after him.
In August 1896, he and Kate were fishing at the mouth of the Klondike River when Skookum Jim, his nephew Dawson Charlie and another nephew found them. Prospector Robert Henderson who had been mining gold on the Indian River, just south of the Klondike, suggested that he should try out Rabbit Creek, now Bonanza Creek, where the gold discovery was made.
The finding of gold made him wealthy and the Carmacks moved to a ranch near Modesto, California and lived with Carmack's sister, Mrs. Hannah Rosella "Rose" Watson.
Later years
In 1900, he abandoned Kate, moved to Seattle, and married Marguerite P. Laimee in Olympia, Washington. They settled into a twelve-room white frame house in Seattle with a garage in the back. Marguerite was a good business woman, and she directed her husband's money into real estate. He owned office buildings, apartment houses, and hotels. He grew fat, eventually weighing well over two hundred pounds. With the passing years, his fortune multiplied as well.
Yet throughout his life George could not stop looking for gold. He worked several claims in California, on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Cascade Mountains east of Seattle. George was determined to find another mother lode and re-create the exciting moment of discovery he had experienced as a young man on Bonanza Creek. George died in 1922, at age sixty-one, while working a new claim. He is interred at Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park.
George's daughter with his first wife, Graphie, married Marguerite's brother. Together with his sister, Rose, Graphie challenged and settled out of court the appointment of Marguerite as administrator of Carmack's estate.
See also
Jim Robb (painter)
Mount Carmack
References
Blum, Howard (2011). The Floor of Heaven: A True Tale of the Last Frontier and the Yukon Gold Rush. Crown Publishers. .
1860 births
Place of death missing
1922 deaths
People of the Klondike Gold Rush
Gold prospectors
Canadian gold prospectors
American emigrants to Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Carmack |
The Battle of Rehe (, sometimes called the Battle of Jehol) was the second part of Operation Nekka, a campaign by which the Empire of Japan successfully captured the Inner Mongolian province of Rehe from the Chinese warlord Zhang Xueliang and annexed it to the new state of Manchukuo. The battle was fought from February 21 to March 1, 1933.
Background
Following the establishment of Manchukuo, the Kwantung Army launched an operation to secure its southern frontier with China by attacking and capturing Shanhaiguan Pass at the Great Wall on 3 January 1933. The province of Rehe, on the northern side of the Great Wall, was the next target. Declaring the province to be historically a portion of Manchuria, the Japanese Army initially hoped to secure it through the defection of General Tang Yulin to the Manchukuo cause. When this failed, the military option was placed into action. Assigned to this operation were the Japanese 6th Division and 8th Division and 14th and 33rd Mixed Brigades of infantry, 4th Cavalry Brigade with Type 92 Heavy Armored Cars, and the 1st Special Tank Company.
The Japanese army's chief of staff requested Emperor Hirohito's sanction for the "strategic operation" against Chinese forces in Rehe. Hoping that it was the last of the army's operations in the area and that it would bring an end to the Manchurian matter, the Emperor approved, while stating explicitly that the army was not to go beyond China's Great Wall.
The Chinese armies gathered to defend Rehe numbered between 100,000-150,000 with 40,000 of the Northeastern army under Wan Fulin, 30,000-50,000 under Tang Yulin and 30,000 former Guominjun under Sun Dianying and Song Zheyuan.
Irregular forces included village militias, Manchurian bandits in exile and 5 volunteer brigades under Zhu Qinglan, though these volunteers rather than aiding the defense hindered it and Zhang Xueliang issued warrants for the arrest of the volunteers
The battle
On February 23, 1933, the offensive was launched. On February 25 Chaoyang and Kailu were taken. On March 2 the Japanese 4th Cavalry Brigade encountered resistance from the forces of Sun Dianying, and after days of fighting took over Chifeng. Sun Dianying mounted a counterattack against the Japanese 6th Division on the same day, and at one time penetrated to near the Japanese headquarters. On March 4 Japanese cavalry and the 1st Special Tank Company with Type 89 Tanks. took Chengde, the capital of Rehe.
Aftermath
Rehe was subsequently annexed to Manchukuo. Zhang Xueliang was forced by the Kuomintang government to relinquish his posts for "medical reasons". Chinese forces fell back in disarray to the Great Wall, where after a series of battles and skirmishes, the Japanese Army seized a number of strategic points, and then agreed to a ceasefire and a negotiated settlement (the Tanggu Truce) whereby a demilitarized zone would be established between the Great Wall and Beijing. However, this would prove to be only a temporary respite before the full scale combat of the Second Sino-Japanese War erupted in earnest in 1937.
See also
Operation Jehol order of battle
Defense of the Great Wall
Notes
References
Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. Pg. 159–161.
中國抗日戰爭正面戰場作戰記 (China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations), Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang, Jiangsu People's Publishing House, Date published : 2005-7-1,
External links
The History of Battles of Imperial Japanese Tanks
January 23, 1933 issue of Time, "On Bended Knee"
February 27, 1933 issue of Time, "Bumps & Blood"
March 6, 1933 issue of Time, "War of Jehol"
March 6, 1933 issue of Time, "Two-Gun Tang"
March 13, 1933 issue of Time, "Glorious 16th"
December 11, 1933 issue of Time, "Generalissimo's Last Straw"
Rehe
History of Inner Mongolia
Rehe
1933 in China
1933 in Japan
Battles involving Manchukuo
February 1933 events
March 1933 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rehe |
The Grenaa Line () is a long standard gauge single track railway line in Denmark which runs between Aarhus and Grenaa through the peninsula of Djursland. The railway opened in 1876–1877. It is owned and maintained by Rail Net Denmark and served with passenger trains by the Danish State Railways (DSB). It now functions as a commuter rail service in the Aarhus area and carries 1 million passengers annually.
History
The section from Ryomgård to Grenaa was opened in 1876 together with the Randers-Ryomgaard Line. The section from Aarhus to Ryomgaard was opened in 1877. The two railways were operated by the joint operating company Østjyske Jernbane (ØJJ). Both lines were taken over by the Danish State Railways in 1885. Passenger traffic on the Randers-Ryomgaard Line ceased in 1971.
The Grenaa Line was around 2006 upgraded to support higher speeds. In 2012, eight new Siemens Desiro diesel trains started operation here and on the Odder Line, under the brand name Aarhus Commuter Rail ().
Stations
Grenaa station
Trustrup station
Kolind station
Ryomgård station
Mørke station
Hornslet station
Løgten station
Skødstrup station
Hjortshøj station
Hovmarken railway halt
Lystrup station
Torsøvej station
Vestre Strandallé railway halt
Østbanetorvet station
Skolebakken railway halt
Aarhus Central Station
Previous stations
Ålsø railway halt
Homå railway halt
Hallendrup railway halt
Koed railway halt
Thorsager station
Risskov station
Den Permanente railway halt
Europaplads railway halt
Future propositions
The line is currently being adapted for the Aarhus Light Rail (), an electric tram-train service scheduled for opening in 2017, but the Grenaa Line in 2018.
References
External links
Banedanmark
DSB
Aarhus Letbane
Railway lines in Denmark
Railway lines opened in 1876
Railway lines opened in 1877
1876 establishments in Denmark
1877 establishments in Denmark
Rail transport in the Central Denmark Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenaa%20Line |
The Țarcu Mountains are a mountain range in the southwestern Romania, at the western edge of the Southern Carpathians. They are located between the Bistra Valley (to the south), Timiș River (to the east), Godeanu Mountains (to the northwest) and Râul Mare Valley (to the west), the last one being a natural barrier between them and the Retezat Mountains.
The Țarcu Mountains have been declared Natura 2000 protected area since 2007 because they shelter valuable biodiversity and spectacular nature.
Together with the Retezat Mountains, the Godeanu Mountains and Cernei Mountains they form the last European Intact Forest Landscape, if we do not take boreal forests (from Scandinavia and Russia) into account.
Geology
Most rocks in the range are crystalline, with few areas with sedimentary rocks. As such, the mountains are massifs, cut by narrow valleys. Limestone is found only in a few places. Erosion has formed several very prominent platforms, such as the Borăscu platform. Glaciers were present during the ice ages, leaving glacial calderas and small glacial lakes, such as the Bistra Lake.
Climate
Because of the western climatic influences, the amount of rainfall in the Țarcu Mountains is quite large. Snow may fall at altitudes above 1500 metres at any time in the year, while the snow pack usually lasts from October or November until June or even July in the glacial calderas of the highest peaks.
Important peaks
Vârful Țarcu, 2190 metres, has a weather station on its top.
Vârful Pietrii, 2192 metres, dominating the Bistra Lake.
Vârful Căleanu, 2190 metres.
Muntele Mic, 1802 metres, has a ski resort.
Măgura Marga, 1503 metres, dominating the Marga village.
Vârful Cuntu, 1441 metres, has a weather station nearby.
External links
Intact Forest Landscapes
Alpinet
Tarcu Mountains Natura 2000 Site, in Romanian
Carpathians Mountains, in Romanian
Mountain ranges of Romania
Mountain ranges of the Southern Carpathians
Geography of Caraș-Severin County
Banat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aarcu%20Mountains |
Lafayette High School was a large secondary school located in the Bath Beach section of Brooklyn, New York City, New York. It closed in 2010.
History
Named after Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Lafayette High School is situated in what was formerly the town of Gravesend. All the towns in Kings County were settled by the Dutch with the exception of Gravesend, which was first settled by a colony of English people under the leadership of Lady Deborah Moody, a woman of considerable wealth and education, who took a prominent part in public affairs, and whose home was on Neck Road. According to the New York City Ward Map of Kings County in 1899, the school is located on the former property of John Carter. This map reveals a frame house with stables on the site of the building. The land was originally swampy, sandy soil covering about .
Lafayette High School, the first building of its type, was designed to accommodate about 4,000 pupils. The cost of the site was $211,350 while the building itself necessitated an outlay of $2,820,000. There are two other high schools in the city, which are duplicates of this type – Christopher Columbus and William Cullen Bryant. Dr. Frederick William Oswald was asked to assume the principalship of the new school. As the new building was not ready, the school had to meet in three annexes. These annexes were P.S. 180, with Mr. Joseph Grady in charge, assisted by Mr. Freilich and Mr. Abraham Margolies; P.S. 126, under the direction of Miss Dorothy K. Lewis and Mr. Robert Buda; and P.S. 192 with Mr. Walter Jacobsen in charge. In March 1939, the faculty had been increased to 156 members and the student population numbered some 4,500 boys and girls. On November 13, 1939, the formal exercises dedicating Lafayette High School took place in the auditorium. Among those present was Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia.
As measured by graduation rates, Lafayette's performance was low: 44.4 percent of the class of 2006 graduated on time. and a 63.2 percent 7-year graduation rate.
According to the New York City Department of Education, Lafayette's students speak at least 30 different languages. With the explosion of the Asian population, the school has been accused of harassment and unequal treatment based on race and ethnicity. After much complaints, Lafayette was the subject of a June 2004 consent decree between the New York City Department of Education and the United States Department of Justice which found evidence of "severe and pervasive peer-on-peer harassment of Asian students."Under the consent decree, Lafayette students needing help in English would be assigned appropriate classes within 10 days of enrolling (e.g., Mandarin-speaking students would not be placed in bilingual classes taught in Cantonese). Lafayette also pledged to develop a policy clarifying school officials' obligations to report cases of harassment based on race, color, and national origin, and to heighten diversity awareness among staff and students. The Justice Department was to monitor Lafayette's progress over the next three years.
Lafayette has experienced criminal activity involving their students. Extra police officers and security guards were added when the New York City Department of Education labeled it an "Impact School". After some improvement, in April 2006, Lafayette was removed from the Impact list. In December 2006, New York City's plans to close Lafayette High School were announced, along with four other low-performing schools that failed to improve under city guidance. Applying a strategy of the Bloomberg administration, the large closed schools would each be replaced by several small schools with about 400 or 500 students each.
Principal Jolanta Rohloff stepped down on March 30, 2007 and was replaced by Doris Unger, to oversee the closing of the school, having previously overseen the closing of Seward Park High School. Principal Rohloff was praised by Department of Education officials for her work attempting to turn around the school, but criticized by the community, teachers, and students for heavy-handiness She was assigned by the Department of Education to mentor principals and teachers on how to interpret student performance data and make necessary adjustments to instruction. On September 15, 2008, a press release stated that Ms. Doris Unger had been promoted to superintendent. On September 19, 2008, it was announced to the staff at Lafayette HS that the assistant principal, Jacqueline Boswell would be the new principal.
Notable alumni
Of all high schools in New York State, Lafayette has the most alumni, 13, who reached the Major League Baseball.
Bob Aspromonte, baseball player brother of Ken
Ken Aspromonte, baseball player brother of Bob
Angelo Badalamenti, composer
Kevin Baez, baseball player
Tony Balsamo, baseball player
Sal Campisi, baseball player
Herb Cohen, author, negotiator
Alex Coletti, producer
Vic Damone, singer
Benny Distefano, baseball player
Jeffrey Epstein, convicted sex offender and financier
Jerry Della Femina, author, restaurateur, advertising agent
Pete Falcone, baseball player
Al Ferrara, baseball player
Mike Fiore, baseball player
John Franco, baseball player
Mike Garson, musician
Gary David Goldberg, producer and sitcom creator
Eugène Green, novelist, playwright, film maker
Wally Green, table tennis player
Fred Hellerman, singer, songwriter
Robert Kerman, actor
Jeffrey Kessler, sports and antirust lawyer
Larry King, journalist and talk show host
Sandy Koufax, baseball player
Richard LaGravenese, screenwriter
Michael Lerner, actor
Dave Liebman, musician
Luis Lopez, baseball player
Norm Mager basketball player
Peter Max, artist
Larry Merchant, sportswriter
Theodore Millon, psychologist, author
Vickie Natale, singer, songwriter, and CBS Star Search champion
Eric Ober, President of CBS News
Rochelle Owens, poet and playwright
Rhea Perlman, actress
Archie Rand, artist
Steve Schirripa, actor and author
Maurice Sendak, artist
Paul Sorvino, actor
Elliott Stein, film critic and historian
Michael Steinhardt, financier
Frank P. Tomasulo, film professor and journal editor
Fred Wilpon, New York Mets owner
Larry Yellen, baseball player
Walter Zanger, journalist and author
References
External links
Feud Over Lafayette High School
Thugs rule school at Lafayette High
Public high schools in Brooklyn
Educational institutions established in 1939
Educational institutions disestablished in 2010
1939 establishments in New York City
2010 disestablishments in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette%20High%20School%20%28New%20York%20City%29 |
Kala Suri Parakrama Kodituwakku, is a notable Sinhala poet. After the revival and experimentations of Sinhala poetry during the 1950s and 1960s, the 1970s were marked by the rise of several young poets including Parakrama Kodituwakku, Monica Ruwanpathirana and Rathna Sri Wijesinghe. His "Podi Malliye" (1972) was praised by critics and after "Otunna Hini Kumaraya" (1975) he didn't publish anything new until the 1990s except several poems in newspapers.
Books
Podi Malliye (1973)
Akeekaru Puthrayaku Ge Lokaya (1974)
Aluth Minihek Awith (1975)
Pibidena Peya (1979, first Sinhala translations of poetry by Tamil labourers)
Indu saha Lanka (1979, first Sinhala translations of Tamil poems of Sri Lanka and India)
Otunna Himi Kumaraya
Rashmi (1992, State Literary Award for Best Poetry)
Dewinage Minisun (1996, Jayasankha Independent Literary Award for Best Poetry)
Diwaman Gajaman (1999, Self-Publishers Award for Best Poetry)
Lovi Kahata (2000, State Literary Award for Best Poetry, Vidyodaya University Award for Best Poetry)
Aloka Minisa (2004, Swarna Padma Award for Best Poetry)
Jyothi Rashmi Rathri (2006)
Sansareta Mang Asai (2007)
Rosa Male Hadawatha (2008, short stories)
Mahathek Sitee Hondin (2009)
Jeewika Asillehi (2010)
Oba Samaga (2010, novel)
Sulange Diwu Kella (2011, short stories)
Rathu Rosa Nil Rosa (2013, Red Roses Blue Roses, Sinhala translations of 20th century poetry from around the world)
Clara (2014, novel)
Mama Wahinawa(2017,poetry)
References
Sinhalese writers
Living people
Sri Lankan poets
1965 births
Kala Suri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakrama%20Kodituwakku |
AsianWeek was America's first and largest English language print and on-line publication serving Asian Americans. The news organization played an important role nationally and in the San Francisco Bay Area as the “Voice of Asian America”. It provided news coverage across all Asian ethnic groups.
AsianWeek'''s nature was reflected in its name -- both its weekly frequency and its focus on a pan-ethnic Asian identity, as the only all English publication serving the Asian community.AsianWeek was one of the newspapers owned and operated by the Fang family of San Francisco, with others including the San Francisco Independent and the San Francisco Examiner. It was founded by John Fang in 1979 and helmed by long-time AsianWeek President James Fang from 1993-2009.AsianWeek headquarters were located in San Francisco's Chinatown. It stopped publishing a weekly print edition in 2009, and on-line publication ceased in 2012. AsianWeek still publishes occasional special editions and community organizing activity has continued with the AsianWeek Foundation.
History AsianWeek was the largest and longest established English language newsweekly for Asian Pacific Americans. In 1965, after the Hart-Celler Immigration Act ended over 80 years of race-based exclusion of immigrants from Asia, the United States for the first time experienced an influx of Asian immigration. From a total of 878,000 Asians in America in 1960, to U.S. Census estimates of 21.4 million in 2016, more than 95% of Asian Pacific Islanders would arrive or be born in the United States after passage of the 1965 Immigration Act.
Realizing the need to provide a voice for this newly emerging Asian Pacific America, John Fang, founded AsianWeek newspaper in 1979 in San Francisco. Prior to AsianWeek, Fang was editor and publisher of the Young China Daily, a Chinese-language newspaper affiliated with Taiwan’s then-Nationalist government. Fang had also published the Chinatown Handy Guide in multiple U.S. cities. Over two years of planning before AsianWeek's pilot issue was published in August 1979, Fang’s brain trust included legendary Chinatown publicist H. K. Wong, writer Charles Leong, former aide to Congressman Phil Burton (and the first Chinese Postmaster of a U.S. city) Lim P. Lee, and society columnist Carolyn Gan.
The newspaper started as all-subscription based and has always been published in tabloid size format. In 1995 AsianWeek was redesigned as a newspaper magazine-style tabloid with full color cover and color graphics throughout. The paper also went to free distribution and launched its website, www.asianweek.com, the following year. AsianWeek reached its high mark in circulation of 58,000 copies in 2003.
In November 2004, AsianWeek celebrated its 25th Anniversary of publication. “For the last 25 years, AsianWeek has been the mirror of our community, showing our triumphs and shortcomings, serving as both the face and conscience of Asian America”, AsianWeek President James Fang wrote in his commemorative essay. “AsianWeek has acted as a forum in advocating for those Asian Americans who were defenseless and voiceless in the face of an uncaring power. Whether it was in bringing much-needed national and decisive exposure to the killing of Vincent Chin or in demanding justice for Wen Ho Lee and Capt. James Yee, the strength of AsianWeek has been its unequivocal eagerness to support our community.”
On August 20, 2007, AsianWeek launched a completely redesigned version of their website that is no longer live as of April 2011.
In March of 2008, the AsianWeek Foundation was launched as a sister entity for organizing in the Asian community. In January 2009, AsianWeek ceased operations. AsianWeek Foundation community work continued, and occasional special sections are still published today, for example during Asian Pacific Heritage Month in May and in collaboration with organizations like AARP.
Editorial FocusAsian Week provided “a documentary record of many important events that have affected the Asian American community.”
Coverage of Asian American issues included the killing of Vincent Chin, Asian American college admissions, and quotas on Chinese students in competitive San Francisco school assignments.
Activism in politics
One of the paper’s most important focus areas for editorial coverage and advocacy was to increase representation of Asian Pacific Islanders in elected office. The front page of AsianWeek's premier issue blasted the headline “Democrats and Republicans Voice the Same Opinion: It’s time for More Asian Americans to Enter Politics.”
Beginning in 1984, AsianWeek began attending and covering the Democratic and Republican National Conventions every four years. AsianWeek's coverage was bipartisan including the publication of special sections for each of the political party’s conventions. AsianWeek was often the only Asian media outlet to conduct exclusive interviews with the eventual presidential party nominees.
After the 1996 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, AsianWeek launched the Potstickers column written by Samson Wong as the first American political insider column focusing on Asian Pacific Islanders.
U.S Census
In 1977, the same year Fang began making plans for AsianWeek, the United States Office of Management and Budget ordered the U.S. Census Bureau and federal agencies to create a pan-ethnic Asian category, “Asian or Pacific Islander”. Prior to that, data was only collected in five sub-categories (Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Korean, and Hawaiian). As the 1980 U.S. Census results were released, AsianWeek offered extensive editorial coverage in its pages which included special sections full of tables and figures.AsianWeek continued its focus on Asian Pacific Islander demographics throughout the publication’s history. After the 1990 Census, AsianWeek published a booklet, Asians in America: 1990 Census. In the spring of 2003,AsianWeek partnered with the University of California at Los Angeles’ Asian American studies department to co-publish a book focused on 2000 U.S. Census data, titled The new Face of Asian Pacific America: Numbers, Diversity, and Change in the 21st Century.
Asians in American society
Much of AsianWeek's coverage highlighted Asian Pacific Islanders participating in all the different aspects of American society. As AsianWeek's Editor-in-chief Samson Wong (2001-2008) described it: “Beyond our common history and heritage, we’re also looking to identify our common futures as citizens in this country.”AsianWeek often published features or special sections on Asian American involvement in specific fields, for example, “Asian Americans going for the Gold” in the 2004 Olympic games; “Asian American War Heroes”, a listing of all the Asian Americans killed in action from the Afghanistan war, and “The 25 Most Influential APA Hollywood Pioneers". AsianWeek covered the founding of many Asian American organizations such as the National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum. AsianWeek also helped start the National Association of Asian Publishers which was founded on the sidelines of the Newspaper Association of America annual marketing conference in 2008.
Books published by AsianWeek include the New Faces of Asian Pacific America (see above), and Amok, a compilation of columnist Emil Guillermo, which won the American Book Award in 2000.
Major sections
Opinion
The Opinion section included AsianWeek's Letters to the Editor, Emil Guillermo's column "Amok", and a community contributed article, "Voices".
Emil Guillermo has been a journalist for more than 30 years. After ten years in television news, Guillermo became host of NPR's All Things Considered, in 1989. After leaving NPR, Guillermo worked as press secretary and speechwriter for then congressman Norman Mineta. He returned to media as a local television and radio talk show host in Washington, D.C., Sacramento, and San Francisco. As a writer, Guillermo has contributed jokes for Jay Leno's monologues. His written often satirical commentaries have appeared in newspapers throughout the country. His book, published by AsianWeek Amok, is a compilation of his columns and won the American Book Award in 2000. Guillermo is also the winner of both a California Newspaper Publishers Association Award and a National Inland Press Association Award for his mainstream newspaper work. He has won awards from the Radio-TV News Directors Association, Society of Professional Journalists, the Asian American Journalists Association, and has been nominated for local TV Emmy Awards. A native San Franciscan, Guillermo graduated from Lowell High School and Harvard College.
On Monday, February 4, 2008, AsianWeek launched a new daily blog by Guillermo. Guillermo is already the most widely read APA columnist, and his new daily commentary will remark on timely and fascinating stories and ideas that affect the broad APA community. The blog was available online at .
“It will be a place readers can get my take on the issues that concern them”, said Guillermo, whose column, “Amok” has appeared in AsianWeek over the last 14 years. “And it will be a place where they can share their ideas with others. Consider it the water cooler for APAs across the country”.
Nation and World
The Nation and World section included "Washington Journal" authored by columnist Phil Tajitsu Nash. It covered topics such as the 2008 Summer Olympics Torch Relay protests in San Francisco to national issues that affect the Asian American community.
Nash is the CEO and co-founder of Nash Interactive. He has provided commentary to BBC World News radio and other news outlets, and served as host of a nationally broadcast weekly public radio program reporting on the U.S. Supreme Court. Nash practiced law in New York and New Jersey, and taught law at Georgetown University Law Center. He testified before the United States Congress on behalf of the Japanese American redress movement, and has also served as a strategist, lobbyist, and litigator.
Bay and California
Headquartered in San Francisco, California, AsianWeek dedicated a section to issues and timely news items that are relevant to the Bay Area's Asian American community.
Arts and Entertainment
The Arts and Entertainment section included "Asian Eats", "AskQ" and "The Yin-Yang with Lisa Lee".
Asian Eats column provided an inside look at the Bay Area's Asian American cuisine. Formerly known as "Picky Eater" the column covers price, environment, customer service, cleanliness, menu selection, and taste of the Bay Area's most popular restaurants.AsianWeek's AskQ was an advice column to reflect everyday life in Asian Pacific America. It included readers’ questions and solicited queries. Q is a 30-something urban male who is "happily partnered—a manager by profession, a writer by desire", according to the column.
The "Yin-Yang" column was authored by Lisa Lee, an AsianWeek columnist.= who offered "a provocative look into the arts and entertainment industry. The Yin-yang Blog brings you up to date with Asian-American celebrity news, gossip and more."
Community EventsAsianWeek newspaper is also involved in a wide array of community activities. Committed to promoting and participating in events that celebrate the diversity the Asian-American community, the publication plays an active role in sponsoring and hosting community events, spreading health awareness on Hepatitis B, and promoting cross-cultural and interracial cooperation with major outdoor events in San Francisco, including the Castro Street Fair, Chinatown Autumn Moon Festival Street Fair, Haight-Ashbury Street Fair and Nihonmachi Street Fair. AsianWeek is also on the planning committee for the Asian Heritage Street Celebration, Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival, and Pistahan Filipino Parade and Festival.
Controversies
Kenneth EngAsianWeek was severely criticized for publishing Why I Hate Blacks on February 23, 2007, a column by freelance writer Kenneth Eng. Prior to this incident, AsianWeek published other inflammatory race-themed columns by Eng, including: Proof that Whites Inherently Hate Us and Why I Hate Asians. Several Asian-American organizations called for an apology, as well as a repudiation of the columnist and his views, and circulated an online petition to that effect.AsianWeek published a front-page apology in its February 28 issue, severed all ties with Eng, held various public forums, and declared that it was reviewing its editorial policy. AsianWeek also published in its March 16 issue of "Voices" an article titled "I'm Afraid and Feel Helpless" to tacitly repudiate all of Kenneth Eng's work without making any statements of its own that could add fuel to the fire. Then in late March 2007, AsianWeek'' quietly made editorial staff changes, evidenced in the masthead of its March 30 issue. Former editor-in-chief Samson Wong's title became Senior Editorial Consultant and Ted Fang, formerly editor-at-large, became Editor and Publisher.
References
External links
Asian-American culture in California
Asian-American mass media
Newspapers established in 1979
Publications disestablished in 2009
Newspapers published in San Francisco
Asian-American press
Online newspapers with defunct print editions
Chinatown, San Francisco
1979 establishments in California
Weekly newspapers published in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AsianWeek |
The Bigod family was a medieval Norman family, the second Earls of Norfolk, the first being Ralph de Guader.
Succession
Roger Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, father of the true 1st Earl
Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1095–1177), second son, and heir, of Roger Bigod, founder of the English family of this name
Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk, son and heir of 1st earl
Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk (1186–1225), son and heir of 2nd earl
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk, son of 3rd earl. No male issue, passes to nephew Roger
Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, son of Hugh Bigod (Justiciar), heir of 4th earl. No male issue; lands and titles revert to crown
Other
William Bigod, first son of Roger Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, lost in the White Ship Disaster
William Hugh Bigod, other son of 2nd Earl
Hugh Bigod, second son of Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (more specifically first son by second marriage)
Hugh Bigod (Justiciar) (?–1266), the youngest son of 3rd earl, father of 5th earl
Sir Francis Bigod
Bigod's Rebellion
See also
Framlingham Castle
Bungay Castle
Orford Castle
The Anarchy
First Barons' War
Second Barons' War
House of Burgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigod%20family |
Diane Butcher is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Sophie Lawrence. Diane appeared as a regular character between 1988 and 1991, when Lawrence decided to leave. The character made several brief returns in 1993, 1994, and 1997. In 2008, she returned for her father Frank Butcher's (Mike Reid) funeral, and on 20 June 2012 she returned for her sister Janine Butcher's (Charlie Brooks) wedding, departing on 29 June 2012.
Over the years, Diane develops from a rebellious teenager who runs away from home, to a free-spirited single mother having difficulty looking after her young son. More recently, a more-mature Diane settled in France and, in a departure from a character previously depicted as heterosexual, she is stated to be in a long-term relationship with another woman.
Storylines
1988–1991
Diane arrives in Albert Square in 1988 as the daughter of second-hand car salesman Frank Butcher (Mike Reid) and sister to Ricky Butcher (Sid Owen). Her mother June died in 1987, and when her father marries Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement) and takes over as landlord of the Queen Victoria public house, she lives with them there. Later the family move out of the pub to run a bed and breakfast elsewhere on the Square.
Problematic and strong-willed, she falls for the Butchers' lodger Paul Priestly (Mark Thrippleton) in 1989, much to Frank's annoyance. Diane takes the relationship more seriously than Paul, and she is devastated when he finishes with her to begin a fling with hairdresser Julie Cooper (Louise Plowright). Paul and Julie do not last, and he immediately returns to Diane. Scorned, Diane cannot forgive Julie for taking Paul, and she plays various vengeful tricks on her as payback, such as sabotaging her salon's opening day and sending her a male escort to make her look desperate. Julie responds by flirting with Paul to infuriate Diane further, and their feud culminates in a showdown in The Queen Vic one night, at which Julie humiliates Diane. Paul quickly loses interest in Diane. Ignoring his reticence, Diane convinces herself that Paul is contemplating proposing marriage to her, so she is broken-hearted when he returns to his hometown in Leeds in December 1989; he leaves without saying goodbye.
Feeling misunderstood and unloved after believing that her family have forgotten her 16th birthday, Diane runs away from home in January 1990 and joins the down-and-outs on the streets of London. She is sinking fast when street-wise teenager Disa O'Brien (Jan Graveson) takes her under her wing, showing her how to survive. Disa turns to prostitution for extra money, and Diane poses nude for photographs for a man named Matthew Taylor (Neil Phillips) who makes a sculpture of her. She eventually returns to Albert Square in March 1990, after her father has been searching for months, but she struggles to adjust to life back in Walford. As a result of her time away, Diane develops an interest in art. When Taylor turns up trying to woo Diane, he deposits a life-size sculpute of her in Albert Square. Livid, Frank smashes up the statue and confronts Taylor, further alienating Diane.
Diane develops a friendship with Mark Fowler (Todd Carty) when he returns to his family home in 1990, and enlists his help to find Disa, who is heavily pregnant and living in "Cardboard City". Disa refuses their help initially; after she gives birth, she abandons the child on Diane's doorstep on Christmas Day. Diane and Mark care for the baby in secret until they find Disa and persuade her to come home with them. Diane takes care of them and attempts to help Disa bond with her child.
Diane is keen for her relationship with Mark to progress, so his hesitance upsets her. Eventually he confesses that he is HIV-positive. She pledges to stick with him although the task is daunting. She acts as a confidante, helping him to face up to his illness and seek counselling and professional help. Diane is unsettled when Mark begins spending time with his HIV+ ex-girlfriend Gill (Susanna Dawson), and when Mark proposes to Diane in June 1991, she gently turns him down. The following month she leaves Walford to go on a fruit-picking holiday in France. She telephones Frank in September to say she will not be returning.
1993–1997
Frank visits Diane in France in 1993. He is horrified to discover she is pregnant and unsure who the father is. After a heated argument Frank storms off, refusing to speak to Diane, but they manage to make peace by the time Frank leaves—Diane drives to the ferry and tearfully waves Frank goodbye. Diane returns for a short stint in 1994 to inform Pat that Frank is alive and well and has merely run away from Walford following a mental breakdown—Frank had visited Diane off-screen in France.
Ricky visits Diane in France in 1997, spending time with her young son Jacques. Diane is in a tempestuous relationship with a Cameroonian musician named Thomas (Robbie Gee), and when this abruptly ends, she and son Jacques turn up in Walford, looking for a place to stay. However a short time later, Thomas visits Diane and asks her to go travelling with him on tour in Africa. Diane goes without informing anyone, leaving Jacques with Ricky and his wife Bianca (Patsy Palmer). Pregnant Bianca struggles to care for troublesome Jacques, and even considers having an abortion as a result. Jacques is sent to live in Manchester with Diane's sister Clare (Lucy Foxell), until Diane retrieves him to live with her in Paris.
2008, 2012
In 2008, Frank dies of cancer at Diane's home in Paris, requesting that his funeral be held in Walford. Diane returns on 31 March 2008 with Ricky, where they convey the news of Frank's death to his former wives Pat and Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor). The following day, Diane is glad to see her sister Janine (Charlie Brooks) back for Frank's funeral. During a conversation with Janine, Diane reveals she has been in a relationship with a woman called Suzanne for three years. At Frank's wake in the Queen Vic, Diane is approached by Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) to speak about her experience of running away as a teenager, believing her insight might help him find his own missing daughter, Lucy Beale (Melissa Suffield). Frank leaves individual gifts to each of his children. Diane receives some of her old school paintings and drawings. Diane helps Ricky, Janine, and Pat scatter Frank's ashes in the flowerbeds of the Square before departing.
Four years later, Diane returns to Walford to attend Janine's wedding to Michael Moon (Steve John Shepherd). She comforts Janine when Michael is questioned over allegations of fraud before arranging a hen party for her that evening. It is mentioned that Diane is still with Suzanne. She later acts as Janine's maid of honour at her wedding and escorts her to hospital after she goes into premature labour. The day after the birth of her niece Scarlett, she helps the initially-reluctant Janine produce her first breast milk. Diane stays for a week after Scarlett's birth until Janine tells her and Ricky that they should return to their own lives. Diane agrees and tells Ricky that she cannot leave Jacques on his own. Diane stays for Scarlett's christening at the hospital then returns to France. Following Michael's murder and Janine's arrest, Diane becomes Scarlett's guardian. In 2021, Janine reveals that her and Diane are not on speaking terms.
Character creation and development
Background and casting
EastEnders had been on air for three years before the character of Diane made her first screen appearance in May 1988. At the time, big changes were occurring "behind-the-scenes". Co-creator Julia Smith took "a more back-seat role" as Series Producer, which allowed producer Mike Gibbon to take control of the making of the programme.
The arrival of the Butcher family in May 1988 signified an end of an era for the soap, as Den and Angie Watts (Leslie Grantham and Anita Dobson) vacated their positions as landlord and landlady of The Queen Victoria public house, leaving Frank (Mike Reid), and his girlfriend Pat Wicks (Pam St. Clement) to take over tenancy. Ricky (Sid Owen) and Diane, played by Sophie Lawrence, Frank's teenage children came with Frank. Lawrence was 15 at the time, and she got the part in EastEnders straight after leaving stage school. Lawrence has commented, "I always just thought that I would be a dancer and go into a West End musical and that I would be very, very happy. Then I got EastEnders when I was 15 and it kind of changed my life."
Personality
Diane has been described as "dreamy" and someone who "was always destined for more romantic things than the reality of Walford." "Sensitive and artistic", for a time Diane was portrayed as the least troublesome of the Butcher family, the one who conformed the most, though she began to rebel against her father's heavy-handed paternalism.
EastEnders writer Sarah Phelps has described the character as sharp, smart with elements of her mother in her. Phelps adds "she had a sharp tongue and a quick mind...you could see her looking at her family and looking at Walford...and thinking 'this ain't for me'." Sophie Lawrence has said, "Diane was a bit of a wild child...she was a bit naughty, she was always in trouble. I think it was something to do with losing her mother at an early age...She ran away [from home] to make a statement. I think it was a 'notice me' kind of thing. It worked."
In the 2008 television documentary EastEnders: Ricky and Bianca, Diane was described as "rather normal" for a member of the Butcher family. Upon her return in 2008, the character had altered and matured. Lawrence has commented, "coming back, she seems quite nice actually, she seem more relaxed. She's so much older I suppose, so she's sort of grown up really. She seems nice and kind and settled with her life."
Teenage runaway
The most notable storyline featuring Diane during her initial stint on the soap concerned the character running away from home in 1990. In the on-screen events, Diane was shown to be increasingly unhappy towards the latter part of 1989, exacerbated by the sudden departure of her boyfriend Paul Priestly (Mark Thrippleton). Diane decided to run away from home in January 1990 when it seemed her family had forgotten her 16th birthday—they were actually planning a surprise party for her that she never got to see. Diane's disappearance dominated the programme in the beginning of 1990. Focus was placed upon the effect her departure had on the Butcher family, in particular her father Frank who searched unsuccessfully for his missing daughter.
When the storyline had originally been scripted in 1989, it was left open-ended, meaning that none of the writers or producers of EastEnders had decided whether Diane would ever be found. However, towards the end of 1989, EastEnders acquired a new executive producer, Michael Ferguson, and according to scriptwriter Colin Brake, one of his first decisions was that "Diane must be found". The subsequent story of her returning home and adjusting to life back in Walford was developed.
The episodes where Diane returned home aired towards the end of March 1990. They were written by Tony McHale and directed by Mike Barnes. The episodes have been described as "extraordinary" and a "radical departure from the normal EastEnders form", because they used flashbacks to tell the story of Diane's three months living on the streets of London as a homeless girl. Simultaneously, they also told the present story of Frank finding Diane, and bringing her back to Walford. Colin Brake has described them as powerful episodes, which "returned EastEnders to the tradition of gritty realism that had been integral to the early episodes." In the flashbacks, it was revealed that Diane had lived rough on the streets and joined a gang of runaways, befriending a young girl named Disa O'Brien (Jan Graveson). Diane also became involved with an artist named Matthew Taylor, who took nude photos of her and then constructed a life-size sculpture of her, which later turned up in Albert Square, enraging Frank. This ignited Diane's own interest in art, which was demonstrated later in the year when she painted a mural on the side of the Butcher household. Actress Sophie Lawrence did research for the storyline among real homeless people.
Departure
Subsequent storylines featuring Diane included involvement in the plight of pregnant runaway Disa, whom Diane brought back to Walford to bond with her baby—Disa had initially abandoned the baby on Diane's doorstep on Christmas Day 1990. The bulk of the character's narrative concerned a blossoming romance with one of EastEnders''' original characters, Mark Fowler (Todd Carty), who returned to the serial as a regular character in 1990 after a three-year absence. The relationship was never consummated however, because in January 1991 Mark revealed to Diane that he was HIV positive—he was the first mainstream soap opera character to be diagnosed. The episode, written by Tony McHale, has been described as the "important" beginning to Mark's HIV storyline, as Mark's secret HIV status was finally revealed to the audience as well as Diane. In the on-screen events, Diane tried to be supportive to Mark and persuaded him to have counselling at the Terrence Higgins Trust, though their relationship was never quite the same again; when Mark, prompted by his mother Pauline (Wendy Richard), asked Diane to marry him, she turned him down and left the serial to move to France shortly after.
Off-screen Sophie Lawrence had decided to quit the soap to take on new projects, which included an attempt at a music career. She has commented, "I left because I wanted to play something different. In doing that, you have to grow out of the public's perception of you as an EastEnders character. But I wanted variety of roles. I felt I couldn't just carry on being Diane indefinitely. I wanted to be an actor, not just a personality."
Brief returns
The character has made numerous brief returns to the serial as a guest character. In 1993, she was featured in a special week of episodes, filmed on-location in Paris, France, where Frank discovered, to his horror, that Diane was pregnant with an unknown foreign man's baby. In June 1994, Diane returned to Walford as part of a storyline involving her father's disappearance. In 1997, another week's worth of episodes set in Paris reunited Ricky and Diane. Shortly after, the character returned to the soap's setting of Walford, but Lawrence reportedly quit weeks after making her comeback. She had since commented on her reasons for quitting so soon: "Going back to EastEnders was like going back to school and none of your friends are there. I was [originally] there with people like Nick Berry (Simon Wicks) and Letitia Dean (Sharon Watts) and they'd all gone. One of the young actors, who will remain nameless, made me a coffee and started telling me all about what it was like. He had no idea I'd been in the soap before." In addition, Lawrence was suffering physically as she was still getting over injuries she sustained from a car accident and was forced to remove a neck brace for filming purposes. On-screen, the character departed to travel with her musician boyfriend, abandoning her young son in her brother's care. Bosses at EastEnders had reportedly been keen for Lawrence to remain on the show, as they were hoping for an on-screen reunion of the Butcher family; Mike Reid had agreed to reprise his role as Frank, though Diane departed before his reintroduction.
Despite claiming that she would never return to EastEnders in 1997, Lawrence was upset when she discovered that both Sid Owen and Mike Reid (Ricky and Frank) were leaving EastEnders in 2000 as, in her opinion, it ruled out any chance of her character returning to the show. She commented, "It would be great fun to get all the Butcher clan back for a few months. I hear Diane's name mentioned quite a lot on the show — it makes me feel like I've never really left. But all the people I'm connected with are leaving, which makes going back harder and I'm really sorry about that. It would be great to have the Butcher clan come back for Mike's sendoff. But, sadly, I don't think there is the space for me to go back full-time." In 2002, she was asked if she would ever return to the soap and she responded, "If they asked me, I’d love to go back. Not on a long term contract or anything because I love doing other things but I’d definitely like to go back."
The character reappeared in March 2008. Sophie Lawrence was asked to reprise the role by executive producer Diederick Santer as part of a storyline that has been dubbed "Frank Week". Mike Reid died in 2007 and due to the popularity of the character he played, Santer decided that Frank would also be killed off in the serial. A funeral was held for the character as a tribute to both the actor and the "iconic" character he played. Lawrence was one of several actors brought back to the show especially for the storyline. She was joined by Charlie Brooks, who played her younger sister Janine and Sid Owen as her brother Ricky.
Commenting to Digital Spy about her return, Lawrence said: "I've not been in the show for 11 years and it's not like I've ever thought "I'll never go back", you just think that your chance to go back has gone. It never crossed my mind that the occasion would ever arise, so when I got the phone call, it was really odd. There was never any doubt that I'd do it for Mike [Reid] and it's not something that's really been done — I don't think someone's ever died off-screen and then they've done the funeral on-screen. I think everyone was quite wary because it's quite an odd thing to do to have attended his real funeral and then go back to film it all over again. There was some trepidation about how it was going to work. But as soon as we arrived, it was like 11 years of your life had been wiped out and you'd been there the day before [...] I had this really lovely scene with Sid [Owen] where I said: "Isn't it strange, you imagine you’d come back and everything would be here waiting for us just like it was." Diane's saying everything's moved on, but for me it was the opposite, I'd got back there and everything was the same."
The character was brought back for a period of four episodes. Lawrence has revealed that she thought she would have minimal involvement in the storyline and was surprised at how much dialogue she was given. Each of the returning characters were given their own storyline; in Diane's case, she was in a relationship with a female doctor named Suzanne. Lawrence commented, "I think [Diane]'s quite alright now—she's come back and she's sorted. She knows the score." When asked if she would ever make a full-time return, Lawrence said, "Once you're re-established, you're a character that other characters can go and visit. For example, after Diane's left Walford again, Pat goes to stay with her for a couple of weeks. So there's no reason why I couldn't return for a two-week 'holiday' to see the kids!" On 6 May 2012, a Daily Star reporter announced Lawrence would be returning to EastEnders alongside Sid Owen (Ricky Butcher) for the wedding of their on screen sister, Janine, played by Charlie Brooks. She made her on-screen return on 20 June 2012 and departed on 29 June.
Reception
In reference to Diane's return to the soap in 2008 for Frank's funeral, Paul English from the Daily Record accused EastEnders'' of using actor Mike Reid's real death as "an opportunity to reintroduce some popular old faces. Boiled down, it's cashing in on the dead - but it's how Frank might have done it himself."
See also
List of LGBT characters in television and radio
References
External links
EastEnders characters
Fictional artists
Fictional nurses
Fictional bisexual women
Television characters introduced in 1988
British female characters in television
Fictional LGBT characters in television
Butcher family (EastEnders) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane%20Butcher |
The Black Guard or ‘Abid al-Bukhari (; also known as ‘Abīd al-Dīwān "slaves of the diwan", Jaysh al-‘Abīd "the slave army", and ‘Abid al-Sultan "the sultan’s slaves") were the corps of black-African slaves and Haratin slave-soldiers assembled by the 'Alawi sultan of Morocco, Isma‘il ibn Sharif (reigned 1672–1727). They were called the "Slaves of Bukhari" because Sultan Isma‘il emphasized the importance of the teachings of the famous imam Muhammad al-Bukhari, going so far as to give the leaders of the army copies of his book. This military corps, which was loyal only to the sultan, was one of the pillars of Isma'il's power as he sought to establish a more stable and more absolute authority over Morocco.
After Isma'il's death, the Black Guard became one of the most powerful factions in Moroccan politics and played the role of kingmakers during the period of turmoil that followed. Over the course of the later 18th century and the 19th century their role in the military was progressively reduced and their political status varied between privilege and marginalization. Their descendants eventually regained their freedom and resettled across the country. While black Africans lived in the region long before Isma'il's reign, a long-term consequence of his policies was the introduction and eventual dispersal of a substantial new black population in Morocco.
Composition and training
The Black Guard descended from black captives brought to Morocco from West Africa, who were settled with their families in special colonies, at Mashra' al-Raml, to have children and to work as indentured servants. At age 10, children began to be trained in certain skills: the girls in domestic life or entertainments, and the boys in masonry, archery, horsemanship, and musketry. Around the age of 16 (on average), the boys who passed their training were enlisted into the army. (Some authors cite the ages of 15 or 18.) They would marry, have children, and continue the cycle. Considered more loyal than the local Arabs or Berbers because of their lack of tribal affiliation, Isma‘il's black soldiers formed the bulk of his standing army and numbered 150,000 at their peak.
According to historical sources, Isma'il would declare to his black soldiers and their chiefs that "You and I are now servants of the Sunna of the Prophet Muhammad". To this end, he gave them copies of Sahih al-Bukhari by Muhammad al-Bukhari, a famous compilation of the hadiths ("discourses" or traditions) of Muhammad, and instructed them to keep and study it. They were required to swear their oaths to the sultan upon this book, and even encouraged to take their copies of it into battle. This was the origin of their popular designation as the 'Abid al-Bukhari or "Slaves of al-Bukhari".
History
Isma'il's reign
Isma'il, or Moulay Isma'il, ruled as sultan for 55 years between 1672 and 1727, one of longest reigns in Moroccan history. Ruling from a new capital at Meknes, he distinguished himself as a ruler who wished to establish a unified Moroccan state as the absolute authority in the land, independent of any particular group within Morocco – in contrast to previous dynasties which relied on certain tribes or regions as the base of their power. He succeeded in part by creating a new army composed of slaves whose loyalty would be to him alone. In 1699, he gave orders to enslave all black Africans in Morocco, even those who were born free or who were Muslim, and, consequently, he violated two of the central tenets of Islamic law concerning slavery. Moroccan registers show that Isma‘il enslaved over 221,000 black Moroccans between 1699 and 1705. In a study of these events, scholar Chouki El Hamel argues that Isma'il's efforts to justify these actions generated a potent new form of racist discourse in the region that associated black Africans with slavery. The idea of a professional army composed of slaves who were loyal only to the sultan was inspired by the historical precedents of other Middle Eastern and North African military bodies recruited from slaves. Isma'il's army was inspired in particular by the example of the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire, to which it is sometimes compared.
The ‘Abid al-Bukhari or Black Guard or were mainly in charge of collecting taxes and patrolling Morocco's unstable countryside; they crushed rebellions against Isma‘il's rule not only by dissident tribes but also by Isma‘il's seditious sons, who defected from service as his provincial governors to insurrection as would-be usurpers of his throne. The Black Guard were the personal guard and servants of Sultan Isma‘il, they might have also participated in campaigns against the European-controlled fortress enclaves dotting his empire's coast (such as Tangier, taken over after the English withdrew from it and distressed it in 1684 in response), although tasks of this kind were often allocated to European slaves (called ‘aluj , plural of ‘alj, meaning "white Christian slave") and loyal Moroccan tribal soldiers, considered more military and cavalry-able. They were well-respected, well paid, and politically powerful. Around 1697-1698 they were even given the right to possess property.
After Isma'il's death
After Isma‘il's death in 1727, the ‘Abid played a key role in the political turmoil that engulfed Morocco, frequently shifting allegiance between different claimants to the throne. The turmoil lasted mostly between 1727 and 1757, when Isma'il's sons fought for control of the sultanate, with few of them ever holding onto power for long. The 'Abid of Isma'il's reign came to wield enormous power and were able to install or depose sultans according to their interests throughout this period, though they also had to compete with the guich tribes and some of the Amazigh (Berber) tribes that the sultans also relied on. Abdallah, one of the most successful rulers during this conflicted period, was initially supported by the 'Abid but eventually made enemies of them after 1733. Eventually he was able to gain advantage over them by forming an alliance with the Amazigh tribe of Ait Idrasin, the Oudaya guich tribe, and the leaders of Fez. This alliance steadily wore down the 'Abid's power and paved the way for their submission in the later part of the 18th century. The military quality of the ‘Abid also went downhill over time, as they were no longer paid as well. Some became brigands, others quit and moved to the cities. Subsequent leaders attempted and some succeeded in resurrecting the group. However, they were never as formidable as they were in Isma‘il's time.
