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The Communist League was a small far-left organisation in the United Kingdom which existed during the year of 1919. Its stated goal was to establish a network of workers' councils that would "resist all legislation and industrial action directed against the working class, and ultimately assuming all power, establish a working class dictatorship".
History
Following the Allied victory in World War I and the success of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution, a growing number of British anarchists became increasingly attracted to Marxist theory and began to synthesize a form of "anarcho-Marxism". This coincided with the re-emergence of anti-parliamentarism within the ranks of many left-wing political parties, including the Independent Labour Party (ILP), Socialist Labour Party (SLP) and British Socialist Party (BSP). This process culminated in an attempt to unite the anarcho-communists with the anti-parliamentary socialists under a single formation, an initiative that was taken up by dissident London branch of the SLP, which in February 1919 proposed the convocation of a unity conference to bring together the nascent British communist movement. The London SLP preemptively drew up a provisional constitution for the new organization, including:
The Communist League was founded in March 1919 by the London District Council of the Socialist Labour Party and various anarchist groups in London and Scotland, including Guy Aldred's Glasgow Anarchist Group. The anarchist newspaper Freedom published a report on the founding conference in which it noted that, despite the League not being itself a specifically anarchist organization, its anti-parliamentary program provided a big step in the direction of anarchism for many of its members, while also reporting on early disputes between the League's members over theoretical issues such as "economic determinism" and the "dictatorship of the proletariat".
The establishment of the Communist League was welcomed further in April 1919 at a London anarchist conference, which claimed that the new-found anti-parliamentarism among socialists and communists was due to anarchists' past propaganda work and called for closer cooperation between anarchists and the Communist League, which eventually resulted in a joint conference being held between the two. Anarchist criticisms of the League even led to the decentralisation of the organization's governing body into a "Local Delegate's Committee", which followed the anarchist model of elected delegates subject to instant recall, with the aim of preventing the rise of "boss domination and cliqueism".
The League set about "agitating, educating and organizing" the working class, entering into workers' committees in order to develop their class consciousness, which the League argued would eventually lead to the overthrow of capitalism and the committees then taking over the administration of the newly-established communist society. As its official organ, the League began publishing a newspaper, The Communist, in which George Rose remarked that:
The organization quickly expanded over the subsequent months, forming a number of branches mostly in London and Scotland. A South Wales branch was also established by coal miners in Treherbert, led by the Welsh trade unionist William Mainwaring, who registered his disagreement with one particularly section of the League's constitution, stating that: "to say [the parliamentary vote] is obsolete will lead many to suppose that it once was useful." The League later entered into negotiations with the aim of merging with other anti-parliamentary communist groups such as the Workers' Socialist Federation (WSF), but this proposal was rejected by the WSF's leader Sylvia Pankhurst. Attempts by Aldred to open discussions with the ILP, the SLP and the BSP did not prove fruitful either.
Although Aldred had expressed in an October 1919 article that the revolutionary moment was "drawing closer and closer together on a platform of practical revolutionary effort", divisions still existed over the question of parliamentary elections. In an attempt to find a "tactical compromise" between the parliamentary position of electoral participation and the anti-parliamentary position of the election boycott, the Communist League decided to imitate Sinn Féin's abstentionist tactic of using elections as a platform for their propaganda, while pledging not to take their seats if elected. When a by-election was called in Paisley, the Communist League attempted to put this proposal into action, offering to support an SLP candidate that stood on an abstentionist platform. However, the local SLP leader William Paul ended up declining the offer to stand entirely and took on the hardline anti-parliamentary position. Declaring that "every vote withheld is a vote for socialism", Paul called for an election boycott that particularly targeted the Labour Co-op candidate John Biggar, resulting in the victory of the Liberal candidate and former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith.
Tensions between the anarchists and the Marxists within the League had also heightened during the latter half of 1919, with fierce debates breaking out over the theoretical differences that had been present in the organization since the founding conference. By the turn of 1920 these tensions completely boiled over, leading to the complete dissolution of the Communist League. Aldred went on to found the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation the following year, while the Stepney branch of the League took part in the establishment of the Communist Party (British Section of the Third International) along with Sylvia Pankhurst's Workers' Socialist Federation and E. T. Whitehead's Labour Abstentionist Party.
References
Bibliography
Defunct communist parties in the United Kingdom
Political parties established in 1919
Political parties disestablished in 1919
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
1919 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Anarchist political parties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist%20League%20%28UK%2C%201919%29 |
Ignaz Heinrich Karl von Wessenberg (4 November 17749 August 1860) was a German writer and scholar, and liberal Catholic churchman as well as Vicar general and administrator of the Diocese of Constance. Imbued from his early youth with Josephinistic and Febronian principles, he advocated a German National Church, somewhat loosely connected with Rome, supported by the State and protected by it against papal interference. He encouraged the use of the vernacular in liturgical texts, the hymn book and the regular Sunday sermon.
Life
Born at Dresden, Ignaz Heinrich Wessenberg was the son of an aristocratic Breisgau family, and destined for a career in the church. His father, Johann Philipp Karl von Wessenberg, was a tutor of the princes of the electoral House of Wettin. In 1776 his family returned to Freiburg in Further Austria. His elder brother Johann von Wessenberg later entered the diplomatic service of the Habsburg monarchy.
Ignaz von Wessenberg studied theology at the Jesuit school of Augsburg and the universities of Dillingen, Würzburg and Vienna. He was influenced theologically by Johann Michael Sailer. At the age of eighteen he was already canon at Constance, Augsburg and Basel. In 1798, on behalf of Prince-Bishop Dalberg sent Wessenberg on a diplomatic mission to the newly constituted Helvetic Republic. Pope Pius VII recognized Wessenberg's work at the constitutional deliberations of the Articles of Association in autumn 1801 in Bern, in successfully securing ecclesiastical rights in the Swiss part of the diocese of Constance.
In 1802, when still a subdeacon, he was appointed Vicar general for the Diocese of Constance by Prince-Bishop Karl Theodor von Dalberg. It was only in 1812 that he was ordained a priest at Fulda at age 38.
Before he became vicar-general he had shown his liberal views of religion and the Catholic Church in a work entitled Der Geist des Zeitalters (Zürich, 1801). In 1802 he founded the monthly review Geistliche Monatsschrift, which he edited and used as a medium to spread his ideas of religious enlightenment. The protests against this review were such that Dalberg ordered its suspension on 25 May 1804. It was replaced by the Konstanzer Pastoralarchiv, which was less offensive and continued to be published annually in two volumes till 1827. For the realization of his pet plans of a National German Church under Primate Dalberg, Wessenberg made futile efforts at the council which Napoleon convened in Paris in 1811 and at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
Vicar general
A progressive churchman, he set about to abolish everything he considered superfluous or superstitious about religious customs. He did away with various holy days of obligation in the cantons of Aargau and St. Gallen in 1806, and cooperated with the Napoleonic Swiss government at Lucerne in the suppression of monasteries. He gained the support of the clergy, but in the Swiss portion of the Diocese of Constance, Wessenberg's innovations aroused great dissatisfaction.
His orders in case of mixed marriages (1808) to permit the male offspring to be brought up in the religion of the father, the female in the religion of the mother; and especially his many matrimonial and other dispensations that exceeded his competence induced Fabrizio Sceberras Testaferrata, the papal nuncio at Lucerne, to call him to account, but Wessenberg insisted that nothing had been done which exceeded the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Constance, giving Testaferrata at the same time to understand that he did not recognize the Apostolic Nunciature.
Wessenberg attended the Congress of Vienna Congress (1814/15) as the authorized representative of Prince Primate Dalberg, to press for a reorganization of the German church under the leadership of a primate and for the conclusion of a concordat with the Holy See covering all German states. His efforts failed due to the particular interests of both the sovereigns and the Roman Curia. The sovereigns sought state bishops, each subject to their respective rulers, while the Curia was not inclined to see a unified German church with a primitive leadership, like the previous of imperial church structure.
During his administration he was especially noteworthy his deep solicitude for a better training and stricter discipline of the clergy and his insistence on regular Sunday sermons in parish churches and semi-weekly religious instructions in the state schools. He established regularly scheduled pastoral conferences for the continuing education of the clergy. He published a number of prayer books and hymn books for use in his diocese. While he did not reject the traditional forms of Baroque popular piety, as his focus was on strengthening the parishes, he did particularly encourage pilgrimages, festivals, brotherhoods, or people attending monastery churches.
After various requests from the Catholics of Switzerland, Pope Pius VII put an end to Wessenberg's reformist plans in that part of the diocese by severing the Swiss cantons from the Diocese of Constance, in a Brief of 21 October 1814. On 2 November of the same year the Pope ordered Bishop Dalberg to depose Wessenberg without delay from the office of vicar-general. Dalberg kept the Pope's order secret, though in the beginning of 1815 he temporarily replaced Wessenberg as Vicar general by Canon von Roll for private reasons. In the summer of 1815 he requested the government of Baden to confirm the appointment of Wessenberg as his coadjutor bishop with the right of succession. The government acceded to Dalberg's wish, but Rome refused to recognize the coadjutorship.
In the same year Wessenberg published anonymously a notorious anti-papal treatise entitled Die deutsche Kirche, Ein Vorschlag zu ihrer neuen Begründung und Einrichtung. It is a plea for his scheme of a German National Church, and suggests detailed plans as to its organization. On 17 Feb., 1817, seven days after the death of Dalberg, the chapter of Constance elected Wessenberg as Vicar capitular and Diocesan administrator, but his election was invalidated by Pius VII in a Brief of 15 March 1817.
In July Wessenberg went to Rome, hoping to gain the pope to his side and return as primate of his projected German Church or, at least, as Bishop of Constance. He was kindly received by Cardinal Ercole Consalvi, the secretary of state, but was told that, before the pope would enter into any negotiations with him, he would have to resign as administrator and, like François Fénelon, make a declaration to the effect that he disapproved all that the pope disapproves. Refusing to submit to these conditions, he left Rome and with the approval of the government of Baden continued to act as administrator of Constance until 1827, in open disobedience to the pope. Pius VII suppressed the Diocese of Constance in his Bull Provida sollersque of 16 August 1821, incorporating it in the newly erected Archdiocese of Freiburg (whose first archbishop, Bernhard Boll, was appointed in 1827) and the newly erected Diocese of Rottenburg.
After his retirement in 1827 he led a private life as a citizen of Konstanz, where he gave vent to his anti-papal sentiments and spread his rationalistic views on religion and the Church by various treatises and by frequent contributions to the anti-religious review, Die freimüthigen Blätter (Constance, 1830–44).
Wessenberg died in Konstanz at the age of 85, was buried in the left aisle of the Konstanz Minster.
Legacy
The "sanctuary for morally neglected girls", which he founded in 1855, later became the "Wessenberg social center".
His collection of paintings formed the basis of the Municipal Wessenberg Gallery at the Rosgarten Museum in Constance; his comprehensive private library is today kept at the University of Konstanz.
In 1979, the Wessenberg-Schule in Constance was named in his honor in recognition of his promotion of education.
Works
His chief literary productions are:
Die grossen Kirchenversammlungen des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts in Beziehung auf Kirchenverbesserung (4 vols., Constance, 1840, 2nd ed., 1845), extremely anti-papal (cf. Hefele, in Tübinger Quartalschrift, 1841, 616 sq.)
Die Stellung des römischen Stuhles gegenuber dem Geiste des 19. Jahrhunderts (Zürich, 1833)
Die Bisthumssynode und die Erfordernisse und Bedingungen einer heilsamen Herstellung derselben (Freiburg, 1849). T
The last-named two works were placed on the Index.
He is also the author of a collection of poems (7 vols., Stuttgart, 1843–54), a number of which were set to music by Beethoven.
References
1774 births
1860 deaths
19th-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz%20Heinrich%20von%20Wessenberg |
Treasure Hunt, also known as The New Treasure Hunt during its 1970s run, is an American television game show that aired throughout the 1950s, 1970s, and 1980s. In the show, contestants selected a mystery package (originally a treasure chest, later a gift box) in the hopes of winning cash or prizes.
1950s version (Treasure Hunt)
The earliest version of the show was first broadcast in the U.S. from 1956 to 1959; initially on ABC, and then later on NBC. The original show was created, hosted, and produced by comedian and presenter Jan Murray. Two contestants played a quiz in which the challenger picked one of five categories. These were shown on a large anchor from which Murray would quiz the contestants. Each contestant was asked five questions from the chosen category for $10 apiece on the daytime edition, or $50 apiece on the prime-time editions. The player who won the most money went on the treasure hunt, with both contestants advancing if tied.
In the treasure hunt, the champion picked one of 30 treasure chests. Each of these was filled with a series of prize packages or a large cash prize. The ABC prime time version offered $25,000 as its top prize. On the NBC daytime edition, the grand prize started at $1,000 and went up by $100 every time it was not won. On its prime-time counterpart, the jackpot started at $10,000 and increased by $1,000 a week until won. There were also some joke prizes, such as a head of cabbage or a pound of onions. Before Murray would open the chest, the contestant would pick an envelope from a wheel-shaped board containing sealed cash amounts from $100 up. They were then given the choice of either taking the money or the contents of the treasure chest. Regardless of the outcome, the contestant returned to play another game.
At the end of the show, Murray would select someone from the audience to draw a postcard from a home viewer that had a number from 1 to 30 written on it. If the cash jackpot was in the chest marked with the same number, the home viewer won the jackpot. If not, the viewer was given a consolation prize. Also, the person who picked the postcard received a prize. Instead of looking in the treasure chest the viewer selected, Murray would open a safe, protected by a security guard, containing a folded piece of paper with the pre-selected number of the chest that actually held the cash prize.
The set of the 1950s version of Treasure Hunt had a pirate-influenced motif with treasure chests. When the contestant picked a chest in the bonus round, the "Pirate Girl" (Marian Stafford), who acted as Murray's assistant, would put the box on a movable table that resembled a pirate ship.
On the occasions when Murray was unavailable, other comedians would fill in as emcee, including Buddy Hackett.
