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KSCS (96.3 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Fort Worth, Texas, and serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The station is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts a hot country music radio format. The studios are in the Victory Park district in Dallas just north of downtown. KSCS and sister station WBAP are responsible for activation of the North Texas Emergency Alert System when hazardous weather alerts, disaster area declarations, and AMBER Alerts for child abductions are issued.
KSCS has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts. The transmitter is off Mansfield Road in Cedar Hill, Texas, amid the towers for other FM and TV stations. KSCS uses HD Radio technology; its HD2 digital subchannel carries the news/talk programming of KLIF (570 AM).
Programming
KSCS is the home of Hawkeye In The Morning, currently the longest-running morning radio show in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. The show features Mark "Hawkeye" Louis and Michelle Rodriguez, who previously hosted Middays since 2011. Formerly known as "The Dorsey Gang", the morning show featured Country Music Disc Jockey Hall of Fame member Terry Dorsey. Dorsey and Louis won numerous awards including Billboards Major Market Air Personalities of 1998 and the Academy of Country Music's 2008 Personalities of the Year. Dorsey and Louis teamed up in July 1988, a partnership that would last until Dorsey's retirement in December 2014.
KSCS was named "2009 Major Market Radio Station of the Year" by the Academy of Country Music, “2020 Major Market Radio Station of the Year” by the Country Music Association and the 2022 National Association of Broadcasters Marconi Award for Country Station of the Year. Afternoons have been hosted by Al Farb since 2018. "Nights with Elaina" is heard weekday evenings. Sundays feature the "American Country Countdown with Kix Brooks."
History
Classical WBAP-FM
The station first signed on the air on March 8, 1949 as WBAP-FM. It originally broadcast on 100.5 FM and was under the control of Amon G. Carter, as part of his Carter Publications Company. The station moved to 96.3 FM in 1955.
At first, it largely simulcasted co-owned WBAP (820 AM), with some separate classical music shows at night. In the 1960s, WBAP-FM switched to all-classical music, which had been a popular format in the early days of FM radio. The classical format benefited from FM stereo, which improved the quality of music broadcasts.
Country KSCS
WBAP had much success broadcasting a classic country format known as "Country Gold," beginning in 1970. Management decided to extend the country music brand to FM. On January 15, 1973, WBAP-FM switched to a country format known as "Silver Country Stereo". The call letters changed to KSCS to match the slogan. The initial design behind KSCS was to play country music but with beautiful music-style FM formatics, featuring three or four songs in a row without talking, as well as using low-key announcers and carrying a lighter commercial load compared to AM stations. A year later, Carter Publications sold KSCS to Capital Cities. Capital Cities acquired the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1985, using that company's name.
As more people began acquiring FM radios and listening to FM for music, KSCS benefited from being the only country station on the FM dial. The rise in popularity of country music in the late 1970s led to KSCS becoming a dominant station in the ratings. It also brought competition in the form of KPLX, which entered the country music market in 1980.
The Terry Dorsey era
KSCS was the number-one radio station overall in Dallas/Fort Worth from 1980 to 1982. The station's ratings started to sag after the Urban Cowboy era faded, and with tough competition from KPLX. In 1988, KSCS hired away KPLX's star morning host Terry Dorsey. With Dorsey's arrival, the ratings started to improve again, just as country music's popularity started to rise again. KSCS returned to the number one spot in the Dallas/Fort Worth Arbitron ratings in 1990, and stayed there for 14 consecutive ratings periods. To this day, that is still the longest winning streak in Dallas/Fort Worth ratings history.
KSCS, along with ABC's other non-Radio Disney and ESPN Radio stations, was sold to Citadel Broadcasting in 2007. In January 2008, KSCS was re-branded as "The Big 96.3." However, in November 2009, it reverted to its legacy branding in use since the 1980s.
New Country 96-3
On January 4, 2011, at 5 p.m., the station re-branded as "New Country 96.3 KSCS, Texas' Most Country Guaranteed". Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011. This made KSCS a sister station to its longtime rival, KPLX.
In March 2015, KSCS tried an experiment, adding pop crossover songs by Rihanna, Kanye West, Paul McCartney, Avicii, Ed Sheeran, Ellie Goulding and a few other top 40 artists with no ties to the "New Country" format. By Fall 2015, KSCS eliminated the pop crossover songs and returned to its core "New Country" artists.
In mid-July 2019, KSCS rebranded as "New Country 96.3" without the KSCS call letters in the branding.
KSCS-HD2
KSCS launched its HD2 digital subchannel in 2008 to broadcast "The Texas Twister", carrying all Texas country music. The format was previously on KTYS (96.7 FM, now KTCK-FM). After the Cumulus takeover in 2011, the HD broadcasts were temporarily discontinued.
The HD2 subchannel was dormant until February 2013. It then began simulcasting the news/talk format on co-owned KLIF.
References
External links
New Country 96.3 official website
DFW Radio Archives
DFW Radio/TV History
Terry Dorsey Announces Retirement
Longtime country radio host Terry Dorsey dies just months into his retirement
KSCS Show Lineup
Country radio stations in the United States
SCS
Cumulus Media radio stations
Radio stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in Texas
Former subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSCS |
KVIL (103.7 FM, Alt 103.7) is a commercial radio station dual-licensed to Highland Park and Dallas, Texas. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and it serves the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex in North Texas. The station's studios are located along North Central Expressway in Uptown Dallas. The station is branded as "Alt 103.7" and airs an alternative rock radio format.
The transmitter site is in Cedar Hill off West Belt Line Road. KVIL-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 99,000 watts (100,000 with beam tilt). It broadcasts from a tower at 507 meters (1663 feet) in height above average terrain (HAAT).
KVIL broadcasts in HD. Its HD-2 signal airs a Smooth Jazz format, known as "The Oasis." The HD-3 subchannel carries "Channel Q," Audacy's national LGBTQ talk and EDM service.
History
KVIL's beginnings
On August 14, 1961, KVIL-FM first signed on the air, as the FM sister station to KVIL (then at 1150 AM, now KBDT at 1160 AM). Because the AM station was a daytime only station, KVIL-FM was used to simulcast the AM's personality middle of the road music format around the clock.
The original location of the studios was in the Highland Park Village Shopping Center (hence the VIL call letters). The address was 4152 Mockingbird Lane at Preston Road, overlooking the Dallas Country Club golf course. In 1962 the owner/manager was John Coyle with the program director being Dillard Carerra. The station had an unusually high power of 119,000 watts in full stereo. (The power has since been reduced to 99,000 watts, because the antenna height was increased.)
The engineering of the audio was routed through a huge audio mixer with slider controls utilizing German silver rheostats. Audio phasing was a problem at that time. Capitol Records, for instance, used a reverse-phasing that prevented anything recorded by The Beatles to be played, unless it was monaural. The reverse phasing simply blanked out the audio tracks to a distorted muffle.
"The singing time clock" was one of the first digital breakthroughs – actually a marriage of digital and analog technology. The clock audio was recorded on 1/4" tape in stereo played on AMPEX recorders in individual segments, by the jingle singers at PAMS in Dallas. The project was huge, involving musicians, singers, and recording engineers who taped every minute on the 24-hour clock in at least two versions, to be played by the station at the appropriate minute. The sequential clock was synchronized to the individual tape segments. When the DJ pushed the button, the audience heard "It's nine forty-three on the Kayville Clock, K-V-I-L" or any imaginable variation of such limerick – and in stereo. The pronunciation of "KVIL" as "Kayville" is probably the best-known example of a station's call letters actually being sung or spoken as a word.
Top 40
KVIL-FM was the first station in the Dallas-Ft. Worth area to broadcast Top 40 on FM and in stereo. The initial attempt in April 1967 was bold, offering good personalities, such as Frank Jolley, Ron McCoy, Davie Lee and others right from broadcast school. KVIL's Program Director at the time of the change was David Norwood. KVIL offered some interesting programming including the first Dallas broadcast of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album, played in its entirety on the evening of its release.
The 1967 to 1969 attempt to take on the Top 40 leader KLIF (then at 1190 AM) failed because FM was still a relatively new format and only a small percentage of people owned FM radios. FM was not a "standard" feature in original equipment car radios until the late 1970s, even though it had been an option since the early 1960s. Additionally, KVIL's AM station was only on the air during daylight hours. This was an era where evenings were critical to a Top 40 station's success in the ratings, for teen listening after dinner. The failing station suffered in several ways, including employees running off with the records (possibly in place of the pay they were likely not receiving).
Adult Contemporary
The owners of KVIL-AM-FM from 1968 through 1973 were Highland Park socialites James B. Francis, Robert D. Hanna and John Ryman. In early 1969, KVIL starting broadcasting under the new management and spent several weeks broadcasting only music. There were no commercials except brief announcements by Dallas radio veteran Ron Chapman, telling listeners what was in store. This time, it happened as planned. Chapman's fame in Dallas radio, along with the increasing popularity of FM stereo, brought the station to prominence. In 1973, KVIL-AM-FM were sold to Fairbanks Broadcasting and Chapman stayed on as morning DJ. KVIL hired Mike Selden from KLIF and installed Bill Gardner and Jack Schell in middays. This dynamic lineup was coupled with programming insights from consultant George Johns, upper management direction from Jim Hilliard and Chapman's panache for marketing and promotion started KVIL's steady climb in the ratings.
KVIL instituted a music format that was unique for its time, a cross between Top 40 and MOR which would later be termed "Adult Contemporary." The station was meant to appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with KLIF by projecting the same type of "showmanship" typical of Top 40 stations, but with music that was not as teen-oriented as contemporary stations played. KVIL-AM-FM first finished in Dallas/Fort Worth's top 10 Arbitron ratings in 1974, the year after Arbitron combined Dallas and Fort Worth into a single market. It topped the ratings for the first time in the fall of 1976, with Chapman (and his cast of supporting players) in the morning, Larry Dixon and Bruce Buchanan (Jim Edwards) in mid-days, and Mike Selden in afternoon drivetime.
For many years during the 1970s and 1980s, KVIL-AM-FM was the top station in the market. It aired 90 minutes of its morning show on KXTX-TV for a week in May every year, to show extravagant stunts such as a camel race in the African desert. During the 1990s, it spent several years as the flagship station for the Dallas Cowboys, an unusual arrangement for an FM station in that era.
Infinity buys KVIL
In 1987, Infinity Broadcasting bought KVIL-AM-FM from Sconnix Broadcasting. The sale price was $82 million, the largest amount of money in radio history for an AM-FM combo up to that date. Sconnix had acquired KVIL-AM-FM only the month before in an eight-station deal. Infinity president Mel Karmazin said his company wanted a station in Dallas and "the best there is KVIL." Infinity later was folded into CBS Radio.
AM 1150 adopted the call sign KVIX and programmed a separate AC format from KVIL-FM for a short time after the sale to Infinity. It now operates at AM 1160 as talk radio station KBDT, co-owned with the USA Radio Network.
Lite FM
In September 1998, KVIL rebranded as "Lite Rock 103.7," which was then changed to "103-7 Lite FM" in December 2005. From that point until 2013, Gene & Julie Gates took over mornings after Ron Chapman moved to co-owned classic hits KLUV.
Specialty programming during the "Lite FM" era included the "Sunday Jazz Brunch", a smooth jazz show hosted by Tempe Lindsey, formerly of KOAI "107.5 The Oasis" which was changed to Rhythmic AC "Movin' 107.5". It was cancelled as of September 27, 2009, and replaced with regular programming.
The New Sound of 103-7 KVIL
On May 2, 2013, KVIL-FM dropped the "Lite FM" branding in favor of using its call letters and re-positioned the station as "The Best Variety...90s, 2K & Today." It was marketed as "The New Sound of 103-7 KVIL" to attract a new generation of listeners.
Gene and Julie Gates initially had success in the ratings, but they were later replaced by Tony Zazza and Julie Fisk. Zazza & Fisk were released from the station in October 2014.
In mid-November 2001, KVIL flipped to an all-Christmas format that ran through Christmas Day. It followed this practice every holiday season until 2013. For 2011, the AC format returned on December 27 instead of December 26. With the format repositioning in May 2013, the all-Christmas format was moved to classic hits sister station KLUV, which started on November 15, 2013.
For many years, KVIL had been the Dallas affiliate of the syndicated Delilah nighttime love songs program. In early January 2014, the show was dropped with no public announcement of the change. On January 21, Blake Powers took over as the evening DJ for the station. Byron Harrell, programming director of CBS Radio in Dallas said in an email to DFW.com regarding the change, "We respect the level of talent and service Delilah provided the KVIL audience over the years, but it was time for a change at 103.7 as we continue to contemporize the sound of KVIL and focus our attention on the Dallas-Fort Worth metro." Months later, KVIL began leaning towards Adult Top 40. The station dropped the "90s, 2K and Today" slogan, along with the "Throwback Thursday" program that allowed listeners to vote for their favorite past hits, including a few songs from the late 1980s.
Despite this format retooling, KVIL-FM was still listed with an adult contemporary format by Mediabase until May 2, 2014, when KVIL was moved to the "Hot AC" panel full-time, leaving the immediate Dallas/Fort Worth market without an Adult Contemporary station. iHeartMedia officially launched a Mainstream AC format on KDGE as "Star 102.1" on December 26, 2016. The lone competitor in the Hot AC era was iHeartMedia-owned KDMX.
More Hits, Less Commercials
KVIL shifted to a Top 40/CHR format, branded as simply "103-7" on August 1, 2016, effectively eliminating the KVIL branding and adding the slogan "More Hits, Less Commercials." The station pledged to have 50 minutes of music every hour. This followed the URL registration of 'MoreHits1037.com'.
On October 5, 2016, Mediabase moved KVIL to the Top 40/CHR panel effective with the October 14, 2016 edition. That marked the station's return to the Top 40 format for the first time in 47 years.
Amp 103-7
On January 18, 2017, at 7 a.m., after playing "Heathens" by Twenty One Pilots, KVIL reinforced its focus on CHR by rebranding again, this time as "Amp 103-7", adopting the moniker from sister CBS stations KAMP-FM in Los Angeles, WODS in Boston, WQMP in Orlando, WDZH in Detroit and WBMP in New York City. The first song to play on "Amp" was "Closer" by The Chainsmokers.
Unlike other CBS-owned CHRs, KVIL leaned more toward adults, and was essentially a hybrid of the Mainstream Top 40 and Adult Top 40 formats, much like sister WWMX in Baltimore. It competed head-on with iHeartMedia-owned KHKS, Cumulus-owned KLIF-FM, and to an extent, iHeartMedia-owned KDMX. Like KVIL's Top 40 format in its first incarnation, Amp did not last long.
Alt 103.7
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (now known as Audacy). The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17. At 10 a.m. on November 17, after playing "Sorry" by Justin Bieber, followed by a commercial break, KVIL flipped to alternative rock, branded as "Alt 103.7." The first song on "Alt" was "Lonely Boy" by The Black Keys.
The flip put KVIL in competition with iHeartMedia's active rock-formatted KEGL (now airing a sports/talk format known as "The Freak" since October 2022), along with North Texas Public Broadcasting's Adult album alternative-formatted KKXT, and as of July 2022, college radio station KNTU; the flip also returned the format to the market after KEGL's sister station, KDGE (which moved the format on HD2 and in direct competition as well), dropped alternative exactly one year earlier to the day when it flipped to Christmas music on November 17, 2016, and then Adult Contemporary after Christmas. A similar move also occurred in New York City with sister station WBMP (now WINS-FM) dropping the Top 40/CHR format and flipping to alternative that same day. This followed a trend of Entercom stations switching to the "Alt" branding that would later include KITS in San Francisco (which flipped to adult hits, later returned back to alternative as "Live 105" once again) and WQMP in Orlando (which has since rebranded as "FM101.9" in response to a branding conflict), KRBZ in Kansas City, KXTE in Las Vegas (which was sold to Beasley Broadcast Group in 2022, and flipped to a hybrid hot talk/alternative format as "X107.5"), KBZT in San Diego, and KKDO in Sacramento, along with many others.
In September 2020, Entercom laid off many DJs at its alternative stations, including KVIL morning host Mark Schechtman and afternoon host Ian Camfield, and replaced them with syndicated shows from other cities. At KVIL, the Stryker & Klein show from KROQ in Los Angeles began airing in mornings, the Church of Lazlo from KRBZ in Kansas City aired in afternoons, and Kevan Kenney from WNYL in New York aired in evenings. These changes resulted in the station's ratings dropping to record lows. In November 2021, the station dropped the syndicated morning and afternoon shows in favor of music.
HD Radio
KVIL HD2
When KVIL-FM began broadcasting a digital subchannel in HD Radio, it launched "Chick Rock" (Rock for Women) on KVIL-HD2. Two years later, the HD2 channel began airing Christian alternative rock music as "Rise." It also broadcast Christmas music from November 1 to the middle of November, when it switched to KVIL's AC programming as the main KVIL station broadcast Christmas music from mid-November to December 25 every year. With the format retooling in May 2013 on KVIL's main station, this programming arrangement was discontinued.
In July 2014, CBS Radio in Dallas, in conjunction with the North Texas Honda dealers, introduced a new one-time seasonal format for the summer season identified as "NTX Honda Fever Radio." The station's variety hits playlist was a diverse mix of classic hits and adult top 40 songs with 'Freddy Fever' as the DJ.
As of October 7, 2015, KVIL-HD2 broadcasts a smooth jazz format as "The Oasis." Previously, co-owned KMVK's HD2 sub-channel carried smooth jazz from the days when KOAI and KMVK's main channel called itself "The Oasis".
KVIL HD3
As of June 3, 2019, KVIL-HD3 has become the Dallas-Ft. Worth Metroplex home for Radio.com's LGBTQ+ talk and EDM-formatted network "Channel Q." With the addition of Dallas, Channel Q is heard in the nation's five largest radio markets.
Channel Q is currently on about 40 Audacy stations, mostly on the HD2 or HD3 subchannel.
References
External links
DFW Radio Archives
DFW Radio/TV History
Radio stations established in 1961
VIL
1961 establishments in Texas
Alternative rock radio stations in the United States
Modern rock radio stations in the United States
Audacy, Inc. radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVIL |
KZPS (92.5 FM) is an iHeartMedia classic rock formatted commercial radio station licensed to Dallas, Texas, and serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex in North Texas. The studios are located along Dallas Parkway in Farmers Branch (although it has a Dallas address).
KZPS has an effective radiated power (ERP) of . The transmitter site is off West Belt Line Road in Cedar Hill, amid the towers for other Dallas-area FM and TV stations. The station uses HD Radio technology, although it currently offers no separate digital subchannels.
History
KRLD-FM (1948-1972)
The station first signed on the air on April 1, 1948 with the KRLD-FM call sign. (That callsign is currently used on a sports radio station owned by Audacy, KRLD-FM.) The original KRLD-FM initially simulcast co-owned KRLD. KRLD-AM-FM were owned by the Times Herald Printing Company, along with daily newspaper The Dallas Times Herald. A TV station was added the following year, KRLD-TV (now KDFW).
KRLD-FM was one of only three 24-hour FM stations in the Dallas market in the 1960s. In the late 1960s, the Federal Communications Commission began requiring AM-FM combos in large cities to offer separate programming much of the day; a progressive rock format was instituted on the FM.
Power Station Z92.5 (1975-1987)
The call letters changed to KAFM in 1972, and the station underwent a number of format changes through the 1970s and 1980s. The Dallas-Fort Worth market was left without a single CHR station throughout parts of the early 1980s, but it wasn't until the first few quarters of 1983 when the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex added its second CHR station after KAFM dropped its short-lived adult contemporary formats. It was known as "92½ FM" with its slogan "Maximum Hits". In 1986, it was rebranded as "Z92.5" with its slogan "Your Power Station Z92.5". Its current call sign KZPS originated from that rebrand, with the last two letters representing Power Station, a MOR format, and an adult contemporary format.
From 1971 to 1978, the station was owned by the family of former Dallas Mayor J. Erik Jonsson. It was sold to Bonneville International in the summer of 1978.
Classic Rock (1987-present)
The year 1987 was a hard one for Top 40/CHR in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, as two of the four CHR stations flipped to new formats. KZPS flipped to classic hits in February, and its nearby successor KTKS flipped to Smooth Jazz later that September. That left KHYI as the only mainstream Top 40 station in the metroplex, while KEGL continued its success of being a rock-based Top 40 format, but gradually died down by the late 1980s. However, AC station KVIL-FM also gained major success with a small mix of CHR as well, making it more dominant in the market.
KZPS's classic hits format gradually transitioned to classic rock, and added the syndicated John Boy and Billy morning show in 1995. The station imaging switched to "Ninety Two Five KZPS, the Classic Rock station". John Boy and Billy were later replaced by local hosts Sam "Bo" Roberts and "Long" Jim White ("Bo and Jim") in mornings.
Evergreen Media bought the station from Bonneville International in 1997. Evergreen was later acquired by Clear Channel Communications, a forerunner of iHeartMedia. Through the years, notable disk jockeys included Sam "Bo" Roberts and "Long" Jim White (still hosting the weekday morning show), Jay Philpot (middays, later in Baltimore), Jon Dillon (afternoon drive, until his release in 2012), Stubie Doak (nights), Pamela Steele (middays), Ed Budanauro (”Enerjazz” host from 1987 to 1989), Benn McGregor ("McGregor" - 1982–86 writer/producer, co-host of "Morning Drive" with Andy Barber 1984–1985), Jerry Vigil (middays, production director), Pete Thomson (afternoons), John Shomby (program director), and Paul Donovan (evenings).
On April 23, 2007, KZPS rebranded itself as "Lone Star 92.5", and adopted a Texas-themed classic rock/country rock hybrid format that was previously heard on 92.5-HD2. About a year later, KZPS changed back to its previous classic rock format, keeping the "Lone Star 92.5" branding.
KZPS-HD2
Since KZPS rebranded as "Lone Star 92.5", the classic rock format was briefly heard on 92.5-HD2. In April 2008, when KZPS returned to classic rock, 92.5-HD2 switched to an adult album alternative format branded as "The Music Summit" (previously on KDMX-HD2).
As of October 2013, it was simulcasting from iHeartRadio's "World Class Rock" network utilizing the same format as before. Since April 2015, it was renamed to "The iHeart Current" and a month later, renamed again as "iHeart Eclectic". The AAA station in May 2018 rebranded as "Eclectic Rock".
Since mid-2019, the Eclectic Rock feed was discontinued on KZPS-HD2, leaving the digital subchannel with no programming replacement.
KZPS's HD2 signal did resume programming for a brief period, but ceased programming once again by October 2021.
References
External links
KZPS official site
DFW Radio/TV History
Mediaweek.com story on new Lone Star format
DFW Radio Archives
Country radio stations in the United States
ZPS
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Texas
IHeartMedia radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZPS |
KJKK (100.3 FM) is a commercial radio station in Dallas, Texas and serving the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. It is owned by Audacy, Inc., and airs an adult hits radio format known as "Jack FM". The station's studios and offices are along the North Central Expressway in Uptown Dallas.
KJKK has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations. The transmitter site is off Plateau Street in Cedar Hill, amid the towers for several Dallas-area TV and FM stations. KJKK broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format, with its HD2 subchannel simulcasting sister station KRLD and sports betting airing on its HD3 subchannel.
History
1965–1988: Easy Listening
On December 25, 1965, KBOX-FM ("K-Box") first signed on the air as the FM counterpart of KBOX (now KBXD). KBOX-FM played easy listening and occasional jazz music while KBOX (AM) was a Top 40 and then country music giant during the 1960s and 1970s. The stations used the KBOX call sign because they were owned by John F. Box.
In 1973, the FM station's call letters switched to KTLC for "Tender Loving Care", a way to describe its beautiful music format. In 1976, the call sign was changed again, this time to KMEZ, carrying new branding as EZ 100. KMEZ also served as the flagship station for Southern Methodist University football.
1988–1999: CHUrban
In 1988, KMEZ was purchased by Summit Broadcasting. After the purchase, KMEZ's call letters and easy listening format moved to 107.5 FM. At 12:01 a.m. on December 25, 1988, after two days of stunting with a loop of "Jam On It" by Newcleus, the station changed formats to a mix of CHR and urban music, commonly called the "CHUrban" format, which is the predecessor of rhythmic contemporary. The station would also change its call letters to KJMZ and branding to 100.3 Jamz.
During its time as KJMZ, on-air personality Russ Parr got his start in the radio business before going to Washington, D.C. to host a syndicated morning show, which, at one time, aired on KBFB. In 1995, Granum Communications bought KJMZ and KOAI; Granum tweaked KJMZ's format to adult R&B hits of the last two decades (urban AC) and renamed the station KRBV, V100, on September 1, 1995. The KJMZ call letters were picked up by a station in Las Vegas (now KMXB).
KRBV, along with KXTX-TV, KOAI and KYNG, were impacted by the Cedar Hill tower collapse on October 12, 1996. Three workers were killed and one injured when a gust of wind caught the gin pole being used for construction of a new antenna for KXTX-TV. With their tower on the ground, the stations scrambled to get back on air. They were forced to use an auxiliary site for many months, though at a much reduced power output. Because of this, KRBV's ratings sank, and the station was unable to return to its success prior to the tower collapse.
Also in 1996, the Infinity Broadcasting Corporation (part of CBS Radio) bought Granum Communications, acquiring KRBV and KOAI. In December 1998, KRBV re-added hip hop music to its playlist, and was revamped as Adult Mix V100.3.
1999–2004: Top 40
On March 12, 1999, the station began stunting by looping songs from artists such as Rob Base and Eminem. Three days later, on March 15, the station changed formats to Rhythmic-leaning Top 40. The station was renamed Hot 100, calling itself DFW's Party Station. On May 28, 2001, at 11 a.m., the station changed its name again to Wild 100 while maintaining its Rhythmic-leaning Top 40 format. The first song on Wild was "Wild Thing" by Tone Loc. Wild became the Dallas affiliate for the Austin-based "J. B. and Sandy" morning show.
On March 8, 2002, the station exhumed an old KLIF stunt by declaring themselves a "thing of the past." The station went dark for about three hours and came back with the same format and name. Later that year, J. B. and Sandy's show was terminated. The station became a CBS Radio station when Infinity was renamed in December 2005.
On the morning of April 1, 2004, as an April Fools' Day joke, the station's morning show was replaced by a pre-recorded episode of The Russ Martin Show. Later that day, Russ Martin was back on his regular station, Live 105.3, where he got calls from Russ Martin show listeners who thought this change was permanent. Little did anyone know a major change was on the horizon for 100.3 FM.
2004–present: Jack FM
On July 1, 2004, at 8 a.m., the station began stunting with a mix of music and soundbites featuring the word "Jack". At Noon (following a skit in which station voiceover Sean Caldwell became increasingly tired of constantly hyping the station, and happened to receive a visit from his friend named "Jack", who offered to take over for him while Caldwell left for an early July 4 visit to South Padre Island), the station flipped to adult hits as 100.3 Jack FM. The first song was "Where the Streets Have No Name" by U2. The Jack FM format had been successful in a number of Canadian cities; CBS began putting it on several of its FM stations around the U.S., including Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago and other markets.
With the flip, KRBV's call letters changed to KJKK. For the first 11 years, KJKK was jockless, and rejected all song requests. It used the voice of Howard Cogan to make quips and sarcastic remarks several times each hour instead of having a DJ, but in late of 2015, the station added an on air staff while still keeping Cogan for station imaging. In the summer of 2016, KJKK dropped the "Playing What We Want" slogan, and changed it to "Everyone Agrees on 100.3 Jack FM". In early 2020, KJKK brought back the “Playing What We Want” slogan. To this day, Jack FM remains the second longest-running format on 100.3 MHz behind the beautiful music/easy listening format in its earlier years.
The station's playlist has a core focus on hits from the 1980s and 1990s, with some songs occasionally going back to the 1970s, 1960s, and even the 1950s. Most of the music is from mainstream rock and alternative rock, although other songs from the Top 40 charts are included (this was done to avoid overlap with sister classic hits station KLUV. The KRBV call letters eventually went to a Los Angeles station for several years, also at 100.3 FM, but under different ownership (now KKLQ, owned by the Educational Media Foundation).
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.
HD Radio
HD2
KJKK's secondary HD Radio channel was initially launched as "My HD" in 2004. In early 2008, it carried Las Vegas-related jazz standards sound under the branding "The Sound of The Strip".
In May 2018, "The Sound of the Strip" was replaced by urban contemporary-formatted "V100.3 HD2" with the tagline "DFW's New Hip-Hop and R&B". It was similar to the "Adult Mix V-100.3" format previously heard on the main 100.3 frequency from 1998 to 1999.
On October 2021, KJKK-HD2 switched to a classic country format previously heard on the HD3 signal. It also carried news breaks from the co-owned Texas State Network during the day.
On February 27, 2023, the classic country format on the HD2 subchannel was replaced by a simulcast of KRLD-AM's news format. The same goes for KSPF's HD2 subchannel.
HD3
KJKK's HD3 signal was launched in late 2010 to broadcast a diverse indie/alternative format known as The Indie-Verse. It was previously heard on KRLD-FM 105.3 HD2. For a time the HD3 station carried the all-news and talk programming heard on sister station AM 1080 KRLD.
On June 1, 2016, KJKK-HD3 began broadcasting a classic country format.
As of mid-October 2021, KJKK-HD3 switched to a sports betting format under the moniker "The Bet Dallas" as part of Audacy's BetQL Radio Network.
References
DFW Radio/TV History
DFW Radio Archives
External links
Jack FM stations
Adult hits radio stations in the United States
JKK
Radio stations established in 1965
1965 establishments in Texas
Audacy, Inc. radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJKK |
Polish I Corps may refer to:
Polish I Corps in Russia, during World War I
I Polish Corps, part of the Polish Blue Army
Polish I Corps in the Soviet Union, during World War II, on March 16, 1944 expanded into the Polish First Army
I Corps (Polish Armed Forces in the West), during World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20I%20Corps |
Marco Roth (born 1974) in New York, New York is a co-founder and editor of n+1 magazine.
Life
Roth is a graduate of The Dalton School and Columbia University. In 2009, he was awarded a Pew Fellowship in the Arts, and the Roger Shattuck prize for literary criticism in 2011. He lives in Philadelphia.
Essays and criticism
His work has appeared in the Dissent, New York Times, Harper's, The London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement and the Nation.
His memoir, The Scientists: A Family Romance, about his father's death and "truths and limitations in literature", came out in 2012.
Selected works
"I don't Want Your Revolution" London Review of Books. 20 February 2014.
"Among The Believers" Harper's Magazine. October, 2015.
"Belgrade: History-of-the-Present" Places Journal, October 2015.
Selected Articles published in n+1
"Derrida: An Autothanatography" A memoir/obituary about Roth/Derrida.
"I'm with Stupid" - About Michael Moore and our values."
"On Torture And Parenting" On the psychology of American torturers and behavioral therapists.
"Attack of the Clones" On Houellebecq, Ishiguro, and the idea of the clone in contemporary fiction.
"Lower the Voting Age!" Argument to lower the voting age to 16.
"Rise of the Neuronovel" Neurology vs. Modernism in Contemporary Fiction.
"Throwback Throwdown" On the rhetoric of "sampling" in contemporary writing.
"The Information Essay" On the informational sublime in the contemporary essay.
"The Drone Philosopher" On Drones and the imagination.
Interviews
"Young Critics: Marco Roth". Full Stop. 22 June 2011.
"Conversations With Writers Braver Than Me #14." The Rumpus. January 4, 2013.
References
External links
"Franz the Obscure" - Kafka: The Decisive Years,' by Reiner Stach Review by Roth in The New York Times, (Published: January 1, 2006).
"Shalimar the Clown" Review of Salman Rushdie in Times Literary Supplement.
"Marco Roth: The Rise of the Neuronovel", The Book Store, 3 February 2010
http://www.npr.org/2012/09/12/161003574/the-scientists-a-fathers-lie-and-a-familys-legacy
https://newrepublic.com/article/107405/marco-roth-the-scientists-a-family-romance
‘The Oppermanns’ Brings Us Some Bad News From 1933 Review of Lion Feuchtwanger’s novel in Tablet (Published: June 30, 2022).
1974 births
American literary critics
Living people
Pew Fellows in the Arts
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Dalton School alumni
American magazine editors
American literary editors
American magazine founders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Roth |
Fields of Gold: The Best of Sting 1984–1994 is the first greatest hits album by English musician Sting. It features hit singles from his first four studio albums The Dream of the Blue Turtles, ...Nothing Like the Sun, The Soul Cages, and Ten Summoner's Tales. A companion music video compilation was released on LaserDisc and VHS.
Album information
The album features two new songs, "When We Dance" and "This Cowboy Song", which were both released as singles.
Track listing
U.S. edition
All tracks written by Sting.
"When We Dance" – 5:59
New song (1994)
"If You Love Somebody Set Them Free" – 4:15
Originally released on the album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).
"Fields of Gold" – 3:38
Originally released on the album Ten Summoner's Tales (1993).
"All This Time" – 4:54
Originally released on the album The Soul Cages (1991).
"Fortress Around Your Heart" – 4:35
Remixed version of track originally released on the album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).
"Be Still My Beating Heart" – 5:32
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"They Dance Alone (Cueca Solo)" – 7:13
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"If I Ever Lose My Faith in You" – 4:30
Originally released on the album Ten Summoner's Tales (1993).
"Fragile" – 3:52
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"Why Should I Cry for You?" – 4:51
Remixed version of track originally released on the album The Soul Cages.
"Englishman in New York" – 4:27
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"We'll Be Together" – 3:50
Previously unreleased version of track originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun.
"Russians" – 3:57
Originally released on the album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).
"This Cowboy Song" – 5:00
New song (1994)
International edition
"When We Dance" – 5:59
New song (1994)
"If You Love Somebody Set Them Free" – 4:15
Originally released on the album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).
"Fields of Gold" – 3:38
Originally released on the album Ten Summoner's Tales (1993).
"All This Time" – 4:54
Originally released on the album The Soul Cages (1991).
"Englishman in New York" – 4:27
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"Mad About You" – 3:53
Originally released on the album The Soul Cages(1991).
"It's Probably Me" – 5:02
Originally released on the album Lethal Weapon 3 (soundtrack) (1992).
"They Dance Alone (Cueca Solo)" – 7:13
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"If I Ever Lose My Faith in You" – 4:30
Originally released on the album Ten Summoner's Tales (1993).
"Fragile" – 3:52
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"We'll Be Together" – 3:50
Alternate version of track originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987, r1994).
"Moon Over Bourbon Street" – 3:59
"Love Is the Seventh Wave" – 3:31
"Russians" – 3:57
Tracks 12–14 originally released on the album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).
"Why Should I Cry for You" – 4:51
Alternate version of track originally released on the album The Soul Cages (1991, r1994).
"This Cowboy Song" – 5:00
New song (1994)
"Fragil" – 3:51
Originally released on the EP Nada Como el Sol (1988). Replaced "Fragile" on the Brazilian edition.
"Take Me to the Sunshine"
Appears on a single-track CD included with the Japanese release.
LaserDisc/VHS
Side one
"When We Dance" – 5:59
New song (1994)
"If You Love Somebody Set Them Free" – 4:15
Originally released on the album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).
"Fields of Gold" – 3:39
Originally released on the album Ten Summoner's Tales (1993).
"All This Time" – 4:55
Originally released on the album The Soul Cages (1991).
"Fortress Around Your Heart" – 4:35
Remixed version of track originally released on the album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).
"Be Still My Beating Heart" – 5:32
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"Bring on the Night"
LaserDisc/VHS version exclusive
"They Dance Alone (Cueca Solo)" – 7:10
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"If I Ever Lose My Faith in You" – 4:31
Originally released on the album Ten Summoner's Tales (1993).
"Fragile" – 3:53
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"Why Should I Cry for You" – 4:50
Alternate version of track originally released on the album The Soul Cages (1991, r1994).
"Englishman in New York" – 4:27
Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
Side two
"Russians" – 3:58
originally released on the album The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985).
"It's Probably Me" (with Eric Clapton)
LaserDisc/VHS version exclusive
"We'll Be Together" – 3:51
Studio/music video version. Originally released on the album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987).
"Demolition Man"
LaserDisc/VHS version exclusive
"This Cowboy Song" – 5:00
New song (1994)
Singles
"When We Dance" (1994) #9 UK, #38 US
"This Cowboy Song" (1994) #15 UK
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1994 greatest hits albums
Sting (musician) compilation albums
Albums produced by Hugh Padgham
A&M Records compilation albums
1994 video albums
Music video compilation albums
A&M Records video albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields%20of%20Gold%3A%20The%20Best%20of%20Sting%201984%E2%80%931994 |
The Ancient Order of Froth Blowers was a humorous British charitable organisation "to foster the noble Art and gentle and healthy Pastime of froth blowing amongst Gentlemen of-leisure and ex-Soldiers". Running from 1924 to 1931, it was founded by Herbert Longdale Temple, an ex-soldier and curtain-merchant, initially to raise £100 (equal to £ today) for the children's charities of the surgeon Sir Alfred Fripp. One of the Order's first meeting places was the Swan, Fittleworth, W. Sussex – the 'No. 0 Vat'.
History
Temple founded the organisation in gratitude for life-saving stomach surgery by Fripp. Membership of this spoof order cost 5 shillings (equal to £ today), each member receiving a pair of silver, enamelled cuff-links and a membership booklet and card entitling them to blow froth off any member's beer "and occasionally off non-members' beer provided they are not looking or are of a peaceful disposition". The motto was "Lubrication in Moderation".
The idea was to meet regularly in pubs or clubs ("Vats") to enjoy "beer, beef and baccy", possibly a memory of the Skeleton Army of the 1880s, and there to be fined for heinous sins, such as not wearing the cuff-links (dinners opened with the highest-ranking member, the "Senior Blower", giving the command "Gentlemen, shoot your linen" at which point all members showed their cuffs). All fines and residual membership fees to be sent to Sir Alfred and Lady Fripp for their "Wee Waifs" of the East End of London.
In late 1925, the editor of The Sporting Times started to publish articles on the Order's gatherings, and the idea took hold of the public imagination. The now-retired Fripp travelled around the country as guest speaker at over 200 of these Vats, and thousands clamoured to join: men ("Blowers"), women ("Fairy Belles"), their children and their dogs ("Faithful Bow-Wows") were all enrolled. Those who enrolled others received titles such as Blaster (25 members recruited), Tornado (100), up to Grand Typhoon (1000).
For five years the Froth Blowers extolled Britishness and "Lubrication in Moderation". Their song The More We Are Together, an adaptation of Oh du lieber Augustin specially written by the pseudonymous Irving King, was heard everywhere.
The more we are together, together, together
The more we are together
The merrier we'll be.
For your friends are my friends
And my friends are your friends,
And the more we are together
The merrier we'll be.
By late 1928, 700,000 had joined, raising over £100,000 (equal to £ today) for hospital cots, outings to the country, invalid children, etc. It endowed 40 hospital cots, funded holidays for thousands of needy children, and in 1929 established a roof garden for mothers and children on the Marylebone Housing Association's first block of slum clearance flats.
A plaque designed by artist and illustrator Henry Charles Innes Fripp, cousin of Arthur Fripp, was created to accompany donations of £500 (about £20,000 in today's money) to fund the costs of 50 children's hospital beds.
Their popularity was particularly upsetting to the Temperance activists who believed that it was alcohol which caused the "wee waifs'" suffering; not something a doctor and surgeon-to-the-King should be sponsoring. In 1927, Walter Greville of the Good Templars described it as "the latest recruited ally of the liquor trade", saying that "for ridiculous vulgarity and foolish methods it took the first prize". Sir George Hunter, speaking for the Fellowship of Freedom and Reform in 1929, called the Froth Blowers "a disgrace to the country".
Nevertheless, the Lord Chancellor, Viscount Hailsham, described it as "a great charitable organisation", and when Fripp died in 1930 his Times obituary said of the Froth Blowers, "These, by their innocent mirth, assisted by a catchy tune, have contributed largely to charities, and have entertained and brightened the lives of innumerable children".
The movement came to a natural end shortly after Fripp's death, when The Sporting Times folded and finally Bert Temple died in 1931. In that year the Ancient Order of Froth Blowers Limited went into voluntary liquidation. Residual money was used by Lady Fripp and her family to fund "Heartsease", a Girl Guide retreat in the grounds of the West Wickham Home of Recovery for Children with Heart Disease, a hospital which had been partially funded by Froth Blower gifts in 1927. The Ancient Order of Froth Blowers Girl Guide and Boy Scout Charity Limited still administers this site.
Quote from the AOFB handbook
"A sociable and law-abiding fraternity of absorptive Britons who sedately consume and quietly enjoy with commendable regularity and frequention the truly British malted beverage as did their forbears and as Britons ever will, and be damned to all pussyfoot hornswogglers from overseas and including low brows, teetotalers and MPs and not excluding nosey parkers, mock religious busy bodies and suburban fool hens all of which are structurally solid bone from the chin up".
Cultural references
John Betjeman's poem The Varsity Students' Rag contains the line "I started a rag in Putney at our Froth-Blowers' branch down there".
In Dorothy Sayers's story The Adventurous Exploit of the Cave of Ali Baba, Lord Peter Wimsey describes his safe as "the ordinary strong-room, where I keep my cash and Froth Blower's cuff-links and all that." In her novel Unnatural Death, Lord Peter assures a nurse that "I haven't come to sell you soap or gramophones, or to borrow money or enrol you in the Ancient Froth-blowers or anything charitable". In her novel The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club, Lord Peter makes a facetious reference to “the Froth Blowers’ Anthem.”
The mercenary group led by Mike Hoare in an attempted 1981 coup of the Seychelles disguised itself as a drinking party calling itself The Ancient Order of Froth Blowers.
In The Female of the Species by Sapper, the anthem is used as a means of identification by Bulldog Drummond and his chums.
Restoration and modernisation
In mid 2018 a reformation group began to put in place a modernised version of the AOFB. The group with foundation member groups in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Germany and the United States have began building the structure for the organisation based on its original charter with provisions for a more inclusive membership. Not wanting to take anything away from the original organisation, the new group has gone under the name of the Grand Ancient Order of Froth Blowers. The group maintain that its primary aim is "to raise money for charity and have fun doing so whilst blowing the head off one or five". The organisation is now registered as a Charity Service in regard to its membership in Australia and is in process of completing registration as a Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO) in the United Kingdom and 501(c)(3) Organisation in the United States Of America. It currently has over 100 Vats (members groups) in the UK, Europe, Sweden, USA, Philippines, Australia, Uruguay, Brazil, Canada and Mexico. As of January 2022 the AOFB as a restored entity has been sold as a business, membership having received nothing for paid dues. Several cyber-fraud actions are proposed.
Documentary production
A documentary feature is in production charting the history and re-emergence of the Froth Blowers. The feature is to be made and released in mid 2022 by Dark Corporation and the Masonic historian archaeologist Dr. David Harrison. The documentary also includes conversations with long time supporters of West Ham United, an English Premier League team who have deep links with the former society.
References
An ABC of Nostalgia: From Aspidistras to Zoot Suits, ES Turner, Michael Joseph, London, 1984
Of Fripp and Froth Blowers, David L Woodhead, private publication, 2005 (see 'Friends of the Froth Blowers' – below)
The Zestful Gollopers, David L Woodhead & Ian Brown, printed by Blurb, 2012
External links
Pub History Society
Friends of the Froth Blowers
Froth Blowers Brewing Company
Grand Ancient Order of Froth Blowers
Clubs and societies in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Order%20of%20Froth%20Blowers |
The Polish I Corps (; from 1942, Polish I Armored-Mechanized Corps, ) was a tactical unit of the Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II.
It was formed in the United Kingdom on 28 September 1940. It was subordinate to the Scottish Command, and the Corps HQ was at Moncreiffe House in Perthshire (near the Bridge of Earn). It numbered 3,498 officers and 10,884 soldiers.
The Corps was initially formed to protect a stretch of Scottish shore between the Firth of Forth and Montrose against a possible German invasion of Britain. Later it became the logistical base for Polish Army units fighting as part of the Allies.
Operations
For most of its existence the core of the Corps was composed of a variety of en cadre units. Once these had been formed into full tactical units, they were dispatched to the fronts separately, as parts of other Allied commands. The units created out of First Corps' nominal infantry brigades were 1st Armoured Division, 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, and a variety of other detachments.
The main units of the Corps fought separately, and were grouped together mostly for administrative purposes. After the surrender of Germany in May 1945, the Corps started to act as a single unit. Its two largest components were joined together in northern Germany, near the port of Wilhelmshaven, and the Corps took part in the occupation of Germany.
Like most other units of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, it was disbanded in 1947, with personnel transferred to the Polish Resettlement Corps.
Commanders
It was commanded by generals Marian Kukiel (1940-1942), Józef Zając (1943), Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz (1943-1945), and Stanisław Maczek (1945-1947).
Subordinate units
Initially the Corps included the HQ, two Rifle Brigades (numbered 1 and 2), five en cadre Rifle Brigades (3, 4, 5, 7 and 8, usually battalion-sized), as well as service units. By late 1940 the Corps had over 14,000 men at arms. The 2nd Rifle Brigade was reformed into the 10th Armored Brigade on 3 October 1940. In 1942, this formation was expanded to the 1st Armoured Division. The 4th Brigade became the 1st Independent Parachute Brigade on 9 October 1941. 3rd, 5th and 7th Brigades formed the Training Brigade on 6 December 1941.
The 1st Tank Regiment (1 Pułk Czołgów), was created in October 1940. On 1 September 1941, it was renamed the 16th Independent Armoured Brigade. On 25 February 1942 the Brigade was assigned to the 1st Armoured Division. In the short period of September to October 1943, the Brigade was merged with the 10th Armoured Brigade to form the 10/16th Armored Brigade. In November 1943 the Brigade was recreated as the 16th (cadre) Independent Armoured Brigade. This unit was not committed to combat on the continent. Until February 1945, it was assigned to the 2nd (cadre) Armoured Grenadier Division.
During combat operations on the continent, the 1st Armoured Division and the 1st Parachute Brigade were assigned to other Allied commands. 1st Parachute Brigade was attached to the First Allied Airborne Army while 1st Armoured Division was under the command of the First Canadian Army.
At the end of the war, the Corps comprised the 1st Armoured Division, the 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, the 4th Infantry Division, and the 16th Independent Armoured Brigade.
Notes
References
Malcolm Bellis, Commonwealth Divisions 1939 - 1945, Crewe: John Rigby Printers Ltd., 1999. .
Witold Biegański, Krótki informator historyczny o Wojsku Polskim w latach II wojny światowej, tom 5. Regularne jednostki Wojska Polskiego na Zachodzie, Warsaw 1967.