Order was more firmly re-established in Morocco under Abdallah's son, Mohammed ibn Abdallah (Mohammed III), who became sultan in 1757. Many of the 'Abid had by then deserted their contingents and joined the common population of the country, and Mohammed III was able to reorganize those who remained into his own elite military corps. Later, in 1775, he tried to distance the 'Abid from power by ordering their transfer from Meknes to Tangier in the north. The 'Abid resisted him and attempted to proclaim his son Yazid (the later Moulay Yazid) as sultan, but the latter soon changed his mind and was reconciled with his father. After this, Mohammed III dispersed the 'Abid contingents to garrisons in Tangier, Larache, Rabat, Marrakesh and the Sous, where they continued to cause trouble until 1782.
The descendants of the 'Abid continued to be a powerful military contingent under the reign of Moulay Slimane (r. 1792–1822), but they were no longer the sultan's only pillar of military strength. Slimane took measures to curtail their power, such as recruiting tribal levies (as had been common practice before Isma'il's reign) to act as a counterbalance. Some of the 'Abid continue to hold powerful positions in both central and local government. Meknes continued to be one of their main bases during this period. During the later years of his reign, as he faced mounting rebellions and crises, Slimane sought to revive Isma'il's military policies and to re-enlist the Haratin (free black people) into the army. However, political instability rendered this task difficult and the number of Haratin that were enlisted does not appear to have been significant. Slimane's successor, Abd ar-Rahman, also attempted to re-enlist black soldiers in order to strengthen the military in response to the French conquest of Algeria that began in 1830. The trafficking of slaves also remained vigorous during throughout the early 19th century, and Abd ar-Rahman rebuffed British diplomatic requests to end the slave trade. However, after the defeat at the Battle of Isly (1844) and as contacts with Europe increased over the rest of the century, later 'Alawi sultans attempted to reform the military into a "modern" standing army with salaried soldiers instead of the traditional tribal levies. In the process, the number of black 'Abid soldiers also decreased. Under the reign of Moulay Hassan (r. 1873–1894) only about 5000 of them were still serving in the sultan's standing army, generally as cavalrymen. A French scholar who visited Morocco in the 1880s claimed that this number would increase during times of war. Over time, most of the former 'Abid and their descendants had left the army and gained their freedom. They scattered and resettled across the country. As former slaves, their free status was sometimes questioned, but Moroccan religious scholars generally affirmed that they were free. Some black individuals and families continued to hold powerful positions in the Moroccan government. The most notable example is Ahmad ibn Musa, also known Ba Ahmed, whose family monopolized the office of the sultan's hajib (a chamberlain and vizier) under multiple sultans in the 19th century. Ba Ahmed himself acted as de facto ruler of Morocco during the first four years of the reign of 'Abd al-Aziz (r. 1894–1908), whom he helped install on the throne. The trans-Saharan slave trade continued throughout the 19th century, even in the face of European abolitionist pressure, but by 1900 it had been significantly reduced. Slavery was officially abolished in Morocco in 1912, after the imposition of French colonial rule. Some descendants of the 'Abid continued to serve in the government afterwards in various positions.
References
Further reading
Wilfrid Blunt, Black Sunrise: The Life and Times of Mulai Ismail, Emperor of Morocco 1646-1727
Giles Milton, White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million White Slaves
Chouki El Hamel, Black Morocco : A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
See also
Moroccan Royal Guard
Military of Morocco
Royal guards
Private armies
Military history of Morocco
Military units and formations disestablished in 1956
Slave soldiers
Military slavery
Slavery in Morocco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Guard |
This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the Welsh Assembly made in 2001. Statutory Instruments made by the Assembly are numbered in the main United Kingdom series with their own sub-series. The Welsh language has official equal status with the English language in Wales so every Statutory Instrument made by the Assembly is officially published in both English and Welsh. Only the titles of the English-language version are reproduced here. The Statutory Instruments are secondary legislation, deriving their power from the Acts of Parliament establishing and transferring functions and powers to the Welsh Assembly.
1-100
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.2 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 139 (W. 5 ) (C. 7 ))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 2 a Darpariaethau Trosiannol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 139 (Cy. 5 ) (C. 7 ))
The Children’s Homes Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 140 (W. 6 ))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Cartrefi Plant (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 140 (Cy. 6 ))
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 203 (W. 9 ) (C. 10 ))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cefn Gwlad a Hawliau Tramwy 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 203 (Cy. 9 ) (C. 10 ))
The School Milk (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 275 (W. 11))
Rheoliadau Llaeth Ysgol (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 275 (Cy.11))
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 276 (W. 12))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Asesu Adnoddau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 276 (Cy. 12))
The Feeding Stuffs (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 343 (W. 15 ))
Rheoliadau Porthiant (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 343 (Cy.15))
The Tir Gofal (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 423 (W.17))
Rheoliadau Tir Gofal (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 423 (Cy.17))
The Organic Farming Scheme (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 424 (W.18))
Rheoliadau'r Cynllun Ffermio Organig (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 424 (Cy.18))
The National Park Authorities Levies (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 429 (W.19))
Rheoliadau Ardollau Awdurdodau'r Parciau Cenedlaethol (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 429 (Cy. 19))
The Financing of Maintained Schools (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 495 (W. 22 ))
Rheoliadau Ariannu Ysgolion a Gynhelir (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 495 (Cy. 22 ))
The Tir Mynydd (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 496 (W. 23))
Rheoliadau Tir Mynydd (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 496 (Cy. 23))
Local Authorities (Alteration of Requisite Calculations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 559 (W.24))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Addasu Cyfrifiadau Angenrheidiol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 559 (Cy.24))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 572 (W.26))
The Highways Noise Payments (Movable Homes) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 604 (W.27))
Rheoliadau Taliadau Sŵn Priffyrdd (Cartrefi Symudol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 604 (Cy.27))
The Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (Electronic Communications) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 605 (W. 28))
Gorchymyn Deddf Llywodraeth Leol a Thai 1989 (Cyfathrebu Electronig) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 605 (Cy. 28))
The Local Education Authority (Behaviour Support Plans) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 606 (W. 29))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Addysg Lleol (Cynlluniau Cymorth Ymddygiad) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 606 (Cy. 29))
The Homeless Persons (Priority Need) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 607 (W.30))
Gorchymyn Personau Digartref (Angen Blaenoriaethol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 607 (Cy.30))
The Pig Industry Restructuring Grant (Wales) Scheme 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 643 (W. 32))
Cynllun Grantiau Ailstrwythuro'r Diwydiant Moch (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 643 (Cy. 32))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 659 (W.34))
The Education (Pupil Records) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 832 (W.37))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cofnodion Disgyblion) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 832 (Cy. 37))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 833 (W.38))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 833 (Cy.38))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 879 (W. 39))
The Education (National Curriculum) (Key Stage 3 Assessment Arrangements) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 889 (W 40))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Y Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol) (Trefniadau Asesu Cyfnod Allweddol 3) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 889 (Cy. 40))
The Education (Individual Pupils' Achievements) (Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 890 (W. 41))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cyraeddiadau Disgyblion Unigol) (Gwybodaeth) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 890 (Cy. 41))
The Education (Education Standards Grants) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 891 (W.42))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Grantiau Safonau Addysg) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 891 (Cy.42))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 3) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 968 (W.46))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 4) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1033 (W.47))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 3) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1034 (W. 48 ))
The National Health Service (Professions Supplementary to Medicine) Amendment (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1075 (W.51))
Rheoliadau Diwygio'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Proffesiynau sy'n Atodol i Feddygaeth) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1075 (Cy.51))
The Community Charges, Council Tax and Non-Domestic Rating (Enforcement) (Magistrates' Courts) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1076 (W. 52))
Rheoliadau Taliadau Cymunedol, Y Dreth Gyngor ac Ardrethu Annomestig (Gorfodi) (Llysoedd Ynadon) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1076 (Cy. 52))
The Education (Pupil Registration) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1109 (W.53))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cofrestru Disgyblion) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1109 (Cy.53))
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1110 (W.54))
Rheoliadau Adroddiadau Blynyddol Llywodraethwyr Ysgol (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1110 (Cy.54))
The Education (School Information) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1111 (W. 55))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Gwybodaeth Ysgolion) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1111 (Cy. 55))
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1127 (W. 56))
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) (No.2) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1142 (W.57))
The National Health Service Trusts (Cardiff and Vale National Health Service Trust) (Originating Capital) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1153 (W.60))
Gorchymyn Ymddiriedolaethau Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ymddiriedolaeth Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol Caerdydd a'r Fro) (Cyfalaf Cychwynnol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1153 (Cy.60))
The Tir Mynydd (Cross-border Holdings) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1154 (W.61))
Rheoliadau Tir Mynydd (Daliadau Trawsffiniol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1154 (Cy.61))
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) (No. 3) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1176 (W.62))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 3) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1202 (W. 63 ))
The Non-Domestic Rating (Alteration of Lists and Appeals) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1203 (W. 64))
Rheoliadau Ardrethu Annomestig(Newid Rhestri ac Apelau)(Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1203 (Cy. 64 ))
The Smoke Control Areas (Exempted Fireplaces) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1231 (W. 65))
Gorchymyn Ardaloedd Rheoli Mwg (Lleoedd Tân Esempt) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1231 (Cy. 65 ))
The Food Irradiation Provisions (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1232 (W.66))
Rheoliadau Darpariaethau Arbelydru Bwyd (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1232 (Cy.66))
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No.4) (Amendment) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1234 (W. 67 ))
The Plastic Materials and Articles in Contact with Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1263 (W.70))
Rheoliadau Deunyddiau ac Eitemau Plastig mewn Cysylltiad â Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1263 (Cy.70))
The Adoption of Children from Overseas (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1272 (W.71))
Rheoliadau Mabwysiadu Plant o Wledydd Tramor (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1272 (Cy.71))
The Foot-And-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) (No. 4) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1273 (W72))
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement No. 3 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1274 (W. 73 ) (C. 46 ))
Gorchymyn Deddf Dysgu a Medrau 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 3 a Darpariaethau Trosiannol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1274 (Cy. 73 ) (C. 46 ))
The Disabled Facilities Grants and Home Repair Assistance (Maximum Amounts) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1275 (W. 74))
Gorchymyn Grantiau Cyfleusterau i'r Anabl a Chymorth Trwsio Cartrefi (Uchafsymiau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1275 (Cy. 74))
The Local Authorities (Capital Finance) (Rate of Discount for 2001/2002) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1287 (W.75))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cyllid Cyfalaf) (Cyfradd y Disgownt ar gyfer 2001/2002) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1287 (Cy.75))
The National Health Service (Penalty Charge) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1300 (W. 77))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Tâl Cosb) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1300 (Cy. 77))
The Housing (Preservation of Right to Buy) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1301 (W. 78))
Rheoliadau Tai (Cadw'r Hawl i Brynu) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1301 (Cy. 78))
The Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1302 (W. 79))
Rheoliadau Cig (Hylendid ac Archwilio) (Ffioedd) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1302 (Cy. 79))
The Restriction on Pithing (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1303 (W. 80))
Rheoliadau Cyfyngu Pithio (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1303 (Cy. 80))
The Slaughter Premium (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1332 (W.82))
Rheoliadau'r Premiwm Cigydda (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1332 (Cy.82))
The Local Government (Best Value Performance Indicators) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1337 (W.83))
Gorchymyn Llywodraeth Leol (Dangosyddion Perfformiad Gwerth Gorau) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1337 (Cy.83))
The South Wales Sea Fisheries District (Variation) 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1338 (W. 84 ))
Gorchymyn Ardal Pysgodfeydd Môr De Cymru (Amrywio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1338 (Cy. 84 ))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No.4) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1357 (W. 85))
National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1358 (W. 86 ))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd am Gyffuriau a Chyfarpar) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1358 (Cy. 86))
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) and (Dental Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1359 (W.87))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Deintyddol Cyffredinol) a (Ffioedd Deintyddol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1359 (Cy.87))
The Beef Labelling (Enforcement) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1360 (W. 88))
Rheoliadau Labelu Cig Eidion (Gorfodi) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1360 (Cy. 88))
The Spreadable Fats (Marketing Standards) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1361 (W. 89))
Rheoliadau Brasterau Taenadwy (Safonau Marchnata) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1361 (Cy. 89))
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1362 (W.90))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) a (Gwasanaethau Offthalmig Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1362 (Cy.90))
The National Health Service (Pharmaceutical Services) (Amendment) (Wales) 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1396 (W.91))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Fferyllol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1396 (Cy.91))
National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1397 (W.92))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Treuliau Teithio a Pheidio â Chodi Tâl) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1397 (Cy.92))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment)(Wales)(No.5) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1406 (W.93))
The National Assistance (Sums for Personal Requirements) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1408 (W. 94))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Symiau at Anghenion Personol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1408 (Cy. 94))
The National Assistance (Assessment of Resources) (Amendment No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1409 (W. 95))
Rheoliadau Cymorth Gwladol (Asesu Adnoddau) (Diwygio Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1409 (Cy. 95))
The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1410 (W. 96) (C. 50))
Gorchymyn Deddf Cefn Gwlad a Hawliau Tramwy 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1410 (Cy. 96) (C. 50))
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement) (No. 2) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1411 (W.97)(C.51))
Gorchymyn Deddf Llywodraeth Leol 2000 (Cychwyn) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1411 (Cy.97)(C.51))
National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1423 (W.98))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) a (Gwasanaethau Offthalmig Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1423 (Cy.98))
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Disciplinary Functions) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1424 (W.99))
Rheoliadau Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau Disgyblu) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1424 (Cy.99))
The Ancient Monuments (Applications for Scheduled Monument Consent) (Welsh Forms and Particulars) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1438 (W.100))
Rheoliadau Henebion (Ceisiadau am Gydsyniad Heneb Gofrestredig) (Ffurflenni a Manylion Cymraeg) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif. 1438 (Cy.100)])
101-200
The Valuation Tribunals (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1439 (W. 101))
Rheoliadau Tribiwnlysoedd Prisio (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1439 (Cy. 101))
The Coffee Extracts and Chicory Extracts (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1440 (W.102))
Rheoliadau Echdynion Coffi ac Echdynion Sicori (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1440 (Cy.102))
The Local Government Act 2000 (Commencement) (No. 2) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1471 (W.97) (C.51))
Gorchymyn Deddf Llywodraeth Leol 2000 (Cychwyn) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1471 (Cy.97) (C.51))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No.5) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1500 (W. 103 ))
The Prescribed Waste (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1506 (W. 104 ))
Rheoliadau Gwastraff Rhagnodedig (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1506 (Cy. 104 ))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat and Meat Products) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1508 (W. 105))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment)(Wales)(No.6) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1509 (W. 106))
The Artificial Insemination of Cattle (Emergency Licences) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No.1539 (W.107)])
The National Health Service (Payments by Local Authorities to Health Authorities) (Prescribed Functions) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1543 (W.108))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Taliadau gan Awdurdodau Lleol i Awdurdodau Iechyd (Swyddogaethau Rhagnodedig) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1543 (Cy.108))
The Products of Animal Origin (Import and Export) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1660 (W.119))
Rheoliadau Cynhyrchion sy'n Tarddu o Anifeiliaid (Mewnforio ac Allforio) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1660 (Cy. 119))
The Infant Formula and Follow-on Formula (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1690 (W.120))
Rheoliadau Fformwla Fabanod a Fformwla Ddilynol (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1690 (Cy.120))
The Processed Cereal-based Foods and Baby Foods for Infants and Young Children (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1691 (W.121))
Rheoliadau Bwydydd Proses sydd wedi'u Seilio ar Rawn a Bwydydd ar gyfer Babanod a Phlant Ifanc (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1691 (Cy.121))
The Animal By-Products (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1735 (W. 122))
Gorchymyn Sgil-gynhyrchion Anifeiliaid (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1735 (Cy.122))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No.1740 (W.123)])
The Government of Wales Act 1998 (Commencement No.6)Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1756 (C.64))
The Education (Nutritional Standards for School Lunches) (Wales)Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1784 (W. 126))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Safonau Maeth Cinio Ysgol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1784 (Cy. 126))
The Housing (Right to Buy) (Priority of Charges) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1786 (W.127))
Gorchymyn Tai (Hawl i Brynu) (Blaenoriaeth Arwystlon) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1786 (Cy.127))
The Miscellaneous Food Additives (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1787 (W. 128))
Rheoliadau Ychwanegion Bwyd Amrywiol (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1787 (Cy. 128))
The National Health Service (General Medical Services) Amendment (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1788 (W. 129))
Rheoliadau Diwygio'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Meddygol Cyffredinol) (Rhif 2) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1788 (Cy. 129 ))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 6) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1801 (W. 130))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Meat Products, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1802 (W. 131))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No.7) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1874 (W. 134))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (No. 6) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1884 (W. 135))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 7) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1986 (W. 137))
The Education (Extension of Careers Education) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 1987 (W. 138))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Estyn Addysg Gyrfaoedd) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 1987 (Cy. 138))
The Crab Claws (Prohibition of Landing) (Revocation) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2018 (W.139))
Gorchymyn Crafangau Crancod (Gwahardd eu Glanio) (Diddymu) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2018 (Cy.139))
The Undersized Whiting (Revocation) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2019 (W. 140))
Gorchymyn Gwyniaid Rhy Fach (Diddymu) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2019 (Cy. 140))
The Education (Publication of Draft Proposals and Orders) (Further Education Corporations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2069 (W.141))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cyhoeddi Cynigion a Gorchmynion Drafft) (Corfforaethau Addysg Bellach) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2069 (Cy.141))
The Housing Grants (Additional Purposes) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No 2070 (W. 142)])
Gorchymyn Grantiau Tai (Dibenion Ychwanegol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2070 (Cy. 142))
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Forms and Particulars) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2071 (W.143))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Ffurflenni a Manylion a Ragnodir) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2071 (Cy.143))
The Relocation Grants (Forms of Application) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2072 (W.144))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adleoli (Ffurflenni Cais) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2072 (Cy.144))
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2073 (W.145))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif. 2073 (Cy.145)])
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2133 (W. 148))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Deintyddol Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2133 (Cy. 148 ))
The Care Council for Wales (Appointment, Membership and Procedure) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2136 (W.149))
Rheoliadau Cyngor Gofal Cymru (Penodi, Aelodaeth a Gweithdrefn) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2136 (Cy.149))
The Carers (Services) and Direct Payments (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2186 (W. 150 ))
Rheoliadau Gofalwyr (Gwasanaethau) a Thaliadau Uniongyrchol (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2186 (Cy. 150 ))
The Children (Leaving Care) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2189 (W.151))
Rheoliadau Plant (Ymadael â Gofal) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2189 (Cy.151))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.3) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2190 (W.152) (C.70))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 3) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2190 (Cy.152) (C.70))
The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 (Commencement) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2191 (W.153) (C.71))
Gorchymyn Deddf Plant (Ymadael â Gofal) 2000 (Cychwyn) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2191 (Cy.153) (C.71))
The Disabled Children (Direct Payments) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2192 (W. 154))
Rheoliadau Plant Anabl (Taliadau Uniongyrchol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2192 (Cy. 154))
The Common Agricultural Policy (Wine) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2193 (W.155))
Rheoliadau'r Polisi Amaethyddol Cyffredin (Gwin) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2193 (Cy.155))
The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2196 (W. 156) (C. 72))
Gorchymyn Deddf Gofalwyr a Phlant Anabl 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2196 (Cy. 156) (C. 72))
The Contaminated Land (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2197 (W.157))
Rheoliadau Tir Halogedig(Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2197 (Cy.157))
The Meat (Enhanced Enforcement Powers) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2198 (W.158))
Rheoliadau Cig (Pwerau Gorfodi Ehangach) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2198 (Cy.158))
The Gelatine (Intra-Community Trade) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2219 (W.159))
Rheoliadau Gelatin (Masnach o fewn y Gymuned) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2219 (Cy.159))
The Central Rating List (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2222 (W. 160))
Rheoliadau Rhestr Ardrethu Canolog (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2222 (Cy. 160))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 8) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2235 (W.161))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 8) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2236 (W. 162 ))
Gorchymyn Clwy'r Traed a'r Genau (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 8) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2236 (Cy. 162 ))
The Feeding Stuffs (Sampling and Analysis) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2253 (W.163))
Rheoliadau Deunyddiau Porthi (Samplu a Dadansoddi) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2253 (Cy.163))
The Education (School Government) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2263 (W.164))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Llywodraethu Ysgolion) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2263 (Cy.164))
The Commission for Local Administration in Wales and Local Commissioner in Wales (Functions and Expenses) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2275 (W. 165 ))
Rheoliadau'r Comisiwn dros Weinyddu Lleol yng Nghymru a Chomisiynydd Lleol yng Nghymru (Swyddogaethau a Threuliau) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2275 (Cy. 165 ))
The Conduct of Members (Principles) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2276 (W.166))
Gorchymyn Ymddygiad Aelodau (Egwyddorion) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2276 (Cy.166))
The Local Authorities (Proposals for Executive Arrangements) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2277 (W. 167 ))
Gorchymyn Awdurdodau Lleol (Cynigion ar gyfer Trefniadau Gweithrediaeth) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2277 (Cy. 167 ))
The Code of Conduct (Non-Qualifying Local Government Employees) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2278 (W.168))
Rheoliadau Cod Ymddygiad (Cyflogeion Anghymwys Llywodraeth Leol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2278 (Cy.168))
The Standards Committees (Grant of Dispensations) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2279 (W. 169 ))
Rheoliadau Pwyllgorau Safonau (Caniatáu Gollyngiadau) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2279 (Cy. 169 ))
The Code of Conduct (Qualifying Local Government Employees) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2280 (W.170))
Gorchymyn Cod Ymddygiad (Cyflogeion Cymwys Llywodraeth Leol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2280 (Cy.170))
Local Government Investigations (Functions of Monitoring Officers and Standards Committees)(Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2281 (W. 171 ))
Rheoliadau Ymchwiliadau Llywodraeth Leol (Swyddogaethau Swyddogion Monitro a Phwyllgorau Safonau) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2281 (Cy. 171 ))
The Standards Committees (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2283 (W.172))
Rheoliadau Pwyllgorau Safonau (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2283 (Cy.172))
The Local Authorities (Alternative Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2284 (W.173))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Trefniadau Amgen) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2284 (Cy.173))
The Local Commissioner in Wales (Standards Investigations) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2286 (W. 174 ))
Gorchymyn Comisiynydd Lleol yng Nghymru (Ymchwiliadau Safonau) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2286 (Cy. 174 ))
The Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Discharge of Functions) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2287 (W. 175 ))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Trefniadau Gweithrediaeth) (Cyflawni Swyddogaethau) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2287 (Cy. 175 ))
The Adjudications by Case Tribunals and Interim Case Tribunals (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2288 (W. 176))
Rheoliadau Dyfarniadau gan Dribiwnlysoedd Achos a Thribiwnlysoedd Achos Interim (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2288 (Cy. 176))
The Conduct of Members (Model Code of Conduct) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2289 (W.177))
Gorchymyn Ymddygiad Aelodau (Cod Ymddygiad Enghreifftiol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2289 (Cy.177))
Local Authorities (Executive Arrangements) (Decisions, Documents and Meetings) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2290 (W. 178))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Trefniadau Gweithrediaeth) (Penderfyniadau, Dogfennau a Chyfarfodydd) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2290 (Cy. 178))
The Local Authorities Executive Arrangements (Functions and Responsibilities) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2291 (W.179))
Rheoliadau Trefniadau Gweithrediaeth Awdurdodau Lleol (Swyddogaethau a Chyfrifoldebau) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2291 (Cy.179))
The Local Authorities (Referendums) (Petitions and Directions) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2292 (W.180))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Refferenda) (Deisebau a Chyfarwyddiadau) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2292 (Cy.180))
Local Authorities (Proposals for Alternative Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2293 (W. 181))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Cynigion ar gyfer Trefniadau Amgen) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2293 (Cy. 181))
The Prescribed Waste (Wales) (Revocation) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2302 (W. 190))
Rheoliadau Gwastraff Rhagnodedig (Cymru) (Diddymu) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif. 2302 (Cy. 190)])
The Environment Act 1995 (Commencement and Saving Provision) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2351 (W. 191) (C. 79))
Gorchymyn Deddf yr Amgylchedd 1995 (Cychwyn a Darpariaeth Arbed Tir Halogedig) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2351 (Cy. 191) (C. 79))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2354 (W.192) (C.80))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 4) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2354 (Cy.192) (C.80))
The Potatoes Originating in Egypt (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2356 (W.194))
Rheoliadau Tatws sy'n Deillio o'r Aifft (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2356 (Cy.194))
Valuation for Rating (Plant and Machinery) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2357 (W. 195))
Rheoliadau Prisio ar gyfer Ardrethu (Peiriannau a Pheirianwaith) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2357 (Cy. 195))
The National Health Service (Charges for Drugs and Appliances) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2359 (W. 196))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd am Gyffuriau a Chyfarpar) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2359 (Cy. 196))
The BSE Monitoring (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2360 (W.197))
Rheoliadau Monitro BSE (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2360 (Cy.197))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Prohibition of Vaccination) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2374 (W. 198))
The Agricultural Processing and Marketing Grant (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2446 (W.199))
Rheoliadau Grant Prosesu a Marchnata Amaethyddol (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2446 (Cy.199))
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Functions) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2496 (W. 200))
Rheoliadau Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2496 (Cy. 200))
201-300
The General Teaching Council for Wales (Additional Functions) (Amendment) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2497 (W. 201))
Gorchymyn Cyngor Addysgu Cyffredinol Cymru (Swyddogaethau Ychwanegol) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2497 (Cy. 201))
The Education (School Day and School Year) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2499 (W.202))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Y Diwrnod Ysgol a'r Flwyddyn Ysgol) (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2499 (Cy.202))
The Plant Health (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2500 (W.203))
Gorchymyn Iechyd Planhigion (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2500 (Cy.203))
The Inspection of Education and Training (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2501 (W.204))
Rheoliadau Arolygu Addysg a Hyfforddiant (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2501 (Cy.204))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.5 and Transitional Provisions) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2504 (W.205) (C.82))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 5 a Darpariaethau Trosiannol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2504 (Cy.205) (C.82))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 9) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2529 (W. 207))
The Seeds (Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2533 (W.210))
Rheoliadau Hadau (Ffïoedd) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2533 (Cy.210))
The Teacher Training Incentive (Further Education) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2536 (W.211))
Rheoliadau Cymhellion Hyfforddi Athrawon (Addysg Bellach) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2536 (Cy.211))
The Agricultural Subsidies (Appeals) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2537 (W.212))
Rheoliadau Cymorthdaliadau Amaethyddol (Apelau) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2537 (Cy.212))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No.6) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2538 (W.213) (C.83))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 6) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2538 (Cy.213) (C.83))
The Welsh Language Schemes (Public Bodies) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2550 (W.215))
Gorchymyn Cynlluniau Iaith Gymraeg (Cyrff Cyhoeddus) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2550 (Cy.215))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Marking of Meat, Meat Products, Minced Meat and Meat Preparations) (Wales) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2627 (W. 216 ))
Rheoliadau Clwy'r Traed a'r Genau (Marcio Cig, Cynhyrchion Cig, Briwgig a Pharatoadau Cig) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2627 (Cy. 216 ))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No.9) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2628 (W. 217 ))
Rheoliadau Cyfyngiadau Mewnforio ac Allforio (Clwy'r Traed a'r Genau) (Cymru) (Rhif 9) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2628 (Cy. 217 ))
The Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2662 (W.218))
Gorchymyn Cludo Anifeiliaid (Glanhau a Diheintio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2662 (Cy.218))
The Change of Category of Maintained Schools (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2678 (W.219))
Rheoliadau Newid Categori Ysgolion a Gynhelir (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2678 (Cy.219))
The Sweeteners in Food (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2679 (W. 220))
Rheoliadau Melysyddion mewn Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2679 (Cy. 220))
The Education (Assisted Places) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2680 (W.221))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2680 (Cy.221))
The Street Works (Inspection Fees) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2681 (W.222))
Rheoliadau Gweithfeydd Stryd (Ffioedd Archwilio) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2681 (Cy.222))
The Welfare of Farmed Animals (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2682 (W.223))
Rheoliadau Lles Anifeiliaid a Ffermir (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2682 (Cy.223))
The Air Quality Limit Values (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2683 (W.224))
Rheoliadau Gwerthoedd Terfyn Ansawdd Aer (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif. 2683 (Cy.224 )])
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Commencement No. 4) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2705 (W.225) (C.90))
Gorchymyn Deddf Dysgu a Medrau 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 4) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2705 (Cy.225) (C.90))
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2706 (W.226))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Deintyddol Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2706 (Cy.226))
The Education (Assisted Places) (Incidental Expenses) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2708 (W.227))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Lleoedd a Gynorthwyir) (Mân Dreuliau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2708 (Cy.227))
The Education (Foundation Body) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2709 (W.228))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cyrff Sefydledig) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2709 (Cy.228))
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2732 (W.231))
Rheoliadau Deunydd Risg Penodedig (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2732 (Cy.231))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Ascertainment of Value) (Wales) (No. 5) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2771 (W. 232))
The Processed Animal Protein (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2780 (W.233))
Rheoliadau Protein Anifeiliaid wedi'i Brosesu (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2780 (Cy.233))
The Local Authorities (Members' Allowances) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2781 (W.234))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Lwfansau Aelodau) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2781 (Cy.234))
The Care Standards Act 2000 (Commencement No. 7) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2782 (W.235)(C.92))
Gorchymyn Deddf Safonau Gofal 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 7) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2782 (Cy.235) (C.92))
The Children’s Commissioner for Wales Act 2001 (Commencement) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2783 (W.236)(C.93))
Gorchymyn Deddf Comisiynydd Plant Cymru 2001(Cychwyn) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2783 (Cy.236) (C.93))
The Children’s Commissioner for Wales Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2787 (W.237))
Rheoliadau Comisiynydd Plant Cymru 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2787 (Cy.237))
The Transport Act 2000 (Commencement No.1) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2788 (W.238) (C.94))
Gorchymyn Deddf Trafnidiaeth 2000 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2788 (Cy.238) (C.94))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 9) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2813 (W.242))
The National Assembly for Wales (Elections: Nomination Papers) (Welsh Form) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2914 (W.244))
Gorchymyn Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru (Etholiadau: Papurau Enwebu) (Ffurflen Gymraeg) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2914 (Cy. 244))
The Limited Liability Partnerships (Welsh Language Forms) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2917)
Rheoliadau (Ffurflenni Cymraeg) Partneriaethau Atebolrwydd Cyfyngedig 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2917)
The Local Elections (Declaration of Acceptance of Office) (Amendment) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2963 (W.245))
Gorchymyn Etholiadau Lleol (Datganiad Derbyn Swydd) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif. 2963 (Cy.245)])
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 10) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2981 (W.248))
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2982 (W.249))
Gorchymyn Daliadau Amaethyddol (Unedau Cynhyrchu) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2982 (Cy.249))
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales) (No.2) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 2983 (W. 250 ))
Gorchymyn Daliadau Amaethyddol (Unedau Cynhyrchu) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 2983 (Cy. 250 ))
The Agricultural Holdings (Units of Production) (Wales)(No.3) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3064 (W. 253 ))
Gorchymyn Daliadau Amaethyddol (Unedau Cynhyrchu) (Cymru) (Rhif 3) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3064 (Cy. 253 ))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 11) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3145 (W.260))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 9) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3283 (W.272))
The National Health Service (Travelling Expenses and Remission of Charges) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3322 (W.275))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Treuliau Teithio a Pheidio â Chodi Tâl) (Diwygio) (Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3322 (Cy.275))
The National Health Service (Optical Charges and Payments) and (General Ophthalmic Services) (Amendment) (No.3) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3323 (W.276))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Ffioedd a Thaliadau Optegol) a (Gwasanaethau Offthalmig Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Rhif 3) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3323 (Cy.276))
The Children (Protection from Offenders) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3443 (W.278))
Rheoliadau Plant (Eu Hamddiffyn rhag Tramgwyddwyr) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3443 (Cy.278))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 10) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3459 (W.279))
The Feeding Stuffs and the Feeding Stuffs (Enforcement) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3461 (W.280))
Rheoliadau Diwygio Rheoliadau Porthiant (Cymru) a Rheoliadau Porthiant (Gorfodi) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3461 (Cy.280))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 10) (Fees) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3511 (W.282))
Rheoliadau Cyfyngiadau Mewnforio ac Allforio (Clwy'r Traed a'r Genau) (Cymru) (Rhif 10) (Ffioedd) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3511 (Cy.282))
The Local Government Elections (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3540 (W.287))
Gorchymyn Etholiadau Lleol (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3540 (Cy.287))
The Potatoes Originating in Germany, Notification (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3541 (W.288))
Gorchymyn Hysbysu ynghylch Tatws sy'n Deillio o'r Almaen (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3541 (Cy.288))
The Special Waste (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3545 (W.289))
Rheoliadau Gwastraff Arbennig (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif. 3545 (Cy.289)])
The Specified Risk Material (Amendment) (Wales) (No.2) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3546 (W.290))
Rheoliadau Deunydd Risg Penodedig (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3546 (Cy.290))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 11) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3589 (W.293))
The Beet Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3658 (W. 295 ))
Rheoliadau Hadau Betys (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3658 (Cy. 295 ))
The Cereal Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3664 (W. 296 ))
Rheoliadau Hadau Grawnfwydydd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3664 (Cy. 296 ))
The Fodder Plant Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3665 (W.297))
Rheoliadau Hadau Planhigion Porthiant (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3665 (Cy.297))
The Seed Potatoes (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3666 (W. 298 ))
Rheoliadau Tatws Hadyd (Diwylgio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3666 (Cy. 298 ))
The Vegetable Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3667 (W.299))
Rheoliadau Hadau Llysiau (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3667 (Cy.299))
The Oil and Fibre Plant Seeds (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3669 (W.300))
Rheoliadau Hadau Planhigion Olew a Ffibr (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3669 (Cy.300))
301-400
The Abolition of the Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce (Consequential Provisions)(Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3680 (W.301))
Rheoliadau Dileu'r Bwrdd Ymyrraeth ar gyfer Cynnyrch Amaethyddol (Darpariaethau Canlyniadol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3680 (Cy.301))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-And-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 12) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3705 (W.302))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 12) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3706 (W.303))
The Education (Schools and Further and Higher Education) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3708 (W.304))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Ysgolion ac Addysg Bellach ac Uwch) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3708 (Cy.304))
The Farm Waste Grant (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones) (Wales) Scheme 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3709 (W.305))
Cynllun Grantiau Gwastraff Fferm (Parthau Perygl Nitradau) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3709 (Cy.305))
The Learning and Skills Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments) (Schools) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3710 (W.306))
Rheoliadau Deddf Dysgu a Medrau 2000 (Diwygiadau Canlyniadol) (Ysgolion) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3710 (Cy.306))
The Parent Governor Representatives and Church Representatives (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3711 (W.307))
Rheoliadau Cynrychiolwyr Rhiant -lywodraethwyr a Chynrychiolwyr Eglwysig (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3711 (Cy.307))
The Local Authorities (Approved Investments) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3731 (W.308))
Rheoliadau Awdurdodau Lleol (Buddsoddiadau wedi'u Cymeradwyo) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3731 (Cy.308))
The Accounts and Audit (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3760 (W.309))
Rheoliadau Cyfrifon ac Archwilio (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3760 (Cy.309))
The Plant Health (Amendment) (Wales) (No.2) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3761 (W.310))
Gorchymyn Iechyd Planhigion (Diwygio) (Cymru) (Rhif 2) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3761 (Cy.310))
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels)(Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3762 (W.311))
Rheoliadau Ardaloedd Rheoli Mwg (Tanwyddau Awdurdodedig) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3762 (Cy.311))
The Mandatory Travel Concessions (Reimbursement Arrangements) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3764 (W.312))
Rheoliadau Consesiynau Teithio Gorfodol (Trefniadau Ad-dalu) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3764 (Cy.312))
The Travel Concessions (Extension of Entitlement) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3765 (W313))
Gorchymyn Consesiynau Teithio (Estyn yr Hawl i'w Cael) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3765 (Cy.313))
The Farm Enterprise Grant and Farm Improvement Grant (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3806 (W.314))
Rheoliadau Grant Menter Ffermydd a Grant Gwella Ffermydd (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3806 (Cy.314))
The Health and Social Care Act 2001 (Commencement No. 1) (Wales) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3807 (W.315)(C.124))
Gorchymyn Deddf Iechyd a Gofal Cymdeithasol 2001 (Cychwyn Rhif 1) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3807 (Cy.315) (C.124))
The South Wales Sea Fisheries Committee (Levies) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3811 (W.316))
Rheoliadau Pwyllgor Pysgodfeydd Môr De Cymru (Ardollau) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3811 (Cy.316))
The Meat (Hygiene and Inspection) (Charges) (Amendment) (No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3831 (W.317))
Rheoliadau Cig (Hylendid ac Archwilio) (Taliadau) (Rhif 2) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3831 (Cy.317))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 13) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3865 (W.318))
The Education (External Qualifications) (Description of Tests) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3901 (W.319))
Rheoliadau Addysg (Cymwysterau Allanol) (Disgrifiad o Brofion) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3901 (Cy.319))
The Education (Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales) (Conferment of Function) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3907 (W.320))
Gorchymyn Addysg (Awdurdod Cymwysterau, Cwricwlwm ac Asesu Cymru) (Rhoi Swyddogaeth) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3907 (Cy.320))
The Colours in Food (Amendment)(Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3909 (W.321))
Rheoliadau Lliwiau mewn Bwyd (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3909 (Cy.321))
The Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3910 (W.322))
Rheoliadau Cyfraniadau Ardrethu Annomestig (Cymru) (Diwygio) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3910 (Cy.322))
The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3911 (W.323))
The Preserved Rights (Transfer of Responsibilities to Local Authorities) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3985 (W.326))
Rheoliadau Hawliau Cadw (Trosglwyddo Cyfrifoldebau i'r Awdurdodau Lleol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3985 (Cy.326))
The Smoke Control Areas (Authorised Fuels) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 3996 (W.327))
Rheoliadau Ardaloedd Rheoli Mwg (Tanwyddau Awdurdodedig) (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 3996 (Cy.327))
The National Health Service (General Dental Services) (Amendment) (No.3) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4000 (W.328))
Rheoliadau'r Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol (Gwasanaethau Deintyddol Cyffredinol) (Diwygio) (Rhif 3) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 4000 (Cy.328))
The Countryside Access (Draft Maps) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4001 (W.329))
Rheoliadau Mynediad i Gefn Gwlad (Mapiau Drafft) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 4001 (Cy.329))
The Countryside Access (Local Access Forums) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4002 (W.330))
Rheoliadau Mynediad i Gefn Gwlad (Fforymau Mynediad Lleol) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 4002 (Cy.330))
The Environmental Protection (Restriction on Use of Lead Shot) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4003 (W.331))
Rheoliadau Diogelu'r Amgylchedd (Cyfyngu'r Defnydd ar Beledi Plwm) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 4003 (Cy.331))
The Housing Renewal Grants (Prescribed Forms and Particulars) (Amendment No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4006 (W.332))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Ffurflenni a Manylion a Ragnodir) (Diwygiad Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 4006 (Cy.332))
The Housing Renewal Grants (Amendment No.2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4007 (W.333))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adnewyddu Tai (Diwygiad Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 4007 (Cy.333))
The Relocation Grants (Forms of Application) (Amendment No. 2) (Wales) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4008 (W.334))
Rheoliadau Grantiau Adleoli (Ffurflenni Cais) (Diwygio Rhif 2) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 4008 (Cy.334))
The Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Amendment) (Wales) (No. 13) Order 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4009 (W.335))
The Import and Export Restrictions (Foot-and-Mouth Disease) (Wales) (No. 14) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4047 (W.338))
The BSE Monitoring (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2001 (S.I. 2001 No. 4048 (W.339))
Rheoliadau Monitro BSE (Diwygio) (Cymru) 2001 (S.I. 2001 Rhif 4048 (Cy.339))
External links
Welsh SI List
2001
Welsh Assembly Statutory Instruments
2001 in Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20Welsh%20Assembly%2C%202001 |
Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 2 (DSS2), as the successor to DSS1, is also a digital signalling protocol (D channel protocol) used for the B-ISDN.
References
Integrated Services Digital Network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Subscriber%20System%20No.%202 |
Ben Caldwell is an American artist known for his work in toy design, animation development, children's book illustration, and comic book illustration.
Early life
Ben Caldwell graduated from the Parsons School of Design for Illustration, and Eugene Lang College for Ancient History.
Career
Most of Caldwell's work has been for DC Comics, Marvel Comics, Sterling Books, and ToyBiz (on projects including The Lord of the Rings, Spider-Man, X-Men, World Championship Wrestling, and Harry Potter). His comics cover work includes Justice League Unlimited, Red Sonja, Vampirella, All-Star Batman, John Carter of Mars/Mars Attacks, and Snagglepuss Chronicles. Caldwell's book and comic credits started with Wonder Woman children's books and the initial Star Wars: Clone Wars comic. Later comic work includes many one-shot and supplementary stories such as The Suicide Squad vs The Banana Splits, Superboy: Future's End, Justice League Unlimited, Convergence: Infinity Inc vs Jonah Hex, and random misadventures of Harley Quinn.
Ben Caldwell's most widely known work is the Action! Cartooning series of 'how-to' books and the All-Action Classics comics including Dracula, Tom Sawyer, The Odyssey, and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz for Sterling; script and art for an oversized (and polarizing) Wonder Woman story for DC Comics' Wednesday Comics series; the award-winning 2015 Prez reboot miniseries from DC Comics (w. Mark Russell), a 2016 run on A-Force for Marvel Comics (w. Kelly Thompson), and an as-yet untitled Carrie Kelley graphic novel (w. Frank Miller).
Caldwell began his comics career with the creator-owned and award-losing Dare Detectives comic, which has been reprinted or rebooted at various times. "Dare" was inspired by his Eighth Grade algebra class, as a way to avoid Eighth Grade Algebra.
Personal life
Ben Caldwell lives in Pennsylvania with his family and large collection of Chinese murder mysteries.
References
External links
Action! Cartooning (official site)
https://www.amazon.com/Dare-Detectives-Snow-Pea-Plot/dp/1936393417
Parsons School of Design alumni
Living people
1973 births
American cartoonists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Caldwell%20%28cartoonist%29 |
A book curse was a widely employed method of discouraging the theft of manuscripts during the medieval period in Europe. The use of book curses dates back much further, to pre-Christian times, when the wrath of gods was invoked to protect books and scrolls.
Usually invoking threat of excommunication, or anathema, the more creative and dramatic detail the better. Generally located in the first or last page of a volume as part of the colophon, these curses were often considered the only defense in protection of highly coveted books and manuscripts. This was notably a time in which people believed in curses, which was critical to its effect, thus believing that, if a person stole or ripped out a page, they were destined to die an agonizing death. With the introduction of the printing press, these curses instead became “bookplates [which] enabled users to declare ownership through a combination of visual, verbal, and textual resources. For the first time, warning, threatening, and cursing had become multimodal."
A book curse might read, for example, “If anyone take away this book, let him die the death; let him be fried in a pan; let the falling sickness and fever seize him; let him be broken on the wheel, and hanged. Amen.”
History
Ancient curses
The earliest known book curse can be traced to Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria from 668 to 627 BC, who had the following curse written on many or all of the tablets collected at the library at Ninevah, considered to be the earliest example of a systematically collected library:
I have transcribed upon tablets the noble products of the work of the scribe which none of the kings who have gone before me had learned, together with the wisdom of Nabu insofar as it existeth [in writing]. I have arranged them in classes, I have revised them and I have placed them in my palace, that I, even I, the ruler who knoweth the light of Ashur, the king of the gods, may read them. Whosoever shall carry off this tablet, or shall inscribe his name on it, side by side with mine own, may Ashur and Belit overthrow him in wrath and anger, and may they destroy his name and posterity in the land.
Another curse from Ninevah states: "Whoever removes [the tablet], writes his name in the place of my name, may Ashur and Ninlil, angered and grim, cast him down, erase his name, his seed, in the land. Other book curses were more discreet: “He who fears Anu, Enlil, and Ea will return it to the owner’s house the same day”, and “He who fears Anu and Antu will take care of it and respect it”.
Because these tablets were made of clay, and thus easily vandalized, there were specific curses to protect against such acts, such as: “In the name of Nabu and Marduk, do not rub out the text!” Nabu was the Babylonian god of writing and wisdom, son of Marduk and Sarpanitu. A more detailed curse to prevent vandalism went as follows:
He who breaks this tablet or puts it in water or rubs it until you cannot recognize it [and] cannot make it to be understood, may Ashur, Sin, Shamash, Adad and Ishtar, Bel, Nergal, Ishtar of Nineveh, Ishtar of Arbela, Ishtar of Bit Kidmurri, the gods of heaven and earth and the gods of Assyria, may all these curse him with a curse that cannot be relieved, terrible and merciless, as long as he lives, may they let his name, his seed, be carried off from the land, may they put his flesh in a dog’s mouth.
Book curses date back to the creation of libraries themselves. Ancient librarians have historically regarded book thieves on par with murderers and blasphemers. Ancient librarians invoked the wrath of the gods upon book thieves and vandals. Ancient curses were even used to discourage lending books to others. One such curse stated: “He who entrusts [this book] to [others’] hands, may all the gods who are found in Babylon curse him!”
Medieval curses
In their medieval usage, many of these curses vowed that harsh repercussions would be inflicted on anyone who appropriated the work from its proper owner. The punishments usually included excommunication, damnation, or anathema. Excommunication was the lightest of the curses because it is a reversible state. Both excommunication and anathema required identification of the guilty party as well as action on the part of the Church. Damnation had the benefit of not requiring human intervention as it was a state that the Creator, not the Church, visited instantly upon the soul of the perpetrator. All three types of curses were considered to be effective deterrents against the book thief.
At the time, these curses provided a significant social and religious penalty for those who would steal or deface books, which were all considered to be precious works before the advent of the printing press. Writes Stephen Greenblatt, in The Swerve: How the World Became Modern: “Books were scarce and valuable. They conferred prestige on the monastery that possessed them, and the monks were not inclined to let them out of their sight. On occasion monasteries tried to secure their possession by freighting their precious manuscripts with curses.”
One oft-quoted example of a book curse, purportedly from a Barcelona monastery, is actually fictional, taken from the 1909 hoax The Old Librarian's Almanack:
And what Condemnation shall befit the accurst Wretch (for he cannot justly claim the title of Man) who pilfers and purloins for his own selfish ends such a precious article as a Book? I am reminded of the Warning display'd in the Library of the Popish Monastery of San Pedro at Barcelona. This is the version English'd by Sir Matthew Manhan, who saw it writ in Latin in the Monastery, as he himself describes in his learn'd Book, Travels in Spanish Countries, 1712.
The Warning reads thusly: "For him that stealeth a Book from this Library, let it change to a Serpent in his hand and rend him. Let him be struck with Palsy, and all his Members blasted. Let him languish in Pain, crying aloud for Mercy and let there be no surcease to his Agony till he sink to Dissolution. Let Book-worms gnaw his Entrails in token of the Worm that dieth not, and when at last he goeth to his final Punishment let the Flames of Hell consume him for ever and aye."
Medieval scribes wrote most curses in the book's colophon. This was the one place in a medieval manuscript where a scribe was free to write what he wished, so book curses tend to be unique to each book. Occasionally, a clever scribe would put a curse in the form of a rhyme:
Steal not this book my honest friend
For fear the gallows should be your end,
And when you die the Lord will say
And where's the book you stole away?
Marc Drogin’s book, Anathema! Medieval Scribes and the History of Book Curses, has been paramount in further understanding the concept of book curses, particularly those from the medieval ages, as he compiled the largest collection of curses thus far. According to Drogin, book curses are evidence of how valuable books were to the scribes and scholars of those days. Drogin also goes to some length in explaining how books were made in the era of monastic scribes, illuminated manuscripts, and parchment. The physical labor and resources necessary in producing a single volume serves to explain why scribes were so inclined to take drastic measures to protect them.
May the sword of anathema slay
If anyone steals this book away.
Si quis furetur,
Anathematis ense necetur.
Since Nabu first used his own name to invoke a book curse, this practice has evolved. Using the book owner’s name has changed from medieval to modern times as a way to mark ownership of books. After the invention of the printing press, to protect books, hand-written book curses evolved into printed bookplates that were pasted to the front covers of books, usually styled ex libris, then to the owner’s name. This practice has changed again back to using handwritten names on the interior front cover of books.
Volumen de naturalibus · aristotelis · de Claustro Roffensis · Per Johannem Priorem Roffensis Hunc librum quicumque alienauerit ab hoc cla[u]stro · alienatum celauerit · uel hunc titulum in fraudem deleuerit ; dampnacionem incurrit Anathematis lati singulis annis a Priore et totu cetu capituli Roffensis.