1970s version (The New Treasure Hunt)
The New Treasure Hunt was a reboot of the 1950s TV series. It involved women competing to find a grand prize of $25,000, hidden in one of 30 "surprise packages." Unlike the original version, the show did not use a question-and-answer trivia round, with contestants relying entirely on luck. The pirate theme was also abandoned, with large cardboard boxes taking the place of the treasure chests.
Before each game began, the production staff distributed small gift boxes to 10 female members of the studio audience. Three of these boxes contained cards numbered 1 to 3, while the others were empty. When instructed to open the boxes, the women who found the cards would come to the stage and each choose one of three jack-in-the-boxes. The contestant whose jack-in-the-box had a pop-up surprise, such as flowers or a doll, earned the right to go on the treasure hunt; the other two received consolation prizes.
After being shown two or three of the prizes hidden among the 30 packages, the contestant was asked to select one of the boxes, which was brought down to the table by a model assistant. The host would open an envelope attached to the box and reveal a card with a dollar amount (ranging from $200 to $2,000 originally; later in the run, from $500 up to $2,500). He then handed that money to the contestant, visibly counting out each bill into her hand, and gave her the choice of keeping it or taking the contents of the box.
Prizes were kept behind curtains on opposite ends of the stage, similar to the style of Let's Make a Deal or The Price Is Right. Aside from the $25,000 grand prize, valuable items at stake in any particular game could include vacations, automobiles (sometimes expensive luxury models or sports cars), jewelry, furniture, appliances, and cash awards of several thousand dollars. However, some boxes held booby prizes, referred to as "klunks" (a word coined by Geoff Edwards, similar in meaning to the "zonks" on Let's Make a Deal or "chascos" on Trato Hecho), that had very little value.
Upon making her decision, the contestant was not immediately shown what she had won, as the premise of this program was to display and exploit the female contestants' emotional reactions. Edwards would instead engage the contestant in a comedic sketch, involving props and/or other onstage personnel in various costumes and roles, to intentionally mislead her to what she had finally won, prolonging the tension and the feeling of suspense. Very often, a contestant would be shown a klunk as a lead-in to a different item, which could be another klunk or a prize more valuable than the cash amount attached to the box. However, the box containing the $25,000 prize never had a sketch or prop associated with it; after building up suspense, Edwards would simply pull out the check.
Two games were played during each show, each game involving a different half of the studio audience. If a contestant found the $25,000 grand prize during the first game, another was hidden for the second one. At the end of each episode, if the grand prize had not been found in the second game, Edwards ritually asked security guard Emile Autuori if he had indeed hidden the $25,000 check. Autuori would reply in the affirmative, give Edwards a card with the location of the check, and open that box so he could show it to the audience.
Every episode from the second season forward began with a four-way split screen that displayed the $25,000 grand prize amount and three shots of Autouri walking down the steps on the darkened stage. The opener for the first season consisted of a single medium shot of Autouri descending the steps and walking offstage, with the grand prize and title graphics superimposed over the full-screen shot.
These images were accompanied by the sound of a heartbeat. Announcer Johnny Jacobs would then begin his opening speech, speaking sotto voce at first and then slowly raising his pitch as he continued: "Ladies and gentlemen, this bonded security agent has just placed a certified check for $25,000 in one of these 30 surprise packages. Tonight, someone may win any one of our fabulous prizes, or that grand prize of $25,000, on...The New Treasure Hunt!" The lights then came up fully as the opening theme began.
Production
Producer Chuck Barris purchased the U.S. Treasure Hunt format in the 1970s and revived the game in weekly syndication in 1973. Geoff Edwards hosted The New Treasure Hunt with Johnny Jacobs as the announcer. Jan Murray received a "created by" credit during the show's closing credits.
The opening theme, closing theme, and klunk music cues were composed by Chuck Barris himself. Though Barris was an accomplished songwriter, the melodic closing theme of the 1970s Treasure Hunt, also occasionally used as a winners' cue, is in fact an instrumental version of the theme from the 1969 film True Grit, composed by Elmer Bernstein. Some of Barris's music from other game shows he produced, such as The Newlywed Game and the unsold pilot for Cop-Out!, was also featured on the program.
Producers had to devise nearly 30 sketches per episode. In order to prevent the contestant from learning about the sketch associated with her chosen box, cue cards were not used on the set. After a box was chosen, taping would be paused so that Edwards could be briefed on the premise of the prize package reveal. Edwards had experience as an actor in addition to his radio work and game show hosting, and the producers encouraged him to build the tension as he saw fit, even to unbearable levels. The only time no sketch took place was when the contestant won the grand prize. The common method of the reveal would entail Edwards suggesting to the contestant that she should have kept the money in the envelope, before revealing that she had, in fact, won the grand prize. Hysterics occurred following the revealing of the check: shrill sirens went off; confetti and balloons dropped from the ceiling; and, on a few occasions, the contestant was swarmed onstage by Barris staff members and humorously given roses.
Reception
This version of the show was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1974 for Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design, losing to The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman.
1980s version (Treasure Hunt)
Treasure Hunt returned to television in 1981 as a daily series. Geoff Edwards hosted again, with Jan Speck as the prize model and assistant. Johnny Jacobs returned to announce, but due to what would prove to be a terminal illness he left the show and Tony McClay replaced him. Emile Autuori returned in his role as the security agent responsible for placing the grand prize check in one of the boxes.
Again, two games were played per show, one with each half of the audience. In this version, the female members of the studio audience were given balloons, which were popped on Edwards's cue. The woman whose balloon had a card with a star came down to the stage to challenge the previous game's champion (in the first episode, two balloons had stars). There were now only two jack-in-the-boxes, with the challenger receiving the choice between them. As in the 1970s version, the contestant who had the pop-up surprise in her jack-in-the-box advanced to the treasure hunt.
The contestant selected from 66 surprise packages on stage, and again was given the opportunity to sell the box to Edwards for between $500 and $1,000. The grand prize was a progressive jackpot starting at $20,000 and increasing by $1,000 for each day it went unclaimed, to a maximum of $50,000. After being won on the fourth episode, it was held at a fixed $20,000 for a period before the progressive jackpot was reinstated. If the jackpot was won in the first game of an episode, it was reset to $20,000 for the second game.
The prizes in this version were of lesser value than the 1970s series, but the champion from any treasure hunt always returned to face a new challenger in the next one and thus had a chance to increase her winnings. Automobiles were scaled back to economy models (specifically the Chevrolet Chevette); there were also no longer checks worth less than the grand prize.
The show featured a new closing theme by Milton DeLugg and reused some of the music cues from the earlier version. The opening sequence from The New Treasure Hunt was retained, with alterations to reflect the number of boxes in play and the day's grand prize.
Controversy
An incident regarding The New Treasure Hunt concerned a contestant, Vera Augenbach, on a September 1974 episode (episode 36), who fainted on stage upon being told that she had won a 1937 Rolls-Royce Phantom III convertible. This incident was replayed on 60 Minutes as part of an exposé on the series; producer Chuck Barris expressed pride in the incident, given the show's premise.
In addition to playing on the presumed emotionalism of female contestants, the decision of Barris to allow only women in the game was reportedly a safety precaution – he was concerned that a male contestant might become angered by the show's antics (presumably including being led by a sketch, which typically ran for around five minutes or so, into a klunk) and physically attack Edwards or other staffers. However, in an interview on Blog Talk Radio, Edwards said men would most likely not show as much enthusiasm as the women, even if they won the grand prize.
During the 1970s run, Barris told Edwards during the fourth season (1976–1977) that he wanted to make The New Treasure Hunt even more sadistic for the upcoming fifth season (1977–1978) – an example being that the contestant would be shown a very expensive car (such as a Rolls-Royce, Ferrari, or Mercedes-Benz) but, after the excitement subsided, learn that the prize was only a small part of the vehicle (such as the rear-view mirror). Edwards refused and was initially fired, but Barris quickly went back on that decision and Edwards did not miss any episodes. Instead, Edwards left on his own after the season ended and Barris, unwilling to replace him, cancelled the series shortly afterward.
Possible reboots
The Gurin Company
In October 2012, The Gurin Company bought the license of the show. The company wanted to produce an updated version in which three couples compete against each other as they select treasure chests, all of which have surprises in them. The team with the most prizes would move on to a quest for $1 million. Gurin was partnered with veteran game show host Wink Martindale, with Mark Maxwell-Smith and John Ricci Jr. as producers. It was shipped to both the U.S. and international broadcasters as he pitched the show along with a possible reboot of Truth or Consequences.
Electus/Barracuda Television Productions
In September 2015, Electus, along with the conjunction of Barracuda Television Productions, acquired the rights to the show where the basic premise remains the same: a single contestant selects 1 of 30 treasure chests and wins what is inside, with comedic distractions to heighten the tension at each decision point. This was to be produced by Barry Poznick, along with veteran game show host Wink Martindale and John Ricci Jr.
See also
Deal or No Deal – Game show similar in concept to Chuck Barris's Treasure Hunt.
Let's Make a Deal – Another game show similar in concept.
External links
TV4U.com webpage with a complete episode of the 1950s version of Treasure Hunt
Matt Kaiser's Treasure Hunt page, focusing on the 1980s version
Treasure Hunt (1956) on IMDb
The New Treasure Hunt on IMDb
Treasure Hunt (1981) on IMDb
Chuck Donegan's page outlining the rules of the show
Vidcaps of (The New) Treasure Hunt
References
American Broadcasting Company original programming
NBC original programming
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
1950s American comedy game shows
1956 American television series debuts
1959 American television series endings
1970s American comedy game shows
1973 American television series debuts
1977 American television series endings
1980s American comedy game shows
1981 American television series debuts
1982 American television series endings
Television series by Barris Industries
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
English-language television shows
American television series revived after cancellation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure%20Hunt%20%28American%20game%20show%29 |
Champions
Major League Baseball
World Series: New York Yankees over New York Giants (4–2)
All-Star Game, July 7 at Braves Field: National League, 4–3
Other champions
Negro League Baseball All-Star Game: East, 10–2
Awards and honors
Baseball Hall of Fame
Ty Cobb
Babe Ruth
Honus Wagner
Christy Mathewson
Walter Johnson
Most Valuable Player
American League: Lou Gehrig, New York Yankees, 1B
National League: Carl Hubbell, New York Giants, P
The Sporting News Player of the Year Award
Carl Hubbell, New York Giants, P
The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award
Joe McCarthy, New York Yankees
MLB statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro leagues final standings
Negro National League final standings
Events
January – April
January 4 – The Philadelphia Athletics trade Doc Cramer and Eric McNair to the Boston Red Sox for Hank Johnson, Al Niemiec and $75,000.
January 6 – New York Giants President Charles A. Stoneham dies of Bright's disease. He was the last surviving member of the trio that purchased the team in 1919. His son, Horace Stoneham, is elected the team's new president. Stoneham‚ 32‚ will remain president for the next 40 years before selling the team in 1976.
January 15 – The Chunichi Dragons of Nagoya‚ Japan‚ are officially formed. Eight days later the Hankyu Braves of Nishinomiya joined them.
January 16 - Days after being released by the Chicago Cubs, Freddie Lindstrom is signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers, the last stop n a career that would eventually lead to the hall of fame.
February 2 – The baseball writers vote for the first players to be named to the new Baseball Hall of Fame. Ty Cobb‚ Babe Ruth‚ Honus Wagner‚ Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson each receive the requisite 75 percent of ballots cast. Active players also are eligible in this first election‚ with Rogers Hornsby finishing 9th‚ Mickey Cochrane 10th‚ Lou Gehrig 15th‚ and Jimmie Foxx 19th. Hal Chase receives 11 votes for 25th place‚ and Shoeless Joe Jackson has two votes to tie for 36th place.
February 5 – Japanese Baseball League, the first professional baseball league in Asia, is founded (as predecessor of Nippon Professional Baseball).
March 17 – Rookie Joe DiMaggio makes his spring debut with the New York Yankees, collecting four hits‚ including a triple, in an 8–7 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals.
March 21 – The Cincinnati Reds trade Jim Bottomley to the St. Louis Browns for Johnny Burnett.
April 14 – Opening day, the New York Yankees are shut out, 1–0, by Bobo Newsom and the Washington Senators.
In St. Louis, the Cardinals' Eddie Morgan becomes the first to hit a pinch-hit home run in his first major league at bat. Morgan connects on the very first pitch he sees in the 7th inning. The Cubs win, 12-7.
April 16 – Johnny Mize makes his major league debut. He strikes out pinch hitting for Daffy Dean in the Cards' 5–3 loss to the Chicago Cubs.
April 26 – In the Brooklyn Dodgers' 10–7 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Dodgers shortstop Ben Geraghty reaches base twice on two separate interference calls on Phillies catcher Earl Grace.
April 29
Nagoya defeated Daitokyo 8–5 in the first professional baseball game in Japan.
Hank Greenberg breaks his wrist ending his season.
In St. Louis‚ Roy Parmelee‚ former New York Giants pitcher‚ beats Carl Hubbell, 2–1, in a seventeen inning duel. The game is scoreless until the 12th when the Giants score a run‚ but the Cardinals match it in the bottom of the 12th. Parmelee allows just six hits in 17 innings‚ while Hubbell gives up 11.
May – July
May 3 – Joe DiMaggio makes his major league debut in left field in the New York Yankees' 14–5 victory over the St. Louis Browns. DiMaggio goes three-for-six- with a triple, an RBI and three runs scored.
May 10 – The New York Yankees defeat the Philadelphia Athletics, 7–2. With a loss by the Boston Red Sox to the Washington Senators, the Yankees take over first place in the American League. They remain in first place for the rest of the season, winning the pennant by 19.5 games over the Detroit Tigers.
May 11 – At Baker Bowl in Philadelphia, the Giants' Mel Ott drives in 8 runs in a 13-12 victory over the Phillies.
May 12 – The St. Louis Browns' Pat Malone pitches a six hit shut out against the New York Yankees to end St. Louis' thirteen-game losing streak.
May 21 – Chuck Klein goes home. The outfielder is traded back to philadelphia where he enjoyed his best years, along with pitcher Fabian Kowalik and $50,000. In return, the Cubs get outfielder Ethan Allen and pitcher Curt Davis.