Tadeusz Kryska-Karski, Stanisław Żurakowski. Generałowie Polski Niepodległej, Warsaw 1991.
1
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 1947
Military history of Scotland
History of Perth and Kinross
Organisations based in Perth and Kinross
1940 establishments in Scotland
1947 disestablishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Corps%20%28Polish%20Armed%20Forces%20in%20the%20West%29 |
Malba Tahan, full name Ali Yezzid Izz-Edin ibn-Salim Hanak Malba Tahan, was a fictitious Persian scholar. He was the creation and frequent pen name of Brazilian author Júlio César de Mello e Souza.
Biography
According to the dedication and introductory chapters of The Man Who Counted (ostensibly written in the month of Ramadan in the year of the Hijra 1321, corresponding to November 1943 AD), Malba Tahan was a native and well-connected resident of Baghdad, a sharif (a descendant of Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib), and a hajj (a Muslim who made the pilgrimage to Mecca).
In the year of the Hijrah 1255 (1877 AD), Malba Tahan moved to Constantinople with his lifelong friend Beremiz Samir, the namesake of Malba's book The Man Who Counted.
Alternate biography
In other works by Julio César, however, Malba Tahan was born on May 6, 1885, in the apparently fictitious village of “Muzalit”, near Mecca (possibly modern Al-Muzahmiyya). He lived for 12 years in Manchester, England, where his father was a prosperous merchant. After his father retired, the family moved to Cairo where they remained prosperous. Malba Tahan studied first in Cairo and afterwards went to Constantinople where he concluded his studies of social science. His first literary works date from this period and were published in Turkish in several newspapers and magazines. He was still a young man when his friend emir Abd el-Azziz ben Ibrahim appointed him mayor of Medina, a post which he filled with distinction for several years. In 1912, at the age of 27, he received a large inheritance from his father, which allowed him to travel widely around the world, including China, Japan, Russia, India, and Europe. He died in July 1931 near Riyadh, Arabia, fighting for the freedom of a local tribe.
Origin of the name
Malba Tahan is said to mean “the miller from the oasis” in Arabic. But Tahan was in fact the surname of one of Julio Souza's students, Maria Zechsuk Tahan.
References
External links
"Brazil's other passion: Malba Tahan and The man who counted" by Alex Bellos, BBC News, 6 May 2014
Fictional Iranian people
Fictional Muslims
Fictional scholars
Fictional social scientists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malba%20Tahan |
"The Girl Who Was Death" is an episode of the allegorical British science fiction TV series, The Prisoner. It was written by Terence Feely and directed by David Tomblin and was the sixteenth produced. It was broadcast in the UK on ITV (Scottish Television) on Thursday 18 January 1968 (and a day later on ATV Midlands and Grampian) and aired in the United States on CBS on 7 September 1968.
The episode starred Patrick McGoohan as Number Six and Kenneth Griffith in the first of two episodes he appeared in. According to several sources, including The Prisoner by Robert Fairclough, this episode was adapted from an unused, two-part script originally commissioned for Danger Man.
Plot summary
A cricket match ends in a player (Colonel Hawke-Englishe) being assassinated with a bomb disguised as a cricket ball. Number Six is on an operational assignment, but it is unclear whether this is "real time", pre-The Village, or possibly another induced hallucination.
Secret messages are passed to him at a shoeshine box. In a record shop, he receives an assignment to find a Professor Schnipps who has been working on a rocket that will destroy all of London. It turns out that Colonel Hawke-Englishe was investigating the matter, which is why he was assassinated. He picks up where Colonel Hawke-Englishe left off in another match, but manages to avoid the same fate. He finds a note to meet a mysterious person at the local pub; while there, he drinks from a glass that says You have just been poisoned. He then starts to drink numerous spirits to vomit out the poison.
When he goes to the restroom, he gets another message to meet at the Turkish bath. While he is relaxing, a mysterious figure places a plastic dome over his head and locks his stall. Avoiding death, he now gets another message to go to the carnival, to the local fight. Number Six dresses up in a Sherlock Holmes costume with deerstalker hat and cape, with moustache and mutton chop sideburns.
At the fight, he is picked for the next match and told by his opponent to go to the tunnel of love. He then hears the voice of a woman, which is a recording in his boat that is rigged with explosives. He tracks down, and is tracked by, a seductive woman called Sonia, alias "Death". She leaves the amusement park with Number Six in pursuit.
They come to an abandoned village, where Sonia has set traps. He successfully evades all of them, goes into a shed to avoid being shot, and rides a bulldozer. Sonia destroys it with a rocket launcher and departs.
Eventually, after faking his death, Number Six tracks Sonia to a lighthouse where Schnipps (dressed as Napoleon) and his associates are based. His lieutenants are dressed in Grande Armée uniforms and represent an apparently anti-London alliance composed of Scottish, Welsh, Irish, and Northern (particularly Yorkshire) marshals.
Number Six sabotages their firearms and hand grenades, rigging them to backfire or malfunction. Captured, Number Six is tied up and left inside the lighthouse, which is revealed to be the rocket. As it is about to launch, he escapes and the rocket blows up without launching, killing his adversaries.
In the end, it turns out that the adventure was nothing but a bedtime story, which Number Six was telling to some children in the Village nursery. Number Two (who looks like Schnipps) and his assistant (who looks like Sonia) were hoping that he would drop his guard and allow some clue as to why he resigned.
But Number Six, after putting the children to bed, turns to the hidden camera and cheekily wishes: "Good night, children... everywhere."
Additional guest cast
Kenneth Griffith . . . Schnipps/Number Two
Justine Lord . . . Sonia/Assistant
Christopher Benjamin . . . Potter
Michael Brennan . . . Killer Karminski
Harold Berens . . . Boxing M.C.
Sheena Marshe . . . Barmaid
Max Faulkner . . . Scots Napoleon
John Rees . . . Welsh Napoleon
Joe Gladwin . . . Yorkshire Napoleon
Alexis Kanner (uncredited) . . . Photographer
Locations
The cricket match shown at the start of the episode was filmed at four different locations with the main sequences shot at Eltisley in Cambridgeshire, and stock footage at Meopham Green, Meopham, Kent on the A227 Gravesend to Tonbridge Road.
The lighthouse is Beachy Head Lighthouse. The fairground scenes were filmed in the former Kursaal Funfair in Southend-on-Sea, some of which appear in the episode as back projections.
Broadcast
The broadcast date of the episode varied in different ITV regions of the UK. This was the first episode that was not shown first on ATV Midlands and Grampian Television (who picked up ATV Midlands' broadcasts), since they had been forced to delay their broadcasts to accommodate the fact that the series finale "Fall Out" would not be ready for screening on Friday 19 January as planned. As a result, ATV Midlands took a two-week hiatus from broadcasting The Prisoner after airing "Living in Harmony" on 29 December 1967. The final two colour episodes of Danger Man (its abbreviated fourth season) that had originally been planned to air after "Fall Out" were brought forward and screened on ATV Midlands and Grampian on Friday 5 and 12 January 1968. Anglia Television, which had been broadcasting The Prisoner on Saturdays, one week behind ATV Midlands, also took a two week hiatus after broadcasting Living in Harmony on 6 January.
This delay meant that ATV Midlands and Grampian were no longer leading the series' broadcasts; the episode was first shown on Scottish Television Thursday 18 January 1968, on Friday 19 January on ATV Midlands and Grampian Television, on Sunday 21 January on ATV London, whose broadcasts were also taken up by Southern Television, Westward Television and Tyne-Tees; on Friday 26 January on Border Television on Saturday 27 January on Anglia Television and on Friday 16 February on Granada Television in the North West, which had also taken a two week hiatus from broadcasting The Prisoner. The aggregate viewing figures for the ITV regions that debuted the season in 1967 have been estimated at 8.9 million. In Northern Ireland, the episode did not debut until Saturday 6 April 1968, and in Wales, the episode was not broadcast until Wednesday 8 April 1970.
References
Sources
– script of episode
External links
The Prisoner episodes
1968 British television episodes
fr:La Mort en marche (Le Prisonnier) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Girl%20Who%20Was%20Death |
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (, ; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), usually simply known as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art. It is estimated Rembrandt produced a total of about three hundred paintings, three hundred etchings, and two thousand drawings.
Unlike most Dutch masters of the 17th century, Rembrandt's works depict a wide range of styles and subject matter, from portraits and self-portraits to landscapes, genre scenes, allegorical and historical scenes, biblical and mythological themes and animal studies. His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural and scientific achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age, when Dutch art (especially Dutch painting) was prolific and innovative.
Rembrandt never went abroad but was considerably influenced by the work of the Italian Old Masters and Dutch and Flemish artists who had studied in Italy. After he achieved youthful success as a portrait painter, Rembrandt's later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardships. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, and for twenty years he taught many important Dutch painters.
Rembrandt's portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible are regarded as his greatest creative triumphs. His 40 self-portraits form an intimate autobiography. Rembrandt's foremost contribution in the history of printmaking was his transformation of the etching process from a relatively new reproductive technique into an art form. His reputation as the greatest etcher in the history of the medium was established in his lifetime.
Early life and education
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on 15 July 1606 in Leiden, in the Dutch Republic, now the Netherlands. He was the ninth child born to Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn and Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuijtbrouck. His family was quite well-to-do; his father was a miller and his mother was a baker's daughter. His mother was Catholic, and his father belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church. Religion is a central theme in Rembrandt's works and the religiously fraught period in which he lived makes his faith a matter of interest.
As a boy, he attended a Latin school. At the age of 13, he was enrolled at the University of Leiden, although according to a contemporary he had a greater inclination towards painting; he was soon apprenticed to Jacob van Swanenburg, with whom he spent three years. After a brief but important apprenticeship of six months with the history painter Pieter Lastman in Amsterdam, Rembrandt stayed a few months with Jacob Pynas and then started his own workshop, though Simon van Leeuwen claimed that Joris van Schooten taught Rembrandt in Leiden.
Career
In 1624 or 1625, Rembrandt opened a studio in Leiden, which he shared with friend and colleague Jan Lievens. In 1627, Rembrandt began to accept students, among them Gerrit Dou and Isaac de Jouderville. Joan Huydecoper is mentioned as the first buyer of a Rembrandt painting in 1628. In 1629, Rembrandt was discovered by the statesman Constantijn Huygens who procured for Rembrandt important commissions from the court of The Hague. As a result of this connection, Prince Frederik Hendrik continued to purchase paintings from Rembrandt.
At the end of 1631, Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam, a city rapidly expanding as the business and trade capital. He began to practice as a professional portraitist for the first time, with great success. He initially stayed with an art dealer, Hendrick van Uylenburgh, and in 1634, married Hendrick's cousin, Saskia van Uylenburgh. Saskia came from a respected family: her father Rombertus was a lawyer and had been burgomaster (mayor) of Leeuwarden. The couple married in the local church of St. Annaparochie without the presence of Rembrandt's relatives. In the same year, Rembrandt became a citizen of Amsterdam and a member of the local guild of painters. He also acquired a number of students, among them Ferdinand Bol and Govert Flinck.
In 1635, Rembrandt and Saskia rented a fashionable lodging with a view of the river Amstel. In 1639 they moved to a large and recently modernized house in the upscale 'Breestraat' with artists and art dealers; Nicolaes Pickenoy, a portrait painter was his neighbor. The mortgage to finance the 13,000 guilder purchase would be a cause for later financial difficulties. The neighborhood sheltered many immigrants and was becoming the Jewish quarter. It was there that Rembrandt frequently sought his Jewish neighbors to model for his Old Testament scenes.
One of his great patrons at early age was Amsterdam statesman Andries de Graeff.
Although they were by now affluent, the couple suffered several personal setbacks; three children died within weeks of their births. Only their fourth child, Titus, who was born in 1641, survived into adulthood. Saskia died in 1642, probably from tuberculosis. Rembrandt's drawings of her on her sick and death bed are among his most moving works. After Saskia's illness, the widow Geertje Dircx was hired as Titus' caretaker and dry nurse; at some time, she also became Rembrandt's lover. In May 1649 she left and charged Rembrandt with breach of promise and be awarded alimony. Rembrandt tried to settle the matter amicably, but to pay her lawyer she pawned the diamond ring he had given her, that once belonged to Saskia. On 14 October they came to an agreement; the court particularly stated that Rembrandt had to pay a yearly maintenance allowance, provided that Titus remained her only heir and she sold none of Rembrandt's possessions. As Dircx broke her promise she was committed to a women's house of correction at Gouda in August 1650. Rembrandt paid for the costs.
In early 1649, Rembrandt began a relationship with the 23-years-old Hendrickje Stoffels, who had initially been his maid. She may have been the cause of Geertje's leaving. In 1654 Rembrandt produced a controversial nude Bathsheba at Her Bath. In June Hendrickje received three summonses from the Reformed Church to answer the charge "that she had committed the acts of a whore with Rembrandt the painter". In July she admitted her guilt and was banned from receiving communion. Rembrandt was not summoned to appear for the Church council. In October they had a daughter, Cornelia. Had he remarried he would have lost access to a trust set up for Titus in Saskia's will.
Insolvency
Rembrandt, despite his artistic success, found himself in financial turmoil. His penchant for acquiring art, prints, and rare items led him to live beyond his means. In January 1653 the sale of the property formally was finalized but Rembrandt still had to cover half of the remaining mortgage. Creditors began pressing for installments but Rembrandt, facing financial strain, sought a postponement. The house required repairs prompting Rembrandt to borrow money from friends, including Jan Six.
In November 1655, Rembrandt's son Titus, then just 14 years old, made a will that named his father as the sole heir, effectively excluding his mother's family. In December of that year, Rembrandt organized a sale of his paintings, but the proceeds fell short of expectations. This was a challenging period marked by a plague outbreak that also affected the art business. As a result, Rembrandt applied for a high court arrangement (known as cessio bonorum).
Despite the financial difficulties, Rembrandt's bankruptcy wasn't forced; rather, he seemed to have orchestrated it, possibly to create room for marriage to his beloved Hendrickje. Anyhow, in July 1656, he declared his insolvency, taking stock and willingly surrendered his assets. Notably, he had already transferred the house to his son. Both the authorities and his creditors showed leniency, granting him ample time to settle his debts. Jacob J. Hinlopen obviously played a role.
In November 1657 another auction was held to sell his paintings, as well as a substantial number of etching plates and drawings, some by renowned artists such as Raphael, Mantegna and Giorgione. Remarkably, Rembrandt was permitted to retain his tools as a means of generating income. Rembrandt lost the guardianship of his son and thus control over his actions. A new guardian, Louis Crayers, claimed the house in settlement of Titus’s debt.
The sale list comprising 363 items offers insight into Rembrandt's diverse collections, which, encompassed Old Master paintings, drawings, Roman emperors busts, Greek philosophers statues, books (a bible), two globes, bonnets, armor, and various objects from Asia (chinaware), as well as a collections of natural history specimens (two lion skins, a bird-of-paradise, corals and minerals). Unfortunately, the prices realized in the sale were disappointing.
By February 1658, Rembrandt' house was sold at a foreclosure auction, and the family moved to more modest lodgings at Rozengracht. In 1660, he finished Ahasuerus and Haman at the feast of Esther which he sold to Jan J. Hinlopen. Early December 1660, the sale of the house was finalized but the proceeds went directly to Titus' guardian.
Two weeks later, Hendrickje and Titus established a dummy corporation as art dealers, allowing Rembrandt, who had board and lodging, to continue his artistic pursuits. In 1661, they secured a contract for a major project at the newly completed town hall. The resulting work, The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis, was rejected by the mayors and returned to the painter within a few weeks; the surviving fragment (in Stockholm) is only a quarter of the original.
Despite these setbacks, Rembrandt continued to receive significant portrait commissions and completed notable works, such as the Sampling Officials in 1662. It remains a challenge to gauge Rembrandt's wealth accurately as he may may overestimated the value of his art collection. Nonetheless, half of his assets were earmarked for Titus' inheritance.
In March 1663, with Hendrickje's illness, Titus assumed a more prominent role. Isaac van Hertsbeeck, Rembrandt's primary creditor, went to the High Court and contestested Titus' priority for payment, leading to legal battles that Titus ultimately won in 1665 when he came of age. During this time, Rembrandt worked on notable pieces like the Jewish Bride and his final self-portraits but struggled with rent arrears. Notably, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, visited Rembrandt twice, and returned to Florence with one of the self-portraits.
Rembrandt outlived both Hendrickje and Titus; he passed away on Friday 4 October 1669; he was buried four days later in a rented grave in the Westerkerk. His heirs paid a substantial amount of money, suggesting his relative wealth at the time. His illegitimate child, Cornelia (1654–1684), eventually moved to Batavia in 1670 accompanied by an obscure painter and her mother's inheritance. Titus' considerable inheritance passed to his only grandchild, Titia (1669-1715) who never married and lived at Blauwburgwal. In summary, Rembrandt's life was marked by more than just artistic achievements; he navigated numerous legal and financial challenges, leaving a complex legacy. Rembrandt did have a tendency to push the legal limits.”
Works
In a letter to Huygens, Rembrandt offered the only surviving explanation of what he sought to achieve through his art, writing that, "the greatest and most natural movement", translated from de meeste en de natuurlijkste beweegelijkheid. The word "beweegelijkheid" translates to "emotion" or "motive". Whether this refers to objectives, material, or something else, is not known but critics have drawn particular attention to the way Rembrandt seamlessly melded the earthly and spiritual.
Earlier 20th century connoisseurs claimed Rembrandt had produced well over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings and 2,000 drawings. More recent scholarship, from the 1960s to the present day (led by the Rembrandt Research Project), often controversially, has winnowed his oeuvre to nearer 300 paintings. His prints, traditionally all called etchings, although many are produced in whole or part by engraving and sometimes drypoint, have a much more stable total of slightly under 300. It is likely Rembrandt made many more drawings in his lifetime than 2,000 but those extant are more rare than presumed. Two experts claim that the number of drawings whose autograph status can be regarded as effectively "certain" is no higher than about 75, although this is disputed. The list was to be unveiled at a scholarly meeting in February 2010.
At one time, approximately 90 paintings were counted as Rembrandt self-portraits but it is now known that he had his students copy his own self-portraits as part of their training. Modern scholarship has reduced the autograph count to over forty paintings, as well as a few drawings and thirty-one etchings, which include many of the most remarkable images of the group. Some show him posing in quasi-historical fancy dress, or pulling faces at himself. His oil paintings trace the progress from an uncertain young man, through the dapper and very successful portrait-painter of the 1630s, to the troubled but massively powerful portraits of his old age. Together they give a remarkably clear picture of the man, his appearance and his psychological make-up, as revealed by his richly weathered face.
In his portraits and self-portraits, he angles the sitter's face in such a way that the ridge of the nose nearly always forms the line of demarcation between brightly illuminated and shadowy areas. A Rembrandt face is a face partially eclipsed; and the nose, bright and obvious, thrusting into the riddle of halftones, serves to focus the viewer's attention upon, and to dramatize, the division between a flood of light—an overwhelming clarity—and a brooding duskiness.
In a number of biblical works, including The Raising of the Cross, Joseph Telling His Dreams, and The Stoning of Saint Stephen, Rembrandt painted himself as a character in the crowd. Durham suggests that this was because the Bible was for Rembrandt "a kind of diary, an account of moments in his own life".
Among the more prominent characteristics of Rembrandt's work are his use of chiaroscuro, the theatrical employment of light and shadow derived from Caravaggio, or, more likely, from the Dutch Caravaggisti but adapted for very personal means. Also notable are his dramatic and lively presentation of subjects, devoid of the rigid formality that his contemporaries often displayed, and a deeply felt compassion for mankind, irrespective of wealth and age. His immediate family—his wife Saskia, his son Titus and his common-law wife Hendrickje—often figured prominently in his paintings, many of which had mythical, biblical or historical themes.
Periods, themes and styles
Throughout his career, Rembrandt took as his primary subjects the themes of portraiture, landscape and narrative painting. For the last, he was especially praised by his contemporaries, who extolled him as a masterly interpreter of biblical stories for his skill in representing emotions and attention to detail. Stylistically, his paintings progressed from the early "smooth" manner, characterized by fine technique in the portrayal of illusionistic form, to the late "rough" treatment of richly variegated paint surfaces, which allowed for an illusionism of form suggested by the tactile quality of the paint itself. Rembrandt must have realized that if he kept the paint deliberately loose and "paint-like" on some parts of the canvas, the perception of space became much greater.
A parallel development may be seen in Rembrandt's skill as a printmaker. In the etchings of his maturity, particularly from the late 1640s onward, the freedom and breadth of his drawings and paintings found expression in the print medium as well. The works encompass a wide range of subject matter and technique, sometimes leaving large areas of white paper to suggest space, at other times employing complex webs of line to produce rich dark tones.
Lastman's influence on Rembrandt was most prominent during his period in Leiden from 1625 to 1631. Paintings were rather small but rich in details (for example, in costumes and jewelry). Religious and allegorical themes were favored, as were tronies. In 1626 Rembrandt produced his first etchings, the wide dissemination of which would largely account for his international fame. In 1629 he completed Judas Repentant, Returning the Pieces of Silver and The Artist in His Studio, works that evidence his interest in the handling of light and variety of paint application, and constitute the first major progress in his development as a painter.
During his early years in Amsterdam (1632–1636), Rembrandt began to paint dramatic biblical and mythological scenes in high contrast and of large format (The Blinding of Samson, 1636, Belshazzar's Feast, c. 1635 Danaë, 1636 but reworked later), seeking to emulate the baroque style of Rubens. With the occasional help of assistants in Uylenburgh's workshop, he painted numerous portrait commissions both small (Jacob de Gheyn III) and large (Portrait of the Shipbuilder Jan Rijcksen and his Wife, 1633, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, 1632).
By the late 1630s, Rembrandt had produced a few paintings and many etchings of landscapes. Often these landscapes highlighted natural drama, featuring uprooted trees and ominous skies (Cottages before a Stormy Sky, c. 1641; The Three Trees, 1643). From 1640 his work became less exuberant and more sober in tone, possibly reflecting personal tragedy. Biblical scenes were now derived more often from the New Testament than the Old Testament, as had been the case before. In 1642 he painted The Night Watch, the most substantial of the important group portrait commissions which he received in this period, and through which he sought to find solutions to compositional and narrative problems that had been attempted in previous works.
In the decade following the Night Watch, Rembrandt's paintings varied greatly in size, subject, and style. The previous tendency to create dramatic effects primarily by strong contrasts of light and shadow gave way to the use of frontal lighting and larger and more saturated areas of color. Simultaneously, figures came to be placed parallel to the picture plane. These changes can be seen as a move toward a classical mode of composition and, considering the more expressive use of brushwork as well, may indicate a familiarity with Venetian art (Susanna and the Elders, 1637–47).
At the same time, there was a marked decrease in painted works in favor of etchings and drawings of landscapes. In these graphic works natural drama eventually made way for quiet Dutch rural scenes.
In the 1650s, Rembrandt's style changed again. Colors became richer and brush strokes more pronounced. With these changes, Rembrandt distanced himself from earlier work and current fashion, which increasingly inclined toward fine, detailed works. His use of light becomes more jagged and harsh, and shine becomes almost nonexistent. His singular approach to paint application may have been suggested in part by familiarity with the work of Titian, and could be seen in the context of the then current discussion of 'finish' and surface quality of paintings. Contemporary accounts sometimes remark disapprovingly of the coarseness of Rembrandt's brushwork, and the artist himself was said to have dissuaded visitors from looking too closely at his paintings. The tactile manipulation of paint may hearken to medieval procedures, when mimetic effects of rendering informed a painting's surface. The result is a richly varied handling of paint, deeply layered and often apparently haphazard, which suggests form and space in both an illusory and highly individual manner.
In later years, biblical themes were often depicted but emphasis shifted from dramatic group scenes to intimate portrait-like figures (James the Apostle, 1661). In his last years, Rembrandt painted his most deeply reflective self-portraits (from 1652 to 1669 he painted fifteen), and several moving images of both men and women (The Jewish Bride, c. 1666)—in love, in life, and before God.
Graphic works
Rembrandt produced etchings for most of his career, from 1626 to 1660, when he was forced to sell his printing-press and practically abandoned etching. Only the troubled year of 1649 produced no dated work. He took easily to etching and, though he learned to use a burin and partly engraved many plates, the freedom of etching technique was fundamental to his work. He was very closely involved in the whole process of printmaking, and must have printed at least early examples of his etchings himself. At first he used a style based on drawing but soon moved to one based on painting, using a mass of lines and numerous bitings with the acid to achieve different strengths of line. Towards the end of the 1630s, he reacted against this manner and moved to a simpler style, with fewer bitings. He worked on the so-called Hundred Guilder Print in stages throughout the 1640s, and it was the "critical work in the middle of his career", from which his final etching style began to emerge.
Although the print only survives in two states, the first very rare, evidence of much reworking can be seen underneath the final print and many drawings survive for elements of it.
In the mature works of the 1650s, Rembrandt was more ready to improvise on the plate and large prints typically survive in several states, up to eleven, often radically changed. He now used hatching to create his dark areas, which often take up much of the plate. He also experimented with the effects of printing on different kinds of paper, including Japanese paper, which he used frequently, and on vellum. He began to use "surface tone," leaving a thin film of ink on parts of the plate instead of wiping it completely clean to print each impression. He made more use of drypoint, exploiting, especially in landscapes, the rich fuzzy burr that this technique gives to the first few impressions.
His prints have similar subjects to his paintings, although the 27 self-portraits are relatively more common, and portraits of other people less so. The landscapes, mostly small, largely set the course for the graphic treatment of landscape until the end of the 19th century. Of the many hundreds of drawings Rembrandt made, only about two hundred have a landscape motif as their subject, and of the approximately three hundred etchings, about thirty show a landscape. As for his painted landscapes, one does not even get beyond eight works. One third of his etchings are of religious subjects, many treated with a homely simplicity, whilst others are his most monumental prints. A few erotic, or just obscene, compositions have no equivalent in his paintings. He owned, until forced to sell it, a magnificent collection of prints by other artists, and many borrowings and influences in his work can be traced to artists as diverse as Mantegna, Raphael, Hercules Seghers, and Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione.
Drawings by Rembrandt and his pupils/followers have been extensively studied by many artists and scholars through the centuries. His original draughtsmanship has been described as an individualistic art style that was very similar to East Asian old masters, most notably Chinese masters: a "combination of formal clarity and calligraphic vitality in the movement of pen or brush that is closer to Chinese painting in technique and feeling than to anything in European art before the twentieth century".
Asian inspiration
Rembrandt was interested in Mughal miniatures, especially around the 1650s. He drew versions of some 23 Mughal paintings and may have owned an album of them. These miniatures include paintings of Shah Jahan, Akbar, Jahangir and Dara Shikoh and may have influenced the costumes and other aspects of his works.
The Night Watch
Rembrandt painted The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq between 1640 and 1642, which became his most famous work. This picture was called De Nachtwacht by the Dutch and The Night Watch by Sir Joshua Reynolds because by 1781 the picture was so dimmed and defaced that it was almost indistinguishable, and it looked quite like a night scene. After it was cleaned, it was discovered to represent broad day—a party of 18 musketeers stepping from a gloomy courtyard into the blinding sunlight. For Théophile Thoré it was the prettiest painting in the world.
The piece was commissioned for the new hall of the Kloveniersdoelen, the musketeer branch of the civic militia. Rembrandt departed from convention, which ordered that such genre pieces should be stately and formal, rather a line-up than an action scene. Instead, he showed the militia readying themselves to embark on a mission, though the exact nature of the mission or event is a matter of ongoing debate.
Contrary to what is often said, the work was hailed as a success from the beginning. Parts of the canvas were cut off (approximately 20% from the left-hand side was removed) to make the painting fit its new position when it was moved to the town hall in 1715. In 1817 this large painting was moved to the Trippenhuis. Since 1885 the painting is on display at the Rijksmuseum. In 1940 the painting was moved to Kasteel Radboud; in 1941 to a bunker near Heemskerk; in 1942 to St Pietersberg; in June 1945 it was shipped back to Amsterdam.
Expert assessments
In 1968, the Rembrandt Research Project began under the sponsorship of the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Scientific Research; it was initially expected to last a highly optimistic ten years. Art historians teamed up with experts from other fields to reassess the authenticity of works attributed to Rembrandt, using all methods available, including state-of-the-art technical diagnostics, and to compile a complete new catalogue raisonné of his paintings. As a result of their findings, many paintings that were previously attributed to Rembrandt have been removed from their list, although others have been added back. Many of those removed are now thought to be the work of his students.
One example of activity is The Polish Rider, now housed in the Frick Collection in New York City. Rembrandt's authorship had been questioned by at least one scholar, Alfred von Wurzbach, at the beginning of the twentieth century but for many decades later most scholars, including the foremost authority writing in English, Julius S. Held, agreed that it was indeed by the master. In the 1980s, however, Dr. Josua Bruyn of the Foundation Rembrandt Research Project cautiously and tentatively attributed the painting to one of Rembrandt's closest and most talented pupils, Willem Drost, about whom little is known. But Bruyn's remained a minority opinion, the suggestion of Drost's authorship is now generally rejected, and the Frick itself never changed its own attribution, the label still reading "Rembrandt" and not "attributed to" or "school of". More recent opinion has shifted even more decisively in favor of the Frick; In his 1999 book Rembrandt's Eyes, Simon Schama and the Rembrandt Project scholar Ernst van de Wetering (Melbourne Symposium, 1997) both argued for attribution to the master. Those few scholars who still question Rembrandt's authorship feel that the execution is uneven and favour different attributions for different parts of the work.
A similar issue was raised by Schama concerning the verification of titles associated with the subject matter depicted in Rembrandt's works. For example, the exact subject being portrayed in Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, recently retitled by curators at the Metropolitan Museum, has been directly challenged by Schama applying the scholarship of Paul Crenshaw. Schama presents a substantial argument that it was the famous ancient Greek painter Apelles who is depicted in contemplation by Rembrandt and not Aristotle.
Another painting, Pilate Washing His Hands, is also of questionable attribution. Critical opinion of this picture has varied since 1905, when Wilhelm von Bode described it as "a somewhat abnormal work" by Rembrandt. Scholars have since dated the painting to the 1660s and assigned it to an anonymous pupil, possibly Aert de Gelder. The composition bears superficial resemblance to mature works by Rembrandt but lacks the master's command of illumination and modeling.
The attribution and re-attribution work is ongoing. In 2005 four oil paintings previously attributed to Rembrandt's students were reclassified as the work of Rembrandt himself: Study of an Old Man in Profile and Study of an Old Man with a Beard from a US private collection, Study of a Weeping Woman, owned by the Detroit Institute of Arts, and Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet, painted in 1640. The Old Man Sitting in a Chair is a further example: in 2014, Professor Ernst van de Wetering offered his view to The Guardian that the demotion of the 1652 painting Old Man Sitting in a Chair "was a vast mistake...it is a most important painting. The painting needs to be seen in terms of Rembrandt's experimentation". This was highlighted much earlier by Nigel Konstam who studied Rembrandt throughout his career.
Rembrandt's own studio practice is a major factor in the difficulty of attribution, since, like many masters before him, he encouraged his students to copy his paintings, sometimes finishing or retouching them to be sold as originals, and sometimes selling them as authorized copies. Additionally, his style proved easy enough for his most talented students to emulate. Further complicating matters is the uneven quality of some of Rembrandt's own work, and his frequent stylistic evolutions and experiments. As well, there were later imitations of his work, and restorations which so seriously damaged the original works that they are no longer recognizable. It is highly likely that there will never be universal agreement as to what does and what does not constitute a genuine Rembrandt.
Painting materials
Technical investigation of Rembrandt's paintings in the possession of the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister and in the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister (Kassel) was conducted by Hermann Kühn in 1977. The pigment analyses of some thirty paintings have shown that Rembrandt's palette consisted of the following pigments: lead white, various ochres, Vandyke brown, bone black, charcoal black, lamp black, vermilion, madder lake, azurite, ultramarine, yellow lake and lead-tin-yellow. Synthetic orpiment was shown in the shadows of the sleeve of the jewish groom. This toxic arsenic yellow was rarely used in oil painting. One painting (Saskia van Uylenburgh as Flora) reportedly contains gamboge. Rembrandt very rarely used pure blue or green colors, the most pronounced exception being Belshazzar's Feast in the National Gallery in London. The book by Bomford describes more recent technical investigations and pigment analyses of Rembrandt's paintings predominantly in the National Gallery in London. The entire array of pigments employed by Rembrandt can be found at ColourLex. The best source for technical information on Rembrandt's paintings on the web is the Rembrandt Database containing all works of Rembrandt with detailed investigative reports, infrared and radiography images and other scientific details.
Name and signature
"Rembrandt" is a modification of the spelling of the artist's first name that he introduced in 1633. "Harmenszoon" indicates that his father's name is Harmen. "van Rijn" indicates that his family lived near the Rhine.
Rembrandt's earliest signatures (c. 1625) consisted of an initial "R", or the monogram "RH" (for Rembrant Harmenszoon), and starting in 1629, "RHL" (the "L" stood, presumably, for Leiden). In 1632, he used this monogram early in the year, then added his family name to it, "RHL-van Rijn" but replaced this form in that same year and began using his first name alone with its original spelling, "Rembrant". In 1633 he added a "d", and maintained this form consistently from then on, proving that this minor change had a meaning for him (whatever it might have been). This change is purely visual; it does not change the way his name is pronounced. Curiously enough, despite the large number of paintings and etchings signed with this modified first name, most of the documents that mentioned him during his lifetime retained the original "Rembrant" spelling. (Note: the rough chronology of signature forms above applies to the paintings, and to a lesser degree to the etchings; from 1632, presumably, there is only one etching signed "RHL-v. Rijn," the large-format "Raising of Lazarus," B 73). His practice of signing his work with his first name, later followed by Vincent van Gogh, was probably inspired by Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo who, then as now, were referred to by their first names alone.
Workshop
Rembrandt ran a large workshop and had many pupils. The list of Rembrandt pupils from his period in Leiden as well as his time in Amsterdam is quite long, mostly because his influence on painters around him was so great that it is difficult to tell whether someone worked for him in his studio or just copied his style for patrons eager to acquire a Rembrandt. A partial list should include Ferdinand Bol,
Adriaen Brouwer, Gerrit Dou, Willem Drost, Heiman Dullaart, Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, Carel Fabritius,
Govert Flinck, Hendrick Fromantiou, Aert de Gelder, Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Abraham Janssens, Godfrey Kneller, Philip de Koninck, Jacob Levecq, Nicolaes Maes, Jürgen Ovens, Christopher Paudiß, Willem de Poorter, Jan Victors, and Willem van der Vliet.
Museum collections
The largest collections of Rembrandt's work are in the United States in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (mostly portraits) and the Frick Collection in New York City, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, in total 86 paintings. Other large groups are in Germany, with 69 paintings, at the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, and Schloss Wilhelmshöhe in Kassel, and elsewhere. The UK has a total of 51, especially in the National Gallery and Royal Collection. There are 49 in the Netherlands, many in the Rijksmuseum, which has The Night Watch and The Jewish Bride, and the Mauritshuis in The Hague. Others can be found in The Louvre, the Hermitage Museum, and Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. The Royal Castle in Warsaw displays two paintings by Rembrandt.
The largest collections of drawings are in the older large museums such as the Rijksmuseum, Louvre and British Museum. All major print rooms have large collections of Rembrandt prints, although as some exist in only a single impression, no collection is complete. The degree to which these collections are displayed to the public or can easily be viewed by them in the print room, varies greatly.
The Rembrandt House Museum has fittings and furniture that are mostly not original but period pieces comparable to those Rembrandt might have had, and those in the many drawings and etchings set in the house, and contemporary paintings reflecting Rembrandt's use of the house for art dealing. His printmaking studio has been set up with a printing press, where replica prints are printed. The museum has a few early Rembrandt paintings, many loaned but an important collection of his prints, a good selection of which are on rotating display.
Influence and recognition
Rembrandt is one of the most famous and the best expertly researched visual artists in history. His life and art have long attracted the attention of interdisciplinary scholarship such as art history, socio-political history,<ref>*Negri, Antonio: The Savage Anomaly: The Power of Spinoza's Metaphysics and Politics. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991).
Ahmad, Iftikhar (2008), 'Art in Social Studies: Exploring the World and Ourselves with Rembrandt,'. The Journal of Aesthetic Education 42(2): 19–37
Rembrandt regarded the Bible as the greatest Book in the world and held it in reverent affection all his life, in affluence and poverty, in success and failure. He never wearied in his devotion to biblical themes as subjects for his paintings and other graphic presentations, and in these portrayals he was the first to have the courage to use the Jews of his environment as models for the heroes of the sacred narratives.|Franz Landsberger, a German Jewish émigré to America, the author of Rembrandt, the Jews, and the Bible (1946)}}
Criticism of Rembrandt
Rembrandt has also been one of the most controversial (visual) artists in history. Several of Rembrandt's notable critics include Constantijn Huygens, Joachim von Sandrart, Andries Pels (who called Rembrandt "the first heretic in the art of painting"), Samuel van Hoogstraten, Arnold Houbraken, Filippo Baldinucci, Gerard de Lairesse, Roger de Piles, John Ruskin, and Eugène Fromentin:
In popular culture
While shooting The Warrens of Virginia (1915), Cecil B. DeMille had experimented with lighting instruments borrowed from a Los Angeles opera house. When business partner Sam Goldwyn saw a scene in which only half an actor's face was illuminated, he feared the exhibitors would pay only half the price for the picture. DeMille remonstrated that it was Rembrandt lighting. "Sam's reply was jubilant with relief," recalled DeMille. "For Rembrandt lighting the exhibitors would pay double!"
Works about Rembrandt
Literary works (e.g. poetry and fiction)
To the Picture of Rembrandt, a Russian-language poem by Mikhail Lermontov, 1830
Gaspard de la nuit: Fantaisies à la manière de Rembrandt et de Callot, a series of French-language poems by Aloysius Bertrand, 1842
Picture This, a novel by Joseph Heller, 1988
Moi, la Putain de Rembrandt, a French-language novel by Sylvie Matton, 1998
Van Rijn, a novel by Sarah Emily Miano, 2006
I Am Rembrandt's Daughter, a novel by Lynn Cullen, 2007
The Rembrandt Affair, a novel by Daniel Silva, 2011
The Anatomy Lesson, a novel by Nina Siegal, 2014
Rembrandt's Mirror, a novel by Kim Devereux, 2015
Music
The Donna Summer song Dinner with Gershwin contain the lyrics "I want to watch Rembrandt sketch."
Films
The Stolen Rembrandt, a 1914 film directed by Leo D. Maloney and J. P. McGowan
The Tragedy of a Great / Die Tragödie eines Großen, a 1920 film directed by Arthur Günsburg
The Missing Rembrandt, a 1932 film directed by Leslie S. Hiscott
Rembrandt, a 1936 film directed by Alexander Korda
Rembrandt, a 1940 film
Rembrandt in de schuilkelder / Rembrandt in the Bunker, a 1941 film directed by Gerard Rutten
Rembrandt, a 1942 film directed by Hans Steinhoff
Rembrandt: A Self-Portrait, a 1954 documentary film by Morrie Roizman
Rembrandt, schilder van de mens / Rembrandt, Painter of Man, a 1957 film directed by Bert Haanstra
Rembrandt fecit 1669, a 1977 film directed by Jos Stelling
The Warriors, a 1979 film featuring a graffiti artist called Rembrandt.
Rembrandt: The Public Eye and the Private Gaze, a 1992 documentary film by Simon Schama
Rembrandt, a 1999 film directed by Charles Matton
, a 1999 film directed by David Devine
Stealing Rembrandt, a 2003 film directed by Jannik Johansen and Anders Thomas Jensen
Simon Schama's Power of Art: Rembrandt, a 2006 BBC documentary film series by Simon Schama
Nightwatching, a 2007 film directed by Peter Greenaway
Rembrandt's J'Accuse, a 2008 documentary film by Peter Greenaway
, a 2011 film directed by Marleen Gorris
Schama on Rembrandt: Masterpieces of the Late Years, a 2014 documentary film by Simon Schama
Rembrandt: From the National Gallery, London and Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, a 2014 documentary film by Exhibition on Screen
Selected works
The Entombment of Christ () – Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow
The Stoning of Saint Stephen (1625) – Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon
Andromeda Chained to the Rocks (1630) – Mauritshuis, The Hague
Old Man with a Gold Chain () – Art Institute of Chicago
Jacob de Gheyn III (1632) – Dulwich Picture Gallery, London
Philosopher in Meditation (1632) – The Louvre, Paris
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632) – Mauritshuis, The Hague
Judith at the Banquet of Holofernes (1634) – Museo del Prado, Madrid
Descent from the Cross (1634) – Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Looted from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1806.
Belshazzar's Feast () – National Gallery, London
The Prodigal Son in the Tavern () – Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
Danaë (, reworked before 1643) – Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
The Scholar at the Lectern (1641) – Royal Castle, Warsaw
The Girl in a Picture Frame (1641) – Royal Castle, Warsaw
The Night Watch, formally The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (1642) – Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Boaz and Ruth (1643) – Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire & Gemaldegalerie, Berlin
The Mill (1645/48) – National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Susanna and the Elders (1647) – Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Christ Healing the Sick, also known as the Hundred Guilder Print () – Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, Ohio. Name derives from a print seller who claimed to have sold an impression of the print back to Rembrandt for 100 Guilders.
Head of Christ (1648) – Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Aristotle Contemplating a Bust of Homer (1653) – Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
The Three Crosses (1653) – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Bathsheba at Her Bath (1654) – The Louvre, Paris
Christ Presented to the People () – Various versions at different museums. One of the two largest prints made by Rembrandt.
Pallas Athena () – Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon
Portrait of Dirck van Os () – Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska
Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar (1659) – National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther (1660) – Pushkin Museum, Moscow
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis () – Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. The majority of the original painting is now lost as Rembrandt cut it up in order for it to be sold. It is also his last secular history painting.
Syndics of the Drapers' Guild (1662) – Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
The Jewish Bride () – Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Haman before Esther (1665) – National Museum of Art of Romania, Bucharest
Self-Portrait at the Age of 63 (1669) – National Gallery, London. One of Rembrandt's last self-portraits.
The Return of the Prodigal Son (1669) – Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. One of Rembrandt's last paintings.
Exhibitions
Sept–Oct 1898: Rembrandt Tentoonstelling (Rembrandt Exhibition), Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Jan–Feb 1899: Rembrandt Tentoonstelling (Rembrandt Exhibition), Royal Academy, London.
21 April 2011 – 18 July 2011: Rembrandt and the Face of Jesus, Musée du Louvre.
16 September 2013 – 14 November 2013: Rembrandt: The Consummate Etcher, Syracuse University Art Galleries.
19 May 2014 – 27 June 2014: From Rembrandt to Rosenquist: Works on Paper from the NAC's Permanent Collection, National Arts Club.
19 October 2014 – 4 January 2015: Rembrandt, Rubens, Gainsborough and the Golden Age of Painting in Europe, Jule Collins Smith Museum of Art.
15 October 2014 – 18 January 2015: Rembrandt: The Late Works, The National Gallery, London.
12 February 2015 – 17 May 2015: Late Rembrandt, The Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
16 September 2018 – 6 January 2019: Rembrandt – Painter as Printmaker, Denver Art Museum, Denver.
24 August 2019 – 1 December 2019: Leiden circa 1630: Rembrandt Emerges, Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Kingston, Ontario.
4 October 2019 – 2 February 2020: Rembrandt's Light, Dulwich Picture Gallery, London.
18 February 2020 – 30 August 2020: Rembrandt and Amsterdam portraiture, 1590–1670 , Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid.
10 August 2020 – 1 November 2020: Young Rembrandt, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Paintings
Self-portraits
Other major paintings
Drawings and etchings
Rembrandt drawings at the Albertina
Notes
References
Works cited
Ackley, Clifford, et al., Rembrandt's Journey, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 2004.
Bomford, D. et al., Art in the making: Rembrandt, New edition, Yale University Press, 2006
Bull, Duncan, et al., Rembrandt-Caravaggio, Rijksmuseum, 2006.
Buvelot, Quentin, White, Christopher (eds), Rembrandt by himself, 1999, National Gallery
Clark, Kenneth, An Introduction to Rembrandt, 1978, London, John Murray/Readers Union, 1978
Driessen, Christoph, Rembrandts vrouwen, Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2012.
Gombrich, E.H., The Story of Art, Phaidon, 1995.
The Complete Etchings of Rembrandt Reproduced in Original Size, Gary Schwartz (editor). New York: Dover, 1988.
Slive, Seymour, Dutch Painting, 1600–1800, Yale UP, 1995,
van de Wetering, Ernst in Rembrandt by himself, 1999 National Gallery, London/Mauritshuis, The Hague,
van de Wetering, Ernst, Rembrandt: The Painter at Work, Amsterdam University Press, 2000.
White, Christopher, The Late Etchings of Rembrandt, 1999, British Museum/Lund Humphries, London
Further reading
Catalogue raisonné: Stichting Foundation Rembrandt Research Project:
A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings – Volume I, which deals with works from Rembrandt's early years in Leiden (1629–1631), 1982
A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings – Volume II: 1631–1634. Bruyn, J., Haak, B. (et al.), Band 2, 1986,
A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings – Volume III, 1635–1642. Bruyn, J., Haak, B., Levie, S.H., van Thiel, P.J.J., van de Wetering, E. (Ed. Hrsg.), Band 3, 1990,
A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings – Volume IV. Ernst van de Wetering, Karin Groen et al. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. . p. 692. (Self-Portraits)
Rembrandt. Images and metaphors, Christian and Astrid Tümpel (editors), Haus Books London 2006
External links
A biography of the artist Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn from the National Gallery, London
Works and literature on Rembrandt from Pubhist.com
The Drawings of Rembrandt: a revision of Otto Benesch's catalogue raisonné by Martin Royalton-Kisch (in progress)
Rembrandt's house in Amsterdam Site of the Rembrandt House Museum in Amsterdam, with images of many of his etchings
Rembrandt van Rijn, General Resources
The transparent connoisseur 3: the 30 million pound question by Gary Schwartz
Rembrandt
The Rembrandt Database research data on the paintings, including the full contents of the first volumes of A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings by the Rembrandt Research Project
Die Urkunden über Rembrandt by C. Hofstede de Groot (1906).