In contrast, a scribe from the Evesham Abbey wrote a "A colophon that praises the scribe’s work — and requests high-quality wine (‘vini nobilis haustum’) for him as a reward — ends with a curse in which the book’s thief is wished a ‘death from evil things: may the thief of this book die’ (Morteque malorum: raptor libri moriatur)".
Edwardian curses
Book curses continued into Edwardian Britain, as an aspect of property ownership. However, by this time, curses were included more as a tradition than a real threat.
Document curse
A significant subset of the book curse is the document curse. These curses were employed in much the same way as the book curse, but with one significant difference; while book curses almost always protected a physical book (or tablet), document curses were generally worded to protect the text of the document that contained them. They were often found in wills, grants, charters and sometimes in writs. Document curses show an intersection between Christian beliefs, pagan practices, and legal proceedings.
A scribe added a curse to the end of the book of Revelation, which reads:I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if any one adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book, and if any one takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God will take away his share in the tree of life in the holy city, which are described in this book.
One document curse from an Anglo-Saxon will written in AD 1046 reads:And he who shall detract from my will which I have now declared in the witness of God, may he be deprived of joy on this earth, and may the Almighty Lord who created and made all creatures exclude him from the fellowship of all saints on the Day of Judgement, and may he be delivered into the abyss of hell to Satan the devil and all his accursed companions and there suffer with God's adversaries without end and never trouble my heirs.Another document curse from a land grant in AD 934 reads: If however, which God forbid, anyone puffed up with the pride of arrogance shall try to destroy or infringe this little document of my agreement and confirmation, let him know that on the last and fearful Day of Assembly when the trumpet of the archangel is clanging the call and bodies are leaving the foul graveyards, he will burn with Judas the committer of impious treachery, and also with the miserable Jews blaspheming with sacrilegious mouth Christ on the altar of the cross in eternal confusion in the devouring flames of blazing torments in punishments without end.
See also
Book rhyme
Curse of the Pharaohs
References
Further reading
Book terminology
Curses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20curse |
Paul Giesler (15 June 1895 – 8 May 1945) was a German Nazi Party functionary responsible for acts of brutality which included killing opponents of the regime in southern Germany. He first joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1922; he reenrolled on 1 January 1928 with Party number 72,741. From 1941 he was Gauleiter of Westphalia-South (Westfalen-Süd) and in 1942 was appointed to the position for the Gau Munich-Upper Bavaria (Gau München-Oberbayern). From 2 November 1942 to 28 April 1945 he was also Minister-President (Ministerpräsident) of Bavaria.
Life and career
The trained architect was from 1924 a Party speaker, from 1929 a Nazi Party district leader (Ortsgruppenleiter), and from January 1931 a member of the SA. In November 1933 he was elected to the Reichstag. During these early years he served chiefly in multiple SA leadership posts, rising to the rank of SA-Brigadeführer by 20 April 1934. During the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, he only narrowly missed being arrested and murdered. Brought up on charges before the Supreme Party Court, he was acquitted in April 1935. He resumed his SA career and, when the war began, he served in the Poland and France campaigns.
Only from August 1941 did Giesler once again take up important Party functions, at Martin Bormann's instigation, first becoming Gauleiter of Gau Westphalia-South on 9 November 1941 and a member of the Prussian State Council. Then on 23 June 1942, he was made Acting Gauleiter of Munich-Upper Bavaria during Adolf Wagner's illness. Retaining his position in Westphalia-South, Giesler was in command of two Gaue until he turned over the Westphalia position to Albert Hoffmann on 26 January 1943. When Wagner died on 12 April 1944, Giesler was made permanent Gauleiter in Munich. After Ludwig Siebert's death on 1 November 1942, he was also appointed acting Ministerpräsident of Bavaria. He thus accumulated both high party and governmental offices. On 16 November 1942, he was appointed the Reich Defense Commissioner for both his Gaue. On 30 January 1943 he was promoted to SA-Obergruppenführer.
In Munich, Giesler was known for speaking out against higher education for women, provoking student walk-outs of his speeches. He was also known for the capture and defeat of the White Rose (Weiße Rose) student resistance movement. In April 1945, he was appointed Reich Defense Commissioner - South and, in addition to his own Gau, was placed in charge of Gau Swabia, Reichsgau Salzburg, Reichsgau Upper Danube and Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg. With help from SS units he brutally quelled the "Freedom Action Bavaria" ("Freiheitsaktion Bayern") uprising under Captain Dr. Rupprecht Gerngroß in Munich. Reflecting Giesler's fanatically loyal Nazi outlook, he was named Reichsminister for the Interior in Adolf Hitler's will of 29 April 1945, though he never had the chance to assume this post.
As American troops approached, Giesler was reported to be planning the murder of the surviving inmates at Dachau concentration camp and several of its satellite camps in March 1945, on the authority of Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Chief of the RSHA. In a 20 November 1945 interrogation of Giesler's Gaustabsamtsleiter, Hubertus "Bertus" Gerdes by Special Agent Johannes Imhoff of the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), Nürnberg Sub-Regional Office, Gerdes spoke of his role in sabotaging the plans for mass murder. In August 1946, in testimony given to the International Military Tribunal by Karl von Eberstein, he claimed he was ordered to use his influence with the commandant of Dachau (SS-Obersturmbannführer Eduard Weiter) to have 25,000 prisoners shot when the U.S. approached. If this couldn't be done, then Giesler, in his capacity as a Reich Defense Commissioner, would order the Luftwaffe to bomb the camp. Eberstein refused to order the shooting of the prisoners and stated that it would be impossible to find any Luftwaffe commander to give the order to bomb. Giesler then said he would poison the prisoners; Eberstein claimed he stopped Giesler by obtaining an order from Himmler to simply surrender the camps. Giesler then fired Eberstein on 20 April, on orders of Martin Bormann, for 'defeatism'.
During the last days of Nazi Germany, Giesler was behind the worst of the violence directed against "defeatists" and those seeking to surrender their districts without pointless destruction, the Penzberger Mordnacht (Night of Penzberg Murder) being one of the best-known examples of this. When it was reported to Giesler that three people had been shot in another incident in Burghausen he retorted "What, only three?"
On 8 May 1945, the day the Nazis capitulated to the Allies, Giesler and his wife and their children committed suicide, fearing capture by American troops as they fled Berchtesgaden. A local doctor practicing in Stanggass, Dr. Gottschalk, certified Giesler's death on 8 May 1945, and he was buried in the cemetery in Berchtesgaden on 10 May 1945. His remains were later disinterred and reburied elsewhere. Giesler, an unquestioning follower of Hitler, ruled with ruthless efficiency and almost unlimited power in the last war years in Bavaria.
Awards and decorations
1914 Iron Cross 2nd Class
1914 Iron Cross 1st Class
1918 Wound Badge
1931 Brunswick Rally Badge, c.1931
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard, February 1934
Golden Party Badge, 1934
The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 with Swords, c.1934
Clasp to the Iron Cross 2nd Class, October 1939
1939 Wound Badge in Silver, 1940
War Merit Cross 2nd Class without Swords
War Merit Cross 1st Class without Swords
Nazi Party Long Service Award in Bronze
Nazi Party Long Service Award in Silver
Notes
References
External links
Detailed biography of Paul Giesler (Historisches Centrum Hagen)
Town of Siegen: Paul Giesler's life path
Hitler's will from 29 April 1945 (all in German)
Picture of Paul Giesler, undated Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1895 births
1945 deaths
1945 suicides
20th-century Lutherans
Gauleiters
German Army personnel of World War I
German Lutherans
German mass murderers
German National People's Party politicians
Joint suicides by Nazis
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Ministers-President of Bavaria
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
People from Siegen
Politicians from the Province of Westphalia
Politicide perpetrators
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
Stahlhelm members
Young German Order members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Giesler |
The 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship was the 14th staging of UEFA's European Under-21 Championship. The final tournament was hosted by Germany between 27 May and 8 June 2004.
Italy U-21s won the competition for the fifth time. Italy's Alberto Gilardino won the Golden Player award.
The top three teams in this competition qualified for Athens 2004 Olympics, along with hosts Greece U21s.
Qualification
The 48 national teams were divided into ten groups (two groups of four + eight groups of 5). The records of the ten group runners-up were then compared. The top six joined the ten winners in a play-off for the eight finals spots. One of the eight qualifiers was then chosen to host the remaining fixtures.
Squads
Matches
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Semi-finals
Olympic play-off
Final
Goalscorers
4 goals
Alberto Gilardino
Johan Elmander
3 goals
Hugo Almeida
Markus Rosenberg
2 goals
Benjamin Auer
Daniele De Rossi
Giuseppe Sculli
Danko Lazović
1 goal
Alexander Hleb
Raman Kirenkin
Pavel Kirylchyk
Aleh Shkabara
Niko Kranjčar
Mario Lučić
Eduardo da Silva
Thomas Hitzlsperger
Bastian Schweinsteiger
Cesare Bovo
Giampiero Pinzi
1 goal, cont.
Carlitos
Luis Lourenço
Carlos Martins
Pedro Oliveira
Jorge Ribeiro
Hugo Viana
Branislav Ivanović
Goran Lovre
Miloš Marić
Dejan Milovanović
Simon Vukčević
Stefan Ishizaki
Jon Jönsson
Babis Stefanidis
Tranquillo Barnetta
David Degen
Baykal Kulaksızoğlu
Johan Vonlanthen
Own goals
Kim Jaggy (for Sweden)
Medal table and Olympic qualifiers
Greece (as hosts), Italy, Serbia & Montenegro and Portugal qualify for the Olympic games finals.
See Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics
External links
Results Archive at UEFA.com
RSSSF Results Archive at rsssf.com
Under-21 Championship
UEFA European Under-21 Championship
International association football competitions hosted by Germany
UEFA
Football qualification for the 2004 Summer Olympics
UEFA European Under-21 Championship
UEFA European Under-21 Championship
UEFA European Under-21 Championship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20UEFA%20European%20Under-21%20Championship |
William Birrell (13 March 1897 – 29 November 1968) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a forward.
Career
Birrell made over 220 appearances as a forward in the Football League for Middlesbrough. He also made over 120 appearances in the Scottish League for Raith Rovers. He began his career in management while a player at Raith Rovers and after his retirement, he managed Football League clubs Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic and Queens Park Rangers.
On 19 April 1939, he was appointed the new Chelsea manager. The Second World War forced the Football League to be abandoned less than half a year following Birrell's appointment. During wartime, he led Chelsea to two consecutive Football League War Cup South Final at Wembley, winning the cup in 1945.
In wartime, Birrell developed the idea of a youth team for Chelsea, and on 25 May 1940, the Chelsea Junior team, a team which included future England manager Ron Greenwood, played their first match against Queens Park Rangers. Birrell's plan was fully implemented after the war, with the sponsorship of The Tudor Rose Boys' Club, allowing them to run four teams in the Harrow and Wembley League.
Personal life
Birrell's brother Bob was also a footballer.
Career statistics
Player
Manager
Honours
As a player
Middlesbrough
Football League Second Division: 1926–27
As a manager
Chelsea
Football League South War Cup: 1943–44, 1944–45
References
External links
Billy Birrell at chelseafc.com
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish football managers
Raith Rovers F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. managers
Chelsea F.C. managers
1897 births
1968 deaths
Raith Rovers F.C. managers
Scottish Football League managers
Men's association football inside forwards
Men's association football outside forwards
English Football League players
English Football League managers
Inverkeithing United F.C. players
Kirkcaldy United F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Birrell |
The Ghosts of Motley Hall is a British children's television series written by Richard Carpenter. It was produced and directed by Quentin Lawrence for Granada Television, and broadcast between 1976 and 1978 on the ITV network. The series relates the adventures of five ghosts who haunt the crumbling, abandoned Motley Hall.
Each ghost is from a different era, and all except one (Matt) are unable to leave the confines of the building—and even Matt is unable to travel outside the grounds of the Hall.
The only regular character who is not a ghost is Mr. Gudgin, a real estate agent and the de facto caretaker of Motley Hall. Though Gudgin is tasked with selling the hall and its property, the ghosts are anxious that it be sold to someone who will respect it and restore it to its former glory; consequently, they often work to thwart a potential sale to an unsuitable candidate. Gudgin himself is not an enemy of the ghosts, as he too is respectful of the hall and its history.
The ghosts are generally unable to be seen by the living, although there are exceptions the White Lady can make herself visible to Mr. Gudgin ... although actually communicating with him is difficult, as her appearances instantly terrify him.
Carpenter wrote a companion novel for the series for Puffin Books in 1977.
A 3 DVD set containing the complete series was released by Network in 2005 and the show recently inspired a successful BBC series Ghosts.
Production
External shots of the fictional Motley Hall were filmed on location at Borwick Hall in Carnforth, Lancashire.
Main characters
Bodkin (Arthur English) - In life he worked as a fool at Motley Hall and died as a result of a cold he contracted from constantly being thrown in the duck pond for the amusement of his employer.
Sir George Uproar (Freddie Jones) - In life a General in the British army and now self-styled leader of the ghosts in Motley Hall. He died falling down the stairs after a long, mostly inglorious career in the army.
Sir Francis 'Fanny' Uproar (Nicholas Le Prevost) - Died during his twelfth duel due to being drunk. He is a stupid but likeable character.
Matt (Sean Flanagan) - In life he was a stable lad. The youngest of the ghosts, and the most recent arrival.
The White Lady (Sheila Steafel) - A ghost of a woman who died in Motley Hall. She has no memory of who she was in life and how she came to be haunting Motley Hall. She has been in the Hall the longest of any of the ghosts.
Mr. Gudgin (Peter Sallis) - Caretaker of Motley Hall. In the past, members of the Gudgin family had worked as servants to the Uproar family.
Episodes
Season 1 (1976)
"The Last Uproar" (25 April 1976)
"Old Gory" (2 May 1976)
"Box of Tricks" (9 May 1976)
"Bad Lord William and the British Banana Company" (16 May 1976)
"Perfida Blackart Rides Again" (23 May 1976)
"Double Trouble" (30 May 1976)
"The Pogmore Experiment" (6 June 1976)
Series 2 (1976–1977)
"The Christmas Spirit" (24 December 1976)
"Sir Peveril's Hoard" (2 January 1977)
"Where Are You, White Feather?" (9 January 1977)
"Godfrey of Basingstoke" (16 January 1977)
"Ghost of a Chance" (23 January 1977)
"Horoscope" (30 January 1977)
Christmas Special (1977)
"Phantomime" (26 December 1977)
Series 3 (1978)
"Family Tree" (29 January 1978)
"Ghost Writer" (5 February 1978)
"Skeleton in the Cupboard - Part 1" (12 February 1978)
"Skeleton in the Cupboard - Part 2" (19 February 1978)
"Party Piece" (26 February 1978)
"Narcissus Bullock's Bell" (5 March 1978)
Critical reception
Jon E. Lewis and Penny Stempel described The Ghosts of Motley Hall as an "exuberant supernatural sitcom, with convincing SFX and a decidedly solid cast".
Writer Mark Gatiss has described The Ghosts of Motley Hall as "a charming show and really deserves to be much better known. Very funny and very moving."
See also
List of ghost films
References
External links
1976 British television series debuts
1978 British television series endings
1970s British children's television series
British supernatural television shows
ITV children's television shows
Television series about ghosts
Television series by ITV Studios
Television shows produced by Granada Television
English-language television shows
British children's fantasy television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ghosts%20of%20Motley%20Hall |
The Prime Minister Cup was a Go competition.
Outline
The Prime Minister Cup ran from 1961 to 1981. It was used by the Nihon Ki-in The first 18 titles were decided in a knockout tournament. The last two years, the format was changed to a best-of-three match between finalists from a large knockout.
Past Winners & Runner-up's
Go competitions in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Minister%20Cup%20%28Go%29 |
Jumpman may refer to:
Sports
Jumpman (logo), based on a silhouette of Michael Jordan and first used on Nike's Air Jordan shoes
Arts
"Jumpman" (song), the Drake and Future song from What a Time to Be Alive
Jumpman (film), 2018 Russian film
Video games
Jumpman (video game), an early platform game written by Randy Glover and released by Epyx in 1983
Jumpman, the original name of the Nintendo character Mario in the 1981 game Donkey Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpman |
A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 is a book by scholar and former United States Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger.
Published in 1957, it was written in 1954 as Kissinger's doctoral dissertation at Harvard University.
Summary
The complex chain of Congresses is explained, which started after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, with the Congress of Vienna, and extended into the 1820s. The system was expected to give Europe peace and a new order after the violent struggles of the previous quarter-century.
The book also introduces the reader to the political biographies of two important characters of the time. The main character is Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich. As the statesman of an old and fragile multilingual empire, Metternich had to deal with the task of organizing the alliance against Napoleon while he was forced to be ally of France. After Napoleon was defeated, Metternich became the organizer of the Congress system through which he sought the survival and advancement of the Austrian Empire.
An 18th-century rococo figure who was old-fashioned even in his own era but was described as having superlative diplomatic skills, Metternich pursued a peace for Europe based on restored monarchical principle and on solidarity among the monarchs of Europe. The 1789 French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic invasion and rule of much of Europe had implanted new liberal revolutionary ideas that were never to be eliminated.
Meanwhile, nationalism was rising over much of the world. The Austrian Empire was a complex political entity, with many ethnic groups and languages co-existing, which threatened its survival. Metternich expected to lead an alliance against France and to press only enough to depose Napoleon, who had shown a complete unwillingness to accept a moderate peace, but to preserve a strong France under a restored Bourbon monarchy as a counterweight to the power of Russia.
From 1812 onward, moderation was Metternich's guiding principle in the path to European order as he carried Austria from the forced alliance with France during Napoleon's invasion of Russia in which an Austrian corps, under Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, took part, to neutrality during the spring 1813 campaign and then as a leading member of the anti-French alliance that defeated France in 1813 and 1814. In the process, Metternich avoided breaking any of his treaties with his counterparts, as he knew that only established order among states would permit fragile Austria to survive.
Metternich was very skillful and so gained the confidence of all rulers at the many European congresses that followed. In his view, solidarity among monarchs would restrain the danger of liberal revolutions and diverse national upheavals around Europe.
The other great character is British Foreign Secretary Viscount Castlereagh. As the only British politician to understand Metternich's ambitions and reasoning and the need for an organized European order, he was strongly criticised in Britain for getting too involved in Continental Europe's politics in the name of British interests. After the Congress of Vienna, he was forbidden to attend any more European Congresses. He later committed suicide for unrelated reasons in 1822.
From then on, Britain started its long period of splendid isolation, which was based on its supposed insular invulnerability and its belief that the peace was a simple consequence of Napoleon's defeat. For Austria, a continental power, the reality was different. Another Napoleon could emerge at any time, and a strong European concert of conservative monarchs, based on principle, was necessary to prevent dangers before they arose.
Although the Congress system worked for only a few years, the concept and principles on which it was based allowed the longest period of peace among states in history with only a few minor interruptions. It was such a long peace that the faith in it and the forgotten consequences of war ended in an arms race, which was followed by a new much larger catastrophe in 1914.
References
Sources
A World Restored, Metternich, Castlereagh and the conservative politics in a revolutionary world. Henry Kissinger, 1973, Spanish Edition.
1957 non-fiction books
Books by Henry Kissinger
History books about Europe
20th-century history books
Non-fiction books about diplomacy
Books about international relations
Houghton Mifflin books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20World%20Restored |
|}
The Champagne Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old colts and geldings. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 7 furlongs and 6 yards (1,414 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.
History
The event was established in 1823, and it was originally open to horses of either gender. For a period it was contested over a mile, and it was shortened to 6 furlongs in 1870. It was extended to 7 furlongs in 1962, and restricted to male horses in 1988.
The Champagne Stakes is held during Doncaster's four-day St. Leger Festival, and it is currently run on the final day, the same day as the St Leger Stakes.
The leading horses from the race sometimes go on to compete in the following month's Dewhurst Stakes. The most recent horse to win both races was Chaldean in 2022.
Records
Leading jockey (9 wins):
Bill Scott – Swiss (1823), Memnon (1824), The Colonel (1827), Francesca (1831), Cotillon (1833), Jereed (1836), Don John (1837), Launcelot (1839), Attila (1841)
Leading trainer (10 wins):
John Scott – Swiss (1823), The Colonel (1827), Jereed (1836), Don John (1837), Launcelot (1839), Attila (1841), Vindex (1852), The Bonnie Morn (1854), Prelude (1858), The Marquis (1861)
Mathew Dawson – Zambezi (1864), Sunshine (1869), Camballo (1874), Farnese (1875), Lady Golightly (1876), Charibert (1878), Bal Gal (1880), Langwell (1884), Minting (1885), Ladas (1893)
Winners since 1974
Earlier winners
1823: Swiss
1824: Memnon
1825: King Catton
1826: Moonshine
1827: The Colonel
1828: Cant
1829: Bud
1830: Frederica
1831: Francesca
1832: Muley Moloch
1833: Cotillon
1834: Coriolanus
1835: Beeswing
1836: Jereed
1837: Don John
1838: Eliza
1839: Launcelot
1840: Kedge
1841: Attila
1842: A British Yeoman
1843: The Cure
1844: Lancashire Witch
1845: Princess Alice
1846: Van Tromp
1847: Assault
1848: The Flying Dutchman
1849: The Italian
1850: Aphrodite
1851: Augur
1852: Vindex
1853: Champagne
1854: The Bonnie Morn
1855: Ellington
1856: Tasmania
1857: Gildermire
1858: Prelude
1859: King of Diamonds
1860: Walloon
1861: The Marquis
1862: Lord Clifden
1863: Ely
1864: Zambezi
1865: Redan 1
1866: Achievement
1867: Virtue 2
1868: Morna
1869: Sunshine
1870: King of the Forest
1871: Cremorne
1872: Kaiser
1873: Napoleon III
1874: Camballo
1875: Farnese
1876: Lady Golightly
1877: Clementine
1878: Charibert
1879: Evasion
1880: Bal Gal
1881: Kermesse
1882: Hauteur
1883: Superba
1884: Langwell
1885: Minting
1886: Grandison / Panzerschiff 3
1887: Ayrshire
1888: Chittabob
1889: Riviera
1890: Haute Saône
1891: La Fleche
1892: The Prize
1893: Ladas
1894: Solaro
1895: Omladina
1896: Velasquez
1897: Ayah
1898: Mark For'ard
1899: Democrat
1900: Orchid
1901: Game Chick
1902: Rock Sand
1903: Pretty Polly
1904: Galangal / Verdiana 3
1905: Achilles
1906: Slieve Gallion
1907: Lesbia
1908: Duke Michael
1909: Neil Gow
1910: Pietri
1911: White Star
1912: Craganour
1913: The Tetrarch
1914: Redfern
1915–18: no race
1919: Tetratema
1920: Lemonora
1921: Golden Corn
1922: Drake
1923: Mumtaz Mahal
1924: Bucellas
1925: Coronach
1926: Damon
1927: Fairway
1928: Arabella
1929: Fair Diana
1930: Portlaw
1931: Orwell
1932: Myrobella
1933: Blazonry
1934: Kingsem
1935: Mahmoud
1936: Foray
1937: Portmarnock
1938: Panorama
1939–40: no race
1941: Big Game 4
1942–45: no race
1946: Petition
1947: My Babu
1948: Abernant
1949: Palestine
1950: Big Dipper
1951: Orgoglio
1952: Bebe Grande
1953: Darius
1954: Our Babu
1955: Rustam
1956: Eudaemon
1957: Kelly
1958: Be Careful
1959: Paddy's Sister
1960: Ambergris
1961: Clear Sound
1962: King of Babylon
1963: Tallahassee
1964: Hardicanute
1965: Celtic Song
1966: Bold Lad
1967: Cheb's Lad
1968: Ribofilio
1969: Saintly Song
1970: Breeder's Dream
1971: Crowned Prince
1972: Otha
1 The 1865 race was a dead heat, but Redan was awarded victory after Lord Lyon's owner declined to take part in a run-off.2 Blue Gown finished first in 1867, but he was disqualified for carrying an undeclared weight.3 The 1886 and 1904 races were dead-heats and have joint winners.4 The 1941 edition took place at Newbury.
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British flat horse races
References
Paris-Turf:
, , , , ,
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
galopp-sieger.de – Champagne Stakes.
horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Champagne Stakes (2018).
pedigreequery.com – Champagne Stakes – Doncaster.
Flat races in Great Britain
Doncaster Racecourse
Flat horse races for two-year-olds
Recurring sporting events established in 1823
1823 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne%20Stakes%20%28Great%20Britain%29 |
The Secret is a 2006 Australian-American spirituality documentary consisting of a series of interviews designed to demonstrate the New Thought "law of attraction", the belief that everything one wants or needs can be satisfied by believing in an outcome, repeatedly thinking about it, and maintaining positive emotional states to "attract" the desired outcome.
The film and the subsequent publication of the book of the same name attracted interest from media figures such as Oprah Winfrey, Ellen DeGeneres and Larry King.
Synopsis
The Secret, described as a self-help film, uses a documentary format to present a concept titled "law of attraction". As described in the film, the "Law of Attraction" hypothesis posits that feelings and thoughts can attract events, feelings, and experiences, from the workings of the cosmos to interactions among individuals in their physical, emotional, and professional affairs. The film also suggests that there has been a strong tendency by those in positions of power to keep this central principle hidden from the public.
Foundations in New Thought ideas
The authors of The Secret cite the New Thought movement which began in the late 18th century as the historical basis for their ideas.
The New Thought book The Science of Getting Rich by Wallace Wattles, the source Rhonda Byrne cites as inspiration for the film, was preceded by numerous other New Thought books, including the 1906 book Thought Vibration or the law of attraction in the Thought World by William Walker Atkinson, editor of New Thought magazine. Other New Thought books Byrne is purported to have read include self-help authors like Prentice Mulford's 19th-century Thoughts Are Things; and Robert Collier's Secret of the Ages from 1926.
Carolyn Sackariason of the Aspen Times, when commenting about Byrne's intention to share The Secret with the world, identifies the Rosicrucians as keepers of The Secret.
Production
The film was created by Prime Time Productions of Melbourne, Australia with Rhonda Byrne, executive producer; Paul Harrington, producer; and Drew Heriot, director. Gozer Media of Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne, is the design house
responsible for the visual style and feel of the film and book. Byrne's company TS Production LLC, a Hungarian company, is responsible for marketing and distribution of the film and book. Byrne commented about the research she did prior to making the film:
Byrne's inspiration for creating The Secret came from reading the 1910 book The Science of Getting Rich by Wallace D. Wattles. The film was done as a project for Australia's Nine Network. Nine put up less than 25% of the $3 million project with additional funding from mortgaging Byrne's home and from an investment by Bob Rainone, "a former Internet executive in Chicago". Rainone became the CEO of one of Byrne's companies, The Secret LLC, and is described by Byrne as "delivered to us from heaven".
Shooting of the interviews was done in July and August 2005 with editing "effectively completed by Christmas time". About 55 teachers and authors were interviewed at locations including Chicago, Aspen, Alaska, and a Mexican Riviera cruise (interviewing Esther Hicks). The film uses 24 of these teachers in the "Extended Edition" of the film. The first edition featured a 25th teacher, Esther Hicks, known "as the most prominent interpreter of the Law of Attraction". Since the first release of the DVD, Esther Hicks declined to continue with the project. Her 10% share of sales netted the Hickses $500,000. As a result of this, scenes with Esther Hicks, are instead narrated by Lisa Nichols and Marci Shimoff. No other "secret teachers" received compensation for their appearance in the film — revealed by Bob Proctor in an interview on Nightline.
Betsy Chasse, one of the producers, directors, and screenwriters for What the Bleep Do We Know!? interviewed Paul Harrington, the co-producer of The Secret. In the interview, Harrington gave this description of Byrne's production methods: "We used the law of attraction during the making of the program. We went very unconventional, in terms of scheduling and budgeting. We allowed things to come to us... We just had faith that things would come to us."
Channel Nine, after viewing the completed film, chose to not broadcast it. A new contract was negotiated with all DVD sales going to Byrne's companies (Prime Time and The Secret LLC). In hindsight, Len Downs of Channel Nine commented, "we looked at it and we didn't deem it as having broad, mass appeal". The film was eventually broadcast by Channel Nine at 10:30 pm on Saturday, 3 February 2007. Downs reported that "it didn't do all that well". The film was sold on DVD and also broadcast online through streaming media.
Marketing
Packaging
The film has been described as a "slick repackaging" of the Law of Attraction, a concept originating in the New Thought ideas of the late 19th century. In producing the film, the law was intentionally "packaged" with a focus on "wealth enhancement" — differing from the more spiritual orientation of the New Thought Movement. One of the film's backers stated, "we desired to hit the masses, and money is the number one thing on the masses' minds". A review in salon.com described the packaging of the products related to the film as having "a look... that conjures a 'Da Vinci Code' aesthetic, full of pretty faux parchment, quill-and-ink fonts and wax seals.
Choosing to package the film's theme as a "secret" has been called an important component of the film's popularity. Donavin Bennes, a buyer who specializes in metaphysics for Borders Books, stated "We all want to be in on a secret. But to present it as the secret, that was brilliant."
Marketing campaign
The movie was advertised on the Internet using "tease" advertising and viral marketing; techniques in which the specific details of The Secret were not revealed. Additionally, Prime Time Productions granted written permission to individuals or companies, via application at the official site, to provide free screenings of the film to public audiences. Optionally, the DVD could be sold at these screenings.
The book
A companion book by Rhonda Byrne was published called The Secret (Simon & Schuster, 2006). The Secret was featured on two episodes of Oprah — and as the film reached number one on the Amazon DVD chart in March 2007, the book version of The Secret reached number one on The New York Times bestseller list. For much of February through April 2007, both the book and the DVD versions were #1 or #2 at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and Borders. Simon & Schuster released a second printing of 2 million copies of The Secret — "the biggest order for a second printing in its history," while Time reported brisk sales of the DVD through New Age bookstores, and New Thought churches, such as Unity and Agape International Spiritual Center. Like the movie, the book has also experienced a great deal of controversy and criticism for its claims, and has been parodied on several TV shows.
Reception
Gross
The estimated domestic DVD sales in the US in 2007 exceed $56 million, and eventually topped $65 million.
Critical response
The Secret has been described as a "self-help phenomenon", a "publishing phenomenon", and a "cultural phenomenon".
Several critics wrote about the Secret in relation to self-help in general. Julie Mason, of the Ottawa Citizen, wrote that word of mouth about the film spread through Pilates classes, "get-rich-quick websites" and personal-motivation blogs. Jane Lampman, of the Christian Science Monitor, described The Secret as a brand promoting Secret-related teachers, seminars and retreats. According to Jill Culora, of the New York Post, fans of The Secret have posted on a wide range of blogs and Web forums accounts of how shifting from negative to positive thoughts made big improvements in their lives.
Jerry Adler of Newsweek called it "breathless pizzazz" for a tired self-help genre; "emphatically cinematic" and "driven by images and emotions rather than logic"; a blend of Tony Robbins and The Da Vinci Code; and "the Unsolved Mysteries of infomercials".
In 2007, The Secret was reportedly being discussed in "e-mails, in chat rooms, around office cubicles, [and] on blind dates". It is recognized as having a broad and varied impact on culture.
American TV host Oprah Winfrey is a proponent of the film and later the book. On The Larry King Show she said that the message of The Secret is the message she's been trying to share with the world on her show for the past 21 years. Author Rhonda Byrne was later invited to her show along people who vow by The Secret.
Some critics were bothered by the film's focus on questionable wealth enhancement, including promises that the universe will give you material goods "like having the universe as your catalog."
According to a March 2007 issue of Skeptical Inquirer, the central idea of the film "has [no] basis in scientific reality", despite invoking scientific concepts.
Within businesses using the DVD for employee-training and morale-building, author Barbara Ehrenreich called it "a gimmick" and "disturbing", like "being indoctrinated into a cult".
UFC former champion Conor McGregor claims The Secret played a role in his rise to fame. McGregor has said his first reaction on watching the DVD version was: “This is bullshit — but then something clicked for me.” He and girlfriend Dee Devlin, who manages his finances, started focusing on small things they wanted, such as a parking space closest to the doors of a local shopping centre. He said: “We would be driving to the shop and visualising the exact car park space. And then we’d be able to get it every time.”
They then began visualizing wealth, fame and championships.
Parodies
The concept was parodied on Parks and Recreation, The Chaser's War on Everything, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, The Simpsons, Boston Legal and Saturday Night Live.
Legal controversies
A Current Affair, an Australian newsmagazine airing on The Secrets co-funder Nine Network, carried a 14 May 2007 segment titled "The Secret Stoush". Australian author Vanessa J. Bonnette is interviewed, and Bonnette—when referring to the book version of The Secret—asserts, "that is my work and Rhonda Byrne has stolen it". Bonnette and a reporter compare her book to Byrne's on the use of the "TV transmission" analogy. Bonnette's book, Empowered for the New Era was released in 2007 as a second edition. Bonnette, at her website, claims 100 instances of plagiarism. Byrne's marketing company, TS Production LLC, has responded with a lawsuit to restrain Bonnette. From the statement of claim:
David Schirmer, the "investment guru"—and only Australian—in the film, has his business activities under investigation by the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC). This was reported on 1 June 2007 by A Current Affair in a segment titled "The Secret Con" with those words and The Secret logo appearing in the background behind the newscaster. The show initially confronted Schirmer in a segment titled "The Secret Exposed", aired on 28 May 2007, with complaints from people who say Schirmer owed them money.
On 12 February 2008 Bob Proctor's company, LifeSuccess Productions, L.L.C. successfully sued "investment guru" David Schirmer, his wife Lorna, and their several companies (including LifeSuccess Pacific Rim PTY LTD, Schirmer Financial Management PTY LTD, LifeSuccess Productions PTY LTD, Excellence in Marketing PTY LTD, and Wealth By Choice PTY LTC) for "misleading or deceptive conduct".
In August 2008, The Australian reported that Drew Heriot (director) and Dan Hollings (Internet consultant for The Secret) were in a legal dispute with Rhonda Byrne over pay from the project.
Film footage featuring Esther Hicks was removed from the later "Extended Edition" of The Secret after the film's creator Rhonda Byrne rescinded the original contract covering Hicks' participation.
Releases
Paul Harrington, the producer for the film, reported that broadcast TV—instead of the Internet—was initially planned as the medium for the first release:
Release dates
The Secret premiere was broadcast through the Internet on 23 March 2006 using Vividas technology. It is still available either on a pay-per-view basis via streaming media (or on DVD at the official site for the film). A new extended edition of The Secret was released to the public on 1 October 2006. The Australian television premiere was on Nine Network on Saturday, 3 February 2007.
Future releases and spin-offs
Plans were announced in 2007 to produce a sequel to The Secret and a spin-off TV series. The drama film The Secret: Dare to Dream, starring Katie Holmes and Josh Lucas, was released on July 31, 2020.
See also
Affirmative prayer
As a Man Thinketh
Cosmic ordering
Just-world hypothesis
Magical thinking
ONE: The Movie
Positive mental attitude
Pygmalion effect
Quantum mysticism
The Kybalion
Think and Grow Rich
Wishful thinking
References
Further reading
Doyle, Bob – Featured in the movie 'The Secret'. Author of Wealth Beyond Reason Program
External links
"The Secret Behind The Secret – What is Attracting Millions to the Law of Attraction?", from the Skeptic Magazine
2006 films
New Thought mass media
Quantum mysticism
Films about spirituality
Pseudoscience documentary films
2000s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20%282006%20film%29 |
The Antideficiency Act (ADA) () is legislation enacted by the United States Congress to prevent the incurring of obligations or the making of expenditures (outlays) in excess of amounts available in appropriations or funds. The law was initially enacted in 1884, with major amendments occurring in 1950 () and 1982 (). It is now codified at , , and . The Act was previously enacted as section 3679 of the Revised Statutes.
The ADA prohibits the U.S. federal government from entering into a contract that is not "fully funded" because doing so would obligate the government in the absence of an appropriation adequate to the needs of the contract. Accordingly, it is often cited during U.S. government shutdowns as a reason for the closure of certain departments or facilities.
Provisions
The Antideficiency Act has evolved over time in response to various abuses. The earliest version of the legislation was enacted in 1870 (), after the Civil War, to end the executive branch's long history of creating coercive deficiencies. Many agencies, particularly the military, would intentionally run out of money, obligating Congress to provide additional funds to avoid breaching contracts. Some went as far as to spend their entire budget in the first few months of the fiscal year, funding the rest of the year after the fact with additional appropriations from Congress. The act provided:
... that it shall not be lawful for any department of the government to expend in any one fiscal year any sum in excess of appropriations made by Congress for that fiscal year, or to involve the government in any contract for the future payment of money in excess of such appropriations.
Amendments in 1905 and 1906 mandated all appropriations to be apportioned in monthly installments and criminal penalties were imposed for violations.
The "Antideficiency Act" actually includes provisions of Title 31 that are not always associated with the principal provision of the Act which is found at 31 USC 1341. Thus, the ADA also includes 31 USC 1342, a provision which prohibits voluntary services. It also includes 31 USC 1501–1519, provisions which require that appropriated funds be subdivided, "apportioned", and "allocated" before any of the appropriated funds can be expended by the Executive Branch.
Legislative history
The earliest version of the legislation was enacted in 1870 (). The Antideficiency Act () was initially enacted in 1884.
The Act was amended and expanded several times, most significantly in 1905 and 1906. It was further modified by an executive order in 1933 and significantly revamped in 1950 (). The current version was enacted on September 12, 1982 (). It is now codified at .
Constitutional authority
To some extent, but not entirely, it implements the provisions of Article One of the United States Constitution, Section 9, Clause 7 (the "power of the purse"), which provides that "No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law."
Enforcement
The Government Accountability Office, inspectors general, and individual agencies investigate potential violations of the Antideficiency Act every year. The act has ramifications for agencies and individual employees alike.
Although the ADA and its predecessors are over 120 years old, no one has ever been convicted or indicted for its violation. However, agreements have been changed and reported due to ADA violations, and punitive administrative actions are routinely taken against government employees.
The ADA is cited as the reason for a government shutdown when Congress misses a deadline for passing an interim or full-year appropriations bill.
See also
Taxing and Spending Clause
Government procurement in the United States
Impoundment of appropriated funds
Government shutdowns in the United States:
1980
1981, 1984, 1986
1990
1995–1996
2013
Jan 2018
2018–2019
References
Further reading
External links
Full text
United States federal government administration legislation
1884 in American law
Government procurement in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antideficiency%20Act |
Clifford John Bole (November 9, 1937 – February 15, 2014) was a director of a number of American and Canadian television programs. He directed episodes of The Six Million Dollar Man, The Amazing Spider-Man, Vegas, Charlie's Angels, V: The Series, Baywatch, The X-Files, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, and Star Trek: Voyager among others. The Star Trek alien race called the Bolians is named after him.
Career
Bole grew up in the San Fernando Valley and described himself as a "set rat", sneaking into studio backlots to watch the filming taking place. He went on to train as a script clerk and as a production assistant before moving into directing. One of his earlier roles was as script supervisor on McHale's Navy in 1964.
Bole is perhaps best known for his directing work in the Star Trek franchise which began with the first season episode "Lonely Among Us" of Star Trek: The Next Generation. He went on to direct a further 24 episodes of that series, as well as seven episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and ten episodes of Star Trek: Voyager. He was originally referred to the TNG production team by colleague Jeff Hayes, although Bole knew producer Rick Berman from when they both worked at Warner Brothers. Bole directed the TNG episode "Conspiracy", which featured the first appearance of the alien race called the Bolians, who were named after Bole. He subsequently described working on The Next Generation as "the biggest joy and ensemble I've ever worked with".
His work on Deep Space Nine was delayed following a disagreement with Michael Piller over working practices. However, his first directing position in that series was in the 18th episode, "Dramatis Personae". He had previously worked with Avery Brooks, who played Hawk on Spenser: For Hire. His recollection of working on Deep Space Nine wasn't as warm as The Next Generation, but Voyager was more similar to the earlier Star Trek series. Rick Berman brought him in for Voyager, which resulted in Bole directing, amongst others, "The Q and the Grey", one of the best-received episodes of Voyager. His final episode for Voyager and the franchise was the first part of the feature length episode "Dark Frontier".
Bole was recognized with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California Walk of Stars at 255 South Palm Canyon Drive in 2005.
He died at his home in Palm Desert, California on February 15, 2014.
Selected filmography
The Six Million Dollar Man (12 episodes)
Charlie's Angels (6 episodes)
Vega$ (12 episodes)
Strike Force (4 episodes)
Fantasy Island (20 episodes)
Matt Houston (9 episodes)
V (3 episodes)
T.J. Hooker (17 episodes)
Scarecrow and Mrs. King (4 episodes)
Spenser: For Hire (3 episodes)
MacGyver (16 episodes)
Mission: Impossible (1988) (3 episodes)
Paradise (4 episodes)
Star Trek: The Next Generation (25 episodes)
Baywatch (5 episodes)
Pointman (2 episodes)
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (7 episodes)
M.A.N.T.I.S. (3 episodes)
Star Trek: Voyager (10 episodes)
The X-Files (4 episodes)
References
External links
American television directors
Canadian television directors
2014 deaths
1937 births
Mass media people from San Francisco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Bole |
A secret is information kept hidden.
Secret or The Secret may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Comics and manga
Secret, the 2012–2014 comic series by Jonathan Hickman and Ryan Bodenheim
Secret, the 2013 manga series sequel to the Doubt series, by Yoshiki Tonogai
The Secret (Dark Horse Comics), a 2007 limited series comic book
Fictional entities
Secret (Greta Hayes), a fictional superhero
The Secret, the MacGuffin in the 2007 The Secret Series by Pseudonymous Bosch
Films
A Secret, a 2007 French drama by Claude Miller
Secret (2007 film), a Taiwanese romance by Jay Chou
Secret (2009 film), a South Korean thriller by Yoon Jae-goo
Secrets (1992 American film), an American made-for-television drama film directed by Peter H. Hunt
Secrets (1992 Australian film), an Australian film
The Secret (1955 film), a British film by Cy Endfield
The Secret (1974 film), a French thriller by Robert Enrico
The Secret (1979 film), a Hong Kong film by Ann Hui
The Secret, a 1988 Venezuelan film by Luis Armando Roche
The Secret (1990 film), an Italian film by Francesco Maselli
The Secret (1992 film), an American made-for-TV film by Karen Arthur
The Secret (2001 film), a French film by Virginie Wagon
The Secret (2006 film), a self-help film by Drew Heriot
The Secret (2007 film), a French thriller by Vincent Perez
Dead Time: Kala, also known as The Secret, a 2007 Indonesian neo-noir thriller by Joko Anwar
The Secret (2016 film), a Chinese film by Wong Chun-chun
The Secret: Dare to Dream (2020 film), an American film directed by Andy Tennant
Literature
The Secret, an 1833 juvenile story by Charlotte Brontë
The Secret, a 1950 novel by Mary Roberts Rinehart
"The Secret" (short story), a 1963 short story by Arthur C. Clarke
The Secret (treasure hunt), a 1982 treasure hunt and puzzle book by Byron Preiss
The Secret (novel), a 1997 book in the Animorphs series
The Secret: A Novel, a 2002 novel by Eva Hoffman
The Secret (Byrne book), a 2006 self-help book by Rhonda Byrne
The Secret, a 2016 novel by Kathryn Hughes
Music
Classical music
The Secret (opera) (Tajemství), by Bedřich Smetana
Groups
Secret (Russian band), a rock band
Secret (South Korean band), a girl group
Albums and EPs
Secret (Ayumi Hamasaki album), 2006
Secret (Classix Nouveaux album), 1983
Secret (Kumi Koda album), 2005
Secret (soundtrack), from the 2007 Taiwanese film
Secret (EP), by Sebadoh, 2012
Secret, by Anna Maria Jopek, 2005
Le Secret
Le Secret (album), by Lara Fabian, 2013
Le Secret (EP), by Alcest, 2005
The Secret
The Secret (Alan Parsons album), 2019
The Secret (Marie Picasso album), 2007
The Secret (Austin Mahone EP), 2014
The Secret (Vib Gyor EP), 2007
The Secret (Cosmic Girls EP), 2016
The Secret, an EP by the Airborne Toxic Event
Songs
"Secret" (Heart song), 1990
"Secret" (Madonna song), 1994
"Secret" (Maki Goto song), 2007
"Secret" (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark song), 1985
"Secret (Take You Home)", by Kylie Minogue, 2004
"Secret", by Johnny Rebb, 1963
"Secret", by 21 Savage, 2020
"Secret", by Maroon 5 from Songs About Jane, 2002
"Secret", by Missy Higgins from On a Clear Night, 2007
"Secret", by The Pierces from Thirteen Tales of Love and Revenge, 2007
"Secret", by Spratleys Japs, 1999
"Secret", by Way Out West from Intensify, 2001
"Secret (Shh)", by Charli XCX from Vroom Vroom, 2016
"Secret", by Audio Adrenaline from Bloom, 1996
"Secrets" (The Weeknd song), 2016
"The Secret"
"The Secret", by Gene McDaniels, the B-side of "Tower of Strength", 1961
"The Secret", by Gino, 1963
"The Secret", by Gordon MacRae, 1958
Television
Series
Secret (2000 TV series), a South Korean drama
Secret (2011 TV series), a South Korean game-talk show
Secret (2013 TV series), a South Korean drama
The Secret (TV series), a 2016 British drama
Sangue Oculto, a 2022 Portuguese telenovela also titled The Secret
Episodes
"Secrets" (Ben 10)
"The Secret" (Code Lyoko)
"The Secret" (Dynasty 1984)
"The Secret" (Dynasty 1986)
"The Secret" (Highway to Heaven 1985)
"The Secret" (The O.C.)
"The Secret" (The Office)
Brands and enterprises
Secret (app), from 2014–2015, an app for anonymous message sharing with friends
Secret (chocolate bar), introduced in the 1980s, a chocolate bar manufactured by Nestlé
Secret (deodorant brand), introduced in 1956, a brand of deodorant by Procter & Gamble
Other uses
Secret (helmet), a type of skullcap
Secret (liturgy), a type of prayer
Secret (Sufism), a concept of islamic sufism
Secret and Top Secret, levels of classified information
Pendulum-and-hydrostat control, a closely-guarded method of torpedo guidance nicknamed "The Secret"
, a United States Navy patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1918
Shared secret, in cryptography
See also
Little Secrets (disambiguation)
Secrecy (disambiguation)
Secrets (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Perdita Durango, released as Dance with the Devil in the United States, is a 1997 action-crime-horror film directed by Álex de la Iglesia, based on Barry Gifford's 1992 novel 59° and Raining: The Story of Perdita Durango. It stars Rosie Perez as the title character and Javier Bardem. It is a Spain–United States–Mexico coproduction.
Plot
Perdita Durango (Rosie Perez) has gone to Mexico to scatter the ashes of her dead sister. There, she is picked up by bank-robbing drug dealer Romeo Dolorosa (Javier Bardem). Dolorosa had robbed the bank to pay off his debt to loan shark "Catalina" (Demián Bichir). He also engages in scams in which he pretends to be a Santeria priest and hacks up corpses while snorting cocaine.
Romeo's latest scam is working for gangster Mr. Santos (Don Stroud) transporting refrigerated human fetuses to Las Vegas where they will be used to make cosmetic moisturizer.
Perdita devises a plan that they should capture a gringo and eat him as part of Romeo's ceremonies. They kidnap randomly chosen geeky college student Dwayne (Harley Cross) and his girlfriend Estelle (Aimee Graham). First, Perdita rapes Dwayne while Romeo rapes Estelle. They hold a ceremony to sacrifice Estelle while they force Dwayne to watch. Before the girl can be killed the sacrifice is interrupted by a gang of men led by Shorty Dee (Santiago Segura), a betrayed former partner of Romeo.
Romeo and Perdita escape with Dwayne and Estelle still their captives. The four go to the meeting with Santos' people to pick up the truckload of fetuses. Unfortunately, the hand-off is interrupted by drug enforcement agent Woody Dumas (James Gandolfini). Santos' men are all killed. Romeo escapes and drives to Vegas with Dwayne, while Perdita follows with Estelle.
On the trip, Romeo finds out his grandmother's house was raided by some of Catalina's men as punishment for Romeo's unpaid debt. Romeo visits Catalina in a club, pretending to offer Estelle as payment. When he gets Catalina alone, Romeo kills him.
Romeo, Perdita, Dwayne and Estelle finally get to Vegas. However, Dumas has been following them all the way. Moreover, the drop has become a trap for Romeo; Santos is upset about all the deaths at the pick-up so he has hired Romeo's cousin Reggie (Carlos Bardem) to kill Romeo.
Romeo and his one-armed ex-marine buddy Doug go to the drop, tipped off about the double-cross. Romeo leaves Perdita to watch the hostages, but Perdita's nervousness overcomes her. She lets Estelle and Dwayne go so she can check on her lover.
Reggie kills Doug and Perdita arrives just in time to see Reggie shoot Romeo in the back, killing him. Perdita shoots and kills Reggie and then flees as the cops bust in, led by Dumas, intending to arrest the men but instead finding them all dead.
Alone now, Perdita walks the Las Vegas strip mourning Romeo.
Versions
The original Spanish version runs 10 minutes longer and features more sex and violence and ends with some characters digitally morphing into the scene finale from Vera Cruz.