May 24 – The New York Yankees defeat the Philadelphia Athletics 25–2. Second baseman Tony Lazzeri has eleven RBIs in the game via two grand slams and a third home run and a triple. With his last blast, Lazzeri amassed seven home runs in four successive games to set a Major League record.
June 6 – St. Louis Cardinals second baseman Stu Martin ties a major league record with eleven assists in the first game of a doubleheader with the New York Giants.
June 14 – The Washington Senators trade Jake Powell to the New York Yankees for Ben Chapman.
June 24 – In the New York Yankees' 18–11 victory over the Chicago White Sox, Joe DiMaggio has five RBIs with two home runs and two doubles.
July 1 – The Detroit Tigers defeat the Chicago White Sox 21–6. Right fielder Gee Walker has a home run and seven RBIs.
July 5 – The Boston Red Sox sweep a double header from the Philadelphia Athletics, bringing the A's losing streak to twelve games.
July 7 – The National League records its first All-Star Game victory over the American League, 4–3, at Braves Field, home of the Boston Bees.
July 10 – Philadelphia Phillies right-fielder Chuck Klein becomes the fourth player in Major League history to hit four home runs in a game. His final home run came in the top of the tenth inning, leading Philadelphia to a 9–6 win over the Pittsburgh Pirates The feat comes nearly 40 years to the day since it was last accomplished in the National League.
July 18 – The Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Athletics set an American League record for the most combined runs scored by two teams in Chicago's 21–14 victory. ChiSox outfielder Rip Radcliff ties an AL record with six hits in seven at-bats.
July 19 – Bob Feller makes his major league debut on the mound for the Cleveland Indians.
July 30 – In International League action, Buffalo pitcher Bill Harris tosses his second no-hitter of the season‚ stopping Newark.
August – December
August 16 – The Philadelphia Phillies defeat the Boston Bees 7–0 behind a three hitter by Claude Passeau. The win ends the team's fourteen-game losing streak.
August 23 – Bob Feller makes his first career start, defeating the St. Louis Browns 4–1.
August 28 – The New York Giants defeat the Pittsburgh Pirates 7–2 to bring their winning streak to fifteen games.
September 9 - After sweeping the Cleveland Indians in a double header, the New York Yankees clinch the AL Pennant.
September 16 – Birdie Tebbetts makes his major league debut behind the plate for the Detroit Tigers in a 6–2 victory over the Philadelphia A's.
September 23
Carl Hubbell logs his sixteenth victory in a row to improve his record to 26–6.
The New York Yankees defeat the Philadelphia A's 12–5 for their 100th win of the season.
September 30 – A solo home run by George Selkirk is all the offense the Yankees can muster up against Carl Hubbell in game one of the 1936 World Series, as the New York Giants take game one of the Subway Series, 6–1.
October 2 – A seven run third inning, highlighted by Tony Lazzeri's grand slam, carries the Yankees to an 18–4 victory in game two of the World Series.
October 3 – Frankie Crosetti's eighth inning RBI single carries the Yankees to a 2–1 victory over the Giants in game three of the World Series.
October 4 – The Yankees jump to an early 4–0 lead against Carl Hubbell, and win game four of the World Series, 5–2.
October 5 – Jo-Jo Moore leads off the tenth with a double, and comes around to score, as the New York Giants take game five of the World Series, 5–4.
October 6 – The New York Yankees defeat the New York Giants, 13–5, in Game 6 of the World Series to win their fifth World Championship title, four games to two. During the six games, the Yankees score 43 runs and collect 65 hits.
November 29 – Judge Landis declares Lee Handley and Johnny Peacock of the Cincinnati Reds free agents. They had been covered up on minor league teams by the Reds.
December 4 – The Pittsburgh Pirates trade Ralph Birkofer and Cookie Lavagetto to the Brooklyn Dodgers for Ed Brandt, and sell Johnny Welch's contract to the Chicago White Sox.
December 9 – The Philadelphia A's trade Pinky Higgins to the Boston Red Sox for Billy Werber.
December 10 – In a three team trade, the Washington Senators send Earl Whitehill to the Cleveland Indians, Indians sent Thornton Lee to the Chicago White Sox, and the White Sox send Jack Salveson to the Senators.
Births
January
January 3 – Eddie Einhorn
January 5 – Bud Bloomfield
January 5 – Daryl Robertson
January 6 – Rubén Amaro
January 8 – Chuck Cottier
January 8 – John DeMerit
January 9 – Julio Navarro
January 9 – Ralph Terry
January 20 – Jesse Gonder
January 23 – Don Nottebart
January 24 – Dick Stigman
January 25 – Buddy Pritchard
February
February 5 – Lee Thomas
February 7 – Frank Leja
February 16 – Don Landrum
February 20 – Wynn Hawkins
February 20 – Shigeo Nagashima
February 27 – Evans Killeen
March
March 2 – Jim Brady
March 2 – Don Schwall
March 4 – Bob Johnson
March 5 – Jacke Davis
March 7 – Galen Cisco
March 12 – Ray Barker
March 13 – Don Miles
March 20 – Jim Golden
March 26 – Harry Kalas
March 28 – Jimmie Coker
April
April 1 – Ron Perranoski
April 1 – Ted Sadowski
April 3 – Don Rowe
April 5 – Jimmie Schaffer
April 6 – Wanita Dokish
April 6 – Wayne Graham
April 9 – Hal Jones
April 15 – Leo Posada
April 18 – Larry Foss
April 24 – Glen Hobbie
May
May 4 – John Tsitouris
May 9 – Floyd Robinson
May 14 – Dick Howser
May 21 – Barry Latman
May 25 – Marshall Renfroe
May 30 – Mel Nelson
June
June 1 – Jim McKnight
June 13 – Carl Mathias
June 22 – Jim Bronstad
June 28 – Fred Gladding
June 29 – Harmon Killebrew
June 30 – Al Barks
July
July 1 – Dick Drott
July 5 – Jack Krol
July 7 – Bill Kunkel
July 15 – Gene Leek
July 16 – Eddie Fisher
July 20 – Jim McManus
July 23 – Don Drysdale
July 27 – Don Lock
August
August 6 – Dave Gerard
August 7 – Ron Henry
August 7 – Jerry McNertney
August 7 – Tex Nelson
August 8 – Frank Howard
August 9 – Julián Javier
August 11 – Bill Monbouquette
August 12 – Ellis Burton
August 12 – Tom McAvoy
August 15 – Mary Lou Graham
August 17 – John Buzhardt
August 20 – Cliff Cook
August 28 – Don Denkinger
August 28 – Tony González
September
September 3 – Steve Boros
September 3 – Lee Weyer
September 4 – Jim McAnany
September 5 – Bill Mazeroski
September 7 – Charlie Lindstrom
September 14 – Stan Williams
September 15 – Freddie Burdette
September 17 – Tom Carroll
September 22 – Doug Camilli
September 29 – Hal Trosky
October
October 3 – Jack Lamabe
October 15 – Red Swanson
October 16 – Jack Baldschun
October 26 – Elio Chacón
October 27 – Lee Stange
November
November 3 – Rick Herrscher
November 3 – Earl Robinson
November 12 – Joe Hoerner
November 17 – Gary Bell
November 17 – Larry Koentopp
November 18 – Jay Hook
November 20 – Jay Ritchie
November 22 – Joe Gaines
December
December 3 – Clay Dalrymple
December 3 – Dave Eilers
December 7 – Bo Belinsky
December 10 – Doc Edwards
December 10 – Jack Feller
December 10 – Minoru Murayama
December 13 – J. C. Martin
December 16 – Duane Richards
December 17 – Jerry Adair
December 17 – Rollie Sheldon
December 19 – Jack Kubiszyn
December 20 – Dan Pfister
December 21 – Ralph Lumenti
December 21 – Howie Reed
December 26 – Wayne Causey
Deaths
January
January 6 – Charles Stoneham, 59, owner of the New York Giants since 1919, during which period the team won five National League pennants and three World Series from 1921 to 1922 and 1933.
January 11 – Turkey Gross, 39, shortstop for the 1925 Boston Red Sox.
January 5 – Will Sawyer, 71, pitcher who played with the Cleveland Blues in the 1883 season.
January 24 – Henry Youngman, 70, German infielder for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys in 1890.
January 29 – Joe Delahanty, 60, outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1907 to 1909, and one of five Delahanty brothers who played in the Major Leagues.
February
February 3 – Andy Boswell, 62, pitcher who played for the Washington Senators and New York Giants of the National League during the 1895 season.
February 4 – Frank Jones, 77, shortstop and outfielder for the Detroit Wolverines in 1884.
February 5 – Fred Blank, 61, pitcher who played briefly for the Cincinnati Reds in 1894.
February 7 – Jimmy Dygert, 51, pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1905 to 1910, who pitched a combined no-hitter with Rube Waddell during the 1906 season.
February 9 – Trick McSorley, 83, who played in six different positions for the St. Louis Red Stockings, Toledo Blue Stockings, St. Louis Maroons, and St. Louis Browns in parts of four seasons spanning 1875–1886.
February 15 – Bill Grahame, 52, pitcher who played from 1908 through 1910 for the St. Louis Browns.
February 17 – Tom York, 85, left fielder who played 15 seasons from 1871 to 1885, most prominently for the Providence Grays, and also managed them the entire first season of the team's existence in 1878.
March
March 6 – Watty Lee, 56, outfielder and pitcher who played from 1901 through 1904 for the Washington Senators and Pittsburgh Pirates.
March 7 – Tom Rogers, 44, pitcher for the St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Athletics and New York Yankees in part of four seasons between 1917 and 1921.
March 17 – Grant Thatcher, 59, pitcher for the Brooklyn Superbas during the 1903 and 1904 baseball seasons.
March 21 – William McLaughlin, 74, shortstop for the 1884 Washington Nationals of the Union Association.
March 24 – Charlie Parsons, 72, pitcher who played with the Boston Beaneaters, New York Metropolitans and Cleveland Spiders during three seasons spanning 1886–1990.
March 25 – Art Hagan, 73, pitcher who played from 1883 to 1884 for the Philadelphia Quakers and Buffalo Bisons.
March 26 – Ed Hawk, 48, pitcher for the 1911 St. Louis Browns of the American League.
March 26 – Dan Costello, 44, backup outfielder who played from 1913 to 1916 for the New York Yankees and the Pittsburgh Pirates.
March 30 – John Kull, 53, pitcher for the 1909 Philadelphia Athletics of the American League.
March 31 – Anton Falch, 75, left fielder and catcher in five games for the Milwaukee Brewers of the Union Association in the 1884 season.
April
April 14 – Dan Lally, 68, outfielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1891 and the St. Louis Browns in 1897.
April 24 – Tacks Latimer, 58, catcher who played from 1898 through for the New York Giants, Louisville Colonels, Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas.
May
May 5 – Bill Anderson, 71, pitcher for the Louisville Colonels in the 1889 season.
May 5 – Lou Sylvester, 81, outfielder who played for the Cincinnati Outlaw Reds, Louisville Colonels, Cincinnati Red Stockings and St. Louis Browns in parts of three seasons spanning 1884–1887.
May 12 – Frank Zinn, 70, catcher for the 1888 Philadelphia Athletics.
May 19 – Sammy Curran, 61, pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters during the 1902 season.
May 22 – Kaiser Wilhelm, 62, pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Beaneaters, Brooklyn Superbas, and Baltimore Terrapins during seven seasons from 1904 to 1915, and also a player/manager for the 1921 Philadelphia Phillies.
May 23 – Ted Lewis, 63, pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters and Boston Americans from 1896 to 1901, who led the National League with a .768 Win–loss % in 1898, and also one of only three Welsh-born ballplayers in Major League history, along with Jimmy Austin and Peter Morris.
June
June 9 – Charlie Bartson, 71, pitcher who played for the Chicago Pirates of the Players' League during the 1890 season.
June 16 – Billy Shindle, 75, third baseman for the Detroit Wolverines, Baltimore Orioles, Philadelphia Athletics and Phillies, and Brooklyn Bridegrooms from 1886–98, also one of the first sluggers in the deadball era.
June 18 – Al Nichols, 84, third baseman for the Brooklyn Atlantics, New York Mutuals and Louisville Grays from 1875 to 1877, who is credited as the first player born in England to reach the major leagues.
June 21 – Ambrose Puttmann, 55, pitcher who played from 1903 through 1906 with the New York Highlanders and the St. Louis Cardinals.
July
July 3 – Bill Niles, 69, third baseman who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1895 season.
July 5 – Phil Wisner, 67, shortstop who played briefly for the Washington Senators of the National League in 1895.
July 7 – Bill Pounds, 58, pitcher for the Cleveland Naps and Brooklyn Superbas in the 1903 season.
July 15 – Ted Goulait, 46, pitcher for the 1912 New York Giants of the National League.
July 17 – Joe Wall, 62, backup catcher in 16 games for the New York Giants and Brooklyn Superbas during the 1901 and 1902 seasons.
August
August 6 – Charlie Girard, 51, pitcher for the 1910 Philadelphia Phillies in 1910.
August 9 – Jim Mahady, 35, second baseman who played briefly with the New York Giants in 1921.
August 9 – Ed Halbriter, 76, pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1882 season.
August 13 – Irv Hach, 63, backup infielder for the Louisville Colonels in 1897.
August 15 – Lew Richie, 52, pitcher who played from 1906 through 1913 with the Philadelphia Phillies, Boston Doves and Chicago Cubs.
August 28 – Youngy Johnson, 63, pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1897 and the New York Giants in 1899.
September
September 8 – Bill Yerrick, 62, pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters of the National League in the 1895 and 1896 seasons.
September 9 – William Betts, 75, umpire who officiated in the National League from 1894 to 1899 and the American League in 1901 and 1903.
September 11 – Braggo Roth, 44, outfielder for the Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Athletics, Boston Red Sox, Washington Senators, and New York Yankees from 1914 through 1921, who led the American League in home runs in the 1915 season.
September 16 – Henry Lampe, 63, pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters in 1894 and the Philadelphia Phillies in 1895.