1606 births
1669 deaths
Art collectors from Amsterdam
Artists from Leiden
Dutch art dealers
Dutch Christians
Dutch draughtsmen
Dutch etchers
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch Golden Age printmakers
Dutch male painters
Dutch portrait painters
Dutch printmakers
Engravers from Amsterdam
Leiden University alumni
Painters from Amsterdam
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
17th-century Dutch painters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt |
A +1 (pronounced "plus one") is a person who accompanies someone to an event. The term may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
+1 (album), 2008, by Kaela Kimura
+1 (film) (also known as Plus One), 2013
"+1" (song), by French DJ Martin Solveig
+1 Records, an extension of the music management, publicity & marketing company +1 Music
+1 (also known as Plus One), a "lifeline" in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? franchise
Technology
+1 button, the "like" button implemented by Google applications
+1, the country calling code (telephone calling prefix) for countries in the North American Numbering Plan, including the United States, Canada, and many Caribbean countries
For the list of codes, see list of North American Numbering Plan area codes
+1, a suffix attached to the name of a television timeshift channel
See also
1-up
And 1 (disambiguation)
Hear, hear
Infinity + 1
Me Too (disambiguation)
One (disambiguation)
OnePlus
Plus One (disambiguation)
Successor function
UTC+01:00, a time offset one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B1 |
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606–1669) was a renowned Dutch painter.
Rembrandt may also refer to:
Film and television
Rembrandt (1936 film), a film starring Charles Laughton
Rembrandt (1940 film), a Dutch film made by Gerard Rutten
Rembrandt (1942 film), a German-language film
Rembrandt: A Self-Portrait, a 1954 short documentary film
Rembrandt (1999 film), a film by Charles Matton
Stealing Rembrandt or Rembrandt, a 2003 Danish film
Rembrandt, a fictional gang member in the 1979 film The Warriors
Ships
SS Rembrandt, a 1959-built ocean liner
S/V Rembrandt van Rijn, a 1924-built tall ship
Other uses
Rembrandt (given name)
Rembrandt (crater), an impact basin on Mercury
Rembrandt (horse), a dressage horse
Rembrandt (train), a European train service launched in 1967
Rembrandt, Iowa, a city in the United States
The Rembrandts, an American pop-rock band
Rembrandt Group, a South African tobacco and industrial company
Rembrandt toothpaste, dental cosmetics line
Rembrandt, a 1931 novel by Theun de Vries
Rembrandt, a codename for AMD microprocessors
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt%20%28disambiguation%29 |
This is a list of topics typically studied by students of industrial archaeology.
It is grouped into industry sectors: Extractive, Manufacturing, Public Utilities, Transport, Miscellaneous.
Extractive
Mining
Adit
Air vent
Mine, Copper mine, Coal mine, Gold mine, Tin mine, Zinc mine
Shaft mining
Quarrying
Clayworks
Sand pits
Gravel pit
Powder house
Manufacturing
Beam engine
Brewery
Brewing
Brick kiln
Cement works
Creamery
Dairy
Distillery
Distilling
Factory
Forge
glass
Granary
Hopper
Kiln
Pottery
Silk Industry
Spinning, Spinning jenny, Spinning mill, Spinning mule
Stationary engine
Steam engine
Warehouse
Weaving, Loom, Jacquard loom, Dobby loom, Shaft loom, Power loom, Flying shuttle
Windpump
Mills
Boring mill
Cotton mill
Five-sail windmill
Flax mill
Flint mill
Fulling mill - see Fulling
Gristmill
Hand mill
Iron mill
Lumber mill
Millrace
Mill engine
Mill stone
Oil mill
Post mill
Rolling mill
Saw mill
Smock mill
Spinning mill
Steel rolling mill
Tailrace
Textile mill
Tide mill
Tower mill
Watermill
Waterwheel
Windmill
Woollen mill
Public Utilities
Electricity
Power station
Turbine
Gas
Gasometer
Retort house
Water
Dam
Pumping station
Reservoir
Sewage treatment
Water treatment
Water tower
Steam
District heating
Hydraulic power
Hydraulic power network
Transport
Aviation
Canals
Aqueduct
Canal basin
Boat lift
Bridge
Canal lock
Culvert
Flash lock
Flights of locks
Inclined plane
Spillover
Railways
Air vent
Ballast pit
Bridge
Buffer stops
Carriage Shed
Catch point
Cattle Pens
Crane
Crossover
Culvert
Cutting
Embankment
Footbridge
Gantry crane (Portainer)
Goods area
Goods store
Ground frame
Horse tram
Inclined plane
Junction (rail)
Loading bank
Locomotive shed
Level crossing
Milepost
Platform
Ropeway
Signal box (Signal cabin)
Station
Station building
Station house
Subway
Track
Trackbed
Tram
Tunnel
Turnout
Turntable
Underpass
Viaduct
Waiting room
Water column
Water tank
Water tower
Marine
Causeway
Dry dock
Dock
Harbour
Lighthouse
Pier
Pump house
Quay
Slipway
Weir
Road
Bridge
Unused highway
Toll road
Miscellaneous
Chimney
Hydraulic pump
Market house
Weighbridge
See also
List of conservation topics
Conservation in the United Kingdom
History of science and technology
Association for Industrial Archaeology
Society for Industrial Archeology
Archaeology
Industrial archaeology
Industrial archaeology
Industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20industrial%20archaeology%20topics |
Siconulf (also Siconolf, Sikenolf, Siconolfo, or Siconulfus) was the first prince of Salerno, the brother of Sicard, prince of Benevento (832–839), who was assassinated by Radelchis. In response to Sicard's murder, the people of Salerno proclaimed Siconulf prince in opposition to Radelchis. At the time Radelchis was holding Siconulf prisoner in Taranto. A group of people from the cities of Salerno and Amalfi went there in disguise as Amalfian merchants and rescued Siconulf from prison, bringing him to Salerno.
It was Radelchis who first called in the aid of the Saracens against Siconulf in 841, though Siconulf soon retaliated by doing the same against his opponent. The war lasted ten years, during which the Saracen ravages worsened and churches were despoiled. Finally, in 849, the king of Italy, Louis II, came down into Southern Italy and confirmed the division of the Beneventan principality, forcing the two rivals to sign a peace and making Siconulf prince of Salerno. The major cities in the new principality were Taranto, Cassano Irpino, Paestum, Conza, Sarno, Cimitile (Nola), Capua, Teano, and Sora. He died soon after and was succeeded by his son Sico.
Notes
Sources
Gwatkin, H. M., Whitney, J. P., edd. The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III. Cambridge University Press, 1926.
851 deaths
Lombard warriors
Princes of Salerno
9th-century monarchs in Europe
9th-century Lombard people
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siconulf%20of%20Salerno |
Private Parts and Pieces IV: A Catch at the Tables is the ninth studio album by English multi-instrumentalist and composer Anthony Phillips. It was released in April 1984 by Passport Records as the fourth instalment to his generic album series, Private Parts & Pieces. A release in the United Kingdom followed in 1990 by Virgin Records.
Background and recording
In October 1983, Phillips released his eighth studio album Invisible Men. At this point in his career, he was pressured into delivering more radio friendly material by his US-based label Passport Records. For his next release, Phillips decided to assemble the fourth instalment in his Private Parts & Pieces album series which showcase more "generic" tracks, including rough cuts, demos, and outtakes. This process began in the spring of 1983 after Invisible Men had been recorded. An early idea that Phillips had at this stage was to construct a suite consisting of short pieces from various library music projects he had been involved with, but this was dropped in favour of other tracks.
The material on A Catch at the Tables was recorded between October 1979 and June 1982 at two locations: Send Barns, the studio Phillips had set up at his parents’ house in Woking, Surrey, and home studio named Englewood Studios in Clapham, London following his move there in the early 1980s. Phillips received assistance from his friend Dennis Quinn in naming many of the tracks on the album, having played the demo versions to him. Previous albums by Phillips included the artwork of English author and illustrator Peter Cross, but he was unavailable to produce for A Catch at the Tables due to other projects. Instead, Phillips sought permission to use a painting by Ed Tanner which had a quality to it that he liked.
Music
Side one
"Arboretum Suite" is a suite of four-movement suite that Phillips wrote for the wedding of two friends in 1980, based on Winkworth Arboretum in Surrey. The liner notes detail a humorous description of the piece: "The music attempts to describe the social occasion as troops of bizarre-clad hikers set out in high spirits, armed with footballs and frisbees, upset the neighbours and fall in the lake before trudging their bedraggled way back to a warm fire and glorious tea". The last section, "Lights on the Hill", was a fully arranged song at first, of which producer Richard Scott had used a version of it for his own projects. The original instrumental version was recorded, and the positive reaction from various people encouraged Phillips to include it on his next Private Parts & Pieces album. It was recorded at Send Barns in July 1980.
"Dawn over the Lake" was recorded in March 1981. It is more experimental and improvisational that was recorded in a more spontaneous manner, with Phillips playing his 12-string guitar with unusual tuning with a Roland drum machine. He had set the machine to produce a straightforward rock drum pattern, but slowed it down to the point where it "doesn't sound like that at all". Phillips developed the track with no set intention on including it on the album. "I was just mucking around, so the track itself is edited down and the edits are not perfect but I think it's strongly atmospheric." Upon the album's release he was worried that the piece ran too long.
Side two
"Bouncer" was recorded in June 1982 when Phillips had relocated from Surrey to London, and was recording Invisible Men. It was originally intended for that album, as with "Sistine", but they were left off because Phillips felt they "didn't fit in". It was put together in the studio on his own one morning before he had breakfast. Conversely, "Eduardo" was completed during Phillips's last days while living near Woking, and features his 8-string Rudloff guitar. "Heart of Darkness" and "The Sea and the Armadillo" were also put down during this period.
Extra material
The 1990, 2012, and 2015 reissues of A Catch at the Tables include previously unreleased material. "Erotic Strings" dates from 1985, and was originally written as incidental music for the play Tropical Moon over Dorking which starred actress Pauline Collins. "A Catch at the Tables" was recorded at his London studio named Vic's Place and completed in 1990 after Phillips had decided not to have a title track on the album, but wrote it for the 1990 reissue. It was named after the front cover painting by Ed Tanner. Phillips revealed that its actual title is "A Catch for the Tables" but he had misheard Tanner, but also thought the "at" added some mystery to the title as well as a double entendre with casinos at Monte Carlo which is also depicted in Tanner's painting.
Release
A Catch at the Tables was released in April 1984 by Passport Records in the United States and Canada. As Phillips's contract with RCA Records had expired following the release of Private Parts and Pieces III: Antiques in 1982, the album did not see a domestic release until 1990 by Virgin Records.
In 2012, Voiceprint Records released a 2-CD bundle of Antiques and A Catch at the Tables with bonus tracks. In 2015, Esoteric Recordings released a 5-CD box set containing the first four volumes in the Private Parts & Pieces series with additional bonus tracks.
Track listing
All songs composed, performed, and produced by Anthony Phillips except "Sistine", produced by Phillips, Richard Scott, and Trevor Vallis.
Personnel
Credits taken from the 1990 CD liner notes.
Music
Anthony Phillips – 12-string guitar, 8-string Rudloff classical guitar, 6-string Ovation bass guitar, 6-string John Bailey guitar, Polymoog synthesiser, ARP 2600 synthesiser, drum machine, Mellotron, vocal on "Sistine"
Pedro Luigi Crass - charango
Mark Emmey – bugle on "Sistine"
Judd Lander – bagpipes and harmonica on "Sistine"
Production
Anthony Phillips – production, 1990 CD remastering
Simon Heyworth – 1990 CD remastering
Trevor Vallis – production on "Sistine"
Richard Scott – production on "Sistine"
Ian "That Sounds Bloody Awful" Cooper – cutting at Townhouse Studios, London
Ed Tanner – painting
Elsworth – original painting and cover design
References
1984 albums
Anthony Phillips albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20Parts%20and%20Pieces%20IV%3A%20A%20Catch%20at%20the%20Tables |
Rosliston is a small village and civil parish in South Derbyshire, England close to the county boundaries of Leicestershire and Staffordshire. The civil parish population at the 2011 Census was 642.
Location
It is within The National Forest and just outside the village is the Rosliston Forestry Centre.
History
The manor belonged to Earl Algar, son of Earl Leofric and Countess (Lady) Godiva. In the Domesday Book the manor was called Redlauseton after it was taken by William the Conqueror, and it included a church and a mill.
During World War II a prisoner of war camp was built near to the village to hold German and Italian prisoners. After the end of the war the camp was used to accommodate Polish servicemen.
Features
The main features are St. Mary's Church, Rosliston Forestry Centre, The Bull's Head pub, Co-op supermarket and Beehive woodland lakes.
The Forestry centre is sustainable. It provides facilities to help the environment. It provides bins to collect litter and footpaths to stop visitors from eroding the naturally-made paths of Rosliston. These footpaths are clearly marked so that visitors know where it is safe to walk.
Education
Rosliston Primary School is a Church of England school located in the heart of the village. It is divided into Reception, Infants, Lower Juniors, and Upper Juniors.
Notable residents
Ann Moore (née Pegg) - the fasting woman of Tutbury was born here in 1761
The Reverend John Vallancy (1843–1906) was vicar of Rosliston for 16 years. He was aggressive towards his parishioners, sometimes threatening them with a stick. On one occasion he produced a revolver and made "ominous overtones". After villagers made an effigy of him, which was hung outside the vicarage and burnt, he was banished from the parish for 18 months by his Bishop.
Barry Butlin, a former English footballer, most noted as a player for Luton Town and Nottingham Forest was born in Rosliston.
Gallery
References
External links
Forestry Centre
See also
List of places in Derbyshire
Villages in Derbyshire
Civil parishes in Derbyshire
South Derbyshire District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosliston |
Mark Cendrowski is an American film and television director. He is best known as the director of most episodes of The Big Bang Theory.
Cendrowski is a 1981 graduate of the University of Michigan and a 1977 graduate of Notre Dame High School in Harper Woods, Michigan.
He has worked on a number of series, including directing many episodes of Yes, Dear, Still Standing, According to Jim, Rules of Engagement, and was the primary director of The Big Bang Theory. He has also directed episodes of Wizards of Waverly Place, The King of Queens, A.N.T. Farm, Hannah Montana, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, The Hughleys, Malcolm & Eddie, Men at Work, Sullivan & Son, Dads, The Carmichael Show and Superior Donuts, among others.
Cendrowski received his first-ever Emmy nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the final episode of the eleventh season of The Big Bang Theory, "The Bow Tie Asymmetry", which included special guest star Mark Hamill and another nomination for the series finale "The Stockholm Syndrome".
Cendrowski began his TV career as an assistant director and stage manager.
Filmography
data from IMDb
References
External links
American television directors
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Michigan alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Cendrowski |
Come and Get It is a 1935 novel by American author Edna Ferber. A film version with the same title was produced in 1936.
Plot summary
Reception
Come and Get It, a New York Times bestseller, was favorably reviewed in Kirkus Reviews.
Film adaptation
The 1936 film adaptation, produced by Samuel Goldwyn, received two Academy Award nominations for Best Film Editing and Best Supporting Actor (Walter Brennan). Brennan won the latter award, becoming the first winner of that category.
References
1935 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Doubleday, Doran books
Novels by Edna Ferber
Books needing cleanup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20and%20Get%20It%20%28novel%29 |
The Central Texas Stampede are a defunct minor league professional ice hockey team which was located in Belton, Texas. They played in the Western Professional Hockey League for five seasons, from 1996 to 2001. The team folded during the fifth season of its operation. The team played its home games at the Bell County Expo Center.
History
The Central Texas Stampede were one of the "original six" teams of the now defunct Western Professional Hockey League. On October 15, 1996 the Stampede defeated the Waco Wizards 5-4 in the first ever WPHL contest.
The Stampede had four head coaches during its five year run in the WPHL. The team's first coach was former NHL player Bob Bourne, who led the team to a 35-27-2 record for 72 points in the 1996-97 season. For the 1997-98 season the team was coached by former NHLer Lee Norwood, who led the team to a 40-23-6 record for 86 points. The 1998-99 season was coached by Glen Williamson (who was previously an NHL assistant coach with the Winnipeg Jets. He coached the team to season record of 33-24-12 for 78 points.
The team's final two seasons were coached by Todd Lalonde. Although Lalonde has no NHL experience, in his first year as head coach he was able to lead the team to their best ever record of 50-17-3. Their 103 points put the team at the top the league's standings at the end of the 1999-2000 regular season.
Despite the relative success of the team, the location of the Expo center and a small population base caused the team to struggle throughout their history to maintain a solid attendance figure. On one night during the last season, the paid attendance was less than 900 with less than 300 people in actual attendance. The management struggled and fell far behind on paying their expenses. On January 6, 2001, the Central Texas Stampede played its last game. The team had played only 38 games before folding midway through the 2000-01 season.
The WPHL merged with the Central Hockey League after the 2000-01 season and its surviving teams continued playing in the Central Hockey League until 2013 when a group of team owners bought the league itself.
Post-WPHL history
The market was subsequently home to:
Central Texas Blackhawks (2002–2003) AWHL
Central Texas Blackhawks (2003–2004) NAHL
Central Texas Marshals (2004–2005) NAHL
References
External links
Team History at HockeyDB.com
Defunct ice hockey teams in Texas
Ice hockey teams in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Texas%20Stampede |
GingerMan Raceway is a road racing course located east of the town of South Haven in southwest Michigan, United States.
The track was built in 1995 and opened for its first full season of racing sports cars and motorcycles in 1996. The track is 2.14 miles long and sits on 330 acres.
The Gridlife festival is held at the venue since 2014.
Track Layout
The track is the recipient of the Safe Track Award from Victory Lane Magazine, and was designed by architect Alan Wilson for use as a club racing course with clear runoffs and wide, smooth paving to avoid costly vehicle damage, especially for newer drivers.
The road course is specifically designed for driver safety, especially for amateur drivers. The circuit update during the 2009 - 2010 off season included an addition to Turn 10 (now 10A) of 1,770 feet of pavement, bringing the course to 2.21 miles. Safety runoff areas were configured to allow counter-race operation. Spectators can watch the races from numerous areas.
Experienced racers and track day drivers consider GingerMan one of the safest road race tracks in the region.
References
External links
GingerMan Raceway
Motorsport venues in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Van Buren County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Van Buren County, Michigan
Sports venues completed in 1996
1996 establishments in Michigan
Road courses in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingerman%20Raceway |
The list of ship commissionings in 1921 includes a chronological list of ships commissioned in 1921. In cases where no official commissioning ceremony was held, the date of service entry may be used instead.
References
See also
1921
Ship decommissionings
Ship launches
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20decommissionings%20in%201921 |
John Bennett Dawson (March 17, 1798 – June 26, 1845) was an American politician who served as a Democrat in the United States House of Representatives from the state of Louisiana.
Early life
Born near Nashville, Tennessee on March 17, 1798, he went to Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. He moved to Louisiana and became a planter residing at Wyoming Plantation; he was also interested in the newspaper business. He married Margaret Johnson and together they had four children. His daughter Anna Ruffin Dawson married Robert C. Wickliffe who would serve as Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Louisiana in the 1850s.
Political career
From 1823-1824, Dawson was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives representing Feliciana Parish.
He unsuccessfully ran for Louisiana Governor in 1834, He was defeated by Whig candidate Edward D. White.
In 1840, Dawson was elected as a Democrat representing the Second District in the 27th Congress. He was re-elected in 1842 and represented the Third District in the 28th Congress. He served from March 4, 1841, until his death on June 26, 1845. He defeated James M. Elam (Whig) in the election of 1843.
He served as major-general in the State militia, judge of the parish court in West Feliciana Parish, and U.S. postmaster at New Orleans from April 10, 1843, until December 19, 1843.
Dawson was known for his threats of violence, particularly on the topic of slavery. He once "threatened to cut a colleague’s throat ‘from ear to ear.’" On separate occasions, he drew a Bowie knife on and raised a cocked pistol at the anti-slavery congressman Joshua R. Giddings. John Quincy Adams described him as a "drunken bully."
Death
Dawson died on June 26, 1845. His remains were interred in Grace Episcopal churchyard in St. Francisville, Louisiana. His successor in Congress, John H. Harmanson, eulogized him on the floor of the House, but not without noting his "faults — some thought grave faults."
In his memory, a cenotaph was erected at Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
1798 births
1845 deaths
19th-century American legislators
19th-century American judges
19th-century American Episcopalians
American planters
Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
Centre College alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Louisiana state court judges
American proslavery activists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bennett%20Dawson |
Rob & Fab was a short-lived dance-pop music duo formed and fronted by Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan in 1990, following their departure from the commercially successful but ill-fated group Milli Vanilli.
Career
In the wake of the Milli Vanilli lip-synching scandal, Pilatus and Morvan went to the studio and recorded a song, "Don't Give Up the Fight", to prove that they could sing. Even though they performed it on multiple TV shows, they never officially released it. Both Pilatus and Morvan then moved to Los Angeles and acquired a new manager, Sandy Gallin. They signed with The Joss Entertainment Group, with whom they recorded new songs featuring their own vocals.
Their first and only album, Rob & Fab, was financed by Joss subsidiary Taj Records in 1992 and released under the Joss Entertainment label in 1993. A single, "We Can Get It On", was made available for radio play to promote the album and was eventually performed on The Arsenio Hall Show, but it was not commercially successful. Additionally, due to financial constraints and subsequent lack of promotion, the album was distributed only in the United States, the market that had become the most critical of Milli Vanilli. "We Can Get It On" failed to chart. The album only sold 2,000 copies.
Over the next two years, the relationship between Pilatus and Morvan soured; the pair eventually stopped speaking to each other. Taj Records went out of business shortly thereafter. Rob & Fab would be the final work by Pilatus prior to his death in 1998. A Milli Vanilli comeback album featuring Pilatus and Morvan, Back and in Attack, was recorded in 1997 but remains unreleased.
Morvan pursued a solo career, releasing his first album, Love Revolution, in 2003.
Rob & Fab (album)
Track listing
References
1990 establishments in West Germany
1993 disestablishments in Germany
Milli Vanilli
German musical duos
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20%26%20Fab |
Classical theism is a form of theism in which God is characterized as the absolutely metaphysically ultimate being, in contrast to other conceptions such as pantheism, panentheism, polytheism, deism and process theism.
Classical theism is a form of monotheism. Whereas most monotheists agree that God is, at minimum, all-knowing, all-powerful, and completely good, classical theism asserts that God is both immanent (encompassing or manifested in the material world) and simultaneously transcendent (independent of the material universe); simple, and having such attributes as immutability, impassibility, and timelessness. A key concept in classical theism is that "created beings" (ie, material phenomena, whether sentient biological organisms or insentient matter) are dependent for their existence on the one supreme divine Being. Also, although God is wholly transcendent, he not only creates the material universe but also acts upon the material universe in imposing (or organizing) a Higher Order upon that material reality. This order was called by the ancient Greeks logos.
Classical theism is associated with the tradition of writers like Plato, Aristotle, Philo of Alexandria, Plotinus, Proclus, Athenagoras of Athens, Clement of Alexandria, Basil of Caesarea, Augustine, Boethius, Cyril of Alexandria, John Damascene, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Anselm of Canterbury, Maimonides, Averroes, Thomas Aquinas, Leibniz. Since the advent of the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century the principle of divine immanence as a central doctrine of classical theism (as traditionally held by all three of the major Abrahamic religions) began to be replaced among progressive thinkers with the notion that although God had created the universe in the beginning he subsequently left the universe to run according to fixed laws of nature. A common metaphor for this idea in the seventeenth century was that of the clockwork universe. This theological doctrine was known as deism and gradually became the default view of many of the influential thinkers of the eighteenth century enlightenment.
Among modern day theologians and philosophers of religion classical theism has appeared in a number of variants. For example, there are, today, philosophers like Alvin Plantinga (who rejects divine simplicity), Richard Swinburne (who rejects divine timelessness) and William Lane Craig (who rejects both divine simplicity and timelessness), who can be viewed as theistic personalists. Philosophers like David Bentley Hart and Edward Feser have defended traditional classical theism in recent times.
Notes
References
Philosophy of religion
Theism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20theism |
is a puzzle video game developed by Alexey Pajitnov and Vladimir Pokhilko of ParaGraph Intl. for Bullet-Proof Software. An arcade version was manufactured by Video System.
Gameplay
Hatris plays similarly to Pajitnov's previous Tetris, in that game objects falling from the top of the screen must be arranged in specific patterns to gain points and to keep the play area clear. In Hatris, hats of different styles fall from the top of the screen and accumulate at the bottom. To eliminate hats from the play area, five hats of identical style must be stacked. Different style hats stack differently.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed the arcade version of Hatris on their June 1, 1990 issue as being the eighteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.
Entertainment Weekly gave the Game Boy version of Hatris an A and wrote that "There is, after all, a cure for Tetris addiction. It’s Hatris, a habit that's even harder to kick."
References
External links
1990 video games
Alexey Pajitnov games
Arcade video games
Blue Planet Software games
Falling block puzzle games
Game Boy games
Microcabin games
Mobile games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
TurboGrafx-16 games
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatris |
Jakob Wimpfeling (25 July 1450 – 17 November 1528) was a Renaissance humanist and theologian.
Biography
Wimpfeling was born in Sélestat (Schlettstadt), Alsace, Lorraine. He went to the school at Sélestat, which was run by Ludwig Dringenberg, the founder of the Humanist Library of Sélestat. In 1464 he became a student at the University of Freiburg, where he received his baccalaureus in 1466; later he went to the University of Erfurt and the University of Heidelberg, where he received his magister in 1471. He then studied Canon law for three years, and finally theology.
In 1483, he was cathedral preacher at Speyer. In 1498, Philip, Elector Palatine, called him to Heidelberg as professor of rhetoric and poetry. From 1500, he lived in Strasbourg, with its bishop Albert of Palatinate-Mosbach as his patron. There he devoted himself to writing, before returning to his birthplace in 1513. At Sélestat a circle of pupils and admirers gathered around him. Differences of opinion on Lutheranism broke up this literary society.
After Martin Luther's excommunication he took part in the attempt to prevail upon the Curia to withdraw the ban. This caused him to be suspected of having written a lampoon on the Curia, Litancia pro Germania, which was probably actually written by Hermann von dem Busche.
In 1521, Wimpfeling submitted to the Roman Church, of which he was ever afterwards a loyal son. In 1524 he added to Jerome Emser's dialogue against Huldrych Zwingli's Canonis missae defensio in an open letter to Luther and Zwingli, in which he exhorted them to examine the scriptures carefully in order to discover for themselves that the Canon of the Mass contains nothing contrary to the doctrines and customs of the early Church. Wimpfeling then retired from the struggle, and was ridiculed by Lutherans as a renegade and a persecutor of heretics.
He died in 1528 in Sélestat.
Works
Wimpfeling's literary career began with a few publications in which he urged the more frequent holding of synods, the veneration of the Blessed Virgin, and an improvement of the discipline of the clergy.
The Elegantiarum medulla (1493) is an extract from Lorenzo Valla's books on the elegance of the Latin language. In the Isidoneus germanicus (1496) he presented his pedagogical ideals, and opposed scholasticism. The teaching of grammar should lead to the reading of heathen writers who were not immoral and especially of the Christian writers. He also laid emphasis on learning the practical sciences.
His most important work, Adolescentia (1500), was intended to supplement Isidoneus. Here he set forth the ethical side of his pedagogical scheme. The troubles of the Church spring from the bad training of the young; consequently, young people must be trained so as to be well-established in morals. He then discusses the details of twenty laws for young men.
He showed himself a fiery patriot in the Germanic (1501), which involved him in a feud with Murner. His Epitome rerum germanicarum (1505) is a short history of the Germans, drawn in some particulars from other historians. In several writings he opposed abuses in the Church.
Wimpfeling bequeathed several of his books and manuscripts to the Humanist Library of Sélestat, where they are still kept today.
References
Charles Schmidt, Histoire litteraire de l'Alsace (Paris, 1879), I, 1–187; II, 317–39
Joseph Knepper, Jakob Wimpfeling (Freiburg, 1902)
External links
1450 births
1528 deaths
15th-century German writers
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers
German Renaissance humanists
Christian humanists
Heidelberg University alumni
People from Sélestat
University of Erfurt alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%20Wimpfeling |
The Anthem of Curaçao () is the national anthem of Curaçao. Officially adopted on 26 July 1978, it consists of four verses, although only the first and last are commonly sung. Its theme is best summed up by the first stanza, praising the grandeur of Curaçao, as small as the island may be.
History
The lyrics were first written by a friar of Dutch origin, Friar Radulphus, in celebration of the coronation of Queen Wilhelmina in 1898. The song was known as "" ("In Every Nation Our Fatherland Is Little Known"). During the celebrations, the pupils of a local elementary school, the St. Jozefschool, sang this to the melody of the Tyrolean hymn "".
It wasn't until the 1930s when Friar Candidus Nouwens composed the melody to which the anthem is sung today. For many years since, the song was sung on the Dutch national holiday Koninginnedag (or Queen's Day), and on other official occasions. In 1978, the government commissioned a group to rewrite the lyrics before it would be adopted as the official anthem of Curaçao on 26 July. The assumed belittlement of the Island by the title and the first phrase was one of the motives for the adaptation ordered by the insular government. The website of the insular government of Curaçao cites Guillermo Rosario, Mae Henriquez, Enrique Muller and Betty Doran as the writers of the anthem's lyrics.
Performance
On June 18, 2003, the insular government of Curaçao defined regulations on the official use of the anthem. Typically, only the first and last verses are sung. The only occasions where all four are officially sung are:
When the administrator, a deputy or a member of the insular government starts their tenure,
At meetings organised by the insular government to celebrate an official holiday or an official commemoration of an event and,
When raising the flag at official events organised for the insular government.
As for all television and radio broadcasts, the anthem is played at midnight on New Year's and every day at the beginning and end of transmission. Various radio stations on the island play the anthem at noon as well. The anthem may only be sung in Papiamentu.
Lyrics
Typically, only the first and last verses are sung.
Notes
References
Bibliography
North American anthems
National symbols of Curaçao
Dutch anthems
National anthems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno%20di%20K%C3%B2rsou |
Marián Šťastný (born January 8, 1953) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey right winger who played for five seasons in the National Hockey League from 1981 through 1986 for the Quebec Nordiques and Toronto Maple Leafs. Prior to moving to the NHL Šťastný had played in Czechoslovakia for Slovan ChZJD Bratislava with his brothers, Peter and Anton. They defected in 1980, joining the Nordiques, though Marián waited until 1981 to join them.
Playing career
Šťastný played for Slovan ChZJD Bratislava of the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League from 1974 to 1981. During this time, he represented Czechoslovakia in five World Championships (winning two gold medals), two Winter Olympics, and the 1976 Canada Cup. He also competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Winter Olympics.
In 1981, Šťastný joined his two younger brothers, Peter and Anton, as free agents with Quebec Nordiques, playing with them for four seasons. They were the third trio of brothers to play on the same professional hockey team (the first being the Bentley brothers of the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1940s and the second being the Plager brothers of the St. Louis Blues in the 1970s). He was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs before the beginning of the 1985–1986 season, playing one season in Toronto before ending his career in Switzerland with the HC Sierre.
Personal life
Šťastný was born in Bratislava, the third son of Stanislav and Frantiska. His two older brothers, Vladimir (born 1945) and Bohumil (born 1947) were born when the family still lived in the village of Pružina, about 170 kilometres northeast of Bratislava. They moved to Bratislava before Marián's birth, which was followed by Peter (1956), Anton (1959), and Eva (1966). Stanislav worked for a state-run company that built hydro-electric dams until 1980 when he retired, and mainly dealt with managing inventory. Frantiska stayed at home and raised the children. Vladimir was the former assistant coach of the Slovakia national ice hockey team. Marián's nephews Yan and Paul Stastny, both sons of Peter, have also played in the NHL.
Šťastný retired to the Quebec City area and after a brief attempt at coaching with the Junior Tier II CNDF hockey team, is now the owner of a golf club and a hotel in Saint-Nicolas, on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River near Quebec City.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
CSSR totals do not include numbers from the 1970–71 season to the 1973–74 season.
International
See also
Notable families in the NHL
List of Slovaks in the NHL
References
Bibliography
External links
1953 births
Living people
Czechoslovak defectors
Czechoslovak ice hockey right wingers
HC Dukla Jihlava players
HC Sierre players
HC Slovan Bratislava players
Ice hockey players at the 1980 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
Olympic ice hockey players for Czechoslovakia
Quebec Nordiques players
Slovak ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Bratislava
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada
Czechoslovak expatriate ice hockey people
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n%20%C5%A0%C5%A5astn%C3%BD |
The John Molson School of Business, commonly known as John Molson, is a business school located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The John Molson School of Business was established in 1974 by Concordia University.
Programs
Undergraduate programs
Bachelor of Business Administration (BAdmin)
Bachelor of Commerce (BComm)
Graduate diploma programs
Business Administration (GDBA)
Chartered Accountancy (CPA)
Graduate certificate programs
Business Administration (GCBA)
Quantitative Business Studies (GCQBS)
Postgraduate programs
Master of Science in Management (MSc)
Master of Science in Marketing (MSc)
Master of Science in Finance (MSc)
Master of Supply Chain Management (MSCM)
Full-time/part-time MBA
MBA in Investment Management
Executive MBA (EMBA)
PhD in Business Administration
Executive education
Sustainable Investment Certificate
Aviation Certificate
Coaching Certification
Student life
The John Molson School of Business has a very large community of student-run clubs and events. The Commerce and Administration Students' Association (CASAJMSB) represents the undergraduate students at John Molson and oversees 16 clubs comprising over 200 student volunteers. The John Molson Graduate Students' Association (JMGSA) represents graduate students.
The Goodman Institute of Investment Management
The MBA in Investment Management offered by the Goodman Institute of Investment Management was established in 2001 following a gift from Ned Goodman. The Goodman Institute's MBA in Investment Management Program is the world's only MBA program that fully integrates the curriculum of the CFA Charter into its program. This combined curriculum permits students to study towards two world-recognized designations simultaneously, and is offered in Montreal while providing networking opportunities in Toronto. Classes are given Wednesday evenings and Saturdays to allow students to work full-time while earning the MBA and CFA.
Case competitions
Both undergraduate and graduate students are active participants in international business case competitions. The school also hosts two of its own competitions: the John Molson Undergraduate Case Competition and the John Molson MBA International Case Competition.
Kenneth Woods Portfolio Management Program
A selected group of undergraduate students manage a $5 million endowment portfolio every year as part of the Kenneth Woods Portfolio Management Program (KWPMP). The portfolio was donated by Ken Woods in 2000 for the primary purpose of training undergraduate students in investment management.
Van Berkom Investment Management Program
The Van Berkom Investment Management Program (VBIMP) was established in 2015 after a donation by J. Sebastian van Berkom. Each year, the program's eight manage a portfolio of small capitalized North American equities with a view to achieving above-average returns.
Rankings
CEO MAGAZINE
#3 in Canada, #25 in world, John Molson EMBA, 2023 Global MBA Rankings.
BLOOMBERG BUSINESSWEEK
#3 in Quebec, #6 in Canada, John Molson MBA, Best B-Schools 2022-23.
QS GLOBAL EXECUTIVE MBA RANKINGS
Top 100 in world, John Molson EMBA, QS Global Executive MBA Rankings 2022.
QS GLOBAL MBA RANKINGS
#2 in Canada for ROI, John Molson MBA, QS Global MBA Rankings 2023.
CORPORATE KNIGHTS
Top 25 in world, Sustainable Business Schools, John Molson MBA, 2019 Better World MBA Ranking.
Name origin
The John Molson School of Business is named after businessman John Molson who was an entrepreneur in Canada during the late 18th century and early 19th century after having emigrated from England. Shortly after his arrival, at the age of 23, he founded the Molson Brewing Company, which is North America's oldest brewery.
Concordia University renamed its Faculty of Commerce and Administration after John Molson in November 2000 following a $20 million donation by the Molson family towards the construction of the new John Molson Building.
See also
Education in Canada
Rankings of universities in Canada
References
Further reading
Bissonette, L. A. "Loyola of Montreal: A Sociological Analysis of an Educational Institution in Transition between 1969 and 1974." M.A. thesis, Concordia University, 1977.
External links
John Molson School of Business
Concordia University
Business schools in Canada
1963 establishments in Canada
1974 establishments in Canada
Downtown Montreal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Molson%20School%20of%20Business |
The Mid State Trail (MST) is a linear hiking trail located in the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Plateau of central Pennsylvania, United States. It is the longest hiking trail in Pennsylvania, and one of just three (with the Appalachian Trail and North Country Trail) to traverse the state from one border to another. A portion of the Mid State Trail is also part of the Great Eastern Trail.
The Mid State Trail is known for its feeling of remoteness, though it is never more than 2 kilometers from a road. It is mostly on public lands, including state forest and state game lands, and it passes through numerous state parks, wild areas, and natural areas. In its southern half, the MST mostly follows rocky ridgetops in the ridge and valley province and reaches dozens of expansive vistas. The northern segment of the trail traverses slightly less rugged but still challenging landscapes on top of the Allegheny Plateau.
The original route of the trail extended from near Alexandria on US Route 22 in Huntingdon County, to the West Rim Trail near Blackwell in Tioga County. It has since been extended to both the south and north, reaching from Maryland to New York and connecting with other trails in those states.
The MST is marked by orange blazes, with some spur trails to nearby points of interest marked by blue blazes. The MST holds the distinction of being measured entirely in metric, with all guidebooks and signs using metric distances while maps also show metric elevations. It was the first significant hiking trail in the United States to do so. This is because the founder of the trail, Tom Thwaites, was a proponent of converting America to the metric system.
Route
The Mid State Trail is traditionally described from south to north, and has been divided into four sections.
Everett Region
The MST begins at the southern edge of Pennsylvania, at the Maryland border north of Flintstone, Maryland. That state's Green Ridge Hiking Trail reaches the border, and continues into Pennsylvania as the Mid State Trail. After some road walking, the MST enters Buchanan State Forest and climbs to the top of Tussey Mountain, staying on top of this ridgeline (with a few gaps) for about 200 kilometers ahead and following it primarily to the northeast. Above Rainsburg the MST crosses PA Route 326 and enters State Game Lands 97.
South of Everett, the MST descends and crosses the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River on a rural road bridge, then walks through Everett and uses a street under the US Route 30 expressway. The MST then climbs up the next segment of Tussey Mountain and passes through multiple tracts of State Game Lands 73. Another abrupt break in the ridge must be tackled at Loysburg Gap, along Beaver Creek and PA Route 36. The MST continues to the northeast through more of State Game Lands 73 and then State Game Lands 118. Above Williamsburg, the MST descends, follows rural roads and city streets through the town, then joins the Lower Trail (a rail-trail) and walks easily for about 18 kilometers, alongside the Frankstown Branch of the Juniata River. The MST crosses US Route 22 at a parking lot for the bike trail, west of Alexandria.
State College Region
North of US Route 22, the MST climbs up the next segment of Tussey Mountain and enters Rothrock State Forest. It crosses PA Route 26 above Pine Grove Mills in an area that features several vistas of State College and Penn State University. The trail walks along the ridgeline around three sides of Bear Meadows Natural Area, then finally reaches the end of Tussey Mountain and rises to the top of Thickhead Mountain. The trail next reaches a junction with the Standing Stone Trail at Detweiler Run Natural Area. The trail then walks through Penn-Roosevelt State Park, and later uses a culvert to pass under the US Route 322 expressway near Potters Mills.
Next, the trail walks through Poe Valley State Park and then Poe Paddy State Park; at the latter it uses a former railroad bridge over Penns Creek and then a defunct railroad tunnel through a ridgeline. Poe Paddy State Park also includes a junction with the Reeds Gap Spur Trail, which leads southwest 13.9 miles to Reeds Gap State Park. Now in Bald Eagle State Forest, the MST trends to the north and climbs up and down several ridgelines, crossing PA Route 45 and then PA Route 192 at R.B. Winter State Park.
Woolrich Region
North of R.B. Winter State Park, the MST continues to climb up and down several different ridgelines and uses a rural road overpass to cross Interstate 80 to the east of its interchange with PA Route 880. Now trending primarily to the north, the MST passes into Tiadaghton State Forest, walks through Ravensburg State Park, and crosses PA Route 880. North of that park, the MST follows a segment of the Native American Great Island Path, reenters Bald Eagle State Forest, and descends to the valley of the West Branch Susquehanna River. The trail uses a rural road to pass under the US Route 220 expressway, then uses another road to cross the river between Avis and Jersey Shore.
After crossing PA Route 150, the MST traverses company lands owned by the Woolrich corporation and takes hikers past the company store. (This segment of the trail is sometimes closed.) After continuing through some low valley areas with a few farms, the MST next reenters Tiadaghton State Forest and rises to the top of the Allegheny Plateau. It then reaches Pine Creek Gorge and tackles a particularly difficult gap, descending to Pine Creek near the town of Ramsey, crossing the river on a defunct railroad bridge that also serves the Pine Creek Rail Trail, then encountering PA Route 44. The MST then climbs very steeply back to the top of the plateau. The trail walks through Little Pine State Park, continuing through various parcels of Tiadaghton State Forest and State Game Lands 75. The MST then enters Tioga State Forest and descends into the canyon formed by Babb Creek, walking through the town of Blackwell via PA Route 414 and briefly joining the Pine Creek Rail Trail again in Pine Creek Gorge.
Tioga Region
North of Blackwell, the Mid State Trail has been routed and mapped, but as of 2022 some segments are still under development. The trail climbs back out of Pine Creek Gorge toward the top of the Allegheny Plateau again. It crosses PA Route 287 near Antrim, then continues north while exiting Tiadaghton State Forest. Most of the rest of the trail is on private lands through which passage has been negotiated with landowners. The MST crosses US Route 6 roughly halfway between Wellsboro and Mansfield, then walks through Hills Creek State Park followed by State Game Lands 37. The trail skirts the west side of Hammond Lake, crosses PA Route 287 again, then continues north through lightly developed rural areas. Approaching the New York border, the trail reaches the shore of Cowanesque Lake, follows the south shore parallel to PA Route 49, then makes a U-turn and follows the north shore. The MST then leaves the lake, continues to the north, and reaches the New York border after 526 kilometers (327 miles) in Pennsylvania. The footpath continues to the north into New York as the Crystal Hills Trail, a branch of the Finger Lakes Trail.
References
Hiking trails in Pennsylvania
Great Eastern Trail
Long-distance trails in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid%20State%20Trail%20%28Pennsylvania%29 |
The list of ship launches in 1903 includes a chronological list of ships launched in 1903. In cases where no official launching ceremony was held, the date built or completed may be used instead.
References
Sources
1903
Ship launches
Ship launches
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201903 |
The Waterford and Tramore Railway (W&TR) was a railway in County Waterford, Ireland, that linked the city of Waterford and the seaside town of Tramore, a distance of . The railway officially opened on 5 September 1853 and opened for normal business on 7 September 1853. The line had no intermediate stations, only the two termini, and was to remain completely isolated from the rest of the Irish railway network throughout its life. It closed on 31 December 1960.
History
Construction began on 10 February 1853, the Waterford business community meeting the £77,000 cost. William Dargan's construction company completed the single track line by 2 September 1853, less than seven months. This was a considerable achievement as a section of line outside Waterford ran over deep bog covered with bulrushes. Each terminus included a turntable.
The Company offered a number of concessions and travel offers, some of which were related to the expansion of the resort of Tramore. A combined Hotel and rail travel was offered, free travel was offered to various religious orders, and house builders in Tramore could have their building materials transported for free and they were also entitled to a free travel pass for five years.
On 1 January 1925 the Great Southern Railways (GSR) was formed and absorbed the W&TR. On 31 December 1944 the GSR and Dublin United Transport Company merged to form CIÉ.
Traffic reach a peak in 1952 with fourteen services each way following introduction of a cheaper fares policy.
On 27 September 1960 CIÉ announced that it would close the line on 31 December and replace it with a bus service. To avoid demonstrations, the last scheduled train did not run. The final trains run were the 13:25 from Waterford and the 14:10 from Tramore.
In the first half of 1961 all the tracks were lifted and the rails scrapped by a Dublin scrap firm with the sleepers were sold for use in defences against coastal erosion. Locally it was rumoured that the tracks were to be shipped to Nigeria. Similar false rumours attended many railway closures at the time.
One of the few remaining traces of the railway is Tramore station house, which after lying derelict for many years is now owned by Waterford County Council.
Route
The Waterford and Tramore Railway was the only broad gauge line in Ireland that was not connected to any other.
The W&TR was one of five railways that served Waterford. The others were: the Dublin and South Eastern Railway; the Waterford and Central Ireland Railway; the Waterford, Dungarvan and Lismore Railway; and the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway. The latter three were absorbed into the Great Southern and Western Railway by just after the turn of the twentieth century. Only the W&TR was never to use the main station to the north-east of the River Suir, though the Waterford, Dungarvan and Lismore's initial terminus was also to the south of the Suir.
Rolling stock
The railway was initially worked with two 2-2-2 tank locomotives built by William Fairbairn & Sons in 1855, numbered 1 and 2. Several other locomotives were added later. No. 2 was scrapped in 1928. No. 1 remained in service until 1936 when it was derailed and plunged down an embankment, and cut up on the site. By then several other locomotives had been brought to the W&T from the main railway network. When No. 1 met with its end, It was then the last locomotive with single driving wheels in regular traffic in the British Isles.
From 1955 CIÉ 2600 Class diesel railcars Nos. 2657, 2658 and 2659 were dedicated to the line, being adapted to have second class and no toilet facilities giving a capacity of nearly 100. They were moved from Waterford by road when introduced and upon line closure.
References
Bibliography
External links
Waterford-Tramore Railway: Road Maintenance Costs
Closure rumours
Closure debate
Closed railways in Ireland
Defunct railway companies of Ireland
Irish gauge railways
Railway companies disestablished in 1925
Railway companies established in 1853
Railway lines opened in 1853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford%20and%20Tramore%20Railway |
Jori Lance Chisholm (born September 23, 1975) is an American professional bagpipe player and teacher who lives in Seattle, Washington. Chisholm is a successful solo competitor winning the United States Gold Medal four times and has placed in the top three in Scotland's Argyllshire Gathering Gold Medal competition. He played with the six-time Grade One World Champion Simon Fraser University Pipe Band and was a featured solo performer for the band on multiple occasions. Chisholm has performed in front of sold-out audiences with The Chieftains and with ex-Grateful Dead rocker Bob Weir and his band Ratdog, and has been featured as a soloist or band member on over 20 recordings. His debut solo album Bagpipe Revolution was nominated for Album of the Year by Pipes|Drums magazine. He writes the "Sound Technique" column for the National Piping Centre’s bi-monthly Piping Today Magazine. The New York Times featured Chisholm's online teaching program, BagpipeLessons.com, and described him as a "top-tier teacher" in a front-page story about the growth of Skype music lessons. A cover story in American Profile Magazine named Chisholm one of the "world's elite pipers."
Biography
Raised in a Finnish-American bilingual household (hence the first name, which is Finnish), Chisholm, together with his siblings, began musical training early, beginning with the piano at the age of four and continuing with that instrument until high school, where he played the cello and sang various school choirs.