The film is available in the United States on VHS/DVD in two versions: the edited 115 min. R-rated version and a 121 min. unrated version. Both of these are shorter than the Spanish version which has gotten a Blu-ray release in the United States.
Cast
Awards and nominations
|-
| rowspan = "4" align = "center" | 1998 || rowspan = "4" | 12th Goya Awards || Best Production Supervision || José Luis Escolar || || rowspan = "4" |
|-
| Best Original Score || Simon Boswell ||
|-
| Best Costume Design || María Estela Fernández, Glenn Ralston ||
|-
| Best Makeup and Hairstyles || José Quetglás, Mercedes Guillot ||
|}
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
1990s English-language films
1990s Spanish films
1990s Spanish-language films
1997 comedy horror films
1990s comedy road movies
1990s crime comedy films
1990s crime action films
1990s action horror films
1997 films
1997 multilingual films
Films based on horror novels
Films directed by Álex de la Iglesia
Films scored by Simon Boswell
Films set in Mexico
Films set in the United States
Films with screenplays by Jorge Guerricaechevarría
Spanish black comedy films
Spanish crime comedy films
Spanish multilingual films
Spanish road movies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdita%20Durango |
"Mr. Roboto" is a 1983 song by Styx.
Mr. Roboto may also refer to:
Mr. Roboto, a character in the film Austin Powers in Goldmember
Mr. Roboto Project, a cooperative show space/venue in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
Brendan I. Koerner (born 1974), technology columnist for The Village Voice
See also
Mr. Robot (disambiguation)
Roboto, a typeface
Roboto (character), fictional character from Masters of the Universe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Roboto%20%28disambiguation%29 |
is a Japanese breaded and deep-fried ground meat patty; a fried meat cake. The meat is usually ground beef, pork, or a mixture of the two. It is often served in inexpensive bento and teishoku.
Preparation
The ground meat is mixed with chopped onion, salt, and pepper, and made into patties. Flour is applied on both sides of these patties. They are coated with beaten eggs, further coated with bread crumbs, and deep fried until golden brown. The bread crumbs, called panko, are specially dehydrated and have a coarser texture than other bread crumbs. Katsu are usually served with Japanese Worcestershire sauce or tonkatsu sauce (a variant of Worcestershire thickened with fruit and vegetable purees) and sliced cabbage.
Etymology
Menchi and katsu are phonologically modified versions of the words "mince" and "cutlet". Katsu may refer to any deep-fried meat cutlet coated with flour, egg, and bread crumbs. It is an example of yōshoku, or foods adapted from western cuisine. Katsu by itself usually refers to tonkatsu, which is made with pork cutlets.
While menchi-katsu is used prevalently in eastern Japan, in western Japan it is more commonly called .
See also
Kofta
List of deep fried foods
References
Breaded cutlets
Deep fried foods
Ground meat
Japanese fusion cuisine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menchi-katsu |
The Remix War is a remix album by Pitchshifter, released in November 1994 by Earache. The EP is composed of remixes of select songs from Pitchshifter's prior release, Desensitized. The bands who worked on the remixes were Therapy?, Gunshot, and Biohazard.
Track listing
Japanese edition bonus tracks
Personnel
Pitchshifter
J.S. Clayden – vocals, production (1, 3, 5, 7)
J.A. Carter – guitar, programming, production (1, 3, 5, 7)
M.D. Clayden – bass, production (1, 3, 5, 7)
'D'.J. Walters – percussion, production (1, 3, 5, 7)
Technical personnel
Jase Cooper – pre-production assistant (1, 3, 5, 7)
Ric Peet – engineering (1, 3, 5, 7)
Tim Boland – engineering (2)
Lorcan Cousins – assistant engineering (2)
No Sleep Nigel – engineering (4)
White Child Rix – production (4)
John Travis – engineering (6)
A. Salas – assistant engineering (6)
Billy Graziadei – production (6)
Omni-Design – cover design
References
Pitchshifter albums
1995 remix albums
Earache Records remix albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Remix%20War |
Aleksander Kogoj is a Slovenian film director, born 1965 in Ljubljana.
His interest in film making began at an early age. As a teenager he wrote a good deal, and his passions were special effects. His skills as a musician meant he could combine sound and visuals, which led to his first experimental film, 'Keketz'.
His first television show was called 'Music Boutique' (Glasbeni butik). When he was a student he also worked as a script writer for commercials.
Since 1993 he has made numerous commercials and music videos.
In 2000 he received the TV Slovenia Award for Best Creation. He specializes in comedy and storytelling, and is also a master at special effects and compositing.
External links
Aleksander Kogoj web page
1965 births
Living people
Slovenian film directors
Film people from Ljubljana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander%20Kogoj |
Penyffordd or Pen-y-ffordd is a village, community and electoral ward in Flintshire, Wales, situated to the south east of Buckley and to the west of Chester. The name is derived from the Welsh Pen Y Ffordd – roughly translated as "the highest or furthest point of the road". The resident population of Penyffordd, as measured in the 2001 Census, was 3,715, increasing to 3,874 at the 2011 census.
Penyffordd lies to the east of A550, south of its junction with the A55 (North Wales Expressway). The ward consists of the neighbouring villages of Penyffordd and Penymynydd, which are a ribbon development along the line of the former major road. There's also a zebra crossing which has been instated because former resident Adam Livingstone was hit by a motorist there.
A hamlet named Pen-y-ffordd is also in Flintshire. It is located between Holywell and Prestatyn, near Mostyn.
Community
Local amenities and landmarks include a village hall and war memorial. Penyffordd has its own Village Institute, Scout group, Girl Guides group and local youth club. An annual children's competition called the Penyffordd and Penymynydd Youth Festival is held in the village.
Sport and leisure in the village include Pen-y-ffordd Tennis Club, a bowling green, and Penyffordd Dancing School. The village has two pubs, the Red Lion and the Millstone.
The village is served by Ysgol Penyffordd (comprising the former Penyffordd County Primary and Abbots Lane Infant schools). The local secondary school is Castell Alun High School, which is in the nearby village of Hope.
Penyffordd has two places of worship: Trinity Chapel (Presbyterian & Methodist) and Emmanuel (Church in Wales).
Penyffordd railway station is on the Corwen road, which is on the Borderlands Line from Wrexham to Bidston in Birkenhead.
References
External links
Photos of Penyffordd and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
Villages in Flintshire
Communities in Flintshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyffordd |
Sub-divisional inspector was a rank used in the London Metropolitan Police from the 1870s or 1880s until 1949. A sub-divisional inspector ranked above an inspector and below a chief inspector. As the title suggests, he or she commanded a sub-division or held an equivalent administrative position. The equivalent rank in the Criminal Investigation Department was divisional detective inspector or first class detective inspector. In 1949, the rank was absorbed into that of chief inspector, although in 1953 officers who held the position of sub-divisional commander were regraded again to superintendent grade I, and are thus equivalent to modern superintendents.
Rank was indicated by a number of diamond-shaped Bath Stars (or "pips") that were worn on either the standing collar or the epaulettes. A single star was worn from 1880 to 1922, two stars from 1922 to 1941, and three stars from 1941 to 1949.
Bertha Clayden was the first (and possibly only) woman to be promoted to the rank, in 1934.
Ranks in the Metropolitan Police | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-divisional%20inspector |
John Eliot Thayer (April 3, 1862 – July 29, 1933) was an American amateur ornithologist.
Early life
Thayer was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 3, 1862. He was a son of Cornelia Paterson (née Van Rensselaer) Thayer (1823–1897) and Nathaniel Thayer Jr., a banker who built Harvard's Thayer Hall. Among his siblings were twin brother Bayard Thayer (yachtsman and horticulturalist), older brother Nathaniel Thayer III (a banker and railroad executive), and sister Cornelia Van Rensselaer Thayer (the wife of New York State Senator J. Hampden Robb).
His maternal grandparents were Stephen Van Rensselaer IV (the 10th Patroon and 7th Lord of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck) and Harriet Elizabeth (née Bayard) Van Rensselaer. His paternal grandparents were Sarah Parker (née Toppan) Thayer and the Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Thayer, a Unitarian congregational minister from Lancaster, Massachusetts. Through his father, he was descended from John Cotton, the preeminent minister and theologian of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Career
After graduating from Harvard, he married and settled at the family farm at Lancaster, thirty-five miles west of Boston. He became interested in ornithology in the mid-1890s, building up a collection which he housed in a museum in the main street of Lancaster.
He used his wealth to sponsor various natural history expeditions and in 1906 he sent Wilmot W. Brown to Guadalupe Island off Pacific Mexico. Here, Brown, H. W. Marsden and Ignacio Oroso gathered field data on how the natural vegetation was being destroyed by thousands of goats, to the detriment of the native wildlife. The native Guadalupe storm petrel was being predated by introduced cats, as was the Guadalupe flicker. Both birds became extinct shortly afterwards; several other taxa were found to be already gone in 1906. Thayer and Outram Bangs wrote an article in The Condor to draw attention to the situation.
In 1913, Thayer and other Harvard graduates sponsored an expedition to Alaska and Siberia, with Joseph S. Dixon and Winthrop Sprague Brooks as zoological collectors. A gull collected by Brooks on this trip was named Larus thayeri in Thayer's honour.
Thayer became ill in 1928, and donated his collection of 28,000 skins and 15,000 eggs and nests to Harvard. These included the first clutches ever collected of spoon-billed sandpiper and surfbird. After Thayer's death Harvard received his collection of 3,500 mounted birds.
Personal life
On June 22, 1886, Thayer was married to Evelyn Duncan Forbes (1862–1943), a daughter of Franklin Forbes and Martha Ann Stearns (née Cushing) Forbes, in Clinton, Massachusetts. After the marriage, they settled at the family farm at Lancaster. Together, John and Evelyn were the parents of:
John Eliot Thayer Jr. (1887–1966), a delegate to 1928 Republican National Convention from Massachusetts who married Katherine Lee Bayard Warren, a daughter of Samuel Dennis Warren.
Evelyn Thayer (1888–1980), who married Isaac Tucker Burr (1885–1972)
Nora Forbes Thayer (1889–1988), who married Francis Abbot Goodhue Jr.
Natalie Thayer (1894–1975), who married Lawrence Hemenway (1891–1966).
Duncan Forbes Thayer (1900–1957), who married Priscilla Pinkney McHenry (1906–1975). After his death, she married Charles Winslow Farnsworth in 1963.
Thayer died on July 29, 1933, in Lancaster and was buried at Old Settlers Burial Yard there.
References
External links
1862 births
1949 deaths
American ornithologists
American people of Dutch descent
John Thayer
John Thayer
Harvard University alumni
John Thayer
John Thayer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Thayer%20%28ornithologist%29 |
The "Jumpman" logo is owned by Nike to promote the Air Jordan brand of basketball sneakers and other sportswear. It is a silhouette of former NBA player and current Charlotte Hornets minority owner Michael Jordan.
In October 2015, Michael Jordan opened his first exclusive Jumpman flagship store in Chicago on State Street.
Lawsuit
On January 22, 2015, photographer Jonas Linder sued Nike, claiming copyright infringement over the use of the Jumpman logo. According to Rentmeester, Nike copied a photograph for which he had granted them temporary permission to use for the logo. The suit was brought to a federal court in Portland, Oregon, for an unspecified amount. The suit was dismissed in June of that year.
Overseas copyright battle
To profit off the success of the Jordan brand, several companies have created a rendition of the logo that may have a slight adjustment. The Chinese company Qiaodan (meaning "Jordan" in Chinese) Sports was one of them. Founded in 2000, Qiaodan Sports soon registered several kinds of trademarks that related to Jordan, including the current name of the company with Chinese characters and pinyin along with the logo of a silhouetted basketball player. Taking advantage of the fact that international trademarks are not protected if they are not registered in mainland China due to the first-to-file policy, Qiaodan Sports had been exceptionally fruitful in the Chinese market utilizing the fame of Michael Jordan. In 2012 Jordan sued Qiaodan Sports for using the Jumpman logo to sell their products and even selling the shoes under his name because the name of the company in Mandarin is Jordan. This misled customers to believing that they were buying products from Jordan himself, but in all reality it was not his shoe. Jordan would lose the legal battle because "the image of the disputed trademark is a human body in a shadowy design, which does not clearly reflect the major appearances of the figure. It is hard for the relevant public to recognize the image as Michael Jordan."
In July 2017, Qiaodan Sports filed a lawsuit against Michael Jordan for infringement of reputation and demanded () in compensation. In the filing, Qiaodan claimed that Jordan had "maliciously" initiated 78 trademarks disputes over a number of years but had only managed to win three of them. On April 8, 2020, after eight years of Chinese trademark battle, Jordan finally prevailed over Qiaodan Sports at the China People's Supreme Court, resulting in revocation of 74 trademarks for Qiaodan Sports. The People's Supreme Court explained that "natural persons have the right to their name in accordance with the law. Unauthorized registration of a name as a trademark may easily misled the relevant public to believing that the goods or services marked with the trademark have a specific endorsement, permission, etc. This violates the provisions of Article 31 of the Trademark Law." Jordan also claimed for portrait right against Qiaodan Sports' logo. However, prosecutors claimed that "the Qiaodan's logo did not violate Jordan's portraiture rights as it does not include distinguishable facial features." Even after this case the Jordan brand continues to battle cases with other companies copying the Jordan Jumpman logo. Jordan was only able to win a partial part of the lawsuit.
Athletic program sponsorships
In 1997, Air Jordan selected the first Jordan Brand sponsored schools: Cincinnati Bearcats, St. John's Red Storm, and North Carolina A&T Aggies
North Carolina Tar Heels basketball team started wearing the Jumpman logo in 1998.
The Michigan Wolverines announced in July 2015 that it would switch from sponsorship by Adidas to Nike. The deal at the time had an estimated value of $169 million and was described as "the richest apparel deal in intercollegiate athletics". In April 2016, the university announced the signing of an 11-year, $127.12 million contract for 31 Michigan sports teams, going into effect on August 1. With the agreement, Michigan Wolverines football became the first football program to wear Jordan Brand attire accompanied by the jumpman logo. Within a year, several other athletics programs signed even larger deals with Nike.
Other large football programs started to wear the Jumpman logo after Michigan. In 2017, the University of North Carolina announced that their football program will be wearing uniforms with Jordan Jumpman logo. The Tar Heels also wear the Jordan Jumpman logo on their helmets. The University of Oklahoma was the third football program that became sponsor by the Jordan brand. The football, men's basketball and women's basketball team will be wearing the Jumpman logo starting in the 2018–19 season. On December 6, 2017, the University of Florida announced that the Florida Gators football program would join the three other universities in using the Jordan brand and Jumpman logo for its athletic gear.
Nike became the official supplier of all National Basketball Association (NBA) uniforms beginning with the 2017–18 season, and these jerseys have the Nike logo. Owing to Jordan's association with and ownership of the team, the Charlotte Hornets' jerseys have the Jumpman logo instead of the Nike logo.
In April 2018 the University of Houston Cougars basketball program announced that they would become the seventh college basketball program to wear the Jumpman logo.
In December 2020 the UCLA Bruins basketball program and football team became bearers of the Nike Jumpman logo. UCLA men's basketball has more NCAA national championships (11) than any other college program. No monetary amount was announced for the six-year deal.
French association football team Paris Saint-Germain, whose apparel is supplied by Nike, added the Jumpman logo to their 2018–19 UEFA Champions League kits.
Since 2011 the Air Jordan brand has sponsored Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series driver Denny Hamlin, and has made all of his firesuits. In 2013, it was the primary sponsor of his No. 51 Kyle Busch Motorsports Toyota Tundra at Martinsville, where he won the pole position but finished 6th.
In March 2022, the Ateneo Blue Eagles, whose jerseys were supplied by Nike since 2002, replaced the Nike "swoosh" logo with the Jumpman logo for its jerseys in the university's basketball program beginning in the 84th season of the UAAP, becoming the first collegiate team outside of North America to bear the Jumpman logo.
On May 16, 2023, Cincinnati announced its new apparel deal with Nike to wear Jordan for basketball, reintroducing the Jumpman logo last worn in 2006. University of Cincinnati was the first Jordan school.
In popular culture
The song "Jumpman" by Drake and Future takes its name from the Jumpman logo and mentions the brand multiple times in its lyrics.
Buckethead's composition "Jordan" references the Jumpman logo in the single cover, and the name of the song references Michael Jordan.
References
Nike brands
Cultural depictions of Michael Jordan
Commercial logos
Symbols introduced in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpman%20%28logo%29 |
Byåsen Idrettslag is a multi-sport club from Trondheim, Norway. It has sections for association football (one for elite, one for women's and one for grassroots football), athletics, handball (one for elite and one for grassroots handball), orienteering, Nordic skiing, and cycling.
General history
The club was founded on 30 October 1921, and the three clubs Byåsen IL, Byåsen FK and Byåsen AIL later merged. The club colors are red and white.
Handball
The club has two sections for handball, the elite section named Byåsen Håndball Elite and a grassroots section.
The women's handball team quickly became the flagship of Byåsen, when they in 1980 managed to qualify for the Norwegian Cup Final, as a Third Division team. The team has played in the highest league since 1984, and has won the top league five times (1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1995–96, 1997–98) and appeared in the cup final 14 times, winning four (1988, 1989, 1991 and 2007). Its main rival nationally is Larvik HK. Local rivals have included Sjetne IL and Selbu IL.
Former players include Ida Alstad, Camilla Herrem, Kari Aalvik Grimsbø, Trine Haltvik, Karin Pettersen, Ingrid Steen, Annette Skotvoll, Kari Solem, Mia Hermansson Högdahl, Marte Snorroeggen, Gøril Snorroeggen, Elisabeth Aaraas and Marit Breivik.
Football
The elite section Byåsen Toppfotball is spearheaded by the men's team, which currently plays in the Norwegian Second Division, having last played in the First Division in 2001. The reserves team play in the Third Division.
The women's team plays in the Second Division.
Skiing
The ski team is divided in two categories; cross-country skiing and ski jumping/Nordic combined.
Well-known cross-country skiers include Johannes Høsflot Klæbo, Tor Arne Hetland and Kristin Mürer Stemland. Biathletes Lars Berger and Ole Einar Bjørndalen, who participate in cross country skiing from time to time, are members as well. Nordic combined skiers include Magnus Moan and Petter Tande.
Well-known ski jumpers include Torbjørn Falkanger, Tommy Ingebrigtsen, Håvard Lie and Arve Vorvik.
The club has a local rival club in Byaasen SK, founded on 3 December 1893.
Athletics and orienteering
Byåsen is an active athletics club. Their best athlete is Petter Hesselberg, who won the Norwegian championships in 110 metres hurdles in 1981 and 1983 and in 400 metres hurdles in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985. In the two events he also took nine silver medals and two bronze medals between 1977 and 1987. In the 1980s the club had good sprinters; the club won the Swedish relay at the 1983 national championships, and Kåre Magne Åmot took a 100 metres national silver in 1984. Roar Berg took a 200 metres national bronze in 1985, and became standing long jump champion in the same year. Jon Martin Denstadli won the standing long jump championships in 1991 and 1994 and took four other medals. Harald Lorentzen won a javelin throw bronze in 1983. Skier Kristin Mürer Stemland won a 5000 metres bronze at the national championships in Trondheim in 2008.
Well-known orienteers include Ellen Sofie Olsvik.
References
External links
Official site
Handball clubs in Norway
Athletics clubs in Norway
Sport in Trondheim
Ski jumping clubs in Norway
1921 establishments in Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%C3%A5sen%20IL |
Ordinary Magic is a 1993 Canadian film about a boy who is raised in India by his father. The story is based on the novel Ganesh by Malcolm Bosse with Canada substituting in the film for the book's Midwestern USA location. This film marked the debut of Ryan Reynolds. The movie was shot in Sri Lanka.
Plot
Jeffrey/Ganesh (Ryan Reynolds) has been raised with the ideals of social activism as part of his everyday life. His father spends the better part of their lives fighting for social justice in India. After his father dies, fifteen-year-old Jeffrey is sent to live with his aunt Charlotte (Glenne Headly) in the small town of Paris, Ontario. Through several comedic situations and with considerable effort, he manages to make friends and fit into his new, much smaller world of his. However, when his aunt receives an unfair eviction notice from her sleazy landlord (Paul Anka), every bit of his background and training comes into play, as he works with her to put on a well-publicized hunger strike, or Satyagraha, which wins the admiration of the local citizens.
Cast
Notes
References
External links
Canadian drama films
English-language Canadian films
1993 films
Films based on American novels
Films set in India
1993 drama films
Films about human rights
Films shot in Sri Lanka
Films directed by Giles Walker
Films scored by Mychael Danna
1990s English-language films
1990s Canadian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary%20Magic |
The list of ship launches in 1902 includes a chronological list of ships launched in 1902. In cases where no official launching ceremony was held, the date built or completed may be used instead.
References
Sources
1902
Ship launches
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201902 |
OverPower is collectible trading card game developed by Fleer/Marvel in 1995. Please follow the link to the OverPower card game for specifics on the game itself. This page is devoted to the list of the major sets/expansions that were produced to provide game cards; which expanded from Marvel characters to include DC and Image characters.
A list of the characters included in each set is also provided.
Marvel OverPower
Released middle 1995 by Fleer, composed of 346 cards, being 39 characters, 195 specials (5 for each character), 28 power cards, 42 universe cards and 6 Missions of 7 cards each (42 cards total). Was sold in pre-constructed 62-card decks or 55-card decks, and in either 9-card or 17-card booster packs.
Characters: Apocalypse, Beast, Bishop, Cable, Captain America, Carnage, Colossus, Cyclops, Deadpool, Doctor Doom, Doctor Octopus, Elektra, Gambit, Hobgoblin, Hulk, Human Torch, Invisible Woman, Iron Man, Jean Grey, Jubilee, Magneto, Mr. Fantastic, Mystique, Omega Red, Professor X, Psylocke, Punisher, Rhino, Rogue, Sabretooth, Silver Surfer, Spider-Man, Spider-Woman, Storm, Thing, Thor, Venom, War Machine and Wolverine.This card set has a smooth finish.
Powersurge
Released late 1995, with 269 cards, being 21 new characters, 163 new specials (6 for each new character, plus 1 for each of the 39 characters from the Overpower original set), 28 power cards (reprints from the previous set), 41 universe cards or the original 42 were reprinted with a purple border - the basic 8F+3 Wolverine was not reprinted in this set) and 2 missions of 7 cards each (14 cards total). There are also two legitimate variants: Longshot Roll with the Punches (1 on second line) and Scarlet Witch Sorceress Slam with the Fighting icon - which would make a complete set 271 cards. Sold in 9-card booster packs.
Characters: Banshee, Black Cat, Blob, Daredevil, Dr. Strange, Domino, Ghost Rider, Iceman, Juggernaut, Longshot, Mandarin, Mr. Sinister, Mojo, Mysterio, Namor, Scarlet Spider, Scarlet Witch, She-Hulk, Silver Sable, Strong Guy and Super-Skrull. This card set has a matte finish.
Mission Control
Released early 1996, introduced a new type of card, the events. Composed of 142 cards, being 10 new characters, 68 new specials (6 for each character, plus 8 Any Hero specials), 2 missions of 7 cards each (14 cards total) and 50 events (5 for each mission, including the missions from early sets). Sold in 9-card booster packs.
Characters: Black Widow, Brood, Doc Samson, Hawkeye, Morbius, Morph, Nightcrawler, Quicksilver, Sentinels and Vision.
DC OverPower
Released middle 1996, introduced the Intellect Power type. DC also introduced the allies, a new type of universe card, as well as Hero and Villain codes, a concept which was not used extensively in the game and never adopted by any Marvel OverPower expansion. It was composed of 334 cards, being 30 characters, 150 specials (5 for each character), 36 power cards, 70 universe cards, 4 missions of 7 cards each (28 cards total) and 20 events (5 for each mission). Sold in 62-card random decks and 9-cards booster packs.
DC OverPower was also dubbed Batman/Superman OverPower" since all its characters were from these two heroes' storylines.
Characters: Azrael, Bane, Batman, Brainiac, Catwoman, Commissioner Gordon and the GCPD, Cyborg, Doomsday, Eradicator, Hazard, Huntress, Joker, Killer Croc, Knockout, Lex Luthor, Metallo, Metropolis SCU, Nightwing, Parasite, Penguin, Poison Ivy, Ra's al Ghul, Riddler, Robin, Steel, Superboy, Supergirl, Superman, Thorn and Two-Face.
There is one variant; the Azrael hero without a date and trademark line. This is the hardest card to find and with the variant makes the set 335 cards.
IQ OverPower
Released late 1996, brought the Intellect Power type to Marvel characters, reprinting all Marvel characters released so far, now with Intellect values. Composed of 279 cards, being 78 characters (8 new and 70 reprints), 172 specials (5 for each new character, 1 or 2 for each character from previous Marvel sets, and 2 Any Character specials), 12 power cards and 17 universe cards. Sold in 15-card booster packs.
New characters: Forge, Green Goblin, Henry Pym, Kingpin, Nick Fury, Red Skull, Shadowcat and White Queen.
JLA OverPower
(JLA stands for Justice League of America) - Released early 1997, introduced the new tactic cards. 197 cards, being 20 characters, 134 specials (5 for each character of JLA Overpower, 1 for each character of DC OverPower, and 4 Any Character), 1 power card, 15 universe ally cards, 14 tactic double shot cards, 1 mission of 7 cards and 6 events (5 for the mission and 1 Any Mission event). Sold in 15-card booster packs.
Characters: Aquaman, Black Canary, Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, Captain Atom, Captain Marvel, Darkseid, Doctor Polaris, The Flash, Green Arrow, Green Lantern, Hawkman, Martian Manhunter, Mister Miracle, Neron, Orion, Parallax, The Ray, The Trickster and Wonder Woman.
Monumental OverPower
Released middle 1997, made "team characters" a major game concept (though this was not the first OverPower appearance of "team characters", as they had already appeared in DC OverPower with the release of Commissioner Gordon and the GCPD and Metropolis SCU, and even earlier in Mission Control with the release of the Brood and the Sentinels), character cards that represented a team, while its specials represented the members of that team. Monumental also introduced the location cards, that added new mechanics to the game. 289 cards, being 22 characters (16 new and 6 reprinted promotional characters), 118 specials (6 for each new character, 1 Any Character, and 21 of the previous Marvel characters also got a new special), 30 locations, 36 power cards (reprints with new artwork), 26 universe cards, 20 tactic cards, 2 missions of 7 cards each (14 cards total) and 23 events (6 for each new mission and 1 for each of the previous missions). Sold in 65-card random decks and 15-card booster packs. Some cards, like the missions, were only available in decks.
New Characters: The Acolytes, Alpha Flight, The Enforcers, The Hand, The Hellfire Club, Hydra, Inhumans, The Kree, The Marauders, The Morlocks, New Warriors, The Reavers, The Serpent Society, The Shi'ar, The Starjammers and X-Babies.
There were also three variant cards: Shi'ar Lilandra special (with Shi'ar misspelled Sh'iar in the card text), The Hellfire Club Tessa special with a JA code (instead of AA), and The Hellfire Club Sebastian Shaw special without the TM code. These are all common enough and make a complete set 292 including variants.
Classic OverPower
Released late 1997, introduced the artifacts, a new type of tactic card, and the "variant characters", new versions of already released character cards. Composed of 215 cards, being 32 characters, (24 new and 8 variant), 152 specials (1 Any Character and 6 for each new character except five; three of those five got just 3 specials, the other two have no specials; also, 28 of the previous characters got 1 new special), 5 locations, 1 power card, 24 tactic cards and 1 Any Mission event. Sold in 15-card booster packs. After Classic, Fleer decided not to produce OverPower anymore, and the production passed to Marvel Comics.
New Characters: Absorbing Man, Baron Mordo, Beta Ray Bill, Black Panther, Bullseye, Captain Mar-Vell, Dazzler, Deathlok, Dracula, Falcon, Havok, Heroes for Hire, Ka-Zar, Leader, Maggott, Marrow, Mole Man, Psycho-Man, Puppet Master, Reyes, Scorpion, Shang Chi: Master of Kung Fu, Superpatriot and Thunderbolts.
In addition to the 215 card set there were six promo cards. The six are referred to as the Classic Accidental Inserts. They are all rare to extremely rare. The rarest are the Any Power Teamwork (6A+0+0) picturing Captain America, Spider-man, and Wolverine; and the Tactic Artifact Avenger's ID Card (6I+5A) picturing the Hulk and Wasp. The next rarest are the Basic Universe (6I+3) Xavier Protocols picturing Professor X with several X-Men in the background on computer screens, including Wolverine; and the Any Character Deal with the Devil picturing Emplate and White Queen. The easiest of these rare cards are the Location Krakoa picturing the X-Men; and the Tactic Artifact picturing Nightcrawler/Errol Flynn shape shifting.
Image OverPower
Released middle 1998. Strange as it may seem, the first set released by Marvel Comics introduced characters that, at that time, were published by Image Comics. Composed of 217 cards, being 19 characters, 126 specials (3 Any Character; 6 for each character, Note: Spawn had a promo card (a 7th special) that came in 2 versions (wrong cut - National give-a-way and the Correct cut - Overpower Legion version). and 3 for each Image character of the Marvel vs Wildstorms. OverPower Card Game#Promo Cards promotional set (Future Backlash, Brass, Daemonite Voodoo, and Wynonna Earp, each 3 specials, except Future Backlash with 6), 4 locations, 38 power cards, 13 universe cards, 4 tactic cards, 1 mission of 7 cards and 6 events for that mission. Sold in 60-card random decks and 15-card booster packs.
Characters: Backlash, Curse, The Darkness, Fairchild, Grifter, Grunge, Killrazor, Malebolgia, Overtkill, Ripclaw, The Savage Dragon, Shadowhawk, Spawn, Stryker, Tiffany, Velocity, Violator, Witchblade and Zealot.
X-Men OverPower
Released January, 1999 was the second set produced by Marvel, and the last OverPower set ever released. It introduced the aspects, designed to make locations more useful. X-Men Overpower cards were cut incorrectly, being slightly larger than the other cards, which made decks mixing X-Men sets and other sets very hard to shuffle without sleeves. Also, the font used for character's names was different. It contained 200 cards, being 38 characters (26 new and 12 variant), 126 specials (1 Any Character and 5 for each new character except four, that have no specials; also, 15 previous characters got 1 new special), 5 locations, 23 aspects, 4 universe cards and 4 tactic cards. Sold in 15-card booster packs.
New Characters: Bastion, Callisto, Captain Britain, Cerebro, Crux, Deathbird, Donald Pierce, Goblyn Queen, Grey King, Landslide, Maverick, Mercury, Multiple Man, Phoenix, Polaris, Rapture, Sabra, Shadow King, Spider-Girl, Sunfire, Taskmaster, Thunderbird, Typhoid Mary, X-Man, X-Men: Original Team and Xaos
Unreleased series
Two new expansion sets were designed by Marvel Comics to be released in 1999/2000 to update the game, with new versions of the characters alongside new characters as Angel and Wasp: OverPower: The Marvels (that would have only heroes) and OverPower: Absolute Evil (that would have only villains). These sets were never released, but a complete spoiler for The Marvels somehow spread through the internet.
A third DC expansion was being designed by Fleer before handing the rights over to Marvel Comics. The set was to be titled "Universal Forces" and some pieces of artwork to be used in the set circulated the internet. Locations cards based on DC Comics locations were designed, as well as several new characters including Impulse, Black Lightning, Fate, Deathstroke, and The Rogues.
References
OverPower card sets
Collectible card games based on Marvel Comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20OverPower%20card%20sets |
A colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called colonies), either contiguous with the imperial center or located overseas, settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state.
Before the expansion of early modern European powers, other empires had conquered and colonized territories, such as the Roman Empire in Iberia, or the Chinese in what is now South China. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration between the then most advanced European maritime powers, Portugal and Spain, during the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance. Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in 1479, 1493, and 1494. European imperialism was born out of competition between European Christians and Ottoman Muslims, the latter of which rose up quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek new trade routes to India, and to a lesser extent, China.
Although colonies existed in classical antiquity, especially amongst the Phoenicians and the ancient Greeks who settled many islands and coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, these colonies were politically independent from the city-states they originated from, and thus did not constitute a colonial empire. This paradigm shifted by the time of the Ptolemaic Empire, the Seleucid Empire, and the Roman Empire.
History
European colonial empires
Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and one of the first colonial empires under the leadership of Henry the Navigator. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe (especially at one time in the 16th century) that are now parts of 60 different sovereign states. Portugal would eventually control Brazil, territories such as what is now Uruguay and some fishing ports in north, in the Americas; Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, and São Tomé and Príncipe (among other territories and bases) in the North and the Subsaharan Africa; cities, forts or territories in all the Asian subcontinents, as Muscat, Ormus and Bahrain (amongst other bases) in the Persian Gulf; Goa, Bombay and Daman and Diu (amongst other coastal cities) in India; Portuguese Ceylon; Malacca, bases in Southeast Asia and Oceania, as Makassar, Solor, Banda, Ambon and others in the Moluccas, Portuguese Timor; and the granted entrepôt-base of Macau and the entrepôt-enclave of Dejima (Nagasaki) in East Asia, amongst other smaller or short-lived possessions.
During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire had possession of Mexico, South America, the Philippines, all of southern Italy, a stretch of territories from the Duchy of Milan to the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium, parts of Burgundy, and many colonial settlements in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Possessions in Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas, the Pacific Ocean, and East Asia qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence. From 1580 to 1640 the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in a personal union of its Habsburg monarchs during the period of the Iberian Union, but beneath the highest level of government, their separate administrations were maintained.
Subsequent colonial empires included the French, English, Dutch and Japanese empires. By the mid-17th century, the Tsardom of Russia, continued later as the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and modern Russia, became the largest contiguous state in the world and remains so to this day.
Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, by virtue of its technological and maritime supremacy, the British Empire steadily expanded to become by far the largest empire in history; at its height ruling over a quarter of the Earth's land area and 24% of the population. Britain's role as a global hegemon during this time ushered in a century of "British Peace", lasting from the end of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars to the start of World War I. During the New Imperialism, Italy and Germany also built their colonial empires in Africa.
Timeline
The chart below shows the span of some European colonial empires.
Black lines mark the year of the empires largest territorial extent of land area.
Red represents that the empire is at that time a monarchy.
Blue represents that the empire is at that time a republic.
List of colonial empires
:
Belgian Empire (1908–1962)
(1908–1960)
Ruanda-Urundi (1922–1962)
Belgian concession of Tianjin (1902–1931)
British Empire (1707–1997/present)
Evolution of the British Empire; Angevin Empire; English colonial empire (1585–1707)
Possessions in Europe
British Cyprus
British Malta
British Ireland
United States of the Ionian Islands
British Gibraltar
British Minorca
British Heligoland
Possessions in Africa
British Somaliland (1884–1960)
British Egypt (1914–1936)
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
East Africa Protectorate (1895–1920)
Kenya Colony (1920–1963)
Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)
Tanganyika (territory) (1922–1961)
Protectorate of Nyasaland (1893–1964)
Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (1924–1964)
Colony of Southern Rhodesia (1923–1965), (1979–1980)
Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885–1966)
British Nigeria (1914–1954)
British Gold Coast (1867–1957)
British Sierra Leone (1808–1961)
British Gambia (1821–1965)
Possessions in the Americas
British West Indies
Bahamas
Barbados
(1671–1816),(1833–1958)
(1833–1960)
Colony of Jamaica (1655–1962)
Trinidad and Tobago
(1862–1981)
(1814–1966)
Kingdom of Mosquitia (1638–1860)
Possessions in South Asia
(1757–1858)
(1858–1947)
(1815–1948)
(protectorate) (1907–1947)
Sikkim (protectorate) (1861–1947)
Nepal (protectorate) (1816–1923)
Possessions in East Asia
(1841–1997)
Possessions in the Middle East
(1820–1971)
British Bahrain
British Qatar (1916–1971)
British Iraq (1920–1932)
(1921–1946)
(1920–1948)
Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1899–1961)
Aden Protectorate (1872–1963)
Muscat and Oman (1892–1970)
(protectorate) (1879–1919)
Possessions in Southeast Asia
British Bencoolen
British Malaya
British Borneo
Dominions of the United Kingdom
States and territories of Australia (1901–present)
Australia itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1901, 1942 and 1986, was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandates of New Guinea and Nauru
Realm of New Zealand (1907–present)
New Zealand itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1907, 1947 and 1986, was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandate of Samoa. It was also nominal co-trustee of the mandate of Nauru. The remaining non-self-governing New Zealand territory is Tokelau.
Mandates under South African administration (1915–1990)
The South-West Africa mandate was governed by the Union of South Africa, that itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1910, 1931 and 1961.
Danish Empire (1620–1979/present)
Danish India (1620–1869)
Danish Gold Coast (1658–1850)
Danish colonization of the Americas:
Danish West Indies (1754–1917)
Greenland (1814–1979)
Dutch Empire (1602–1975/present)
Dutch colonization of the Americas by :
Dutch Guyana/Surinam
Dutch Brazil
Dutch Caribbean
Dutch Gold Coast (1612-1872)
Dutch India
Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806)
Dutch Formosa (1624–1662)
Dutch Ceylon (1640-1796)
Dejima (1641–1854)
Dutch Mauritius (1638–1710)
French Empire (1534–1980/present)
French colonization of the Americas:
France Antarctique (1555–1567)
(1534–1763) and Quebec
French Louisiana
French West Indies (1635–today)
Îles des Saintes (1648–present)
Marie-Galante (1635–present)
la Désirade (1635–present)
Guadeloupe (1635–present)
Martinique (1635–present)
French Guiana
Asia:
French India (1664–1962)
French Indochina and French Indochinese Union (1887–1954)
Laos (protectorate) (1893–1953)
Cambodia (protectorate) (1863–1953)
Vietnam
Cochinchina (Southern Vietnam) (1858–1949)
Annam (protectorate) (Central Vietnam) (1883–1949)
Tonkin (protectorate) (Northern Vietnam) (1884–1949
China
The foreign concessions : French Concession of Shanghai (1849–1946), Tianjin (1860–1946) and Hankou (1898–1946)
The spheres of French influence officially recognized by China on the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, and Guangdong
Shamian Island (1859–1949) (a fifth of the island)
French Guangzhouwan (1898–1945)
Possessions in the Middle East
Mandate for Syria and Lebanon (1920–1946)
French Africa:
French North Africa (1830–1934) and French Algeria
French Morocco (1912–1956)
French Tunisia (1886–1956)
French Somaliland (1883–1967)
French West Africa (1895–1958)
French Madagascar (1897–1958)
French Comoros (1866–1968)
French Equatorial Africa (1910–1958)
Isle de France (1715–1810)
Seychelles (1756–1810)
The Scattered Islands
Reunion island (1710–present)
Mayotte (1841–present)
Oceania:
(1906–1980)
Clipperton island
German Empire (1884–1920)
Kamerun (1884–1918)
Togoland (1884–1916)
German South West Africa (1884–1919)
German New Guinea (1884–1919)
German East Africa (1885–1919)
German Samoa (1900–1920)
German Concession in Tientsin
German concession of Hankou
German Tsingtao
German Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
Italian Empire (1882–1960)
Eritrea (1882–1947)
Somaliland (1889–1947, 1950–1960 as Italian Trust Territory of Somaliland)
Ethiopia (1936–1941)
Italian East Africa (formed by merging Eritrea, Somaliland and Ethiopia: 1936–1947)
Cyrenaica (1912–1947)
Tripolitania (1912–1947)
Libya (Formed by merging Cyrenaica and Tripolitania in 1934. It dissolved in 1947. It also included the Southern Military Territory of Fezzan)
Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912–1947)
Italian Albania (1939–1943)
Italian France (1940–1943)
Italian Montenegro (1941–1943)
Italian concession of Tientsin (1901–1947)
Portuguese Empire (1415–1999)
Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
Portuguese India (1505–1961)
Portuguese Ceylon (1598–1658)
Portuguese Timor (1702–1975)
Portuguese Macau (1557–1999)
Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641)
Portuguese Nagasaki (1580–1587)
Portuguese Oman (1507–1656)
Tamão (1514–1521)
Portuguese Africa
Portuguese East Africa (1498–1975)
Portuguese West Africa (1575–1975)
Portuguese Guinea (1474–1974)
Portuguese Cape Verde (1462–1975)
Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (1470–1975)
Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá (1721–1961)
Portuguese Gold Coast (1482–1642)
Russian Empire (1721–1917)
Siberia
Caucasus
Central Asia
Russian colonization of North America:
Russian America (1733–1867)
Sagallo (1889)
Russian Port Arthur
Russian concession in Tientsin
Spanish Empire (1492–1825/1898-1975)
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Viceroyalty of Peru
Viceroyalty of New Granada
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Spanish East Indies (1565–1898)
Captaincy General of the Philippines
Spanish Africa
Spanish Guinea (1778–1968)
Spanish Sahara (1884–1975)
Spanish protectorate in Morocco (1912–1956)
Ifni (1476–1524/1859–1969).
Habsburg Spain possessions in Europe:
Spanish Italy (1535–1713)
Spanish Netherlands (1535–1713)
Swedish Empire (1638–1663, 1733, 1784–1878)
Swedish colonies in the Americas
New Sweden (1638–1655)
Swedish colony of Saint Barthélemy (1784–1878)
Guadeloupe (1813–1814)
Swedish Gold Coast (1650–1658, 1660–1663)
Swedish Africa Company
Swedish East India Company
Parangipettai (1733)
Swedish Factory, Canton Factories (1757–1860)
:
Japanese Empire (1868–1945)
Ezo as Hokkaido (1869–present)
Ryukyu as Okinawa Prefecture (1879–1945 & 1972–present)
Taiwan (1895–1945)
Karafuto Prefecture (1905–1949)
Korea (1910–1945)
South Seas Mandate (1919–1947)
(1932–1945)
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (1932–1945)
Ottoman Empire (1354–1908)
Asia:
Protectorate of Aceh (1496–1903)
Ottoman Arabia (1517–1919)
Ottoman Cyprus (1571–1878)
Ottoman Iraq (1538–1918)
Ottoman Syria (1517–1918)
Africa:
(1867–1914)
Turco-Egyptian Sudan
Ottoman Egypt (1517–1914)
Ottoman Absinia (1554–1872)
(1516–1830)
(1551–1912)
Ottoman Tunisia (1574–1881)
Europe:
(1898–1913)
(1475–1774)
Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463–1908)
Ottoman Bulgaria (1396–1878)
Ottoman Crete (1667–1898)
Ottoman Greece (1453–1830)
Ottoman Hungary (1541–1699)
Ottoman Serbia (1371–1817)
Rumelia Eyalet (1365–1867)
Sanjak of Rhodes (1522–1912)
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1862)
:
United States (1816–present)
United States overseas territorial acquisitions
(1899–Present)
(1898–Present)
(1986–Present)
(1898–Present)
(1917–Present)
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946)
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (1902–1935)
Panama Canal Zone (1903–1979)
Republic of Hawaii (1898–1900)
Minor Outlying Islands (1857–Present)
Guano Islands Act Claims (1856–Present)
Canton and Enderbury Islands (1939–1979)
Ryukyu Islands (1950–1972)
(1947–1994)
American Colonization Society (1816–1847)
Colony of Liberia (1821–1847)
Kentucky in Africa (1828–1847)
Maryland-in-Africa (1834–1857)
Mississippi-in-Africa (1835–1842)
American Concessions
American Concession in Shanghai (1848–1863)
American concession in Tianjin (1869–1902)
American Trading Company of Borneo (1865–1881)
Corn Islands (1914–1971)
Guantanamo Bay (1903–present)
Pituffik Space Base (1943–present)
Habsburg monarchy Colonies and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1719–1750, 1778–1783, 1901–1917)
Austrian colonial policy
Ostend Company
Bankipur (Bengal)
Covelong
Austrian East India Company
Austrian colonisation of Nicobar Islands (1778–1785)
Austrian Delagoa Bay (1773–1781)
Móric Benyovszky's Madagascar (1774–1779)
Austrian North Borneo
Franz Josef Land
Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin (1901–1917)
Hungarian colonial attempts
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1637–1795) and colonial initiatives
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (a Latvian vassal of Poland–Lithuania in 1637–1690):
Couronian colonization in Africa
Couronian colonization of the Americas
Jaxa (1665–1685)
Toco (1688–1689)
Colonization attempts by Poland
Polish occupation zone in Germany
German colonial initiatives (1683–1721)
Colonies of Brandenburg-Prussia (1683–1721)
Colonies of County of Hanau
Neu-Askania (1828–1856)
German colonization of the Americas
Klein-Venedig (1528–1546)
Italy and the colonization of the Americas
Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Thornton expedition (1608–1609)
Kingdom of Sicily: Kingdom of Africa (1135–1160)
Knights Hospitaller (Malta, a vassal of the Kingdom of Sicily): Hospitaller colonization of the Americas
Norway
List of possessions of Norway (1920–present)
Erik the Red's Land
Norway Antarctic and sub-Antarctic possessions (1927–1957)
Sweden-Norway (1814–1905)
Cooper Island (1844–1905)
Kingdom of Scotland (1621–1707)
Scottish colonization of the Americas
Kingdom of Morocco (1086–1228; 1975–present)
Al-Andalus
Southern Provinces
Omani Empire (1652–1892)
Yaruba dynasty (1624–1742)
Sultanate of Muscat (1652–1820)
(taken by Oman in 1698, became capital of the Omani Sultanate or Empire from 1632 or 1640; until 1890)
Mombasa (1698–1728, 1729–1744, 1837–1890)
Gwadar (1783–1958)
Chinese Empire (from Qin dynasty to Qing dynasty), (221 BC – 1911)
Imperial Chinese Tributary System
Guangxi
Hainan (since the Han dynasty)
Nansha Islands
Xisha Islands
Manchuria (during the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties)
Manchuria (Northeast China)
Outer Manchuria
Kuye Island
Korea
Canghai Commandery(A commandery that self subjugated to Han dynasty from Dongye)
Four Commanderies of Han (Established after the fall of Gojoseon)
Daifang Commandery (Offshoot of the former four commanderies of Han that existed in the 3rd to 4th century)
Colonization attempts of the Tang dynasty after Unification of the three kingdoms of Korea (Gyerim Territory Area Command, Protectorate General to Pacify the East and Ungjin Commandery)
Dongnyeong Prefectures, Ssangseong Prefectures and Tamna prefectures (Yuan dynasty)
Inner Mongolia
Outer Mongolia (during for example the Tang and Qing dynasties)
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Yunnan
Vietnam (from the Han to Tang dynasties, and during the early Ming dynasty)
Xinjiang
Central Asia (during the Tang and Qing dynasties)
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
Ethiopian colonies as the Aksum Empire
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Persian Empires
Oman (5th century BC–628; 1743–1747)
Bahrain (5th century BC–629; 1077–1253, 1330–1507)
Sasanian Yemen (570–628)
Aghlabids colonies as Arab vassals of Abbasid Caliphate in Ifriqiya
Southern Italy
Emirate of Sicily
Emirate of Bari
Malta
Chola empire
Srivijaya
Sri Lanka
(1799–1849)
(1819–1846)
(1834–1849)
Chilean Antarctic Territory
Chiloé
Patagonia
Arica and Antofagasta
Maps
European:
Asian:
Other countries with colonial possessions:
See also
Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization
Colonial troops
Empire
Great Divergence
Hegemony
History of Western civilization
Imperialism
List of ancient great powers
List of largest empires
List of medieval great powers
List of modern great powers
Middle Eastern empires
Nomadic empire
The empire on which the sun never sets
Notes and references
External links
Visualizing western empires decline
Empire
Empires | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial%20empire |
Donegal Castle () is a castle situated in the centre of Donegal Town in County Donegal in Ulster, Ireland. The castle was the stronghold of the O'Donnell clan, Lords of Tír Conaill and one of the most powerful Gaelic families in Ireland from the 5th to the 16th centuries. For most of the last two centuries, the majority of the buildings lay in ruins but the castle was almost fully restored in the early 1990s. It is now open to the public.
Structure and location
The castle consists of a 15th-century rectangular keep with a later Jacobean style wing. There is a small gatehouse at its entrance mirroring the design of the keep. The complex is sited on a bend in the River Eske, near the mouth of Donegal Bay, and is surrounded by a 17th-century boundary wall. Most of the stonework was constructed from locally sourced limestone with some sandstone.
History
Donegal (), translates as Fort of the Foreigner possibly coming from a Viking fortress in the area destroyed in 1159. However, due to hundreds of years of development, no archaeological evidence of this early fortress has been found. Hugh Roe O'Donnell, wealthy chief of the O’Donnell clan, built the castle in 1474. At the same time, he and his wife Nuala built a Franciscan monastery further down the river. A local legend tells of a tunnel connecting the two but no evidence for this has been found. The castle was regarded as one of the finest Gaelic castles in Ireland. This was indicated by a report by the visiting English Viceroy, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir Henry Sidney, in 1566, in a letter to William Cecil (created The 1st Baron Burghley in 1571), the Lord High Treasurer, describing it as "the largest and strongest fortress in all Ireland", adding:
"it is the greatest I ever saw in an Irishman's hands: and would appear to be in good keeping; one of the fairest situated in good soil and so nigh a portable water a boat of ten tonnes could come within ten yards of it"
In 1607, after the Nine Years' War, the leaders of the O'Donnell clan left Ireland in the Flight of the Earls. In 1611, during the Plantation of Ulster, the castle and its lands were granted to an English captain, Basil Brooke. The tower house was severely damaged by the departing O'Donnells to prevent the castle from being used against the Gaelic clans but was quickly restored by its new owners. Brooke also added windows, a gable and a large manor-house wing to the keep, all in the Jacobean style.