September 19 – Bill Hart, 71, National League pitcher who played with the Philadelphia Athletics, Brooklyn Grooms, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Browns, and Cleveland Blues in parts of seven seasons spanning 1886–1901.
October
October 4 – Hercules Burnett, 67, center fielder who played for the Louisville Colonels in the 1888 and 1895 seasons.
October 8 – Red Ames, 54, pitcher for the New York Giants, Cincinnati Reds, St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies from 1903 through 1919, who posted a career record of 183–167 wins with a 2.63 ERA and 1,702 strikeouts, and was a member of the World Champions Giants in 1904 and 1905.
October 16 – Dennis Fitzgerald, 71, English-born shortstop for the Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association in 1890.
October 19 – Jumping Jack Jones, 75, pitcher who played for the Detroit Wolverines and Philadelphia Athletics during the 1883 season.
October 20 – George Kelb, 66, pitcher for the 1898 Cleveland Spiders of the National League in 1898.
October 21 – Charlie Mason, outfielder who played with the Philadelphia Centennials, Washington Nationals, and Philadelphia Athletics in part of two seasons between 1875 and 1883.
October 22 – Fred Olmstead, 55, pitcher who played from 1908 through 1911 for the Chicago White Sox.
October 27 – Dave Black, 44, pitcher who played for the Chicago ChiFeds/Whales and Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League from 1914 to 1915, and the Boston Red Sox in 1923.
October 30 – Jack Morrissey, 60, second baseman for the Cincinnati Reds from 1902 to 1903.
October 31 – Deacon McGuire, 72, catcher for 13 different teams over 26 seasons, who set a record number of seasons for a record number of teams, set career catching marks for defensive games, putouts, assists, caught stealing and stolen bases against, and was the first catcher to collect 300 doubles and hit .300 five times, before becoming a long time coach and manager.
November
November 9 – Bill Stellberger, 71, pitcher for the 1885 Providence Grays.
November 9 – Carl Stimson, 42, pitcher who played with the Boston Red Sox in the 1923 season.
November 27 – Shad Barry, 58, backup catcher and outfielder who played from 1899 through 1908 for seven different National League clubs, most prominently for the Philadelphia Phillies.
November 29 – Ri Jones, 77, infield utility man who played with the Louisville Eclipse in 1883 and the Cincinnati Outlaw Reds in 1884.
December
December 11 – Moose Grimshaw, 61, right fielder who played from 1905 through 1907 for the Boston Americans.
December 21 – Fred Gunkle, 79, catcher and right fielder for the Cleveland Blues in 1879.
December 24 – Ren Deagle, 78, pitcher who played from 1883 to 1884 with the Cincinnati Red Stockings and Louisville Eclipse.
December 26 – Bill Clymer, 63, shortstop for the Philadelphia Athletics during the 1891 season.
December 29 – Bill Prough, 49, pitcher for the 1912 Cincinnati Reds.
December 31 – Doc Casey, 66, third baseman who played from 1898 to 1907 with the Washington Senators, Brooklyn Superbas, Detroit Tigers and Chicago Cubs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%20in%20baseball |
One Caribbean Media Ltd (OCM) is a vertically integrated holding company based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The new company was founded in December 2005, following the merger of the Caribbean Communications Network (CCN) of Trinidad and Tobago, and the Nation Corporation of Barbados. The merger of the respective conglomerates was pursued after both companies held a sizable financial stake in each other for a number of years.
The company still currently holds a large financial stake in both the Jamaica Observer, Jamaica's daily newspaper, as well as Guyana's Stabroek News.
Prize
Since 2011, the company has sponsored the annual OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature.
Subsidiaries
The Caribbean Communications Network (CCN) Group (Trinidad and Tobago)
Newspaper
The Trinidad Express Newspaper
Television
CCN TV6
Grenada Broadcasting Network (60%)
GBN Television
Radio
One Caribbean Media (60%)
Klassic Radio
Sun FM
Hott 93
ISPs
GreenDot Group
New Media
Internet Express
CCN TV6
The Nation Corporation Group (Barbados)
Newspapers
The Nation Newspaper
Radio
Starcom Network Inc.
HOTT 95.3 FM
Voice of Barbados (790 VOB)
104 Radio
Life 97.5 FM
New Media
One Caribbean Media
NationNews
Hott 95.3FM
VOB
Love FM
Life FM
CCCL
Hott 93.5FM (Trinidad)
The Wave 93.7/94.5FM (St. Lucia)
The Caribbean Super Station (CSS) (Antigua, Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Grenada, Montserrat, St. Lucia, St. Kitts, Nevis and Trinidad)
Citadel Group
i95.5 FM TT
RED 96.7FM
Hitz107.1FM
References
External links
One Caribbean Media website
Mass media companies of Trinidad and Tobago
Mass media in Barbados
Mass media in Trinidad and Tobago
Holding companies established in 2005
Mass media companies established in 2005
2005 establishments in Trinidad and Tobago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Caribbean%20Media |
Joseph Broussard (1702–1765), also known as Beausoleil (), was a leader of the Acadian people in Acadia; later Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick. Broussard organized a Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias against the British through King George's War, Father Le Loutre's War and during the Seven Years' War. After Acadia was captured by the British, he eventually led the first group of Acadians to southern Louisiana in the present-day United States. His name is sometimes presented as Joseph Gaurhept Broussard; this is likely the result of a transcription error. Broussard is widely regarded as a hero and an important historical figure by both Acadians and Cajuns.
Life
Broussard was born in Port-Royal, Acadia in 1702 to Jean-François Broussard and Catherine Richard. His father came from Poitiers and his mother was born in Port Royal. He lived much of his life at Le Cran (present-day Stoney Creek, Albert County, New Brunswick), along the Petitcodiac River with his wife Agnes and their eleven children.
During Father Rale's War, Broussard participated in a raid on Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia (1724).
King George's War
During King George's War, under the leadership of French priest Jean-Louis Le Loutre, Broussard began a resistance movement against British rule in Acadia. Broussard's forces frequently included Mi'kmaq militia, long-time allies of the Acadians. In 1747 he participated in and was later charged for his involvement with the Battle of Grand Pré.
Father Le Loutre's War
During Father Le Loutre's War, after the construction of Fort Beausejour in 1751, Broussard joined Jean-Louis Le Loutre at Beausejour. In an effort to stop the emigration of British settlers into Acadia, in 1749 Broussard was involved in one of the first raids on Dartmouth, Nova Scotia which resulted in the deaths of five British settlers. The following year, Broussard was in the Battle at Chignecto and then shortly afterward he led sixty Mi'kmaq and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the "Dartmouth Massacre" (1751). Broussard and the others killed twenty British settlers and took a few as prisoners. Cornwallis temporarily abandoned plans to settle Dartmouth.
In late April 1754, Beausoleil and a large band of Mi'kmaq and Acadians left Chignecto for Lawrencetown. They arrived in mid-May and in the night opened fired on the village. Beausoleil killed and scalped four British settlers and two soldiers. By August, as the raids continued, the residents and soldiers were withdrawn to Halifax.
In the action of 8 June 1755, a naval battle off Cape Race, Newfoundland, on board the French ships Alcide and Lys were found 10,000 scalping knives for Acadians and Indians serving under Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope and Acadian Beausoleil as they continue to fight Father Le Loutre's War.
Broussard was also active in the fight against Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton in the Battle of Beausejour.
Seven Years' War
With Le Loutre imprisoned after the Battle of Beausejour, Broussard became the leader of the Acadian resistance to the expulsion of the Acadians (1755–1764), leading assaults against the British on several occasions between 1755 and 1758 as part of the forces of Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot.
After arming a ship in 1758, Broussard traveled through the upper Bay of Fundy region, where he attacked British settlements. His ship was seized in November 1758. He was then forced to flee, travelling first to the Miramichi and later imprisoned at Fort Edward in 1762. Finally, he was transferred and imprisoned with other Acadians in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Arrival at Louisiana
Released in 1764, the year after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, Broussard left Nova Scotia, along with his family and hundreds of other Acadians, to Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti). Unable to adapt to the climate and diseases that were killing Acadians, he led the group to settle in Louisiana.
He was among the first 200 Acadians to arrive in Louisiana on February 27, 1765, aboard the Santo Domingo. On April 8, 1765, he was appointed militia captain and commander of the "Acadians of the Atakapas" the area around present-day St. Martinville. Not long after his arrival, Joseph Broussard died near what is now St. Martinville at the presumed age of 63. The exact date of his death is unknown, but it is assumed to have been on or about October 20, 1765. Many of his descendants live in southern Louisiana and Nova Scotia.
Descendancy
Broussard's children and grandchildren generally remained in Louisiana, integrating into the slave-owning upper classes of the colony. His 21st-century descendants include Celestine "Tina" Knowles and her two daughters Beyoncé and Solange.
Modern cultural references
The Cajun music group BeauSoleil is named in honor of Broussard.
A New Brunswick group "Beausoleil Broussard" was very popular in the 1970s.
Broussard is a character in the novel Banished from Our Home: The Acadian Diary of Angelique Richard, Grand-Pre, Acadia, 1755 (2004) by Sharon Stewart.
A dramatized, historically inaccurate version of Beausoleil is featured in the Acadian novel Pélagie-la-Charrette, by Antonine Maillet.
Part of his militant Acadian hero story is told in the documentary feature "Zachary Richard, Cajun Heart" by Acadian director Phil Comeau.
See also
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of the Acadians
References
Further reading
– published in the United States as The Cajuns: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph
Military history of Acadia
Nova Scotia
Military history of New England
Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
Canadian military personnel from New Brunswick
Acadian people
French Canadian people of the French and Indian War
People deported from Canada
French slave owners
18th-century pirates
1702 births
1765 deaths
People of Colonial Spanish Louisiana
People from Albert County, New Brunswick
Date of death unknown
Date of birth unknown
People of Father Le Loutre's War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Broussard |
The South Province () is one of three administrative subdivisions in New Caledonia. It corresponds to the southern and southwestern portion of the New Caledonian mainland.
Overview
It is by far the most economically developed and most urbanized part of the archipelago and indeed in the entire Melanesian region. The South Province is also the only part of New Caledonia - and Melanesia - where ethnic Melanesians do not constitute an absolute majority of the population.
The provincial assembly and executive are in Nouméa. The administrative services of the French state, however, are located in La Foa, with a Deputy Commissioner of the Republic (commissaire délégué de la République), akin to a subprefect of metropolitan France, in residence there. La Foa was chosen by the French central State in the late 1980s to counterbalance the overwhelming weight of Nouméa in New Caledonia
The central State administrative services in La Foa are not to be confused with the central State administrative services in Nouméa. The former manage local matters at the provincial level, whereas the latter, with the High Commissioner of the Republic in New Caledonia at their head, manage territorial matters for the whole of New Caledonia.
Provincial Assembly
Of the 40 seats in the provincial assembly, the Rally-UMP holds 15, the Caledonia Together has 12, the Future Together has 5, the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front has 4, the Movement for Diversity has 2, the Union for a Caledonian Destiny has 1 and there is 1 miscellaneous right (ex-Rally for Caledonia).
Notable people
Ilaïsaane Lauouvéa - former assembly member
See also
Politics of New Caledonia
References
Provinces of New Caledonia
Geography of New Caledonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Province%2C%20New%20Caledonia |
Kidulthood is a 2006 British teen crime drama film directed by Menhaj Huda and written by Noel Clarke, who appeared in the film alongside Aml Ameen, Red Madrell, Adam Deacon, Jaime Winstone, Femi Oyeniran, Madeleine Fairley, Cornell John, Kate Magowan, Pierre Mascolo (who also acted as executive producer), Rafe Spall and Nicholas Hoult. It follows the lives of several teenagers in the West London area Ladbroke Grove.
Clarke wrote the film in the late 90s based on his own experiences growing in Ladbroke Grove, which he began developing with director Menhaj Huda and producer George Isaac. Filming began on 14th November 2004 and was filmed on location until 16th December. The film is known for featuring breakout roles for Ameen, Clarke, Deacon, Winstone, Oyeniran, Spall and Hoult.
Made on a budget of £560,000, Kidulthood was released theatrically on 3 March 2006 and received praise and controversy for its depection of teenage life in London. The success of the film led to two sequels: Adulthood (2008) and Brotherhood (2016), both of which were written and directed by Clarke.
Plot
In 2002, at Ladbroke Grove, local school student Katie suffers intense physical and emotional bullying by a group of girls, as well as by another bully, Sam Peel. When her father picks her up from school that day, Sam quietly threatens to kill her if she ever tells anyone. That evening, Katie's older brother Lenny breaks into her room to discover that she has hanged herself.
The following morning, the students are informed of Katie's death and are given the day off to mourn. Trevor "Trife" Hector and his best friends, Jay and Moony, decide to spend it smoking weed and drinking alcohol. Trife's pregnant ex-girlfriend Alisa decides to spend the day with her best friend Becky.
Becky performs oral sex on an older man in return for drugs, and aggressively coaxes Alisa into joining in. The boys make their way to Sam's house on an estate to retrieve a Game Boy Sam had stolen from them the day before. Realising Sam is out, the boys also steal Sam's cannabis and Jay has sex with Sam's girlfriend Claire. Sam returns unexpectedly, but is beaten unconscious by the boys and they knock down Sam's mother as they flee.
Alisa and Becky unexpectedly run into some of Katie's bullies aboard a train. Alisa, feeling bad that she was not there for Katie, berates the girls for the suffering they caused. Becky accidentally reveals that Alisa is pregnant, information that the bullies threaten to spread around school in an effort to humiliate Alisa. At the next station, Alisa hurries off the train to vomit, whilst Becky scorns her for putting her life at risk. Having successfully sold the drugs they acquired earlier, they head to a shopping centre to buy dresses for a party later that evening, before meeting up with the boys. Jay, convinced by Trife that Alisa's baby is Sam's, falsely informs her that Trife wants nothing to do with her. Heartbroken, Alisa asks Becky if they can leave, but Becky insists on going to the party.