With siblings involved in Highland dancing, it was natural for Chisholm to migrate to the bagpipes, taking his first piping lessons at age 11 from a close neighbor and professional piper, Colin MacKenzie, who was the founder of the first American Grade 1 pipe band, the Blue Heron Bay Pipe Band.
Early on in his piping career, Chisholm performed exclusively as a soloist since there were few pipe bands where he grew up (and no pipe bands for youth). In those years, Chisholm attended piping workshops and competitions, as well as making an annual trip to the Coeur d'Alene Piping School in Idaho, where he studied piobaireachd under Pipe Major Evan MacRae and Andrew Wright.
After graduating from high school, Chisholm enrolled at the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, Washington. While there, he traveled regularly to British Columbia to take lessons, progressing to the professional level of piping competition. After graduating from UPS with a degree in psychology in 1997, Chisholm was admitted to the national honorary society, Phi Beta Kappa. It was the following year that he joined the Simon Fraser University Pipe Band.
In 2000, Chisholm went on a solo competition tour in Scotland in an attempt to achieve sufficient piping prizes to meet the qualification standards for elite competitions the following year. He succeeded, and was invited to compete at the Argyllshire Gathering at Oban and the Northern Meeting in Inverness in 2001. In his first year competing at the elite level, he won the Royal Scottish Pipers' Society Bronze Star for 1st Place in the 'A' Marches at the Argyllshire Gathering at Oban and Runner-Up in the Silver Medal Piobaireachd at the Northern Meeting in Inverness.
Chisholm continues to compete internationally, taking top prizes in North America and Scotland. His first solo album, Bagpipe Revolution, was released in 2008 and was Runner-Up for the Reader's Choice Recording of the Year award by PipesDrums.
Trivia
Chisholm is the grandson of the famous Finnish fighter ace Jorma Sarvanto.
Chisholm is a graduate of the Yamaha Music School.
Solo Prizes
Cowal Highland Gathering Open 'A' Piobaireachd (2010) - 1st place (first American two-time winner)
U.S. Gold Medal Piping Championship (2014) - 1st place (first four-time winner)
U.S. Gold Medal Piping Championship (2009) - 1st place (first three-time winner)
U.S. Gold Medal Piping Championship (2008) - 1st place (first two-time winner)
Cowal Highland Gathering Open 'A' Piobaireachd (2008) - 1st place (first American winner)
3rd place in the Gold Medal competition at Oban (2006)
United States Prize Pipe (2005) - 1st place
Inaugural U.S. Gold Medal Piping Championship (2004) - 1st place
Cameron-Gillies Challenge Recital (two-time winner - 2004 and 2005)
B.C. Piper's Association Professional Knock-Out Competition (2004) - 1st place
Western Regional Piping Championships (2004) - 1st place
4th place in the Gold Medal Piobaireachd competition at Inverness (2003)
Runner-Up in the Silver Medal Piobaireachd at the Northern Meeting in Inverness (2001)
'A' Marches at Argyllshire Gathering in Oban (2001) - 1st place
Discography
As a soloist
Bagpipe Revolution (nominated for Album of the Year by Pipes|Drums magazine)
Masters of Scottish Arts - Volume II: Live at Benaroya Hall
Dr. Dan Reid Memorial Challenge Recital 2004
The 2004 Band Room MASTERS: Recorded Live at the National Piping Centre
The 2004 Band Room MASTERS Piobaireachd: Volume One (DVD)
Winter Storm III: The Pipes and Drums Concert (2004)
Simon Fraser University Pipe Band: On Home Ground: Volume One
Winter Storm 2008: The Pipes and Drums Concert
Winter Storm 2009: The Pipes and Drums Concert
Simon Fraser University Pipe Band: Affirmation: Live at Glasgow Royal Concert Hall
As a band member
Simon Fraser University Pipe Band: Live from New York City
Simon Fraser University Pipe Band: Affirmation: Live at Glasgow Royal Concert Hall
Simon Fraser University Pipe Band: On Home Ground: Volume One
Simon Fraser University Pipe Band: On Home Ground: Volume Two
Simon Fraser University Pipe Band: Down Under: Live at the Sydney Opera House
Winter Storm 2006: The Pipes and Drums Concert
Winter Storm 2007: The Pipes and Drums Concert
Winter Storm 2008: The Pipes and Drums Concert
Winter Storm 2009: The Pipes and Drums Concert
Winter Storm 2014: The Pipes and Drums Concert
The World Pipe Band Championships: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014.
As a producer
Bagpipe Revolution
Masters of Scottish Arts - Volume II: Live at Benaroya Hall
Masters of Scottish Arts - Volume I
As a composer
Bagpipe Revolution
Simon Fraser University Pipe Band: On Home Ground: Volume One
The World Pipe Band Championships: 2005
Raven: A Soft Wind Blows
With Bob Weir & Ratdog
RatDog Live: At the Moore Theater in Seattle. February 17, 2007.
References
External links
Jori Chisholm's homepage
Bagpipe Revolution homepage
Great Highland bagpipe players
Living people
University of Puget Sound alumni
1975 births
People from Lake Oswego, Oregon
Lake Oswego High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jori%20Chisholm |
Vladimir Stepania (born 8 May 1976) is a retired Georgian professional basketball player. He played at the center position.
Professional career
After starting to play basketball in his native country, Stepania played several years in Slovenia, namely with Olimpija Ljubljana, partnering with another center, Rasho Nesterović, in his first year.
Selected by the Seattle SuperSonics, late in the first round of the 1998 NBA draft, Stepania became the first Georgian player to play in the NBA. For six seasons, in which he was a backup, he represented the Sonics, the New Jersey Nets, the Miami Heat, and the Portland Trail Blazers, averaging 4.1 points (with a total of 1,118 points scored) and 4.4 rebounds per game, in 270 regular season games.
His best season was in 2002–03, with the Heat, in which he averaged 5.6 points and seven rebounds per game, battling for position in a club which had lost Alonzo Mourning for the year, with a kidney ailment; Stepania's career-high in points was 19, coming on 16 November 2001, against the Charlotte Hornets. On 19 November 2002, against the Milwaukee Bucks, he recorded a career-best 15 rebounds (on both occasions he represented the Heat).
In 2004, after a slow year with the Blazers, Stepania retired from playing professional basketball, at only 28.
National team career
Stepania was a member of the senior Georgian national basketball team.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Seattle
| 23 || 6 || 13.6 || .424 || .000 || .525 || 3.3 || .5 || .4 || 1.0 || 5.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Seattle
| 30 || 1 || 6.7 || .367 || .000 || .472 || 1.6 || .1 || .3 || .4 || 2.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|New Jersey
| 29 || 0 || 9.7 || .318 || .250 || .735 || 3.8 || .6 || .3 || .4 || 2.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Miami
| 67 || 4 || 13.2 || .470 || .500 || .481 || 4.0 || .2 || .4 || .7 || 4.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Miami
| 79 || 6 || 20.2 || .433 || || .530 || 7.0 || .3 || .6 || .5 || 5.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Portland
| 42 || 2 || 10.8 || .417 || || .611 || 3.0 || .5 || .3 || .4 || 2.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 270 || 19 || 13.8 || .425 || .133 || .536 || 4.4 || .3 || .4 || .5 || 4.1
References
External links
FIBA bio
FIBA Europe bio
1976 births
Living people
Centers (basketball)
Expatriate basketball people from Georgia (country) in the United States
KK Olimpija players
Miami Heat players
National Basketball Association players from Georgia (country)
New Jersey Nets players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Seattle SuperSonics draft picks
Seattle SuperSonics players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Stepania |
Tomáš Mojžíš (born 2 May 1982) is a Czech former ice hockey defenceman. He played 17 games in the National Hockey League with the Vancouver Canucks, St. Louis Blues, and Minnesota Wild from 2006 to 2008. The rest of his career, which lasted from 2003 to 2018, was mainly spent in Europe. Internationally Mojžíš played for the Czech national team, and won a gold medal at the 2010 World Championship.
Playing career
Mojžíš was drafted in the eighth round, 246th overall, by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played for HC Pardubice (Czech Jr.), the Moose Jaw Warriors (WHL), Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL), Manitoba Moose (AHL), Peoria Rivermen (AHL), St. Louis Blues (NHL), and Vancouver Canucks (NHL).
He was a member of the Czech national inline hockey team at the 2008 Men's World Inline Hockey Championships in Bratislava, Slovakia.
On 7 July 2008 Mojžíš signed a multi-year contract with the Minnesota Wild. Tomáš featured in only four games with the Wild before he was later assigned to affiliate, the Houston Aeros for the majority of the 2008–09 season. He was subsequently released from the second year of his contract with the Wild and signed with Modo Hockey of the Swedish Elitserien on 13 July 2009.
On 18 July 2010 Mojžíš headed to Belarus and signed a one-year contract as a free agent with HC Dinamo Minsk of the KHL.
Awards
2003 – WHL West First All-Star Team
2003 – CHL First All-Star Team
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Transactions
24 June 2001 – Drafted in the eighth round, 246th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft
4 September 2002 – Traded by the Toronto Maple Leafs to the Vancouver Canucks for Brad Leeb
9 March 2006 – Traded by the Vancouver Canucks with the Canucks' third round selection (Vladimir Zharkov — later acquired by New Jersey) in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft to the St. Louis Blues for Eric Weinrich
7 July 2008 – Signed as an unrestricted free agent by the Minnesota Wild
13 July 2009 – Signed as an unrestricted free agent by Modo
18 July 2010 – Signed as an unrestricted free agent by HC Dinamo Minsk
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey defencemen
HC Bílí Tygři Liberec players
HC Dinamo Minsk players
HC Dynamo Pardubice players
HC Lev Praha players
HC Sibir Novosibirsk players
HC Slovan Bratislava players
HC Sparta Praha players
HC TPS players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey people from the Central Bohemian Region
Manitoba Moose players
Minnesota Wild players
Modo Hockey players
Moose Jaw Warriors players
Sportspeople from Kolín
Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players
Seattle Thunderbirds players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks
Vancouver Canucks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1%20Moj%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1 |
Atkinson friction factor is a measure of the resistance to airflow of a duct. It is widely used in the mine ventilation industry but is rarely referred to outside of it.
Atkinson friction factor is represented by the symbol and has the same units as air density (kilograms per cubic metre in SI units, lbfmin^2/ft^4 in Imperial units). It is related to the more widespread Fanning friction factor by
in which is the density of air in the shaft or roadway under consideration and is Fanning friction factor (dimensionless). It is related to the Darcy friction factor by
in which is the Darcy friction factor (dimensionless).
It was introduced by John J Atkinson in an early mathematical treatment of mine ventilation (1862) and has been known under his name ever since.
See also
Atkinson resistance
References
NCB Mining Dept., Ventilation in coal mines: a handbook for colliery ventilation officers, National Coal Board 1979.
Further reading
1999 paper giving the derivation of
Atkinson, J J, Gases met with in Coal Mines, and the general principles of Ventilation Transactions of the Manchester Geological Society, Vol. III, p.218, 1862
Fluid dynamics
Mine ventilation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson%20friction%20factor |
The Reverend Robert Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch, better known by its shorter title The Skating Minister, is a late 18th-century oil painting attributed to Henry Raeburn, now in the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh. Because the painting was passed down through the subject's family, it was practically unknown until 1949, but has since become one of Scotland's best-known paintings. It is considered an icon of Scottish culture, painted during the Scottish Enlightenment.
History
Raeburn painted this portrait of his friend Robert Walker in about 1795, when he was already a fashionable society portraitist in Edinburgh. When Walker died in 1808, Raeburn was one the trustees of his estate. The painting was inherited by Walker's widow Jean, and when she died in 1831, it was passed down to their daughter, Magdalen, and then to her daughter, Magdalen Scougall. Finally it passed in turn to the younger Magdalen's daughter and Walker's great-granddaughter, Beatrix Scott, who lived in Boscombe, Hampshire. In March 1914, Beatrix submitted the painting for auction hoping that it would make 1,000 guineas (£1,050), but it failed to find a buyer. In 1926, Beatrix sold the painting privately for £700 to Lucy Hume of Bournemouth, who in 1949 sent it for sale at Christie's in London. In all these various changes of ownership, there is no record of the painting coming to the attention of any art historian and it is not described in any of the early books on Raeburn's work.
Christie's photographed The Skating Minister for their sale catalogue, which is believed to be the first time that the painting had been reproduced. It came to the attention of Ellis Waterhouse, the director of the National Gallery of Scotland (NGS) and was acquired for the nation for £525. The work did not become famous immediately, and it was not included in a book published by the NGS in 1972, Pictures for Scotland, which showcased the most notable works in their collection. However, in 1973, it was reproduced as one of the 'British Painters' set of commemorative stamps to mark the 150th anniversary of Raeburn's death. The painting was included in a 1997 exhibition of Raeburn's work at the National Portrait Gallery, London and was chosen to appear on posters advertising the event which were put on display across the capital. It reached an even wider audience in 1998 when The Skating Minister was included in an exhibition of British paintings, Pintura británica, at the Museo del Prado in Madrid, where images of it were widely reproduced on souvenirs.
Robert Walker
The minister portrayed in this painting is the Reverend Robert Walker. He was a Church of Scotland minister who was born on 30 April 1755 in Monkton, Ayrshire. When Walker was a child, his father had been the minister of the Scots Kirk in Rotterdam, so the young Robert almost certainly learnt to skate on the frozen canals of the Netherlands. He was licensed by the Presbytery of Edinburgh in 1770 at the age of fifteen. He married Jean Fraser in 1778 and had five children. He became a member of the Royal Company of Archers in 1779 and their chaplain in 1798. On 12 April 1782 Walker was one of the founding members of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh.
He was minister of the Canongate Kirk as well as being a member of the Edinburgh Skating Club, the first figure skating club formed anywhere in the world. The club met on Duddingston Loch as shown in the painting or on Lochend Loch about to the north, when these lochs were suitably frozen.
Appraisal
The painting is unusual in both its composition and its setting; it is unlike any other portrait by Raeburn. The subject matter, perhaps intentionally conveying Walker's ties with Holland, is reminiscent of seventeenth-century Dutch artworks, particularly those of Hendrick Avercamp. The Reverend skates in the efficient but difficult "travelling position", with both arms folded across his chest, and his stern black outfit contrasts with the wild backdrop of Duddingston Loch. According to Andrew Graham-Dixon, "The pinkish grey crags and sky have been painted with great freedom, whereas the figure of Reverend Robert Walker himself is so tightly drawn and painted that he appears almost as a black silhouette against an icy, vaporous wilderness. Perhaps this was the artist's way of suggesting that, for all his apparent probity and self-restraint, the minister was at heart something of a romantic – a man, at any rate, with a penchant for communing with nature."
Art historian Duncan Thomson notes that, "The filigree within the buckle on the strap at the skater's right knee and the taut complexities of the arrangement of the pink ribbons that binds the skates to his shoes are a reminder of the manipulative skills that Raeburn must have developed during his apprenticeship [as a jeweller and goldsmith] ... perhaps the tour de force of observation and the finding of equivalent forms are the marks that the skater (or those who have circled with him) has made on the ice: the curving grooves incised with some appropriate tool in a liquid, greyish white which has been spread over a darker grey that has been allowed to dry and the edges of these tiny furrows, more pronounced towards the bottom of the picture, tipped in with a purer white to simulate the froth of ice thrown aside by the cutting blade."
Attribution controversy
In March 2005, a curator from the Scottish National Portrait Gallery suggested that the painting was by French artist Henri-Pierre Danloux rather than by Henry Raeburn. Once this information had been brought to the attention of the Gallery, the label on the painting was altered to read “Recent research has suggested that the picture was actually painted [...] by Henri-Pierre Danloux.” Since this time, many people have debated this idea. It has been argued that Danloux was in Edinburgh during the 1790s, which happens to be the time period when The Skating Minister was created. Supposedly the canvas and scale of the painting appear to be those of a French painter, although Raeburn critics argue otherwise.
Despite continuing controversy about its attribution, The Skating Minister was sent to New York City in 2005 to be exhibited in Christie's for Tartan Day, an important Scottish celebration. James Holloway, director of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, told The Scotsman newspaper that his "gut reaction" was that it is by Raeburn. The newspaper reported that "it is understood that Sir Timothy Clifford, director-general of the National Galleries of Scotland, now accepts the painting is a Raeburn."
In popular culture
Cambridge UK based musical group Clean Bandit based a character in their music video for their song "Dust Clears" on The Skating Minister painting. The video has been posted by the band on YouTube. The skating minister is portrayed by skater Nick Martin and the skating scenes were filmed on Lake Vattern in Sweden.
A copy of The Skating Minister can be seen displayed in the apartment of con-man Neal Caffrey in the USA television series White Collar.
In Alexander McCall Smith's novel The Sunday Philosophy Club, a character sends a card bearing Raeburn's picture to the protagonist, Isabel Dalhousie.
Spanish architect Enric Miralles said that his west window panels at the 2004 Scottish Parliament Building invoked the form of The Skating Minister.
The painting is the subject of the 2022 novel The Edinburgh Skating Club by Michelle Sloan, which focuses on the attribution controversy surrounding the work.
See also
The Skater, 1782 painting by Gilbert Stuart
Footnotes
Further reading
Tells the story behind this painting. It gives details about the artist, Walker, and the setting of the painting.
External links
"Scottish art icon 'may be French, 3 March 2005 article from BBC News.
Works by Sir Henry Raeburn at the National Galleries of Scotland – Online Collections
1790s paintings
Church of Scotland
Scottish art
Paintings in National Galleries Scotland
Paintings by Henry Raeburn
Works by Scottish people
Paintings of people
Ice skating
Sports paintings
1790s in Scotland
Cultural depictions of religious leaders
Cultural depictions of Scottish men
Scotland in art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Skating%20Minister |
Tammy was a 12" fashion doll created by the Ideal Toy Company that debuted at the 1962 International Toy Fair. Advertised as "The Doll You Love to Dress", Tammy was portrayed as a young American teenager, more "girl next door" than the cosmopolitan image of Mattel's Barbie, or American Character's Tressy.
History
The doll was loosely based on the character "Tammy" in the 1957 film Tammy and the Bachelor. Tammy was produced in three versions: the first with straight legs, the second released in 1964 with bendable legs, and the final version released in 1965 was an older-looking doll titled "Grown Up Tammy". This doll was also released in an African American version.
In 1965, Tammy's popularity waned and she was discontinued in early 1966.
Friends and family
Dolls released by Ideal that comprised "Tammy's Family" included Mom, Dad, brothers Ted and Pete and sister Pepper. Other "Tammy's Family" companion dolls included Dodi, Salty, Misty, and Montgomery Ward's exclusive Patty and Bud, Tammy's boyfriend, which was produced in small numbers near the time when Ideal ceased production of all Tammy Family dolls.
Legacy
Although production of the Tammy doll was fairly brief, the doll inspired the United Kingdom's bestselling teenage doll, Sindy. Sindy was released in 1963, one year after Tammy, and Pedigree Toys obtained permission to use Tammy's tag line, "The Doll You Love To Dress".
Two conventions have been held in the United States for Tammy collectors.
The doll and its accessories are popular on online auction sites; for example, Tammy's boyfriend Bud sold for $500 on eBay and her original outfits still in their box have sold for $200. However, Tammy did not command the high prices of Barbie – in 2001 a mint Tammy sold on eBay for $90, compared to an early Barbie in similar condition that sold for over $3,000.
In recent years, prices have escalated and Tammy has a big following in Japan. The line of Tammy dolls and outfits, sold exclusively in Japan, now command high prices with American collectors. Tammy in her various formal kimono ensembles reach prices of $300 plus when complete and in mint condition. Brunette dolls, which were produced in smaller quantities, African American dolls and rare outfits such as "Secretary", "On the Avenue" and Tammy's bridal outfit sell for hundreds of dollars.
With the onset success of Tammy dolls, the line has most recently expanded into China. The China line includes various outfits, including the formal slim fitting "Qipao" made of blue satin with black floral print. Another highly popular outfit includes the traditional Chinese Shaolin uniform, available only in orange, representative of the Chinese martial arts of Northern China.
References
Products introduced in 1962
Fashion dolls
1960s toys
Ideal Toy Company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy%20%28doll%29 |
The Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station is an Amtrak intermodal transit station in Rochester, New York. Local and regional bus transportation is provided by the Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority (branded RTS). Various taxi firms service the station, as well. The station is located on the north side of Rochester, just east of High Falls on the south side of the tracks.
Rochester is served by three Amtrak routes, totalling eight trains each day. The Lake Shore Limited operates one train in each direction daily between Chicago and Boston/New York City (via two sections east of Albany), while the Empire Service operates two trains in each direction between Niagara Falls and New York City, and the Maple Leaf serves the station with one train in each direction between Toronto and New York City. The station, opened in 2017, is the third train station to be built at the site.
History
Rochester has a long history of train stations. The first major Rochester station was built in 1845 by the New York Central Railroad on Mill Street by High Falls.
In the 1880s, the railroad tracks were elevated (having previously been at grade) and in 1882 the station was relocated to the east side of the Genesee River, close to the modern station site on Central Avenue at St. Paul Street. This station was notable for its large train shed. Not long after the 1882 station was established, the city of Rochester had four major train stations: The New York Central station; the since demolished Erie Railroad Depot; the Lehigh Valley Railroad Station that houses Dinosaur Bar-B-Que; and the Rochester terminal of the Buffalo, Rochester, and Pittsburgh Railway that houses Nick Tahou Hots.
The 1882 station would be demolished and replaced in 1914 at the modern site by the more famous New York Central station designed by Claude Fayette Bragdon. The station, often referred to as Bragdon Station, was four stories with three high arching windows reminiscent of train driving wheels and a main room that was reminiscent of New York's Grand Central Terminal complete with arched ceilings and a lunch counter. The station at its height had 6 island platforms connected to the main station building by two tunnels, one for passengers and one for baggage and mail that went all the way to the Cumberland St. Central Post Office. The station was seen as one of Bragdon's greatest architectural accomplishments. As was the case with several large stations of the era, with falling revenues and the high maintenance costs and taxes of such a large facility the station was sold by the New York Central Railroad in 1959 to a private owner.
In a move that is largely considered today to have been a mistake, the famed 1914 station was mostly demolished in 1965 after its sale to private owners except for the then run down western-most (one-third) portion which served as the station (with the ticket sales at the entrance to the passenger tunnel). That remaining section was demolished in 1977 to make way for a smaller Amtrak facility in 1978. The passenger, baggage tunnels and one of the platform canopies of the original 1914 building were the last remaining remnants of the previous 1914 station to survive. The tunnels were re-discovered during initial surveying work for the current station. During the construction of the station in 2015, the tunnels were filled in as part of the construction of a new tunnel for the station; the westernmost part of the canopy remains.
The 1978 structure was an Amshack style station similar to other stations Amtrak was building at the time as part of their Standard Stations Program. It opened on July 12, 1978. Its single track platform was shared by eastbound and westbound trains, which caused conflicts between passenger and freight trains and led to delays. In addition, its low-level platforms forced passengers to use steps when boarding and alighting. The 1978 station was intended to be temporary and was long outdated by the time it was demolished in late 2015 to make way for the current station.
Ground was broken for the current station and multimodal transit center on October 28, 2014. It opened on October 6, 2017, in a ceremony attended by Congresswoman Louise Slaughter, Mayor Lovely Warren and Governor Andrew Cuomo. The station's construction cost of $29.5 million (originally $26.5 million) was funded by the City of Rochester, State of New York, and Amtrak. Its construction occurred around the same time of two other Empire Corridor stations: Niagara Falls (2016) and Schenectady (2018).
On March 17, 2018, a day after Slaughter's death, Senators Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand along with former Mayor and Lieutenant Governor Bob Duffy requested that Amtrak rename the station for Slaughter, who played a significant part in securing the funding for the rebuilt station. Four days later, Amtrak announced that it would rename the station, and officially unveiled the new name on March 25, 2019.
Station layout
The two floor station is . Designed to look like the original 1914 Bragdon station, it includes the 1914 station's original clock and plaques from both the 1914 station and 1882 station. Trains call at a single high-level center island platform serving one track in each direction for Amtrak, with two others on either side in each direction for freight traffic to pass by. The platform is connected to the station building via a tunnel underneath the tracks that is accessed by stairs, escalator and elevator. The station also contains two retail stands and many display boards.
To the side of the station is future parking allocation for Greyhound and Trailways buses, which currently stop at a temporary facility across the street as part of a phase 2 plan to directly incorporate buses into the station. It was also built to accommodate proposed high-speed rail service.
Bus connections
The station is across the street from the Greyhound Lines/New York Trailways station and phase 2 of the new station is to include the buses.
RTS service includes the 2 North Clinton and the 3 Joseph, both of which go to the nearby RTS Transit Center.
Immigration checkpoint
In 2010 U.S. Border Patrol agents boarded the trains at Rochester station and asked passengers for details of their citizenship. At that time passengers who were not able to suitably prove their right to be in the U.S. could have been removed from the train and taken into custody.
References
External links
New York Central Railroad Station, Rochester
Rochester Amtrak Station (USA Rail Guide – Train Web)
Intermodel Transportation Center DOT Project
Intermodel Transportation Center DOT preliminary Project
Article from The Brickbuilder about 1914 station with floor plans
Amtrak stations in New York (state)
Former New York Central Railroad stations
Transportation in Rochester, New York
Railway stations in Monroe County, New York
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1914
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1978
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20M.%20Slaughter%20Rochester%20Station |
Lord Norman may refer to:
Montagu Norman, 1st Baron Norman, British banker
Norman Smiley, British professional wrestler | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Norman |
405 is a three-minute film released in June 2000. It was produced by Bruce Branit and Jeremy Hunt on a budget, using significantly self-taught skills with personal computers. 405 is also one of the earliest viral videos. It immediately became notable as an early example of the revolution in digital filmmaking and the use of broadband Internet as a channel to distribute media, and the results rival that of many major film and television production studios at the time.
Plot
On an otherwise ordinary day in Los Angeles, air traffic controllers in contact with American Airlines Flight 117 have the flight appear on a radar screen. The air traffic controllers instruct the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 airliner to make an emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport.
The flight crew responds by saying that it is unable to maintain altitude, and begin an emergency descent. Meanwhile, during a traffic report, a man is driving a Jeep Grand Cherokee down a mysteriously empty stretch of I-405 as a two-mile stretch was shut down to be used as the airliner's emergency landing strip. Soon, American Airlines Flight 117 appears on its final landing approach while the driver of the Jeep attempts to outrun the incoming DC-10.
During touchdown, the airliner's nose gear collides with the back of the Jeep with the nose gear collapsing, and the fuselage slamming onto the Jeep's roof. The two vehicles are locked together, pushing the Jeep to a much higher speed. The driver tries to slow the careening aircraft but in the process of slowing down, the DC-10 and the man's car narrowly miss an elderly woman driving slowly in her Lincoln Continental. While sliding to a stop, the massive airliner's wheels miss the Lincoln Continental, with the wing of the aircraft passing overhead.
The incident ends with police cars arriving; at that point, the elderly woman drives slowly past, extending her middle finger at the Jeep's driver.
Production
The producers shot the film using a digital camcorder and created the special effects using personal computers, all on a budget of $300. Furthermore, $140 of the budget paid the fines of two traffic tickets for walking on the highway shoulder while filming, issued by California Highway Patrol Officer Dana Anderson, who is listed in the "Special Thanks" section of the credits.
405 includes both live action video and computer-generated imagery that took three and a half months to make. Before making 405, Branit and Hunt had already taught themselves the use of visual effects software, then worked for a few years as professional visual effects artists. Though Hunt had a degree in filmmaking, the use of digital effects software was not commonly taught in school at that time. They used a Canon Optura digital video camera. The effects were done on Pentium II and Pentium III computers with LightWave 3D, Digital Fusion, and Adobe Premiere.
The live action footage, consisting of the actors in stationary vehicles, was shot in one weekend with an hour of pick-up shots later. The post production and visual effects were completed later by the two filmmakers in their spare time. All of the shots outside of the Jeep are entirely computer generated three-dimensional models. The actors were shot in vehicles similar to the ones in the film but the exterior shots of the vehicles, the jet, the highway, and background scenery in the movie are composited from still photographs and video applied to three-dimensional digital models. About 50% of the shots in the interior of the Jeep are digital effects.
405 features a DC-10 in basic American Airlines colors, with the "American" title replaced with the word "Airliner". American Airlines was the launch customer for the DC-10. American operated 60 of the type, although by 2000, the airliner was being phased out of service.
Reception
With little promotional effort, and predating the existence of modern video streaming services such as YouTube, 405 soon reached millions of online viewers via Internet downloads. 405 initially launched on its own website, where it received more than 10,000 downloads in its first week online. By July, the film was featured on the site iFilm, and combined with exposure from their own site, viewers totaled two million views. As a result, Branit and Hunt signed a deal as directors with CAA as well as A Band Apart. They appeared on The Today Show, Access Hollywood, Roger Ebert, Extra, and many more news shows and publications.
Additionally, it became an instant media sensation. In the year it was released, film critic Roger Ebert referred to 405 as "the most famous short film in the history of the Internet". 405 won the Video Premiere Award DVD for Best Internet Video Premiere at the DVD Exclusive Awards 2001.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Steffen, Arthur, A. C. McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and KC-10 Extender. Hinckley, Leicester, UK: Aerofax, 1998. .
External links
405: The Movie - Official Site
American aviation films
American short films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/405%20%28film%29 |
The following lists events that happened during 1897 in Australia.
Incumbents
Premiers
Premier of New South Wales - George Reid
Premier of South Australia - Charles Kingston
Premier of Queensland - Hugh Nelson
Premier of Tasmania - Edward Braddon
Premier of Western Australia - John Forrest
Premier of Victoria - George Turner
Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden
Governor of Queensland – Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington
Governor of South Australia – Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet
Governor of Tasmania – Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston
Governor of Victoria – Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey
Governor of Western Australia – Gerard Smith
Events
7 January - Darwin has its highest ever daily rainfall with 296.1 millimetres from its most severe cyclone until Tracy.
22 June - The second Victoria Bridge is opened in Brisbane by the Governor of Queensland, Lord Lamington. The previous bridge was destroyed by floodwaters
27 October - St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne is consecrated
Arts and literature
Walter Withers wins the inaugural Wynne Prize for landscape painting or figure sculpture for his landscape The Storm
Queensland Braille Writing Association was formed in Brisbane - later became Braille House
Sport
4 September - Essendon wins the first Victorian Football League premiership.
8 October - The Australasian Athletic Union is established in Sydney.
Gaulus wins the Melbourne Cup
New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield
Births
10 February - Judith Anderson (died 1992), actress
6 July - Frank Walsh (died 1968), Premier of South Australia
9 July - Enid Lyons (died 1981), politician
28 July - James Fairbairn (died 1940), politician
6 August - William Slim (died 1970), Governor General of Australia
5 October - Percy Spender (died 1985), politician and diplomat
7 October - Charles Chauvel (died 1959), film maker
Deaths
11 June - Henry Ayers (born 1821), Premier of South Australia
11 July - Patrick Jennings (born 1831), Premier of New South Wales
15 August - Lily Poulett-Harris (born 1873), founder of women's cricket in Australia
15 November - Alfred Kennerley (born 1810), Premier of Tasmania
20 November - Ernest Giles (born 1835), explorer
References
Australia
Years of the 19th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897%20in%20Australia |
Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a class of optical fiber with a structure consisting of three layers of optical material instead of the usual two. The inner-most layer is called the core. It is surrounded by the inner cladding, which is surrounded by the outer cladding. The three layers are made of materials with different refractive indices.
There are two different kinds of double-clad fibers. The first was developed early in optical fiber history with the purpose of engineering the dispersion of optical fibers. In these fibers, the core carries the majority of the light, and the inner and outer cladding alter the waveguide dispersion of the core-guided signal. The second kind of fiber was developed in the late 1980s for use with high power fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers. In these fibers, the core is doped with active dopant material; it both guides and amplifies the signal light. The inner cladding and core together guide the pump light, which provides the energy needed to allow amplification in the core. In these fibers, the core has the highest refractive index and the outer cladding has the lowest. In most cases the outer cladding is made of a polymer material rather than glass.
Dispersion-compensating fiber
In double-clad fiber for dispersion compensation, the inner cladding layer has lower refractive index than the outer layer. This type of fiber is also called depressed-inner-cladding fiber and W-profile fiber (from the fact that a symmetrical plot of its refractive index profile superficially resembles the letter W).
This type of double-clad fiber has the advantage of very low microbending losses. It also has two zero-dispersion points, and low dispersion over a much wider wavelength range than standard singly clad fiber. Since the dispersion of such double-clad fibers can be engineered to a great extent, these fibers can be used for the compensation of chromatic dispersion in optical communications and other applications.
Fiber for amplifiers and fiber lasers
In modern double-clad fibers for high power fiber amplifiers and lasers, the inner cladding has a higher refractive index than the outer cladding. This enables the inner cladding to guide light by total internal reflection in the same way the core does, but for a different range of wavelengths. This allows diode lasers, which have high power but low radiance, to be used as the optical pump source. The pump light can be easily coupled into the large inner cladding, and propagates through the inner cladding while the signal propagates in the smaller core. The doped core gradually absorbs the cladding light as it propagates, driving the amplification process. This pumping scheme is often called cladding pumping, which is an alternative to the conventional core pumping, in which the pump light is coupled into the small core. The invention of cladding pumping by a Polaroid fiber research team (H. Po, et al.) revolutionized the design of fiber amplifiers and lasers. Using this method, modern fiber lasers can produce continuous power up to several kilowatts, while the signal light in the core maintains near diffraction-limited beam quality.
The shape of the cladding is very important, especially when the core diameter is small compared to the size of the inner cladding. Circular symmetry in a double-clad fiber seems to be the worst solution for a fiber laser; in this case, many modes of the light in the cladding miss the core and hence cannot be used to pump it. In the language of geometrical optics, most of the rays of the pump light do not pass through the core, and hence cannot pump it.
Ray tracing, simulations of the paraxial propagation and mode analysis give similar results.
Chaotic fibers
In general, modes of a waveguide have "scars", which correspond to the classical trajectories. The scars may avoid the core, then
the mode is not coupled, and it is vain to excite such a mode in the double-clad fiber amplifier. The scars can be distributed more or less uniformly in
so-called chaotic fibers have more complicated cross-sectional shape and provide more uniform distribution of intensity in the inner cladding, allowing efficient use of the pump light. However, the scarring takes place even in chaotic fibers.
Spiral shape
An almost-circular shape with small spiral deformation seems to be the most efficient for chaotic fibers. In such a fiber, the angular momentum of a ray increases at each reflection from the smooth wall, until the ray hits the "chunk", at which the spiral curve is broken (see figure at right). The core, placed in vicinity of this chunk, is intercepted more regularly by all the rays compared to other chaotic fibers. This behavior of rays has an analogy in wave optics. In the language of modes, all the modes have non-zero derivative in vicinity of the chunk, and cannot avoid the core if it is placed there. One example of modes is shown in the figure below and to the right. Although some of modes show scarring and wide voids, none of these voids cover the core.
The property of DCFs with spiral-shaped cladding can be interpreted as conservation of angular momentum. The square of the derivative of a mode at the boundary can be interpreted as pressure. Modes (as well as rays) touching the spiral-shaped boundary transfer some angular momentum to it. This transfer of angular momentum should be compensated by pressure at the chunk. Therefore, no one mode can avoid the chunk. Modes can show strong scarring along the classical trajectories (rays) and wide voids, but at least one of scars should approach the chunk to compensate for the angular momentum transferred by the spiral part.
The interpretation in terms of angular momentum indicates the optimum size of the chunk. There is no reason to make the chunk larger than the core; a large chunk would not localize the scars sufficiently to provide coupling with the core. There is no reason to localize the scars within an angle smaller than the core: the small derivative to the radius makes the manufacturing less robust; the larger is, the larger the fluctuations of shape that are allowed without breaking the condition . Therefore, the size of the chunk should be of the same order as the size of the core.
More rigorously, the property of the spiral-shaped domain follows from the theorem about boundary behavior of modes of the Dirichlet Laplacian. Although this theorem is formulated for the core-less domain, it prohibits the modes avoiding the core. A mode avoiding the core, then, should be similar to that of the core-less domain.
Stochastic optimization of the cladding shape confirms that an almost-circular spiral realizes the best coupling of pump into the core.
Tapered
Tapered double-clad fiber (T-DCF) is a fiber whose outer and inner claddings and core diameters vary smoothly with length. The core at narrow side of T-DCF supports propagation of the fundamental mode only, whereas at the wide side the core is able to guide many modes. However, it was shown experimentally that light launched into the narrow end of a T-DCF propagates into the wide core without any changes of mode content. As a result, at the wide (substantially multimode) end of T-DCF light propagates only in the lowest-order mode with excellent beam quality. Thus, tapered fiber is a unique and easy way to implement fundamental mode regime propagation (and amplification) in a multimode fiber.
Filling factor
The efficiency of absorption of pumping energy in the fiber is an important parameter of a double-clad fiber laser. In many cases this efficiency can be approximated with
where
is the cross-sectional area of the cladding
is the radius of the core (which is taken to be circular)
is the absorption coefficient of pump light in the core
is the length of the double-clad fiber, and
is a dimensionless adjusting parameter, which is sometimes called the "filling factor"; .
The filling factor may depend on the initial distribution of the pump light, the shape of the cladding, and the position of the core within it.
The exponential behavior of the efficiency of absorption of pump in the core is not obvious. One could expect that some modes of the cladding (or some rays) are better coupled to the core than others; therefore, the "true" dependence could be a combination of several exponentials. Only comparison with simulations justifies this approximation, as shown in the figure above and to the right. In particular, this approximation does not work for circular fibers, see the initial work by Bedo et al., cited below.
For chaotic fibers, approaches unity. The value of can be estimated by numerical analysis with propagation of waves, expansion by modes or by geometrical optics ray tracing, and values 0.8 and 0.9 are only empirical adjusting parameters, which provide good agreement of the simple estimate with numerical simulations for two specific classes of double-clad fibers: circular offset and rectangular. Obviously, the simple estimate above fails when the offset parameter becomes small compared to the size of cladding.
The filling factor approaches unity especially quickly in the spiral-shaped cladding, due to the special boundary behavior of the modes of the Dirichlet Laplacian. Designers of double-clad fiber look for a reasonable compromise between the optimized shape (for the efficient coupling of pump into the core) and the simplicity of the manufacturing of the preform used to draw the fibers.
The power scaling of a fiber laser is limited by unwanted nonlinear effects such as stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering. These effects are minimized when the fiber laser is short. For efficient operation, however, the pump should be absorbed in the core along the short length; the estimate above applies in this optimistic case. In particular, the higher the step in refractive index from inner to outer cladding, the better-confined the pump is. As a limiting case, the index step can be of order of two, from glass to air. The estimate with filling factor gives an estimate of how short an efficient double-clad fiber laser can be, due to reduction in size of the inner cladding.
Alternative structures
For good cladding shapes the filling factor , defined above, approaches unity; the following enhancement is possible at various kinds of tapering of the cladding; non-conventional shapes of such cladding are suggested.
Planar waveguides with an active gain medium take an intermediate position between conventional solid-state lasers and double-clad fiber lasers. The planar waveguide may confine a multi-mode pump and a high-quality signal beam, allowing efficient coupling of the pump, and diffraction-limited output.
Notes and references
Optical fiber | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-clad%20fiber |
The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the caudal part of the cingulate cortex, located posterior to the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the "limbic lobe". The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of the brain. Surrounding areas include the retrosplenial cortex and the precuneus.
Cytoarchitectonically the posterior cingulate cortex is associated with Brodmann areas 23 and 31.
The PCC forms a central node in the default mode network of the brain. It has been shown to communicate with various brain networks simultaneously and is involved in diverse functions. Along with the precuneus, the PCC has been implicated as a neural substrate for human awareness in numerous studies of both the anesthetized and vegetative (coma) states. Imaging studies indicate a prominent role for the PCC in pain and episodic memory retrieval. Increased size of the ventral PCC is related to a decline in working memory performance. The PCC has also been strongly implicated as a key part of several intrinsic control networks.
Anatomy
Location and boundaries
The posterior cingulate cortex lies behind the anterior cingulate cortex, forming a part of the posteromedial cortex, along with the retrosplenial cortex (Brodmann areas 29 and 30) and precuneus (located posterior and superior to the PCC). The PCC, together with the retrosplenial cortex, forms the retrosplenial gyrus. The posterior cingulate cortex is bordered by the following brain regions: the marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus (superiorly), the corpus callosum (inferiorly), the parieto-occipital sulcus (posteriorly), and Brodmann area 24 (anteriorly).
Cytoarchitectural organization
The posterior cingulate cortex is considered a paralimbic cortical structure, consisting of Brodmann areas 23 and 31. As part of the paralimbic cortex, it has fewer than six layers, placing its cell architecture in between the six-layered neocortex and the more primitive allocortex of core limbic structures. It has also been associated with the hippocampocentric subdivision of the paralimbic zone. The cytoarchitecture of the PCC is not entirely uniform, instead it contains distinct anterior and dorsal subregions, which are increasingly understood as distinct in function, as well as cytoarchitectural structure.
Structural connections
Nonhuman structure
In non-human primates the following structural connections of the posterior cingulate cortex are well documented:
Reciprocal connection with other regions of the posteromedial cortex.
High connectivity to other paralimbic and limbic structures.
Reciprocal connections to the medial temporal lobe.
Dense connections to the hippocampal formation, the parahippocampal cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and subgenual parts of the anterior cingulate cortex.
Prominent connections to the areas of heteromodal association in the front, temporal and parietal lobes.
Strong reciprocal connections to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (roughly Brodmann area 46) and the frontal poles (Brodmann areas 10 and 11).
Less prominent connections to Brodmann areas 9/46, 8 and 9.
Connections to the dorsal parts of the anterior cingulate cortex.
Dense connections to the thalamus in the form of a continuous strip that crosses numerous pulvinar nuclei and the striatum.
As is true in other areas of the posteromedial cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex has no apparent connections to primary sensory or motor areas. Thus, it is unlikely to be involved in low-level sensory or motor processing.
Human structure
While many of the connections in non-human primates may be present in humans, they are less well documented. Studies have shown strong reciprocal connections to medial temporal lobe memory structures, such as the entorhinal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus, the latter being involved in associative learning and episodic memory. In humans, the PCC is also connected to areas involved in emotion and social behavior, attention (the lateral intraparietal cortex and precuneus), learning and motivation (the anterior and lateral thalamic nucleus, caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex).
Function
The posterior cingulate cortex is highly connected and one of the most metabolically active regions in the brain, but there is no consensus as to its cognitive role. Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate in the PCC are approximately 40% higher than average across the brain. The high functional connectivity of the PCC, signifies extensive intrinsic connectivity networks (networks of brain regions involved in a range of tasks that share common spatio-temporal patterns of activity).
Emotion and memory
The posterior cingulate cortex has been linked by lesion studies to spatial memory, configural learning, and maintenance of discriminative avoidance learning. More recently the PCC was shown to display intense activity when autobiographical memories (such as those concerning friends and family) are recalled successfully. In a study involving autobiographical recollection, the caudal part of the left PCC was the only brain structure highly active in all subjects. Furthermore, the PCC does not show this same activation during attempted but unsuccessful retrieval, implying an important role in successful memory retrieval (see below: Alzheimer's disease).
The posterior cingulate cortex has also been firmly linked to emotional salience. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the emotional importance of autobiographical memories may contribute to the strength and consistency of activity in the PCC upon successful recollection of these memories. The posterior cingulate cortex is significantly bilaterally activated by emotional stimuli, independent of valence (positive or negative). This is in contrast to other structures in the limbic system, such as the amygdala, which are thought to respond disproportionately to negative stimuli, or the left frontal pole, which activated only in response to positive stimuli. These results support the hypothesis that the posterior cingulate cortex mediates interactions between emotion and memory.
Intrinsic control networks
The posterior cingulate cortex exhibits connectivity with a wide range of intrinsic control networks. Its most widely known role is as a central node in the default mode network (DMN). The default mode network (and the PCC) is highly reactive and quickly deactivates during tasks with externally directed, or presently centered, attention (such as working memory or meditation). Conversely, the DMN is active when attention is internally directed (during episodic memory retrieval, planning, and daydreaming). A failure of the DMN to deactivate at proper times is associated with poor cognitive function, thereby indicating its importance in attention.
In addition to the default mode network, the posterior cingulate cortex is also involved in the dorsal attention network (a top-down control of visual attention and eye movement) and the frontoparietal control network (involved in executive motor control). Furthermore, fMRI studies have shown that the posterior cingulate cortex activates during visual tasks when some form of monetary incentive is involved, essentially functioning as a neural interface between motivation-related areas and top-down control of visual attention.
The relationship between these networks within the PCC is not clearly understood. When activity increases in the dorsal attention network and the frontoparietal control network, it must simultaneously decrease in the DMN in a closely correlated way. This anti-correlated pattern is indicative of the various differences and importance of subregions in the posterior cingulate cortex.
Considering the relation of the PCC with the DMN, with suppressed posterior cingulate activity favoring low cognitive introspection and higher external attention and increased activity indicating memory retrieval and planning, it has been hypothesized that this brain region is heavily involved in noticing internal and external changes and in facilitating novel behavior or thought in response. High activity, then, would indicate continued operation with the current cognitive set, while lower activity would indicate exploration, flexibility and renewed learning.
An alternative hypothesis is focused more on the difference between the dorsal and ventral subregions and takes into consideration their functional separation. In this model, the PCC is hypothesized to take a chief regulatory role in focusing internal and external attention. Mounting evidence that the PCC is involved in both integrating memories of experiences and initiating a signal to change behavioral strategies supports this hypothesis. Under this model, the PCC plays a crucial role in controlling state of arousal, the breadth of focus and the internal or external focus of attention. This hypothesis emphasizes the PCC as a dynamic network, rather than a fixed and unchanging structure.
While both of the hypotheses are the result of scientific studies, the role of the PCC is still not well understood and there remains much work to be done to investigate the extent of their veracity.
Meditation
From neuroimaging studies and subjective descriptions, the PCC has been found to be activated during self-related thinking and deactivated during meditation. Using generative topographic mapping, it was further found that undistracted, effortless mind wandering corresponds with PCC deactivation, whereas distracted and controlled awareness corresponds with PCC activation. These results track closely with findings about the role of the PCC in the DMN.
Disorders
Structural and functional abnormalities in the PCC result in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The PCC likely integrates and mediates information in the brain. Therefore, functional abnormalities of the PCC might be an accumulation of remote and widespread damage in the brain.