The Brooke family owned the castle up until the 1670s when they moved to near Lisnaskea in County Fermanagh. At that time, in the 1670s, the Brookes sold the castle to the Gore dynasty, who later became Earls of Arran in the Peerage of Ireland. The castle fell into a ruinous state under the Gores in the early 18th century. In 1898, the then owner, the 5th Earl of Arran, vested the castle in the Office of Public Works.
Restoration
In the early 1990s, the castle was partially restored by the Office of Public Works (the O.P.W.). The tower house element has had new roofing and flooring added, in keeping with the original styles and techniques used in the 15th and 17th centuries. The stonework has been restored and the manor wing has been partially roofed. Some of the oak timbers used came from the Colebrooke Estate, just outside Brookeborough in County Fermanagh. Parts of the exterior of the tower house have been harled.
The castle is now open to the public and often hosts events such as Gaelic cultural evenings or Ulster Scots events.
References
External links
Donegal Castle on the Heritage Ireland website
Castle
Castles in County Donegal
Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland
Museums in County Donegal
National Monuments in County Donegal
O'Donnell dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donegal%20Castle |
Stylommatophora is an order of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon includes most land snails and slugs. Stylommatophorans lack an operculum, but some close their shell apertures with temporary "operculum" (epiphragm) made of calcified mucus. They have two pairs of retractile tentacles, the upper pair of which bears eyes on the tentacle tips. All stylommatophorans are hermaphrodites.
The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles.
Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous period up to the present day. A molecular clock estimate puts the origin of the crown group also to the Cretaceous.
2017 taxonomy
The most up-to-date formal classification of Stylommatophora is that of Bouchet et al. (2017). Continuously updated information may be found at MolluscaBase. The 2017 system already becomes obsolete in some parts due to new phylogenetic studies.
Rhytidoidea is apparently not a monophyletic group, but rather a collection of lineages from the southern hemisphere with unresolved relationships.
suborder Achatinina [“Achatinoid Clade”]
superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
Achatinidae Swainson, 1840
Aillyidae H. B. Baker, 1955
Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883
Micractaeonidae Schileyko, 1999
superfamily Streptaxoidea Gray, 1860
Streptaxidae Gray, 1860
Diapheridae Panha & Naggs, 2010
suborder Scolodontina
superfamily Scolodontoidea H. B. Baker, 1925
Scolodontidae H. B. Baker, 1925
suborder Helicina [“Non-Achatinoid Clade”]
incertae sedis
superfamily Coelociontoidea Iredale, 1937
Coelociontidae Iredale, 1937
superfamily Papillodermatoidea Wiktor, Martin & Castillejo, 1990
Papillodermatidae Wiktor, Martin & Castillejo, 1990
superfamily Plectopyloidea Möllendorff, 1898
Plectopylidae Möllendorff, 1898
Corillidae Pilsbry, 1905
Sculptariidae Degner, 1923
superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
Punctidae Morse, 1864
Charopidae Hutton, 1884
Cystopeltidae Cockerell, 1891
Discidae Thiele, 1931
Endodontidae Pilsbry, 1895
Helicodiscidae H. B. Baker, 1927
Oreohelicidae Pilsbry, 1939
superfamily Testacelloidea Gray, 1840
Testacellidae Gray, 1840
superfamily Urocoptoidea Pilsbry, 1898
Urocoptidae Pilsbry, 1898
Cerionidae Pilsbry, 1901
Epirobiidae F. G. Thompson, 2012
Eucalodiidae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1873
Holospiridae Pilsbry, 1946
infraorder Succineoidei [= Elasmognatha]
superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837
Succineidae Beck, 1837
superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883
Athoracophoridae P. Fischer, 1883
infraorder Rhytidoidei
superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
Rhytididae Pilsbry, 1893
Acavidae Pilsbry, 1895
Caryodidae Conolly, 1915
Clavatoridae Thiele, 1926
Dorcasiidae Connolly, 1915
Macrocyclidae Thiele, 1926
Megomphicidae H. B. Baker, 1930
Odontostomidae Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898 (according to Salvador et al. 2023, in Bouchet et al. classified in Orthalicoidea)
Strophocheilidae Pilsbry, 1902
infraorder Orthalicoidei
superfamily Orthalicoidea Martens, 1860
Orthalicidae Martens, 1860
Amphibulimidae P. Fischer, 1873
Bothriembryontidae Iredale, 1937
Bulimulidae Tryon, 1867
Cyclodontinidae Salvador & Breure, 2023 (see Salvador et al. 2023)
Megaspiridae Pilsbry, 1904
Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999
Tomogeridae Jousseaume, 1877 (see Salvador et al. 2023)
infraorder Pupilloidei [= Orthurethra]
superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
Pupillidae Turton, 1831
Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
Agardhiellidae Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017
Amastridae Pilsbry, 1910
Argnidae Hudec, 1965
Azecidae Watson, 1920
Cerastidae Wenz, 1923
Chondrinidae Steenberg, 1925
Cochlicopidae Pilsbry, 1900
Draparnaudiidae Solem, 1962
Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903
Fauxulidae Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017
Gastrocoptidae Pilsbry, 1918
Lauriidae Steenberg, 1925
Odontocycladidae Hausdorf, 1996
Orculidae Pilsbry, 1918
Pagodulinidae Pilsbry, 1924
Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900
Pleurodiscidae Wenz, 1923
Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914
Spelaeoconchidae A. J. Wagner, 1928 (Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina)
Spelaeodiscidae Steenberg, 1925
Strobilopsidae Wenz, 1915
Truncatellinidae Steenberg, 1925
Valloniidae Morse, 1864
Vertiginidae Fitzinger, 1833
infraorder Clausilioidei
superfamily Clausilioidea Gray, 1855
Clausiliidae Gray, 1855
Pilsbrylia Hylton Scott, 1952 (South America; placement following Salvador et al. 2023)
infraorder Arionoidei
superfamily Arionoidea Gray, 1840
Arionidae Gray, 1840
Anadenidae Pilsbry, 1948
Ariolimacidae Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898
Binneyidae Cockerell, 1891
Philomycidae Gray, 1847
infraorder Limacoidei [“Limacoid Clade”]
superfamily Limacoidea Batsch, 1789
Limacidae Batsch, 1789
Agriolimacidae H. Wagner, 1935
Boettgerillidae Wiktor & I. M. Likharev, 1979
Vitrinidae Fitzinger, 1833
superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
Gastrodontidae Tryon, 1866
Oxychilidae Hesse, 1927
Pristilomatidae Cockerell, 1891
superfamily Parmacelloidea P. Fischer, 1856
Parmacellidae P. Fischer, 1856
Milacidae Ellis, 1926
Trigonochlamydidae Hesse, 1882
superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
Zonitidae Mörch, 1864
superfamily Trochomorphoidea Mörch, 1864
Trochomorphidae Möllendorff, 1890
Chronidae Thiele, 1931
Dyakiidae Gude & B. B. Woodward, 1921
Euconulidae H. B. Baker, 1928
Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931
superfamily Helicarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
Helicarionidae Bourguignat, 1877
Ariophantidae Godwin-Austen, 1888
Urocyclidae Simroth, 1889
infraorder Oleacinoidei
superfamily Oleacinoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
Oleacinidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
Spiraxidae H. B. Baker, 1939
superfamily Haplotrematoidea H. B. Baker, 1925
Haplotrematidae H. B. Baker, 1925
infraorder Helicoidei [“Helicoid Clade”]
superfamily Sagdoidea Pilsbry, 1895
Sagdidae Pilsbry, 1895
Solaropsidae H. Nordsieck, 1986
Zachrysiidae Robinson, Sei & Rosenberg, 2017
superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815
Cepolidae Ihering, 1909
Labyrinthidae Borrero, Sei, Robinson & Rosenberg, 2017
Thysanophoridae Pilsbry, 1926
Camaenidae Pilsbry, 1895
Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895
Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815 (western Palaearctic)
Elonidae Gittenberger, 1977
Trissexodontidae H. Nordsieck, 1987
Helicodontidae Kobelt, 1904
Sphincterochilidae Zilch, 1960
Geomitridae C. Boettger, 1909
Canariellidae Schileyko, 1991
Hygromiidae Tryon, 1866
Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912
Trichodiscinidae H. Nordsieck, 1987
Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 1879
2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on evolutionary ancestry, Stylommatophora is a clade in the clade Eupulmonata within informal group Pulmonata. It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily.
The clade Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever monophyly has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.
clade Elasmognatha
Superfamily Succineoidea
Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
clade Orthurethra
Superfamily Partuloidea
Superfamily Achatinelloidea
Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
Superfamily Pupilloidea
Superfamily Enoidea
informal group Sigmurethra
Superfamily Clausilioidea
Superfamily Orthalicoidea
Superfamily Achatinoidea
Superfamily Aillyoidea
Superfamily Testacelloidea
Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
Superfamily Streptaxoidea
Superfamily Rhytidoidea
Superfamily Acavoidea
Superfamily Punctoidea
Superfamily Sagdoidea
"limacoid clade" (within the Sigmurethra)
Superfamily Staffordioidea
Superfamily Dyakioidea
Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Superfamily Parmacelloidea
Superfamily Zonitoidea
Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Superfamily Limacoidea
(not in limacoid clade, but is within the Sigmurethra)
Superfamily Arionoidea
Superfamily Helicoidea
Previous taxonomy
Subinfraorder Orthurethra
Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
References
Extant Cretaceous first appearances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylommatophora |
Un-United Kingdom is an EP released by Pitchshifter in 1999. The EP is dedicated to band's good friend, Ken Owen from Carcass, who suffered a severe intracerebral hemorrhage and spent ten months in a coma before ultimately recovering.
In January 2020, the band announced they were releasing a "redux" of the song, with additional guest vocals, to coincide with the day of Brexit.
Track listing
Personnel
Pitchshifter
Vocals - J.S. Clayden
Guitar - Jim Davies
Bass - Mark Clayden
Drums - Jason Bowld
Production
Artwork by J.S. Clayden and Unknown Graphic Services
Engineered by Craig Chettle, Greg Marshall, J.S. Clayden and Johnny Carter
Mastered by Tim Young
Produced, mixed by Pitchshifter
Written by Pitchshifter (tracks: 1, 2, 4), Big Black (track: 3)
References
1999 EPs
Pitchshifter albums
Alternative Tentacles EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un-United%20Kingdom |
State Theatre New Jersey is a nonprofit theater, located in New Brunswick, New Jersey. It has seating for 1,850 people. Designed by architect Thomas W. Lamb in 1921, it is one of the oldest theaters in the State of New Jersey.
History
The State Theatre was built in 1921 as Reade's State Theatre by Thomas W. Lamb and managed by Walter Reade for both movies and live performances. It opened with five vaudeville acts and a single matinee screening of the silent western White Oak, starring William S. Hart. Patrons, including first ticket buyer, nine-year-old Victor Levin, paid 20-30 cents per admission.
The theater was placed under the management of Benjamin Franklin Keith and Edward Franklin Albee II of B.F Keith Theatre chain, which then was the largest vaudeville theater chain in the early 1920s. After the death of Keith, Albee continued the operation and eventually merged with Orpheum, the largest western booking agency to form Keith-Albee-Orpheum (KAO).
In 1928, The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) acquired KAO as a subsidiary and KAO changed to Radio-Keith-Orpheum; also known as RKO. Within one year, the theater was equipped for sound.
In 1933 the RKO State Theatre underwent major renovations ending with a RKO Art-Deco renovation. With the advent of talking movies, the theater became a popular cinema for first-run movies beginning in 1939.
In the 1950s RKO State Theatre began to host rock ‘n’ roll shows featuring popular artists like The Satins, Chubby Checker, and more. This emerging genre led to yet another renovation of the theater adding acoustic tiles, which helped produce a booming sound.
In the 1970s, while continuing to host rock 'n' roll shows, the State Theatre drew in considerable audiences by embracing the Rocky Horror Picture Show.
Revitalization
The State Theatre continued to operate into the 1960s until audiences switched to multiplex cinemas. RKO sold the building to a business that showed adult movies and the structure declined. In 1979 it was purchased by the New Brunswick Development Corporation as part of New Brunswick's revitalization project for $455,000.
In 1986, the New Brunswick Cultural Center, led by Chairman Richard B. Sellars, former chairman and CEO of Johnson & Johnson acquired the State Theatre from the New Brunswick Development Corporation, and in 1987 began a $3 million renovation. The State Theatre reopened as a performing arts center on April 24, 1988, with a performance by the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra.
In December 2003, with the help of the Middlesex County and Board of County Commissioners, the theater received $3 million for interior restoration. Up to 20 layers of paint were stripped away to determine the original color scheme. The ornamental plaster domed ceiling were repaired, and upgrades were made to the sound and lighting systems.
The theatre re-opened in October 2004 with a performance by comedian Jay Leno. In the summer of 2010, the State Theatre installed a new heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system costing $1 million provided by Middlesex County.
Today, State Theatre New Jersey continues to flourish as the centerpiece and premier venue for New Brunswick, New Jersey arts community. State Theatre presents a diverse roaster of entertainment, including international orchestras, Broadway, comedy, dance, pop, rock, family events, and more.
In addition to presenting mainstage performances, State Theatre New Jersey hosts over 180 education and community engagement programs reaching 30,000 students, teachers, and families each year, with performances, workshops, artist residencies, Sensory friendly performances, and other activities.
As of June 2020, over six million people have come through the doors of the theater.
A new blade marquee was installed during the summer of 2021, as part of major renovations.
Notable events
Artists who have performed at State Theatre New Jersey throughout the years include Ringo Starr, Diana Ross, Harry Connick Jr., David Copperfield, Frankie Valli, Bruce Springsteen, George Carlin, Lewis Black, kd lang, John Leguizamo, Tony Bennett and Aretha Franklin. The State Theatre has also hosted distinguished international orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Munich Symphony Orchestra, the Mariinsky Orchestra, and the BBC Concert Orchestra, among others.
On May 20, 2009, the State Theatre hosted the last performance by Peter, Paul, and Mary. Due to Mary Travers' long illness and continuing decline, the remaining shows that the trio had planned were either canceled, or only featured Peter Yarrow and Noel "Paul" Stookey. Mary Travers died of complications from chemotherapy on September 16, 2009.
On November 14, 2018, the historic State Theatre New Jersey was the focus of the second episode of NJTV's Treasures of New Jersey.
Timeline
1921 Opens on December 26 under the theater management of Walter Reade
1922 State's management is under-taken by B.F Keith Theater chain
1922-1924 Merges with largest western booking agency, Orpheum, and becomes Keith-Albee-Orpheum
1933 Major design changes occur, ending with RKO art deco renovation
1939 RKO letters are added to façade
1939 With the advent of talking movies, the theater becomes a popular cinema for first-run movies
1950s State Theatre begins to host rock ‘n’ roll shows
1960s Growing popularity of television leads to decline in theater audience and the theater's popularity
1970 The theater is purchased by investor Jeffrey Gerstin and is rebranded with a new identity focused on both foreign and domestic art motion pictures with the hope of drawing in the Rutgers community.
1970s Under new ownership, the theater hosts big name artists including Meat Loaf, Tina Turner and Harry Chaplin, as well others listed above; the theater also becomes one the first in the state of New Jersey to feature the cult classic, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, often attracting large audiences (oftentimes in costume) for late-night showings.
1979 New Brunswick Development Corporation acquires property
1983 Johnson & Johnson holds its first ever off-site Shareholders Meeting at State Theatre New Jersey
1986 New Brunswick Cultural Center acquires property from the New Brunswick Development Corporation
1987 Renovation begins
1988 Reopening on April 24
2003 Renovation begins in December
2004 Reopening in October with Jay Leno
2010 Middlesex County provides $1 million for the installation of a new heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system.
November 14, 2018 State Theatre New Jersey was the focus of the second episode of NJTV's Treasures of New Jersey.
As of June 2020, over six million people have come through the doors of the theatre.
References
Buildings and structures in New Brunswick, New Jersey
Theatres in New Jersey
1921 establishments in New Jersey
Tourist attractions in New Brunswick, New Jersey
Thomas W. Lamb buildings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Theatre%20%28New%20Brunswick%2C%20New%20Jersey%29 |
John Drummond, 1st Earl of Melfort, styled Duke of Melfort in the Jacobite peerage (8 August 1650 – 25 January 1715), was a Scottish politician and close advisor to James II. A Catholic convert, Melfort and his brother the Earl of Perth consistently urged James not to compromise with his opponents, contributing to his increasing isolation and ultimate deposition in the 1688 Glorious Revolution.
In exile, Melfort became the first Jacobite Secretary of State but his unpopularity with other Jacobites led to his resignation in 1694. He served as James' Papal Ambassador in Rome but failed to regain his former influence and retired from active politics. He died in Paris on 25 January 1715.
Life
John Drummond, later Earl of Melfort, was born in 1649, probably at Stobhall in Perthshire since the family home Drummond Castle was then occupied by the New Model Army. The second son of James Drummond, 3rd Earl of Perth (c. 1615–1675) and Lady Anne Gordon (c. 1621–1656), his elder brother James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth, was a close political ally.
In September 1670, Melfort married Sophia Maitland, heiress to the estate of Lundin in Fife and niece of the Duke of Lauderdale; they had six children before her death in 1680. After his exile, his titles and property were confiscated in 1695, except for Sophia's estates, which were transferred to their surviving children in December 1688. Thereafter, they had little contact with their father and used the name 'Lundin'.
After Sophia's death in 1680, he married Euphemia Wallace (ca. 1654–1743) and they had another seven children, who grew up in France. John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Melfort, took part in the Jacobite rising of 1715, while his grandsons, John and Louis Drummond, fought at Culloden in 1746 with the Royal Écossais Regiment and ended their careers as senior French officers.
Career
Scottish politician (1670–1688)
Lauderdale was the Crown's representative in Scotland and marriage to his niece brought Melfort lands and positions; in September 1673, he received a commission as Captain in the Foot Guards. He was appointed Deputy Governor of Edinburgh Castle in 1679, then Lieutenant-General and Master of the Ordnance in 1680.
Charles II had numerous illegitimate children but no legitimate ones, leaving James as heir. His conversion to Catholicism and the perceived threat posed by the policies of Louis XIV resulted in the anti-Catholic Popish Plot and the 1679–1681 Exclusion Crisis. This split the English political class between those who wanted to 'exclude' James from the throne, or Whigs, and their opponents, or Tories. He had greater support in Scotland but Lauderdale resigned in 1680 after voting for the execution of Viscount Stafford, one of those falsely condemned by the Popish Plot.
In 1681, James became Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and created a Scottish support base including the Drummonds, Queensberry and Hamilton. With their help, the Scottish Parliament passed the 1681 Test Act. This required government officers to swear unconditional loyalty to the monarch, 'regardless of religion'; but with the crucial qualifier they also 'promise to uphold the true Protestant religion.' Melfort was appointed Treasurer-Depute of Scotland in 1682, then joint Secretary of State, Scotland in 1684, with his brother as Lord Chancellor.
The 1638–1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms meant many feared the consequences of bypassing James and he became king with widespread support in all three kingdoms, England, Scotland and Ireland. In England and Scotland, this assumed he did nothing to weaken the Protestant Church of England and Church of Scotland and it was a short-term issue, not the prelude to a Catholic dynasty. In 1685, James was 52, his second marriage was childless after 14 years and the heirs were his Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne. These were increasingly challenged in the years leading up to the crisis of June 1688 and Melfort bears much of the responsibility.
The brothers effectively ruled Scotland but after 1684, most of their time was spent in London and disconnected them from political developments there. As a result, James often pursued policies in Scotland based on information either out of date or wrong, most significantly that acceptance of his personal beliefs did not extend to Catholicism in general. His 'tolerance' measures were badly timed, particularly when the October 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau revoked it for French Huguenots, reinforcing fears Protestant Europe was threatened by a French-led Catholic counter-reformation.
Converting to Catholicism in 1685 meant the Drummonds further isolated themselves, while backing policies that undermined support for James; even moderate Catholics were concerned by these. The religious divides of the 17th century meant many Scots saw concessions as potentially destabilising, which resulted in the rapid collapse of the 1685 Argyll and Monmouth Rebellions. In 1686, the Scottish Parliament was suspended and Queensberry forced from office after refusing to back 'tolerance' for Catholics and Presbyterian dissidents.
In 1686, Melfort was created Earl of Melfort and appointed to the Privy Council of England, causing deep resentment among English Tories; it also meant James' closest advisor was isolated from the political class in Scotland and England. He was also the driving force behind the Order of the Thistle, a body intended to reward James' Scottish supporters, whose members included Catholics like Melfort, his elder brother the Earl of Perth, the Earl of Dumbarton, plus Protestants like the Earl of Arran.
Two events in June 1688 turned opposition into open revolt; the birth of James Francis Edward on 10th created a Catholic heir, excluding James' Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. By prosecuting the Seven Bishops for seditious libel, James appeared to be going beyond tolerance for Catholicism and into an assault on the Church of England; their acquittal on 30 June destroyed his political authority, in Scotland as well as England.
In 1685, many feared civil war if James were bypassed; by 1688, anti-Catholic riots made that it seem only his removal could prevent one. Representatives from across the political class invited William to assume the English throne, and he landed in Brixham on 5 November. Melfort urged a mass arrest of influential Whigs in response but James' army deserted him and he went into exile on 23 December.
Jacobite exile (1688–1714)
Those who remained loyal to James became known as 'Jacobites,' after the Latin Jacobus, and the political ideology behind it as Jacobitism. Melfort left London on 3 December 1688 with his wife Euphemia and the seven children of his second marriage; a few days later, he arrived at Saint-Germain-en-Laye outside Paris, location of the exiled court for the next 25 years. The English Parliament offered William and Mary the throne of England in February, with elections in Scotland for a Convention to decide the fate of the Scottish throne.
France was engaged in the 1688–1697 Nine Years' War against the Grand Alliance, Austria, the Dutch Republic and England. In order to weaken his opponents, Louis provided James military support to regain his kingdoms and in March 1689, he landed in Ireland, with Melfort as Secretary of State. The Scottish Convention was meeting in Edinburgh and when it opened on 16 March, a letter drafted by Melfort was read out, demanding obedience and threatening punishment for noncompliance.
Although committed Jacobites were a tiny minority, many Scots were unenthusiastic about the alternatives; the letter caused public anger and demonstrated James had learned nothing from the events that led to his deposition. The tone reflected an internal Jacobite dispute between the Protestant 'Compounders', who viewed concessions as essential to regain the throne, and the mostly-Catholic 'Non-Compounders' like Melfort, who urged him to refuse any. Based on an overly optimistic reading of the military situation in 1689, the dominance of Melfort and Non-Compounders over Jacobite policy persisted until 1694.
Melfort consistently prioritised England and Scotland over Ireland, leading to clashes with the Irish Jacobite leader, the Earl of Tyrconnell, and the French ambassador, the comte d'Avaux. He was recalled in October 1689 and sent to Rome as James's ambassador but was unsuccessful in persuading either Pope Alexander VIII or Pope Innocent XII to support James and returned to St Germain in 1691. Jacobite defeats in Scotland in 1690 and Ireland in 1691 were followed by the collapse of plans to invade England after the Anglo-Dutch naval victory at La Hogue in June 1692.
In April 1692, James issued a statement drafted by Melfort making it clear that once restored, he would not pardon those who failed to show their loyalty. Melfort's encouragement of James' intransigence lost him support with the French and English Jacobites. The Protestant Earl of Middleton was more moderate and joined the Court at St Germain in 1693 as joint Secretary but Melfort was forced to resign in June 1694.
Melfort retired to Orléans and then Rouen. He was allowed to return to St Germain in 1697, but his political career was effectively over, as was confirmed in 1701 when a letter written to his brother was misdirected to London, leading to accusations of treachery. After the death of James in 1701, Melfort lived in Paris. He died in January 1714 and was buried in the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris.
In general, history has not been kind to Melfort, his influence being seen as largely negative and described by one historian as 'based on flattery, officiousness and subservience' to James' 'exalted conception of prerogative'.
Melfort's judgement in art was reputedly more astute than his political sense. He created two important collections; the first included works by Van Dyck, Rubens, Bassano, and Holbein but was left behind in 1688. He built another in Paris, which was open to the public but later sold by Euphemia, who lived to be 90.
References
Sources
Dalton, Charles; The Scots Army 1661–1688; (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1909);
- Describes 1713–1715
Glozier, Matthew; Scottish Soldiers in France in the Reign of the Sun King: Nursery for Men of Honour; (Brill, 2004);
Harris, Tim; Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society, 1660–1715; (Routledge, 1993);
Harris, Tim; Revolution; the Great Crisis of the British Monarchy 1685–1720; (Penguin, 2007);
Harris, Tim, Taylor, Stephen, eds; The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy; (Boydell & Brewer, 2015);
Lord, Evelyn; The Stuarts' Secret Army: English Jacobites 1689–1752: The Hidden History of the English Jacobites; (Pearson, 2004);
Miggelbrink, Joachim (author) McKilliop, Andrew and Murdoch, Steve, eds; Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experiences c.1550–1900; (Brill, 2002);
Szechi, Daniel; The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788; (Manchester University Press, 1994);
Wormsley, David; James II: The Last Catholic King; (Allen Lane, 2015);
External links
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1650 births
1715 deaths
17th-century Scottish politicians
Peers of Scotland created by James VII
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
John Drummond, 1st Earl of Melfort
Dukes in the Jacobite peerage
Earls in the Peerage of Scotland
Jacobite Secretaries of State
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Thistle
Members of the Privy Council of England
Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
Peers created by James II (1689–1701)
Scots Guards officers
Scottish Jacobites
Scottish Roman Catholics
Treasurers-depute
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Drummond%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Melfort |
Henry of Langenstein, also known as Henry of Hesse the Elder (; born Heinrich Heinbuche; c. 1325 – 11 February 1397), was a German scholastic philosopher, theologian and mathematician.
Biography
Henry was born at Hainbuch (Hembuche), near Langenstein, in the Landgraviate of Hesse. He studied at the University of Paris, where he finished his M.A. in 1363 and his M.Th. in 1376, and became professor of philosophy there this same year.
In 1368, on the occasion of the appearance of a comet, which the astrologers of his times claimed to be a sure foreboding of certain future events, he wrote a treatise entitled Quaestio de cometa, in which he refutes the then prevalent astrological beliefs. At the instance of the university he wrote three other treatises on the same subject, completed in 1373.
On his scientific work, A. C. Crombie writes
Oresme extended the impetus theory to psychology. One of his followers, Henry, while doubting whether the proportions and intentions of the elements of a given substance were knowable in detail, seriously considered the possibility of the generation of a plant or animal from the corpse of another species, for example of a fox from a dead dog. (Augustine to Galileo, Vol. 2, 1922, p. 114)
When the Western Schism broke out in 1378, Henry sided with Urban VI against Clement VII, and wrote various treatises in defence of the former. In 1379 he composed "Epistola pacis" (see Helmstädter Program, 1779 and 1780) in which, under the form of a disputation between an Urbanist and a Clementine, he advocates the suppression of the schism by way of a general council or a compromise. In his Epistola concilii pacis, composed in 1381, and based on a similar work, the Epistola Concordiae of Conrad of Gelnhausen, he urges still more strongly the necessity of a general council and severely criticises the many abuses that were permitted to go on within the Church.
These two treatises of Henry, and the Epistola Concordiae of Conrad, formed the basis of a discourse delivered by Cardinal Pietro Philargi, the future Alexander V, at the first session of the Council of Pisa (26 March 1409; see Bliemetzrieder in Historisches Jahrbuch (Munich, 1904), XXV, 536-541). Henry's Epistola concilii pacis is printed in von der Hardt's Concilium Constantiense, II, 1, 3-60, with the exception of the first and the second chapter, which were afterwards published by the same author in Discrepantia mss. et editionum (Helmstadt, 1715), 9-11.
When in 1382 the French court compelled the professors of the College of Sorbonne (University of Paris) to acknowledge the antipope Clement VII, Henry left the university and spent some time at Eberbach Abbey, a Cistercian monastery near Wiesbaden. A letter which he wrote here to Bishop Eckard of Worms, and which bears the title De scismate was edited by Sommerfeldt in Historisches Jahrbuch (Munich, 1909), XXX, 46–61. Another letter which he wrote here to the same bishop, on the occasion of the death of the bishop's brother, is entitled De contemptu mundi (edited by Sommerfeldt in Zeitschrift für kath. Theologie (Innsbruck, 1905), XXIX, 406-412). A second letter of condolence, written about 1384, was edited by Sommerfeldt in "Hist. Jahrbuch" (Munich, 1909), XXX, 298–307.
Following the invitation of Albert III, Duke of Austria, he went to the University of Vienna in 1384, and assisted in the foundation of a theological faculty. Here he spent the remainder of his life, teaching dogmatic theology, exegesis, and Canon law, and writing numerous treatises.
In 1384 Heinrich von Langenstein, together with his colleague and friend Heinrich Totting von Oytha (who descended from the Northern German town now known as Friesoythe), took up teaching and administrative duties at the newly established University of Vienna (founded 1365, first students subscribed 1385).
He died at Vienna, having refused an episcopal see which was offered him by Urban VI.
Legacy
In 2008 the University of Vienna attached a third memorial plaque to Heinrich von Langenstein and Heinrich Totting in the University Church, St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna (first: 1397 upon their burial in the Apostelchoir, second: upon re-burial of the two friends in the Katharinenkapelle 1510) near the Apostelchoir, acknowledging the two teachers the "founding professors" of the University of Vienna.
Works
Roth (see below) ascribes to him seven works on astronomy, eighteen historico-political treatises on the schism, seventeen polemics, fifty ascetical treatises, and twelve epistles, sermons and pamphlets. Among his printed works are:
Tractatulus de arte praedicandi valde utilis, 1494
De conceptione, a defence of the Immaculate Conception (Strasburg, 1500)
Contra disceptationes et praedicationes contrarias fratrum Mendicantium, another defence of the Immaculate Conception against some of the Mendicants (Milan, 1480; Basle, 1500; Strasburg, 1516)
Speculum animae or mirror of the soul, an ascetic treatise edited by Wimpfeling (Strasburg, 1507)
Secreta sacerdotum que in missa teneri debent multum utilia, treating of certain abuses in the celebration of Mass, edited by Michael Lochmayer (Heidelberg, 1489), and often thereafter
De contractibus emotionis et venditionis, an important work on the politico-economical views of his times, published among the works of Jean Gerson (Cologne, 1483), IV, 185–224.
Summa de republica, a work on public law
Cathedra Petri, a work on ecclesiastical policy.
Notes
References
Otto Hartwig, Henricus de Langenstein dictus de Hassia: zwei Untersuchungen über das Leben und die Schriften Heinrichs von Langenstein (Marburg, 1857)
Ferdinand Wilhelm Emil Roth, Zur Bibliographie des Henricus Heinbuche de Hassia, dictus de Langenstein in II. Beiheft zum Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen (Leipzig, 1888)
August Kneer, Die Entstehung der Konziliaren Theorie. Zur Geschichte des Schismas und der Kirchen politischen Schriftsteller K. von Gelnhausen and H. von Langenstein (Rome, 1893)
Franz Placidus Bliemetzrieder, Des General Konzil im grossen abendländischen Schisma (Paderborn, 1904), passim
Joseph Aschbach, Geschichte der Wiener Universität (Vienna, 1865), I, 366-402
F. J. Scheuffgen, Beiträge zur Geschichte des grossen Schismas (Freiburg im Br., 1889), 35 sqq.
Georg von Peuerbach, "Viri mathematici". In: Tabulae Eclypsium (1514)
Further reading
Shank, Michael. Unless you believe, you shall not understand: Logic, University and Society in Late Medieval Vienna. Princeton University Press, 1988.
Steneck, Nicholas. Science and Creation in the Middle Ages: Henry of Langenstein (d. 1397) on Genesis. University of Notre Dame Press, 1977.
1320s births
1397 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
14th-century German Catholic theologians
14th-century philosophers
14th-century German mathematicians
Medieval German mathematicians
14th-century writers in Latin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20of%20Langenstein |
A Girl of the Limberlost, a novel by American writer and naturalist Gene Stratton-Porter, was published in August 1909. It is considered a classic of Indiana literature. It is the sequel to her earlier novel Freckles.
The story takes place in Indiana, in and around the Limberlost Swamp. Even at the time, this impressive wetland region was being reduced by heavy logging, natural oil extraction and drainage for agriculture. (The swamp and forestland eventually ceased to exist, though projects since the 1990s have begun to restore a small part of it.)
Patricia Raub (Senior Lecturer of American Studies at the University of Massachusetts Boston) notes that Stratton-Porter was "one of the most popular woman novelists of the era, who was known for her nature books and her editorials on McCall's 'Gene Stratton-Porter Page' as well as for her novels." Raub writes, "At the time of her death in 1924, more than ten million copies of her books had been sold – and four more books were published after her death."
Plot summary
The novel is set in northeastern Indiana. Most of the action takes place either in or around the Limberlost, or in the nearby, fictional town of Onabasha.
The novel's main character, Elnora Comstock, is an impoverished young woman who lives with her widowed mother, Katharine Comstock, on the edge of the Limberlost. Elnora faces cold neglect by her mother, a woman who feels ruined by the death of her husband, Robert Comstock, who drowned in quicksand in the swamp. Katharine blames Elnora for his death, because her husband died while she gave birth to their daughter and could not come to his rescue.
The Comstocks make money by selling eggs and other farm products, but Mrs. Comstock refuses to cut down a single tree in the forest, or to delve for oil, as the neighbors around them are doing, even though the added income would make their lives easier.
Elnora as a high school student
Elnora is just beginning high school, where her unfashionable dresses add to her difficulty in blending in with the other students. She is determined to earn an education, which her mother derides as useless; Mrs. Comstock wants Elnora to remain at home and work as a drudge on their farm. Lack of money for tuition and books nearly derail her continued enrollment.
Her few comforts are the fact that she knows she can excel in school, especially in math and her study of nature; the kindness of her neighbors, Wesley and Margaret Sinton; that Freckles left her a valuable specimens box in the swamp; and that she succeeds in her enterprising scheme to gather and sell artifacts and moths from the Limberlost, which she can store in Freckles's box without her mother's knowledge. Elnora is smart and witty, and she loves the outdoors; her heart aches for returned love. She soon makes many friends at school.
Eventually, Elnora wins her mother's love, but only after a few emotional disasters have stricken the Comstock women.
Firstly, after succeeding in high school for some years, she feels a yearning to play the violin, as her father had done. Margaret Sinton is able to procure for her the very same violin that Robert Comstock used to play, and Elnora becomes proficient at it. She knows that her mother hates the violin, without knowing why, so she must conceal her proficiency.
Secondly, when Elnora is in her final year of high school, Wesley and Margaret insist that Katharine accompany them to the high school play. Katharine has no interest in seeing "what idiotic thing a pack of school children were doing." But Katharine is curious about the high school; she enters it to deride it, then finds she admires it; when she hears a violin playing, she enters the school play and discovers Elnora playing "as only a peculiar chain of circumstances puts it in the power of a very few to play." Upon seeing Elnora playing her dead husband's violin to an enthusiastic audience, and realizing that her world has changed irrevocably - "The swamp had sent back the soul of her loved dead and put it into the body of the daughter she resented, and it was almost more than she could endure and live" - Katharine faints.
Thirdly, a few days later, Elnora believes her mother understands the necessity for her to graduate so that she can enter college or, at least, teach, either of which she would love to do. She instructs Katharine that she will need new dresses for Commencement and trusts her mother to supply them. Mrs. Comstock, always antagonistically honest, presents her with an old dress. Elnora considers this an unforgivable betrayal, a sign of her mother's disregard and lack of love for her. That night, Elnora must find a good dress elsewhere.
Fourthly, Elnora has always concealed from her mother the fact that she can earn money by selling moths. As she works through her final year of high school and hopes to go to college, she finds that there is a single moth she must collect, which will pay the way for her future. In the central conflict of the novel, Elnora sees her mother destroy that moth. When she protests, Mrs. Comstock slaps her. Elnora has always been patient, but now she screams that she hates her mother and rushes out. Mrs. Comstock, finally realizing how essential Elnora is to her stable home life, sets out that night to replace the moth. She worsens the situation, a result which Elnora hides from her, but when the Sintons discover that Mrs. Comstock hit Elnora, Margaret determines on an intervention. She tells Katharine that she has been mourning for a husband who was promiscuous and planning to cheat on her. With this news, Katharine understands how she has neglected a loving, talented daughter.
Elnora meets Philip Ammon
Elnora graduates and is now 19 years old. A young man, Philip Ammon, arrives in town. His uncle, a doctor, advised Philip to visit Onabasha to recuperate from typhoid fever. He stays with Elnora and her mother for a summer and helps Elnora gather moths. The two gradually fall in love; however, he is already engaged to another young woman, Edith Carr, who is wealthy, spoiled, and self-centered.
Elnora, to pretend that she is not beginning to fall for Philip, helps him to write letters to Edith Carr and in every way encourages his marriage to his childhood friend. When Philip, after daily, prolonged conversation and fieldwork discovers his romantic interest in Elnora is growing, Mrs. Comstock is the first to notice, but he assures her, "I admire her as I admire any perfect creation." Mrs. Comstock replies, "And nothing in all this world spoils the average girl so quickly and so surely."
Philip Ammon is forced to return to Chicago when his father is ill, and begs of Elnora a farewell kiss; she refuses him and returns to her mother, broken-hearted.
Philip and Edith have an argument at what was supposed to be their engagement party. Edith has heard Philip talk about a wonderful young lady he met in the Limberlost. She insults him terribly and calls their engagement off (not for the first time). Philip realizes he will never love Edith, leaves home, and proposes to Elnora. On the very afternoon that he gives Elnora an engagement ring, Edith drives up (accompanied by Hart, Polly, and Tom) to the Comstocks' home, in an uninvited visit.
When Edith demands to speak to Elnora privately and swears that Elnora will never take Philip from her, Elnora is cool and polite. After Edith and the group, including Philip, leave, Elnora secretly takes off, leaving a note behind showing nothing of her plans and giving Edith the chance to prove that Philip would marry no one else. Elnora travels to stay with the O'Mores (Freckles and the Angel).
Philip becomes ill with worry about Elnora. Edith's friend Hart sees Elnora with the O'Mores and convinces Edith to let him send word to Philip of Elnora's whereabouts. Hart persuades Edith to admit that she is wrong and that Philip will marry no one except Elnora.
The story ends happily with the joyful reunion, and Edith, determined to change her previously less than noble disposition, does something absolutely wonderful, uncharacteristic, and humble: She finds the moth that Elnora needs, carefully captures it, and brings it to her. In the denouement, it is implied that Edith will marry Hart, just as Philip will marry Elnora.
Characters
The central character of Stratton-Porter's previous novel, Freckles, is a man whose job it is to patrol and guard valuable timber trees in the Limberlost Swamp. Freckles appears in Girl of the Limberlost as a friend of Elnora. In the film Freckles is an owl.
This partial list of characters is taken from the novel, p. xiv.
Elnora, who collects moths to pay for her education, and lives the Golden Rule
Philip Ammon, who assists in moth hunting, and gains a new conception of love
Mrs. Comstock, who lost a delusion and found a treasure
Wesley Sinton, who always did his best
Margaret Sinton, who "mothers" Elnora
Billy, a boy from real life
Edith Carr, who discovers herself
Polly Ammon, who pays an old score
Tom Levering, engaged to Polly
Terence O'More, Freckles grown tall
The Bird Woman, a friend of Elnora (who stands in for Gene Stratton-Porter herself)
Character development
Five characters undergo rather harsh development of character: Katharine Comstock, Margaret Sinton, Philip Ammon, Edith Carr, and Elnora herself.
Elnora grows from an obedient, if faintly resentful, teenaged high school girl to a strong woman who is confident in her own abilities. She risks her much-hoped-for engagement to Philip Ammon, to give Edith Carr every chance to marry him.
Katharine Comstock has always belittled and neglected her daughter Elnora. At first, she seems a stock wicked mother, but soon proves to show a great sense of humor and a love of reading, especially the works of Mark Twain. She begins to change while Elnora changes, simply by maturing. Mrs. Comstock, always antagonistically honest, deceives Elnora about purchasing new dresses for Commencement; Elnora considers this an unforgivable betrayal, a sign of her mother's disregard and lack of love for her. That night, Elnora must find a good dress elsewhere. Mrs. Comstock attends the school ceremony, feels faint when she sees how all the other students are beautifully dressed, and begins to think about her own failings:
Mrs. Comstock was dumbfounded. ... Would Elnora lead the procession in a gingham dress? Or would she be absent and her chair vacant on this great occasion? For now, Mrs. Comstock could see that it was a great occasion. ... For the first time in her life, Mrs. Comstock began to study herself as she would appear to others. Katharine Comstock undergoes, and suffers, a true change in character.
Margaret Sinton turns from a sweet, timid woman into a rightful avenger when she discovers that Mrs. Comstock struck Elnora in the face; the Sintons have lost two small girls to disease, and they treat Elnora as another child, or at least as a niece. Maggie Sinton furiously tells Mrs. Comstock what Katharine has never wanted to know: that her husband, Robert Comstock, was preparing to cheat on her the night that he died.
Philip Ammon has always assumed that he must marry his childhood sweetheart, Edith Carr. After meeting Elnora, he realizes that there are many forms of love, and that he has never asked what he might want in a marriage for himself.
Edith Carr has always assumed that she will marry her childhood sweetheart, Philip, but she loves to tease him and make him jealous. She knows that she is much beloved by a strong man, Hart Henderson, but she enjoys jeering at his love for her. In the end, she confesses that Elnora is a stronger and more lovable woman than she herself is, and decides that she will stay with Hart.
Reception
Widely read and popular, the novel brought fame to Stratton-Porter. The full text of the book is available online in many places, such as at ClassicReader.com. The New York Times called the novel "eminent."
Patricia Raub, in a survey of women in novels during that decade, said,
Another reviewer wrote that
In an essay, Joan Aiken mentioned the description of Elnora's lunchbox as a good example of detail in writing.
Adaptations
The novel was adapted several times for film, with versions released in 1924, 1934 and 1945. A 1990 made-for-TV version differed most from the original plot.
1924: A Girl of the Limberlost, starring Gloria Grey; produced by Gene Stratton Porter Productions, distributed by Film Booking Offices of America
1934: A Girl of the Limberlost, starring Marian Marsh; produced by Monogram Pictures
1938: Romance of the Limberlost, starring Jean Parker; produced by Monogram Pictures
References
External links
A Girl of the Limberlost, Indiana University Press. .
Gene Stratton-Porter, A Girl of the Limberlost
Gene Stratton-Porter, A Girl of the Limberlost, University of Virginia Library, online text
Movie versions:
1909 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels set in Indiana
Grosset & Dunlap books
Novels by Gene Stratton-Porter
Novels set in swamps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Girl%20of%20the%20Limberlost%20%28novel%29 |
In engineering, double-subscript notation is notation used to indicate some variable between two points (each point being represented by one of the subscripts). In electronics, the notation is usually used to indicate the direction of current or voltage, while in mechanical engineering it is sometimes used to describe the force or stress between two points, and sometimes even a component that spans between two points (like a beam on a bridge or truss). Although there are many cases where multiple subscripts are used, they are not necessarily called double subscript notation specifically.
Electronic usage
IEEE standard 255-1963, "Letter Symbols for Semiconductor Devices", defined eleven original quantity symbols expressed as abbreviations.
This is the basis for a convention to standardize the directions of double-subscript labels. The following uses transistors as an example, but shows how the direction is read generally. The convention works like this:
represents the voltage from C to B. In this case, C would denote the collector end of a transistor, and B would denote the base end of the same transistor. This is the same as saying "the voltage drop from C to B", though this applies the standard definitions of the letters C and B. This convention is consistent with IEC 60050-121.
would in turn represent the current from C to E. In this case, C would again denote the collector end of a transistor, and E would denote the emitter end of the transistor. This is the same as saying "the current in the direction going from C to E".
Power supply pins on integrated circuits utilize the same letters for denoting what kind of voltage the pin would receive. For example, a power input labeled VCC would be a positive input that would presumably connect to the collector pin of a BJT transistor in the circuit, and likewise respectively with other subscripted letters. The format used is the same as for notations described above, though without the connotation of VCC meaning the voltage from a collector pin to collector pin; the repetition avoids confusion as such an expression would not exist.
The table above shows only the originally denoted letters; others have found their way into use over time, such as S and D for the Source and Drain of a FET, respectively.
References
Notation
Electronic engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20subscript%20notation |
Langley Speedway is a race track located in Hampton, Virginia, United States. Langley Speedway is a paved short track measuring 0.395 miles in length. It is one of the flattest tracks in the region with only six degrees of banking in the corners and four degrees of banking on the straights. In November 1970, it became the site of the last NASCAR Grand National Series race before the series was renamed the Winston Cup. The track is located in front of NASA's Langley Research Center on Commander Sheppherd Boulevard.
The track is NASCAR sanctioned and participates in the NASCAR Advance Auto Parts Weekly Series, which determines a national champion for the NASCAR sanctioned local tracks. The track hosts 12 divisions that alternate running during their Saturday night program:
Late models,
Modifieds,
Virginia Racers,
legends cars,
Super Streets,
Enduros,
Grand Stocks,
Super Trucks,
UCARS,
Pro Six,
Bandoleros, and
HRKC Pro Winged Champ Karts.
Pre race ceremonies for the regular Saturday night events begin at approximately 7:00 PM with the first race of the night beginning about 15 minutes later.
Langley also hosts Hampton Roads Kart Club races on most Sundays and some Fridays during the season, Wacky Wednesday which allows anyone with a helmet and a street legal car to participate in the time attack, burnout competition, and one on one drag races on most Wednesday nights during the season, the Langley Drift Club which helped bring drifting to the Hampton Roads’ area, and starting in 2023 Old-Dominion Region-SCCA Autocross events.
Special events
Hampton Heat 200
Overview:
The Hampton Heat 200 is a 200-lap race for the Crossroads Fuel Late Model Stock Car Division with a large purse provided by the City of Hampton, Virginia and is the second race in the Virginia Triple Crown. The race was run according to the NASCAR Late Model Stock Car Rule Book and high ranking NASCAR Whelen All American Series officials were brought in to ensure all cars strictly fit the technical regulations. The race was separated into two halves; the first 100 laps are divided from the second 100 laps by a 10-minute break which allowed teams to put more fuel in the car, make setup changes, and rotate the tires. However, they are not allowed to change tires during the break. Contrary to typical late model races at Langley, they do count caution laps during this race.
2008:
Run on July 12, 2008, the inaugural running of the race featured a field of 25 cars with drivers from Virginia and North Carolina. Danny Edwards Jr. won the pole for the event during the Friday qualifying session with a 16.049-second lap. C.E. Falk III and Edwards Jr. raced for the lead in the early stages of the race, but Edwards took control of the race and led to the halfway mark. There were a number of early incidents that led to a few drivers dropping out before the halfway point, but the second half ran green most of the way. Midway through the second half Nick Smith started to show his speed and passed Edwards Jr. for the lead; he extended that to a dominating lead in the late stages of the race. Driving James Long's number 21 car, Nick Smith picked up the $15,000 check for winning the event.
2009:
Run on July 11, 2009, the 2009 race saw more cars than the previous year at 27. Nick Smith scored the pole for the race earlier in the day with a 16.346-second lap, merely 0.005 seconds ahead of the second-place car of C.E. Falk III. Smith, now driving for Dave Atkinson, was riding a wave of momentum as the defending race winner and from winning the Bailey's 200 late model race at South Boston Speedway the week before. Smith led the race until lap 22 when Falk III took the lead and held it through the halfway break. Smith's race ended on lap 134 when he and Danny Edwards Jr. made contact going into turn one while racing for third. Edwards Jr. continued on, but Smith spun collecting the 27 car of Greg Edwards. Falk held the lead until lap 183 when Woody Howard took the lead and held it to the checkered flag. Howard netted the $10,000 winner's check in the number 21 car owned by James Long, putting the same car owner in victory lane as the year before, but with a different driver.