At the same time, Trife visits his uncle Curtis, who presents him with a revolver, the same one Trife had drilled the barrel for earlier at school. Downstairs, Andreas, a customer who earlier missed a drugs payment, is tied and beaten by Curtis and Trife. Curtis then orders Trife to carve a "C" into Andreas' face with a Stanley knife in order to test him. Though visibly terrified, Trife carries out his uncle's order, and flees the house traumatised. Trife desperately tries to call Alisa, but is unsuccessful in doing so. On her way home, Alisa runs into a classmate and persuades her to go to the party with her. At the party, Becky is stood up by Moony and fails to convince Jay to have sex with her.
Trevor interrupts Alisa and the other classmate who are kissing outside, and confesses his love for her. Alisa informs Trevor that the baby is definitely his – she had never slept with Sam. The two rekindle their love, but a vengeful Sam arrives at the party and attacks Trife. Alisa hurriedly tells Jay and Moony, who intervene to help Trife. Outside, Sam beats down both Trevor and Jay, whilst intimidating Moony into not interfering. Sam challenges all the other party goers who come out to watch, however Alisa, the only one unafraid of Sam, slaps him. When Sam grabs her by her hair, Trife gets to his feet and fights him to the ground. Alisa pleads with him to stop, and he ambles over to her. Sam takes this opportunity to grab his baseball bat, and delivers a critical blow to Trife's stomach.
As this occurs, Lenny arrives at the party; brandishing a gun, he forces Sam to the ground at gunpoint, and produces the note Katie wrote before she hanged herself. Lenny prepares to kill Sam but Trife stops him with his dying breath, telling him that Sam is not worth it. Sam is almost killed when he insults Lenny after the latter begins to walk away, however the gun fails to fire. Sirens are heard in the distance, so Lenny, his accomplice, and Sam all flee the party as Trife dies before the ambulance and police arrive.
Cast
Aml Ameen as Trevor 'Trife' Hector
Red Madrell as Alisa
Adam Deacon as Jay
Noel Clarke as Sam Peel
Jaime Winstone as Becky
Femi Oyeniran as Moony
Madeleine Fairley as Claire
Cornell John as Curtis
Rafe Spall as Lenny
Nicholas Hoult as Blake
Rebecca Martin as Katie
James Witherspoon as Kilpo
Ortis Deley as Derek
Stephanie Di Rubbo as Shaneek
Kate Magowan as Stella
Production
London hip-hop group Arcane wrote the title track for the film. The soundtrack drew on British hip hop and grime music including The Streets, Roots Manuva, Dizzee Rascal and Lethal Bizzle.
The film was principally shot in the actual areas in which it is set around London W11; for example, some of the school scenes are shot in Twyford CE High School in Acton, similarly Alisa and Becky's journey on the London Underground is between Ladbroke Grove and Royal Oak stations.
Critical reception
Kidulthood has received a generally positive critical response. Writing in The Guardian, Miranda Sawyer called the film "a rollicking UK youth ride, cinematically filmed, persuasively acted and bumped along by a fantastic all-British soundtrack ... It's also very funny, laced with a humour of the slapped-in-the-face-with-a-kipper sort: you can't help laughing because it's so outrageous".
Stephen Armstrong in The Times, said "the only people who should be shocked by this film are people who have never been teenagers. What Kidulthood does is take all the violence, sex and intoxication experienced in a teenage year and condense it into a single day, because that's far more marketable than a film about eight kids spending four hours sitting on the swings wondering what to do". The Daily Mirror described it as being "as potent as a shot of vodka before breakfast – a harrowing, uncompromisingly bleak but thoughtful look at the anguish of being young and poor in Britain".
Sequels
The film spawned a trilogy, receiving two sequels: Adulthood was released in 2008, which was written and also directed by Noel Clarke, and then Brotherhood in 2016.
See also
4.3.2.1
West 10 LDN
Anuvahood
Ill Manors
List of hood films
References
External links
Kidulthood at the British Film Institute
2006 films
2006 crime drama films
2006 independent films
2000s British films
2000s coming-of-age drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s teen drama films
Black British films
British coming-of-age drama films
British crime drama films
British independent films
British teen drama films
Films about drugs
Films about interracial romance
Films about teenagers
Films directed by Menhaj Huda
Films set in 2002
Films set in London
Films shot in London
Films with screenplays by Noel Clarke
Hood films
Teen crime films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidulthood |
UAB Hospital (also known as University Hospital) is a 1,207 bed tertiary hospital and academic health science center located in Birmingham, Alabama. It serves as the only ACS verified Level I Trauma Center in Alabama, and is the flagship property of the UAB Health System which is owned by the University of Alabama System. The system includes clinics, an eye hospital and affiliations with other health care facilities throughout the state. It is Birmingham's largest employer, with a staff of over 20,000.
Ratings
UAB Hospital also serves as the primary teaching hospital for the UAB School of Medicine. Seven UAB Hospital specialty programs are among the nation's top 50 — five are in the top 25 — of the 16 categories evaluated at America's 5,189 hospitals in 2006 by U.S. News & World Report. With its seven ranked programs, UAB Hospital was one of only 176 hospitals, or about 3 percent of U.S. institutions studied — and the only hospital in Alabama — to rank high enough in even one specialty to make the magazine's national "Best Hospitals" list. The seven specialties are: rheumatology (6th); heart and heart surgery (14th); gynecology (14th); kidney disease (17th); cancer (23rd); and orthopedics (47th).
The 2005-2006 list of "Best Doctors in America" includes 234 UAB physicians, more than two-thirds of all specialists from the Birmingham metropolitan area in the Best Doctors database. Best Doctors is an independent, knowledge-based medical referral service located in Aiken, South Carolina. Its surveys ask peer physicians, "If you or a loved one needed a doctor in your specialty, to whom would you refer them?" Only about 3 to 5 percent of all specialists worldwide make the list, which currently names 33,000 in the U.S. — including 345 physicians in the Birmingham area.
UAB Hospital received a 2005-2006 Consumer Choice Award from the National Research Corporation (NRC). It is among just 207 of 3,000 hospitals, nationally, to receive the recognition. The award is bestowed upon hospitals that receive highest marks among consumers for their quality and image, based on a nationwide survey of more than 200,000 households representing some 400,000 consumers. UAB Hospital is the only Birmingham-area hospital to receive the award this year. The recognition places UAB Hospital alongside such institutions as Johns Hopkins, Duke University Hospital, the Cleveland Clinic, the Mayo Clinic, and Yale-New Haven Hospital.
History
The hospital was established in 1945 as the teaching hospital for the University of Alabama School of Medicine, which was moved from the University of Alabama main campus in Tuscaloosa, Alabama to Birmingham. It was originally located in the Jefferson and Hillman Hospitals, which were acquired by the University of Alabama Board of Trustees from Jefferson County. The rapid growth of the Greater Birmingham area led the hospital to continue to expand to some 20 surrounding medical buildings. In 1992, UAB opened "The Kirklin Clinic", a 5-story outpatient facility.
In November 2004, UAB Hospital opened its new 885,000-foot, 11-story building named North Pavilion. It includes 37 operating suites, two procedure rooms, three medical surgical units, four intensive care units — trauma and burn intensive care, surgical intensive care, neuroscience intensive care, and cardiovascular intensive care, and a emergency department. Its emergency department is located on the first floor, along with the large public lobby and front door. The second floor serves as the main concourse into the UAB Hospital complex with its primary entrance on 4th Avenue South. The new hospital is equipped with state-of-the-art digital and wireless technology. Operating rooms contain voice-activated video technology allowing the surgeon to view x-rays, ECGs or pathology specimens without having to break scrub or leave the room.
In February 2010, a new Women and Infant's Center was completed and opened, adjacent to the new Children's of Alabama Russell Campus hospital.
References
External links
UAB Medicine
Hospital buildings completed in 1945
Hospital buildings completed in 2004
Teaching hospitals in Alabama
Buildings and structures in Birmingham, Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham
1945 establishments in Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAB%20Hospital |
City Hall station is an underground rapid transit station on the PATCO Speedline, operated by the Delaware River Port Authority. It is located in Camden, New Jersey, one block from Camden City Hall, after which the station is named, at North 5th and Market Streets. Opened on June 7, 1936, the station is the first eastbound and final westbound station in New Jersey, located just east of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge which carries trains over the Delaware River.
History
The station was opened on June 7, 1936, along with 8th & Market and Franklin Square in Philadelphia and Broadway in Camden, as part of Philadelphia Rapid Transit's Bridge Line service. The Bridge Line was temporarily closed on December 28, 1968, for conversion into the PATCO Speedline. The section between Lindenwold and City Hall opened on January 4, 1969, followed a few weeks later by the section between City Hall and Philadelphia on February 14.
City Hall station is among PATCO's least utilized stops. The station was built with corridors to both Arch Street and Cooper Street, with separate entrances on the north and south corners of Cooper and 5th Street. Due to the low passenger levels at this station, both corridors are closed. Two stairways are visible at the northeast and southwest corners of Market and 5th Street. Only the southwest is in use for passenger access, as the northeast stairway is marked for emergency use only.
PATCO plans to make the station accessible to people with disabilities, adding an elevator between the platform and the mezzanine, and a new entrance with an elevator at Roosevelt Park, across 5th Street from the current entrance. The project is expected to be completed in Fall 2022.
In August 2022, PATCO eliminated 24-hour service at the station, with the station closing daily between midnight and 5 am. PATCO cited low ridership, safety concerns, and the nearby Broadway station as reasons for the closure.
Notable places nearby
The station is within walking distance of the following notable places:
Camden City Hall
Camden County College
Camden Waterfront
Rutgers University–Camden
Rowan University
References
External links
City Hall (PATCO)
PATCO Speedline stations in New Jersey
Transportation in Camden, New Jersey
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1936
Transit hubs serving New Jersey
Buildings and structures in Camden, New Jersey
1936 establishments in New Jersey
Railway stations located underground in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20Hall%20station%20%28PATCO%29 |
Rounding-up is a phenomenon that occurs in sailing when the helmsman (or tiller-handler) is no longer able to control the direction of the boat and it heads up (or "rounds up") into the wind, causing the boat to slow down, stall out, or tack. This occurs when the wind overpowers the ability of the rudder to maintain a straight course.
For example, the sailboat may heel over so far that the rudder no longer engages in the water, or only to such a small extent that it can no longer steer the boat. When this happens is dependent on a number of factors such as the velocity of the wind, design of the hull and rudder and shape of the sails. This can be dangerous if it causes collisions between boats if sailing close together. Rounding up can be startling to those on board: The boat turns into the eye of the wind with all sails fluttering. However, unless the boat is in irons (stopped facing directly into the wind), control can be regained by steering the boat off the wind again to refill the sails and regain the desired course. Often the crew will need to ease out the sheets (lines that control the trim of the sail) before this can occur, in order to reduce the wind force on the sails. Rounding up is in fact a safety design of most sailboats that can help prevent a knock-down and allow the helmsman to regain control of the boat. An occasional round-up may simply be the result of a strong gust of wind. If it occurs regularly, this may be a sign that too much sail is raised and the crew may need to lower one or more sails, change to smaller sails, or reef. In smaller sailboats such as racing dinghies where the sail cannot be lessened or reefed, frequent round-ups may be a sign that the wind conditions are too strong for the boats and they should immediately proceed to shelter.
Sail settings to reduce rounding up
The best way to reduce rounding up in an over-canvassed boat, is to reduce sail by reefing, lowering or furling. If this is not possible due to rig design, for example, then sail adjustment may reduce or prevent rounding up when beating to windward. For a fore-and-aft rigged craft:
The vang may be loosened, the mainsheet traveller moved to windward, or both, to allow the boom rise
The mainsheet may be loosened to spill wind
Allowing the boom to rise increases the twist in the mainsail, which spills wind higher in the sail while keeping power in the bottom of the mainsail to maintain the effectiveness of the rudder.
If a boat tends to round up when the helmsman is attempting to sail straight downwind ("running down before the wind"), and you cannot reduce sail area, but the boat is manageable on the other points of sail, then the only solution is to avoid running down before the wind by instead tacking downwind. This means you do not head straight for a downwind destination, but rather follow a zig-zag course, arriving at your downwind destination through a series of reaches. Letting out the mainsail more by loosening the sheet, or allowing the boom to rise by loosening the boom vang or the traveler, will not help when running down before the wind. Also futile for this problem are adjustments aiming to move the center of effort relative to the center of lateral resistance—these only help for points of sail other than running down before.
References
Sailing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding%20up |
Deathrace King is the fourth album by Swedish death/thrash metal band The Crown.
Reception
Herbert Chwalek of the Power Metal.de said that "The disc is just damn horny from beginning to end and effortlessly blows away most of the oh-so-tough bands."
Artist comments
In a March 2007 interview, The Crown frontman Johan Lindstrand revealed that Deathrace King was his favourite album amongst The Crown's discography. "The whole album has very intense, good songs", remarked Lindstrand. "There are no ups and downs on that album, but all pure ten pointers every song." Tomas Lindberg appears on Devil Gate Ride and Mika Luttinen from Impaled Nazarene appears on Total Satan.
Track listing
References
The Crown (band) albums
2000 albums
Metal Blade Records albums
Albums produced by Fredrik Nordström | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathrace%20King |
Operation Excess was a series of British supply convoys to Malta, Alexandria and Greece in January 1941. The operation encountered the first presence of Luftwaffe anti-shipping aircraft in the Mediterranean Sea. All the convoyed freighters reached their destinations. The destroyer Gallant was disabled by Italian mines and Axis bombers severely damaged the cruiser Southampton and the aircraft carrier Illustrious.
Background
Italy's declaration of War on 10 June 1940 brought the Second World War to the Mediterranean Sea and placed the Regia Aeronautica astride the traditional British sea route to Indian Ocean ports, while the Regia Marina roughly tripled the numbers of battleships, cruisers and submarines available to challenge British sea power. The Royal Navy had held the eastern Mediterranean and France the western Mediterranean but the Second Armistice at Compiègne removed the French navy from the alliance on 25 June 1940. From bases at Gibraltar and Alexandria, the Royal Navy attempted to convoy supplies to Malta to maintain it as a base in the central Mediterranean. As Italy attacked Egypt from Libya in September 1940 and Greece from Albania in October 1940, the Royal Navy maintained most of their Mediterranean Fleet at Alexandria while Force H at Gibraltar was used for raids. British successes in early November 1940 including halting the Italian offensive in Greece and disabling Italian battleships Littorio, Conte di Cavour and Duilio at the Battle of Taranto provided incentive and opportunity to supply Malta and Greece.