Alzheimer's disease
The PCC is commonly affected by neurodegenerative disease. In fact, reduced metabolism in the PCC has been identified as an early sign of Alzheimer's disease, and is frequently present before a clinical diagnosis. The reduced metabolism in the PCC is typically one part in a diffuse pattern of metabolic dysfunction in the brain that includes medial temporal lobe structures and the anterior thalamus, abnormalities that may be the result of damage in isolated but connected regions. For instance, Meguro et al. (1999) show that experimental damage of the rhinal cortex results in hypometabolism of the PCC. In Alzheimer's disease, metabolic abnormality is linked to amyloid deposition and brain atrophy with a spatial distribution that resembles the nodes of the default mode network. In early Alzheimer's, functional connectivity within the DMN is reduced, affecting the connection between the PCC and the hippocampus, and these altered patterns can reflect ApoE genetic status (a risk factor associated with the disease). It has been found that neurodegenerative diseases spread 'prion-like' through the brain. For example, when the proteins amyloid-b and TDP-43 are in their abnormal form, they spread across synapses and are associated with neurodegeneration. This transmission of abnormal protein would be constrained by the organization of white matter connections and could potentially explain the spatial distribution of pathology within the DMN, in Alzheimer's . In Alzheimer's disease, the topology of white matter connectivity helps in predicting atrophic patterns, possibly explaining why the PCC is affected in the early stages of the disease.
Autism spectrum disorder
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are associated with metabolic and functional abnormalities of the PCC. Individuals with ASDs show reduction in metabolism, exhibit abnormal functional responses and demonstrate reductions in functional connectivity. One study showed these reductions are prominent in the PCC. Studies have shown that the abnormalities in cingulate responses during interpersonal interaction correlate with the severity of symptoms in ASD, and the failure to show task dependent deactivation in the PCC correlates with overall social function. Finally, post-mortem studies show that the PCC in patients with ASD have cytoarchitectonic abnormalities, including reduced levels of GABA A receptors and benzodiazepine binding sites.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
It has been suggested that ADHD is a disorder of the DMN, where neural systems are disrupted by uncontrolled activity that leads to attentional lapses. In a meta-analysis of structural MRI studies, Nakao et al. (2011) found that patients with ADHD exhibit an increased left PCC, suggesting that developmental abnormalities affect the PCC. In fact, PCC function is abnormal in ADHD. Within the DMN, functional connectivity is reduced and resting state activity is used to diagnose ADHD in children. Treatment for ADHD, includes psychostimulant medication that directly affects PCC activity. Other studies addressing medication for PCC abnormalities, report that the PCC may only respond to stimulant treatments and the effectiveness of medication can be dependent on motivation levels. Furthermore, ADHD has been associated with the gene SNAP25. In healthy children, SNAP25 polymorphism is linked to working memory capacity, altered PCC structure, and task-dependent PCC deactivation patterns on working memory task.
Depression
Abnormal PCC functional connectivity has been linked to major depression, with variable results. One study reports increased PCC functional connectivity, while another shows that untreated patients had decreased functional connectivity from the PCC to the caudate. Other studies have looked at interactions between the PCC and the sub-genual cingulate region (Brodmann area 25), a region of the brain that potentially causes depression. The anterior node of the DMN is formed, in part, by the highly connected PCC and Brodmann area 25. These two regions are metabolically overactive in treatment resistant major depression. The link between the activity in the PCC and Brodmann area 25 correlates with rumination, a feature of depression. This link between the two regions could influence medication responses in patients. Already, it has been found that both regions show alterations in metabolism after antidepressant treatment. Furthermore, patients who undergo deep brain stimulation, have increased glucose metabolism and cerebral flow in the PCC, while also showing an altered Brodmann area 25.
Schizophrenia
Abnormal activity in the PCC has been linked to schizophrenia, a mental disorder with common symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and a lack of emotional intelligence. What is common between symptoms is that they have to do with an inability to distinguish between internal and external events. Two PET studies on patients with schizophrenia showed abnormal metabolism in the PCC. One study reports that glucose metabolism was decreased in people with schizophrenia, while another shows abnormal glucose metabolism that was highly correlated in the pulvinar and the PCC. In the latter study, thalamic interactions with the frontal lobes were reduced, which could mean that schizophrenia affects thalamocortical connections. Further abnormalities in the PCC, abnormal NMDA, cannabinoid, and GABAergic receptor binding have been found with post-mortem autoradiography of people with schizophrenia. Abnormalities in the structure and white matter connections of the PCC have also been recorded in patients with schizophrenia. Those with a poor outcome often have reduced PCC volume. Furthermore, white matter abnormalities in the cingulum bundle, a structure that connects the PCC to other limbic structures, are found in some patients with schizophrenia. In functional MRI studies, abnormal PCC function., has been linked to increases and decreases in functional connectivity. There are also abnormal PCC responses during task performance. These abnormalities may contribute to psychotic symptoms of some persons with schizophrenia. Research on the effect of the psychedelic drug psilocybin shows that the altered state of consciousness induced by this drug can be correlated with abnormal metabolism and functional connectivity of the PCC, as well as a reduction in the strength of anti-correlations between the DMN and the frontoparietal control network (FPCN). Because these networks contribute to internal and external cognition, abnormalities in the PCC might contribute to psychosis in some types of schizophrenia.
Traumatic brain injury
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), abnormalities have been shown in the PCC. Often, head injuries produce widespread axonal injury that disconnect brain regions and lead to cognitive impairment. This is also related to reduced metabolism within the PCC. Studies of performance on simple choice reaction time tasks after TBI show, in particular, that the pattern of functional connectivity from the PCC to the rest of the DMN can predict TBI impairments. They also found that greater damage to the cingulum bundle, that connects the PCC to the anterior DMN, was correlated with sustained attention impairment. In a subsequent study, it was found that TBIs are related to a difficulty in switching from automatic to controlled responses. Within selected tasks, patients with TBI showed impaired motor inhibition that was associated with failure to rapidly reactive the PCC. Collectively, this suggests that the failure to control the PCC/DMN activity can lead to attentional lapses in TBI patients.
Anxiety disorders
There is accumulating evidence for PCC dysfunction underlying many childhood/adolescent-onset mental disorders. Further, anxiety disorder patients show an association between increased extinction–related PCC activity and greater symptom severity. PCC dysfunction may also play a role in anxiety disorders during adolescence.
See also
Cingulate cortex
Cingulum
References
External links
For details regarding MRI definitions of the cingulate cortex based on the Desikan-Killiany Brain atlas, see:
Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
Gyri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20cingulate%20cortex |
In quantum chemistry, size consistency and size extensivity are concepts relating to how the behaviour of quantum chemistry calculations changes with size. Size consistency (or strict separability) is a property that guarantees the consistency of the energy behaviour when interaction between the involved molecular system is nullified (for example, by distance). Size-extensivity, introduced by Bartlett, is a more mathematically formal characteristic which refers to the correct (linear) scaling of a method with the number of electrons.
Let A and B be two non-interacting systems. If a given theory for the evaluation of the energy is size consistent, then the energy of the supersystem A+B, separated by a sufficiently large distance so there is essentially no shared electron density, is equal to the sum of the energy of A plus the energy of B taken by themselves . This property of size consistency is of particular importance to obtain correctly behaving dissociation curves. Others have more recently argued that the entire potential energy surface should be well-defined.
Size consistency and size extensivity are sometimes used interchangeably in the literature, However, there are very important distinctions to be made between them. Hartree–Fock, coupled cluster, many-body perturbation theory (to any order), and full configuration interaction (CI) are size extensive but not always size consistent. For example, the Restricted Hartree–Fock model is not able to correctly describe the dissociation curves of H2 and therefore all post HF methods that employ HF as a starting point will fail in that matter (so-called single-reference methods). Sometimes numerical errors can cause a method that is formally size-consistent to behave in a non-size-consistent manner.
Core-extensivity is yet another related property, which extends the requirement to the proper treatment of excited states.
References
Quantum chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size%20consistency%20and%20size%20extensivity |
is a comedy horror anime produced by Madhouse and Pioneer LDC. It was originally released as a four-episode original video animation (OVA) in Japan between August 25, 1994 and February 25, 1995. An English-dubbed version was released in North America by Pioneer (now Geneon Universal Entertainment) shortly thereafter. The plot of Phantom Quest Corp. revolves around Ayaka Kisaragi, the proprietor of a Shinjuku, Tokyo company dedicated to helping those in need of paranormal aid. The title is a play on words: Yūgen Gaisha (often written as You-Gen-Kai-Sya) means "limited liability company" in Japanese; but when written with different characters, the word yūgen can also mean "the occult." The kanji 怪 means mysterious, but can also be read as Kai. Kaisha is typically written "会社". This further adds to the pun.
In addition to the Phantom Quest Corp. OVA series, two soundtrack albums, a Japanese light novel, and a single-issue English manga also exist. Phantom Quest Corp. has been compared to the concurrent manga and anime Ghost Sweeper Mikami. The animation, comedy, and action sequences in Phantom Quest Corp. has been praised by critics. However, these same reviewers felt it lacked plot depth and character development due to its short length.
Plot
Ayaka Kisaragi is a beautiful woman descended from a long line of Japanese exorcists. However, bored with their traditions, she started her own business, Phantom Quest Corp. The headquarters of the company is Ayaka's quaint little family home, nestled between the skyscrapers of Shinjuku, Tokyo. Along with the traditional knowledge she possesses, Ayaka also uses very unconventional weapons while attacking ghosts and demons, including a lipstick case that turns into a laser sword and earrings that explode into spiritual energy. Although she is very competent with her skills, Ayaka's own bad habits (overindulgence in sake, karaoke, and shopping binges) often cut into the company's meager earnings and interfere with paying the various experts whose help she usually depends upon. Also, because of her drinking, she often sleeps in bed late, which her partner and business associate Mamoru Shimesu has to find creative ways of waking her up. Along the way, and with a little help from various spiritual specialists, Ayaka can usually be found battling vampires, poltergeists, and cutthroat competitors bent on driving her out of business.
Media
Anime
Phantom Quest Corp. was produced by the animation studio Madhouse and Pioneer LDC. A "draft" of the show was completed on June 30, 1994. This "File 0" episode is little more than a promotional item for the anime. Phantom Quest Corp. was originally released as a four-episode original video animation (OVA) in Japan between August 25, 1994 and February 25, 1995. Pioneer (now Geneon Universal Entertainment) released an English-dubbed version of the series in VHS & LaserDisc format in North America in two volumes on April 27, 1995 and June 27, 1995. The entire series was released on DVD in Japan on December 22, 1998 and in North America on November 21, 2000. Morio Asaka, one of the anime's three directors, has stated that if Madhouse had continued with the series with more than four episodes, he would have liked to have seen an expansion on the romantic relationship between Ayaka and Lieutenant Karino.
CDs
The opening theme, , and the closing theme, , are sung by Rica Matsumoto, the Japanese voice actress for the protagonist Ayaka. English versions of the themes, titled "Blue Devil Blues" and "Dancin' with a Demon" respectively, are sung by an uncredited vocalist. A 12-song CD soundtrack for the OVA series was released in Japan by Pioneer LDC on August 25, 1994; it contains the themes, some background music, and a few drama tracks. A separate 11-track album, "Best of Phantom Quest Corp.", was released on March 25, 1997 in North America; it contains both English and Japanese vocal songs and some instrumental tracks.
Light novel and manga
A Phantom Quest Corp. light novel written by screenwriter Watanabe Mami and illustrated by artists Hitoshi Ueda and Asako Nishida was published in the Fujimi Shobo magazine Fantasia Battle Royal in September 1995. A single-issue English manga of Phantom Quest Corp. was released by Pioneer in North America in March 1997. It was written by Jose Calderon and illustrated by Dave Cooper. The plot involves Ayaka and her associates travelling to New York City for the "International Paranormal Investigator Convention", where they take on new case involving a jaded salaryman who has stumbled upon an ancient codex and becomes a powerful sorcerer.
Voices
Reception
Phantom Quest Corp. has been almost universally compared to Ghost Sweeper Mikami, a franchise with a nearly identical premise that was released slightly earlier. Anime journalist John Oppliger is convinced that Madhouse based Phantom Quest Corp. on the latter series, noting stark similarities between the protagonists of the two works. Christopher Macdonald of the Anime News Network felt the art of Phantom Quest Corp. was subpar for a Madhouse release, but was impressed by the animation, stating, "Fight scenes and other scenes involving high-speed movement are absolutely astounding in animation quality". Macdonald also enjoyed the comedy found in the series, but disliked the lack of character development and how each episode's plot stands on its own without an actual story arc. Mania.com's Chris Beveridge and Raphael See of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews agreeably noted that there are several enjoyable moments throughout the OVA despite this seemingly generic quality. They made similar positive comments regarding its visual attributes, with Beveridge calling the final battle in the fourth episode "just great both in choreography and animation". She likened the series to a mix between Ghostbusters, The X-Files, and Sledge Hammer!.
References
External links
Absolute Anime's Phantom Quest Corp. profile
1994 anime OVAs
1994 comedy horror films
1995 Japanese novels
Exorcism in anime and manga
Fantasy anime and manga
Geneon USA
Light novels
Madhouse (company)
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
Supernatural anime and manga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20Quest%20Corp. |
John Doherty may refer to:
Sportspeople
John Doherty (boxer) (born 1962), British boxer
John Doherty (first baseman) (born 1951), first baseman for the Angels
John Doherty (English footballer) (1935–2007), English footballer
John Doherty (Irish footballer) (born 1908), Irish footballer
John Doherty (pitcher) (born 1967), pitcher for the Tigers and Red Sox
John Doherty (runner) (born 1961), English-born long-distance runner for Ireland
John Joe Doherty, Irish sportsperson
Ken Doherty (track and field) (John Kenneth Doherty, 1905–1996), American decathlete
Others
John Doherty (ABC) (died 2004), senior executive in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
John Doherty (chef) (born 1958), American chef
John Doherty (musician) (1900–1980), Irish fiddler
John Doherty (Irish politician) (1785–1850), Solicitor-General for Ireland
John Doherty (New York politician) (1826–1859), New York politician
John Doherty (trade unionist) (1798–1854), UK trade unionist
John Joseph Doherty (1919–1942), United States Navy officer awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross
See also
John Dougherty (disambiguation)
John Docherty (disambiguation)
Jack Daugherty (disambiguation)
Jack Doherty (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Doherty |
Netherworld is a shoot 'em up video game published by Hewson in 1988. It was originally developed by Jukka Tapanimäki for the Commodore 64, and original music was composed by Jori Olkkonen.
Summary
The object is to fly a small spacecraft and collect the required number of diamonds in each level. Once enough diamonds are collected, the craft must reach a teleporter to go to the next level before the time runs out. Aside from the time limit, there are various obstacles, ranging from monsters to items which can damage the craft or block the path. The ship can destroy some obstacles by shooting, sometimes turning them to diamonds as well.
The cover image, which features Tapanimäki's face, was produced from a photograph of the programmer without his knowledge and approval. The original design, depicting a dwarf at the gates of hell, had been shelved following a dispute between Hewson and the original cover artist. Tapanimäki did not see the final version produced by Hewson's local artist, Steve Weston, until the press conference in London when the game was released.
Cheat codes published in gaming magazines that only worked in an earlier version of the code indicated that a development version of the game had leaked to pirates some six months before the release.
Reception
The Spanish magazine Microhobby awarded the game the following scores: Originality: 80% Graphics: 80% Motion: 80% Sound: 80% Difficulty: 100% Addiction: 100%
References
External links
Netherworld at the Amiga Hall of Light
Netherworld at Atari Mania
Netherworld , Tec Dubelin Xbox
1988 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Hewson Consultants games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Finland
ZX Spectrum games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherworld%20%28video%20game%29 |
Alexandra Vasilevna Artyukhina (Russian: Александра Васильевна Артюхина; 6 November 1889 – 7 April 1969) was an early Russian Bolshevik and revolutionary. She was the third woman elected to the Bolshevik Secretariat (15th term), serving as a Candidate Member.
Life and career
The child of textile workers, Artyukhina was born at Vyshny Volochyok. She became a dressmaker's apprentice at age ten and a mill worker by 17. She joined the Communist labor movement in Russia, and was forced into exile at age 20 - probably in 1909. After three years, she returned to Russia and resumed her work, both in textiles and in union organizing.
She was active during the Revolution and rose through the ranks to sit as an alternate member on the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee from 1926 to 1930. She was also the last head of Zhenotdel. On March 1, 1931, international journalists noticed Artukhina as the first woman to sit on the Soviet Supreme Court.
She assumed leadership of the Cotton Textile Workers Union when a Commissar of light industry, Isadore Lubimoff, was removed. A collective farm was named for her.
Her industry fell 11% short of its production goal for the first quarter of 1938. After this, she was dismissed from that post and started directing various textile factories in Moscow until her retirement in 1951.
She was named a Hero of Socialist Labor in 1960, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of International Women's Day, and lies buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Honours and awards
Hero of Socialist Labour (7 March 1960)
Three Orders of Lenin
References
The information in this article came from New York Times articles dated March 2, 1931 and May 23, 1938. The latter refers to the Soviet workers' newspaper Trud as its source.
Bibliography
Scheide, Carmen: "'Born in October': The Life and Thought of Aleksandra Vasilevna Artyukhina, 1889−1969", in: Ilic, Melanie: Women in the Stalin Era, Houndmills 2001, pages 9-28.
External links
Biography and photograph
1889 births
1969 deaths
People from Vyshny Volochyok
People from Vyshnevolotsky Uyezd
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Old Bolsheviks
Members of the Orgburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Orgburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Candidates of the Secretariat of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Textile workers
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Female revolutionaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra%20Artyukhina |
Héroïnes is a 1997 French drama film directed by Gérard Krawczyk and starring Virginie Ledoyen.
Plot
Two best friends, Johanna and Jeanne, live in the small town of Decazeville, a mining town in France. One year at the Miners' Ball, the music group The Sirens perform, of which Johanna and Jeanne are members.
In a spontaneous moment, a new friend of Johanna's (named Luc) discovers Johanna and Jeanne's incredible musical talent and singing ability when they sing a duet together without musical accompaniment.
The two girls begin practicing and recording in a studio together with the help of Luc and an arranger, Jasper, and finally manage to record a tape with a few songs.
A co-worker of Jeanne's joins their team as Jasper's assistant. Just after Luc leaves for Paris to take the tape around to various record companies, the others spot posters for a music contest, but only single artists may enter, and Johanna is chosen by the group to enter.
She appears on live TV and is an instant hit, but with only one problem: as she begins to perform before the cameras, Jasper cuts out her mike and inserts a recording of Jeanne's voice instead.
Everyone except for this small group of insiders believes it's really Johanna singing, and their lives snowball from there.
Cast
Virginie Ledoyen as Johanna
Maïdi Roth as Jeanne
Marc Duret as Luc
Saïd Taghmaoui as JP
Dominic Gould as Jasper
Marie Laforêt as Sylvie
Charlotte de Turckheim as Catherine
Edouard Baer as Francis
Serge Reggiani as Montgolfier
Dominique Besnehard as Eddy
Marie-Laure Denoyel as Mme Bayol
Dominique Lagier as Mme Campergue
François Fehner as Michel
Neige Dolsky as Mme Laubier
Gérard Pollet as Philippe
References
External links
1997 films
Films based on French novels
Films directed by Gérard Krawczyk
French drama films
1997 drama films
1990s French-language films
1990s French films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ro%C3%AFnes |
Michael Hoeye (born 1947, in Los Angeles, California) is an American children's writer. He is the author of the Hermux Tantamoq Adventures, a series of children's mystery novels about a watchmaker mouse.
Hoeye has been variously a farmer, fashion photographer, and high-school teacher. He and his wife, Martha, live in a historic stone cottage in Oak Grove, Oregon, U.S.A., together with nine large oak trees, six even larger fir trees, and a large cast of squirrels, woodpeckers and other birds. He has also taught at Marylhurst University.
Books
Time Stops for No Mouse (1999)
The Sands of Time (2001)
No Time Like Show Time (2004)
Time to Smell the Roses (2007)
References
External links
MichaelHoeye.com (official website)
1947 births
Living people
Writers from Oregon
American children's writers
Marylhurst University
Photographers from Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hoeye |
Guerillas in tha Mist is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Da Lench Mob, who originally appeared on Ice Cube's debut solo album, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted. The titular "Guerillas in tha Mist" was a hit at the release of the album. The album was produced by Ice Cube, who is also featured throughout the album though uncredited. The album peaked at number 24 on the Billboard 200, number 4 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 18, 1992, indicating US sales of over 500,000 units. The single "Freedom Got an A.K." peaked at number 7 on the Hot Rap Songs.
The album title is a pun on the popular movie title Gorillas in the Mist and guerrilla warfare. In the post-Los Angeles riot atmosphere of the album's release, the title was also perceived as a clever reference to a comment made by one of the police officers who had arrested Rodney King. Laurence Michael Powell, one of King's arresting officers, had described through radio message a domestic disturbance involving two blacks as something straight from Gorillas in the Mist. Powell's comment was considered highly racist, comparing black people to gorillas, and was used against the officer during the Rodney King trial.
Commercial performance
The album was certified gold on December 18, 1992, selling over 500,000 copies.
Track listing
Notes
Tracks 2, 4, 5, 6 and 9 featured uncredited vocals by Ice Cube.
Personnel
Terry "T-Bone" Gray – vocals, co-producer
Jerome "Shorty" Muhammad – vocals
DaSean "J-Dee" Cooper – vocals
O'Shea Jackson – vocals (tracks: 2, 4-6, 9), producer, executive producer
Louis Freese – vocals (track 8)
Derrick A. Baker – co-producer
James Rashad Coes – co-producer
Mister Woody – co-producer
Bob Morris – engineering
Mike Calderon – engineering
Brian Knapp Gardner – mastering
Ed Korengo – mixing
Kevin Hosmann – art direction
Mario Castellanos – photography
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
1992 debut albums
Atco Records albums
Da Lench Mob albums
East West Records albums
Race-related controversies in music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerillas%20in%20tha%20Mist |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 28, commonly referred to as Highway 28, is a highway in north-central Alberta, Canada that connects Edmonton to Cold Lake. It begins at Yellowhead Trail (Highway 16) in Edmonton as 97 Street NW, running through the city's north suburbs before entering Sturgeon County and passing CFB Edmonton. After merging with Highway 28A near Gibbons it winds through agricultural lands of north-central Alberta, roughly paralleling the North Saskatchewan River until Smoky Lake before continuing east through St. Paul County to Bonnyville. It turns northeast to CFB Cold Lake, before ending at Lakeshore Drive in the city of Cold Lake shortly thereafter.
The highway is a component of Canada's National Highway System. Between Highway 28A near Gibbons and the intersection with Highway 63 near Radway, it forms part of the Edmonton-Fort McMurray corridor and is designated as a core route. For the remainder of the route from Radway to the eastern end at Cold Lake, it is designated as a feeder route.
History
Highway 28 was built in 1961, connecting Alberta's Lakeland to Edmonton by gravel road for the first time. Construction of the highway required splitting Mann Lake in two, creating Upper Mann Lake and Lower Mann Lake.
Prior to 2006, Highway 28 ran through St. Paul. A section of the current highway between Ashmont and Hoselaw was formerly designated as Highway 28A, a bypass of St. Paul. As part of an effort to simplify highway route numbering in the region, this section was re-signed as Highway 28 in 2006 forming a more contiguous route between Edmonton and Cold Lake, while Highway 28 through St. Paul was re-signed as Highway 29.
Highway 28X
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 28X, commonly referred to as Highway 28X, was a spur route of Highway 28. It began at Highway 28, approximately south of Cold Lake, and travelled to the Saskatchewan boundary where it continued east as Saskatchewan Highway 55. In , Highway 28X was part of a number of highways which were renumbered when Alberta Highway 55 was established between Athabasca and the Saskatchewan border.
Future
Alberta Transportation ultimately intends to upgrade the entire Edmonton-Fort McMurray corridor to a divided highway, which would include twinning of Highway 28 from Highway 28A to Highway 63.
Major intersections
Starting from the west end of Highway 28:
References
028
Cold Lake, Alberta
Roads in Edmonton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2028 |
Daniel Chonghan Hong (March 3, 1956 – July 6, 2002) was a Korean-American theoretical physicist.
Hong was born in Seoul. He studied physics at the Seoul National University . In 1979 he received his bachelor's degree there, and in 1981 his master's degree. Afterwards, he started his doctorate studies at Boston University, which he finished in 1985 with a Ph.D. After that, he got a postdoc research position at the University of California in Santa Barbara, and later another position at the Emory University. In the year 1988 he became an assistant professor at the physics department of the Lehigh University. In 1994, he became an associate professor, and in 2000 a full professor.
He was interested in the dynamics of granular matter and researched on the granular flow, diffusion models, viscosity behavior and percolation, among other subjects. The void diffusion model, developed by Dr. Hong and a Lehigh colleague, is widely recognized as an effective theoretical model for treating a broad range of dynamical phenomena in granular media.
His formal treatment of the physics of the popcorn-making process was extremely popular and enjoyed attention from both the physics community and the lay public. He actively engaged broader audiences by writing popular magazine articles on varied topics ranging from science to philosophy to religion. He had collaborations going with numerous theorists all over the world.
From 1995 till 2000 he was editor of the AKPA Newsletter and belonged to the editors board of the KASTN, the Korean American Science and Technology News.
He died at the age of 46 on July 6, 2002. He was survived by his wife, Susy, and four children: Susan, Annie, Danny, and Juliana.
References
External links
Biography on the AKPA website
1956 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Boston University alumni
South Korean physicists
Lehigh University faculty
Scientists from Seoul
Seoul National University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Chonghan%20Hong |
Restaurant Empire () is a 2003 business simulation video game created by Trevor Chan. Developed and published by Enlight Software for Microsoft Windows, the player owns, designs, and operates a restaurant.
Gameplay
The player assumes the role of Armand LeBoeuf, a young chef who has recently taken over his uncle's restaurant. As the new owner, the player makes decisions on the kind of cuisine the restaurant serves (American, French, or Italian), what specific dishes go on the menu, and the staffing from the chef on down to the waiters, among other things. The ultimate goal of the game is to keep guests happy and make money at the same time.
The main gameplay mode features some story details and periodic minigames to flesh out the simulation. There is also a sandbox mode, which is basically freeform. Sandbox play removes many of the limitations the player faces in the main story mode, but there are no challenges either.
Plot
In the game, a global culinary conglomerate, Omnifood, controls over 60% of the world's restaurants and is rapidly growing. The player must compete against Omnifood.
The player takes the role of Armand LeBeouf, a recent graduate from a French culinary school given the opportunity by his uncle to run his own restaurant. Later, the player is given the opportunity to attract investment capital and open more restaurants.
Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. It was criticized for its poor soundtrack, blurry textures, and blocky character models, but praised for overall good gameplay.
Sequel
Enlight produced a sequel, Restaurant Empire II. Game publisher Paradox Interactive signed an agreement with Enlight to bring the game to stores in North America. The game's release was delayed over six times; it was finally released on May 26, 2009.
The new game has several new features, including the addition of German cuisine, as well as the city of Munich as a location for the player to expand his restaurant chain.
References
External links
2003 video games
Fictional chefs
Fictional French people
Restaurants in fiction
Windows games
Windows-only games
Business simulation games
Video games about food and drink
Video games developed in China
Single-player video games
Enlight Software games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant%20Empire |
RSE may refer to:
Ramtha's School of Enlightenment, a spiritual school in the United States
Realistic Sound Engine, a sound output format in Guitar Pro
Red Seal Endorsement, post-nominal letters signifying attainment of Canada's official journeyperson certification in the trades
Relationship and Sex Education, an education curriculum in United Kingdom schools
Red Storm Entertainment, a video game company
Refractory status epilepticus, the persistent form of status epilepticus despite intervention
Relative standard error, a measure of a statistical estimate's reliability
Rensselaer Society of Engineers, a local fraternity at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, state of New York
Research software engineering, the use of software engineering practices in research
Rhein-Sieg-Eisenbahn, a German railway company
the IATA airport code of Rose Bay Water Airport, a water airport located in the suburb of Rose Bay in Sydney, Australia
Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's national academy of science and letters
Rwanda Stock Exchange, a stock exchange in Rwanda
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire and Pokémon Emerald, the three main titles of the third generation of the Pokémon series
See also
the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES)
RSE Kriens (missile), a Swiss-developed air defence missile
Békéscsabai RSE, a Hungarian women's volleyball club
the Odakyu 20000 series RSE, an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSE |
The Merchant Marine of Switzerland is the largest merchant navy of a landlocked country. Somewhat unusual for a landlocked country, Switzerland has a long tradition of civilian navigation, both on its lakes and rivers, and on the high seas.
History
The Swiss merchant navy was founded in 1941, with the purpose of supplying Switzerland with basic goods during the Second World War. As of 2016, its essential mission remains supplying the country with goods in times of crisis.
Swiss inland navigation
The Rhine port of Basel connects Switzerland to the Port of Rotterdam and thus to the sea trade network. Swiss industry and commerce rely on this connection, exploited for centuries by Swiss Rhine barges, for a substantial part of their imports and exports.
Swiss lakes, most notably Lake Constance, Lake Maggiore and Lake Geneva, are among the most intensively navigated lakes in the world, mostly for recreational and tourist purposes.
Swiss high seas fleet
Switzerland has a civilian high seas fleet of merchant vessels, whose home port is Basel, in Switzerland.
The first ships were purchased and operated by the government in order to ensure the supply of critical resources during World War II. After the war, a privately owned merchant fleet emerged, spurred in part by government subsidies that paid for the fleet's operation up until 1953, among them on behalf of the Migros Genossenschaftsbund the cargo ship Adele which was christened by Adele Duttweiler, the wife of Gottlieb Duttweiler, in Hamburg on 15 July 1952; her sister ship Sunamelia was commissioned some months later.
In 2010, a fleet of 37 ships flew the Swiss flag, which was made up of bulk carriers, container ships, multi-purpose freighters and tankers, totalling one million tonnes and operated by six shipping companies. By 2022, the fleet had declined to 14 ships, down from 49 in 2016.
Shipping companies
ABC Maritime AG
Enzian Shipping AG
Massoel Gestion SA
Mega Chemicals Schiffahrt AG
Reederei Zürich AG
Suisse-Atlantique Société de Navigation Maritime SA
Mediterranean Shipping Company
Notes and references
External links
Swiss flags at sea
Schweizer See- & Rheinschifffahrt (German)
Swiss Maritime Navigation Office Accessed 15 February 2011.
Transport in Switzerland
Economy of Switzerland
Switz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant%20Marine%20of%20Switzerland |
Koch Hajo (1581-1616) was the kingdom under Raghudev and his son Parikshit Narayan of the Koch dynasty that stretched from Sankosh river in the west to the Bhareli river in the east on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river. It was created by dividing the Kamata kingdom then under Nara Narayan in medieval Assam. The Sankosh river divided the two new kingdoms, and it is roughly the boundary between the present-day Assam and West Bengal. The western half of the Kamata kingdom emerged as Koch Bihar whereas the eastern half emerged as Koch Hajo. The name Hajo comes from the legendary king Hajo, a Koch tribal chief and an ancestor of the Koch dynasty, who ruled over the Rangpur division in present-day Bangladesh and some regions of present-day Assam.
Division of Kamata kingdom
After the Koch–Ahom conflicts that saw Chilarai briefly occupy Garhgaon, the capital of the Ahom kingdom, Koch rule was consolidated between the Sankosh river in the west and the Subansiri river on the east under the governorship of Chilarai. Chilarai's son, Raghudev, was the heir apparent to the childless Nara Narayan. A son (Lakshmi Narayan) born late to Nara Narayan dashed Raghudev's hopes of becoming the king. Raghudev, accompanied by some trusted state officers, traveled east on a purported hunting trip and declared himself king of the eastern portion at a place called Barnagar near the Manas river. Nara Narayana did not react aggressively, and the kingdom was divided amicably with Raghudev promising to pay an annual tribute. This division occurred in 1581. When Nara Narayan died in 1587, Raghudev stopped paying tribute and declared himself independent.
Koch Hajo territory
The kingdom under Raghudev included the region between Sankosh and Bhareli rivers on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra river, and on the south the region west of the Kallang river that followed the course of the Brahmaputra as it bends south and right up to the forests of Mymensingh region, now in Bangladesh.
Raghudev Narayan
Raghudev's declaration of independence established a Koch Bihar-Koch Hajo conflict that was to result in Koch Bihar losing its independence to the Mughal Empire and Koch Hajo losing its very existence both within three decades. Lakshmi Narayan tried to instigate Parikshit, a son of Raghudev, against his father. The plot was detected and Parikshit managed to escape to Koch Bihar. This led to an armed conflict between the two kingdoms, but which maintained the status quo.
The first major defeat for Raghudev was at the hands of Isa Khan, an Afghan chief from Mymensingh. Raghudev fortified Jangalbari in Mymensingh, but ultimately lost the region south of Rangamati sometime before 1594. After Man Singh became the Subahdar of the Mughal Empire for Bengal in 1594 he led a campaign against Isa Khan and took possession of his territories; and when Isa Khan and others rallied the next year in 1596 they were effectively by Himmat Singh the son of Man Singh, forcing Isa Khan to ally with Raghudev. Raghudev, with the help of Isa Khan, attacked Bahirbandh in Koch Bihar, and Lakshmi Narayan submitted on his own accord to vassalage of the Mughal Empire. Under these circumstances, Raghudev transferred his capital from Barnagar to North Guwahati.
The Koch Bihar-Mughal alliance defeated Raghudev in May 1597, but in the same year Raghudev was able to recoup his losses with the help of Isa Khan. Isa Khan, who was able to rout the Mughal army and kill its commander Durjan Singh, a son of Man Singh, released the war prisoners and himself submitted himself to Akbar.
Having lost the alliance of Isa Khan, Raghudev was then forced to forge an alliance with the Ahom kingdom. Raghudev offered his daughter Mangaldoi to Prataap Singha in 1603, and the Ahom king accepted on the possibility of using Raghudev as a buffer against the Mughals. But this did not happen because Raghudev died within the same year after the marriage between Pratap Singha and Mangaldoi.
Parikshit Narayan
Parikshit the eldest son of Raghudev returned to the capital in 1603 to stake his claim to the kingdom. In the war of succession that followed, Man Singha, a son of Raghudev was offered refuge in Namrup by the Ahom king. Though Parikshit had earlier taken shelter with Lakshminarayan against his father Raghudev, he invaded Bahirbandh, a region under Koch Bihar and occupied it sometime between 1603 and 1608; and in the ensuing negotiations, won back the royal insignia that Raghudev had earlier lost to Lakhsminarayan. Lakshmi Narayan saw no recourse but to submit in person to Islam Khan in 1609. Parikshit could ward off the first Mughal expedition under Abdul Wahid.
The second expedition under Mukarram Khan was massive. He tried to enlist the Ahoms into the war but was unsuccessful.
Koch Hajo-Mughal war
The Mughal army and navy began its expedition from near Dhaka in the July 1612.
Mughal rule
Since the declaration of independence, the rulers of Koch Hajo and the rulers of Koch Bihar have maintained hostilities against each other. The Subahdar of Bengal, Islam Khan I, led an expedition into Hajo alongside the Amil of Sylhet, Muhammad Zaman Karori of Tehran in the early 17th century. In 1602 the Nawab of Dhaka (governor for the Mughals) moved by Lakshmi Narayan (ruler of Koch Bihar) and others attacked Parikshit Narayan, the ruler of Koch Hajo. Parikshit, defeated at Dhubri, sued for peace. But he soon continued with the hostilities and in 1614 was driven up to Pandu, now in Guwahati. Here, Parikshit surrendered and agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal Empire. But before he could take up this assignment he died. The Mughals then appointed Kabisekhar as the Qanungoh and instructed Sheikh Ibrahim Karori to set up a Mughal system of administration. The Mughals appointed Bijit Narayan, son of Parikshit Narayan, as the zamindar of the region between river Sankosh and Manas, and he became the founder of the Bijni branch of the Koch royal family which finally settled in Abhayapuri. In 1657, Lutfullah Shirazi, the faujdar of Shujabad, built the hilltop mosque in Hajo known as Powa-Makkah Barmaqam.
Mughal divisions
The Mughal divided the kingdom of Koch Hajo into four sarkars. They were:
Uttarkol or Dhekeri, north of the Brahmaputra.
Dakhinkol, south of Brahmaputra.
Kamrup (or Shujabad), containing Guwahati and Hajo.
Bangalahbhumi, containing Bahirbund and Bhitarbund.
The four sarkars were further divided into parganas, and traces of this revenue system exists till today.
The Mughal influence in Kamrup ended in 1682. The Mughal political influence on Koch Hajo lasted for eighty years.
Darrang
With the Mughals reaching the doorsteps of the Ahoms, hostilities ensued. These finally led to a large Mughal army attacking the Ahom kingdom in 1615-1616. On January 27, 1616, the Ahoms, under the king Pratap Singha, attacked the Mughals before dawn and massacred a major portion of the Mughal army. The Ahoms defeated the Mughals in the Bharali war and re-occupied Darrang from the Mughals. After the region was cleared of the Mughals, Pratap Singha establishedBalinarayan, the brother of Parikshit Narayan, as the Raja of Darrang. The intention of Pratap Singha in installing Balinarayanaas a tributary king of Darrang was to create a buffer state between Ahom kingdom and Mughal Empire. Pratap Singha sent many gifts to the newly installed Koch prince Bali Narayan as well as a new wife and even a new name (Dharmanarayan), implying that the Darrangi King was to remain subservient to the Ahom king.
This Balinarayan had nothing to do with Raghudeva brother of Lakhsminarayan of Koch Bihar. The Ahoms, with the help of Bali Narayan, then moved against the remnant of the Mughals ruling in Hajo. After many battles the Ahoms and Bali Narayan's army finally conquered Hajo and removed their influence from Goalpara. Bali Narayan began his rule from Hajo.
This did not last for long and the Mughals maintained their attack on Koch Hajo. Beginning with 1637 the Ahoms faced a number of reverses, including the death of Balinarayan in Singari battle in 1638. His son ascended the throne and became the king of Darrang (excluding Tezpur). On the other hand, the Ahoms ruled the eastern part of Darrang (the present Sonitpur) through Kalia Bhomora Borphukan, stationed at Kaliabor. In 1639 by the Treaty of Asurar Ali between the Ahom general Momai Tamuli Borbarua and the Mughal commander Allahyar Khan the river Barnadi was fixed as the boundary between the Mughal empire and the Ahom kingdom. Darrang remained with the Ahoms ruled by Mahendra Narayan, son of Bali Narayan. Mahendra Narayan was succeeded by Chandra Narayan and then by Surya Narayan.
Kamrup
Following the war of succession after Shah Jahan in 1657, the Ahoms reoccupied Kamrup. Again, this possession did not last long. In 1662 the Mughal general Mir Jumla marched up to Gargaon, the Ahom capital, and set up camp. But he could not consolidate Mughal rule in the region. Nevertheless, he struck an agreement with the Ahom king that included war indemnities; but he died on his journey back to Dhaka. The Ahoms again captured Kamrup in 1667, and fended off an entrenched Mughal attack led by Ram Singh in 1671 in the celebrated Battle of Saraighat. In March 1679, the Ahom viceroy in Guwahati, Laluksola Borphukan, handed over Kamrup to Nawab Mansur Khan, the deputy of Azam Shah, the son of Aurangzeb and the then governor of Bengal.
Mansur Khan attacked Darrang in 1682, captured Surya Narayan and installed his 5-year-old brother as the ruler of Darrang. But that influence did not last for long. In that year itself, the Ahoms, under the kingship of Gadadhar Singha, attacked Kamrup and removed the Mughals for good. In the meantime, the influence of the Raja of Darrang decreased, and the Ahoms took possession of Kamrup till the end of their rule.
Bijni
The Bijni branch of the Koch dynasty controlled its feudatory from the present-day Bijni town from 1671 till 1864 when it was attacked by Jhawlia Mech, a chieftain from Bhutan. This resulted in the capital moving to Dumuria. The earthquake of 1897 destroyed the royal palaces and the capital moved again, first to Jogighopa and then finally to Abhayapuri in 1901. The control of the Bijni branch ended after the Indian government took direct control of the region in 1956.
See also
Koch Rajbongshi people
Kamrup region
Notes
References
Kingdoms of Assam
History of Cooch Behar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch%20Hajo |
NRG, acronym for New Radiancy Group (Hangul: 엔알지), was a South Korean pop music group. Originally a five-member boy band consisting of Chun Myung-hoon, Lee Sung-jin, Noh Yoo-min, Moon Sung-hoon, and Kim Hwan-sung, NRG debuted in 1997 and underwent sporadic periods of activity and hiatus between 2000 and 2008 before going on an extended hiatus. In 2017 they regrouped as a trio to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their debut and released an extended play.
History
1996: Formation
Lee Sung-jin and Chun Myung-hoon originally debuted in 1996 as duet under the name HamoHamo and released one album with moderate success from the singles, "Papillion" and "Pangpang". Moon Sung-hoon and Noh Yoo-min originally backup dancers for HamoHamo. They were discovered by music producer Kim Tae-hyung (ko). Due to the success of the five-member idol group H.O.T, Kim Tae-hyung decided that they should become a four-member dance group. Kim Hwan-sung, who had previously been part of a quartet called Kkaebi Kkaebi and then a project group with Shoo of S.E.S. and Son Ho-young and Danny Ahn of g.o.d, was later added to the line-up.
1997–1999: Debut, breakthrough and line-up changes
NRG debuted on October 28, 1997, on the cable music program Music Tank (ko) with the single "I Can Do It" (할 수 있어). Two weeks after their debut, the group held an MC spot for ten weeks on the show. Their first album New Radiancy Group sold over 200,000 copies in South Korea. At the 1998 SBS Popular Song Awards, NRG won the New Face Award (Best Male New Artist). According to H.O.T members Moon Hee-joon and Tony An, they had initially considered NRG their professional rival rather than Sechs Kies as NRG introduced acrobatic stunts into their choreography, which was considered groundbreaking at that time.
NRG's second album Race was released that same year, and featured more high energy dance songs like "Messenger", selling over 300,000 copies in South Korea. With the second album, NRG was also able to find success outside of Korea, selling albums in both China and Japan. NRG became the first South Korean musical group to actively market themselves in China, where they have sold over 100,000 copies. Today, NRG is widely credited as one of the pioneers of the Korean Wave (Korean Hallyu) that first swept through Asia in the late 1990s.
In 1999, Lee left the group to pursue a career in acting and hosting, while Chun took a less visible role in the group by choreographing their dance routines and writing and composing rather than performing. They released their third album, NRG 003 as well as a Christmas album that year titled Kiss In Christmas.
2000-2001: Kim Hwan-sung’s death, Sorrow, and temporary hiatus
Tragedy struck when Kim died suddenly of a virus infection on June 15, 2000. He had been admitted to the hospital on June 6 but his condition quickly deteriorated to the point where he was placed on life support. The members went on a one-year hiatus to mourn his death and considered disbanding permanently at one point.
NRG's fourth album Sorrow (悲) was released in 2001 with the title track written for them by H.O.T. member Kangta. In August 2001, NRG held their first concert in Korea, paying tribute to Hwan-sung by performing "Good Bye My Friend" and "Antonio" (Hwan-sung's nickname) which was written and composed by Myung-hoon.
2002–2005: Return with Hit Song, first number-one song, New Radiancy 6 Group, and Sung-hoon's Departure
Almost four years after the death of Kim Hwan-sung, NRG returned with their fifth album Hit Song in 2003. The lead single "Hit Song" earned the group their first ever #1 win on a music program. They were also named in the Teen's Choice Top 10 Singers (ko) at the MBC Gayo Daejejeon music awards. During the ceremony, the members dedicated their win to Kim.
In 2004, NRG released their sixth album New Radiancy 6 Group. The title track placed 4th in the pop charts as the World Cup neared, and was fitting for the occasion. However, the song, "Hurray For A Virile Son Of Korea" did not chart. Soon afterward, Moon announced his departure for unspecified reasons and remained out of the public eye for over a decade; he appeared on the SBS show Star Couple (ko) with his wife in 2012 and revealed that they had a son, although they have since divorced. NRG promoted as a three-member group once again.
2005–2015: One of Five and temporary disbandment
In 2005, the now three-member NRG released their seventh album One of Five but it was not as successful. They decided to go on hiatus as two members would be beginning their mandatory military service. Lee withdrew from the group permanently as he was being investigated over a gambling scandal. Noh and Chun eventually decided to go their separate ways.
Lee left the entertainment industry and stayed out of the public eye for personal reasons. Noh ventured into business and made sporadic appearances on various variety shows, including Handsome Boys of the 20th Century which starred Chun and four other fellow first-generation idol group members. Chun released a digital single and stayed active in the entertainment industry. NRG's debut single "You Can Do It" was remade by the cast of Handsome Boys of the 20th Century and the new version charted on the Gaon Digital Chart.
2016–2018: Reunion
On October 22, 2016, NRG held a fan meeting and announced that NRG would be getting back together with all the members except for Moon, although they stayed in contact with him throughout the years. On September 27, 2017, it was announced NRG would participate in the 2017 Dream Concert, marking their first performance since their disbandment 11 years ago. On October 19, the first teaser images were revealed. One week later, it was revealed the track and the new album, 20th Century (20세기), were released under Genie Music. 20th Century charted in the Gaon Album Chart, peaking at #39.
In March 2018, Moon joined the other NRG members on the talk show Video Star. It was the first time in thirteen years all four members were on television together and, for the first time in over fifteen years, publicly spoke about how Kim's death had affected them. Lee, Chun and Noh also appeared on the MBC documentary series Human Documentary: Good People (ko) and met up with Kim's parents.
Musical style and influences
NRG is considered to be the pioneers of dance pop in the K-pop industry and their repertoire has been described as "high energy dance music". Their songs notably sample elements of Eurobeat and electronic music. They are also the earliest known K-pop group to incorporate acrobatic stunts into their choreography.