2010:
Run on July 10, 2010, the 2010 edition of Langley Speedway's richest race began under ominous conditions with short lived showers stopping practice a couple of times early in the afternoon. However, the skies eventually cleared before qualifying began, which saw 23 entrants set times. Former Hampton Heat winner Nick Smith had returned with yet another car owner to attempt the race, but suffered a mechanical failure on his first qualifying lap and did not race. Paul DeBolt set the fastest time of 16.140 seconds, ahead of C.E. Falk, Greg Edwards, Stacy Puryear, and Woody Howard who filled out the top five. The first half of the race featured some early excitement with Falk shoving DeBolt out of the way on lap 13 to take the lead, as well as a heated battle between Stacy Puryear and Mark Wertz that had a lot of bumping and close calls. The first half of the race went caution free until lap 100 when the caution was displayed for the half way break which allowed teams to rotate tires, add fuel, and make adjustments. Falk held the lead through lap 100 and claimed a $100 bonus for being the half way leader. During the break Puryear was interviewed about the on track contact with Wertz which revealed a bit of a pay back may have been in order. The race resumed with all drivers in the same positions they were in at lap 100 and immediately was back under the caution flag as a pile up in turn one damaged the cars of Dean Shiflett and Eddie Johnson, and forced Duane Shreeves out of the race. Once resuming the race it was not long before the caution came out again when Puryear and Wertz bumped again, resulting in Wertz spinning in turn four. Wertz drove up alongside Puryear under caution to voice his displeasure, but nothing more occurred between the two during the remainder of the race. The race continued on another long green flag run during which Falk began to show his dominance, pulling out to a big lead. The dynamic of the race changed quickly with only a few laps to go when Rick Gdovic went for a spin on the backstretch bringing out the final caution of the race. There were less than 10 laps to which meant the cars lined up in single file for the restart instead of the double file restarts used in the first 190 laps. DeBolt attempted to close in on Falk on the restart but Falk got a better restart and was not strongly challenged in the final sprint to the checkers. Falk picked up the $10,000 winner's check.
Notable drivers
Although NASCAR's premier division has not raced at the track since 1970 it continues to play an integral part in the NASCAR family with several young drivers cutting their teeth on this track every year in the many late model events. Some of the better known graduates include:
Denny Hamlin – 2016 Daytona 500 winner and Cup Series regular (1997 mini stock track champion)
Joe Falk – Cup Series team owner was the 1976 Winston Racing track champion at Langley Speedway, and finished second in the Virginia State NASCAR Late Model Sportsman Division.
C.E. Falk – Son of former NASCAR competitor Eddie Falk and nephew of current team owner Joe Falk
Tragedy
On August 28, 2004 Dale Lemonds was killed in an INEX Legends car race at the track. Three days prior he had signed an agreement to purchase the track from owner Wayne Wyatt. Lemonds' wife Sandy honored the agreement and followed through with purchasing the track. She later renamed victory lane to "Dale Lemonds Victory Lane" in honor of her deceased husband. 64-year-old veteran driver Shawn Balluzzo died in a crash at Langley Speedway on Turn 2 the night of July 11, 2020. Balluzzo was the winningest driver in the history of the tracks modified division, having amassed 11 Modified championships at the speedway. In 1980, one spectator was killed while watching a race.
NASCAR Grand National history
There were nine NASCAR Grand National events at Langley from 1964 to 1970. The track surface was dirt at the time. David Pearson has the most Grand National victories at Langley with three. The November 1970 season ending Tidewater 300 made its way into a unique place in the history of NASCAR. It was the final Grand National race before the series title was changed to Winston Cup. Bobby Allison won the race, while Bobby Isaac won the championship.
NASCAR Busch Series events
There were 14 NASCAR Busch Series events held at the track between 1982 and 1988. The track had been paved with asphalt since the last Grand National race was held there in 1970. Two drivers dominated the Busch Series events: Jack Ingram claimed four victories, and Tommy Ellis won five.
References
External links
Langley Speedway Official Site
Langley Speedway archive at racing-reference.info
Article about Langley Speedway by Paul Schaefer
2007 Championship Article
Article on the 2009 Hampton Heat 200
NASCAR tracks
Sports venues in Hampton Roads
Buildings and structures in Hampton, Virginia
Motorsport venues in Virginia
Tourist attractions in Hampton, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley%20Speedway%20%28Virginia%29 |
WACO-FM (99.9 MHz, "WACO 100") is a commercial FM radio station in Waco, Texas. It airs a country music radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. The studios and offices are located on West Highway 6 in Southwest Waco. The transmitter is off Tower Drive in McLennan County in the community of Moody, amid towers for other local FM and TV stations.
WACO-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 90,000 watts, broadcasting from a tower in height above average terrain (HAAT). The station brands itself as "WACO 100, a station so big they named the entire city after it." The station can be heard from Dallas/Ft. Worth to Austin.
Programming
Weekdays begin with the "Zack & Jim Show" hosted by Zack Owen & Jim Cody. The rest of the daytime and evening schedule is made up of local DJs. Overnight, WACO-FM carries the syndicated CMT After Midnight with Cody Alan. During the lunch hour, country classics are heard.
Notable weekend programming includes "The Best of Zack and Jim" highlight show on Saturday mornings and Bob Kingsley's "Country Top 40" on weekends.
History
Early years
In June 1960, WACO-FM signed on for the first time. It was the FM counterpart to AM 1460 WACO, which had been owned by the Waco Broadcasting Company since its founding in 1922. WACO-AM-FM simulcast a country music format and were ABC Radio News Network affiliates. WACO-FM was powered at 3,900 watts, a fraction of its current output.
In the late 1960s, WACO-FM switched to an automated easy listening format while the AM station continued to play country music. In the late 1970s, the FM station switched to Top 40 with the call sign KHOO. In 1982, WACO and KHOO were acquired by Sage Broadcasting. Sage moved FM 99.9 to adult contemporary music under the branding "FM-100". In 1987, the station returned back to its original call letters, WACO-FM, retaining its AC format. For a short period of time in 1989, the station switched its call letters to KTKS-FM.
Switch to country
In 1990, 99.9 flipped back to its original call letters, WACO-FM, dropped its AC format, and switched back to country music. In 1996, the AM station switched to all-sports as KKTK, while the country music continued on 99.9 WACO-FM.
WACO-FM was bought by Capstar Broadcasting, which was later acquired by Clear Channel Communications, a forerunner of current owner iHeartMedia.
Unusual call letters
WACO-FM is one of three stations in the United States where the call letters spell out the name of the city of license. The other stations are AM 1250 WARE in Ware, Massachusetts, and 90.5 WISE-FM in Wise, Virginia, a satellite of NPR network affiliate WVTF. In addition, WACO-FM is also one of a small number of call signs whose beginning letter deviates from FCC standards of W in the East and K in the West.
Originally the WACO call letters were on an AM radio station that went on the air in Waco in 1922 as WJAD, but later changed to WACO. In the early days of broadcasting, radio stations in Texas were given call signs beginning with W. The border between Texas and New Mexico had been part of the dividing line between W and K. By 1923, the border had been moved to the Mississippi River, putting Texas in K territory. But stations already on the air, such as WOAI San Antonio and WBAP Fort Worth, were allowed to keep their W call signs. In 1960, when AM 1460 WACO added an FM counterpart, that station was able to share its unique call letters, with an -FM suffix. In 1996, WACO (AM) changed its call letters to KKTK and later moved into the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex radio market as KCLE. WACO-FM was allowed to keep its call sign, which it operates under to this day.
References
External links
WACO-FM official website
µWACO-FM
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1965
1965 establishments in Texas
IHeartMedia radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WACO-FM |
Shieldmuir railway station is a railway station in the Craigneuk suburb of Wishaw, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, and lies on the West Coast Main Line, although it is not served by mainline services – local commuter services from the station are provided via the Argyle Line by ScotRail on behalf of Strathclyde Partnership for Transport. The station is close to Wishaw railway station. The bulk of commuters are from the nearby suburbs of Craigneuk and Muirhouse, which it spans the border between. The bridge used to cross the railway also connects the two towns. Although Shieldmuir can be used to reach Wishaw General Hospital by train, it and Wishaw station are both a considerable distance away for any visitors there.
History
There is no modern town of Shieldmuir, but Shieldmuir Plantation is noted on an 1859 map of the area, as having existed between Shieldmuir and Muirhouse coalpits, roughly where the station lies today.
The station was originally developed to help regenerate this area of Wishaw, which has suffered from the closure of two major businesses (British Steel Corporation's Ravenscraig works and the Clyde Alloy). Its usage has increased, but its remote location led to vandalism and intimidation for users prior to the installation of CCTV there. Proposals to move the station may be met with some opposition though, as the area around the station has recently seen large amounts of house building activity, and closure of the station could affect local house prices.
The local authority proposed in 2005, to either move the entire station almost to the north or close it and reopen the former Flemington station nearby (closed in 1965), to cater for the new Ravenscraig development. This plan was subsequently dropped in 2007.
Services
The station is served by a half-hourly service (more during weekday peak hours, hourly on Sundays) between and Glasgow Central via , and . Prior to the December 2014 timetable change, trains ran via Central Low Level to stations on the North Clyde Line but no longer do so – passengers now need to change at Cambuslang or Central to reach these destinations.
Shieldmuir is also the northern terminus for the Royal Mail's railway-based distribution system – a large mail depot lies next to the station, from which the Royal Mail operates its fleet of mail trains to and from London and Warrington via the WCML.
The station is unstaffed and has ramp access to comply with the Disability Discrimination Act. It has full CCTV coverage on both platforms and entrances. It can be reached by car from Craigneuk due to its proximity to John Street and Kimberly Street; however, there is a relatively lengthy footpath between the station and Shieldmuir Street, Muirhouse. A 25 space park and ride facility opened in April 2021. It cannot be directly reached by any of the new private housing estates being built near the site.
References
Sources
Wishaw
Railway stations in North Lanarkshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1990
Railway stations served by ScotRail
SPT railway stations
1990 establishments in Scotland
Buildings and structures in Motherwell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shieldmuir%20railway%20station |
Penn & Teller's Smoke and Mirrors is an unreleased video game starring the magician duo Penn & Teller that was planned for release initially on the Sega CD in April 1995. The game is a collection of several minigames and an adventure platform game. All the minigames, with one exception, were made for the sole purpose of enabling the player to fool their friends by different means, designating the games "scam minigames" and virtual tricks. Penn & Teller's Smoke and Mirrors is similar to the video Penn & Teller's Cruel Tricks for Dear Friends, which has the same purpose, and uses properties of the video medium itself for the tricks.
Smoke and Mirrors was developed by Imagineering and was scheduled to be published by Absolute Entertainment. The game was reviewed in several publications, but Absolute Entertainment went out of business before the game could be released. The creators were unable to find other companies interested in the game, and it was never released. It received attention when a copy circulated on the Internet in 2005 and has since gained a cult following, especially for the Desert Bus Minigame.
Gameplay
What's Your Sign?
Using the patented Personometer (devised by the Cosmic Research Organization for Clairvoyant Kinetics, or CROCK), Penn and Teller claim to be able to guess the player's astrological sign and their birthday based on a series of responses they give to questions. These questions ask the player to give a response within a range (e.g., "Sunglasses, on one side of the bar—hate them, never wear them. Other side: I'm Lou Reed, I never take them off.") In reality, the owner of the game enters the person's date of birth earlier via a secret menu. The secret menu features an introductory film in which Penn & Teller let their feelings on astrology be known, stating that it is only good for giving astrologists work and allowing people to not take responsibility for their actions. Penn, who is juggling, goes on to work out using the laws of physics and mathematics that Mars has as much gravitational pull on his body as the balls he is juggling.
Mofo the Psychic Gorilla
Originally from Penn and Teller's stage show, Mofo is a gorilla who claims that scientific experiments have given him psychic powers, though in the introductory film Penn and Teller say this is not true. In order to demonstrate his ability, Mofo claims that he can predict whatever card the user has pulled out of a pack of cards based on answers he has given to some questions (e.g., "Do you have any relatives on Venus?"). This trick involves the user either seeing the card the victim has picked, or hearing the victim say the card. When Mofo explains how to "make contact" using the controls, the user secretly enters a code and uses two green bits of mist that appear in Mofo's crystal ball to select both the suit of cards and the value of that card. This trick requires more practice than the others, but there is a practice menu available. Nevertheless, Penn and Teller advise the player if they mess up just to say, "Well bummer, I guess he isn't psychic after all."
Desert Bus
Considered by Penn to be the "best part" of the collection, Desert Bus is a simulation trick minigame and a featured part of Electronic Gaming Monthlys preview. It is the most notorious minigame from the actual game. The objective of the game is to drive a bus from Tucson, Arizona, to Las Vegas, Nevada, in real time at a maximum speed of . The feat requires eight hours of continuous play in real time to complete.
The bus contains no passengers, there is little scenery aside from an occasional rock or bus stop sign, and there is no traffic. The road between Tucson and Las Vegas is simplified compared to the real highways: it is completely straight. The bus veers to the right slightly, and thus requires the player's constant attention. If the bus stops, or veers off the road it will stall and must be towed back to Tucson, also in real time. If the player makes it to Las Vegas, one point is scored. The player has the option to make the return trip to Tucson for another point, a decision which must be made in a few seconds or the game ends. Players may continue to make trips and score points up to a maximum score of 99 points, which requires 33 days of continuous play. Although the landscape never changes, an insect splats on the windshield about five hours through the first trip, and on the return trip the light fades, with differences at dusk, and later a pitch black road where the player is guided only with headlights. The light eventually returns at dawn, but due to a programming bug it will cycle endlessly between dawn and night for the remainder of the game. The game cannot be paused.
The game was designed to be as inoffensive as possible to prove the point that not all video games were corrupting influences. Penn Jillette commented in his radio show Penn Radio that the overly realistic nature of the game was in response to Janet Reno's comments in support of the moral panic about violent video games at the time (see video game controversies). He stated that there would have been a prize for the person or group to get the highest score in the game, substantiated by the various Desert Bus contest materials prepared for the release of the game. Penn said that the prize "was going to be, you got to go on Desert Bus from Tucson to Vegas with showgirls and a live band and just the most partying bus ever. You got to Vegas, we're going to put you up at the Rio, big thing, and then, you know, big shows." The maximum attainable score is 99 points, as discovered by a tool-assisted speedrunner using an emulator. A run of this length would take 33 days to complete in real time.
The game has also spawned a charity event called "Desert Bus for Hope", an annual event that started in 2007 to raise money for Child's Play charity.
Buzz Bombers
Buzz Bombers is a two-player arcade shooter, where each player controls a Buzz Bomber to kill enemies to earn points. The game includes an introductory story: insectoid aliens have destroyed Earth, but some Earth creatures have managed to get on board their ship and threaten the larvae of the next generation. The queen declares that the Buzz Bombers must eliminate the threat and protect their young.
Like the other "scam" minigames, Player 1 will always have more points and win the level. Player 1 controls various cheating features with simple button combinations. One additional feature is a button combination to change the controller that is "in charge" of the "scam", which is useful if the "mark" gets suspicious and wants to switch controllers.
To finally reveal the prank, the player has to press all three buttons on the controller, which reveals a cut scene that gives the secret away. Penn & Teller claimed this is perfect payback to friends "who come over to your house, eat your food, drink your soda, play your games and always beat you."
Sun Scorcher
Sun Scorcher is a game resembling Space Invaders in which a player controls a spaceship that has to destroy alien invaders and the mothership. The prank in this game makes fun of video disclaimers as well as advertising buzzwords such as "Blast Processing" used during the 16-bit era. The game claims to have "thermographics" which are released by the mothership. A disclaimer (that the player cannot skip past, even though the game is still playable) appears beforehand, and a dramatic voice states that these thermographics make the screen dangerous to touch. The prank involves entering a code before playing, which causes the TV to cut to static after the third time the thermographics appear, suggesting the game has broken the TV. The owner is meant to act as though their hand has been burned. Like the other pranks, there is a practice mode, and Penn & Teller give some hints on how to milk this trick for maximum effect.
Smoke and Mirrors
Smoke and Mirrors is a mixture of platform, role-playing, and puzzle-solving games. The premise is that magic sensations Stinkbomb and Rot (a Siegfried and Roy parody) claim that magic is real. The player controls both Penn and Teller to expose them as frauds, although there are magicians (such as the first boss, The Great Escapo, who throws straitjackets at the player) all over the city working for them. Penn and Teller have a number of double-team moves. For example, Penn provides a distraction while Teller sneaks up behind the victim on hands and knees so that Penn can push them over. A pack of cards is their most common weapon.
At several moments, the player can call in stunt doubles to perform action scenes. The drawback is that all they can do is punch and kick, so the player eventually has to replace them to pick up any items they pass. Debbie Harry (Penn's girlfriend at the time) and Lou Reed (one of Penn's idols) both appear in the game; every shop the player encounters is either called "Debbie's" or "Harry's". Lou Reed appears in Impossible Mode, killing the duo with a blast of lightning from his eyes. A video of Reed appears commenting, "This is the impossible level, boys. Impossible doesn't mean very difficult. Very difficult is winning the Nobel Prize; impossible is eating the Sun."
Development
Penn & Teller: Smoke and Mirrors was developed by Imagineering and was intended to be published by Absolute Entertainment. It was planned as a collection of minigames, with games conceived by the magic duo Penn & Teller. It was scheduled for a release on the Sega CD in April 1995; 3DO, PC and Sega Genesis versions were also planned. The game was reviewed in several gaming publications, including Electronic Gaming Monthly and VideoGames. However, Absolute Entertainment went out of business before it could be released, and Smoke and Mirrors was placed on indefinite hold. It was ultimately never released; according to the game's costar Teller, "by the time the game was finished, the [Sega CD] format was dead. We were unable to find anybody interested in acquiring the game".
Skyworks Interactive, Inc. owns the rights to all unreleased Absolute games, except for certain handheld console versions of Super Battletank, A Boy and His Blob, and Turn & Burn, which are owned by Majesco Entertainment. However, since Penn & Teller were owed money when Absolute Entertainment went out of business, any rights pertaining to their intellectual property, likenesses and performance within the title were revoked.
As the game was never released, it survived only in the review copies sent to journalists. In 2005, a journalist who had kept his review copy sent it to Frank Cifaldi, editor of the website Lost Levels, which is dedicated to arcane and unreleased video games. Cifaldi posted a copy of Smoke and Mirrors and information about it on the Internet, reviving interest in the game.
Reception
Entertainment Weekly gave the game a B.
GamePro described Penn & Teller's Smoke and Mirrors as an acquired taste with a unique interface that makes it very difficult to categorize. They praised the high variety of games included while at the same time noting their uneven quality: "These two TV and stage stars offer something for almost everyone ... Some of it's incredibly boring; some of it has one-time appeal; some of it's hilarious. It's a lot like life."
VideoGames gave the game an average score of 6 out of 10 and described it as a tool to mess with friends. They praised Desert Bus as "brilliant in concept, if mind-numbingly boring in gameplay", but criticized the graphics and recommended it for fans of the duo.
Mean Machines Sega dismissed the concept as "crap" and advised customers to stay away.
Legacy
Desert Bus for Hope
In 2007, the sketch comedy troupe LoadingReadyRun posted videos of themselves playing Desert Bus, the game's most notorious segment, to raise money for the charity Child's Play. As of 2022 they have been repeating "Desert Bus for Hope" for 16 consecutive years, raising over 9 million dollars. It is the longest-running Internet-based fundraiser, and has received support from Penn and Teller themselves.
Remakes
In November 2011, Amateur Pixels released a version of Desert Bus for Android and iOS, with the proceeds going to Child's Play.
A 2013 video game called Desert Bus 2600 for the Atari 2600 video game console was reviewed by Retro Video Game Magazine at 3 out of 5 stars.
The 2014 driving game Roundabout contains a minigame called "Desert Limo" that pays homage to Desert Bus and likewise requires eight hours to complete.
In October 2016 Desert Bus was released for the Mattel Intellivision as a charity fundraiser for Child's Play.
On November 27, 2017, a free remake with virtual reality (VR) and multiplayer support was released on Steam, developed by Dinosaur Entertainment and published by Gearbox Software. The game can be played on the Oculus Rift and HTC Vive VR platforms, as well as traditional displays.
References
External links
A charity website from LoadingReadyRun.com based on Desert Bus
Absolute Entertainment games
Bus simulation video games
Cancelled 3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Cancelled PC games
Cancelled Sega CD games
Cancelled Sega Genesis games
Minigame compilations
Parody video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Arizona
Video games set in Nevada
Works about magic (illusion) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn%20%26%20Teller%27s%20Smoke%20and%20Mirrors |
Burning the Process is the major label debut album of alternative metal band Pressure 4-5, released on DreamWorks Records in 2001. It features 11 tracks, three of which ("These Hands," "Beat the World," and "Even Worse") were featured on a prior three-song sampler release and were re-recorded for this album. This would prove to be Pressure 4-5's first and only major label album, as the group disbanded in 2003.
Musical style
Burning the Process showcases a sound akin to contemporary alternative metal as well as groups popular in the 1990s. In addition to a fierce scream, vocalist Adam Rich utilizes his voice comparably to Page Hamilton of Helmet. And while Rich insisted that their style falls under "heavy rock" rather than metal, and that the band "wanted to get as far away from the rap-rock scene as possible," tracks like "Even Worse" bear some resemblance to rap metal. In a 2002 interview, Rich said "It is sort of metal though we don't really describe ourselves as metal. I think that we are a bit more hardcore than metal really, like New York style hardcore that is. We have a lot of people say that they hear a lot of things like Helmet and Quicksand."
Much of the album's lyrics deal with overcoming problems such as grieving and, particularly in the song "Even Worse," irrationality of religion. Frontman Adam Rich elaborated, "As individuals, we're constantly learning and trying to figure things out - it's an ongoing process. . . It's what life is about, and we named this record Burning The Process in honor of that."
Touring and promotion
Pressure 4-5 acquired a spot on the Second Stage of Ozzfest 2001. Through the remainder of the year, they joined an MTV-sponsored club tour with groups like Alien Ant Farm and Hoobastank. The band also performed their own fourteen-date tour beginning March 31, 2002 before joining Lit on April 18. Next would be the MTV2 Presents Tour with Apex Theory and Lostprophets where they previewed new material.
"Beat the World," a song which deals with the sudden death of Adam Rich's best friend, would be the band's lead single off Burning the Process. Its music video, directed by Marc Webb, performed well on modern rock mainstays such as MTV2, and the song found considerable radio play from late summer to winter of 2001. "Beat the World" appeared on the WWF Tough Enough soundtrack in 2001.
In spring 2002, the group introduced their second single and video, "Melt Me Down." Rich explained the song as "[incorporating] the universal theme of having the freedom to express yourself however you want." The track was featured on the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 soundtrack.
Critical reception
Burning the Process was largely well received. Allmusic's Bradley Torreano noted the album's resurrection of mid '90s alternative metal and particularly obvious Helmet influence. He praised Rich's vocal abilities and the track "Stares" while noting "Even Worse" as one of "the only low points of an otherwise impressive debut." Torreano regarded the Burning the Process as demonstrating "a band with a lot of promise and ambition" and wide appeal.
Jessica Jardine of Daily Nexus also praised vocalist Adam Rich in her October 2001 review, stating he had "perfected the art of the catchy hook." However, she goes on to say "Moments exist when one longs for the band to let out its inner Korn and pop some eardrums. There are flashes in tracks like 'Stares' where one relishes hearing Rich tear apart his precious vocal chords as the band flies through charging guitar riffs."
DynamicRock gave Burning the Process 8.5 out of 10, labelling it "one of the year's most riveting and unforgettable releases". They compared the album's sound to Onesidezero, Cold, Helmet and Quicksand, remarking, "Far removed from the aggro-driven, grunge-metal of Antechnology, Pressure 4-5's major-label debut, Burning the Process, is an 11-track odyssey of passion, beauty, and artistic creativity. Combining thoughtfully crafted harmonics with emotionally-driven vocals, Pressure 4-5 has vastly improved as musicians." Gary Graff of Revolver considered it "a powerful debut, certainly a meaty dish that's served with a minimum of garnish-free of raps, loops, and samples." Metal Edge writer Mike Magnuson commended the lyrical purpose behind the album's tracks. Burning the Process also gained approval from smaller magazines including HITS and Mean Street who commended its "sense of melodic dynamics."
Track listing
All music by Pressure 4-5.
Credits
The Band
Adam Rich - lead and backing vocals
Joe Schmidt - rhythm guitar
Mark Barry - lead guitar
Lyle Mckeany - bass guitar
Tom Schmidt - drums
Production
Jay Baumgardner - producer, mixing
Dan Certa - engineering
Howard Karp - assistant engineering
James Murray - assistant engineering
Tom Baker - mastering
Ron handler - A&R
Additional musicians
David Campbell(composer) - string arrangements, Viola
Larry Corbett - cello
Joel Derouin - violin
Brooks Wackerman - percussion
Charts
Album
Singles
References
External links
Pressure 4-5 at MTV.com
"Beat the World" music video
"Melt Me Down" music video
2001 debut albums
DreamWorks Records albums
Pressure 4-5 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning%20the%20Process |
The Igo Senshuken was a Go competition.
Outline
The final of the Igo Senshuken was decided in a best-of-five match. Each player had 6 hours to think. The challengers came from a knock-out with 16 players.
Past winners and runners-up
References
Go competitions in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igo%20Senshuken |
KCBI (90.9 MHz) is a listener-supported FM radio station, licensed to Dallas and serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex in North Texas. It airs a Christian radio format and is owned by First Dallas Media Inc. (FDMI) The station plays Contemporary Christian music during drive times and middays, with Christian talk and teaching programs in late mornings, evenings and overnight.
KCBI has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for non-grandfathered FM stations. The transmitter is off West Belt Line Road in Cedar Hill, among the towers for other Dallas-area FM and TV stations.
History
KCBI began with its antenna atop the First International Building in downtown Dallas. Power was 1,500 watts at 660 feet above average terrain, a fraction of its current output.
The 90.9 spot traces its beginning to KCHU, a non-commercial FM that went on air August 29, 1975. KCHU operated until September 1977 when it went off air owing to financial shortfalls. The station remained silent through 1980, license renewal year in Texas. (Radio stations then operated on a three-year license cycle.) At the same time, Criswell operated KCBI-FM from a downtown Dallas rooftop with a power of 1,500 watts on 89.3. They aspired to raise power and height by relocating to the Cedar Hill, Texas, tower farm, and applied to take over the 90.9 frequency of KCHU. A legal and FCC struggle ensued. The result was a swap of frequencies, a settlement of litigation, and return of KCHU (renamed KNON) to the air as a new license.
From the early years through 2012, KCBI was generally programmed as a Christian Teaching station, featuring Bible teachers such as Chuck Swindoll, David Jeremiah, Tony Evans, Robert Jeffress and John MacArthur. With the format showing signs of decline, KCBI began shifting to a ‘more music and personalities’ format in 2013, highlighting Contemporary Christian artists such as Chris Tomlin, Mercy Me, Casting Crowns and Tobymac. The current version of KCBI's programming offers music and personalities throughout most of the day, and teaching ministries in the evening hours. Many of its original teaching programs continue to be aired on KCBI.
On September 5, 2017, the First Baptist Church in Dallas, operator of FDMI, ended a 41-year joint management of KCBI with Criswell College, and became the sole member of FDMI.
KCBI also is involved in community service on many levels, including an annual station initiative to provide Bibles to the Texas community, including prisons around the DFW area. KCBI was the 2017 National Religious Broadcasters "Station of the Year," an honor awarded at the NRB convention in Orlando.
On-Air Staff
Notable weekday hosts include mornings with Caryn & Jeremy Cruise, mid-days with Doug Hannah, and afternoons with Sonny Delfyette.
Other FDMI stations
FDMI also owns and operates KCBN in Hico, Texas, as well as the online KCBI All-Teaching Channel.
FDMI previously owned KCRN-AM-FM in San Angelo, Texas and KCBK in Frederick, Oklahoma, serving the Lawton/Wichita Falls area. In September 2018, the San Angelo stations were sold for $205,000 to Houston Christian Broadcasters and became KCCE AM and KSAO FM. KCBK, which was silent at the time, was sold the next week to South Central Oklahoma Christian Broadcasting for $250,000.
References
External links
KCBI official website
DFW Radio Archives
DFW Radio/TV History
FCC History Cards for:
the defunct 90.9 license
KCBI at 89.3
CBI
CBI
Radio stations established in 1976
1976 establishments in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCBI |
The Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum (known popularly as the Zimmerli Art Museum) is located on the Voorhees Mall of the campus of Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The museum houses more than 60,000 works, including Russian and Soviet Nonconformist Art from the acclaimed Dodge Collection, American art from the eighteenth century to the present, and six centuries of European art with a particular focus on nineteenth-century French art. The museum also is noted for its holdings of works on paper, including prints, drawings, photographs, original illustrations for children's books, and rare books.
Description
Founded in 1966 as the Rutgers University Art Gallery to celebrate the university bicentennial, the gallery was expanded in 1983 and renamed the Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum in honor of the mother of Ralph and Alan Voorhees, the major benefactors for the museum expansion.
The museum occupies a 70,000-square-foot facility, which is located on the New Brunswick campus of Rutgers University the state university of New Jersey.
The permanent collection of the museum totals more than 60,000 works in a wide range of media and includes a survey of Western art from the fifteenth century to the present. The museum has holdings in:
Nineteenth-century French art, particularly prints and rare books
Russian art and Soviet nonconformist art from the Dodge Collection
American art, especially prints
Selections from these holdings, along with focused presentations of European art, art inspired by Japan (called Japonisme), ancient Greek art, ancient Roman art, Pre-Columbian art, and American illustrations for children's books, are always on view. The museum also makes these holdings available through an active program of loans to art museums, both nationally and internationally, as well as through participation in Google Arts & Culture and ARTstor.
Programs and exhibitions
The Zimmerli Art Museum presents exhibitions as a teaching museum with an interdisciplinary perspective. The museum is now free for all visitors and offers tours for groups. The museum also houses a café.
As a teaching museum, it contributes to the academic programs of undergraduate and graduate students at Rutgers, and it also offers programs to the broader community. Rutgers faculty from both the humanities and the sciences use the museum for their classes to stimulate interdisciplinary inquiry among undergraduate and graduate students from all areas of study. The museum collaborates with the university department of art history in its curatorial training programs, as well as through its endowed fellowships and internships for graduate students seeking careers in the museum field.
The museum provides interactive tours that are designed for elementary and secondary student age groups and academic requirements. Teachers of K-12 students may benefit from workshops that the museum organizes in collaboration with the Rutgers Graduate School of Education and satisfy mandated professional development requirements. In addition, the museum offers drawing workshops for all ages, as well as storytelling for preschoolers and day trips for adults who wish to learn more about specific aspects of art.
Permanent collection
American art
The Zimmerli Art Museum's American art collection contains more than 16,500 objects. It includes paintings, sculpture, works on paper (prints, drawings, and photographs), and decorative arts. The earliest paintings in the Zimmerli collection date to the late eighteenth century, when the United States and Rutgers University – then called Queen's College – were in their infancy. Reflecting America's rich artistic and cultural heritage, the museum showcases examples of portraiture, landscape, still life, narrative art, and abstraction. Modern and contemporary styles represented in the collection include precisionism, surrealism, abstract expressionism, geometric abstraction, pop art, op art, Fluxus, photo-realism, and minimalism, as well as works that explore social and political issues. Work by women artists is a distinguishing aspect of the museum's American holdings and signals the pioneering role of Rutgers in women's studies.
European art
The Zimmerli collection of European art comprises paintings, sculpture, works on paper, rare books, and decorative arts, and ranges in date from the Renaissance to the present, totaling close to 10,000 objects, with its primary strength in French nineteenth-century works on paper, notably prints and rare books. Strongly represented subjects include portraits and caricatures, landscapes, and popular entertainments. Also among the European holdings is a renowned collection of Japonisme, late-nineteenth-century works by European artists inspired by Japanese art and aesthetics.
In 2011, the Zimmerli restituted a rare Renaissance portrait by Hans Baldung Grien to the heirs of Friedrich and Louise Gutmann who had been murdered by Nazis in concentration camps. The painting had been donated to Rutgers by Rudolf Heinemann who, according to the Zimmerli, had acquired it from Rosenberg and Stiebel.
Russian art and Soviet nonconformist art
The Zimmerli Russian and Soviet nonconformist art holdings contain some 22,000 objects and provide an overview of art in Russia from the fourteenth century to the present. The Imperial era of Russian art is represented through George Riabov's 1990 donation, which spans styles and subjects that represent Russia's diverse artistic heritage, genres, and visual cultures.
The Dodge Collection is the largest collection of Soviet Nonconformist Art in the United States of America. The collection was amassed by an economics professor from the University of Maryland, Norton Dodge, from the late 1950s until the advent of Perestroika.
The collection was gift of Norton and Nancy Dodge in 1991. More than 20,000 works by close to 1,000 artists reveal a culture that defied the politically imposed conventions of Socialist Realism. All media are represented, including paintings on canvas and panel, sculpture, assemblage, decorative objects, installations, works on paper, photography, video, artists’ books and self-published texts called "samizdat". This encyclopedic array of nonconformist art extends from about 1956 to 1986, from the beginning of Khrushchev's cultural “thaw” to the advent of Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika. Work created during the Gorbachev era (through 1991) also is represented. The collection includes art made in Russia, as well as many examples of nonconformist art produced in the Soviet republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. A recent gift by Claude and Nina Gruen extends the Zimmerli Russian art holdings to post-Perestroika work produced since 1986. Many of these artworks were made by former Soviet artists now living in the diaspora. In addition, the museum has seven archives associated with Soviet nonconformist art. Collectively, these archives include more than 50,000 items.
The Dodge Collection includes work by Russian painter Irina Nakhova, who in 2015 was selected as the first woman to represent Russia with a solo show of her artwork in its pavilion at the Venice Biennale.
References
External links
Zimmerli at Home
Rutgers University
ARTstor, Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University, 250+ images of nonconformist art from the Soviet Union
Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University within Google Arts & Culture
Rutgers University
Buildings and structures in New Brunswick, New Jersey
Art museums established in 1966
Art museums and galleries in New Jersey
Museums in Middlesex County, New Jersey
University museums in New Jersey
1966 establishments in New Jersey
Tourist attractions in New Brunswick, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerli%20Art%20Museum%20at%20Rutgers%20University |
Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge. These two forces compete, leading to some combinations of neutrons and protons being more stable than others. Neutrons stabilize the nucleus, because they attract protons, which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. As a result, as the number of protons increases, an increasing ratio of neutrons to protons is needed to form a stable nucleus; if too many or too few neutrons are present with regard to the optimum ratio, the nucleus becomes unstable and subject to certain types of nuclear decay. Unstable isotopes decay through various radioactive decay pathways, most commonly alpha decay, beta decay, or electron capture. Many rare types of decay, such as spontaneous fission or cluster decay, are known. (See Radioactive decay for details.)
Of the first 82 elements in the periodic table, 80 have isotopes considered to be stable. The 83rd element, bismuth, was traditionally regarded as having the heaviest stable isotope, bismuth-209, but in 2003 researchers in Orsay, France, measured the half-life of to be . Technetium and promethium (atomic numbers 43 and 61, respectively) and all the elements with an atomic number over 82 only have isotopes that are known to decompose through radioactive decay. No undiscovered elements are expected to be stable; therefore, lead is considered the heaviest stable element. However, it is possible that some isotopes that are now considered stable will be revealed to decay with extremely long half-lives (as with ). This list depicts what is agreed upon by the consensus of the scientific community as of 2023.
For each of the 80 stable elements, the number of the stable isotopes is given. Only 90 isotopes are expected to be perfectly stable, and an additional 161 are energetically unstable, but have never been observed to decay. Thus, 251 isotopes (nuclides) are stable by definition (including tantalum-180m, for which no decay has yet been observed). Those that may in the future be found to be radioactive are expected to have half-lives longer than 1022 years (for example, xenon-134).
In April 2019 it was announced that the half-life of xenon-124 had been measured to 1.8 × 1022 years. This is the longest half-life directly measured for any unstable isotope; only the half-life of tellurium-128 is longer.
Of the chemical elements, only 1 element (tin) has 10 such stable isotopes, 5 have 7 stable isotopes, 7 have 6 stable isotopes, 11 have 5 stable isotopes, 9 have 4 stable isotopes, 5 have 3 stable isotopes, 16 have 2 stable isotopes, and 26 have 1 stable isotope.
Additionally, about 31 nuclides of the naturally occurring elements have unstable isotopes with a half-life larger than the age of the Solar System (~109 years or more). An additional four nuclides have half-lives longer than 100 million years, which is far less than the age of the solar system, but long enough for some of them to have survived. These 35 radioactive naturally occurring nuclides comprise the radioactive primordial nuclides. The total number of primordial nuclides is then 251 (the stable nuclides) plus the 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, for a total of 286 primordial nuclides. This number is subject to change if new shorter-lived primordials are identified on Earth.
One of the primordial nuclides is tantalum-180m, which is predicted to have a half-life in excess of 1015 years, but has never been observed to decay. The even-longer half-life of 2.2 × 1024 years of tellurium-128 was measured by a unique method of detecting its radiogenic daughter xenon-128 and is the longest known experimentally measured half-life. Another notable example is the only naturally occurring isotope of bismuth, bismuth-209, which has been predicted to be unstable with a very long half-life, but has been observed to decay. Because of their long half-lives, such isotopes are still found on Earth in various quantities, and together with the stable isotopes they are called primordial isotope. All the primordial isotopes are given in order of their decreasing abundance on Earth. For a list of primordial nuclides in order of half-life, see List of nuclides.
118 chemical elements are known to exist. All elements to element 94 are found in nature, and the remainder of the discovered elements are artificially produced, with isotopes all known to be highly radioactive with relatively short half-lives (see below). The elements in this list are ordered according to the lifetime of their most stable isotope. Of these, three elements (bismuth, thorium, and uranium) are primordial because they have half-lives long enough to still be found on the Earth, while all the others are produced either by radioactive decay or are synthesized in laboratories and nuclear reactors. Only 13 of the 38 known-but-unstable elements have isotopes with a half-life of at least 100 years. Every known isotope of the remaining 25 elements is highly radioactive; these are used in academic research and sometimes in industry and medicine. Some of the heavier elements in the periodic table may be revealed to have yet-undiscovered isotopes with longer lifetimes than those listed here.
About 338 nuclides are found naturally on Earth. These comprise 251 stable isotopes, and with the addition of the 35 long-lived radioisotopes with half-lives longer than 100 million years, a total of 286 primordial nuclides, as noted above. The nuclides found naturally comprise not only the 286 primordials, but also include about 52 more short-lived isotopes (defined by a half-life less than 100 million years, too short to have survived from the formation of the Earth) that are daughters of primordial isotopes (such as radium from uranium); or else are made by energetic natural processes, such as carbon-14 made from atmospheric nitrogen by bombardment from cosmic rays.
Elements by number of primordial isotopes
An even number of protons or neutrons is more stable (higher binding energy) because of pairing effects, so even–even nuclides are much more stable than odd–odd. One effect is that there are few stable odd–odd nuclides: in fact only five are stable, with another four having half-lives longer than a billion years.
Another effect is to prevent beta decay of many even–even nuclides into another even–even nuclide of the same mass number but lower energy, because decay proceeding one step at a time would have to pass through an odd–odd nuclide of higher energy. (Double beta decay directly from even–even to even–even, skipping over an odd-odd nuclide, is only occasionally possible, and is a process so strongly hindered that it has a half-life greater than a billion times the age of the universe.) This makes for a larger number of stable even–even nuclides, up to three for some mass numbers, and up to seven for some atomic (proton) numbers and at least four for all stable even-Z elements beyond iron (except strontium and lead).
Since a nucleus with an odd number of protons is relatively less stable, odd-numbered elements tend to have fewer stable isotopes. Of the 26 "monoisotopic" elements that have only a single stable isotope, all but one have an odd atomic number—the single exception being beryllium. In addition, no odd-numbered element has more than two stable isotopes, while every even-numbered element with stable isotopes, except for helium, beryllium, and carbon, has at least three. Only a single odd-numbered element, potassium, has three primordial isotopes; none have more than three.
Tables
The following tables give the elements with primordial nuclides, which means that the element may still be identified on Earth from natural sources, having been present since the Earth was formed out of the solar nebula. Thus, none are shorter-lived daughters of longer-lived parental primordials. Two nuclides which have half-lives long enough to be primordial, but have not yet been conclusively observed as such (244Pu and 146Sm), have been excluded.
The tables of elements are sorted in order of decreasing number of nuclides associated with each element. (For a list sorted entirely in terms of half-lives of nuclides, with mixing of elements, see List of nuclides.) Stable and unstable (marked decays) nuclides are given, with symbols for unstable (radioactive) nuclides in italics. Note that the sorting does not quite give the elements purely in order of stable nuclides, since some elements have a larger number of long-lived unstable nuclides, which place them ahead of elements with a larger number of stable nuclides. By convention, nuclides are counted as "stable" if they have never been observed to decay by experiment or from observation of decay products (extremely long-lived nuclides unstable only in theory, such as tantalum-180m, are counted as stable).
The first table is for even-atomic numbered elements, which tend to have far more primordial nuclides, due to the stability conferred by proton-proton pairing. A second separate table is given for odd-atomic numbered elements, which tend to have far fewer stable and long-lived (primordial) unstable nuclides.
Elements with no primordial isotopes
See also
Island of stability
List of nuclides
List of radioactive nuclides by half-life
Primordial nuclide
Stable nuclide
Stable isotope ratio
Table of nuclides
Footnotes
References
Stability of isotopes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20elements%20by%20stability%20of%20isotopes |
KLIF-FM (93.3 MHz, "Hot 93.3") is a commercial radio station licensed to Haltom City, Texas, and serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The station is owned by Cumulus Media, and the broadcast license is held by Radio License Holding SRC LLC. It broadcasts a hot adult contemporary radio format, mainly focusing on hits from the 1990s and 2000s while also playing some songs from the 1980s, 2010s and today. The studios and offices are in the Victory Park district in Dallas just north of downtown.
The KLIF call sign has a long history of being associated with CHR/Top 40 music; the original KLIF (at 1190 AM) was Dallas/Fort Worth's most popular Top 40 music station in the 1960s and 1970s.
KLIF-FM's transmitter site is on Singleton Boulevard in West Dallas near the I-30/Loop 12 interchange. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts, with its tower at 120 meters (394 ft) in height above average terrain (HAAT). This gives KLIF-FM a limited signal, with most Dallas FM stations powered at 100,000 watts, and with towers four times taller than KLIF-FM. It is licensed by iBiquity to broadcast a digital HD Radio signal. KLIF-FM stopped transmitting its digital signals in late November 2011 and resumed in early January 2012 before ceasing again in 2014. In May 2022, KLIF-FM resumed its digital broadcasts again.
History and formats
The Zone
Marcos A. Rodriguez was the first to control the license after having successfully obtained it directly from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). After his financing source defaulted, Rodriguez sold the license to Susquehanna Radio.
93.3 FM began broadcasting on October 31, 1996, as KNBR-FM "The Zone", with an adult alternative format. The call letters KNBR-FM were only short-term, as they were changed to KKZN to match the moniker on December 20, 1996.
Merge Radio
After a day-long stunt with episodes of The Bob Newhart Show and a loop of "Pop Muzik" by M, the station became KKMR "Merge Radio", with a modern AC format on August 31, 1999. The first song on "Merge" was "Are You Gonna Go My Way?" by Lenny Kravitz. Station management referred to Merge as "the nation's first new digital media station." The name "Merge" was meant to signify the merging of traditional radio with the internet.
The Bone
At midnight on January 3, 2002, after playing "Brass in Pocket" by The Pretenders, the station began stunting with funeral bells and random audio soundbites. At 5 p.m. that day, the station became KDBN "The Bone", with a 1970s/1980s-based classic rock format (specifically hard rock and heavy metal from that era), launching with "Bad to the Bone" by George Thorogood and the Destroyers. The station's slogan was "Classic Texas Rock That Rocks!" This produced an initial spike in ratings, though the station lost much of that audience as the years progressed. The station featured longtime KZPS DJs Sam "Bo" Roberts and "Long" Jim White ("Bo and Jim") in the mornings.
The KDBN call letters had been used on 1480 AM in Dallas for a business radio format from September 21, 1989, to September 4, 1991. Cumulus Media subsequently took control of the station in May 2006 as part of its acquisition of Susquehanna, instituted cost-cutting measures, and completely restored a classic rock format after the station had experimented with more recent rock offerings.
FM 93-3
On April 24, 2009, KDBN began stunting with music from the Dave Matthews Band with limited commercial interruptions. Three days later, the station switched back to adult album alternative as "FM 93-3 - Quality Rock", with the first song being "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" by R.E.M. On-air staff included The Regular Guys, a morning show syndicated from Atlanta, Alexis (middays), and Scott Gaines (afternoons). Among former on-air staff were Gary Thompson (mornings), Pugs and Kelly (afternoons), Candy Stuart, Bo Roberts, Yvonne Monet, Jeff K, Bob Carter, Channing, Jennifer Reed, Kat Von Erick, Debbie Sexxton, Squeaky, Paladin, Logan, Gary Zee, Royce Dex, Barb Smith (traffic reporter), and Rich Phillips (sports reporter). However, this format was short-lived, with poor ratings.
The station was, for a short time, an affiliate of the Dallas Cowboys Radio Network.
i93
On September 2, 2009, the station began stunting again, urging listeners to tune in September 4 at Noon. At that time, the station launched a top 40 format as "i93", and on September 7, a call sign change to KLIF-FM was made.
As a reference to the station's i branding used for newer Cumulus-launched top 40 stations, the station's new top 40 format launched with The Black Eyed Peas' "I Gotta Feeling". The station aimed for an older audience; rival KHKS skewed toward younger listeners. KLIF was the flagship station for Nights Live with Adam Bomb. After another format change at 93.3 FM, the show moved back to Atlanta's WWWQ-FM.
Hot 93-3
In September 2014, websites were registered showing a possible rebranding or format change to rhythmic Top 40/CHR, urban, classic hits, oldies, smooth jazz, or rhythmic oldies. The registrations followed the recent hiring of former KBFF/Portland program director Louie Cruz for the same position at KLIF-FM. This station had not been able to make up ground on KHKS as it continued to hover right below a 2 share in the Dallas/Fort Worth Nielsen ratings of August 2014. The change was confirmed on October 3 of that year, when 93.3 began running liners promoting that "Something New Arrives At 93.3" at 5 p.m. that day, and relaunched as "Hot 93.3". While the station still maintained its Top 40 format as before, KLIF-FM began leaning towards rhythmic CHR.
On November 14, 2014, at 5 p.m., KLIF-FM began playing classic hip hop songs around the clock (as part of a holiday season-only promotion), only to be upstaged an hour later by KSOC, which dropped its urban AC direction to go full-time with classic hip hop as "Boom 94.5". It is not known if this was done intentionally, or if KLIF-FM was trying to pull a pre-empted strike to bring the format first to the area before another station picked it up. The flip has also resulted in Mediabase changing KLIF's reporting status from Top 40/CHR to rhythmic.
On December 2, 2014, at 6 p.m., KLIF-FM shifted its format to urban contemporary, retaining the "Hot 93.3" branding, even though Mediabase continued to list the station as a rhythmic reporter, with the first song being "Latch" by Disclosure featuring Sam Smith. Competitors in the format included KKDA-FM and KBFB. In March 2015, KLIF adjusted its direction back to Rhythmic with the inclusion of pop/dance crossovers that it had dropped previously and was added to the Nielsen BDS Rhythmic reporting panel.
In September 2015, KLIF-FM gradually returned to more of a mainstream Top 40/CHR format, putting it in competition with KHKS once again, a status affirmed with Mediabase returning KLIF-FM to its pop panel in November. Nielsen BDS continued to have KLIF-FM report to the rhythmic panel until May 2016. It currently competes with KHKS and, for a time from October 2016 to November 2017, CBS Radio-owned Hot AC-leaning KVIL. Ironically, AM sister station KLIF, during its Top 40 era, was competing with KVIL in the late 1960s. KLIF-FM also, to a lesser extent, competes with KHKS's sister station KDMX.
As of September 2019, KLIF shifted back to a Rhythmic Top 40 direction as it began increasing the amount of R&B/Hip-Hop currents being played, thus putting it back in competition with KKDA and KBFB again, while continuing to go after KHKS.
KLIF-FM is the third station in the Metroplex to use the "Hot" branding; the first was KRBV (now KJKK) from 1999 to 2001, and the second was KESS-FM (now KDXX) in 2013.
1990s/2000s hits
On December 19, 2022, at midnight, after playing "Goodbyes" by Post Malone featuring Young Thug, KLIF-FM shifted to a 1990s/2000s hits format, though still branded as "Hot 93.3", with the Ariana Grande remix version of "Save Your Tears" by The Weeknd being the first song played. The station focuses primarily on music from the 1990s through the 2010s, with a limited number of currents and recurrents remaining. The move takes KLIF-FM out of direct competition with KHKS and instead focuses their competition with similarly formatted KDMX, and came as the station had slipped under a 1-share in the Nielsen Audio ratings, carrying just a 0.8 in the October and November books, the last under the CHR format. The station moved on from morning host Mason and the syndicated Tino Cochino show. The Adam Bomb Show returns to the mornings, its first Morning show when the station started. Midday host Ali and program director/afternoon host Sid Kelly remain with the station.
References
External links
Hot 93.3 official website
DFWRadioArchives discussion of KDBN
DFW Radio/TV History
LIF-FM
Radio stations established in 1996
Cumulus Media radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLIF-FM |
The mottled owl (Strix virgata) is a medium-sized owl found in Central and South America from Mexico to Brazil and Argentina. The head and back are mottled brown and the underparts whitish, with vertical bars on the chest and throat. The eyes are dark and the head is round and they do not have ear tufts. They are territorial and found in dry forests and jungles at altitudes of up to above sea level.