Preparations
Allied
Convoy MC 4 consisted of four freighters at Gibraltar; Clan Cumming, Clan MacDonald and Empire Song carried materiel destined for Piraeus; Essex carried of seed potatoes, of ammunition and twelve crated Hawker Hurricanes for Malta.
Convoy MW 5 consisted of the Freighters Breconshire and Clan Macaulay at Alexandria with cargo bound for Malta.
Convoy ME 6 was made up of nine freighters waited at Malta for passage to Alexandria.
Force A comprised , , , , , , , , and to sail from Alexandria, covering convoys MC 4, MW 5 and ME 6 east of the Skerki Banks.
Force B of , , and would carry five hundred soldiers and airmen from the Aegean to Malta and join convoy MC 4 after dropping their passengers in Malta.
Force C was to screen Convoy MW 5 with , and .
Force D, and , was to sail from Alexandria with s Gloxinia, , , and the replenishment oiler Brambleleaf to be joined by and from Souda Bay.
Force F was to cover Convoy MC 4 with , , , and carrying four hundred soldiers and airmen to Malta.
Force H was to protect Convoy MC 4 from Gibraltar to the Skerki Banks with , , , , , , , and ferrying six Fairey Swordfish for Malta.
Axis
Five hundred anti-shipping aircraft of Fliegerkorps X were being transferred from Norway to Sicily to protect Axis convoys to North Africa and prevent passage of British convoys to Malta.
Battle
6 January 1941
Convoy MC 4 left Gibraltar, feinting toward the Atlantic, before turning toward Malta after dark, to mislead Axis agents near Gibraltar.
7 January
Force H sailed from Gibraltar to cover convoy MC 4. Force A, Force D and convoy MW 5 with Force C sailed from Alexandria and Force B sailed from the Aegean toward Malta. Force A was located by Italian air reconnaissance that afternoon.
8 January
Force B landed its passengers in Malta and proceeded west to meet convoy MC 4. Vickers Wellington bombers raided Naples damaging Giulio Cesare with three near misses and causing the only operational Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto to retreat from the approaching convoys.
9 January
Force A was joined by Force D and south-east of Malta, Force B joined convoy MC 4; Convoy MC 4 and Force H were discovered by Italian aircraft and attacked by ten SM.79s from Sardinia. Two SM.79s were shot down by Fairey Fulmars from Ark Royal and a later attack by 15 Fiat CR.42 Falcos carrying bombs also failed. Force H left convoy MC 4 that afternoon after Ark Royal launched six Swordfish for the defence of Malta; Force A joined convoy MC 4 at dusk.
10 January
Italian ships from La Spezia failed to find Force H. The and torpedo boats Circe and (under the command of Commander Giuseppe Fontana) launched torpedoes against convoy MC 4 but missed. Bonaventure and Hereward sank Vega south of Pantellaria at 08:30 and Circe escaped undamaged. Bonaventure was slightly damaged and two men killed; 75 per cent of her ammunition was expended in the engagement. Two of Vega crew survived. Right after the engagement, which pushed the British convoy too far south of their route, Gallant struck a naval mine at 08:35. The bow was destroyed and 65 men were killed. Mohawk took Gallant in tow toward Malta while the Force B cruisers provided protection from air attacks. Convoys MC 4 and MW 5 arrived at Malta and convoy ME 6 departed for Alexandria.
Fulmars from Illustrious shot down an Italian aircraft shadowing Force A at 09:30. Valiant avoided torpedoes launched by two SM.79s approaching under the radar horizon at 12:30. As the combat air patrol Fulmars dropped altitude to engage the SM.79s, Force A was attacked at 12:35 by 18 He 111s of KG 26 and 43 Ju 87s of StG 1 and StG 2 escorted by 10 Bf 110s of ZG 26. Illustrious completed launching Fulmar and Swordfish patrol aircraft as the attack developed. Illustrious was the main target and was enveloped in waterspouts and mist of exploding bombs. Some bombers diving from an altitude of 12,000 feet delayed bomb release until they pulled-out lower than the height of Illustrious funnel. The five air patrol Fulmars had not returned from chasing the SM.79s which attacked Valiant and the four recently launched Fulmars were unable to gain altitude rapidly enough to break up the attack. The Fulmars claimed eight enemy aircraft during the bombing of Force A as they shuttled to Malta airfields to refuel and re-arm. Warspite was lightly damaged by a bomb. Illustrious was hit by five bombs, including one which failed to explode and a near miss disabled her rudder mechanism. A bomb striking a lowered elevator caused extensive hangar damage, with many casualties among aircraft maintenance personnel, nine Swordfish and five Fulmars destroyed. At 15:30 Illustrious headed for Malta steering with engines. The bombing attacks continued. Seven SM.79s were discouraged by heavy anti-aircraft fire but an attack by six Italian Ju 87s at 16:00 scored another bomb hit and two near misses. Fourteen German Ju 87s missed Valiant and Janus and a later attack by 14 He 111s was similarly ineffective. Illustrious reached Malta at 21:30 and would suffer 126 dead and 91 wounded by the time she departed from Malta.
11 January
Gallant was beached in Malta's Grand Harbor at dawn and never repaired. As Mohawk and the Force B cruisers steamed from Malta to rejoin Force A, they were surprised by 12 Ju 87R dive bombers of II/St.G.2 attacking out of the sun at 15:20. Gloucester was hit by a bomb which failed to explode and Southampton was hit by two bombs, which killed eighty men and started fires, requiring the ship to be scuttled east of Malta. Force H returned to Gibraltar.
12 January
Force A was reinforced west of Crete by Force B, the cruisers of Force D, and from Alexandria.
13 January
Convoy ME 6 arrived at Alexandria.
The Illustrious blitz
What Maltese called the Illustrious Blitz began when bomb stocks depleted during the attacks of 10 and 11 January were replenished and the Axis made a maximum effort to destroy Illustrious before she could be repaired. Illustrious and Essex were hit during an air raid on 16 January. Ten Macchi C.202s, ten CR.42s and twenty Bf 110s escorted 44 Ju 87s. Bombs exploding in Grand Harbour killed numerous fish, that were collected after the raid and eaten. Illustrious was not seriously damaged but a bomb exploded in Essex engine room killing 15 men and wounding 23 more. There was another heavy air raid on 17 January and Illustrious was again hit in an air raid on 18 January. Illustrious was not damaged by the last big attack on 19 January. Illustrious departed Malta on 23 January but her Fulmars remained for the defence of the island. Illustrious was able to complete additional repairs after reaching Alexandria on 25 January but restoration of full combat effectiveness required a trip to United States shipyards.
Losses
Fairey Fulmar fighters and AA gunners of the Royal Navy shot down at least seven aircraft on 10 January 1941, in defence of Illustrious, while one Fulmar was lost. No merchantmen were lost during Excess but the Royal Navy lost one cruiser sunk and a destroyer damaged beyond repair.
See also
Battle of the Mediterranean
Malta Convoys
Notes
Footnotes
Sources
Brown, David Warship Losses of World War II Naval Institute Press (1995)
Pack, S.W.C. The Battle for Crete Naval Institute Press (1973)
Pegg, Martin Luftwaffe Ground Attack Units 1939–45 Sky Books Press, NY 1977.
Smith, Peter C. Junkers Ju 87 Stuka Crowood Press, Ramsbury, 1998.
Balkans campaign (World War II)
Allied naval victories in the battle of the Mediterranean
Malta Convoys
Naval aviation operations and battles
Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
January 1941 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Excess |
Buffalo Public Schools serves approximately 31,000 students in Buffalo, New York, It is located in Erie County of western New York and operates nearly 70 facilities.
History
The Buffalo Public School System was started in 1838, 13 years after the completion of the Erie Canal and only 6 years after the 1832 incorporation of the City of Buffalo. Buffalo was the first city in the state of New York to have a free public education system supported by local taxes. Although New York City had a free public education system prior to 1838, NYC obtained additional funding through private donations and sources. Buffalo Public Schools' first Superintendent of Schools, Oliver Gray Steele (1805–1879), was a prominent and successful business man. Originally from Connecticut, Steele relocated to Buffalo in 1827. He held three different terms as Superintendent between 1838 and 1852, during which twelve new elementary facilities were built, bringing the total to 15 elementary buildings. A building for a dedicated high school was also purchased during this time. Steele is credited as being the "Father of the Public Schools of Buffalo" as his reorganization of the schools in Buffalo enabled children to have access to a free public education. Over 35 people have held the position of Superintendent of Buffalo Public Schools since that time.
Administration
The Board of Education of the Buffalo City School District is the policy-making body for the Buffalo Public Schools, as provided by the Constitution of New York, and is under the general supervision of the New York State Education Department. The board consists of nine members elected by popular vote of District residents.
Schools
Elementary schools
Except where noted, all schools serve Grades PreK-8
D'Youville Porter Campus School, Front Park
Buffalo Elementary School of Technology, Willert Park
Early Childhood Center 17, Cold Springs
Dr. Antonia Pantoja Community School of Academic Excellence, Front Park
Native American Magnet School, Grant Ferry
Hillery Park Elementary School, Seneca
Frank A. Sedita Academy, Front Park
Harriet Ross Tubman School, Emslie
Bennett Park Montessori School, Willert Park
Bilingual Center, First Ward
Marva J. Daniel Futures Preparatory School, Medical Park
Lovejoy Discovery School, Lovejoy
International School, Grant Ferry
School 48 @ MLK, Medical Park
North Park Community School, North Park
Community School, Kingsley
Dr. George E. Blackman School of Excellence, #54, Parkside
Dr. Charles R. Drew Science Magnet, MLK Park
Annex 59, Polonia
Arthur O. Eve School of Distinction, Leroy
Frederick Law Olmsted School, Park Meadow
Roosevelt Early Childhood Center, Riverside
Discovery School, South Abbott
Houghton Academy, Kaisertown
Lorraine Elementary School, Abbott McKinley
Hamlin Park Claude & Ouida Clapp Academy, Hamlin Park
Herman Badillo Bilingual Academy, Columbus
William J. Grabiarz School of Excellence, Military
Highgate Heights School, Kensington
School 81, North Park
Early Childhood Center 82, Kenfield
Health Care Center for Children, Grider
Dr. Lydia T. Wright School of Excellence, Grider
B.U.I.L.D. Community School, MLK Park
Southside Elementary School, Seneca
West Hertel Academy, Military
Waterfront Elementary School, Columbus
Harvey Austin School, Emerson
Stanley Makowski Early Childhood Center, Kingsley
Secondary schools
Except where noted, all schools serve Grades 9-12
Defunct schools
References
External links
New York State Education Department
Buffalo City Schools New York State Report Card 2007
1838 establishments in New York (state)
Education in Buffalo, New York
School districts established in 1838
School districts in Erie County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%20Public%20Schools |
In the seventh century the pagan Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity () mainly by missionaries sent from Rome. Irish missionaries from Iona, who were proponents of Celtic Christianity, were influential in the conversion of
Northumbria, but after the Synod of Whitby in 664, the Anglo-Saxon church gave its allegiance to the Pope.
Background
Christianity in Roman Britain dates to at least the 3rd century. It was introduced by tradesmen, immigrants, and legionaries. In 314, three bishops from Britain attended the Council of Arles. They were Eborius from the city of Eboracum (York), Restitutus from the city of Londinium (London), and Adelfius (the location of his see is uncertain). The presence of these three bishops indicates that by the early 4th century, the British church was already organised on a regional basis and had a distinct episcopal hierarchy. It is unclear how widely the Romano-British people adopted Christianity. Archaeological evidence from Roman villas indicates that some aristocrats were Christians, but there is little evidence for the existence of urban churches.
Roman rule ended in the 5th century, and Romano-British society collapsed. Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain began during the same period. The Anglo-Saxons were a mix of invaders, migrants, and acculturated indigenous people. Before the withdrawal of the Romans, Germanic militia had been stationed in Britain as foederati. After the departure of the Roman army, the Britons recruited the Anglo-Saxons to defend Britain, but they rebelled against their British hosts in 442. The newcomers eventually conquered England, and their religion, Anglo-Saxon paganism, became dominant. The Britons of Wales and Cornwall, however, continued to practice Christianity.
Kent
At the end of the 6th century the most powerful ruler among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was Æthelberht of Kent, whose lands extended north to the River Humber. He married a Frankish princess, Bertha of Paris, daughter of Charibert I and his wife Ingoberga. There were strong trade connections between Kent and the Franks. The marriage was agreed to on the condition that she be allowed to practice her religion. She brought her chaplain, Liudhard, with her. A former Roman church was restored for Bertha just outside the City of Canterbury. Dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours, it served as her private chapel.
Gregorian mission
In 595, Pope Gregory I dispatched Augustine, prior of Gregory's own monastery of St Andrew in Rome, to head the mission to Kent. Augustine arrived on the Isle of Thanet in 597 and established his base at the main town of Canterbury. Æthelberht converted to Christianity sometime before 601; other conversions then followed. The following year, he established the Monastery of SS. Peter and Paul. After Augustine's death in 604, the monastery was named after him and eventually became a missionary school.
Through the influence of Æthelberht, his nephew Sæberht of Essex also converted, as did Rædwald of East Anglia, although Rædwald also retained an altar to the old gods. In 601 Pope Gregory sent additional missioners to assist Augustine. Among them was the monk Mellitus. Gregory wrote the Epistola ad Mellitum advising him that local temples be Christianized and asked Augustine to Christianize pagan practices, so far as possible, into dedication ceremonies or feasts of martyrs in order to ease the transition to Christianity. In 604 Augustine consecrated Mellitus as Bishop of the East Saxons. He established his see at London at a church probably founded by Æthelberht, rather than Sæberht. Another of Augustine's associates was Justus for whom Æthelberht built a church near Rochester, Kent.