Members
Lee Sung-jin (Hangul: 이성진) – leader, vocals (1997-1999; 2001–2006; 2017–2018)
Chun Myung-hoon (Hangul: 천명훈) – vocals, rap (1997-1999; 2001–2006; 2017–2018)
Noh Yoo-min (Hangul: 노유민) – vocals (1997-2006; 2017–2018)
Moon Sung-hoon (Hangul: 문성훈) (1997-2005)
Kim Hwan-sung (Hangul: 김환성) (1997-2000; died 2000)
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
"I Can Do It" (할 수 있어) (New Radiancy Group)
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" (티파니에서 아침을) (New Radiancy Group)
"Making Love" (사랑만들기) (Race)
"Messenger" (Race)
"You! Me!" (NRG 003)
"Face" (NRG 003)
"Sorrow" (비) (Sorrow)
"Hit Song" (Hit Song)
"Friend" (친구) (Hit Song)
"Hurray for a Virile Son of Korea" (대한건아 만세) (New Radiancy 6 Group)
"A Bonus Book" (One of Five)
"20th Century Night" (20th)
"On the Phone: Clean Ver." (통화 중)
"Line Is Busy"
"Go to the Pyeongchang"
Awards
Mnet Asian Music Awards
See also
List of South Korean idol groups (1990s)
References
External links
NRG profile on EPG
NRG profile on empas people
Music Factory Entertainment
South Korean boy bands
South Korean dance music groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRG%20%28South%20Korean%20band%29 |
In digital electronics, Fan-out of 4 is a measure of time used in digital CMOS technologies: the gate delay of a component with a fan-out of 4.
Fan out = Cload / Cin, where
Cload = total MOS gate capacitance driven by the logic gate under consideration
Cin = the MOS gate capacitance of the logic gate under consideration
As a delay metric, one FO4 is the delay of an inverter, driven by an inverter 4x smaller than itself, and driving an inverter 4x larger than itself. Both conditions are necessary since input signal rise/fall time affects the delay as well as output loading.
FO4 is generally used as a delay metric because such a load is generally seen in case of tapered buffers driving large loads, and approximately in any logic gate of a logic path sized for minimum delay. Also, for most technologies the optimum fanout for such buffers generally varies from 2.7 to 5.3.
A fan out of 4 is the answer to the canonical problem stated as follows:
Given a fixed size inverter, small in comparison to a fixed large load, minimize the delay in driving the large load. After some math, it can be shown that the minimum delay is achieved when the load is driven by a chain of N inverters, each successive inverter ~4x larger than the previous; N ~ log4(Cload/Cin) .
In the absence of parasitic capacitances (drain diffusion capacitance and wire capacitance), the result is "a fan out of e" (now N ~ ln(Cload/Cin).
If the load itself is not large, then using a fan out of 4 scaling in successive logic stages does not make sense. In these cases, minimum sized transistors may be faster.
Because scaled technologies are inherently faster (in absolute terms), circuit performance can be more fairly compared using the fan out of 4 as a metric. For example, given two 64-bit adders, one implemented in a 0.5 µm technology and the other in 90 nm technology, it would be unfair to say the 90 nm adder is better from a circuits and architecture standpoint just because it has less latency. The 90 nm adder might be faster only due to its inherently faster devices. To compare the adder architecture and circuit design, it is more fair to normalize each adder's latency to the delay of one FO4 inverter.
The FO4 time for a technology is five times its RC time constant τ; therefore 5·τ = FO4.
Some examples of high-frequency CPUs with long pipeline and low stage delay: IBM Power6 has design with cycle delay of 13 FO4; clock period of Intel's Pentium 4 at 3.4 GHz is estimated as 16.3 FO4.
See also
Logical effort
Fan-in
References
External links
Logical Effort Revisited
Revisiting the FO4 Metric // RWT, Aug 15, 2002
David Harris, Slides on Logical Effort – with a succinct example of design using FO4 inverters (p. 19).
MS Hrishikesh, The Optimal Logic Depth Per Pipeline Stage is 6 to 8 FO4 Inverter Delays // ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News. Vol. 30. No. 2. IEEE Computer Society, 2002
Electronic design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FO4 |
John Littleton Dawson (February 7, 1813 – September 18, 1870) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Early life and education
Dawson was born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Brownsville, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Washington College with a degree in law, was granted admission to the bar in 1835, and ran a small law practice. He served as deputy attorney general for Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in 1838, and as district attorney for the western district of Pennsylvania from 1845 until 1848.
Political career
In 1848 he unsuccessfully ran for congress as a Democrat, but on subsequent attempts he was elected and served in the 32nd and 33rd congresses, from March 4, 1851, until March 3, 1855, when he stepped down, declining the nomination for the next term. While serving as a congressman he was the chairman of the Committee on Agriculture.
During his time away from congress, President Franklin Pierce offered him the governorship of Kansas Territory, but he declined so that he could run for congress again, which he was elected to again in 1863, and served on the 38th and 39th congresses from March 4, 1863, until March 3, 1867. His vote on the Thirteenth Amendment is recorded as nay.
He was a delegate to Democratic National Convention from Pennsylvania, 1844, 1848, 1860, 1868.
He retired to his home in Springfield Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, where he died at age 57. He was interred at Christ Episcopal Churchyard in Brownsville.
In 1860 he was honored as the namesake of Dawson County, Nebraska, in what was then Nebraska Territory.
Sources
The Political Graveyard
Infoplease: John Littleton Dawson biography
Nebraska State Historical Society timeline http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/timeline/dawson-john-l.htm
1813 births
1870 deaths
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
Politicians from Fayette County, Pennsylvania
People from Uniontown, Pennsylvania
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
United States Attorneys for the Western District of Pennsylvania
19th-century American legislators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Littleton%20Dawson |
Mercury Falling is the fifth studio album by English musician Sting. It was released on 26 February 1996 through A&M Records and was produced by Sting alongside longtime producer Hugh Padgham. The album features many tracks which see elements of soul and country music integrated to a greater extent than on past releases. Supporting musicians on the album include frequent collaborators Dominic Miller on guitar, Kenny Kirkland on keyboards, Vinnie Colaiuta on drums, and Branford Marsalis on tenor and soprano saxophone.
Mercury Falling was a success, reaching the top 10 in 18 countries, but failed to match the success of its predecessors. None of its four singles—"Let Your Soul Be Your Pilot", "You Still Touch Me", "I Was Brought to My Senses", and "I'm So Happy I Can't Stop Crying"—were hits across all regions, although the former two did perform well in the UK and especially Canada, where both reached the top 10. The album has been certified Platinum in three different countries (US, UK and Canada) and Gold in nine others. In 1997, the album earned Sting two Grammy nominations—Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Let Your Soul Be Your Pilot".
Music and lyrics
Alongside being used as the album's title, the phrase "mercury falling" appears as the first and last lyrics heard on the album. The lyric was the first written for the album (for "The Hounds of Winter"), and Sting later felt the phrase evoked the mood of the record and its variety of styles: "there are so many styles on this record and it darts around from genre to genre and back again. It's a very mercurial record, and it seemed to be the right thing to call the record."
"I Hung My Head" is one of many songs on the album to be played in an odd time signature, in this case . Johnny Cash performed a cover of the song on American IV: The Man Comes Around, his final studio album released during his lifetime. "Let Your Soul Be Your Pilot" displays a significant soul influence; Sting has stated that the music of artists such as Otis Redding and Aretha Franklin heavily inspired the track. Expanding on this theme, the Memphis Horns were brought in to play on the track. The lyrics were inspired by a friend who was suffering from AIDS, and how such an event can affect someone's outlook on life. Sting described the song as "a song about death, or dealing with death in a way that offers some sort of hope. I actually think it's quite an uplifting song - the intent is for it to be uplifting."
"I Was Brought to My Senses" is a song about gaining a greater appreciation for nature. It starts off as a folk ballad in , before transitioning to the main part of the song, which features what Sting called "a Brazilian vibe" and is played in .
The track "Twenty Five to Midnight" was excluded from the American and Canadian releases. It was included in the CD-Maxi Single of "You Still Touch Me", as the 4th track. "La Belle Dame Sans Regrets" is sung entirely in French; its title translates to "the beautiful lady with no regrets". The song was co-written with Sting's guitarist Dominic Miller. "Valparaiso" was used during the closing credits of the 1996 film White Squall.
Reception
Mercury Falling was released on 26 February 1996. It reached number four in Sting's native UK and number 5 in the US, becoming his fifth straight studio album to make the top 5 in both countries. The album also achieved top ten placements in 16 other countries in addition to the European Albums Chart (where it topped the chart).
"Let Your Soul Be Your Pilot" was released as the album's first single on 19 February 1996. It became a top 20 hit in the UK, peaking at number 15, but stalled at number 86 in the US. It did, however, reach number 3 on the Billboard Adult Alternative Airplay chart. The single was most successful in Canada, where it peaked at number 7. "You Still Touch Me", the album's second single, reached number 27 in the UK. In the US, it was more successful than its predecessor, peaking at number 60. The song matched the previous single's chart placement in Canada, giving Sting yet another number 7 hit. A remixed version of "I Was Brought to My Senses", done by Steve Lipson, served at the album's third single. It barely missed the top 30 in the UK and failed to chart in the US. "I'm So Happy I Can't Stop Crying" was the album's final single. Toby Keith released a cover of the song as a single from his album Dream Walkin', Sting guested on the track which gave him his only country hit.
Track listing
Note: "Twenty Five To Midnight" was excluded from the original American and Canadian pressings of the album.
B-sides
Personnel
Sting – vocals, bass, arrangements
Kenny Kirkland – keyboards
Gerry Richardson – Hammond organ (3)
Dominic Miller – guitars, arrangements (8)
B. J. Cole – pedal steel guitar (6, 11)
Vinnie Colaiuta – drums
Andrew Love – saxophones (2, 3, 5, 7, 8)
Branford Marsalis – tenor saxophone (3), soprano saxophone (4)
Wayne Jackson – trumpet (2, 3, 5, 7, 8)
Kathryn Tickell – fiddle (4), Northumbrian pipes (9)
Lance Ellington – additional vocals (3, 4)
Shirley Lewis – additional vocals (3, 4)
Monica Reed Price – additional vocals (3, 4)
Tony Walters – additional vocals (3, 4)
East London Gospel Choir – choir (3, 4)
Graeme Perkins – vocal session coordinator (3, 4)
Production
Sting – producer
Hugh Padgham – producer, engineer, mixing
Simon Osborne – engineer
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine) – mastering location
Danny Quatrochi – personal technical assistant
Jeri Heiden – art direction, design
William Claxton – photography
Fabrizio Ferri – photography
Miles Copeland III – management
Kim Turner – management
Accolades
Grammy Awards
|-
| style="width:35px; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1997 || Mercury Falling || Best Pop Vocal Album ||
|-
|"Let Your Soul Be Your Pilot" || Best Male Pop Vocal Performance||
|-
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
References
External links
Stingoop.com Mercury Falling Release Details
Sting (musician) albums
1996 albums
Albums produced by Hugh Padgham
A&M Records albums
Country albums by English artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20Falling |
Misra Records is an independent record label based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The label is distributed by Redeye Worldwide.
Founded in 1999, Misra Records is home to landmark releases by Destroyer, Phosphorescent, Shearwater, R. Ring (featuring Kelley Deal of The Breeders), Holopaw, Centro-matic, Jenny Toomey, Palomar (band), Great Lake Swimmers, Sleeping States, Southeast Engine, Crooks on Tape (featuring John Schmersal of Brainiac/Enon), Motel Beds and many more.
History
Michael Bracy, activist and co-founder of Future of Music Coalition, launched the label, along with brother Timothy Bracy, writer and front-man of The Mendoza Line, and D.C.-based attorney and artist advocate Paige Conner Totaro. Current Dead Oceans manager Phil Waldorf sat at the helm of Misra from its founding until late 2006. Cory Brown, owner of Absolutely Kosher, oversaw operations from 2007 to 2010. Leo DeLuca, of the band Southeast Engine, managed the label from 2010 to 2015. Jeff Betten, former manager of Wild Kindness Records, is the current manager of Misra.
Artists
André Costello
Bablicon
Bears
The Black Swans
The Bruces
Centro-Matic
Crooks on Tape (featuring John Schmersal of Brainiac/Enon)
Destroyer
Evangelicals
Flotation Toy Warning
Great Lake Swimmers
Hallelujah the Hills
Holopaw
Mars Jackson
Will Johnson
The Low Lows
Marshmallow Coast
William Matheny
The Mendoza Line
Mobius Band
Modern Howls
Motel Beds
Palomar
Paperhaus
The Paranoid Style
Phosphorescent
Emily Rodgers
R. Ring (Kelley Deal & Mike Montgomery)
Shearwater
Sleeping States (Markland Starkie)
Slow Dazzle
South San Gabriel
Southeast Engine
St. Thomas
Summer Hymns
Anthonie Tonnon
Jenny Toomey
Torres
Adam Torres
Volcano the Bear
Water Liars
Wooden Wand
See also
List of record labels
References
External links
Official website
Redeye Worldwide
Sub Pop Licensing
Interview with Misra co-owner Michael Bracy of The Future of Music Coalition
American record labels
Record labels established in 1999
Indie rock record labels
1999 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misra%20Records |
German (, English equivalent: Herman; 19 August 1899 – 27 August 1991) was the 43rd Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church from 1958 to 1990. He was successful in revitalizing the Serbian Orthodox Church to a certain extent during the Communist period, despite two schisms that occurred during his tenure.
The full title of German was: His Holiness, the Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, and Serbian Patriarch German ()
Education and early career
Patriarch German was born Hranislav Đorić on August 19, 1899, in the spa town of Jošanička Banja in central Serbia, in a family of teachers, and latter priest. His father, Mihajlo Đorić of Velika Drenova, graduated from Belgrade's prestigious Seminary () in 1895. Hranislav Đorić received a broad education and was among most educated members of the Serbian clergy, attending primary school in Velika Drenova and Kruševac, seminary in Belgrade and Sremski Karlovci (graduating in 1921), studying law in Paris' Sorbonne and finally graduating from the University of Belgrade's Orthodox Theology Faculty in 1942.
He was ordained a deacon by the bishop of Žiča Jefrem, and appointed the clerk of the Canon-law Court in Čačak and also a catechist in the Čačak's high school. Due to ill health, he left the administrative jobs and 1927, he was ordained a presbyter, receiving his own parish of Miokovci. In 1931 he was transferred to a parish in Vrnjačka Banja. After the election of Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V in 1938, father Hranislav became a referent of the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church. In that capacity, he was elected a vicar bishop of Moravica and, becoming a widower, he took monastic vows in Studenica monastery, July 7, 1951, acquiring the name German (Herman). Patriarch Vikentije, together with bishops Valerijan of Šumadija, Nikanor of Bačka and Vasilije of Banja Luka ordained him a bishop, July 15 in Cathedral Church of Belgrade. The new bishop became at the same time the secretary general of the Holy Synod and editor in chief of the Glasnik, the official gazette of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
In 1952 he was appointed a bishop of the Eparchy of Buda in Hungary, by Holy Assembly of Hiyerarchs of Serbian Orthodox Church. However, as Hungarian authorities didn't approve his appointment neither allowed him to enter the country, so he was never officially enthroned. In 1956 he was appointed the bishop of Žiča, at that time, semi-officially, the second office of importance in the church, after the patriarch. In this capacity, he was also an administrator (acting bishop) of Budimlja and Polimlje and Raška and Prizren eparchies.
Patriarch
Appointment controversy
When Patriarch Vikentije II suddenly died on July 5, 1958, internal strife struck the church leadership and no agreement could be reached on who would succeed him. German was not even appointed as the guardian of the throne (acting patriarch), instead the bishop of Braničevo, Hrizostom Vojinović was appointed to vacate the post. It is believed that German's election was a compromise, but the still popular story is that Aleksandar Ranković, the top Serbian Communist official at that time, and later Josip Broz Tito's deputy, entered the Holy Synod's session, bringing German inside, and saying: "This is your new patriarch!"
German was elected the 43rd Patriarch of Peć on September 14, 1958. However, some sources claim a much higher number, as a result of over a dozen of people who occupied the throne, but were not officially ordained or recognized as such (such as several rebel-patriarchs in the 16th century during the Ottoman occupation) or the Patriarchs of Karlovci in Austria-Hungary which are not counted in the list of official patriarchs (especially not as patriarchs of Peć, instead calling themselves patriarchs of the Serbs).
Schisms
Like most Orthodox churches in the Eastern Bloc, the Serbian Orthodox Church under German was forced to strike a modus vivendi with the ruling League of Communists in order to procure the space it needed to operate. The diaspora priests, led by the vocally anti-communist Bishop Dionisije, claimed that the Belgrade "red priests" had acquiesced too early. After the Holy Synod started a trial against Dionisije for allegations about his personal life, he went into schism with the church in November 1963. Starting in 1977, the group assumed the name "Free Serbian Orthodox Church". It was reconciled with the SOC in 1992, under German's successor Pavle.
The schism of the Macedonian Orthodox Church is a much deeper and complicated issue. It began in 1958, the very year of German's election, with an allegedly willing acceptance of the autonomy of Ohrid Archbishopric proclaimed by the archbishop Dositej. This was a great blow to German's religious authority as it was a forced acceptance, pushed by the Communist Party. In the next 9 years, the patriarch and archbishop held several joint liturgies, even with the heads of other Orthodox Churches. However, in 1967, archbishop Dositej completely split his archbishopric (within the borders of the SR Macedonia) from the mother church, claiming heritage from the historical Archbishopric of Ohrid, which had been non-existent for 200 years. German and the Serbian Orthodox Church, claiming the separation was forced and uncanonical (in other words, they deemed it a church established by the Communists) ended any canonical communication with the Macedonian Orthodox Church. In turn, German's example was followed by all the other Orthodox Churches. The problem continued after German and the breakup of Yugoslavia, and it became a highly political issue, not only with the Serbian Orthodox Church, but with the Church of Greece and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. This schism continued until 2022, when the Macedonian church reconciled with the Serbian Patriarchate and was granted full autonomy and subsequently autocephaly by Patriarch Porfirije of Serbia.
Revitalization and consequences
German set to revitalize the Serbian Orthodox Church, which (like other religious communities in Yugoslavia) received no state support. During his entire tenure, he kept a low profile, while achieving certain goals in this direction. Despite harsh conditions, he managed to form several new dioceses: Western Europe (1969), Australia (1973), Vranje (1975) and Canada (1983).
He oversaw the finishing works on the new seminary complex of buildings in Belgrade (including the campus) in 1958, so today the entire neighborhood surrounding the complex is known as Bogoslovija (Serbian for seminary). He also opened new seminary in the Krka monastery in SR Croatia. He was very involved in appointing bishops, staunchly pushing his own candidates, especially in the case of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral after the Communists arrested Metropolitan Arsenije Bradvarević in 1954, but German managed to appoint his protégé, Danilo Dajković in 1961. He also sent many priests to SR Montenegro as clerical activities had almost completely ceased there after the war.
In 1984, German visited the site of the Jasenovac concentration camp, saying a now famous line: "To forgive, we must ...to forget, we must not" (Опростити морамо, заборавити не смемо).
Many consider German's greatest achievement to be his successful campaign for the resumption of the construction of the Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade, which was stopped in 1941. In 26 years from his appointment, he urged the Communist government 88 times until they finally authorized the construction to continue in 1984. Being a massive project, it took a long time and the church was completed in 2021.
Patriarch German was a pragmatic religious leader in times that were very oppressive for religion. After the death of Josip Broz Tito in 1980, he slowly pushed church issues as Yugoslav society changed and nationalism grew among the various peoples, and in the end he was universally popular among the Serbs and had become a part of the Serbian social elite.
In 1989, patriarch German broke his hip, which led to a series of surgeries and repeated injuries, so the already old patriarch was unable to perform his duties. As a result of this, the Holy Synod declared him incapacitated on November 30, 1990, and appointed the metropolitan bishop of Zagreb and Ljubljana Jovan Pavlović as the guardian of the throne and elected the new patriarch, Pavle, on December 1, 1990. Patriarch German died in the VMA hospital in Belgrade on August 27, 1991, aged 92, and was buried in Belgrade's St. Mark's Church.
His tenure of 32 years is one of the longest in the history of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
He was awarded the Order of Saint Sava, Order of the Yugoslav flag, Legion of Honour, Order of George I, National Order of the Cedar and a number of other decorations and awards.
See also
List of 20th-century religious leaders
References
Bibliography
Serbian Church in History at the Orthodox Research Institute
Ko je ko u Jugoslaviji 1970; Hronometar, Belgrade
Srpska porodična enciklopedija, Vol. VI (2006); Narodna knjiga and Politika NM; (NK)
Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta;
External links
Documentary movie about German (in Serbian)
1899 births
1991 deaths
People from Raška, Serbia
People from the Kingdom of Serbia
Patriarchs of the Serbian Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia
20th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
University of Belgrade Faculty of Orthodox Theology alumni
Burials at St. Mark's Church, Belgrade
Recipients of the Order of St. Sava
Order of George I
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Serbian Orthodox Church in Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%2C%20Serbian%20Patriarch |
Peter Ihnačák (born May 3, 1957) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey centre. He initially played in the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League before defecting during the Cold War and joining the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). He played eight seasons with the Maple Leafs.
Playing career
A star in Czechoslovakia, Ihnačák was prohibited from playing outside of the Communist bloc because members of his family had already fled the country after the Soviet invasion during the Prague Spring in 1968. He was to play in the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York but was removed from the team because he was considered a flight risk. During the 1982 IIHF World Championship in Helsinki, Finland, he got on the same plane as then Toronto Maple Leafs general manager Gerry McNamara. On the plane, McNamara was tipped off that Ihnačák intended to defect and the Maple Leafs used their second round selection, 25th overall that they had received in the Darryl Sittler trade to pick him in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft. At the World Championship, Ihnačák defected with the help of his brother John. He was in the opening night lineup of the 1982–83 NHL season, playing on a line with Walt Poddubny and Miroslav Fryčer. In his first year with the Maple Leafs, he amassed a total of 66 points (28 goals and 38 assists), the rookie record within the Maple Leafs organization until it was passed by Auston Matthews in 2017. He went on to play eight seasons with the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL) until 1990.
In Europe, he played with the teams of ŠKP Poprad (Slovakia), HC Dukla Jihlava, HC Sparta Prague (both in the Czech Republic), Freiburg and Krefeld Pinguine (both in Germany).
Post-playing career
He was also the head coach of the team of Nuremberg Ice Tigers (Germany). Ihnačák was a former scout for the Toronto Maple Leafs and later became a European-based scout for the Washington Capitals.
Personal life
Ihnačák's younger brother, Miroslav Ihnačák, was selected by the Maple Leafs in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft. After Ihnačák defected, Miroslav was forbidden to play in international tournaments, for fears he may defect as well. This did not stop him, as he would join his brother and the Maple Leafs in December 1985. Miroslav would play parts of two seasons with the Maple Leafs, and one game with the Detroit Red Wings, before returning to Europe and finishing his career in Slovakia in 2006.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Czechoslovak defectors
Czechoslovak ice hockey centres
Deutsche Eishockey Liga coaches
EHC Freiburg players
HC Ajoie players
HC Dukla Jihlava players
HC Sparta Praha players
Krefeld Pinguine players
Mad Dogs München players
Newmarket Saints players
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Slovak ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Poprad
Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Toronto Maple Leafs scouts
Washington Capitals scouts
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Czechoslovak expatriate ice hockey people
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Slovak expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Czech ice hockey coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Ihna%C4%8D%C3%A1k |
Grigorije () is a Serbian masculine given name, a variant of Greek Grēgorios (, , English: Gregory) meaning "watchful, alert". It has been used in Serbian society since the Middle Ages. It may refer to:
Grigorije the Pupil (fl. 1186), author of Miroslav Gospel
Elder Grigorije (fl. 1310–1355), Serbian nobleman, Orthodox cleric and writer.
Grigorije Camblak (ca. 1365–1420), Eastern Orthodox cleric and Bulgarian and Serbian writer
Grigorije of Gornjak (fl. 1375–79), Serbian Orthodox monk
Grigorije Račanin ( 1639), Serbian writer
Grigorije Durić (1966), Serbian Orthodox bishop
See also
Gligorije
Grgur
References
Sources
Serbian masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigorije |
Alyaksandr Kazulin (, , born 25 November 1955 in
Minsk) is the former leader of the Belarusian Social Democratic Party and one of the candidates who ran for the office of President of Belarus on 19 March 2006. He was a rector of the Belarusian State University (BSU) from 1996 to 2003 and a government minister serving under Belarus President Lukashenko but later fell out of favor. He holds a PhD in mathematics and pedagogy.
Biography
Kazulin was born on 25 November 1955 in Minsk. In 1972, he graduated from school No. 87 and entered the evening department of the Mathematics Department of Belarusian State University. During this period he worked part-time as a lab technician in physics class at school. Served in the Baltic Navy in the Marines from 1974 to 1976. After the army, he worked in the forging shop at the Minsk Tractor Plant. In 1976 he continued his studies at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Belarusian State University, he graduated with honours in 1983.
From 1983 to 1986 he was a postgraduate student in the Department of Differential Equations. After defending his thesis in 1986 (scientific supervisor Prof. M. A. Lukashevich), Kazulin started working as a senior teacher.
From 1988 to 1996, he worked in the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus, reaching the position of Deputy Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Belarus. He made a significant contribution to the reform of the state education system. He is one of the authors of the 'Act on Education of the Republic of Belarus' and the 'Concept of Education and Upbringing of the Republic of Belarus'. In 1995, he defended his doctoral thesis on new educational technologies at the Moscow State Pedagogical University.
On 8 August 1996, he was appointed Rector of the Belarusian State University.
Political activity
In December 2005, Kazulin registered registered his candidacy for 2006 presidential election. His election campaign was the most censored of all candidates, and Lukashenko marked Kazulin as his main personal enemy.
Several weeks before the 2006 presidential election, on 2 March 2006, Kazulin was beaten and detained by police after attempting to enter the All Belarusian People's Assembly. Witnesses testified that police fired into the air to stop a car carrying journalists and members of Kazulin's election team. Kazulin was charged with disorderly conduct and released after being held in custody for eight hours.
During the events following the 19 March 2006 presidential election, on 25 March, Kazulin was present in a confrontation between demonstrators and police. Reportedly he walked to the commanding officer with flowers in his hand, and police knocked him off his feet, beat him up, and then detained him. In a post-election interview Kazulin said, "We're not afraid of tanks and violence; we're afraid of prisons and having no freedom. We're tired of living in a spiritual prison."
On 13 July 2006, Kazulin was sentenced to jail for five and a half years at a court in Minsk. He was convicted for his role in the March protests with the official charge being of hooliganism and incitement to mass disorder during the events of 25 March. Amnesty International recognized him as a prisoner of conscience.
On 26 February 2008, he was allowed to attend his wife's funeral, after threatening to go on hunger strike and with significant pressure from EU and US officials onto Belarusian government.
On March 7, 2008, the US announced sanctions against all state enterprises of the petrochemical complex of Belarus. As David Kramer openly stated, the reason was "the unwillingness of the Belarusian government to release Alexander Kozulin". On 16 August 2008, Kazulin was released from prison.
Since 2008, Kazulin has refused any offers to return to politics.
External links
Official home page
References
1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Minsk
Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly) politicians
Candidates for President of Belarus
Belarusian State University alumni
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Belarus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyaksandr%20Kazulin |
Nucleosys was a video game developer based in Argentina specializing in the adventure genre.
History
The company was founded in 2003 by Agustin Cordes and Alejandro Graziani. The studio' s first release was Scratches in 2006. After this release, Nucleosys rebranded as Nucleosys Digital Studio.
On July 15, 2009 Nucleosys was announced to be disbanding. On August 3, 2009 the studio announced via its official site that it would be closing its doors soon. Agustin Cordes later went on to found Senscape.
Games
Nucleosys's first project Scratches was released in North America on March 8, 2006.
Scratches (2006)
Scratches: Director's Cut (2007)
Risk Profile: Federal Cases (2008)
Untitled Project (unreleased)
About their final, untitled project, the only information ever released on the company's website was that it would have been a horror first-person adventure, taking place in a single location, over the course of one night, with several characters to interact with.
References
External links
Official website (defunct)
Nucleosys at MobyGames
Defunct video game companies of Argentina
Video game companies established in 2003
Video game companies disestablished in 2009
Video game development companies
2003 establishments in Argentina
2009 disestablishments in Argentina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosys |
Jean Taché (b. 1698 – April 18, 1768) was a Canadian merchant and trader. He made his first trip to Canada in 1727 to deal in furs and engage in other business activities. By 1730, he had become a permanent resident of the colony and was successful as a merchant and trader. He was also a militia captain in the government of Quebec.
France's surrender of the colony of Quebec in 1763 curtailed his business activities. Under the new British rule, he was one of the first Canadians to be called as members of the Grand Jury for the district of Quebec. In 1768, he received a commission as a notary but died shortly after. He had at least 10 children, and his descendents contributed to French-Canadian society during the 19th century.
References
1698 births
1768 deaths
People from Tarn-et-Garonne
Pre-Confederation Quebec people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Tach%C3%A9 |
The Marine Region is a branch of the Hong Kong Police Force, more widely known as the Marine Police. The marine police patrol of waters within the territory of Hong Kong, including 263 islands. The Marine Region with about 3,000 officers, and a fleet of 142 in total, made up of 70 launches and 72 craft is the largest of any civil police force.
Overview
The Marine Region comprises approximately 3,000 officers overseeing around 13,000 local craft and a total maritime population of 14,100. In addition to normal marine policing functions, the marine police are also responsible for countering illegal immigration and smuggling at sea.
To undertake this work, the Marine Region additionally mount shore patrol to police the smaller islands and isolated communities with no land transport to other parts of the territory, and participate in the Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre, which is responsible for co-ordinating maritime rescue operations both within and outside Hong Kong waters. The region's headquarters are located at Sai Wan Ho.
Since 2007, the Marine Region has developed a new, two-part operational strategy called Versatile Maritime Policing Response (VMPR) which has come into operation in phases, providing an improved police service at reduced cost with an enhanced Command and Control System and faster craft offering a more flexible policing response.
Organisation
The Marine Region comprises a Regional Headquarters and two sea Districts. The entire region is commanded by a Regional Commander with the rank of Assistant Commissioner, who is assisted by a Chief Superintendent. Each of the three bureaux is commanded by a Senior Superintendent; divisions and units are commanded by Superintendents, who are assisted by Chief Inspectors.
The Region comprises:
Operations Bureau is responsible for all operational matters at Regional level, including:
Operations Division
Regional Crime Units investigating crimes and syndicated illegal immigration by sea;
RCCC;
Logistics Unit;
Regional Motor Transport Office;
Regional Armoury;
Small Boat Division.
Crime Marine
Administration Bureau is responsible for general administration; personnel and establishment matters.
Support Bureau is responsible for:
management of the launch acquisition programmes;
training and assessment of Marine police personnel in navigation, seamanship, engineering, and safety; and
selection and acquisition of specialist equipment.
core property strategy in Marine Region
Headquarters
The Marine Region had its headquarters at the Former Marine Police Headquarters Compound in Tsim Sha Tsui until 1996, when they were relocated to Sai Wan Ho. The old headquarters have now become a heritage tourism facility known as 1881 Heritage.
Gallery
Fleet
Marine craft
BSC Marine Group patrol vessels
Protector (Pacific Forum) class – 6 small patrol boats
Hong Kong Shipyards Sea Panther-class large command boat 1988 – 2 large command boats
replaced Hong Kong United Dockyard Sea Lion class command boats 1965 – 2 (retired 1993)
Damen Stan Mk I patrol boats 1980–1981 – 10 built by Chung Wah Shipyard 1990s
Damen Stan Mk III patrol boats 1984–1985 – 16 built by Chung Wah Shipyard 1990s
Damen Stan 2600 patrol boats
HamiltonJet 13m Aluminium patrol boats
ASC Keka Class 30-metre patrol launches 2000 – six built by Cheoy Lee Shipyard
replaced six Damen Class Mk1 patrol launches
Rigid inflatable hull vessels
Tai Fei – fast patrol vessels
speed boats
Historic
22' Police Launch 1970 – 11
30' Fairey Marine Spear Class patrol boat 1981 – 9
40' Jetstream Class patrol craft 1971 – 3
45' converted tugs pre-1995 – 8
45' converted tugs pre-1975 – 2
Islander Class patrol craft 1960 – 1
Hong Kong United Dockyard Sea Rover Class patrol craft 1955 – 6
Pacific Forum Class Patrol boat 1993 – 6
78' Vosper Thornycroft coastal patrol craft 1972–73 – 7 (retired 1993)
Firearms
Smith & Wesson Model 10- Standard issue sidearm for Marine Region (except Small Boat Division), 6 shot .38 revolver.
Glock 17- Standard issue pistol for Small Boat Division, loaded with 17 round of 9mm Parabellum magazines
Federal Model 201-Z Riot Gun – Standard issue anti-riot gun, loaded with less-than-lethal CS rounds.
Heckler & Koch MP5- Standard issue SMG, loaded with 30 round of 9mm Parabellum magazines
SIG 516 - Standard issue assault rifle for Small Boat Division. Loaded with 30 rounds of 5.56×45mm NATO magazines.
History
The Hong Kong 'Water Police' had a role from the earliest days of British Hong Kong. The first actual vessel was acquired in 1846 – a sailing 'gun-boat' with a crew of 17, which was used for anti-piracy work. The vessel and its entire crew were lost in a typhoon two years later. By then the unit consisted of approximately 40 men and three boats. Each Constable in a six-man crew was armed with a pistol and a cutlass.
After World War II, as part of a major reshaping of the police force, the service was renamed 'Marine Police'. During the 1966 Star Ferry riots, the Marine Police provided a riot company which was deployed in action on Nathan Road. As part of the response to the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, the Marine Police participated in Operation Tiderider aimed at quelling the ensuing riots.
See also
Special Duties Unit
Marine Department (Hong Kong)
Fire Services Department
Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong)
Immigration Department
Government Flying Service
Water police
Coast Guard
References
External links
Police Transport and Vessels
Flag of the Marine Police
Flag of the Marine Police, according to the Shipping and Port Control Regulations, Shipping and Port Control Ordinance
New police vessels entering service
Boats of the Marine Police
Hong Kong Police Force
Sea rescue organizations
Maritime safety
Maritime law enforcement agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Region |
No. 1 Squadron RNZAF was a New Zealand reconnaissance and patrol bomber squadron operating in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. After the war the squadron served in the transport and VIP role.
History
It was formed as the New Zealand General Reconnaissance Squadron in March 1940 with Blackburn Baffins, Vickers Vincents, and Vickers Vildebeest. The first commanding officer, Squadron Leader G.N. Roberts, arrived in May. Due to the threat of German surface raiders against New Zealand shipping, these were replaced with Lockheed Hudsons during 1941. After the outbreak of hostilities against Japan, the squadron was retained in New Zealand, but during 1943 re-equipped with Lockheed Venturas, and joined the other Hudson and Ventura squadrons of the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in the South Pacific islands.
The squadron was based at Kukum Field on Guadalcanal during October and November before moving forward to New Georgia in November 1943. In August 1944 the squadron returned to Guadalcanal, before serving at Green Island in October of that year until again returning to Guadalcanal in March 1945. From May to June the squadron was based at Emirau. The squadron was disbanded, following VJ Day, in September 1945.
The squadron was reactivated as a reserve Territorial Air Force squadron in Auckland, flying Harvards and North American Mustangs, from 1948 to 1955.
It was re-formed in 1972 to provide a medium-range transport squadron within New Zealand, at Whenuapai and equipped with six of the RNZAF's Bristol 170 Freighter Mk 31s. In 1977, 1 Squadron re-equipped with six Andover C.1s. The No 1 Squadron Standard was presented to the Squadron at a parade at Base Auckland on 17 February 1984. The parade was inspected by Sir Geoffrey Roberts CBE, AFC, LM (US) who had been the first CO when the Squadron was formed in 1941.
The squadron was again disbanded on 7 December 1984 and its Andovers taken over by No. 42 Squadron.
Wartime commanding officers
Squadron Leader G.N. Roberts May 1940 – August 1941
Squadron Leader G.H. Fisher August 1941 – July 1942
Squadron Leader F.J. Lucas July–December 1942
Squadron Leader C.L. Monckton December 1942 – March 1943
Squadron Leader E.W. Tacon March–May 1943
Squadron Leader H.C. Walker May 1943 – April 1944
Squadron Leader K.C. King April–July 1944
Wing Commander A.N. Johnstone August 1944 – January 1945
Wing Commander A.A.N. Breckon February–June 1945
Commanding officers - after reactivation
Squadron Leader P.R. Adamson – August 1972
Squadron Leader C.F.L. Jenks – December 1973
Squadron Leader G.A. Oldfield – April 1976
Squadron Leader R.S. Holdaway - August 1976
Squadron Leader G.A. Oldfield – February 1977
Squadron Leader I.J. Roberts - July 1977
Squadron Leader K.A. Skilling - September 1977
Squadron Leader R.S. Holdaway - February 1978
Squadron Leader K.J. Wells DFC - January 1980
Squadron Leader I.W. Collins - January 1982
Squadron Leader K.L. Crofskey - July 1984
Notes
References
01
Squadrons of the RNZAF in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%201%20Squadron%20RNZAF |
Ashot II the Iron (; ) was king of the Bagratid kingdom of Armenia from 914 to 929. He was the son and successor of King Smbat I. His reign was filled with rebellions by vassals and pretenders to the throne, as well as foreign invasions, which Ashot fought off successfully, for which he is remembered by the epithet (Երկաթ), or the Iron.
Reign
Ashot II succeeded his father Smbat I upon the latter's death in 914. Smbat had fought off an invasion launched by the Emir of Atropatene, Yusuf Ibn Abi'l-Saj, but when Smbat surrendered he was tortured and beheaded by Yusuf in Yernjak. Having taken control of the central lands of Armenia, Yusuf installed Ashot II's first cousin, also named Ashot, in Dvin as the "anti-king" of Bagratid Armenia. Harried by Yusuf's forces, Ashot II visited Constantinople to receive aid from Empress Zoe Karbonopsina. Ashot II was well received, and a Byzantine force was assembled to assist Armenia in defeating the Arabs. The force accompanying Ashot II, led by the Domestic of the Schools Leo Phokas the Elder, moved out the next year and marched along the Upper Euphrates, entering Taron with scant opposition from the Arabs.
Ashot the pretender and Yusuf's armies were unable to stop the Byzantine advance, which stopped short of capturing Dvin due to the onset of winter. Nevertheless, the force had returned Ashot II to a powerful position in Armenia and managed to inflict heavy casualties against the Arabs. This still left the anti-king Ashot in control of Dvin, and civil war raged on from 918 to 920, when the pretender finally conceded defeat. Numerous other rebellions in Armenia also took place, but Ashot II was able to defeat each one of them. In 919, Yusuf instigated a failed rebellion against the Caliph and was replaced by a far more well-disposed Arab governor, Subuk. In 922, Ashot II was recognized as the ruler of Armenia by the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad and Subuk recognized him as shahanshah, or "king of kings".
The Byzantines were distressed with Ashot II's close relations with the Arabs and dispatched a new force under the Domestic of the Schools John Kourkouas to disrupt Ashot II's position as king and to support the rebels fighting him. In 922, Kourkouas reached Dvin in an unsuccessful attempt to capture a city that was defended by both the Arabs and Ashot II. In 923, the Caliph, facing troubles at home, released Yusuf, who traveled back to Armenia to unleash his fury against Ashot II. He began demanding tribute from the Armenian rulers but faced considerable resistance from Ashot II. Time and again, Ashot II was able to defeat and rout the Arab armies sent against him for several years. A second unsuccessful attempt by Kourkouas to take Dvin in 927/8 coincided with Ashot II's victory over an invading Muslim army near Lake Sevan and again north of Dvin. Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos soon turned his attention to the east to fight the Arabs in Syria, leaving Ashot II master of his domain at the end of his reign. Ashot II died in 929 without any sons or heirs and was succeeded by his brother Abas I.
Family
Ashot II was married to an unnamed daughter of Prince Sahak Sevada, the powerful ruler of Gardman whom Ashot II had blinded after a failed revolt.
In modern-day Armenia
In 2012, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Armed Forces of Armenia, the cross that Ashot II is said to have carried into battle with him was declared the "Guardian of the Armenian Army" by Catholicos Karekin II. During the Armenian Independence Day parade in 2016, honor guards posted the flag of King Ashot II the Iron before the parade proceedings.
Popular culture
Ashot II features prominently as a character in Muratsan's nineteenth-century historical novel Gevorg Marzpetuni.
References
Bagratuni dynasty
Kings of Bagratid Armenia
928 deaths
10th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
10th-century Armenian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot%20II%20of%20Armenia |
Ukraine competed in the Winter Olympic Games as an independent nation for the first time at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. Previously, Ukrainian athletes competed for the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter Olympics.
Medalists
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Returning Olympians
Viktor Petrenko (figure skating) – represented the "Unified Team" in 1992
Oleksandr Bortiuk (bobsleigh) – represented the "Unified Team" in 1992
Serhiy But (freestyle skiing) – represented the "Unified Team" in 1992
Natalia Yakushenko (luge) – represented the "Unified Team" in 1992
Yuriy Shulha (speed skating) – represented the "Unified Team" in 1992
Alpine skiing
Women
Biathlon
Men
Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay
Women
Women's 4 × 7.5 km relay
1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
2 One minute added per missed target.
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Women
2 Starting delay based on 5 km results.
C = Classical style, F = Freestyle
Figure skating
Men
Women
Pairs
Ice dancing
Freestyle skiing
Men
Women
Luge
Nordic combined
Men's individual
Events:
normal hill ski jumping
15 km cross-country skiing
Ski jumping
Speed skating
Men
Notes
References
Sources
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database
Olympic Winter Games 1994, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1994 Winter Olympics
1994
Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%20at%20the%201994%20Winter%20Olympics |
Harry Frank Coveleski (April 23, 1886 – August 4, 1950) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds, and Detroit Tigers.
Early life
Coveleski was born as the fourth of five ball-playing brothers in the coal-mining community of Shamokin, Pennsylvania. His oldest brother Jacob died while serving in the Spanish–American War, and his other brothers Frank and John played baseball as well, but never reached the major leagues. His younger brother Stan Coveleski played in the majors and went on to become a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Career
Harry Coveleski began his Major League Baseball career with the Philadelphia Phillies in 1907. Over a span of five days at the end of the 1908 season, he beat the New York Giants three times, which enabled the Chicago Cubs to catch the first-place Giants in the NL standings and force a replay of the "Merkle's Boner" game. Thereafter, Coveleski was called "The Giant Killer". Traded to the Reds after the 1909 season, Coveleski had a disappointing 1910 season, including a game in which he walked 16 batters, and was out of the Major Leagues for three seasons.
That year A. H. "Rick" Woodward, owner of the Southern Association's Birmingham Barons, bought Coveleski's contract from the Reds for $1,000, putting him on the team to be showcased in the brand-new steel-and-concrete Rickwood Field stadium. Coveleski got the start on the park's August 18, 1910 opening day, and he earned a no-decision in a 3–2 victory against the Montgomery Climbers in front of 10,000 fans. He ended up pitching two no-hitters for the Barons (though he lost one in extra innings), and won 21 games, including 11 straight decisions, to end the season with a 1.55 ERA. His final appearance for Birmingham was a 1–0 shutout against the league champion New Orleans Pelicans in which he held their star slugger Shoeless Joe Jackson hitless in four appearances.
Following an arm injury, Woodward traded Coveleski to the Chattanooga Lookouts, where he struggled for two seasons, going 25–37, before regaining his composure. In their 1913 campaign he led the Southern Association with 28 wins and attracted the notice of the Detroit Tigers' scouts.
Coveleski joined the Detroit Tigers for the 1914 season and pitched over 300 innings, completed 23 of his 36 games, and won 22 games, second in the American League only to Walter Johnson. In four of his five seasons with the Tigers, Coveleski's earned run average was under three, and his 2.34 ERA with the Tigers is still the franchise's all-time career record.
Legacy
In a 1976 Esquire magazine article, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Harry Coveleski was the left-handed pitcher on Stein's Polish team.
In the 2008–2009 comic book series and the 2017 film, I Kill Giants, protagonist Barbara Thorson's fantasy world features a war hammer named "Coveleski." Barbara explains that it is named after Harry Coveleski and his performance against the New York Giants.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career ERA leaders
List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders
List of Detroit Tigers team records
References
External links
, or Retrosheet, or SABR Biography Project
1886 births
1950 deaths
American people of Polish descent
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Birmingham Barons players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Cincinnati Reds players
Detroit Tigers players
Kane Mountaineers players
Lancaster Red Roses players
Little Rock Travelers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minor league baseball managers
People from Shamokin, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Phillies players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Coveleski |
The Isua Greenstone Belt is an Archean greenstone belt in southwestern Greenland, aged between 3.7 and 3.8 billion years. The belt contains variably metamorphosed mafic volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and is the largest exposure of Eoarchaean supracrustal rocks on Earth. Due to its age and low metamorphic grade relative to many Eoarchaean rocks, the Isua Greenstone Belt has become a focus for investigations on the emergence of life and the style of tectonics that operated on the early Earth.
Overview
The Isua Greenstone Belt, also known as the Isua supracrustal belt since it is composed primarily of supracrustal rocks, is located in southwestern Greenland, in the Isukasia terrane, near the Nuuk capital region. It forms the largest supracrustal enclave in the Itsaq Gneiss Complex, which predominantly comprises 3850 - 3600 million year old (Ma) felsic orthogneisses. The greenstone belt comprises two major sequences of metamorphosed mafic volcanic and sedimentary rocks, which were divided on the basis of zircon uranium-lead dating. These sequences are the 'southern terrane', which has an age of approximately 3800 Ma, and the 'northern terrane', which has an age of approximately 3700 Ma. The younger southern terrane is further subdivided into two subterranes: one predominantly comprising boninite-like metavolcanic rocks, and the other comprising tholeiitic and picritic metavolcanics. The Isua Greenstone Belt is bounded to the West by the Ivinnguit Fault, which divides the Eoarachaean Itsaq Gneiss Complex from younger (Mesoarchaean) rocks of the Akia Terrane. Elsewhere, it is bounded by felsic orthogneisses of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex. These show a similar age division to the supracrustal rocks of the Isua Greenstone Belt itself, with 3800 Ma gneisses to the south of the belt, and 3700 Ma gneisses to the north of the belt.
Scientific methods
A large number of geological and geochemical methods have been applied to the rocks of the Isua Greenstone Belt. These include subdivision of the various lithologies and units within the belt using a combination of geological mapping and U-Pb zircon dating, typically using sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP), analyses; major and trace element chemistry; structural analyses; geothermobarometry and metamorphic modelling using phase diagrams to determine metamorphic conditions; and a wide range of stable, radiogenic, and short-lived isotope systems.
Lithologies
The Isua Greenstone Belt comprises many different lithologies. The most abundant rock types are mafic metavolcanic rocks with a range of compositions from boninite-like to tholeiites and picrites. Though boninitic amphibolites at Isua are often interpreted as evidence for the action of plate tectonics, these are not true boninites and non-plate tectonic models can also account for their formation. Texturally, the mafic metavolcanics include pillow lavas and pillow breccias, which indicate that the lavas erupted subaqueously, and requires the presence of surface water during the Eoarchaean. More felsic volcanic compositions have been observed, but it is not clear whether these represent volcanic or sedimentary rocks, and the only examples of potential andesite are significantly weathered.