Taxonomy
The mottled owl was described by the American ornithologist John Cassin in 1849 and given the binomial name Syrnium virgatum. In 1999, Wink and Heidrich transferred it to the genus Strix, but this is still contested by some authorities.
Description
The mottled owl is a medium-sized owl with adults reaching in length. Females are considerably larger than males; the mottled owl shows the greatest degree of sexual dimorphism of any species of owl. The crown, nape and back are mottled in several shades of darkish brown, the facial disc is pale brown and the throat, breast and belly are off-white with distinctive vertical brown streaks. The large eyes are brown, the beak is greyish-yellow or greyish-blue, and the legs and feet are greyish-yellow. There is a darker form of the bird with a buff breast and belly. Mottled owls produce a range of calls which include a hoot used in maintaining territory boundaries, and various whistles, screeches and hisses.
Distribution and habitat
The mottled owl is native to Central and South America. Its range extends from Mexico south to Argentina and Brazil and it is found at elevations up to about . It inhabits a variety of wooded habitats including rainforest, woodland verges, dry thorn forest, pine/oak woodland and plantations and also open countryside with scattered trees. In some parts of its range it is common and it is often found close to human habitations.
Behaviour
The mottled owl is nocturnal and spends the day in dense vegetation where it may be mobbed by other birds. Its large eyes are adapted for sight at low levels of light, and its hearing is also acute. It is a predator and at night often perches on a branch beside a glade or at the edge of woodland on the lookout for prey. When it detects a small moving object, it swoops down from its perch on silent wings and pounces on its target, which may be a small mammal, a bird, reptile or amphibian or a large beetle, grasshopper or other insect/arthropod. It is known to prey on bats.
The mottled owl breeds between February and May in Colombia and in September to November in Argentina. It usually nests in a hole in a tree but may also choose an empty nest built by another species. One or usually two white eggs are laid and incubated by the female and both parents care for the young.
Status
The mottled owl has a very wide range and the number of individual birds has been estimated to be somewhere between five hundred thousand and five million. It is listed by the IUCN as being of "Least Concern" on the basis that, though its numbers may be decreasing slightly, they are not doing so at such a rate as would justify putting the bird in a more vulnerable category.
References
External links
Mottled Owl photo at owlpages.com
Strix (genus)
Birds described in 1849
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottled%20owl |
The Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE, ) is the national academy of the People's Republic of China for engineering. It was established in 1994 and is an institution of the State Council of China. The CAE and the Chinese Academy of Sciences are often referred to together as the "Two Academies". Its current president is Li Xiaohong.
Since the establishment of CAE, entrusted by the relevant ministries and commissions, the academy has offered consultancy to the State on major programs, planning, guidelines, and policies. With the incitation by various ministries of the central government as well as local governments, the academy has organized its members to make surveys on the forefront, and to put forward strategic opinions and proposals. These entrusted projects have played an important role in maximizing the participation of the members in the macro decision-making of the State. In the meantime, the members, based on their own experiences and perspectives accumulated in a long term and in combination with international trends of the development of engineering science and technology, have regularly and actively put forward their opinions and suggestions.
List of presidents
Zhu Guangya (1994–1998)
Song Jian (1998–2002)
Xu Kuangdi (2002–2010)
Zhou Ji (2010–2018)
Li Xiaohong (2018–present)
Structure
The CAE is composed of elected members with the highest honor in the community of engineering and technological sciences of the nation.
The General Assembly of the CAE is the highest decision-making body of the academy and is held during the first week of June biennially.
Membership
Membership of Chinese Academy of Engineering is the highest academic title in engineering science and technology in China. It is a lifelong honor and must be elected by existing members.
The academy consists of members, senior members and foreign members, who are distinguished and recognized for their respective field of engineering.
As of January 2020, the academy has 920 Chinese members, in addition to 93 foreigner members. The composition of its members include:
Deng Zhonghan was elected to the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2009 at the age of 41, making him the youngest academician in the history of the CAE.
Division of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering: 130 members
Division of Information and Electronic Engineering: 131 members
Division of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering: 115 members
Division of Energy and Mining Engineering: 125 members
Division of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering and Architecture: 110 members
Division of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering: 61 members
Division of Agriculture: 84 members
Division of Medicine and Health: 125 members
Division of Engineering Management: 39 members
Criteria and Qualifications
The senior engineers, professors and other scholars or specialists, who shall have the Chinese citizenship (including those who reside in Taiwan, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region and overseas) and who have made significant and creative achievements and contributions in the fields of engineering and technological sciences, are qualified for the membership of the academy.
Elections of members
The election of new members (academicians) is conducted biennially. Total numbers of members to be elected in each election is decided by the governing body of the academy. Examination and election of the candidates are done in every Academy Division and the voting is anonymous. The results of the voting is then examined and validated by the governing board.
Publications
Engineering Sciences (journal)
ISSN Print 1009-1724
Engineering (journal)
ISSN Print 2095-8099
ISSN Online 2096-0026
Collaborations
The Chinese Academy of Engineering has collaborated with other major academies (in policy development, engineering research projects, etc.), such as those
from UK and USA:
Royal Academy of Engineering
National Academy of Engineering
See also
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Scientific publishing in China
References
External links
National academies of engineering
Research institutes in China
Science and technology in the People's Republic of China
1994 establishments in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Academy%20of%20Engineering |
Blękwit is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotów, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.
Notable residents
Herbert Pankau (born 1941), German football player
References
Villages in Złotów County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C4%99kwit |
KDMX () is a radio station serving the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex in Texas. It is currently owned and operated by iHeartMedia, and airs a hot adult contemporary format. The station's studios are located along Dallas Parkway in Farmers Branch (although it has a Dallas address), and the transmitter site is in Cedar Hill.
History
Classical (1959-1965)
This station first began broadcasting as KQRO on October 15, 1960 (although license was granted on July 2, 1959). It went silent a year later, then returned to the airwaves in 1962. For that time, KQRO's format consisted mostly of classical and orchestral music.
Middle of the Road (1965-1971)
In 1965, the callsign was changed to KEIR after being purchased by trade school Elkins Institute of Radio and Electronics. The station was used for training by Elkins with a two-room studio and transmitter located in the Life Building on Jackson Street in downtown Dallas, although the school was located near Love Field on Inwood Road. The station's Effective Radiated Power (ERP) was and was difficult to receive outside Loop 635 around Dallas. The station's format was "Middle of the Road" featuring easy listening vocal and instrumental album tracks from 11 a.m. to 11 pm. daily. The station was sold by Elkins when the school obtained a license for a non-commercial FM station in 1971.
Religious (1971-1977)
In 1971, the call letters were changed once again to KDTX, this time with a religious format. Six years later, the callsign was changed to KMGC (the KDTX call letters were later used on a local TV station in 1987, with Christian programming) and the Christian contemporary format continued up until September 1977.
"Mellow/Magic 102.9" (1977-1991)
It was then changed to an adult contemporary format as Mellow 102.9 and a month later to Magic 102.9. Prior to that, a mass distribution of door-hanger flyers announced the station is coming.
"Mix 102.9" (1991-2012)
The station enjoyed a loyal following until May 9, 1991, when, after Nationwide Communications bought the station, KMGC began stunting with a series of formats ranging from rock oldies (as "Cool 102.9" on May 9) to country (as "Kickin' Country" on May 10) to an all-Beatles format (also on May 10), and then party cocktail noise on May 11 and May 12, before changing to its current callsign and settling on its long-running Hot adult contemporary format as "Mix 102.9" on May 13 at 5:30 a.m. Program Director Pat McMahon, Assistant Program Director Steve Knoll and Production Director Dave Kay planned the stunting. In October 1997, Nationwide sold the station and sister KEGL to Jacor. In 1999, Jacor merged with Clear Channel Communications.
In 2009, Clear Channel (now iHeartMedia) laid off over 2,000 employees to lower costs and forced its "Mix" branded stations to voice track most of their airtime, leaving very few live personalities across the nation. Among laying off in Dallas, the voices of midday personality Lisa Thomas was replaced with fellow Clear Channel station KUSS's midday personality, Cindy Spicer. Late night personality Joe Kelley was replaced with voicetracking. Morning co-host Tony Zazza was replaced with weeknight personality Jen Austin and Program Director Rick. Zazza then became the morning host at former competing station CBS Radio-owned 103.7 KVIL, which flipped full-time to Hot AC/Adult Top 40 in early 2014. Later that year, Jen Austin was laid off as well. With afternoons, shortly hosted by PD Rick, but was later replaced by the satellite-fed On Air with Ryan Seacrest.
In 2011, in response to changing listener habits, KDMX began adding more hip-hop and EDM titles to its playlist, and was briefly marketed as "The New Sound of Mix 102.9".
"102-9 NOW" (2012-2023)
On May 18, 2012, KDMX rebranded as 102.9 Now, dropping most modern AC artists, and shifted to an adult top 40 format heavy on currents and recurrents. However, as of October 2012, KDMX returned to Hot AC. Some of the Modern AC artists have returned to the station's playlist, and dropped some hip hop tracks, though the station still has a current-heavy focus with less dependence on gold tracks. The switch back to Hot AC was likely due to low ratings, as well as to avoid playlist overlap with sister Top 40 KHKS. Starting in 2014, the station aired the syndicated "Bert Show" in morning drive, which originated from WWWQ in Atlanta. The show was later dropped and replaced with a music-heavy morning show.
It is noted that both KDMX and Tacoma/Olympia, Washington-based sister station KYNW (which flipped to Adult Top 40 themselves in June 2013) shared the same branding and logo until January 2016.
Return to “Mix” (2023-present)
On June 9, 2023, at 2 p.m., after playing "When I Was Your Man" by Bruno Mars, KDMX returned to the "Mix 102.9" branding; the first song under the revived "Mix" brand was "Please Don't Leave Me" by P!nk. A new morning show hosted by Billy the Kidd and Candice Lopez launched on June 26.
KDMX-HD2
KDMX originally launched a secondary HD Radio (HD2) subchannel known as "The Music Summit", broadcasting an AAA format. It has since then moved to KZPS 92.5-HD2 to make way for Pride Radio (previously on KHKS-HD2) with a format intended for the LGBT community. On March 28, 2011, 102.9-HD2 flipped to a Soft Oldies/AC Gold format as "Sunny 102.9-HD2", shifting "Pride Radio" back to 106.1-HD2. Beginning January 8, 2014, KDMX-HD2's format has been changed to a syndicated Delilah nighttime love songs program that was previously dropped by KVIL.
In September 2018, "Delilah" was replaced with KDMX's former "Mix" branding, following a similar move at sister KDGE, which relaunched their former alternative format under the long-time "Edge" branding.
As of February 2021, KDMX-HD2 ceased operations, leaving no programming replacement.
References
External links
DFW Radio/TV History
DFW Radio Archives
1960 establishments in Texas
Hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Nationwide Communications
Radio stations established in 1960
DMX
IHeartMedia radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDMX |
KEGL (97.1 FM) is an iHeartMedia hot talk and sports betting formatted commercial radio station licensed to Fort Worth, Texas, and serving the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. The studios are located along Dallas Parkway in Farmers Branch, although it has a Dallas address.
KEGL has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations. The transmitter site is in Cedar Hill. KEGL broadcasts using HD Radio technology. The HD-2 subchannel carries the active rock format formerly broadcast on the main signal.
History
Rock/Top 40 era
The station signed on the air on . In its early years, it used several call signs, beginning with KFJZ-FM, then KWXI, then back to KFJZ-FM. When it was KWXI, it used the moniker "Quicksie," borrowed from WQXI Atlanta. As KFJZ-FM, it called itself "Z97, The Texas Music Star" and "Texas FM 97."
In 1981, it took the call letters KEGL. It was one of three album rock stations in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex throughout most of the 1980s. Robert Jones, known on air as "Christopher Haze", became the program director of the station in August 1980, and changed the call letters and imaging of the station as "Eagle 97" on January 20, 1981. Within a short period of time, the station aired a hybrid Rock and Top 40 format known as "Rock 40." The original morning show was "The Rude Awakening Morning Show", consisting of Billy Hayes, Rose Wright and "The Rude Moose" (a character voiced by Hayes).
Future KLOL Houston morning DJs Stevens and Pruett were the next morning show hosts from February 1982 to March 28, 1986. Stevens and Pruett were replaced with Paul Robbins, Paul Kinney, and Phil Cowan. James Paul "Moby" Carney was added to the lineup as the afternoon drive jock on September 1, 1986. DJs from the earlier era of KEGL included Drew Pierce, Charlie "Doc" Morgan, Danny Owen, Jonathan Doll, Dave Cooley, Jimmy Steal, Anthony "Tony Paraquat" Johnson, Jimmy White (1980–84; hosted an afternoon talk show on the station called "Relationships", during 1981–82), Sharon Golihar-Wilson (who hosted the evening show "House Party"), Lisa Traxler (who went on to work at Boston's WBCN), Russ Martin (who hosted a late Sunday night talk program), and Martha Martinez reported news during Stevens and Pruett's program.
David "Kidd Kraddick" Cradick (who would go on to greater success at now-sister station KHKS) started his career as KEGL's night DJ in 1984, then moved to afternoon drive on October 20, 1986, when "Moby in the Morning" replaced RKC, who left to do mornings in Sacramento. (Cradick used his real first name, Dave, for a time between 1989 and 1991. He was also known for a regular segment, "Burn Your Buns," where a fake threatening telephone call was placed to a specific unsuspecting person, by a listener's request.) Moby left KEGL on April 8, 1988, because of Federal Communications Commission's alleged violations of content. Cradick was then moved to mornings with "The Kidd Kraddick and Company Morning Show"; the show debuted on April 11, 1988. Rusty Humphries was briefly a personality for KEGL in the 1990s, known for his attempt to "smuggle" toy weapons into the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport as an on-air stunt.
Through most of the 1980s, the station was owned by Sandusky, a newspaper company. The studios were located in the Xerox Tower at 222 West Las Colinas Blvd. in Las Colinas, a commercial district in the Dallas suburb of Irving. (The station had been located at 4801 West Freeway in Fort Worth under the original KFJZ-FM and KWXI tenures, then at 5915 West Pioneer Parkway in Arlington during the second incarnation of KFJZ.)
CHR/Rock era
Responding to KTKS-FM's format change from oldies to Top 40/CHR, KEGL changed to a rock-leaning Top 40/CHR format on September 12, 1984, and altered its moniker Eagle 97 KEGL to All Hit 97.1 KEGL, The Eagle. KEGL's Program Director at the time was Joel Folger. In early 1986, KEGL began adding a minimum amount of mainstream pop titles. Later into the third part of the decade, the station also added a minimum amount of upbeat rhythmic titles in addition to the main rock material the station was known for. However, KEGL would shift back to a rock-lean in 1989, but would return to mainstream Top 40/CHR the following year in 1990; during this time, KEGL competed with KHYI ("Y95").
In June 1992, KEGL Program Director Donna Fadal decided to make changes to the station. After being jockless for most of the summer (and stunting with weeks of Eagles songs), KEGL changed to active rock, while retaining the "Eagle" branding. KEGL also hired former Z Rock jock Madd Maxx Hammer for afternoons.
The first active rock era
KEGL was a Howard Stern affiliate from September 8, 1992, to July 26, 1997. This ended when he criticized the new ownership, Nationwide, an insurance company, on the air. In August 1997, Russ Martin took over the morning show. Within six months, "The Russ Martin Show" had returned the morning program to its #1 ranking in the Adults 25–54 and Men 25–54 demographics. In late 1999, Jacor, which had bought the Nationwide Communications chain of stations in mid-1997, was bought by iHeartMedia (then known as Clear Channel Communications). Martin quit KEGL on March 15, 2000, after co-host Rich Berra had been hired and Martin did not like him. In addition, Martin had been offered to host mornings on Infinity Broadcasting's KLLI.
Another controversial show that aired on KEGL was Kramer and Twitch (hosted by Keith Kramer and Tony "Twitch" Longo) in evenings, who had started on KEGL's sister station KDMX, but were moved to the rock formatted KEGL because they were more suited for that genre. In 2001, a prank was aired on the show stating that Britney Spears was dead in an accident, to the horror of her fans. The phony report, which made it around the world in less than 24 hours (being reported on Australian news reports), also falsely stated that her then-boyfriend, Justin Timberlake, was critically injured in the wreck. Trouble followed, including hundreds of calls to local law enforcement agencies, and Kramer and Twitch were fired from KEGL. Both would go their separate ways as they ventured into other markets.
One week later, some motorists in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex were outraged over a billboard promoting the station that was entitled "Highway to Hell", a reference to the AC/DC song of the same name. The billboard, which was erected on a major Dallas thoroughfare, featured Satan giving a lethal injection to Oklahoma City bombing suspect Timothy McVeigh, who was executed just days before the billboard went up.
At one point during this time period, a DJ allegedly fed a rabbit to a snake on the air.
As Sunny and La Preciosa (2004–2007)
A decision was made to eliminate the rock format on KEGL as Clear Channel also owned similarly formatted KDGE. At 5 p.m. on May 18, 2004, the first "Eagle" era came to an end after 23 years, and flipped to a gold-based adult contemporary format, branded as "Sunny 97.1". This move was possibly done in response to similarly formatted KMEO (now KTCK-FM) flipping to Modern/Texas Country music at the time. The final song on "The Eagle" was "Eagles Fly" by Sammy Hagar, while the first song on "Sunny" was "Here Comes the Sun" by The Beatles. Competing head-on with longtime adult contemporary radio station KVIL-FM and sharing an audience with KLUV-FM, "Sunny" had poor ratings during its tenure. (Previously, from 1992 to 1996, the "Sunny" branding was once used on KSNN-FM (now KWRD-FM) as a Classic Country station.) Mornings were hosted by former rock-formatted jock "Fast" Eddie Coyle; he was later teamed with Anna Deharo. Other jocks included Stacey James, Jeff Thomas, Dave Mason, and Steve Knoll.
On August 25, 2005, KEGL became "La Preciosa", a Spanish-language oldies format. "Sunny" morning show co-host Anna Deharo was held over for the new format. With several other Spanish stations in the market, "La Preciosa" did not live up to expectations.
The Eagle returns
"La Preciosa" dropped its Spanish format and began stunting with a commercial-free Christmas music format at midnight on December 1, 2007. Clear Channel announced that KEGL would return to an English-language format after the holiday season, but kept the new format secret to keep listeners guessing. At 10 a.m. on December 18, 2007, "The Eagle" was relaunched, with the first song on the revived format being "Flying High Again" by Ozzy Osbourne. On January 7 and 8, 2008, KEGL simulcasted The Lex and Terry Show from KDGE. On January 9, The Lex and Terry Show moved its flagship station from "The Edge" to KEGL. Former mid-day host Chris Ryan was brought on as afternoon drive host and program director. Former KEGL jock Cindy Scull was rehired in 2008 to host a live weekend shift.
KEGL lost a competitor when Cumulus Media's KDBN (now KLIF-FM) flipped to adult album alternative on April 27, 2009. In response to the flip of KDBN, KEGL adjusted its format to mainstream rock, with a heavy emphasis on rock music from its 1980s heyday.
On January 8, 2010, KEGL briefly changed its name to "97.1 The Bird", replacing the Eagle name as a stunt. The change was made just before the Dallas Cowboys hosted the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Wild Card playoffs, and the station did not want to be associated with the Eagles name. The station reverted to "97.1 The Eagle" the next day.
On January 20, 2010, station management announced that morning show hosts Lex & Terry would be replaced beginning January 21. Cindy Scull, who had held the evening shift on the station, was moved to mornings "on an interim basis" while the morning show underwent retooling that would "involve playing more music". The station also added Saturday morning programming with John Clay Wolfe at this time.
On July 1, 2010, KEGL announced the return of The Russ Martin Show. The show began airing on July 12, 2010, in the 6 a.m.10 a.m. time slot. On September 26, 2011, KEGL rearranged the lineup to move The Russ Martin Show to the afternoon shift, while mid-day host Cindy Scull moved to mornings. Chris Ryan, the previous afternoon shift host, moved to middays.
On May 7, 2012, KEGL moved Sixx Sense with Nikki Sixx from evenings to mornings, while the previous morning show hosted by Cindy Scull moved to evenings. The rest of the KEGL lineup remained unchanged. On May 6, 2013, the station's lineup reverted to its previous lineup from mornings to evenings, with Cindy Scull returning to mornings, Russ Martin on afternoon drive time, and Sixx Sense back to evenings.
On November 17, 2016, after sister station KDGE dropped its alternative format in favor of mainstream AC, KEGL began incorporating more alternative artists into its playlist normally not played on active rock stations. They included Imagine Dragons and Twenty One Pilots. As a result, this left KEGL as the lone mainstream rock station in the Dallas-Ft. Worth market, until the alternative format returned to the market a year later when KVIL flipped to an alternative format.
On August 23, 2021, multiple reports indicated that KEGL would become the new flagship station of the Dallas Mavericks NBA team's game broadcasts starting with the 2021–22 season. Previously, the Mavericks games were broadcast on Disney-owned KESN for 20 years.
Hot Talk and Sports as The Freak
On September 25, 2022, it was reported that KEGL would soon drop the "Eagle" branding and rock format and relaunch as a hybrid hot talk and sports station as "97.1 The Freak". The Dallas Mavericks play-by-play and afternoon hosts Ben and Skin would remain with the station. The remainder of the new format's lineup would feature hosts formerly employed by the market's existing sports stations, including Mike Rhyner (he would come out of retirement to join the station after abruptly retiring from KTCK, having been one of the founding hosts of their format, in January 2020; the branding of the format is based on his longtime on-air nickname), as well as fellow former KTCK hosts Julie Dobbs and Jeff Cavanaugh, formerly of KRLD-FM.
Ahead of the move, "Eagle" late afternoon hosts Dan O’Malley and Alfie Coy (and, by extension, their show "The Treehouse"), as well as Dallas Region President Kelly Kibler, were let go, and KEGL/KZPS Program Director Don Davis had resigned earlier in the month. The change also comes due to the station's poor rating performance, with KEGL being ranked 28th in the Dallas-Fort Worth market with a 1.3 share in the August 2022 PPM rating report.
On September 30, at 2 p.m., midday host Alan Ayo signed off the music portion of the "Eagle" format, with the final songs played being "Hurt" by Johnny Cash, "Everlong" by Foo Fighters, and "Fade to Black" by Metallica. At 5 p.m., following that day's broadcast of "The Ben and Skin Show", the station began stunting with a loop of songs with the word "Freak" in their titles, specifically Missy Elliott's "Get Ur Freak On", Rick James' "Super Freak", "Freaks Come Out at Night" by Whodini, and Chic's "Le Freak". Liners advised listeners to tune in the following Monday (October 3) at 3 p.m., as well as redirected former "Eagle" rock music listeners to the station's HD2 subchannel (where the format would move), as well as co-owned classic rock station KZPS. The stunt was followed by a 15-hour loop of "The Waiting" by Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers on October 3.
The shift to "The Freak" took place on October 3 at 3 p.m. Weekday local hosts include Jeff Cavanaugh, Kevin 'KT' Turner, Julie Dobbs, Matt Cather, Ben Rogers, Jeff "Skin", Krystina "K-Ray" Ray, Mike Rhyner, Mike Sirois and Michael 'Grubes' Gruber. Later, the station added another KTCK personality, Danny "Dingu" Balis. Other programs and hosts include "The News Junkie" (from Orlando sister station WTKS), "Mansplaining" with Pugs Moran and Dr. Robert Schwartz, Debbie Sexxton, and SportsMap Network programming. The station would add broadcasts North Texas Mean Green football starting in the 2023 season.
Play-by-play
Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association, since the 2021-22 season. Chuck Cooperstein and former Mavericks great Brad Davis are the game announcers with Mike Peasley hosting the pregame and postgame shows.
University of North Texas Mean Green football, starting in the 2023 college football season.
HD Radio
KEGL-HD2
The station's HD2 subchannel (HD Radio needed) previously aired a commercial-free version of "The Eagle". In 2011, it began carrying iHeartRadio's "Slippery When Wet", a station airing classic metal music. As of Summer 2019, "Slippery When Wet" was discontinued and replaced by "The Breeze", a soft adult contemporary format formerly on KEGL's HD3 spot. In May 2022, KEGL-HD2's signal was silenced with no programming replacement.
On September 30, 2022, KEGL's HD2 was reactivated to carry a continuation of the station's former active rock format as "97.1 HD2 the Eagle".
KEGL-HD3
Sometime in late 2018, KEGL launched an HD3 subchannel, carrying iHeartRadio's "The Breeze" format of soft adult contemporary music. "The Breeze" later moved to KEGL's HD2 subchannel, leaving KEGL-HD3 with no programming replacement.
References
External links
History of Dallas-Fort Worth Radio/TV
DFW Radio Archives
1959 establishments in Texas
Talk radio stations in the United States
Nationwide Communications
Radio stations established in 1959
EGL
IHeartMedia radio stations
Sports radio stations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEGL |
UTC−12:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of −12:00. It is the last to enter a New Year, and is sometimes referred to as the International Date Line West time zone (IDLW).
As standard time (year-round)
Oceania
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Baker Island and Howland Island (uninhabited islands belonging to the United States)
UTC−12:00 is a nautical time zone comprising the high seas between 180° and 172°30′W longitude, and the time is obtained by subtracting twelve hours from UTC.
Characteristics of UTC−12:00
A number of inhabited territories lie within the longitudinal limits of this time zone (Tonga, Wallis and Futuna and Chatham Islands as well as parts of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of Russia, the US state of Alaska, Fiji, Tokelau and Samoa) but none of them keep the date and time of UTC−12:00. Instead, they keep the time and date (or just the date) of one of the neighboring zones, usually because they belong, politically, to a country which lies mostly in the neighboring time zone.
Since the International Date Line West (IDLW) time zone represents the last place on Earth where a particular time and/or date exists, it is referred to as Anywhere on Earth (AoE). A deadline specified as "Anywhere on Earth" has not passed if, anywhere on Earth, the deadline has not passed, or, equivalently, if the deadline has not passed in the UTC–12:00 zone.
The IDLW is also used in software testing for time zone related code that uses system default time zone, as in some cases they may be the same as on the developer's computer. Since the area of the IDLW has no programmers or data centers, there is no conflict.
See also
Greenwich Mean Time
Howland and Baker islands
UTC+12:00
UTC+14:00
Anywhere on Earth
References
External links
UTC offsets
United States Minor Outlying Islands
es:Huso horario#UTC−12:00, Y | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9212%3A00 |
KEOM (88.5 FM) is a non-commercial educational high school radio station based in Mesquite, Texas. It is operated by the Mesquite Independent School District and broadcasts to the greater Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex.
KEOM broadcasts in HD Radio.
History
The station was founded by Dr. Ralph Poteet, former MISD Superintendent, to present community information in a way not possible via commercial radio stations, and to provide MISD students having interest in radio and communications with hands-on radio experience. The air staff is primarily made up of students from the five high schools in the city taking radio production classes.
The station signed on the air September 4, 1984, on 88.3 FM with 3,000 watts on a tower. It moved to 88.5 and increased its power to 61,000 watts in 1992 upon the completion of a new City/School Communications Tower at Mesquite Memorial Stadium.
Programming
KEOM airs live broadcasts of high school sports from MISD schools. The station also broadcasts music primarily from the 1970s to the 1990s. KEOM is a station that signs on the air every day at 7 a.m. with the National Anthem.
KEOM is one of a few secondary stations containing the North Texas Emergency Alert System that sends messages from primaries WBAP and KSCS.
Comparing KEOM and KSPF, its competitor in the Dallas area, the station contains a more enhanced and larger playlist than KSPF, the other Classic Hits station utilizing significantly more repetitions and having a more power songs-oriented playlist than KEOM.
Awards and honors
The station was named "Best Blast from the Past" in the 2007 Dallas Observer "Best of Dallas" rankings.
Signal
Unlike most of the area's FM stations like competitor KSPF, which transmit their signals from Cedar Hill, KEOM transmits its signal from an area southwest of Mesquite. Its signal is also highly directional, transmitting very little signal directly to the west. Therefore, KEOM's signal is much stronger in most of Dallas County as well as the cities in the eastern portion of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex including Waxahachie, McKinney, and Terrell to as far east as Canton, but is considerably weaker west of DFW.
See also
List of community radio stations in the United States
References
External links
KEOM official website
Mesquite ISD official website
DFW Radio/TV History
EOM
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Soft adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Community radio stations in the United States
High school radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1984
1984 establishments in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEOM |
KESS-FM (107.1 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Benbrook, Texas, and serving communities in the western sections of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. It is owned and operated by the Uforia Audio Network, a division of TelevisaUnivision. It has a Spanish-language contemporary hit radio format, simulcast with co-owned 107.9 KDXX in Lewisville, Texas.
KESS has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for non-grandfathered FM stations. The transmitter is off Tin Top Estates Road in Horseshoe Bend. While simulcast partner KDXX has a signal covering Dallas, Fort Worth and communities north of the Metroplex, into Oklahoma, KESS has a signal covering communities west of Fort Worth. KESS broadcasts using HD Radio technology.
History
The station had been branded as "Estereo Latino" until February 19, 2009, when "La Que Buena" was moved from 107.9 FM (KESS-FM) and simulcast on 99.1 FM (KFZO). The Reggaeton station known as "La Kalle" was then moved to 107.9 FM and retooled to Latin Pop/CHR.
On June 23, 2011, KDXX changed its format from a simulcast of Regional Mexican-formatted KFZO 99.1 FM to Spanish adult hits, branded as "Recuerdo 107.1".
On June 28, 2012, KDXX changed the format back to Regional Mexican, branded as "La Jefa 107.1" and changed its call sign to KFZO.
On July 29, 2013 KFZO flipped to a simulcast of Spanish AC KDXX 99.1. The following month, on August 9, 2013, KFZO swapped call letters with KESS-FM.
On September 28, 2014, 107.1 rebranded as "Latino Mix".
References
External links
DFW Radio/TV History
ESS-FM
ESS-FM
Univision Radio Network stations
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Latin rhythmic radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KESS-FM |
Skic is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotów, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Złotów and north of the regional capital Poznań. It is situated on the Skitnica River in the ethnocultural region of Krajna in the historic region of Greater Poland.
History
The territory became a part of the emerging Polish state under its first historic ruler Mieszko I in the 10th century. Skic was a private village of Polish nobility, including the Działyński and Grudziński families, administratively located in the Nakło County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province.
In 1885, it had a population of 464.
During World War II, local Polish teachers were murdered by the German Nazis in Bydgoszcz and Toruń (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).
Sports
The local football club is Piast Skic. It competes in the lower leagues.
References
Villages in Złotów County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skic |
Cham (Cham: ꨌꩌ) is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian family, spoken by the Chams of Southeast Asia. It is spoken primarily in the territory of the former Kingdom of Champa, which spanned modern Southern Vietnam, as well as in Cambodia by a significant population which descends from refugees that fled during the decline and fall of Champa. The Western variety is spoken by 220,000 people in Cambodia and 25,000 people in Vietnam. As for the Eastern variety, there are about 73,000 speakers in Vietnam, for a total of approximately 320,000 speakers.
Cham belongs to the Chamic languages, which are spoken in parts of mainland Southeast Asia, Indonesia's Aceh Province, and on the island of Hainan. Cham is the oldest-attested Austronesian language, with the Đông Yên Châu inscription being verifiably dated to the late 4th century AD.
Phonology
The Cham language dialects each have 21 consonants and 9 vowels.
Consonants
in Western Cham is heard as a velar fricative . In Eastern Cham, it is heard as an alveolar flap , glide , or trill .
Vowels
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
, (occurs only before ), , , , (occurs only before ), , , , .
Grammar
Word formation
There are several prefixes and infixes which can be used for word derivation.
prefix pa-: causative, sometimes giving more force to the word
thau (to know) → pathau (to inform)
blei (to buy) → pablei (to sell)
biér (low) → pabiér (to lower)
yao (like, as) → payao (to compare)
jâ (finished) → pajâ (well finished)
prefix mâ-: sometimes causative, often indicates a state, possession, mutuality, reciprocity
jru (poison) → mâjru (to poison)
(teacher) → mâgru (to study)
tian (belly) → mâtian (pregnancy)
boh (egg, fruit) → mâboh (lay an egg, give fruit)
daké (horn) → mâdaké (having horns)
prefix ta- or da-: frequentative
galung (to roll) → tagalung (to roll around)
dep (to hide oneself) → dadep (to be to hide oneself)
infix -an-: noun formation
puec (to speak) → panuec (speech)
tiw (row) → taniw (oar)
dok (to live) → danok (house, living place)
infix -mâ-: no specific meaning
payao (to compare) → pamâyao (to compare)
Reduplication is often used:
palei, pala-palei (country)
rambah, rambah-rambâp (misery)
Syntax and word order
Cham generally uses SVO word order, without any case marking to distinguish subject from object:
Dummy pronominal subjects are sometimes used, echoing the subject:
Composite verbs will behave as one inseparable verb, having the object come after it:
Sometimes, however, the verb is placed in front of the subject:
Auxiliary verbs are placed after any objects:
If a sentence contains more than one main verb, one of the two will have an adverbial meaning:
Adjectives come after the nouns they modify:
If the order is reversed, the whole will behave like a compound:
Composite sentences can be formed with the particle krung:
It is also possible to leave out this particle, without change in meaning:
Questions are formed with the sentence-final particle rẽi:
Other question words are in situ:
Nominals
Like many languages in Eastern Asia, Cham uses numeral classifiers to express amounts. The classifier will always come after the numeral, with the noun coming invariably before or after the classifier-numeral pair.
The above examples show the classifier boḥ, which literally means "egg" and is the most frequently used — particularly for round and voluminous objects. Other classifiers are ôrang (person) for people and deities, ḅêk for long objects, blaḥ (leaf) for flat objects, and many others.
The days of the month are counted with a similar system, with two classifiers: one (bangun) used to count days before the full moon, and the other one (ranaṃ) for days after the full moon.
Personal pronouns behave like ordinary nouns and do not show any case distinctions. There are different forms depending on the level of politeness. The first person singular, for example, is kău in formal or distant context, while it is dahlak (in Vietnam) or hulun (in Cambodia) in an ordinarily polite context. As is the case with many other languages of the region, kinship terms are often used as personal pronouns.
Comparative and superlative are expressed with the locative preposition di/dii:
Verbs
There are some particles that can be used to indicate tense/aspect. The future is indicated with si or thi in Vietnam, with hi or si in Cambodia. The perfect is expressed with jâ. The first one comes in front of the verb:
The second one is sentence-final:
Certain verbs can function as auxiliaries to express other tenses or aspects. The verb dok ("to stay") is used for the continuous, wâk ("to return") for the repetitive aspect, and kieng ("to want") for the future tense.
The negation is formed with oh/o at either or both sides of the verb, or with di/dii in front.
The imperative is formed with the sentence-final particle bék, and the negative imperative with the preverbal juai/juei (in Vietnam and Cambodia respectively).
Sociolinguistics
Diglossia
Brunelle observed two phenomena of language use among speakers of Eastern Cham: They are both diglossic and bilingual (in Cham and Vietnamese). Diglossia is the situation where two varieties of a language are used in a single language community, and oftentimes one is used on formal occasions (labelled H) and the other is more colloquial (labelled L).
Dialectal differences
Cham is divided into two primary dialects.
Western Cham: It is spoken by the Chams in Cambodia as well as in the adjacent Vietnamese provinces of An Giang and Tây Ninh.
Eastern Cham: It is spoken by the coastal Cham population in the Vietnamese provinces of Bình Thuận, Ninh Thuận, and Đồng Nai.
The two regions where Cham is spoken are separated both geographically and culturally. The more numerous Western Cham are predominantly Muslims (although some in Cambodia now practice Theravāda Buddhism), while the Eastern Cham practice both Hinduism and Islam. Ethnologue states that the Eastern and Western dialects are no longer mutually intelligible. The table below gives some examples of words where the two dialects differed as of the 19th century.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Cambodia
! southern Vietnam
|-
! colspan = "3" align="center" | vowels
|-
| child || anœk || anẽk
|-
| take || tuk || tôk
|-
| not || jvẽi || jvai
|-
! colspan = "3" align="center" | sibilants
|-
| one || sa || tha
|-
| save from drowning || srong || throng
|-
| salt || sara || shara
|-
| equal || samu || hamu
|-
! colspan = "3" align="center" | final consonants
|-
| heavy || trap || trak
|-
| in front || anap || anak
|-
! colspan = "3" align="center" | lexical differences
|-
| market || pasa || darak
|-
| hate || amoḥ || limuk
|}
Lê et al. (2014:175) lists a few Cham subgroups.
Chăm Poông: in Thạnh Hiếu village, Phan Hiệp commune, Bắc Bình District, Bình Thuận Province. The Chăm Poông practice burial instead of cremation as the surrounding Cham do.
Chăm Hroi (population 4,000): in Phước Vân District (Bình Định Province), Đồng Xuân District (Phú Yên Province), and Tây Sơn District (Bình Định Province)
Chàvà Ku, a mixed Malay-Khmer people in Châu Đốc
Writing systems
Cham script is a Brahmic script. The script has two varieties: Akhar Thrah (Eastern Cham) and Akhar Srak (Western Cham). The Western Cham language is written with the Arabic script or the aforementioned Akhar Srak.
Dictionaries
The Ming dynasty Chinese Bureau of Translators produced a Chinese-Cham dictionary.
John Crawfurd's 1822 work "Journal of an Embassy to the Courts of Siam and Cochin-China" contains a wordlist of the Cham language.
See also
Cham script
Cham people
Cham calendar
Champa kingdom
Notes
Further reading
Blood, D. L., & Blood, D. (1977). East Cham language. Vietnam data microfiche series, no. VD 51-72. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Blood, D. L. (1977). A romanization of the Cham language in relation to the Cham script. Vietnam data microfiche series, no. VD51-17. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
External links
Kaipuleohone has an archive including written materials of Cham
Languages attested from the 8th century
Languages of Cambodia
Languages of Malaysia
Languages of Thailand
Languages of Vietnam
Chamic languages
Subject–verb–object languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%20language |
WFXL, virtual channel 31 (VHF digital channel 12), is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Albany, Georgia, United States, and serving Southwestern Georgia. The station is owned by the Hunt Valley, Maryland–based Sinclair Broadcast Group. WFXL's studios are located on Stuart Avenue in Albany, and its transmitter is located east of Doerun along the Colquitt–Worth county line.
History
The station signed on February 14, 1982 as WTSG-TV, Southwestern Georgia's first independent station. It was founded by black physician Carl Gordon Jr. The station's original studio facilities were located on North Slappey Boulevard/US 82 in Albany. It became a charter Fox affiliate on October 9, 1986. However, the station itself still operated as a de facto Independent station because the Fox network only had one program in its lineup until April 1987 and even then, would not expand to seven nights of programming per week until 1993. Prior to that time, the station itself aired movies on nights where Fox had no scheduled programming. Gordon sold the station to NewSouth Broadcasting in 1987. The station changed its call letters to the current WFXL in 1989.
Clarion Broadcasting purchased the station in 1996. Clarion then sold WFXL to the Wicks Broadcast Group (which also owned fellow Fox affiliates KCIT in Amarillo, Texas, KJTL in Wichita Falls, Texas–Lawton, Oklahoma, and WPGX in Panama City, Florida as well as NBC affiliate KMTR in Eugene, Oregon). in 1998. In March 1999, Waitt Broadcasting bought the station from Wicks. Raycom Media acquired the outlet in December 2003 through its purchase of most of Waitt Media's stations. In March 2006, Raycom announced the sale of WFXL and eleven other stations to Barrington Broadcasting in order to meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules regarding station ownership. The company had just acquired the Liberty Corporation, owner of NBC affiliate WALB, which it decided to keep.
On June 1, 2006, a MH-47 Chinook military chopper traveling from Hunter Army Airfield in Savannah, Georgia to Fort Rucker in Alabama for a training mission hit a guy wire connected to WFXL's tower resulting in a crash. While the tower and WALB's one nearby remained standing other than some guy wires, the stations were forced to temporarily cease over-the-air signals; broadcasts on cable were not affected. If the WFXL tower had collapsed, this could have also caused WALB's to topple as both were only apart. As a result, Raycom (which at that time still operated WFXL while the sale to Barrington awaited FCC approval) acquired auxiliary transmitters and antennas for both WFXL and WALB which were installed at a backup tower at WALB's studios in Albany.
On June 7, the WFXL tower was demolished, but in doing so one of the tower's guy wires wrapped around one for WALB's tower, as feared. As a result, that station's tower collapsed in an incident shown on live television. Since both stations were already transmitting their signals from the tower at the WALB studios they were still on the air but at low-power. Thirteen months later, a new tower for both WFXL and WALB was constructed and began broadcasting on July 3 at 11:35 p.m.
On February 28, 2013, Barrington Broadcasting announced the sale of its entire group, including WFXL, to the Sinclair Broadcast Group. The sale was completed on November 25. The station's second digital subchannel began carrying programming from Sinclair's American Sports Network syndication package starting with its inaugural broadcast on August 30, 2014. As a result of subsequent acquisitions by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, WFXL is sister to company-owned station clusters in Pensacola, Florida–Mobile, Alabama, Gainesville, Florida, and Tallahassee, Florida.
News operation
As a typical Fox affiliate with a weeknight prime time newscast, WFXL airs five hours of local news a week. Along with WALB, WFXL is one of two stations in Albany to produce local news that actually focus on the city (WSWG, the market's CBS affiliate, began to produce market-specific newscasts in 2019, but had for most of its existence carried the newscasts of former sister station WCTV in the Tallahassee, Florida market as a semi-satellite of that station).
In order to offer comprehensive severe weather coverage, WFXL purchased the most technologically advanced and powerful computerized weather system available in 2007. This included access to live Doppler weather radar capabilities from the National Weather Service site at Moody Air Force Base and an automated severe weather warning system.
In September 2008, WFXL gave its newscasts a new look by means of updating it graphic package and the construction of a new set. At the same time, it added a half hour to its weeknight prime time news at 10. It had aired, at one point, a weeknight newscast at 6:30 that competed with the national news shows on the big three stations. However, on September 19, 2011, WFXL replaced this newscast with a two-hour comedy block of syndicated programming. On October 24, 2011, it added a fourth hour to its weekday morning show which can now be seen from 5 until 9 a.m.
On January 22, 2016, WFXL dropped its four-hour morning show and replaced it with syndicated and E/I programming. This was followed in April 2016 with the cancellation of the station's half-hour weekend newscasts. Concurrently, production of the station's weeknight primetime newscasts were shifted to Macon sister station WGXA; all news and weather duties are now handled at WGXA, while local reporters are still assigned to Albany to provide coverage of the Southwestern Georgia area.
As of February 2023, WFXL has shuttered its news operation. No local news originates from WFXL or its Macon sister station WGXA. The Sinclair-produced show The National Desk airs each weekday from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. and each evening from 10:00 p.m. to midnight.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WFXL shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 31, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 12. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 31.
References
External links
Fox network affiliates
Comet (TV network) affiliates
Charge! (TV network) affiliates
TBD (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1982
1982 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
FXL
Sinclair Broadcast Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFXL |
Kathleen Madigan is an American stand-up comedian and TV personality. In addition to her stand-up comedy performances, she is a regular guest on a variety of U.S. television programs.
Early life and education
Madigan was born in Florissant, Missouri, one of seven children in an Irish Catholic family. Her parents, Jack and Vicki Madigan, are a lawyer and a nurse respectively. She grew up mostly in Florissant, a suburb of St. Louis, although the family also lived for periods of time in House Springs, Missouri and in the Lake of the Ozarks region of central Missouri. Madigan received the first eight years of her education largely in private Catholic schools, although she also attended the public School of the Osage. It was there she excelled as a student athlete, participating in volleyball, track, and basketball. In the latter, she set a record by winning the 1978 Mid-Missouri Hoops Shoot Championship. At the time she was 4' 5" tall and set a record as the shortest person to win the event. She shot under-handed, sinking 14 of 15 attempts.
Madigan attended McCluer North High School graduating in 1983. She admitted in a 2012 interview with St. Louis Magazine, however, that she participated in few activities like float decorating or prom, choosing instead to work at a steakhouse where she could make up to $200 per night. Madigan attended University of Missouri–St. Louis for two years, but, according to Madigan, all she did was accumulate $7,000 in campus parking tickets. At Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, she earned a B.A. in Journalism in 1988. While at SIUE she was in charge of the student newspaper and also served an internship with the St. Louis Blues professional ice hockey team.
Professional career
Madigan first took a job in print journalism, working for the St. Louis-area Suburban Journals newspapers as well as the publications department of the Missouri Athletic Club. At the same time, she performed stand-up during "open mic" nights at St. Louis area comedy clubs. She credits her father, Jack, with encouraging her to try a comedy career. Her growing popularity at these soon led to the offer of a paying job in stand-up from The Funny Bone, a nationwide chain of comedy clubs. With a thirty-week booking of guaranteed dates, Madigan gave up her jobs in Missouri. She cites Ron White, Richard Jeni and Lewis Black among her influences in her early comedy club days.
Among the TV shows and specials Madigan has appeared on are Last Comic Standing, I Love the 90s: Part Deux, I Love the '80s 3-D, and Celebrity Poker Showdown. She also starred in her own HBO Half-Hour Comedy Special and a Comedy Central Presents special. She is a veteran of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Late Show with David Letterman, and The Bob and Tom Show. She also hosts a radio program, Blue Collar Comedy, on Sirius XM Radio.
Madigan has twice participated in USO shows in support of American troops, touring both Iraq and Afghanistan along with fellow comedians. She sometimes writes material for other comedians, as was the case in 2004 and 2005 when she was a writer for Garry Shandling when he hosted the Emmy Awards telecast. In 2016, she made an appearance on Jerry Seinfeld's web series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.
In the wake of her touring stoppage due to the COVID-19 pandemic Madigan launched her own comedy podcast in August 2020, Madigan's Pubcast. On Saturday, December 19, 2020, she appeared on Byron Allen's Comics Unleashed episode of "Girls Gone Wild" on CBS.
Honors
In 1996, Madigan won "Funniest Female Stand-Up Comic" at the American Comedy Awards.
Personal life
Madigan is single and lives in the Ozarks. She also owns a farm in the Midwest and spends "inordinate amounts of time" with her family there. She has four brothers and two sisters. She has often cited her father as a source of her comic material and well as an example of a positive work ethic.
Media
CDs
Kathleen Madigan (1998), later reissued as Live (2000)
Shallow Happy Thoughts for the Soul (2002)
In Other Words (2006)
Gone Madigan (2011)
Madigan Again (2013)
Bothering Jesus (2016)
DVDs
In Other Words (2005)
Gone Madigan (2011)
Madigan Again (2013)
Bothering Jesus (2016)
Television appearances
Lewis Black's Root of All Evil - (Performer, Consulting Producer, and Writer)
One Night Stand HBO
Truly Funny Women" Lifetime
Kathleen Madigan: Bothering Jesus, Netflix
Comics Unleashed with Byron Allen, CBS, December 19, 2020
Kathleen Madigan: Hunting Bigfoot, Amazon Prime Video
References
External links
Interview with Kathleen Madigan – Montgomery Advertiser, February 2016.
21st-century American comedians
American people of Irish descent
American women comedians
American podcasters
American women podcasters
Comedians from Missouri
Last Comic Standing contestants
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville alumni
University of Missouri–St. Louis alumni
Living people
People from Florissant, Missouri
21st-century American women
1965 births
McCluer North High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen%20Madigan |
Neferure or Neferura (, meaning The Beauty of Re) was an Egyptian princess of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the daughter of two pharaohs, Hatshepsut and Thutmose II. She served in high offices in the government and the religious administration of Ancient Egypt.
Family
Neferure was the only known child of Thutmose II and his great royal wife Hatshepsut. She was the granddaughter of Thutmose I and the half-sister of Thutmose III. It has been suggested that Neferure married her half-brother, but there is no conclusive evidence of such a marriage. A king’s son named Amenemhat (B) was installed as Overseer of the Cattle in year 24 of the reign of Thutmose III, and this prince may have been a son of Neferure. It has been pointed out however, that if Neferure had become a great royal wife of Thutmose III, she would have been attested with that title, which is not known to be the case.
Life
Neferure was born during the reign of Thutmose II. In Karnak Neferure is depicted with Thutmose II and Hatshepsut. Some records indicate that Thutmose II died after a thirteen-year-long rule. The heir to the throne, Thutmose III, was only a child and Hatshepsut served as his regent, but by the seventh year of his rule it is well documented that Hatshepsut took on the role of pharaoh and continued to rule until her death, for more than twenty years.
Neferure was tutored by some of Hatshepsut's most trusted advisers, at first Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet, who served under several of the preceding pharaohs and was held in great esteem. In his tomb he claims:
For me the god’s wife repeated favors, the king’s great wife Maatkare justified; I brought up her eldest (daughter), the princess Neferura, justified, while she was (still) a child at the breast.