Upon Augustine's death around 604, he was succeeded as archbishop by Laurence of Canterbury, a member of the original mission.
The North
After the departure of the Romans, the church in Britain continued in isolation from that on the continent and developed some differences in approach. Their version of tradition is often called "Celtic Christianity". It tended to be more monastic-centered than the Roman, which favored a diocesan administration, and differed on the style of tonsure, and dating of Easter. The southern and east coasts were the areas settled first and in greatest numbers by the settlers and so were the earliest to pass from Romano-British to Anglo-Saxon control. The British clergy continued to remain active in the north and west. After meeting with Augustine, around 603, the British bishops refused to recognize him as their archbishop. His successor, Laurence of Canterbury, said Bishop Dagán had refused to either share a roof with the Roman missionaries or to eat with them. There is no indication that the British clergy made any attempts to convert the Anglo-Saxons.
When Æthelfrith of Bernicia seized the neighboring kingdom of Deira, Edwin, son of Ælla of Deira fled into exile. Around 616, at the Battle of Chester, Æthelfrith ordered his forces to attack a body of monks from the Abbey of Bangor-on-Dee, "If then they cry to their God against us, in truth, though they do not bear arms, yet they fight against us, because they oppose us by their prayers." Shortly after, Æthelfrith was killed in battle against Edwin, who with the support of Rædwald of East Anglia claimed the throne. Edwin married the Christian Æthelburh of Kent, daughter of Æthelberht, and sister of King Eadbald of Kent. A condition of their marriage was that she be allowed to continue the practice of her religion. When Æthelburh traveled north to Edwin's court, she was accompanied by the missioner Paulinus of York. Edwin eventually became a Christian, as did members of his court. When Edwin was killed in 633 at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, Æthelburh and her children returned to her brother's court in Kent, along with Paulinus. James the Deacon remained behind to serve as a missioner in the kingdom of Lindsey, but Bernicia and Deira reverted to heathenism.
Insular missions
The introduction of Christianity to Ireland dates to sometime before the 5th century, presumably in interactions with Roman Britain. In 431, Pope Celestine I consecrated Palladius a bishop and sent him to Ireland to minister to the "Scots believing in Christ". Monks from Ireland, such as Finnian of Clonard, studied in Britain at the monastery of Cadoc the Wise, at Llancarfan and other places. Later, as monastic institutions were founded in Ireland, monks from Britain, such as Ecgberht of Ripon and Chad of Mercia, went to Ireland. In 563 Columba arrived in Dál Riata from his homeland of Ireland and was granted land on Iona. This became the centre of his evangelising mission to the Picts.
When Æthelfrith of Northumbria was killed in battle against Edwin and Rædwald at the River Idle in 616, his sons fled into exile. Some of that time was spent in the kingdom of Dál Riata, where Oswald of Northumbria became Christian. At the death of Edwin's successors at the hand of Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd, Oswald returned from exile and laid claim to the throne. He defeated the combined forces of Cadwallon and Penda of Mercia at the Battle of Heavenfield. In 634, Oswald, who had spent time in exile at Iona, asked abbot Ségéne mac Fiachnaí to send missioners to Northumbria. At first, a bishop named Cormán was sent, but he alienated many people by his harshness, and returned in failure to Iona reporting that the Northumbrians were too stubborn to be converted. Aidan criticised Cormán's methods and was soon sent as his replacement.<ref>[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/52.html Kiefer, James E., "Aidan of Lindisfarne, Missionary", Biographical Sketches of memorable Christians of the past", Society of Archbishop Justus. 29 August 1999]</ref> Oswald gave Aidan the island of Lindisfarne, near the royal court at Bamburgh Castle. Since Oswald was fluent in both one of the and Irish, he often served as interpreter for Aidan. Aidan built churches, monasteries and schools throughout Northumbria. Lindisfarne became an important centre of Insular Christianity under Aidan, Cuthbert, Eadfrith and Eadberht. Cuthbert's tomb became a center for pilgrimage.
Monastic foundations
Around 630 Eanswith, daughter of Eadbald of Kent, founded Folkestone Priory.
William of Malmesbury says Rædwald had a step-son, Sigeberht of East Anglia, who spent some time in exile in Gaul, where he became a Christian. After his step-brother Eorpwald was killed, Sigeberht returned and became ruler of the East Angles. Sigeberht's conversion may have been a factor in his achieving royal power, since at that time Edwin of Northumbria and Eadbald of Kent were Christian. Around 631, Felix of Burgundy arrived in Canterbury and Archbishop Honorius sent him to Sigeberht. Alban Butler says Sigeberht met Felix during his time in Gaul and was behind Felix's coming to Anglo-Saxon England. Felix established his episcopal see at Dommoc and a monastery at Soham Abbey. Although Felix's early training may have been influenced by the Irish tradition of Luxeuil Abbey, his loyalty to Canterbury ensured that the church in East Anglia adhered to Roman norms. Around 633, Sigeberht welcomed from Ireland, Fursey and his brothers Foillan and Ultan and gave them land to establish an abbey at Cnobheresburg. Felix and Fursey effected a number of conversions and established many churches in Sigeberht's kingdom. Around the same time Sigeberht established a monastery at Beodricesworth.
Hilda of Whitby was the grand-niece of Edwin of Northumbria. In 627 Edwin and his household were baptized Christian. When Edwin was killed in the Battle of Hatfield Chase, the widowed Queen Æthelburh, her children, and Hilda returned to Kent, now ruled by Æthelburh's brother, Eadbald of Kent. Æthelburh established Lyminge Abbey, one of the first religious houses to be founded in the new Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. It was a double monastery, built on Roman ruins. Æthelburh was the first abbess. It is assumed that Hilda remained with the Queen-Abbess. Nothing further is known of Hild until around 647 when having decided not to join her older sister Hereswith at Chelles Abbey in Gaul, Hild returned north. (Chelles had been founded by Bathild, the Anglo-Saxon queen consort of Clovis II.) Hild settled on a small parcel of land near the mouth of the river Ware, where under the direction of Aidan of Lindisfarne, she took up religious life. In 649, he appointed her abbess of the double monastery of Hartlepool Abbey, previously founded by the Irish recluse Hieu. In 655, in thanksgiving for his victory over Penda of Mercia at the Battle of the Winwæd, King Oswiu brought his year old daughter Ælfflæd to his kinswoman Hilda to be brought up at the abbey. (Hild was the grand-niece of Edwin of Northumbria; Oswiu was the son of Edwin's sister Acha.) Two years later, Oswiu established a double monastery at Streoneshalh, (later known as Whitby), and appointed Hild abbess. Ælfflæd then grew up there. The abbey became the leading royal nunnery of the kingdom of Deira, a centre of learning, and burial-place of the royal family.
Resolving blood feuds
Eormenred of Kent was the son of King Eadbald and grandson of King Æthelberht of Kent. Upon the death of his father, his brother Eorcenberht became king. The description of Eormenred as king may indicate that he ruled jointly with his brother or, alternatively, that as sub-king in a particular area. Upon his death, his two young sons were entrusted to the care of their uncle King Eorcenberht, who was succeeded upon his death by his son Ecgberht. Through the connivance of King Ecgberht's advisor Thunor, the sons of Eormenred were murdered. The king was viewed as having either acquiesced or given the order. In order to quench the family feud which this kinslaying would have provoked, Ecgberht agreed to pay a weregild for the murdered princelings to their sister. (Weregild was an important legal mechanism in early Germanic society; the other common form of legal reparation at this time was blood revenge. The payment was typically made to the family or to the clan.) The legend claims that Domne Eafe was offered (or requested) as much land as her pet hind could run around in a single lap. The result, whether miraculous or by the owner's guidance, was that she gained some eighty sulungs of land on Thanet as weregild, on which to establish the double monastery of St. Mildred's at Minster-in-Thanet. (cf. the story of St. Brigid's miraculous cloak).
A similar situation arose in the North. Eanflæd was the daughter of King Edwin of Northumbria. Her maternal grandfather was King Æthelberht of Kent. She was married to Oswiu, King of Bernicia. In 651, after seven years of peaceful rule, Oswiu declared war on Oswine, King of neighboring Deira. Oswine, who belonged to the rival Deiran royal family, was Oswiu's maternal second cousin.
Oswine refused to engage in battle, instead retreating to Gilling and the home of his friend, Earl Humwald. Humwald betrayed Oswine, delivering him to Oswiu's soldiers by whom Oswine was put to death. In Anglo-Saxon culture, it was assumed that the nearest kinsmen to a murdered person would seek to avenge the death or require some other kind of justice on account of it (such as the payment of weregild). However, Oswine's nearest kinsman was Oswiu's own wife, Eanflæd, also second cousin to Oswine. In compensation for her kinsman's murder, Eanflæd demanded a substantial weregild, which she then used to establish Gilling Abbey. The monastery was staffed in part by the relatives of both of their families, and given the task of offering prayers for both Oswiu's salvation and Oswine's departed soul. By founding the monastery shortly after Oswine's death, Oswiu and Eanflæd avoided the creation of a feud.
Synod of Whitby (664)
By the early 660s, Insular Christianity received from the monks of Iona was standard in the north and west, while the Roman tradition brought by Augustine was the practice in the south. In the Northumbrian court King Oswiu followed the tradition of the missionary monks from Iona, while Queen Eanflæd, who had been brought up in Kent followed the Roman tradition. The result was that one portion of the court would be celebrating Easter, while the other was still observing the Lenten fast.
At that time, Kent, Essex, and East Anglia were following Roman practice. Oswiu's eldest son, Alhfrith, son of Rhiainfellt of Rheged, seems to have supported the Roman position. Cenwalh of Wessex recommended Wilfrid, a Northumbrian churchman who had recently returned from Rome, to Alhfrith as a cleric well-versed in Roman customs and liturgy. Alhfrith gave Wilfrid a monastery he had recently founded at Ripon, with Eata, abbot of Melrose Abbey and former student of Aidan of Lindisfarne. Wilfrid ejected Abbot Eata, because he would not conform to Roman customs; and Eata returned to Melrose. Cuthbert, the guest-master was also expelled. Wilfrid introduced a form of the Rule of Saint Benedict into Ripon.
In 664, King Oswiu convened a meeting at Hild's monastery to discuss the matter. The Celtic party was led by Abbess Hilda, and bishops Colmán of Lindisfarne and Cedd of Læstingau. (In 653, upon the occasion of the marriage of Oswiu's daughter Alchflaed with Peada of Mercia, Oswiu had sent Cedd to evangelize the Middle Angles of Mercia.) The Roman party was led by Wilfrid and Agilbert.
The meeting did not proceed entirely smoothly due to variety of languages spoken, which probably included Old Irish, Old English, Frankish and Old Welsh, as well as Latin. Bede recounted that Cedd interpreted for both sides. Cedd's facility with the languages, together with his status as a trusted royal emissary, likely made him a key figure in the negotiations. His skills were seen as an eschatological sign of the presence of the Holy Spirit, in contrast to the Biblical account of the Tower of Babel.
Colman appealed to the practice of St. John; Wilfrid to St. Peter. Oswiu decided to follow Roman rather than Celtic rite, saying ""I dare not longer contradict the decrees of him who keeps the doors of the Kingdom of Heaven, lest he should refuse me admission". Some time after the conference Colman resigned the see of Lindisfarne and returned to Ireland.
Anglo-Saxon saints
A number of Anglo-Saxon saints are connected to royalty. King Æthelberht of Kent and his wife Queen Bertha were later regarded as saints for their role in establishing Christianity among the Anglo-Saxons. Their granddaughter Eanswith founded Folkestone Priory, in 630 the first monastery in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms for women. Her aunt Æthelburh founded Lyminge Abbey about four miles northwest of Folkestone on the south coast of Kent around 634. In a number of instances, the individual retired from court to take up the religious life. The sisters Mildrith, Mildburh, and Mildgyth, great granddaughters of King Æthelberht and Queen Bertha, and all abbesses at various convents, were revered as saints. Ceolwulf of Northumbria abdicated his throne and entered the monastery at Lindisfarne.
In some cases, where the death of a member of royalty appears to be largely politically motivated, it was viewed as martyrdom due to the circumstances. The murdered princes Æthelred and Æthelberht were later commemorated as saints and martyrs. Oswine of Deira was betrayed by a trusted friend to soldiers of his enemy and kinsman Oswiu of Bernicia. Bede described Oswine as "most generous to all men and above all things humble; tall of stature and of graceful bearing, with pleasant manner and engaging address". Likewise, the sons of Arwald of the Isle of Wight were betrayed to Cædwalla of Wessex, but because they were converted and baptized by Abbot Cynibert of Hreutford immediately before being executed, they were considered saints. Edward the Martyr was stabbed to death on a visit to his stepmother Queen Ælfthryth and his stepbrother, the boy Æthelred while dismounting from his horse, although there is no indication that he was particularly noted for virtue.
Royalty could use their affiliation to such cults in order to claim legitimacy against competitors to the throne. A dynasty may have had accrued prestige for having a saint in its family. Promoting a particular cult may have aided a royal family in claiming political dominance over an area, particularly if that area was recently conquered.
Anglo-Saxon mission on the Continent
In 644, the twenty-five year old Ecgberht of Ripon was a student at the monastery of Rath Melsigi when he and many others fell ill of the plague. He vowed that if he recovered, he would become a perpetual pilgrimage from his homeland of Britain and would lead a life of penitential prayer and fasting. He began to organize a mission to the Frisians, but was dissuaded from going by a vision related to him by a monk who had been a disciple of Saint Boisil, prior of Melrose. Ecgberht then recruited others.
Around 677, Wilfrid, bishop of York quarreled with King Ecgfrith of Northumbria and was expelled from his see. Wilfrid went to Rome to appeal Ecgfrith's decision. On the way he stopped in Utrecht at the court of Aldgisl, the rulers of the Frisians, for most of 678. Wilfrid may have been blown off course on his trip from Anglo-Saxon lands to the continent, and ended up in Frisia; or he may have intended to journey via Frisia to avoid Neustria, whose Mayor of the Palace, Ebroin, disliked Wilfrid. While Wilfrid was at Aldgisl's court, Ebroin offered a bushel of gold coins in return for Wilfrid, alive or dead. Aldgisl's hospitality to Wilfrid was in defiance of Frankish domination.