The mafic volcanic sequences contain abundant meta-ultramafic rocks, including amphibolites, serpentinites, carbonated-peridotites and peridotite. The majority of these are widely accepted to be intrusive in origin, representing ultramafic cumulates. Some peridotite lenses have been interpreted as obducted mantle fragments, and used as evidence to support the operation of plate tectonics during the formation of the Isua Greenstone Belt. However, this interpretation is contested, and some studies suggest that all peridotites at Isua are cumulates, representing shallow level magma chambers and conduits with the volcanic sequences.
Metasedimentary rocks include banded iron formation and detrital quartzite, likely representing a metamorphosed siliciclastic sedimentary rock. Although they do not form part of the supracrustal belt itself, the belt is hosted in and in places intruded by tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) orthogneisses.
Tectonics
The tectonic setting in which the Isua Greenstone Belt formed remains contentious. Ideas can be broadly divided into plate tectonic models, in which the belt formed in one of several possible tectonic settings that exist on the modern day Earth, and non-plate tectonic or non-uniformitarian models, in which the Isua Greenstone Belt formed in a tectonic regime that was different to the modern day Earth. Plate tectonic models can be further subdivided into those that argue that the Isua Greenstone Belt or parts of it represent an ophiolite, a sliver of obducted oceanic crust and mantle, and those that argue that the belt represents an accretionary prism, formed in a subduction zone. Non-plate tectonic models generally suggest a heat pipe or mantle plume origin for the belt. This forms part of a much broader debate about when plate tectonics emerged on Earth, and whether the Archaean Earth operated under a fundamentally different tectonic regime.
Ophiolite controversy
Furnes et al. (2007) suggested that the presence of pillow lavas and closely spaced parallel dykes indicated that the Isua Greenstone Belt represented an ophiolite. The interpretation of the parallel dykes as a sheeted dyke complex was particularly important as sheeted dyke complexes are diagnostic of oceanic crust in ophiolites on the modern Earth. However, this interpretation was strongly contested on the basis that the sheeted dykes proposed by Furnes et al. were in fact a much younger generation of dykes, the ~3.5 billion year old (Ga) Ameralik dykes, and therefore unrelated to pillow lavas and other volcanic rocks of the belt. Other objections related to the composition of the dykes, which are unlike those found in modern-day ophiolites.
Despite the disagreement on the presence of a sheeted dyke complex at Isua, alternative lines of evidence have been proposed in support of an ophiolite origin for the belt. These are primarily based on the geochemistry of the volcanic rocks in the belt: tholeiitic amphibolites have been interpreted as metamorphosed island-arc tholeiites, and boninite-like amphibolites have been interpreted to represent metamorphosed boninites. However, subsequent studies have pointed out that the boninite-like amphibolites are in fact low-titanium basalts, with too little silica to classify as boninites, and recent geochemical modelling suggests that the entire volcanic compositional range at Isua can be explained without requiring a plate tectonic setting.
A further line of evidence used to invoke an ophiolite origin for the Isua Greenstone Belt is the presence of peridotite lenses in the volcanic sequence, particularly two dunite lenses referred to as 'lens A' and 'lens B'. These were argued to represent mantle rocks on the basis of their geochemistry, textures, and the presence of apparently high-pressure minerals. If true, the presence of mantle rocks within the supracrustal sequence at Isua would require that these rocks had been thrust to the surface, supporting an ophiolite origin for the belt. However, more recent work disputes a mantle origin for these rocks, and suggests that all features of the dunite lenses can be explained by them representing ultramafic cumulates formed in magma chambers that fed the eruption of volcanic rocks in the Isua Greenstone Belt. If this is the case, then no thrusting is required to bring them into contact with the supracrustal rocks, and the dunite lenses do not provide evidence that the Isua Greenstone Belt is an ophiolite.
Accretionary wedge models
The northeastern part of the Isua Greenstone Belt has been interpreted as part of an accretionary wedge on the basis of numerous small faults and apparent repetitions of the supracrustal sequence, with similarities to modern accretionary wedges. This was further supported by apparent metamorphic gradients in the same part of the belt, that are similar to those observed in modern subduction zones. However, this interpretation has been strongly contested on the basis that rock types and strain are extremely consistent across the various faults in the proposed accretionary wedge, and that peak metamorphic grades are consistent across the entire belt.
Non-plate tectonic models
Non-plate tectonic models include heat-pipe and mantle plume models, both of which suggest that the volcanic sequences at Isua formed through eruption of mantle derived magmas with minimal crustal input. In a heat-pipe model, rapid eruption of volcanic rocks and the corresponding removal of melt from the mantle below causes downward movement of the lithosphere and burial of mafic rocks. The buried mafic rocks eventually heat up and melt, producing the TTGs associated with the Isua Greenstone Belt. This model can account for the mafic composition of pelitic sediments at Isua, suggesting there was little felsic crust present during its formation, and the relatively simple deformation and uniform metamorphic grade observed across the belt. However, it has been criticised on a number of grounds, including the fact that there is no evidence that the 3.7 Ga volcanic rocks or TTGs ascended through the 3.8 Ga sequence, as would be expected for vertically stacked volcanism in a heat pipe model.
Metamorphism
Following its formation, the Isua Greenstone belt has undergone two major metamorphic episodes. The first predates the formation of the <3.5 Ga Ameralik dykes and is associated with the Eoarchaean deformation at Isua. Amphibolite-facies conditions were reached across the belt between ~3.7 and 3.6 Ga. Though higher pressure conditions have been suggested locally on the basis of Ti-humite group minerals in peridotites, the reliability of these minerals to document high pressure processes has been questioned. The second event also reached amphibolite-facies conditions, and appears to have been a protracted event between ~2.9 and 2.6 Ga, followed by widespread retrogression of locally varying intensity. The effect of these two metamorphic and deformational events adds significant complexity to interpreting the primary geochemical compositions and geological structures present in the belt (e.g., see below).
Possible signs of very early life
Because of its age, the Isua Greenbelt has long been the focus of studies seeking to identify signs of early terrestrial life. In 1996, geologist Steve Mojzsis and colleagues hypothesized that isotopically light carbon in the structure's carbon-rich layers was suggestive of biological activity having occurred there. "Unless some unknown abiotic process exists which is able both to create such isotopically light carbon and then selectively incorporate it into apatite grains, our results provide evidence for the emergence of life on Earth by at least 3,800 Myr before present."
In August 2016, an Australia-based research team presented evidence that the Isua Greenstone Belt contains the remains of stromatolite microbial colonies that formed approximately 3.7 billion years ago. However, their interpretations are controversial. If these structures are stromatolites, they predate the oldest previously known stromatolites, found in the Dresser Formation in western Australia, by 220 million years.
The complexity of the stromatolites found at Isua, if they are indeed stromatolites, suggest that life on Earth was already sophisticated and robust by the time of their formation, and that the earliest life on Earth likely evolved over 4 billion years ago. This conclusion is supported in part by the instability of Earth's surface conditions 3.7 billion years ago, which included intense asteroid bombardment. The possible formation and preservation of fossils from this period indicate that life may have evolved early and prolifically in Earth's history.
The stromatolite fossils appear wavy and dome-shaped, are typically high, and were found in iron- and magnesium-rich dolomites that had recently been exposed by melting snow. The surrounding rocks suggest that the stromatolites may have been deposited in a shallow marine environment. While most rocks in the Isua Greenstone Belt are too metamorphically altered to preserve fossils, the area of stromatolite discovery may have preserved original sedimentary rocks and the fossils inside them. However, some geologists interpret the structures as the result of deformation and alteration of the original rock.
The ISB sedimentary layers containing the possible stromatolites overlay volcanic rocks that are dated to 3.709 billion years old and are capped by dolomite and banded iron formations with thorium-uranium zircons dated to years old. All layers, including those bordering the stromatolites, experienced metamorphism and deformation after deposition, and temperatures not exceeding .
The identity of the ISB features as stromatolites is controversial, because similar features may form through non-biological processes. Some geologists interpret the textures above the putative stromatolites as sand accumulation against their sides during their formation, suggesting that the features arose during the sedimentary process, and not through later, metamorphic deformation. However, others suggest that the rocks are so altered that any sedimentary interpretations are inappropriate.
In 2016, geologist and areologist Abigail Allwood stated that the discovery of Isua stromatolites makes the emergence of life on other planets, including Mars early after its formation, more probable. However, in 2018, she and a team of additional geologists published a paper that raises significant questions as to the origin of the structures, interpreting them as arising from deformation. Thus, the ISB stromatolites remain a subject of ongoing investigation.
See also
Archean subduction
Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt
References
Greenstone belts
Eoarchean volcanism
Volcanoes of Denmark
Landforms of Greenland
Volcanoes of North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isua%20Greenstone%20Belt |
Hilbert van der Duim (born 4 August 1957) is a Dutch former speed skater. A two-time world and European champion, Van der Duim "won often but also fell often", and has become famous for some of the incidents that happened to him during his career.
Career
Hilbert van der Duim became World Allround Champion in 1980, was the first skater in four years to beat Eric Heiden in international competition. He became World Allround Champion again in 1982. He also was European Allround Champion twice (in 1983 and 1984) and became Dutch Allround Champion a record number of seven times, winning seven consecutive national Allround titles in the years 1979-1985.
He participated in the Winter Olympics, twice (in 1980 and 1984), but his highest finish was fourth place in the 5,000 meters in 1980 in Lake Placid. In 1986, Van der Duim switched to marathon skating and impressed by his high skating speed. On 28 November 1986, he became World Hour Record holder, skating 39,492.80 metres in one hour. He was forced to end his skating career when he was involved in a severe automobile accident in 1987, driving home after a marathon.
Van der Duim was of the last generation of skaters before the commercialization of the sport in the Netherlands; the Dutch skating league had such strict rules against advertising, for instance, that Van der Duim was threatened with expulsion after he appeared on television with the name of a sponsor on his hat. After his skating career, Van der Duim became a teacher, teaching economics at Drenthe College, and in the late 1990s he was also active in local politics, taking a seat on the city council of Assen for a populist party.
Incidents
Van der Duim gained fame as a colourful skater because of several incidents. At the European Allround Championships in 1981, he fell on the 10,000 m and finished this distance in a time of 15:28.53 (for comparison: during the European Championships the year before, he had skated a time of 15:06.29). His fall probably cost him the title – he won European Allround silver 0.728 points (equivalent to 14.56 seconds on the 10,000 m) behind Amund Sjøbrend. After his 10,000 m race, Van der Duim explained that skating over "bird poop" had made him fall, causing widespread speculation in the Dutch popular press over the nature of the bird. Later, Van der Duim admitted there had been no excrement, but the episode has come to stand for any unexplained failure in Dutch sports.
On the 5,000 m at the World Allround Championships that same year, he sprinted to the finish line one lap too soon and it took him some time to understand what people were trying to tell him – that he had one more lap to go. His chances to successfully defend his World Allround Championships title were ruined when he fell on the 1,500 m the next day.
At the 1983 World Allround Championships in Oslo, Van der Duim was still the reigning World Allround Champion, and he made his appearance in a "rainbow speed skating suit", a white suit with coloured stripes, influenced by the rainbow jersey used by reigning World Champions in bicycle racing. After an excellent 500 m race, he finished only 17th on the 5,000 m and therefore did not qualify for the final distance, the 10,000 m. After his disastrous 5,000 m race, Van der Duim declared that he had "porridge in his legs".
Personal records
Source: www.isu.org
Van der Duim has an Adelskalender score of 162.253 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was a 3rd place.
World records
source:
Tournament overview
DNQ = Did not qualify for the last distance
NC = No classification
source:
Medals won
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
People from Opsterland
Dutch male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Speed skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Friesland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20van%20der%20Duim |
Bruno Wilhelm Augenstein (March 16, 1923 – July 6, 2005) was a German-born American mathematician and physicist who made important contributions in space technology, ballistic missile research, satellites, antimatter, and many other areas.
Career
Augenstein worked in the Aerophysics Laboratory at North American Aviation on diverse projects including weaponization of the V-2 rocket, a ramjet-powered vehicle that later became the Navajo missile. He entered RAND Corporation as a consultant and subcontractor in 1949.
Initially at RAND he developed an interest in long range missiles. Augenstein headed a team that examined research on lighter, smaller warheads, re-entry speeds, mathematical models of bomb destruction, and other information from disparate sources. He laid out his analysis in the 1954 RAND memorandum “A Revised Development Program for Ballistic Missiles of Intercontinental Range.” This document outlined a program that would provide the United States with a new level of strategic power, and is widely regarded as the most important document of the missile age.
In 1958 he left RAND to join Lockheed Missiles and Space Corporation. At Lockheed, his work focused on development of techniques, testing and theory to fully exploit the capabilities of space systems and develop space age materials. He went on to become Lockheed’s chief scientist for satellite programs and director or planning at the Sunnyvale facility. During that time, he and his Lockheed colleagues played the leading role in the development of CORONA, the world’s first reconnaissance satellite launched in 1960.
In 1961 he left Lockheed to join the United States Department of Defense in Washington, D.C. At the DoD, he continued to be heavily involved in satellite, aircraft and space programs of various kinds, and was Assistant Director for Intelligence and Reconnaissance in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. He was awarded the Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Award for intelligence work.
In 1965, he joined the Institute for Defense Analyses in Washington, a non-profit corporation that assists the United States government in addressing important national security issues, particularly those requiring scientific and technical expertise. In 1967 he rejoined RAND in Santa Monica, California as a vice president and senior scientist, and worked on policy analysis in the national space programs.
In 1971 he departed RAND and co-founded Spectravision, Inc. with several colleagues to perform consulting work on space-related policy and technology issues, systems analysis, and other research areas. In 1978 Augenstein wrote a report for NASA on LANDSAT policy issues to help them set a future direction for US earth remote sensing programs. During his Spectravision years, he worked increasingly for RAND as a resident consultant, and he rejoined RAND full-time in 1981.
In the 1980s he led RAND’s U.S. Air Force studies on antimatter science and technology, and co-authored a book on antiproton technology. In 1987 he spearheaded a conference to review the critical issues surrounding the establishment of a comprehensive U.S. antiproton research program and to help formulate its research goals. He later proposed a propulsion system for an antimatter rocket (referred to by others as the "Augenstein mirror matter engine") that would have uses not only in space ships, but also on earth.
Augenstein also participated in a RAND study on the proposed National Aerospace Plane (NASP or Rockwell X-30), a vehicle that could go into orbit as well as travel over intercontinental ranges at hypersonic speeds. The study concluded that "grave doubts exist that NASP could come anywhere near its stated/advertised cost, schedule, and payload fees to orbit," and the project was cancelled in 1993.
In 1992 he initiated a DoD program for research on micro air vehicles. In 1993 RAND asked him to write a history of RAND’s mathematics department and some of its accomplishments, including game theory, Monte Carlo methods, dynamic programming, and many other areas where RAND’s accomplishments led to innovations we take for granted today.
He served on many boards, including the National Library of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences and U.S. Dept. of Navy Health and Medicine Review Committee, and the International Astronautical Federation Committee on Interstellar Exploration.
His 1996 paper Links between physics and set theory explores intriguing analogies between phenomena in these fields. Thus, he argues that certain paradoxical phenomena in elementary particle physics parallel the Banach–Tarski paradox in set theory.
In 2002, Augenstein wrote a paper arguing that the mathematical formulation of John von Neumann’s quantum mechanics – the authoritative mathematical embodiment of standard quantum mechanics – contains a logical contradiction, and is therefore logically inconsistent. He discussed the nature and consequences of logical inconsistency in the context of what physicists seem to intend when they use the terms “consistent” and “inconsistent.” He notes how rehabilitating von Neumann quantum mechanics, by avoiding the logical contradiction, gives variants of quantum mechanics which correlate numerous proposals, made by an articulate minority community of philosophers and physicists, for alternatives to the current theory.
References
Articles by Bruno Augenstein
B.W. Augenstein, B.E. Bonner, F.E. Mills and M.M. Nieto, eds. "Antiproton Science and Technology." World Scientific Publishing, 1988.
Augenstein B.W. "Links Between Physics and Set Theory" Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, Volume 7, Number 11, November 1996, pp. 1761–1798
Augenstein B.W. "Hadron Physics and Transfinite Set Theory" International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Volume 25, Number 12, 1984
Augenstein B.W., 1994. "Conceiving Nature - Discovering Reality" Journal of Scientific Exploration, Volume 8, Number 4, Summer 1994
Augenstein B.W., 1993. The Turing Test (science fiction short story)
1923 births
2005 deaths
California Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
German emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Augenstein |
Oatmeal Crisp is a breakfast cereal from General Mills. It consists of flattened oatmeal flakes glazed with a sugary coating. Discontinued, limited edition or limited market varieties of the original have included Oatmeal Crisp Almond, Oatmeal Crisp Apple Crisp, Oatmeal Crisp Crunchy Almond, Oatmeal Crisp with Hearty Raisins, Oatmeal Crisp Raisin, Oatmeal Raisin Crisp, Oatmeal Crisp Maple Brown Sugar, Oatmeal Crisp Maple Nut Flavour, Oatmeal Crisp Vanilla, Oatmeal Crisp Vanilla Yogurt.
References
General Mills cereals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal%20Crisp |
Raging Speedhorn is the eponymous debut album by the British sludge metal band Raging Speedhorn. Raging Speedhorn features an altogether different sound when compared to the band's later albums, leaning more towards nu metal rather than the sludge metal style featured in later material.
Track listing
Bonus Tracks (UK Enhanced Edition)
The Gush
Thumper (PC-CD ROM music video)
References
2000 debut albums
Raging Speedhorn albums
Nu metal albums by English artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging%20Speedhorn%20%28album%29 |
William Joseph Russo (June 25, 1928 – January 11, 2003) was an American composer, arranger, and musician from Chicago, Illinois, United States.
History
A student of jazz pianist Lennie Tristano, Russo wrote orchestral scores for the Stan Kenton Orchestra in the 1950s, including 23 Degrees N 82 Degrees W, Frank Speaking, and Portrait of a Count. He composed Halls of Brass for the brass section, without woodwinds or percussion. The section recording this piece included Buddy Childers, Maynard Ferguson and Milt Bernhart. In 1954, Russo left the Kenton Orchestra and continued private composition and conducting studies, then moved to New York City in 1958, where he led the 22-piece Bill Russo Orchestra.
In 1962, Russo moved to England and worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). While working in London he founded the London Jazz Orchestra. He was a contributor to the third stream movement which sought to combine jazz and classical music. In 1965 he returned to his native Chicago and founded the music department at Columbia College Chicago. He was the director for the Center for New Music and the college's first full-time faculty member. He was the Director of Orchestral Studies at Scuola Europea d'Orchestra Jazz in Palermo, Italy.
Besides writing for jazz ensembles, Russo composed classical music, including symphonies and choral works, and works for the theater, often mixing elements of the genres. His 1959 Symphony No. 2 in C "TITANS" received a Koussevitsky award, and marked his entrance into the classical-music world. It was performed by the New York Philharmonic that year with Leonard Bernstein conducting (Bernstein had commissioned the piece) and trumpeter Maynard Ferguson appearing as soloist.
The 1973 album that included Russo's Three Pieces for Blues Band and Symphony Orchestra became a big seller for Deutsche Grammophon, with its cross-genre performance by the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, with Seiji Ozawa conducting and the Siegel-Schwall Band. (Ozawa had premiered "Three Pieces for Blues Band and Symphony Orchestra" with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Siegel-Schwall Band in 1968.) The success prompted the label to release Russo's Street Music, A Blues Concerto in 1979, featuring Corky Siegel on harmonica and piano.
Russo's theater works included a rock cantata, The Civil War (1968), based on poems by Paul Horgan. A politically charged multimedia piece for soloist, chorus, dancers, and rock band, The Civil War paralleled the American Civil War and the martyrdom of President Lincoln with the turbulent civil rights and antiwar movements of the 1960s and the murders of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. Russo followed The Civil War with other rock-based multimedia music-theater works, including Liberation, Joan of Arc, Aesop's Fables, The Bacchae, and Song of Songs. These were performed by the Chicago Free Theater, which Russo founded and directed. The Free Theater spawned companies in Baltimore and San Francisco.
In 1969, Russo and director Paul Sills, founding director of the Second City, and community activist Rev. Jim Shiflett testablished the Body Politic Theatre. Russo's other works for the theater include the operas John Hooton (1962), The Island (1963), Land of Milk and Honey (1964), Antigone (1967), The Shepherds' Christmas, The Pay-Off (1983–84), The Sacrifice, and Dubrovsky (1988), as well as a double bill of operas inspired by commedia dell'arte, Isabella's Fortune and Pedrolino's Revenge (performed off-Broadway in 1974), and a musical fairy tale for children, The Golden Bird, for singers, narrator, dancers, and symphony orchestra (premiered in 1984 under the auspices of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra). His collaborators included Adrian Mitchell, Arnold Weinstein, Jon Swan, Alice Albright Hoge, Irma Routen, Naomi Lazard, Robert Perrey, Donald T. Sanders, Albert Williams, Jonathan Abarbanel, and Denise DeClue. Russo also composed art songs set to poetry by Edna St. Vincent Millay, W. H. Auden, and Gertrude Stein, as well as scores for dance and film.
As part of his work with Columbia College, he started the Chicago Jazz Ensemble (CJE), which was dedicated to preserving and expanding jazz. A few years later this ensemble disbanded but was reborn in 1991. Russo's successor as artistic director was trumpeter Jon Faddis. Russo appeared with the band at the Jazz Showcase nightclub during the week before his death. After struggling with cancer, he retired as chair of the Columbia College Music Department in 2002. He died in 2003.
Personal life
Russo married Shelby Jean Davis, a singer. The couple had one child: Camille Blinstrub. He later married Jeremy Warburg, a music teacher, who was a granddaughter of American magazine publisher Condé Nast. They had two children: Alexander Russo and Condée Nast Russo. His third wife was Carol Loverde, a classical soprano. He also had a daughter, Whitney C. Schildgen, from an extramarital relationship.
Other activities
Russo was a trombonist and composition teacher. His students included Neil Ardley, John Barry, Patrick Gowers, Mark Hollmann, Fred Karlin, Richard Peaslee, Joseph Reiser, Louis Rosen, Kenny Wheeler and Albert Williams.
Russo composed more than 200 pieces for jazz orchestra, and there were more than 30 recordings of his work. His five-decade career included collaborations with his idol Duke Ellington, Leonard Bernstein, Seiji Ozawa, Stan Kenton, Cannonball Adderley, Yehudi Menuhin, Dizzy Gillespie, Benny Carter, Maynard Ferguson, Billie Holiday, Cleo Laine, and Annie Ross.
He wrote four books on music: Composing for the Jazz Orchestra (1973), Jazz Composition and Orchestration (1968), Workbook for Composing for the Jazz Orchestra (1978) with co-author Reid Hyams and Composing Music: A New Approach (1983) written with former students Jeffrey Ainis and David Stevenson.
In 1990, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
Discography
As leader
A Recital in New American Music (Dee Gee, 1951) (reissued as part of Jazz Composers Workshop (Savoy, 1951-52) with J Giuffre, S Rogers, S Manne, and latera as Deep People)
The World of Alcina (Atlantic, 1956))
Something new, something blu (Columbia, 1959)
A symphony of popular songs (Sesac late '50)
School of Rebellion (Roulette, 1960)
The Seven Deadly Sins (Roulette, 1960)
Russo in London (Columbia, 1962) with London Jazz Orchestra
Stereophony (FM, 1964)
Stonehenge (Columbia, 1964) with London Jazz Orchestra
Virtuosity : A contemporary look (Columbia 1964)
The carousel suite (GM, 1983)
As composer
Three Pieces for Blues Band and Symphony Orchestra, Op. 50 (San Francisco Symphony, Seiji Ozawa, Siegel-Schwall Band) (Deutsche Grammophon, 1973)
Street Music, Op. 65 (San Francisco Symphony, Seiji Ozawa, Corky Siegel) (Deutsche Grammophon, 1977)
Three Pieces for Blues Band and Symphony Orchestra, Op. 50 (San Francisco Symphony, Seiji Ozawa, Siegel-Schwall Band), Street Music, Op. 65 (San Francisco Symphony, Seiji Ozawa, Corky Siegel) (Deutsche Grammophon, 2002)
As sideman or arranger
With Stan Kenton
Innovations in Modern Music (Capitol, 1950)
Stan Kenton Presents (Capitol, 1950)
Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton (Capitol, 1953)
Sketches on Standards (Capitol, 1953)
This Modern World (Capitol, 1953)
Portraits on Standards (Capitol, 1953) - arranger only
Kenton Showcase (Capitol, 1954) - composer and arranger
The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1955)
The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1997)
With Lee Konitz
An Image: Lee Konitz with Strings (Verve, 1958) - conductor and arranger
With Julian "Cannonball" Adderley
Jump For Joy (EmArcy, 1958) - conductor and arranger
With Shelly Manne
The West Coast Sound (Contemporary, 1955) - arranger only
List of compositions
23N/82W, Op.8, 1953
Aesop's Fables, 1972
Allegro for Concert Band, Op.12, 1957
An Album of Songs, Op. 94, 1987
Anthem of Liberty and Justice, 1982
Antigone, Op.49, 1967
The Bacchae, 1973
A Cabaret Opera, Op. 70, 1985
The Carousel Suite, Op.63
Canticle
Chicago Suite No. 2, Op. 97, 1996
City in a garden, Op. 74, 1998
The Civil War, Op.52
Concerto in C for Violoncello and Orchestra, Op.41, 1962
Concerto Grosso, Op.37, 1960
Convalescence, 1989
The Daffodil's Smile, Op.28
David, Op.54, 1968
Dubrovsky, Op.83, 1987, 1992
Dubrovsky Suite No.2, Op.99
Elegy, Op.81, 1986
The English Concerto, Op.43
Ennui, Op.8, 1980
Frank Speaking, Op.5
A General Opera, Op.66,1976
The Golden Bird, Op.77, 1985
An Image of Man, Op.27, 1985
In Memoriam, Herman Conaway, Op.95, 1994
The Island, Op.42
Joan of Arc, 1970
John Hooton, Op.36, 1962
Jubilatum, Op.101, 1999
Land of Milk and Honey, Op.45, 1964
Liberation, Op.55, 1969
Mass, Op.99, 1996
Margery Kemp, Op.72
Memphis, Op.84, 1987
Missa, Op.100, 1997
Newport Suite, Op.24
Oedipus Rex, Op.79[?]
Pedrolino's Revenge, Op.62, 1975
The Sacrifice, Op.88, 1990
The Seasons, Op.90, 1991, 1993
The Seven Valleys, Op.68, 1976
The Shepherd, Op.100, 2000
The Shepherds' Christmas, Op.71, 1990
Songs of Celebration, Op.58, 1971
Song of Songs, Op.60, 1972
Spectrum, Op.39
Street Music, Op.65, 1975
Suite for Violin, Op.46
Symphony No.2 in C: Titans, Op.32
Talking to the Sun, Op.86, 1989
Three Pieces for Blues Band and Orchestra, 1968, 1973
Time of Angels, Op.84, 1986
The Touro Cantata, Op.85, 1989
Wither Weather, Op.69, 1978
Women, Op.89, 1990
List of print works
Composing for the Jazz Orchestra (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961, )
Jazz Composition and Orchestration (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968 )
Workbook for Composing for the Jazz Orchestra Co-Authored With Reid Hyams (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978, )
Composing Music: A New Approach (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988, )
See also
List of jazz arrangers
References
Sources
John Fordham, "Bill Russo - Creator of a jazz/classical hybrid" (obituary), The Guardian, 13 March 2003.
William Russo Collection, College Archives & Special Collections, Columbia College Chicago
Wilfred Mellers, Music in a New Found Land: Themes and Developments in the History of American Music, 1964, Transaction Publishers,
External links
Obituary at Jazz House
1928 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century trombonists
American jazz composers
American jazz musicians
American music arrangers
American people of Italian descent
American trombonists
Columbia College Chicago faculty
Jazz arrangers
American male jazz composers
Male trombonists
Third stream musicians
20th-century jazz composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Russo%20%28musician%29 |
Someday/Boys & Girls (stylized as Someday/Boys♥Girls) is the final single of Koda Kumi's 12 Single Collection and overall thirtieth single. Unlike the majority of singles in the collection, this single is not limited to 50,000 copies. The single charted at No. 3 on Oricon and charted for nine weeks.
Information
Someday/Boys♥Girls is the final single in Japanese singer-songwriter Koda Kumi's 12 Singles Collection. It was only one of three in the collection to not be limited to 50,000 and, due to this, sold over 89,413 copies.
Each single in the 12 Singles Collection had unique cover art based on certain cultures in various countries. The back cover of each single was a piece to a puzzle, which could only be completed by purchasing all twelve singles. The same was done for the obi strips, which contained a full image when arranged together in order. However, the obi strip image was omitted on the Hong Kong versions.
The a-side, "Someday", was used as the theme song for the third season of Shin Kyoto Meikyuu Annai (新・京都迷宮案内 / The New Guide to the Labyrinth of Kyoto). The song is the last song in the story-line music videos, which brings the stories from "Candy," "you," "feel" and "Lies" to a close.
"Boys♥Girls" was used as the theme for the 2006 movie called Waters (known in Japan as ウォーターズ / Uoutaazu) – a romantic comedy that revolves around the story of Japanese men working at a host club. The movie features actors Shun Oguri, Toshinobu Matsuo, Takamasa Suga, Shingo Katsurayama, Yusuke Kirishima, Hiroyuki Hirayama, Ryoji Morimoto, Hitomi Manaka, Riko Narumi and Yoshio Harada.
Boys♥Girls: Theme of Waters
Waters was released on March 11, 2006, under the Gaga Corporation and produced by Yu Hirose and Masashi Yagi. I
It featured several well-known actors, including Shun Oguri as Ryohei, Toshinobu Matsuo as Naoto and Riko Narumi as Chika. It was directed by Ryo Nishimura and produced by Yu Hirose and Masashi Yagi.
Plot
Waters focuses on seven young, attractive men in need of money, who audition for host positions at a bar called Dog Days. However, "hosts" at the bar have the job of entertaining female customers by flirting with them in hopes that they spend more money on alcohol. Each host came from a different background, including a street performer and a banker.
The drama in the film begins when they discover the bar's manager has stolen several of their deposits. Not wanting to see the men fail, the bar's owner gives up the bar to the men, so they are able to open their own "host club." The bar owner's granddaughter, played by Riko Narumi, help the men get started and teaches them how to properly run a business.
Music video
The music video for the song became the finale in the story-line driven videos; the firsts being "Candy," "you," "Lies" and "feel."
"Someday" was the second in the story-line videos to start with Kumi, instead of with the three men in the bar. The first was "Candy," which had featured rapper Mr. Blistah. The video for "Someday" has Kumi singing about the personas she had split herself into, who had found love. The video shows the conclusion to "you," "Lies" and "feel," with each man meeting up with their lover to reconcile.
The love interests were played by Takashi Tsukamoto, Shogen Itokazu and Shugo Oshinari.
Cover
Each cover of the 12 Singles Collection takes inspiration from countries and cultures from around the world. The cover to Someday/Boys♥Girls draws inspiration from Koda Kumi's own country, Japan, and represents the geishas in Japanese culture.
Track listing
(Source)
Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
World chart
1st week: #11
Alternate Versions
Currently, there are five renditions of "Someday":
"Someday": Found on the single and corresponding album Best ~second session~ (2006)
"Someday (Instrumental)": Found on the single (2006)
"Someday (R. Yamaki's Groove Mix)": Found on Koda Kumi Remix Album (2006)
"Someday (Big Boy Remix)": Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 5 (2013)
"Someday (litefeet Remix)": Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 9 -Special Edition- (2019)
References
2006 singles
2006 songs
Japanese television drama theme songs
Koda Kumi songs
Rhythm Zone singles
Songs written by Koda Kumi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someday/Boys%20%26%20Girls |
This is a list of the bishops and archbishops of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney since 1842. The title also is the Catholic Primate of Australia.
List of bishops
List of archbishops
Auxiliary bishops
See also
Roman Catholicism in Australia
St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney
References
External links
Catholic Church in Australia
Archbishops of Sydney
Roman Catholic archbishops
Bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Roman%20Catholic%20archbishops%20of%20Sydney |
January 17: Iraq agrees to talks concerning a United Nations plan to allow for the Iraqi sale of $1 billion of oil for 90 days for a 180-day trial period. Under Resolution 986, proceeds from the sale would be used for humanitarian purposes. In the past, Iraq has opposed clauses 6 and 8b contained in Resolution 986. Clause 6 stipulates that oil exports under this plan must pass through the Iraq-Turkey pipeline, which currently is unusable because of sludge build-ups and pumping station damage. By most estimates, the line would take a minimum of three months to repair. Clause 8b states that part of the proceeds from the sales would be disbursed under U.N. supervision to Kurdish provinces in northern Iraq. Negotiations between Iraq and the United Nations are scheduled to begin February 6, 1996.
January 30: Vice Admiral Scott Redd, commander of the United States Fifth Fleet based in the Persian Gulf, states that Iran test-fired a new anti-ship missile near the Strait of Hormuz on January 6. The missile reportedly has a range of 60 miles (100 km) and is viewed as a threat to regional security by United States naval forces operating in the area. Oil tankers carry about through the Strait.
February 17: The Sea Empress, a Liberian oil tanker en route to a Texaco oil refinery in Milford Haven, Wales, runs aground in the entrance to Milford Haven Bay. The tanker spills 73,000 tonnes of its 130,824 tonne cargo of light crude oil.
April 24: In New York City, the United Nations and Iraq end a third round of negotiations over Iraq's possible sale of $1 billion of oil for 90 days for a 180-day trial period. While both sides have reached agreement on most of the key issues, chief Iraqi negotiator Abdul Amir al-Anbari says that the United States and the United Kingdom have fundamentally altered the text of a proposed agreement which he had received from the United Nations early in the third round. Al-Anbari states that the changes have postponed any possible deal. The U.N.-Iraq talks were scheduled to restart on May 10.
April 30: In the United States, President Bill Clinton approves the sale of $227 million of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. At current oil prices, roughly would be sold. The Clinton Administration hopes that the sale will lower gasoline prices in the United States, which are at their highest levels in five years.
May 20: In New York City, the United Nations and Iraq agree to U.N. Resolution 986. The agreement comes following months of heated negotiations. Iraqi oil exports are expected to begin by the Autumn of 1996, after a pumping station on the Iraq-Turkey pipeline is repaired and U.N monitoring and aid distribution facilities are put in place. Shortly after the agreement, the White House announces its decision to allow U.S. oil companies to purchase Iraqi oil exports.
June 11: Exxon states that it will soon begin work on its $15-billion Sakhalin I oil and natural gas development in Russia's far East. The Sakhalin I project will develop an estimated of oil and of gas located in three offshore hydrocarbon fields. The $300 million appraisal program will include drilling one exploration well and conducting a 3-D seismic survey. The U.S. company says that it will start working despite ongoing differences with the Russian government over the country's new production sharing law, which is widely viewed as not offering adequate legal protection for foreign investment in the country's oil and gas sectors.
June 20: The Venezuelan Congress approves eight, multibillion-dollar, profit-sharing deals which allow foreign oil companies to explore and produce oil in Venezuela for the first time since the country's 1975 nationalization of the oil industry. The deals could boost Venezuela's current oil production by by 2005. Foreign oil companies such as Amoco and British Petroleum are expected to sign final deals with state-owned PdVSA within 10 days and may begin working on their new area by the third quarter of 1996. The eight blocks are estimated to hold between 7 and of light crude oil reserves.
July 7: OPEC issues a resolution announcing Gabon's withdrawal from the organization, effective January 1, 1997. Gabon had an OPEC quota of .
July 18: The United Nations formally approves an Iraqi aid distribution plan, a major step forward in the direction of allowing Iraq to sell oil under Resolution 986.
August 6: U.S. President Bill Clinton signs a new bill imposing sanctions on non-U.S. companies which invest over $40 million a year in the energy sectors of either Iran or Libya. Under the law, the President would be required to impose at least two of the following sanctions: import and export bans; lending embargoes from U.S. banks; a ban on U.S. procurement of goods and services from sanctioned companies; and a denial of U.S export financing. The European Union has stated its opposition to the U.S. law and threatened retaliation.
August 21: In Venezuela, a subsidiary of state-owned Petroleos de Venezuela (PdVSA), Corpoven, signs a memorandum of understanding with U.S. based ARCO. The MOU provides for a $3.5-billion joint venture to develop and upgrade roughly of crude oil from the country's Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt. The project will produce 9° American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity crude oil in the Hamaca region and upgrade it to 25° API for export to U.S. refineries. The project will be implemented in three phases, the last of which will be completed in 2006. Another PdVSA subsidiary, Maraven, recently signed another, similar deal with Conoco.
September 5: Following U.S. cruise missile strikes on military facilities in southern Iraq, crude oil prices rise as the market speculates when Iraq will begin exporting oil under U.N. Resolution 986. Benchmark Brent Blend for October rises above $22/barrel amidst the uncertainty. The U.S. attack follows an Iraqi-supported invasion of Kurdish safe haven areas in the country's northern area. Subsequently, President Bill Clinton states that the U.N. oil-for-food sale should be postponed indefinitely.
October 30: Exxon confirms that it is in talks with state-owned Qatar General Petroleum Corporation concerning the application of new technology to convert natural gas to petroleum products. Exxon believes that technology developed in a successful natural gas refinery project in Texas would work in Qatar, where a proposed $1 billion plant would be able produce between and of middle distillate products. Under the proposal, Qatar's North field would supply between and of gas for use as feedstock. In the past, technological barriers and high costs have precluded the development of natural gas refineries.
December 18: During a press conference, Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Maleki states that Iran supports the free flow of oil through the Strait of Hormuz, but reserves the option of closing off the shipping route if it is threatened. Iran recently has admitted to deploying anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles on Abu Musa, an island strategically located near the Strait of Hormuz's shipping lanes.
December 30: The United Nations announces that a total of 21 contracts have been approved for the limited Iraqi oil sales under U.N. Resolution 986. The approved contracts will allow for of oil to be exported in the first 90 days of the sale. At present, exports of have been approved for the second 90-day period of the sale, which allows Iraq to sell up to $1 billion worth of oil every 90 days for an initial 6-month period. In mid-December 1996, Iraq restarted the Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline, which is expected to carry up to of oil under the sales agreements approved so far under U.N. Resolution 986. Iraq's remaining oil exports will flow through the Mina al-Bakr terminal. (NYT, DJ)
References
Sources
Energy Information Administration: Chronology of World Oil Market Events
Commodity Research Bureaau. The CRB Commodity Yearbook 1996, Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 1996.
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Oil market timelines
World oil market chronology
World Oil Market Chronology, 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20world%20oil%20market%20chronology |
Simen Hestnæs (born 4 March 1974), better known by his stage name ICS Vortex or simply Vortex, is a Norwegian musician. He is the vocalist of the similarly named band ICS Vortex, the avant-garde metal band Arcturus and the doom metal band Lamented Souls. He is also the vocalist and bass guitarist to the heavy metal band Borknagar, and the former bass guitarist and backing vocalist for the symphonic black metal band Dimmu Borgir.
Biography
His longest-running band is the doom metal band Lamented Souls, which began in 1991 and for which he plays guitar and handles the vocal duties. He actually started out as their drummer, but switched places with Ole Jørgen Moe when they became aware of his singing abilities. His moniker was a bit of a joke to poke fun at one of Garm's aliases, Fiery G. Maelstrom: "Icy S. Vortex", with the first words being opposite elements, the middle initial being the first letters of their common names, and the last word being a powerful circular current of water.
In 1995, he was on tour with the avant-garde metal band Ved Buens Ende and performed the supporting vocals. Songs from that tour were later released on ...Coiled in Obscurity bootleg album.
In 1997, Hestnæs made a guest appearance on the Arcturus album La Masquerade Infernale. He sang on three songs: "Master of Disguise", "The Chaos Path" (in which he handled all lead vocals, wrote the lyrics and co-composed this song), and "Painting My Horror".
In 1997, the folk/progressive/black metal band Borknagar was in need of a vocalist after the departure of original vocalist Garm. Garm introduced the band to Hestnæs, who became their vocalist from 1997 to 2000. He took over bass duties as well, recording bass for their fourth full-length Quintessence, after bass guitarist Kai K. Lie left the band.
In August 2000, Hestnæs left Borknagar to fully concentrate on Dimmu Borgir. According to an interview, Borknagar was set to tour Europe with Mayhem, about the same time he would be in the studio to record with Dimmu Borgir. Borknagar guitarist and frontman Øystein G. Brun gave Hestnæs an ultimatum: tour with Borknagar, or quit and deal with Dimmu Borgir. He opted for the latter, stating that he thought Dimmu Borgir would become a more successful band in the long term. Brun would later state that the decision was "business", and that he "had nothing against Dimmu Borgir", and he wished Hestnæs the best; Hestnæs then stated that had he not gotten the ultimatum, he would still be in Borknagar to this day.
Hestnæs first contributed on the recording of Spiritual Black Dimensions by adding a new vocal element: his own "clean" and "operatic" singing which added a new element to Dimmu Borgir as a band. Hestnæs stepped in as session bass guitarist when Nagash left the band to fully concentrate on The Kovenant; he was, until late August 2009, the permanent replacement on bass and a full member of Dimmu Borgir.
In 2005, Hestnæs became Arcturus' new singer following the departure of both Garm in 2003, and Spiral Architect's Øyvind Hægeland in 2005. Hægeland departed from the band due to the distance he lived from the other band members and Hestnæs took over as lead vocalist for the band, making it the second band in which Hestnæs would be the successor to Garm as vocalist. In September 2005, the band released their fourth full-length album, and first full-length without Garm on vocals, Sideshow Symphonies, which was met with varying acclaim. In 2005, Hestnæs was voted one of the top ten vocalists in Terrorizer Magazine and Arcturus was voted among the ten best live acts of 2005. Sideshow Symphonies was also ranked among the top ten albums of the year in the magazine.
In 2007, at a concert in Melbourne, Australia, Hestnæs stated that the concert would be Arcturus' last show. On 17 April, the band officially announced they had disbanded.
Most recently, Hestnæs lent his voice to the animated television program, Metalocalypse, in the episode "Dethdoubles" as well as "Dethwedding" and "Dethcarraldo".
According to a Myspace post (in late August 2009) by Mustis, the keyboardist of Dimmu Borgir, both he and Vortex have been fired from the band. Vortex later stated he will remember the days before the greed and music industry took over Dimmu Borgir. He also stated he has an interest in reviving "a band or three". He is currently scheduled to meet with Lamented Souls in mid-September about a new album.
In 2010, it was announced Hestnæs would be returning to Borknagar as a live member on bass and vocals. Furthermore, Arcturus would be resurrected to headline the ProgPower USA festival in 2011.
Hestnæs released his first solo album in 2011, entitled Storm Seeker. The album features Asgeir Mickelson on drums (ex-Borknagar), and some guitar solos by Terje "Cyrus" Andersen. The live band will include Borknagar guitarist Jens F. Ryland, and Steinar Gundersen from Spiral Architect on bass.
After several months of rumours of ICS Vortex's involvement with Borknagar, it was announced that he was to rejoin Borknagar full-time as a cooperative vocalist with Vintersorg as well as being the band's bass guitarist. This would last until Vintersorg's departure from the band in 2019, wherein Vortex assumed the role of lead vocalist once again for the first time since 2000.
2011 also saw the revival of Arcturus, with Vortex once again assuming lead vocal duties.
He was married to Lise Myhre, a Norwegian artist and creator of the comic Nemi, and they have a son born in 2007.
Solo band members
ICS Vortex – vocals, guitars (2011–present) (also bass and keyboards on 'Storm Seeker')
Hallvard Eggestad – bass (2012–present)
Baard Kolstad – drums (2012–present)
Petter Hallaråker – guitars (2012–present)
Previous members
Asgeir Mickelson – drums (on 'Storm Seeker')
Cyrus – guitars (on 'Storm Seeker')
Jens F. Ryland – guitars (2011–2012)
Steinar Gundersen – bass (2011–2012)
Discography
With Lamented Souls
Soulstorm (demo) (1992)
Demo '95 (demo) (1995)
Essence of Wounds (single) – Duplicate Records (2003)
The Origins of Misery – Duplicate Records (2004)
Echelons of Decay (tentative title) – Duplicate Records
With Ved Buens Ende
...Coiled in Obscurity bootleg – Benighted Mirror Records (2002)
With Borknagar
The Archaic Course – Century Media Records (1998)
Quintessence – Century Media Records (2000)
Universal – Indie Recordings (2010) (guest on one song)
Urd – Century Media Records (2012)
Winter Thrice – Century Media Records (2016)
True North – Century Media Records (2019)
With Dimmu Borgir
Spiritual Black Dimensions – Nuclear Blast (1999) (reissued in 2004) (guest)
Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia – Nuclear Blast (2001)
Alive in Torment (EP) – Nuclear Blast (2001)
World Misanthropy (live EP) – Nuclear Blast (2002)
World Misanthropy (DVD/VHS) – Nuclear Blast (2002)
Death Cult Armageddon (EP) – Nuclear Blast (2003)
Death Cult Armageddon (DVD) – Nuclear Blast (2003)
Death Cult Armageddon – Nuclear Blast (2003)
Progenies of the Great Apocalypse (DVD) – Nuclear Blast (2003)
Vredesbyrd (single) – Nuclear Blast (2004)
The Sacrilegious Scorn (single) – Nuclear Blast (2007)
In Sorte Diaboli Sampler (single) – Nuclear Blast (2007)
The Serpentine Offering (single) – Nuclear Blast (2007)
In Sorte Diaboli – Nuclear Blast (2007)
The Invaluable Darkness (DVD) – Nuclear Blast (2008)
With Arcturus
La Masquerade Infernale – Misanthropy/Music for Nations (1997) (guest)
Sideshow Symphonies – Season of Mist (2005)
Shipwrecked in Oslo DVD – Season of Mist (2006)
Arcturian - Prophecy Productions (2015)
With Dagoba
What Hell Is About – Season of Mist (2006) (guest)
With Belzebubs
Pantheon of the Nightside Gods - Century Media (2019) (guest)
Solo
Storm Seeker – Century Media Records (2011)
References
External links
ICS Vortex official MySpace page
Official Arcturus website
Official Dimmu Borgir website
Living people
Black metal singers
Dimmu Borgir members
Norwegian heavy metal bass guitarists
Norwegian male bass guitarists
Norwegian black metal musicians
Norwegian heavy metal guitarists
Norwegian heavy metal singers
Norwegian male singers
Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
Norwegian rock bass guitarists
Norwegian rock guitarists
Musicians from Oslo
Tenors
Borknagar members
Arcturus (band) members
1974 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICS%20Vortex |
Las Piedras is a city in the Canelones Department of Uruguay. As of the census of 2011, it is the seventh most populated city of the country.