Neferure’s next tutor was Senenmut. Senenmut is known from many statues depicting him with his young charge. In all these statues Senenmut is shown wearing a long cloak. Seven statues are block statues in which the head of Princess Neferure pokes out of the block. One statue shows Neferura seated on his lap, while in another statue Senenmut is shown seated with one leg pulled up and Neferure leaning against his leg. After Hatshepsut became regent, Senenmut became her advisor and the role of tutor for Neferure was handed over to the administrator Senimen.
Following her mother's accession to the Egyptian throne, Neferure had an unusually prominent role in the court, exceeding the normal role played by a royal princess to the pharaoh. As Hatshepsut took on the role of pharaoh, Neferure took on a queenly role in public life. Many depictions of her in these roles exist. She was given the titles Lady of Upper and Lower Egypt, Mistress of the Lands, and God's Wife of Amun; the latter title being one that Hatshepsut had to abandon upon becoming pharaoh. These offices had to be filled by a royal woman in order to fulfill the religious and ceremonial duties, normally of the queen, in the government and the temples. The interpretation of one scene depicted on Hatshepsut's Chapelle Rouge (Red Chapel) in the Karnak temple depicts her fulfilling the rituals required of God's Wife of Amun. Perhaps significantly, this royal title had been held by several queens of her dynasty including her mother, and this woman played an important role in temple rituals with the pharaoh.
Neferure is depicted on a stela from Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai dated to year 11. The stela shows Senenmut and Neferure. The year is given at the top of the stela, but no mention is made of the name of the pharaoh.
Since Neferure is depicted in her mother's funeral temple, there are some authors who believe that Neferure was still alive in the first few years of Thutmose III's rule as pharaoh, and that his eldest son, Amenemhat, was her child. However, there is no concrete evidence to prove that she outlived her mother into Thutmose III's reign. Peter Dorman has argued that a sphinx of a queen dated to the reign of Thutmose III depicts Neferure as a queen. There are however no inscriptions that prove or disprove this proposed identification. It is not clear if Neferure married her half-brother Thutmose III or not. While there are no statues of Thutmose III and Neferure as a brother-sister pair or as husband or wife, this may be a result of Thutmose III's systemic destruction of images and inscriptions relating to Hatshepsut and Neferure. Historian Kara Cooney has argued that in Neferure's assumption of the post of God's Wife of Amun and a dramatic increase in political authority thanks to Hatshepsut's kingship had upset the balance of patriarchal power in a drastic way. Neferure's presence has been all but obliterated from the material record, however one Egyptologist has attributed a large relief in the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut originally depicted Neferure but was later modified to depict Hatshepsut's mother Ahmes.
Death
It is possible that Neferure died during the reign of her mother. She is mentioned in Senenmut's first tomb, which he had built in Regnal Year 7. Neferure is also depicted on a Year 11 stela in Serabit el-Khadim, but is completely absent from Senenmut's second tomb, which dates to Year 16 of Hatshepsut. No record has been found recording that she married Thutmose III, however, there is research that suggests that she did and was the mother of his eldest son. On two depictions the name Satiah is recorded as the wife of Thutmose, and seems to have replaced that of Neferure, which had been the original name recorded; one of the depictions is associated with the title “Great Royal Wife”, the other with “God's Wife”, a title which Satiah does bear later on other inscriptions. All of the titles associated with Neferure are not found ascribed to Satiah however.
Burial and tomb
A tomb thought to be constructed for her was found atop a sheer cliff by archeologist Howard Carter in Wady C of Wady Gabbanat el-Qurud. The connection of this tomb to Neferure is based on the presence of a weathered vertical cartouche containing her name cut into the cliff below the tomb entrance. The tomb itself consists of a passageway that leads to an elongated chamber, a second corridor leads off to the right ending in a bay and a niche; it was found to be mostly empty. It was noted that the tomb had been used, however, since the ceiling was smoothed and the walls plastered; traces of ochre and yellow paints could be defined. The archaeologists who inspected the tomb were certain that Neferure had not outlived her mother, Hatshepsut. Alternatively, her tomb may have been in Wady A, close to the tomb quarried for Hatshepsut as Great Royal Wife.
References
External links
Statue of Senenmut and Neferure
Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Neferure (see index)
Theban Mapping Project – Plan of the tomb and other details.
15th-century BC Egyptian women
15th-century BC clergy
Ancient Egyptian priestesses
Princesses of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Hatshepsut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferure |
The Catholic Church in Zimbabwe is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
According to the 2017 Inter Censal Demography Survey by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency 8.0% of the population of Zimbabwe were Roman Catholic; overall, 84% of the country had a Christian background.
There were 1,145,000 Catholics in the country (about 9% of the total population) in 2005. By 2017, the censal survey had the number of Catholics at 1.2 million.
In 2020, Catholic numbers were up to 2 million people, with 600 priests and 1,000 nuns serving across 267 parishes.
Pius Ncube, the former archbishop of Bulawayo, was an outspoken critic of the then government of Robert Mugabe, who is also a Catholic.
Dioceses
Harare
Chinhoyi
Gokwe
Mutare
Bulawayo
Gweru
Hwange
Masvingo
See also
Religion in Zimbabwe
Christianity in Zimbabwe
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bulawayo
List of parishes in the Archdiocese of Harare
List of Catholic dioceses in Zimbabwe
Archbishop Marek Zalewski
External links
Catholic Hierarchy website, Statistics relating to the Catholic church in Zimbabwe
GCatholic
Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference
References
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Zimbabwe |
Ferdinand Alexander Porsche (11 December 1935 – 5 April 2012), nicknamed "Butzi", son of Ferry Porsche, grandson of Ferdinand Porsche, was a German designer whose best known product was the first Porsche 911.
While his grandfather and father were both engineers, he was more involved in working out the appearance of a product. He never thought of himself as an artist or designer, but more as a technically talented craftsman in shaping.
Education
After attending the Waldorf School in Stuttgart he began studying industrial design in Ulm, Germany. After a year he was dismissed by the examination board, because his talent was doubted. In 1957 he started practical training at the body design department of the family-owned sports car company under design director Erwin Komenda.
Porsche 911
When it came to the designworks of the coachwork for the company's most successful car so far, the Porsche 911, Ferdinand Alexander was heavily involved, as it was family tradition that every generation of the Porsche family took part in the genesis of a new car generation. Ferry Porsche wished the successor of his 356 should provide more space and comfort in the cabin, though he was also cited as saying, "Comfort is not what makes driving fun, it is more on the opposite." The trunk, especially, should have provided more space. Ferdinand Alexander's first drafts were well accepted, but Komenda made unapproved changes over the objections of Ferdinand and Ferry. Ferry set the main attributes concerning wheelbase, power figures and suspension and after Komenda still did not cooperate, he took F.A.'s drawings to the coachwork manufacturer Reutter across the street. They gave the actual shape to the 901 as it was presented at the 1963 Frankfurt Motor Show. The original project code 901 was changed to 911 after intervention of Peugeot who had a trademark protection on three-number-combinations with "0" in the middle. Production began in 1964.
Porsche 904
Ferdinand Alexander also shaped another important car, the Porsche 904. He stated that the 904 was his favorite work for Porsche. Its body shell was made of Fiberglass-reinforced resin at the aircraft company Heinkel. The car was to be approved by racing homologation officers until a set date in order to attend the same year's racing season. Thus, the development team was under extreme time pressure. F.A. liked the design of the 904 best, as there was no time for anyone to demand or initiate changes, so it is his most original draft.
Porsche Design Group
After the family decided to change the company's legal form and to keep the family out of its management, Ferdinand Alexander founded his own industrial design company, Porsche Design, in Stuttgart, Germany, which was later moved to Zell am See, Austria, where the Porsche family owns an estate called Schüttgut. The first product Porsche Design created was a chronograph wristwatch made by Swiss watchmaker company Orfina. Its design started while F.A. was still working at the Porsche Style bureau. It was launched in 1973 and was different from other chronograph wristwatches, as its case and bracelet were made out of matte black chromed steel. It was intended as accessory for Porsche drivers and sold by the Porsche dealers. It operated the then-new Valjoux 7750 movement, which is today still the most widespread mechanical movement for chronograph wristwatches. As many customers would have liked a normally-coloured watch, a version with bead-blasted stainless steel was issued. Later the movement was changed to the Lemania 5100, which was a simple and rugged movement mainly used for military watches. The Porsche Design Chrono I was made in different versions — color of case and straps, print on dial — for several country's air forces, as well as the NATO alliance.
In 1978 F.A. teamed up with Swiss watchmaker International Watch Company (IWC) to develop a wristwatch combining a non-magnetic automatic movement and a compass, the so-called Kompassuhr. The movement was housed in a hinge-attached upper case that could be flapped to give sight on the compass in the lower part of the case. Its cases and bracelet was made out of PVD coated aluminum (matte black or matte olive). Later versions had the cases and bracelet made out of titanium. IWC pioneered use of titanium in watch cases/bracelets together with F.A. in the development of the Titan Chronograph launched in 1980. The Titan Chronograph was the first watch to use titanium in wristwatches. IWC had to develop work processes paying attention to titanium's specific properties. The unique design aspect of the Titan Chronograph were the pushers to operate the stopwatch functions being integrated in the case's contour.
F.A.'s appeal to using unusual materials showed in the very rare Chrono II made by IWC. Its case was made of bead-blasted aluminum with bracelet made out of fibre-reinforced resin. This watch also employed integrated pushers.
Watches are still a main business of Porsche Design. In 1996 the Swiss watchmaker Eterna, which invented the ball bearing for the winding rotor used in automatic movements, was bought by F.A. holding company.
The Porsche Design product suffering most often from plagiarism is probably the sunglasses with drop-shaped lenses, which was issued during the 1980s in a lot of unusual color combinations, e.g., purple lenses with golden or white frame. F.A. designed many more spectacles. Most often, they had some unique attributes — e.g., a saddle-shaped cushion adapting to the nose shape automatically and opening symmetrically through an internal cam mechanism. The drop-shaped spectacle had a quick release mechanism to provide quick lens changes. One pair even had magnetically held lenses; another one got its shape from the intended production method: Its shape was accommodated to a sand casting process of titanium. The production issue was actually not made of titanium, but the shape remained.
Transportation design remained an issue on F.A. Porsche. He made several studies for metropolitan trains, a motorcycle, several bicycles and a slightly dolphin-shaped racing boat called Kineo.
As the company grew the product categories diversified. There are three possibilities how designs made by Porsche Design can appear — Porsche Design brand products made exclusively for Porsche Design; products bearing the manufacturer's name and the writing "Design by F.A. Porsche"; and products with no hint of Porsche Design at all. Porsche Design came up with several bathroom designs, a washing machine, furniture, knives, television receivers, desk lamps (one with three telescoping radio antennas attaching the light bulb holder to the base and one employing design aspects of a guillotine in its pull-out mechanism), tobacco pipes with air-cooled-engine-inspired cooling fins, pens made out of wire-cloth used in oil hoses for racing engines, computer monitors, computer external hard drives, coffee makers, and even a grand piano for an Austrian manufacturer Bösendorfer. The Design by F.A. Porsche mark is used no more, with the exception of the professional kitchen knives of Chroma Cnife.
The formerly completely private owned Porsche Design company belongs in the meantime to a cooperation company between F.A. Porsche and the Dr.-Ing. hc F. Porsche AG, of which F.A. held roughly 13%. F.A. Porsche retired in 2005 due to his state of health. He was given the title Honorary Chairman of the Supervisory Board, a title that was originally invented for his father when he retired. He died in Salzburg, Austria on April 5, 2012, aged 76.
References
External links
Porsche Design
Overview of design work from the beginning till today
Porsche Design on Facebook
Porsche Design on Twitter
Porsche Design on YouTube
1935 births
2012 deaths
People from Stuttgart
Ferdinand Alexander
German industrial designers
Formula One designers
Waldorf school alumni
Porsche people
German automobile designers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Alexander%20Porsche |
Randleman may refer to:
Randleman (surname)
Randleman, North Carolina, a city
Randleman High School
Randleman Graded School, a historic school building
Randleman Lake, a reservoir | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randleman |
Alvin and the Chipmunks is a virtual band created by Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., for a novelty record in 1958.
Alvin and the Chipmunks may also refer to:
The Alvin Show, featuring Alvin and the Chipmunks and Clyde Crashcup, a TV series aired from 1961 to 1962
Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983 TV series), a TV series aired from 1983 to 1990
Alvin and the Chipmunks in film, a series of feature-length films
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein (1999)
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman (2000)
Alvin and the Chipmunks (film) (2007)
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, the soundtrack album of the 2007 film
Alvin and the Chipmunks (video game), a video game based on the film
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009)
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2011)
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (video game), a video game based on the film
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip (2015)
Alvinnn!!! and the Chipmunks, a 2015 CGI animated TV series revival | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin%20and%20the%20Chipmunks%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Crossbow Technology, Inc. (also referred to as XBOW) is a California-based company with two main products. One was based on sensors and fibre optic gyroscope inertial sensor systems. This included inertial measurement units, attitude and heading reference systems, digital inclinometers and guidance, navigation and control units. The other was based on GPS and radios using cellular phone technology with multiple environmental sensors that included asset tracking products.
Company
Crossbow was founded by Mike A. Horton in 1995. It initially created products based on technology developed at the University of California, Berkeley supported by A. Richard Newton, and had investment from Cisco, Intel and the Paladin Capital Group in 2005.
Products included the AHRS500GA, which was used in the Capstone Program of the US Federal Aviation Administration. When introduced in 2003, it was the first stand-alone, completely solid-state FAA certified attitude and heading reference system (AHRS). A follow-up product, the AHRS510GA was designed into the Eclipse Aviation mode 500 very light jet.
Crossbow products included the CTXD02 digital inclinometer, VG700 vertical gyroscope and GNAV540 INS/GPS guidance, navigation and control unit. These products were used on airborne, marine and ground platforms such as the Hunter RQ-5A Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, ITAS and LRAS targeting systems.
During its time in business the company supplied products for shipment visibility and asset tracking, along with integrated peel and stick devices, for use with GSM/GPRS radios, GPS and sensors. These environmental sensors were intended to provide shippers with asset tracking, shipment environment exposure history and tracking capabilities.
Crossbow was one of the first suppliers of the Berkeley-style MICA sensor nodes that it called "motes", which ran the TinyOS operating system. Follow-on products included the MICA2 (868/916 MHz) and MICAz (2.4 GHz) motes, and the Intel-designed IMOTE2. Crossbow also made a software design platform for its hardware called MoteWorks.
Crossbow received awards for these products, including a "Best of Sensors Expo Gold 2006" and the BP Helios Award.
In 2008, Crossbow released eKo Pro Series System, a wireless sensor system that monitors crops, vineyards, agriculture, and the environment. Its sensors can monitor soil moisture, ambient temperature, and leaf wetness of a crop. In the same year, Crossbow Japan released the NeoMote to monitor energy usage in a building and provide a visual display for energy saving.
Formerly a joint venture, Crossbow Japan became the Sensor Networks and Systems department of Sumitomo Precision Products.
On June 5, 2011, Crossbow was acquired by Moog Inc. for about $32 million.
References
External links
Electronics companies of the United States
Companies based in San Jose, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow%20Technology |
The list of ship decommissionings in 1913 includes a chronological list of all ships decommissioned in 1913.
February
24 February
Plunger (): Decommissioned and sold for scrap
See also
1913
Decom
Ship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20decommissionings%20in%201913 |
KRLD-FM (, "105.3 The Fan") is a commercial radio station licensed to Dallas, Texas, and serving the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. KRLD-FM is owned by Audacy, Inc., and airs a sports radio format. The station's studios and offices are located along North Central Expressway in Uptown Dallas, and the transmitter site is in Cedar Hill.
The station airs local sports talk shows most of the day and evening, and carries nationally syndicated programming from CBS Sports Radio during the late night and overnight hours. KRLD-FM is the flagship station of the Dallas Cowboys Radio Network and the Texas Rangers Radio Network. Some early hours on weekends are paid brokered programming. In the sports radio format, KRLD-FM's chief rival is Sportsradio 1310/96.7 The Ticket. However, it also shares audience with KEGL 97.1 The Freak, a hot talk and sports betting-formatted station.
KRLD-FM broadcasts in HD Radio. It carries the all-news/talk format of its sister station 1080 KRLD on its HD 2 subchannel. Its HD 3 subchannel is devoted to coverage of the Dallas Cowboys football team, with additional programming from the CBS Sports Radio.
History
105.3 FM went on the air in January 1958 with a classical music format, using the call sign KSFM. In 1960, the station went dark and then resurfaced with an automated beautiful music format as KPSD, only to sign-off again by the end of the year. Century Broadcasting purchased the dark KPSD in 1962 and returned it to the air as KMAP, "The Sound of Success", featuring classical music and later, Broadway show tunes. In 1968, Century sold KMAP to Dawson Communications, which changed the call letters to KXXK and the format to MOR music.
KXXK became KOAX ("Coax") in 1971, returning to the beautiful music format. Through the 1970s and into the early 1980s, KOAX was one of the most popular FM stations in Dallas/Fort Worth, consistently scoring top 10 ratings. But by 1985, its ratings were falling, and KOAX changed its call sign to KQZY ("Cozy 105.3") that year, evolving the format from beautiful music to soft adult contemporary. KQZY changed format to hot AC as "Star 105.3" in September 1989, taking the new call sign KRSR the following summer. "Star" featured such personalities as Bob Nelson, John McCarty, Teri Richardson, Mike Sheppard, Stoobie Doak and Scott Carpenter, who also served as program director. Ratings remained low, and on January 27, 1992, following a 2-day electronic countdown, Alliance Broadcasting (based in Walnut Creek, California) launched the very first "Young Country" station on 105.3 FM with the station temporarily taking the call sign KRRM before becoming KYNG in February. The format featured current-heavy country music aimed toward a younger audience, and created "morning shows" all day that highlighted listener calls, frequent requests and fun disc jockey talk. It was all a part of owner Alliance's "Young Country" concept, repeated in other media markets around the country. Throughout the country format's tenure, its marketing brand was "Young Country 105.3, FM 105".
KYNG was one of four stations (the others being KXTX-TV, and sister stations KOAI and KRBV) that fell victim to the Cedar Hill tower collapse on October 12, 1996. Three workers were killed, and one worker was injured when a gust of wind caught the gin pole being used for construction of a new antenna for KXTX. After the collapse, the stations scrambled to get back on air and later ended up using an auxiliary site for many months, though at a much reduced power output. Because of this, KYNG's ratings plummeted.
After being acquired by Infinity Broadcasting (the forerunner to CBS Radio), KYNG changed format from country music to a combination of hot talk and active rock music on April 3, 2000. The final song on "Young Country" was "The Dance" by Garth Brooks. The station's first moniker under the new format was "105.3 The Talk That Rocks". KYNG became the Dallas network affiliate for The Howard Stern Show; other personalities and programs during its initial launch included Ed Tyll, A.W. Pantoja, Jim Verdi, Martha Martinez, Russ Martin, Tom Leykis, Loveline, and John & Jeff. Three years later, in March 2003, the station took the new call sign KLLI, with "Live 105.3" as the new name and the slogan "The Alternative Talk Station". In late 2005, as part of the station's change in morning shows (due to Stern leaving CBS Radio to go to Sirius Satellite Radio in early 2006), KLLI dropped the "Alternative Talk Station" slogan and started using the CBS Radio nationwide slogan for FM talk, "Free FM". In May 2007, as part of CBS Radio's phasing out of the Free FM name and slogan, KLLI dropped the "Free FM" slogan and was again simply known as "Live 105.3". By this time, the weekday lineup consisted of Chris Jagger, Pugs Moran & Kelly Mohr, Russ Martin, Tom Leykis, "Big" Dick Hunter, and Loveline.
On December 8, 2008, at 3 p.m., KLLI switched to a sports talk format, branded as "105.3 The Fan". This change was not a complete overhaul as some hosts, notably morning host Jagger and some of his morning crew, survived the shift, while others, including Russ Martin, were not retained. On December 12, 2008, the call sign was changed to KRLD-FM to match sister station 1080 KRLD (AM). Eventually, the programming became all sports. Some of the early shows included The Josh and Elf Show (hosted by Josh Lewin and Mark Elfenbein), RAGE (Richie and Greggo Extravaganza hosted by Richie Whitt and Greg Williams), and The Arnie Spanier Show.
On May 21, 2012, CBS Radio hinted at a possible format flip for either KRLD-FM or KMVK to "AMP Radio", much like its co-owned Los Angeles contemporary hit radio station KAMP-FM, as CBS registered three web domains, but neither station changed to that format.
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (now known as Audacy). The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.
Months after on April 26, 2018, Entercom struck a new content deal with NBCUniversal-owned-and-operated stations KXAS-TV (NBC) and KXTX-TV (Telemundo). The former will be partnered with this station to bring enhanced local sports news and scores to its audience.
HD radio
105.3 HD-2 was originally launched in 2005 as a Spanish version of their "Live/Free FM" format. In 2008, the HD-2 channel shifted to an Indie Rock-formatted playlist from internet radio station The Indie-Verse via a secured internet feed. In June 2009, The Indie-Verse was dumped in favor of the simulcast of KRLD NewsRadio 1080 AM. The reason was because of the new Microsoft Zune player's feature which allowed listeners to hear HD stations as well as MP3 files, but wouldn't be able to tune into AM stations. 105.3 HD-3 airs an all-"Dallas Cowboys Radio" format, which carries archived football games and talk shows about the Cowboys, with the overnight hours occupied by CBS Sports Radio.
Notable on-air staff
Current
Mike Bacsik
Former
Josh Lewin
Jane Slater
Play-by-play rights
NASCAR
KRLD-FM is the flagship station for Texas Motor Speedway and carries NASCAR Cup Series races.
Dallas Cowboys
KRLD-FM has been the flagship station for the Dallas Cowboys National Football League team since the 2009 season. The deal revived the long association the Cowboys had with KRLD (AM) in the 1970s and 1980s. It features regular appearances by team owner Jerry Jones and head coach Mike McCarthy.
Texas Rangers
The Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball aired their games from Monday through Friday on 105.3 The Fan in the 2009 and 2010 seasons (the latter was their pennant-winning year). Weekend games were still on KRLD NewsRadio 1080. After that season, the Rangers did not renew the contract. Games from 2011 to 2014 were on rival station 103.3 ESPN in English and on 1540 KZMP in Spanish, which continued with Spanish-language rights until ESPN Deportes Radio's demise, in which they were moved to another Spanish sports station KFLC 1270 AM. Rangers games (including weekends) returned to 105.3 The Fan starting in the 2015 season.
History of call letters
The call letters KRLD-FM were originally assigned to a Dallas station that began broadcasting March 21, 1948. As only the third FM station in Dallas, it broadcast on 92.5 MHz with 50 kW power. The licensee was KRLD Radio Corporation, which also owned 1080 KRLD. The call letters were retired in 1972, when the station became KAFM (and today is KZPS). CBS Radio took the KRLD-FM call sign for 105.3 in 2008.
References
External links
DFW Radio Archives
DFW Radio/TV History
Sports radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1958
RLD-FM
1958 establishments in Texas
CBS Sports Radio stations
Audacy, Inc. radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRLD-FM |
KLNO (94.1 FM) is a Regional Mexican music formatted radio station broadcasting to the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex in Texas. The station's studios are located in the Univision 23 Studios in the Arts District in Downtown Dallas.
This signal was created in 1981 when then owner Marcos Rodriguez, Sr. successfully petitioned the FCC to change the frequency of KESS 93.9 to 94.1 and permit a move to the Cedar Hill, Texas antenna farm. His son, Marcos A. Rodriguez, controlled this frequency from 1986 to 1999.
In 1964, Marcos Rodriguez, Sr. was hired by Mike Bradley and became the first full-time employee of 93.9 (then owned by John Walton and called KBUY-FM). John Walton purchased KBUY when it was called KCUL. Its call letters came from the backwards spelling of the original owner's name - Dr. L.H. Luck.
The station was assigned the KLNO call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 15, 2000.
Sometime in early 2014, KLNO (alongside other Univision-owned stations) has dropped its "La Que Buena" branding in favor of using the frequency as its name. This was done until 2016 when it returned to its branding.
KLNO broadcasts in HD.
References
External links
La Que Buena 94.1 FM
DFW Radio/TV History
DFW Radio Archives
Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States
LNO
LNO
Radio stations established in 1961
Univision Radio Network stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLNO |
KSPF (98.7 FM, "98.7 The Spot") is a commercial radio station licensed to Dallas, Texas, and serving the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. KSPF is owned by Audacy, Inc., and airs a classic hits radio format.
KSPF's studios and offices are located off North Central Expressway at North Fitzhugh Avenue in Dallas. The transmitter site is in Cedar Hill off West Belt Line Road, amid the towers for other Dallas-area FM and TV stations. KSPF broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format; a simulcast of sister station KRLD is heard on the station's HD2 sub-channel.
History
KROW and KLIF-FM
In 1959, when the station was not yet on the air, it was given the call sign KOST, but that was never used. The station was then rebranded KROW and signed on in 1961 as a Top 40 station under the ownership of noted radio programmer Gordon McLendon. Two years later, the call sign changed to KLIF-FM as a simulcast of McLendon-owned AM 1190 KLIF (now KFXR).
KNUS
In July 1966, the station changed its call sign to KNUS and began an automated progressive rock/underground rock format, with live disc jockeys added in mid-1967. (McLendon had originally planned to provide an all-news format on the station, hence the NUS (pronounced like "news") call letters, but that never took place.) When McLendon sold his AM Top 40 flagship station KLIF to Fairchild Industries in 1972, he offered the company KNUS as well, but Fairchild declined. As part of the sale, McLendon agreed not to operate any AM station within a 150-mile radius of Dallas. Since the agreement did not forbid him to operate an FM station, McLendon continued to own and program KNUS.
By 1971, the station had morphed into a rock-based Top 40 station, which played hit music without teen-oriented "bubblegum" songs. (The station's initial promotion to plug the new Top 40 format had a disc jockey positioned at the top of a flagpole at McLendon's Gemini Drive-In Movie Theatre. The pole had large "KNUS" lettering mounted vertically on each side of the square truss. The pole was still intact in the 1990s, long after the KNUS calls were dropped, and the Gemini had shut down.)
Transition to oldies
KNUS eventually transitioned into a more mainstream Top 40, and it paid off when the station passed KLIF in the ratings in the fall of 1975, becoming one of the first FM Top 40 stations to defeat its chief AM competitor. By the end of the 1970s, however, KNUS had fallen out of the top ten. McLendon sold KNUS to the San Juan Racing Corporation in May 1979, which, in turn, sold the station to John Tenaglia's TK Communications on October 27, 1982. Under Tenaglia's ownership, the station switched to an adult contemporary format as KLVU on October 19, 1981. Initially, the station played hits from 1964 through the 1980s and including then-current product. A handful of pre-'64 oldies were also mixed in. In 1984, after an AM oldies station changed formats, KLVU began adding more pre-1964 oldies in the mix. The music began to lean slightly more up-tempo as well. The station morphed into an all-oldies format in 1985, playing pop oldies from the late 1950s, '60s, '70s, and early '80s. The music from the mid to late-1970s and '80s gradually was eliminated in 1986. By then, KLUV was playing only hits from 1955 to 1973.
Owner John Tenaglia purchased the more-coveted KLUV-spelled call sign for $10,000 from a Haynesville, Louisiana, station, trading 98.7's former KLVU calls (which were established at 98.7 on October 19, 1981, under the station's San Juan Racing ownership). By the late 1980s, KLUV evolved into a 1964 to 1969-based oldies format playing a couple pre-1964 songs each hour and one or two early 1970s songs per hour. Tenaglia sold the rebranded KLUV to CBS on April 21, 1995, for a then-staggering $55 million.
The years when Chuck Brinkman was the program director (1988–2006) included many personalities such as Hubcap Carter, Glen Martin (who had also previously been there during the KNUS and KLVU days), Jason Walker, Jonathan Hayes, Jim Brady, Johnny Michaels, Steve Eberhart, Al Forgeson, Paula Street (who in 1987 went to WODS Boston, now KLUV's sister station), Dave Van Dyke, Charlie Van Dyke (the station's imaging voice at the time), Debi Diaz, John Summers, Jim Prewitt, Jay Cresswell, Bob Gomez, Sandi Sharp, Ben Laurie, Bob deCarlo, Roger Manning (who inherited the Saturday Night Oldies Party from Hubcap Carter), Johnny Stone, John McCarty, Tony Moreno, Mike Wade, Brian Pierce, Kate Garvin, and Ken Fine, who was Chief Engineer.
Death of Ricky Nelson
On December 31, 1985, singer Ricky Nelson and his band were flying to KLUV's New Year's Eve sock hop, hosted by Ken "Hubcap" Carter. The plane crashed near DeKalb, Texas, 136 miles northeast of Dallas, killing Nelson and his entourage.
Transition to classic hits
In 1997, KLUV, like many oldies stations around the United States, began mixing in (in this case, bringing back) hits of the late 1970s and even a few from the early 1980s. In 1998, the station largely removed most of the 1955 to 1963 songs from its playlist. Another CBS station, KLUV (AM) 1190 (now KFXR) and, coincidentally, the same dial position as former sister station KLIF, existed from 1998 to 2000 and primarily played 1950s music. Meanwhile, the main station continued modifying its format to more of a classic hits format with songs from the mid-1960s to early 1980s. By 2003, KLUV no longer played pre-1964 music, with a few rare exceptions. Most years, on Memorial Day weekend, KLUV featured a "Top 500 Countdown" in which the top 500 oldies, as picked by the station's listeners, were played in descending order for the entire weekend. During this time, Breakfast with the Beatles was also one of the specialty programs that aired on KLUV on Sunday mornings.
In 2002, the station was temporarily the radio home of the Dallas Cowboys football team, featuring live broadcasts of their games. In 2006, Dallas Cowboys broadcasts moved to sports radio station KTCK.
From November 23, 1998, to June 27, 2003, KLUV competed with Disney/ABC Radio's KMEO ("Memories 96.7") and again from June 30, 2008, until March 12, 2010, with Citadel Broadcasting's KPMZ ("Platinum 96.7"). Both stations aired a classic adult contemporary format playing soft hits of the 1960s to the 1980s with a couple of pre-1964 songs per hour. (Today, 96.7 is sports station KTCK-FM).
KLUV was the first radio station in the United States to report the death of Michael Jackson in July 2009.
In 2005, with the retirement of long-time radio veteran and morning host Ron Chapman, KLUV hired noted Dallas news personality Jody Dean as his replacement. On October 25, 2010, Jody Dean and the Morning Team started simulcasting the show on then co-owned KTXA. In January 2013, Jody Dean and the Morning Team was downsized to just Jody Dean and Rebekah Black, later adding David Rancken. Jody would retire five years later, and was replaced by Jeff Miles and was shortly named Miles in the Morning. Dean later worked at a local service in Dallas.
Dallas-Fort Worth's Christmas station
KLUV's sister station, then-adult contemporary KVIL (103.7 FM), would usually flip to Christmas music from mid-November to the day after Christmas Day for many years until 2013, when the station shifted to a Hot AC format in May that year. Therefore, the Christmas music format moved to KLUV and began on November 15, 2013. For 2014, the Christmas format began on November 13 and ended at midnight on December 29. From 2013 until Christmas night in 2017, KLUV had simulcast its Christmas music on sister TV station KTXA during that station's annual Yule Log special, which runs from the evening of Christmas Eve to Christmas Day.
When the station first began airing all-Christmas, there had been rumors that KLUV would drop its longtime classic hits format on December 26, 2013 to become a Top 40/CHR station as "Amp Radio 98.7". CBS stated that there were no plans to change KLUV's format, with the station remaining classic hits. This format change was highly unlikely anyway, because the CHR format was already being heard on KHKS, KLIF-FM, and later on KVIL, who would rebrand as "AMP 103.7" in January 2017. In November 2016, KDGE (formerly known as alternative "102.1 The Edge") also switched to Christmas music after the station was relaunched as mainstream adult contemporary "Star 102.1". (KVIL itself shifted to alternative a year later.)
Starting in November 2019, KLUV began playing Christmas music on its HD3 sub-channel with a wider playlist than heard previously on KLUV's main signal. The main channel did not switch to all-Christmas music, continuing its classic hits format through December, but playing some occasional Christmas songs in its regular playlist.
Entercom/Audacy era
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (now known as Audacy, Inc.). The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.
In early 2017, KLUV added in music from the 1990s by artists such as Sheryl Crow and UB40, while gradually phasing out music from the 1960s.
By 2019, KLUV's slogan changed to "Nobody Plays More 80s", which is also being used on other Audacy-owned classic hits stations such as WOGL in Philadelphia.
On June 14, 2023, at 6a.m., KLUV relaunched as "98.7 The Spot", utilizing a brand used at sister station KKHH in Houston. The final song under the KLUV brand was "Celebration" by Kool & the Gang, while the first song as "The Spot" was "Sweet Child o' Mine" by Guns 'N Roses. The change came as a result of the "K-LUV" intellectual property being transferred to Educational Media Foundation (EMF) as part of a deal including ownership of WTSS in Buffalo and WLFP in Memphis; Dallas–Fort Worth had been one of three markets in which EMF's national trademark for K-Love was preempted by an existing usage of the name. "The Spot" launched jockless, with the fate of KLUV's existing airstaff left unannounced. While the new brand is undoubtedly influenced by KKHH's adult hits presentation, KLUV retains a classic hits-style focus on music from the 1970s to 1990s, as Audacy already programs an adult hits format in Dallas–Fort Worth on KJKK. On June 20, Audacy filed to change the station's call sign to KSPF effective June 26, with KLUV being moved to the construction permit for a new EMF-owned station in Huron, South Dakota.
KSPF HD channels
HD2
98.7 (as KLUV at the time) launched HD Radio operations in 2006, including an HD2 sub-channel. Originally, it was called "The Fab Format", playing The Beatles full time. In January 2008, the HD signal changed to KLUV's previous oldies format, playing music from the 1950s, 1960s and some early 1970s. The station was received on HD-equipped radios on 98.7-HD2. On August 2018, it had rebranded as "Smokin' Oldies", while retaining its oldies focus.
On February 27, 2023, the oldies format on the HD2 subchannel was replaced by a simulcast of KRLD's news format, which is also carried on KJKK's HD2 subchannel.
HD3
In early May 2016, 98.7 launched another digital subchannel on 98.7-HD3, and aired Radio Disney's Top 40 format targeted to children and younger teens. (Radio Disney was previously heard on KMKI until September 15, 2015.) Entercom's deal with Radio Disney expired at the end of May 2018. The next month, KLUV-HD3 flipped to a classic AOR-format known as "KLUV Classic Trax," playing deep cuts from the 1970s to the 1990s. Starting with the 2019 holiday season, KLUV-HD3 began airing Christmas music from early November through Christmas Day. The subchannel aired a few public service announcements each hour but had no commercial interruptions. The HD3 signal has since been turned off.
KSPF is heard online on the Audacy platform.
References
External links
2006 Top 500 Countdown
DFW Radio/TV History
DFW Radio Archives
Radio stations established in 1961
1961 establishments in Texas
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
SPF
Audacy, Inc. radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSPF |
The following is a list of Government Houses of South Africa.
Transvaal, Government House of Transvaal
Cape Province, Government House of Cape Province
Orange Free State, Government House, Bloemfontein
Natal, Government House of Natal
See also
Government Houses of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20Houses%20of%20South%20Africa |
KNON (89.3 FM) is a non-commercial radio station broadcasting a community radio format. Licensed to Dallas, Texas, it serves the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex and is owned by Agape Broadcasting Foundation, Inc. KNON (for NON-commercial) is a non-profit, listener-supported radio station, deriving its main source of income from on-air pledge drives, underwriting or sponsorships by local small businesses, and benefit events. The volunteer disc jockeys play their own music or conduct talk shows. KNON has a paid staff of four full-time people.
KNON has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 55,000 watts. The transmitter is on West Belt Line Road in Cedar Hill, amid the towers for other Dallas-area FM and TV stations. The studios and offices are on Colt Road in Dallas, off Interstate 635.
Programming
KNON plays a variety of music, including weekly shows featuring Jazz, Blues, Folk, Indie Rock, Alt Country, Classic Country, Rockabilly, Bluegrass, Cajun, Zydeco, Reggae, R&B, Hip Hop, Latin Contemporary, Reggaeton, Tejano, Urban Gospel and Southern Gospel. Most of the DJs have three-hour shifts, once or twice a week.
Talk programming includes once-a-week shows on workers rights and LGBTQ issues.
History
KNON originally broadcast at 90.9 MHz. Its predecessor on the frequency was KCHU, a non-commercial station that began broadcasting on August 29, 1975. KCHU operated until August 1977, when it went off the air due to financial shortfalls.
The 90.9 frequency was transferred to Agape Broadcasting as KNON in 1979. The station remained silent through 1980, which was then a license renewal year in Texas. At the time, radio stations operated on a three-year license cycle with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). By 1984, Criswell Bible Institute (now Criswell College) had begun operating KCBI-FM from a downtown Dallas rooftop with 1,500 watts on 89.3 MHz. The institute wanted to raise the station's power and height and to relocate to the Cedar Hill tower farm where most Dallas-area FM and TV stations have their transmitters.
By the mid-1980s, a number of groups, among which the Criswell Bible Institute was the most prominent, petitioned the FCC to have the 90.9 FM frequency assigned to another broadcaster. Criswell had cited past operational deficiencies on KNON's part as justification for the frequency reallocation. The result was a swap of frequencies between KCBI and KNON in May 1988. The KNON online history museum can be found here.
KNON was picked Best Radio Station in Dallas in 2011 by The Dallas Observer and D-Magazine. In 2012 KNON was picked Best Radio Station for Music by the Dallas Observer.
On the night of October 20, 2019, the KNON studios and offices sustained a direct hit from a tornado, and were heavily damaged. There were no injuries at the station.
See also
List of community radio stations in the United States
References
External links
Official KNON website
KNON's Show Schedule
DFW Radio/TV History
FCC History Cards for:
KCBI at 89.3 (current KNON license)
the defunct 90.9 license
Community radio stations in the United States
NON
Radio stations established in 1983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNON |
KMVK (107.5 FM, "La Grande 107.5"), is a commercial radio station licensed to Fort Worth, Texas and serving the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. The station is owned and operated by Audacy, Inc. KMVK broadcasts in Spanish and airs a radio format featuring Regional Mexican music. The station's studios are located along North Central Expressway in Uptown Dallas and the transmitter site is in Cedar Hill.
KMVK has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 17,000 watts. Its signal is limited in that most Dallas-Fort Worth area FM stations run at 100,000 watts, but KMVK broadcasts from a tall tower at 574.2 meters (1,884 feet) in height above average terrain (HAAT), which helps improve coverage in the surrounding suburbs of Dallas and Fort Worth. The station broadcasts in HD; its HD-2 signal carries a Tejano music format known as "Fierro", while Latin pop music is heard on its HD-3 signal, known as "Dale!."
History
KNOK/KDLZ
On February 18, 1965, the station signed on the air as KNOK-FM, an R&B and Soul music station. It simulcasted its AM sister station KNOK (now KHVN), with both stations owned by the Chatham Corporation. The station was later sold to Black Enterprise magazine founder Earl G. Graves Sr. under the company name EGG Dallas Broadcasting Inc. (EGG are Graves' initials). KNOK-FM originally broadcast with 100,000 watts but from a tower only 450 feet in height above average terrain. In 1985, the station became KDLZ while retaining its R&B format. The coverage area was increased and the studios were moved to Cedar Hill after the original studios in Fort Worth were destroyed by fire.
EZ 107.5/The Oasis
In December 1988, Gilmore Broadcasting purchased KDLZ. On December 23 of that year, Gilmore picked up the easy listening format and KMEZ call letters from 100.3 FM (now KJKK) and moved them to 107.5. The station was then sold to Granum Communications in 1991; on July 4 of that year, Granum flipped the station and format to KCDU ("CD 107.5") with a short-lived classic rock format. A Smooth Jazz format began on November 2, 1992, moving over from 106.1 FM (now KHKS). The smooth jazz station took the call letters KOAI as "The Oasis." (The KMEZ call letters are now assigned to a New Orleans station, which airs an Urban Adult Contemporary format.) In 1996, KOAI was one of three radio stations that fell victim to the radio tower collapse in Cedar Hill on October 12 of that year. KOAI, as well as sister stations KRBV (now KJKK) and KYNG (now KRLD-FM), scrambled to get their stations back on the air through an auxiliary tower. "The Oasis"' ratings seemed to escape unscathed in the Fall ratings book that year, but the fate was not as good at the other two stations.
MOViN/Mega era
"107.5 The Oasis" remained on air until October 2, 2006, at 5 p.m., when KOAI flipped to Rhythmic Adult Contemporary as "MOViN' 107.5." "The Oasis" then moved to 107.5 HD-2 (and today, is on an HD sub-channel of KVIL). The station's logo and branding was identical to MOViN' radio station KVMX (now KXJM) in Portland (then owned by CBS Radio, but is now owned by iHeartMedia). The initial format change to "MOViN'" caused a lot of criticism by listeners of "The Oasis", many of them demanded that the smooth jazz format be reinstated on the traditional signal. On October 9, 2006, KOAI changed call letters to KMVK to match the "MOViN'" branding.
On February 17, 2009, at Noon, after playing "Vogue" by Madonna, KMVK flipped to a Spanish Hot adult contemporary format as "Mega 107.5." In 2010, KMVK shifted to a Spanish rhythmic contemporary format (similar to its MOViN' predecessor) with a few English-language hits. It competed head-on with KESS-FM (La Kalle 107.9) for over two years, until that station's owner, Univision Radio, switched it to a simulcast of KDXX, leaving KMVK the only Latin Pop-formatted station in the Metroplex for a short time. In late June 2012, it gained another competitor from Univision Radio with KDXX.
By mid-summer 2012, the Metroplex had three Spanish-language CHR stations and three English-language CHR outlets, with one of those English-language stations targeted towards Latino listeners. The former "La Kalle 107.9" from Univision Radio changed KESS (now KFZO) to "Radio H2O" in late June 2012. KTCY (previously owned by Liberman, now owned by EMF) was one of its short-term competitors until February 8, 2013, when that station's format was changed.
On March 8, 2012, the station's website displayed a message stating "Todo va a cambiar!" (Translation: Everything will change!), hinting at a possible format flip in the near future. However, the next morning, it was nothing more than a Daylight saving time announcement.
On May 21, 2012, CBS hinted at a possible format flip on either KMVK or KRLD-FM to "AMP Radio", much like its Los Angeles CHR/Top 40 sister station KAMP-FM, having registered three web domains. This format change instead happened four years later in 2016, when sister KVIL evolved to Top 40, though they would flip to Alternative the following year.
107.5 today
On July 26, 2013, KMVK did flip formats, though to a Regional Mexican format as "La Grande 107.5", making it the third format flip since 2006. The Latin pop format is now heard on the KMVK's third HD Radio sub-channel.
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (now known as Audacy). The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.
Months after, Entercom struck a new content deal with NBCUniversal-owned-and-operated stations KXAS-TV (NBC) and KXTX-TV (Telemundo). The latter will partner with KMVK to bring enhanced Spanish-language news, weather and entertainment information to its listeners, in addition to the current Regional Mexican music format.
KMVK HD channels
In early 2006, 107.5 HD2 began as a Traditional Jazz format to complement "The Oasis" before the station's smooth jazz format was relocated to the sub-channel.
On November 11, 2015, KMVK-HD2 began airing a Tejano format under the name "Fierro".
In early February 2016, KMVK launched an HD-3 subchannel, originally named "Mega 107.5 HD3" using the slogan "Numero Uno En Exitos" (English translation: "Number One in Hits"), broadcasting a Latin Pop format that previously aired on KMVK's main frequency from 2010 to 2013. As of 2018, the channel was renamed "Dale!" (Spanish for "Go ahead") while keeping the current Latin Pop format.
References
External links
DFW Radio Archives
DFW Radio/TV History
MVK
Radio stations established in 1965
1965 establishments in Texas
Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States
Audacy, Inc. radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMVK |
Come and Get It may refer to:
Literature and films
Come and Get It (novel), a 1935 novel by Edna Ferber
Come and Get It (1936 film), a 1936 adaption of the novel starring Joel McCrea, Edward Arnold and Frances Farmer
Come and Get It (1929 film), a lost 1929 American silent action film
Albums
Come an' Get It, a 1981 album by Whitesnake
Come and Get It: A Tribute to Badfinger, a 1996 album by various artist
Come and Get It (Rachel Stevens album), 2005
Come and Get It (Westbound Train album), 2009
Come and Get It: The Best of Apple Records, a 2010 compilation album
Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls, a 2012 album by the Jackson 5
Songs
"Come and Get It" (Badfinger song), a song written by Paul McCartney and released by Badfinger in 1969
"Come and Get It" (Dannii Minogue song), 2004
"Come and Get It" (John Newman song), 2015
"Come & Get It" (Selena Gomez song), 2013
"Come and Get It", a song by AC/DC from Stiff Upper Lip
"Come and Get It", a song by Judas Priest from Ram It Down
"Come & Get It", a song by Krewella
"Come and Get It", an anthem for the Las Vegas Raiders written by Ice Cube
"Come and Get It", a song by The Dollyrots from Barefoot and Pregnant
"Come and Get It", a song by Overkill from The Electric Age
See also
Come Get It (disambiguation)
Come and take it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20and%20Get%20It |
KPLX (99.5 MHz, "99.5 The Wolf") is a commercial FM radio station broadcasting a gold-based mainstream country radio format. It is licensed to Fort Worth, Texas, and serves the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. KPLX is owned by Cumulus Media, with studios and offices in the Victory Park district in Dallas, just north of downtown. Cumulus owns two FM country stations in the radio market, but both KPLX and KSCS maintain separate staffs and musical directions.
KPLX has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts. The transmitter is off West Belt Line Road in Cedar Hill, Texas, amid the towers for other FM and TV stations. KPLX broadcasts using HD Radio technology. The HD-2 digital subchannel carries the talk format of sister station WBAP (820 AM).
History
The station first signed on in 1962 as KXOL-FM. It operated as a sister station to KXOL (1360 AM, now KMNY). The call sign was changed to KCWM in the late 1960s and to KPLX in 1974. It was owned by the Wendall Mayes family (who also owned KNOW in Austin and KCRS in Midland, as well as interests in others) until 1974, when it was sold to Susquehanna Broadcasting. Susquehanna was acquired by Cumulus Media in 2005.
The station had a middle of the road music format in 1974. It switched to a country music format on January 7, 1980. The station was known on-air as "K-Plex" and during that time, the slogan was "Flex Your 'Plex". The station re-branded as "The Wolf" on July 24, 1998, while still maintaining its country format.
KPLX has won "Radio Station of the Year" awards from the Country Music Association and the Academy of Country Music, as well as NAB Marconi Radio Awards, Billboard and Radio & Records awards. With its parent company's acquisition of Citadel Broadcasting in 2011, KPLX became a sister station to long-time rival KSCS. The latter shifted to a "New Country" format in 2012 to differentiate the two.
On March 15, 2022, KPLX shifted its format towards classic country. However, the station will still play country currents/recurrents overnight as part of the syndicated “Later … With Lia" show. There have been no other changes to KPLX's branding and on-air schedule.
HD Radio
KPLX broadcasts using HD Radio, and simulcasts sister station WBAP on the station's HD2 channel. Previously, the HD2 channel carried a Top 40 format as "Vibe 99-5."
Airstaff
The current weekday lineup: Brian Moote and Tara host "Wake Up with The Wolf", Smokey Rivers is heard in middays, Bill Bowen in the evening and "Later with Lia" is heard overnight.
References
External links
99.5 The Wolf official website
DFW Radio Archives
DFW Radio/TV History
PLX
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1962
1962 establishments in Texas
Cumulus Media radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPLX |
Piyasena Kahandagamage (1938?- 2003.08.16) is a Sinhala novelist and poet. Born in Baddegama, Galle, Sri Lanka he was a teacher by profession and a union leader. After the UNP government came to power in 1977 he was transferred (as a punishment for his political work) to rural Bintanne in Ampara district, where he based most of his novels.
Kahandagamage lost his job after the 1980 general strike. He started writing several serialized novels and articles for the Divaina newspaper. Most of his stories are based around Dambana area where he lived and worked. He wrote several non-fiction books on Veddha culture, language and Sri Lankan farming methods.
His unique experience living among veddhas and his writings put him among the handful of writers who wrote about the rural Sinhalese and veddhas, including Leonard Wolfe and Maya Ranjan. His book Vanagatha Charika was translated to English as Jungle jaunts by Tilak Balasuriya.
Works
Bintanne Janakavi
Bintanne Vitti
Dakune Palathe Katabaha
Digamadulu Janavahara
Ibema Nalavian Puthe (collection of poems, 1979)
Janasrutiya ha Janatava
Kataka Mahima: Kamatha
Kataka Mahima: Kumbura
Kataka Mahima: Kempahan
Kohombane Vattavidane
Maa dutu Bintanne
Nimanayake Andare
Panamure Ath Raja
Prasdhesiya Vivahara
Vanagatha Charika
Vana Vadule Vasanthaya
Sinhalese writers
1938 births
2003 deaths
Sri Lankan novelists
Sri Lankan poets
20th-century poets
20th-century novelists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyasena%20Kahandagamage |
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