Las Piedras is also the name of the municipality to which the city belongs.
Geography
The city is located on the east side of Route 5, north of the border with Montevideo Department. Bordering La Paz to the south and Montevideo to the southeast, it belongs to the wider metropolitan area of Montevideo. The stream Arroyo de las Piedras flows by the city.
Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Las Piedras has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
History
Las Piedras was founded in 1744 under the name "San Isidro".
On May 18, 1811 the Uruguayan independence leader don José Gervasio Artigas led patriot forces to victory against Spain at the Battle of Las Piedras. While not the definitive event in the country's independence process, it marked a significant step towards the eventual establishment of an independent Uruguay.
It had acquired the status of "Pueblo" (village) before the Independence of Uruguay. Its status was elevated to "Ciudad" (city) on 15 May 1925 by the Act of Ley Nº 7.837.
Population
According to the 2011 census, Las Piedras had a population of 71,258. In 2010 the Intendencia de Canelones had estimated a population of 79,412 for the municipality during the elections.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay
Places of worship
Isidore the Laborer Parish Church (Roman Catholic, Salesians of Don Bosco)
St. Adolph Parish Church in El Dorado (Roman Catholic)
Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Parish Church in San Isidro (Roman Catholic, Pilgrims of the Eucharist)
St. Anthony of Padua Church in Pueblo Nuevo (Roman Catholic)
Sport
There is one professional association football team called Juventud de Las Piedras.
See also
History of Uruguay#Struggle for independence, 1811–1828
References
External links
INE map of Las Piedras
Gallery
Populated places in the Canelones Department
Populated places established in 1744
1744 establishments in the Spanish Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Piedras%2C%20Uruguay |
Harry Manx (born 1955) is a Canadian musician who blends blues, folk music, and Hindustani classical music. His official website describes his music as being a "blend Indian folk melodies with slide guitar blues, add a sprinkle of gospel and some compelling grooves and you'll get Manx's unique "mysticssippi" flavour." Manx plays the slide guitar, harmonica, six-string banjo, mohan veena and Ellis stomp box. He studied for five years in India with Vishwa Mohan Bhatt. Bhatt is the inventor of the 20-stringed mohan veena, which has become Manx's signature instrument.
He has released twelve albums in twelve years, and has his own record label Dog My Cats Records.
He has received much recognition and many awards, including: seven Maple Blues Awards, six Juno nominations, the Canadian Folk Music Award in 2005 for Best Solo Artist, and CBC Radio’s "Great Canadian Blues Award" in 2007.
Manx was a nominee in the 8th Annual Independent Music Awards for his cover of Bruce Springsteen's "I'm on Fire".
Manx is a longtime collaborator with Canadian guitarist Kevin Breit and Australian keyboardist Clayton Doley.
Early years: Canada and Europe
Manx was born on the Isle of Man, the son of a Scottish merchant marine and a Manx mother. The family moved to Sutton, Ontario, Canada in 1962. Manx started working with bands as a "roadie" at age 15 and gradually worked his way up to becoming the regular sound man at the well-known El Mocambo (Rock) club in Toronto. He left Toronto in the late 1970s, when he was 20, to return to Europe and started making money as a busker and also found work at festivals as a blues lapslide guitarist and songwriter. He then moved to Japan, where he lived and performed for 10 years.
Japan and India
In 1990, while Manx was in Japan, he heard a recording of the Indian slide guitarist Vishwa Mohan Bhatt. When Manx met Bhatt for the first time in Rajasthan, he had been living in another part of India for years. He became a student of Bhatt's and remained with him for five years. They travelled together in India and performed for large audiences.
Canada
In 2000, Manx moved back to Canada and set up residence in Saltspring Island, British Columbia and recorded his first Canadian album at the Barn Studios. This debut recording features 14 tracks of his one-man-band sound on the lap slide guitar, the Mohan Veena, the harmonica and vocals.
Family
Manx is married to Najma Manx, and together they have one son, Hector Oswald Manx. In a 2002 interview, in their house on Saltspring Island, Manx talked about the stresses of leaving his wife and son when on touring. "This guy here, he doesn’t care who I’m opening for," Harry said. "He just wants me home once in a while. It gets tough sometimes. We need to keep that connection all the time. We talk on the phone every day. You should see our phone bill."
Style
Manx's musical style has been called an "essential musical link" between the East and the West. His songs are "short stories that use the essence of the blues and the depth of Indian ragas to draw you in".
Discography
Solo and duo
Dog My Cat (2001)
Wise and Otherwise (2002)
Jubilee (with Kevin Breit) (2003)
Road Ragas (2003)
West Eats Meet (2004)
Mantras for Madmen (2005)
In Good We Trust (with Kevin Breit) (2007)
Live at the Glenn Gould Studio (2008)
Bread and Buddha (2009)
Isle of Manx (2010)
Strictly Whatever (with Kevin Breit) (2011)
Om Suite Ohm (2013)
20 Strings and the Truth (2015)
Faith Lift (2017)
Compilation inclusions
Johnny's Blues: A Tribute To Johnny Cash (Northern Blues, 2003)
Beautiful (A Tribute to Gordon Lightfoot) (Borealis Records, 2003)
Saturday Night Blues: 20 Years (CBC, 2006)
Isle of Manx - the Desert Island Collection (2010)
References
External links
Dog My Cat Records Harry Manx's independent record label
Living people
Canadian folk singer-songwriters
Manx emigrants to Canada
Manx musicians
21st-century Manx musicians
Canadian Folk Music Award winners
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Stony Plain Records artists
21st-century Canadian male singers
1955 births
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Manx |
Brunswick Station may refer to one of the following places:
Australia
Brunswick railway station, Melbourne
Brunswick Junction railway station, Western Australia
Fortitude Valley railway station, Brisbane, formerly known as Brunswick Street railway station
United Kingdom
Brunswick railway station, Liverpool
United States
Brunswick Maine Street Station, in Brunswick, Maine, United States
Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station, North Carolina
Brunswick Station, Maine, a census-designated place
Naval Air Station Brunswick
Brunswick station (Maryland), in Brunswick, Maryland, United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick%20station |
Bistra may refer to:
Name
Female's name in Bulgaria
Populated places
Bistra, Silistra Province, a village in Silistra Province, Bulgaria
Bistra, Targovishte Province, a village in Targovishte Province, Bulgaria
Bistra, Croatia, a village in Zagreb County, Croatia
Bistra (mountain) in North Macedonia
Bistra (peak) in Kosovo
Bistra, Alba, a commune in Alba County, Romania
Bistra, Maramureș, a commune in Maramureș County, Romania
Bistra, a village in the commune Popești, Bihor County, Romania
Bistra, Črna na Koroškem, a village in Slovenia
Bistra, Vrhnika, village and monastery in Slovenia
Rivers in Romania
Bistra (Arieș), a tributary of the Arieș in Alba County
Bistra (Barcău), a tributary of the Barcău in Bihor County
Bistra (Bicaz), a tributary of the Capra in Neamț County
Bistra (Mureș), a tributary of the Mureș in Mureș County
Bistra (Sebeș), a tributary of the Sebeș in Sibiu County
Bistra (Timiș), a tributary of the Timiș in Caraș-Severin County
Bistra (Vișeu), a tributary of the Vișeu in Maramureș County
Bistra Mică, a tributary of the Bistra in Neamț County
Bistra Mărului, a tributary of the Bistra in Caraș-Severin County
See also
Bistrița (disambiguation)
Bistro (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistra |
William Batchelder Bradbury (October 6, 1816 – January 7, 1868) was a musician who composed the tune to "Jesus Loves Me" and many other popular hymns.
Biography
He was born on October 6, 1816, in York, Maine, where his father was the leader of a church choir. He had a brother, Edward G. Bradbury.
He moved with his parents to Boston and met Lowell Mason, and by 1834 was known as an organist. In 1840, he began teaching in Brooklyn, New York. In 1847 he went to Germany, where he studied harmony, composition, and vocal and instrumental music with the best masters.
In 1854, he started the Bradbury Piano Company, with his brother, Edward G. Bradbury in New York City. William Bradbury is best known as a composer and publisher of a series of musical collections for choirs and schools. He was the author and compiler of fifty-nine books starting in 1841.
In 1862, Bradbury found the poem "Jesus Loves Me". Bradbury wrote the music and added the chorus: "Yes, Jesus loves me, Yes, Jesus Loves me ..."
He died on January 7, 1868, in Bloomfield, New Jersey (now Montclair, New Jersey) at age 51. He was buried in Bloomfield Cemetery in Bloomfield, New Jersey.
Works
He composed many tunes, including those for "He Leadeth Me"; "Just As I Am"; "Sweet Hour of Prayer" (attributed to William W. Walford, 1772–1850); "Savior, Like a Shepherd Lead Us" and "My Hope Is Built on Nothing Less", all of which can still be found in hynmbooks and songbooks today.
Publications
The Shawm (1853)
The Jubilee (1858)
Cottage Melodies (1859)
The Golden Chain (1861)
"Hold On Abraham!" (1862)
The Key-Note and Pilgrims' Songs (1863)
The Golden Censer (1864)
Golden Trio (1864)
Temple Choir and Fresh Laurels (1867)
Clairiona (1867) compilation of previous works
References
External links
Free scores Mutopia Project
More scores and biographical information at Hymnary.org
1816 births
1868 deaths
American male composers
Musicians from Montclair, New Jersey
19th-century American composers
People from York, Maine
Musicians from Maine
American hymnwriters
19th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Batchelder%20Bradbury |
Psychodynamics, also known as psychodynamic psychology, in its broadest sense, is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces underlying human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious motivation and unconscious motivation.
The term psychodynamics is also used to refer specifically to the psychoanalytical approach developed by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and his followers. Freud was inspired by the theory of thermodynamics and used the term psychodynamics to describe the processes of the mind as flows of psychological energy (libido or psi) in an organically complex brain.
There are four major schools of thought regarding psychological treatment: psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, biological, and humanistic treatment. In the treatment of psychological distress, psychodynamic psychotherapy tends to be a less intensive (once- or twice-weekly) modality than the classical Freudian psychoanalysis treatment (of 3–5 sessions per week). Psychodynamic therapies depend upon a theory of inner conflict, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions surface into the patient's consciousness; generally, one's conflict is unconscious.
Overview
In general, psychodynamics is the study of the interrelationship of various parts of the mind, personality, or psyche as they relate to mental, emotional, or motivational forces especially at the unconscious level. The mental forces involved in psychodynamics are often divided into two parts: (a) the interaction of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and mental states, especially on a subconscious level; (b) inner forces affecting behavior: the study of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and states of mind.
Freud proposed that psychological energy was constant (hence, emotional changes consisted only in displacements) and that it tended to rest (point attractor) through discharge (catharsis).
In mate selection psychology, psychodynamics is defined as the study of the forces, motives, and energy generated by the deepest of human needs.
In general, psychodynamics studies the transformations and exchanges of "psychic energy" within the personality. A focus in psychodynamics is the connection between the energetics of emotional states in the Id, ego and super-ego as they relate to early childhood developments and processes. At the heart of psychological processes, according to Freud, is the ego, which he envisions as battling with three forces: the id, the super-ego, and the outside world. The id is the unconscious reservoir of libido, the psychic energy that fuels instincts and psychic processes. The ego serves as the general manager of personality, making decisions regarding the pleasures that will be pursued at the id's demand, the person's safety requirements, and the moral dictates of the superego that will be followed. The superego refers to the repository of an individual's moral values, divided into the conscience – the internalization of a society's rules and regulations – and the ego-ideal – the internalization of one's goals. Hence, the basic psychodynamic model focuses on the dynamic interactions between the id, ego, and superego. Psychodynamics, subsequently, attempts to explain or interpret behaviour or mental states in terms of innate emotional forces or processes.
History
Freud used the term psychodynamics to describe the processes of the mind as flows of psychological energy (libido) in an organically complex brain. The idea for this came from his first year adviser, Ernst von Brücke at the University of Vienna, who held the view that all living organisms, including humans, are basically energy-systems to which the principle of the conservation of energy applies. This principle states that "the total amount of energy in any given physical system is always constant, that energy quanta can be changed but not annihilated, and that consequently when energy is moved from one part of the system, it must reappear in another part." This principle is at the very root of Freud's ideas, whereby libido, which is primarily seen as sexual energy, is transformed into other behaviours. However, it is now clear that the term energy in physics means something quite different from the term energy in relation to mental functioning.
Psychodynamics was initially further developed by Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Melanie Klein. By the mid-1940s and into the 1950s, the general application of the "psychodynamic theory" had been well established.
In his 1988 book Introduction to Psychodynamics – a New Synthesis, psychiatrist Mardi J. Horowitz states that his own interest and fascination with psychodynamics began during the 1950s, when he heard Ralph Greenson, a popular local psychoanalyst who spoke to the public on topics such as "People who Hate", speak on the radio at UCLA. In his radio discussion, according to Horowitz, he "vividly described neurotic behavior and unconscious mental processes and linked psychodynamics theory directly to everyday life."
In the 1950s, American psychiatrist Eric Berne built on Freud's psychodynamic model, particularly that of the "ego states", to develop a psychology of human interactions called transactional analysis which, according to physician James R. Allen, is a "cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment and that it is a very effective way of dealing with internal models of self and others as well as other psychodynamic issues.".
Around the 1970s, a growing number of researchers began departing from the psychodynamics model and Freudian subconscious. Many felt that the evidence was over-reliant on imaginative discourse in therapy, and on patient reports of their state-of-mind. These subjective experiences are inaccessible to others. Philosopher of science Karl Popper argued that much of Freudianism was untestable and therefore not scientific. In 1975 literary critic Frederick Crews began a decades-long campaign against the scientific credibility of Freudianism. This culminated in Freud: The Making of an Illusion which aggregated years of criticism from many quarters. Medical schools and psychology departments no longer offer much training in psychodynamics, according to a 2007 survey. An Emory University psychology professor explained, “I don’t think psychoanalysis is going to survive unless there is more of an appreciation for empirical rigor and testing.”
Freudian analysis
According to American psychologist Calvin S. Hall, from his 1954 Primer in Freudian Psychology:
At the heart of psychological processes, according to Freud, is the ego, which he sees battling with three forces: the id, the super-ego, and the outside world. Hence, the basic psychodynamic model focuses on the dynamic interactions between the id, ego, and superego. Psychodynamics, subsequently, attempts to explain or interpret behavior or mental states in terms of innate emotional forces or processes. In his writings about the "engines of human behavior", Freud used the German word Trieb, a word that can be translated into English as either instinct or drive.
In the 1930s, Freud's daughter Anna Freud began to apply Freud's psychodynamic theories of the "ego" to the study of parent-child attachment and especially deprivation and in doing so developed ego psychology.
Jungian analysis
At the turn of the 20th century, during these decisive years, a young Swiss psychiatrist named Carl Jung had been following Freud's writings and had sent him copies of his articles and his first book, the 1907 Psychology of Dementia Praecox, in which he upheld the Freudian psychodynamic viewpoint, although with some reservations. That year, Freud invited Jung to visit him in Vienna. The two men, it is said, were greatly attracted to each other, and they talked continuously for thirteen hours. This led to a professional relationship in which they corresponded on a weekly basis, for a period of six years.
Carl Jung's contributions in psychodynamic psychology include:
The psyche tends toward wholeness.
The self is composed of the ego, the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains the archetypes which manifest in ways particular to each individual.
Archetypes are composed of dynamic tensions and arise spontaneously in the individual and collective psyche. Archetypes are autonomous energies common to the human species. They give the psyche its dynamic properties and help organize it. Their effects can be seen in many forms and across cultures.
The Transcendent Function: The emergence of the third resolves the split between dynamic polar tensions within the archetypal structure.
The recognition of the spiritual dimension of the human psyche.
The role of images which spontaneously arise in the human psyche (images include the interconnection between affect, images, and instinct) to communicate the dynamic processes taking place in the personal and collective unconscious, images which can be used to help the ego move in the direction of psychic wholeness.
Recognition of the multiplicity of psyche and psychic life, that there are several organizing principles within the psyche, and that they are at times in conflict.
See also
Ernst Wilhelm Brücke
Yisrael Salantar
Cathexis
Object relations theory
Reaction formation
Robert Langs
References
Further reading
Brown, Junius Flagg & Menninger, Karl Augustus (1940). The Psychodynamics of Abnormal Behavior, 484 pages, McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc.
Weiss, Edoardo (1950). Principles of Psychodynamics, 268 pages, Grune & Stratton
Pearson Education (1970). The Psychodynamics of Patient Care Prentice Hall, 422 pgs. Stanford University: Higher Education Division.
Jean Laplanche et J.B. Pontalis (1974). The Language of Psycho-Analysis, Editeur: W. W. Norton & Company,
Shedler, Jonathan. "That was Then, This is Now: An Introduction to Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapy", PDF
PDM Task Force. (2006). Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. Silver Spring, MD. Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations.
Hutchinson, E.(ED.) (2017).Essentials of human behavior: Integrating person, environment, and the life course. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Freudian psychology
Psychoanalysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamics |
Chorography (from χῶρος khōros, "place" and γράφειν graphein, "to write") is the art of describing or mapping a region or district, and by extension such a description or map. This term derives from the writings of the ancient geographer Pomponius Mela and Ptolemy, where it meant the geographical description of regions. However, its resonances of meaning have varied at different times. Richard Helgerson states that "chorography defines itself by opposition to chronicle. It is the genre devoted to place, and chronicle is the genre devoted to time". Darrell Rohl prefers a broad definition of "the representation of space or place".
Ptolemy's definition
In his text of the Geographia (2nd century CE), Ptolemy defined geography as the study of the entire world, but chorography as the study of its smaller parts—provinces, regions, cities, or ports. Its goal was "an impression of a part, as when one makes an image of just an ear or an eye"; and it dealt with "the qualities rather than the quantities of the things that it sets down". Ptolemy implied that it was a graphic technique, comprising the making of views (not simply maps), since he claimed that it required the skills of a draftsman or landscape artist, rather than the more technical skills of recording "proportional placements". Ptolemy's most recent English translators, however, render the term as "regional cartography".
Renaissance revival
Ptolemy's text was rediscovered in the west at the beginning of the fifteenth century, and the term "chorography" was revived by humanist scholars. John Dee in 1570 regarded the practice as "an underling, and a twig of Geographie", by which the "plat" [plan or drawing] of a particular place would be exhibited to the eye.
The term also came to be used, however, for written descriptions of regions. These regions were extensively visited by the writer, who then combined local topographical description, summaries of the historical sources, and local knowledge and stories, into a text. The most influential example (at least in Britain) was probably William Camden's Britannia (first edition 1586), which described itself on its title page as a Chorographica descriptio. William Harrison in 1587 similarly described his own "Description of Britaine" as an exercise in chorography, distinguishing it from the historical/chronological text of Holinshed's Chronicles (to which the "Description" formed an introductory section). Peter Heylin in 1652 defined chorography as "the exact description of some Kingdom, Countrey, or particular Province of the same", and gave as examples Pausanias's Description of Greece (2nd century AD); Camden's Britannia (1586); Lodovico Guicciardini's Descrittione di tutti i Paesi Bassi (1567) (on the Low Countries); and Leandro Alberti's Descrizione d'Italia (1550).
Camden's Britannia was predominantly concerned with the history and antiquities of Britain, and, probably as a result, the term chorography in English came to be particularly associated with antiquarian texts. William Lambarde, John Stow, John Hooker, Michael Drayton, Tristram Risdon, John Aubrey and many others used it in this way, arising from a gentlemanly topophilia and a sense of service to one's county or city, until it was eventually often applied to the genre of county history. A late example was William Grey's Chorographia (1649), a survey of the antiquities of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne. Even before Camden's work appeared, Andrew Melville in 1574 had referred to chorography and chronology as the "twa lights" [two lights] of history.
However, the term also continued to be used for maps and map-making, particularly of sub-national or county areas. William Camden praised the county mapmakers Christopher Saxton and John Norden as "most skilfull (sic) Chorographers"; and Robert Plot in 1677 and Christopher Packe in 1743 both referred to their county maps as chorographies.
By the beginning of the eighteenth century the term had largely fallen out of use in all these contexts, being superseded for most purposes by either "topography" or "cartography". Samuel Johnson in his Dictionary (1755) made a distinction between geography, chorography and topography, arguing that geography dealt with large areas, topography with small areas, but chorography with intermediary areas, being "less in its object than geography, and greater than topography". In practice, however, the term is only rarely found in English by this date.
Modern usages
In more technical geographical literature, the term had been abandoned as city views and city maps became more and more sophisticated and demanded a set of skills that required not only skilled draftsmanship but also some knowledge of scientific surveying. However, its use was revived for a second time in the late nineteenth century by the geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen. He regarded chorography as a specialization within geography, comprising the description through field observation of the particular traits of a given area.
The term is also now widely used by historians and literary scholars to refer to the early modern genre of topographical and antiquarian literature.
See also
Local history
Antiquarianism
Cartography
Khôra
Chorology
English county histories
Regional geography
References
Bibliography
Area studies
Cartography
Fields of history
History of geography
Humanities
Regional geography
Surveying
Topography techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorography |
Ferdinand Hartzenberg (8 January 1936 – 12 March 2021) was a South African politician and the second and last leader of the Conservative Party in South Africa between 1993 and its merger with the Freedom Front in 2004. He obtained a DSc (Agriculture) from the University of Pretoria.
Originally a maize farmer from Lichtenburg in the former Transvaal, Hartzenberg was Minister of Education from 1979 to 1982 in the government of PW Botha. He was then one of the more conservative members of the ruling National Party (NP). Together with Andries Treurnicht and other NP members dissatisfied with increasing liberalism in the ruling NP, he left the NP in 1982 to found the right-wing Conservative Party (CP). Hartzenberg became deputy leader.
Hartzenberg became leader of the CP after Treurnicht's death in April 1993. This made him leader of the official opposition in the white chamber of the South African Parliament, a position he held until the first non-racial elections in April 1994.
The Conservative Party refused to take part in the general election of 1994 and thus lost any parliamentary representation. Without any national representation, the CP became marginalised, with the white right wing represented in parliament by Constand Viljoen of the Freedom Front. At the end of 2003, the CP merged with the larger Freedom Front and the Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging to form a new party known as the Freedom Front Plus (FF+) which obtained 4 seats in the general election of 2004. Hartzenberg retired from politics following the merger.
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
People from Lichtenburg
Afrikaner people
South African people of German descent
National Party (South Africa) politicians
Conservative Party (South Africa) politicians
University of Pretoria alumni
Education ministers of South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdi%20Hartzenberg |
Perpetual motion is motion that continues indefinitely without any external source of energy.
Perpetual motion may also refer to:
Music
Perpetuum mobile, music characterised by a continuous steady stream of notes, usually at a rapid tempo
Trois mouvements perpétuels, a piano suite by Francis Poulenc
Albums
Perpetual Motion, an album by the Dave Weckl Band
Perpetual Motion (album), an album of classical material played on the banjo by Béla Fleck along with an assortment of accompanists
The Perpetual Motion, a 2005 album by French progressive death metal band The Old Dead Tree
Songs
"Perpetual Motion", a song by Anthrax from Stomp 442
"Perpetual Motion", a song by Atavistic
"Perpetual Motion", a song by Billy Miller and the Great Blokes 1982
"Perpetual Motion", a song by Neal Arden 1960
"Perpetual Motion", a song by Procol Harum from The Prodigal Stranger 1991
"Perpetual Motion", a song by Veronica Falls 2013
Other uses
"Perpetual Motion" (novella), a short story in the Viagens Interplanetarias series by L. Sprague de Camp
Perpetual Motion (solitaire), a one-person card game
Perpetual Motion (film), a 2005 film directed by Ning Ying
See also
Perpetuum Mobile (disambiguation)
Perpetual Motion Machine (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual%20motion%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Timothy MacKenzie Gunn (born July 29, 1953) is an American author, academic, and television personality. He served on the faculty of Parsons School of Design from 1982 to 2007 and was chair of fashion design at the school from August 2000 to March 2007, after which he joined Liz Claiborne (now Kate Spade & Company) as its chief creative officer. Over 16 seasons, Gunn has become well known as the on-air mentor to designers on the reality television program Project Runway. Gunn's popularity on Project Runway led to two spin-off shows; Bravo's Tim Gunn's Guide to Style and Lifetime's Under the Gunn, as well as five books. In addition to being an executive producer, Gunn has served as mentor for the teen designers on Project Runway: Junior. He also provides the voice of Baileywick, the castle steward in the Disney Junior television show Sofia the First and narrated the sitcom Mixology.
Early life
Gunn was born in Washington, D.C. His father worked in the FBI where he started off as an agent but transitioned into becoming a ghostwriter and speechwriter for J. Edgar Hoover. Gunn attended the Corcoran College of Art and Design, receiving a BFA in sculpture.
Gunn, who had identified as gay, was raised in an intensely homophobic household where homosexuals were viewed as predators. According to a video Gunn created for the It Gets Better Project, he attempted suicide at the age of 17 by swallowing over 100 pills. He denied his sexual orientation until his early 20s, and did not share it with his family until he came out to his sister when he was 29.
Career
After serving as director of admissions for the Corcoran, Gunn started working at Parsons in 1982, served as associate dean from 1989 to 2000, and then became Fashion Design Department chair in August 2000. He was credited with "retooling and invigorating the curriculum for the 21st century."
Gunn began appearing on Project Runway during its first season in 2004, and is known for his catchphrase "Make it work." Gunn received a Primetime Emmy Award in 2013 for Outstanding Host For A Reality Or Reality-Competition Program. Tim Gunn's Guide to Style, a reality show in which Gunn gives fashion advice, debuted in September 2007 on the Bravo television network. This show ran for a total of 16 episodes over two seasons. Then starting in January 2014 Gunn was the host on a single 13–episode season of Lifetime's Under the Gunn. Gunn is an executive producer for Project Runway: Junior. He is also the teen designers' mentor.
Gunn also played a version of himself as a reporter for the fictional Fashion TV in two episodes of ABC's Ugly Betty in February 2007 and later guest starred on Drop Dead Diva in August 2009 as himself.
Gunn left Parsons in 2007 and joined Liz Claiborne, Inc. as the company's chief creative officer in March of that year.
In April 2007, Abrams Image Publishers released Gunn's book A Guide to Quality, Taste and Style, co-written with Kate Moloney, cover photo by Markus Klinko & Indrani. While on tour in Palm Springs, California, the nearby city of Palm Desert honored him with an official resolution declaring April 27, 2007 (the day of his visit) Timothy M. Gunn Day. He was also presented with a certificate by the city of Palm Springs and a plaque by the nearby city of Rancho Mirage in recognition of his career achievements. From 2010 to 2015 Gunn published four additional books (listed below).
In May 2009, Gunn served as commencement speaker at the Corcoran College of Art and Design, and received an honorary doctorate from the institution.
He made sporadic appearances on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson "Dear Aquaman" segments, helping or standing in for Aquaman (Ferguson), answering letters and dispensing advice.
He guest starred as Barney's personal tailor on several episodes of How I Met Your Mother.
Gunn guest starred as himself on the 6th episode of CW's fourth season of Gossip Girl, "Easy J".
On September 7, 2018, it was confirmed that Gunn, along with Heidi Klum would not be returning to Project Runway for a 17th season on Bravo as they both signed a deal to host a fashion competition show on Amazon Video titled Making the Cut. Making the Cut released its third season in the summer of 2022.
In other media
In August 2007, "Tim Gunn's Podcast (a reality chamber opera)" by Jeffrey Lependorf premiered at the Cornelia Street Cafe in Manhattan. It received its first run one year later at New York International Fringe Festival.
Gunn appeared in a backup story in the first issue of Models Inc., a fashion-themed comic book miniseries published by Marvel Comics that debuted in September 2009 to coincide with New York City's style showcase. Gunn appeared on a variant cover of the issue illustrated by Phil Jimenez. In the series, which is written by Project Runway fan Mark Sumerak and illustrated by Jimenez, Gunn dons the Iron Man armor to foil an attack against the New York Fashion Museum.
Gunn appeared in the opening skit on the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards to style Jimmy Fallon to look like Bruce Springsteen, from his Born in the U.S.A. album.
In 2014, he participated in Do I Sound Gay?, a documentary film by David Thorpe about stereotypes of gay men's speech patterns.
Tim Gunn appears in Kate McKinnon's audio drama "Heads Will Roll".
Personal life
Gunn lives in Manhattan. In a 2010 interview with People magazine, he said, "For a long time, I didn't know what I was. I knew what I wasn't: I wasn't interested in boys, and I really wasn't interested in girls." He mentioned he has "always been kind of asexual." Gunn spoke about his celibacy in 2012. He later stated that he is unashamed of this fact saying, "Do I feel like less of a person for it? No... I'm a perfectly happy and fulfilled individual." He said he started his self-imposed celibacy as AIDS began ravaging the gay community, and that he and many other people simply retreated.
Gunn is an outspoken critic of clothing designs using animal fur. In 2008, he narrated a video about rabbit fur farming in China for animal rights group PETA. He termed the treatment of animals used for fur as "egregiously irresponsible".
Gunn endorsed Christine Quinn's candidacy for Mayor of New York City in the 2013 mayoral election.
Awards and honors
In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, Queerty named him among the fifty heroes "leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people".
Filmography
Project Runway (2004–2017, TV series) as Himself
Drinks with LX (2006) as Himself
Ugly Betty (2007, TV series) as Fashion TV Reporter
Tim Gunn's Guide to Style (2007–2008, TV series) as Himself
American Dad! (2008) as Himself (voice)
The Replacements (2008, TV series) as Himself (voice)
Drop Dead Diva (2009, TV series) as Tim Gunn
Project Runway: All-Star Challenge (2009, TV Special) as Himself - Mentor
The Biggest Loser: Second Chances (2009, TV series)
How I Met Your Mother (2010–2014, TV series) as Himself
Sex and the City 2 (2010) as Himself
Gossip Girl (2010, TV series) as Himself
Teen Spirit (2011, TV Movie) as Supervisor J-3
The Smurfs (2011) as Henri
The Revolution (2012, TV series) as Himself - Co-Host
The Cleveland Show (2012, TV series) as Himself (voice) Episode: "Turkey Pot Die"
Sofia the First: Once Upon a Princess (2012, TV Movie) as Baileywick (voice)
Sofia the First (2013–2018, TV series) as Baileywick (voice)
Sesame Street (2013, TV series) as William 'Bill' Ding
Family Guy (2013, TV series) as Himself (voice) Episode: "Save the Clam"
Mixology (2014, TV series) as Himself
Under the Gunn (2014) as Himself
Hollywood Game Night (2014, TV series) as Himself
Inside Amy Schumer (2015, TV series) as Willenby
Project Runway: Junior (2015–2016, TV series)
The Real O'Neals (2016, TV series) as Himself
Bill Nye Saves the World (2017, TV series) as Himself
Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017, TV series) as Robbie Roberts (voice)
BoJack Horseman (2017, TV series) as Himself
Making the Cut (2020–present; Himself and executive producer)
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? (2020 TV series) as Himself
Bob's Burgers (2023, TV series) as Sewing Machine
Published works
See also
LGBT culture in New York City
List of LGBT people from New York City
References
External links
Lifetime TV's Project Runway official website
Chicago Tribune (December 1, 2005): "A chat with Tim Gunn of 'Project Runway'"
The New York Times (Apr. 12, 2007): "The Headmaster of Fashion"
Interview: Sarah's Backstage Pass: Sarah Adamson "Style for the Suburban Woman"
Interview: Palm Springs Life Magazine: R. Christian Anderson "Style Tips for Summer: Tim Gunn Offers Advice for the Desert"
1953 births
Asexual men
Male actors from Washington, D.C.
American male voice actors
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Living people
American LGBT writers
Parsons School of Design faculty
George Washington University Corcoran School alumni
Fashion stylists
American LGBT broadcasters
LGBT people from Washington, D.C.
Participants in American reality television series
Primetime Emmy Award winners
American fashion businesspeople
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Project Runway (American series) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Gunn |
The World Freefall Convention celebrates the extreme sport of skydiving. The first convention was in 1990, in Quincy, Illinois, and it continued there through 2001. From 2002 to 2006 it was held in Rantoul, Illinois. The event includes various other sports too, such as sky surfing, raft jumping and even naked jumps. The event was canceled in 2007 and 2008 due to personal reasons by the founder and has not been scheduled or held since.
Statistics
In 1999 the convention drew 5,410 registrations, people from all 50 states and 52 different countries were included. During a 10-day period there were over 65,000 jumps made. Also there were 503 tandem jumps made, 84 AFS students passed, 393 kegs were given away and $30,855 was raised for various charities.
Registration
Registration was $49 for jumpers, $24 for non jumpers, and included camping, seminars, hot showers, nightly entertainment, and beer.
Jumping Packages and Costs
$79 for a single jump out of a hot air balloon
$39 for a single jump out of a helicopter
$170 for a standard ten pack standard jump package
$159 for a tandem jump (for first time jumpers)
$700 for a multi-day AFF school
Qualifications
If you want to jump you will need a type "B" license or equivalent which is proof that you took the basic skydiving training and completed at least 50 jumps. You will also need a USPA membership or equivalent foreign membership, which you can buy there for $8.
External links
World Free Fall Convention website
Festivals and Events at camels.com
Who killed the Magic of Quincy?, skyXtreme, Vol. 19, August/September 2001.
Wurth, Julie. "Death Arrives at Free-Fall Fest", The News-Gazette, August 4, 2002, retrieved 2019-03-09
Quincy–Hannibal area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20FreeFall%20Convention |
Charles Wayman (16 May 1921 – 26 February 2006) was an English footballer.
Wayman, who was born in Chilton, Bishop Auckland, was a prolific centre-forward in the first decade after the Second World War. Newcastle United signed him from Spennymoor United in September 1941, while he was working as a miner at Chilton Colliery. He later formed a great partnership with Ted Bates at Southampton. In total, he played for five Football League clubs between 1941 and 1958. A knee injury forced his retirement from league football. He later coached Evenwood Town and became a sales manager for the Scottish and Newcastle brewery.
His brother, Frank, was also a professional footballer.
References
Obituary
1921 births
2006 deaths
Footballers from Bishop Auckland
Men's association football forwards
English men's footballers
Darlington F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
English Football League players
First Division/Premier League top scorers
Portsmouth F.C. wartime guest players
Association football coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Wayman |
Postterm pregnancy is when a woman has not yet delivered her baby after 42 weeks of gestation, two weeks beyond the typical 40-week duration of pregnancy. Postmature births carry risks for both the mother and the baby, including fetal malnutrition, meconium aspiration syndrome, and stillbirths. After the 42nd week of gestation, the placenta, which supplies the baby with nutrients and oxygen from the mother, starts aging and will eventually fail. Postterm pregnancy is a reason to induce labor.
Definitions
The management of labor and delivery may vary depending on the gestational age. It is common to encounter the following terms when describing different time periods of pregnancy.
Postterm – ≥ 42 weeks + 0 days of gestation (> 293 days from the first day of last menstrual period, or > 13 days from the estimated due date)
Late term – 41 weeks + 0 days to 41 weeks + 6 days of gestation
Full term – 39 weeks + 0 days to 40 weeks + 6 days of gestation
Early term – 37 weeks + 0 days to 38 weeks + 6 days of gestation
Preterm – ≤ 36 weeks + 6 days of gestation
Besides postterm pregnancy, other terminologies have been used to describe the same condition (≥ 42w+0d), such as prolonged pregnancy, postdates, and postdatism. However, these terminologies are less commonly used to avoid confusion.
Postterm pregnancy should not be confused with postmaturity, postmaturity syndrome, or dysmaturity. These terms describe the neonatal condition that may be caused by postterm pregnancy instead of the duration of pregnancy.
Signs and symptoms
Because postterm pregnancy is a condition solely based on gestational age, there are no confirming physical signs or symptoms. While it is difficult to determine gestational age physically, infants that are born postterm may be associated with a physical condition called postmaturity. The most common symptoms for this condition are dry skin, overgrown nails, creases on the baby's palms and soles of their feet, minimal fat, abundant hair on their head, and either a brown, green, or yellow discoloration of their skin. Doctors diagnose postmature birth based on the baby's physical appearance and the length of the mother's pregnancy. However, some postmature babies may show no or few signs of postmaturity.
Baby
Reduced placental perfusion – Once a pregnancy has surpassed the 40-week gestation period, doctors closely monitor the mother for signs of placental deterioration. Toward the end of pregnancy, calcium is deposited on the walls of blood vessels, and proteins are deposited on the surface of the placenta, which changes the placenta. This limits the blood flow through the placenta and ultimately leads to placental insufficiency, and the baby is no longer properly nourished. Induced labor is strongly encouraged if this happens.
Oligohydramnios – Low volume of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. It is associated with complications such as cord compression, abnormal heart rate, fetal acidosis, and meconium amniotic fluid.
Meconium aspiration syndrome – Respiratory compromise secondary to meconium present in infant's lungs.
Macrosomia – Excessive birth weight, estimated fetal weight of ≥ 4.5 kg. It can further increase the risk of prolonged labor and shoulder dystocia.
Shoulder dystocia – Difficulty in delivering the shoulders due to increased body size.
Increased forceps-assisted or vacuum-assisted birth – When postterm babies are larger than average, forceps or vacuum delivery may be used to resolve the difficulties at the delivery time, such as shoulder dystocia. Complications include lacerations, skin markings, external eye trauma, intracranial injury, facial nerve injury, skull fracture, and rarely death.
Mother
Increased labor induction – Induction may be needed if labor progression is abnormal. Oxytocin, a medication used in induction, may have side effects such as low blood pressure.
Increased forceps assisted or vacuum assisted birth – operative vaginal deliveries increase maternal risks of genital trauma.
Increased Caesarean birth – Postterm babies may be larger than an average baby, thus increasing the length of labor. The labor is increased because the baby's head is too big to pass through the mother's pelvis. This is called cephalopelvic disproportion. Caesarean sections are encouraged if this happens. Complications include bleeding, infection, abnormal wound healing, abnormal placenta in future pregnancies, and rarely death.
A 2019 randomized control trial of induced labor at 42 or 43 weeks was terminated early due to statistical evidence of "significantly increased risk for women induced at the start of week 43". The study implies clinical guidelines for induction of labor no later than at 41 gestational weeks.
Causes
The causes of post-term births are unknown, but postmature births are more likely when the mother has experienced a previous postmature birth. Due dates are easily miscalculated when the mother is unsure of her last menstrual period. When there is a miscalculation, the baby could be delivered before or after the expected due date. Postmature births can also be attributed to irregular menstrual cycles. When the menstrual period is irregular it is difficult to judge the moment of ovulation and subsequent fertilization and pregnancy. Some postmature pregnancies may not be postmature in reality due to the uncertainty of mother's last menstrual period. However, in most countries where gestation is measured by ultrasound scan technology, this is less likely.
Monitoring
Once a pregnancy is diagnosed postterm, usually at or greater than 42 weeks of gestational age, the mother should be offered additional monitoring as this can provide valuable clues that the fetal health is being maintained.
Fetal movement recording
Regular movements of the fetus is the best sign indicating that it is still in good health. The mother should keep a "kick-chart" to record the movements of her fetus. If there is a reduction in the number of movements it could indicate placental deterioration.
Doppler fetal monitor
Doppler fetal monitor is a hand-held device that is routinely used in prenatal care. When it is used correctly, it can quickly measure the fetal heart rate. The baseline of fetal heart rate is typically between 110 and 160 beats per minute.
Doppler flow study
Doppler flow study is a type of ultrasound that measures the amount of blood flowing in and out of the placenta. The ultrasound machine can also detect the direction of blood flow and display it in red or blue. Usually, a red color indicates a flow toward the ultrasound transducer, while blue indicates a flow away from the transducer. Based on the display, doctors can evaluate blood flow to the umbilical arteries, umbilical veins, or other organs such as heart and brain.
Nonstress test
Nonstress test (NST) is a type of electronic fetal monitoring that uses a cardiotocograph to monitor fetal heartbeat, fetal movement and mother's contraction. NST is typically monitored for at least 20 minutes. Signs of a reactive (normal) NST include a baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) between 110 and 160 beats per minute (bpm) and 2 accelerations of FHR of at least 15 bpm above baseline for over 15 seconds. Vibroacoustic stimulation and longer monitoring may be needed if NST is non-reactive.
Biophysical profile
A biophysical profile is a noninvasive procedure that uses the ultrasound to evaluate the fetal health based on NST and four ultrasound parameters: fetal movement, fetal breathing, fetal muscle tone, and the amount of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. A score of 2 points is given for each category that meets the criteria or 0 points if the criteria are not met (no 1 point). Sometimes, the NST is omitted, making the highest score 8/8 instead of 10/10. Generally, a score of 8/10 or 10/10 is considered a normal test result, unless 0 points is given for amniotic fluid. A score of 6/10 with normal amniotic fluid is considered equivocal, and a repeated test within 24 hours may be needed. A score of 4/10 or less is considered abnormal, and delivery may be indicated. Low amniotic fluid can cause pinching umbilical cord, decreasing blood flow to the fetus. Therefore, a score of 0 points for amniotic fluid may indicate the fetus is at risk.
Management
Expectant
A woman who has reached 42 weeks of pregnancy is likely to be offered induction of labour. Alternatively, she can choose expectant management, that is, she waits for the natural onset of labour. Women opting for expectant management may also choose to carry on with additional monitoring of their baby, with regular CTG, ultrasound, and biophysical profile. Risks of expectant management vary between studies.
In many places in the World, according to the World Health Organization and others, such services are rudimentary or not available, and deserve improvement.
Inducing labor
Inducing labor artificially starts the labor process by using medication and other techniques. Labor is usually only induced if there is potential danger on the mother or child.
There are several reasons for labor induction; the mother's water breaks, and contractions have not started, the child is postmature, the mother has diabetes or high blood pressure, or there is not enough amniotic fluid around the baby. Labor induction is not always the best choice because it has its own risks. Sometimes mothers will request to be induced for reasons that are not medical. This is called an elective induction. Doctors try to avoid inducing labor unless it is completely necessary.
Procedure
There are four common methods of starting contractions. The four most common are stripping the membranes, breaking the mother's water, giving the hormone prostaglandin, and giving the synthetic hormone pitocin. Stripping the membranes does not work for all women, but can for most. A doctor inserts a finger into the mother's cervix and moves it around to separate the membrane connecting the amniotic sac, which houses the baby, from the walls of the uterus. Once this membrane is stripped, the hormone prostaglandin is naturally released into the mother's body and initiates contractions. Most of the time doing this only once will not immediately start labor. It may have to be done several times before the stimulant hormone is released, and contractions start. The next method is breaking the mother's water, which is also referred to as an amniotomy. The doctor uses a plastic hook to break the membrane and rupture the amniotic sac. Within a few hours labor usually begins. Giving the hormone prostaglandin ripens the cervix, meaning the cervix softens, thins out, or dilates. The drug Cervidil is administered by mouth in tablet form or in gel form as an insert. This is most often done in the hospital overnight. The hormone oxytocin is usually given in the synthetic form of Pitocin. It is administered through an IV throughout the labor process. This hormone stimulates contractions. Pitocin is also used to "restart" labor when it is lagging.
The use of misoprostol is also allowed, but close monitoring of the mother is required.
Feelings
Stripping the membranes: Stripping the membranes only takes a few minutes and causes a few intense cramps. Many women report a feeling similar to urination, others report it to be quite painful.
Breaking the water: Having one's water broken feels like a slight tug and then a warm flow of liquid.
Pitocin: When the synthetic hormone, pitocin, is used, contractions occur more frequently than a natural occurring birth; they are also more intense.
Epidemiology
Prevalence of postterm pregnancy may vary between countries due to different population characteristics or medical management. Factors include number of first-time pregnancies, genetic predisposition, timing of ultrasound assessment, and Caesarean section rates, etc. The incidence is approximately 7%. Postterm pregnancy occurs in 0.4% of pregnancies approximately in the United States according to birth certificate data.
Notes
External links
Disorders related to length of gestation and fetal growth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postterm%20pregnancy |
Hungarosaurus tormai is a herbivorous nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) Csehbánya Formation of the Bakony Mountains of western Hungary. It is the most completely known ankylosaur from the Cretaceous of Europe.
Discovery and naming
The species was named by Atilla Ősi in 2005. The generic name is derived from Hungary and the Greek sauros, lizard. The specific name honours András Torma, the amateur paleontologist who discovered the fossil site in 2000.
Four specimens of Hungarosaurus tormai are known, all collected from an open-pit bauxite mine near the village of Iharkút, Veszprém County, in the Bakony Mountains (Transdanubian Range) of western Hungary. The quarry exposes the Csehbánya Formation (which overlies the Halimba Formation, also Cretaceous in age), which is a floodplain and channel deposit consisting largely of sandy clays and sandstone beds. The specimen designated as the holotype is MTM Gyn/404 (in the collections of the Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum, Budapest, Hungary) and consists of 450 bones, including portions of the skull (premaxilla, left prefrontal, left lacrimal, right postorbital, jugal and quadratojugal, left frontal, pterygoid, vomer, the right quadrate and a fragment of the left quadrate, basioccipital, one hyoid), an incomplete right mandible, three cervical vertebrae, six dorsal vertebrae, ten caudal vertebrae, ossified tendon fragments, three cerival and thirteen dorsal ribs, five chevrons, the left scapulocoracoid, right scapula, portions of the right manus, a partial pelvis, and more than one hundred osteoderms.
Description
Hungarosaurus was a small nodosaur, measuring in length and weighing . The skull of this dinosaur is estimated to have been 32–36 centimetres in length.
Phylogeny
Cladistic analysis on the taxon indicates that it is a derived member of the Nodosauridae, along with Struthiosaurus (another European nodosaurid).
Paleoecology
The exposure of the Csehbánya Formation that produced Hungarosaurus tormai has also yielded remains of bony fishes, turtles, lizards, crocodiles, and pterosaurs, along with teeth from a diminutive dromaeosaurid-like theropod and a Rhabdodon-like ornithopod.
See also
Timeline of ankylosaur research
References
External links
Hungarosaurus (with pictures)
Dinosaurier-Info (in German)
Hungarian Dinosaur Expedition (mostly in Hungarian)
Nodosaurids
Santonian life
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Fossils of Hungary
Fossil taxa described in 2005
Ornithischian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarosaurus |
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