The first missioner was Wihtberht who went to Frisia about 680 and labored for two years with the permission of Aldgisl; but being unsuccessful, Wihtberht returned to Briiain. Willibrord grew up under the influence of Wilfrid, studied under Ecgberht of Ripon, and spent twelve years at the Abbey of Rath Melsigi. Around 690, Ecgberht sent him and eleven companions to Christianise the Frisians. In 695 Willibrord was consecrated in Rome, Bishop of Utrecht. In 698 he established the Abbey of Echternach on the site of a Roman villa donated by the Austrasian noblewoman Irmina of Oeren. Aldgisl's successor Redbad was less supportive than his father, likely because the missionaries were favored by Pepin of Herstal, who sought to expand his territory into Frisia.
In 716, Boniface joined Willibrord in Utrecht. Their efforts were frustrated by the war between Charles Martel and Redbad, King of the Frisians. Willibrord fled to the abbey he had founded in Echternach, while Boniface returned to the Benedictine monastery at Nhutscelle. The following year he traveled to Rome, where he was commissioned by Pope Gregory II as a traveling missionary bishop for Germania.
Benedictine reform
The Benedictine reform was led by Saint Dunstan over the latter half of the 10th century. It sought to revive church piety by replacing secular canons- often under the direct influence of local landowners, and often their relatives- with celibate monks, answerable to the ecclesiastical hierarchy and ultimately to the Pope. This deeply split the newly formed kingdom of England, bringing it to the point of civil war, with the East Anglian nobility (such as Athelstan Half-King, Byrhtnoth) supporting Dunstan and the Wessex aristocracy (Ordgar, Æthelmær the Stout) supporting the secularists. These factions mobilised around King Eadwig (anti-Dunstan) and his brother King Edgar (pro). On the death of Edgar, his son Edward the Martyr was assassinated by the anti-Dunstan faction and their candidate, the young king Æthelred was placed on the throne. However this "most terrible deed since the English came from over the sea" provoked such a revulsion that the secularists climbed down, although Dunstan was effectively retired.
This split fatally weakened the country in the face of renewed Viking attacks.
Church organisation
Under papal authority, the English church was divided into two ecclesiastical provinces, each led by a metropolitan or archbishop. In the south, the Province of Canterbury was led by the archbishop of Canterbury. It was originally to be based at London, but Augustine and his successors remained at Canterbury instead. In the north, the Province of York was led by the archbishop of York. Theoretically, neither archbishop had precedence over the other. In reality, the south was wealthier than the north, and the result was that Canterbury dominated.
In 669, Theodore of Tarsus became Archbishop of Canterbury. In 672 he convened the Council of Hertford which was attended by a number of bishops from across the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. This Council was a milestone in the organization of the Anglo-Saxon Church, as the decrees passed by its delegates focused on issues of authority and structure within the church. Afterwards Theodore, visiting the whole of Anglo-Saxon held lands, consecrated new bishops and divided up the vast dioceses which in many cases were coextensive with the kingdoms of the heptarchy.
Initially, the diocese was the only administrative unit in the Anglo-Saxon church. The bishop served the diocese from a cathedral town with the help of a group of priests known as the bishop's familia. These priests would baptise, teach and visit the remoter parts of the diocese. Familiae were placed in other important settlements, and these were called minsters.
In the late 10th century, the Benedictine Reform movement helped to restore monasticism in England after the Viking attacks of the 9th century. The most prominent reformers were Archbishop Dunstan of Canterbury (959–988), Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester (963–984), and Archbishop Oswald of York (971–992). The reform movement was supported by King Edgar (). One result of the reforms was the creation of monastic cathedrals at Canterbury, Worcester, Winchester, and Sherborne. These were staffed by cloistered monks, while other cathedrals were staffed by secular clergy called canons. By 1066, there were over 45 monasteries in England, and monks were chosen as bishops more often than in other parts of western Europe.
Most villages would have had a church by 1042, as the parish system developed as an outgrowth of manorialism. The parish church was a private church built and endowed by the lord of the manor, who retained the right to nominate the parish priest. The priest supported himself by farming his glebe and was also entitled to other support from parishioners. The most important was the tithe, the right to collect one-tenth of all produce from land or animals. Originally, the tithe was a voluntary gift, but the church successfully made it a compulsory tax by the 10th century.
By 1000, there were eighteen dioceses in England: Canterbury, Rochester, London, Winchester, Dorchester, Ramsbury, Sherborne, Selsey, Lichfield, Hereford, Worcester, Crediton, Cornwall, Elmham, Lindsey, Wells, York and Durham. To assist bishops in supervising the parishes and monasteries within their dioceses, the office of archdeacon was created. Once a year, the bishop would summon parish priests to the cathedral for a synod.
Church and state
The church was a wealthy institution—owning 25 to 33 per cent of all land according to the Domesday Book. This meant that bishops and abbots had the same status as secular magnates, and it was vital that kings appointed loyal men to these influential offices.
The king was regarded not only as the head of the church but also "the vicar of Christ among a Christian folk". Kings were able to "govern the church largely unimpeded" by appointing bishops and abbots. Bishops were chosen by the king and tended to be recruited from among royal chaplains or monasteries. The bishop-elect was then presented at a synod where clerical approval was obtained and consecration followed. The appointment of an archbishop was more complicated and required approval from the pope. The Archbishop of Canterbury had to travel to Rome to receive the pallium, his symbol of office. These visits to Rome and the payments that accompanied them (such as Peter's Pence) was a point of contention.
See also
Celtic Christianity
List of Anglo-Saxon saints
List of members of the Gregorian mission
References
Bibliography
Chaney, William A. (1960) Paganism to Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England .
Chaney, William A. (1970). The cult of kingship in Anglo-Saxon England: the transition from paganism to Christianity (Manchester University Press)
Higham, N. J. (2006) (Re-)Reading Bede: the "Ecclesiastical History" in Context. London: Routledge ;
Thomas, Charles (1981) Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500, London: Batsford
Yorke, Barbara (2006) The Conversion of Britain'', Harlow: Pearson Education
Further reading
Accessed on 10 May 2009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity%20in%20Anglo-Saxon%20England |
The North Province (French province Nord) is one of three administrative subdivisions in New Caledonia. It corresponds to the northern and northeastern portion of the New Caledonian mainland.
The provincial government seat is at Koné.
Provincial Congress
Of the 22 seats in the provincial congress, the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front holds 11, the Caledonian Union has 7, the Rally for Caledonia in the Republic has 3, and Future Together has 1.
See also
Politics of New Caledonia
References
Provinces of New Caledonia
Geography of New Caledonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Province%2C%20New%20Caledonia |
The Pittsburgh, Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway, commonly called the Harmony Line, was a broad gauge interurban streetcar line connecting Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States to Butler and New Castle via Harmony and a split at Evans City. There was also an extension that was later added to the line from Ellwood City to Beaver Falls.
The company had a freight station in downtown Pittsburgh on the north side of Duquesne Way just west of Barbeau Street. This connected to trackage on Duquesne Way.
History
Pittsburgh, Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway
The railway was developed by business partners Russel H. Boggs and Henry Buhl as an adjunct to their department store in Pittsburgh. Mr. Boggs already had a business relationship with many of the farms between Evans City and Pittsburgh and proposed exchanging the right of way across their land for one dollar, a guaranteed trolley stop and an electricity supply. A first step in consolidation of 11 small railways into Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway happened when the corporation was formed in 1906. The new corporation officers were President Stanley C. Vickers; vice President Harry Ethridge; Secretary, E.M. Baisinger; Treasurer, Mark G. Hibbs, all of Pittsburgh.
The first trolley ran to Ellwood City on July 2, 1908. At the southern end of the line Pittsburgh Railways took over the trolley for the run into Pittsburgh, as the final few miles was over their rails. In 1914 an extension along the Beaver Valley was opened. This left Ellwood City heading south west and crossed the Beaver River on Koppel Bridge which was built for the purpose. This bridge also carried vehicle and pedestrian traffic and was subject to a toll.
Pittsburgh, Mars and Butler Railway
In 1917, the railway amalgamated with the Pittsburgh and Butler Street Railway, who operated the Butler Short Line between Pittsburgh and Butler, the new company being named the Pittsburgh, Mars and Butler Railway. The new combined system had a length of . In 1922 the railway formed the Harmony Short Line Motor Transportation Company to carry freight between Bakerstown, and Butler. Bus services were introduced in 1923 alongside the Beaver Falls line, with Ellwood City and New Castle being added in 1924 and Butler to New Castle in 1925. Over the next 5 years further services were added, supplementing and paralleling trolley lines.
In April 1931, the company went into receivership. The Butler Short Line was closed on April 22, 1931 as it was in poor condition, services being absorbed into the existing PA 8 bus service. Beaver Falls – Ellwood City – New Castle services were replaced by buses on June 15, 1931. The remaining lines were replaced by buses on the same day, with the final trolley running on August 15, 1931. The stub of the Butler Short Line continued to be used by Pittsburgh Railways as the 2 Etna service until closure in 1952.
Routes in 1915
Evans City
All stops to Evans City departing Liberty and Market at 6:15 and every hour until 23:15. Change at Evans City for Butler or New Castle.
Butler Harmony route
Limited stop direct to Butler departing Liberty and Market at 7:45 and every hour until 19:45 with a late car at 23:50.
New Castle, Harmony route
Limited stop direct to New Castle departing Liberty and Market at 7:45 and every hour until 19:45 with a late car at 23:50.
Incidents
A passenger car on the Pittsburgh, Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway hit an open switch and crashed into a freight car on May 30, 1912. It was traveling at near Harmony and 38 were injured in the impact.
Raymond Robinson
In 1919, nine-year-old Raymond was severely burnt by a loose powerline, causing severe disfigurement. He became an urban legend as he only went out at night.
Preservation
Car 115 avoided being burnt when the line closed as it had mechanical problems and had been abandoned where it failed. It became a roadside diner, The Dew Drop Inn, a role it maintained until being extracted from what was now a large restaurant and recovered to the Pennsylvania Trolley Museum where it awaits restoration. In this way it avoided being burnt twice, as the inn was destroyed by fire in 1995. In addition to this car the museum also has the original Harmony dispatch board and a shelter from both the Harmony and Butler lines.
The station building in Ellwood City was retained as commercial premises. In 2007 it reopened as a donut shop and was renamed Ellwood Station as a reference to its origin. Rails remain in situ under part of the building.
Koppel Bridge, which was built for the Beaver Valley extension in 1915 still exists and carries PA 351 over the Beaver River between Ellwood City and Koppel.
Gallery
References
External links
All Aboard the Harmony Line! (includes a map)
1929 Hopkins plat map – Volume 10 – Central Pittsburgh: Wards 1–3: Plate 10 (shows the downtown freight station)
Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Interurban railways in Pennsylvania
Transportation in Pittsburgh
History of Pittsburgh
5 ft 2½ in gauge railways in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh%2C%20Harmony%2C%20Butler%20and%20New%20Castle%20Railway |
Woodman's Markets is an employee-owned American regional supermarket chain based in Janesville, Wisconsin. Founded in 1919 as a produce stand, Woodman's has grown to operate nineteen stores in Wisconsin and northern Illinois. Woodman's appeared on Supermarket News Top 50 Small Chains & Independents list since 2010. All Woodman's locations are open 24 hours a day and have a gas station/convenience store close to the main building.
History
Woodman's Markets was started in 1919 by John Woodman as a produce stand on the corner of Milton and Sherman Avenues in Janesville. John's son, Willard, later joined his father and in 1921 they built an indoor location on the original produce stand corner. The company continued to grow throughout the middle of the 20th century and in 1956 opened a second Janesville location. The original two stores eventually closed and were replaced by one larger store in 1973. Willard's son, Phil, joined him in managing the company in the 1960s, and remains president today. In 1971 Woodman's opened its first location outside Janesville, in neighboring Beloit. In 1975 Woodman's became the first Wisconsin-based grocery store to begin using UPC scanners.
Since the late 1970s, Woodman's has opened 15 stores throughout Wisconsin and Illinois. The Kenosha location, which opened in 1997, was the largest grocery store in the United States at the time. The 2001 opening of the Rockford, Illinois, store marked the first Woodman's store outside Wisconsin. Woodman's was privately owned by the Woodman family until 1998, when it became a 100 percent employee owned company. In March 2008, Woodman's hit $1 billion in annual sales.
The company previously owned a stake in Roundy's, now a key regional competitor.
Store layout and sales model
Woodman's stores are based on a modified warehouse model, with stores in the 200-250,000+ square foot range. Most new locations are built as an anchor store with several smaller outlets surrounding the store. The company prefers not to take on debt so it opens new stores only every 2–3 years, and remodels existing stores in between opening new stores.
Prices at Woodman's are lower than at many large grocery store chains because of their bulk purchasing model. Most items are stocked on the shelves by employees, but special bulk purchases and other items are sometimes shelved in their shipping cases or stacked in the aisles.
The store brand is Shurfine, which is one of the many brands of Elk Grove Village, Illinois-based private label co-op Topco Associates.
Woodman's allows payment by cash, check, Discover card, PIN-based debit cards and EBT. Discover card is the exclusive credit of Woodman’s.
All Woodman's locations are open 24 hours and have 24 hour gas stations in close proximity to the main store. While the pumps themselves are 24 hours, each station has a convenience store that operates from 7:15am to 6:45pm. A car wash and fast multi-bay oil change operations are often attached to the convenience stores and operate with slightly reduced hours compared to the convenience stores. Shopping carts are varied, offering electric carts, oversized carts, carts that allow children to be strapped in, and carts for adults with special needs.
All Woodman's stores contain a large liquor store within the same building as the grocery store, but with a separate entrance, hours of operation, and check-lanes. Store policy mandates that shoppers pay for all food and non-alcoholic beverage items separately from any alcohol.
Woodman's partners with GrocerKey to offer online shopping with pick up or delivery.
Employee benefits
Despite the company being employee owned, Phil Woodman created controversy in December 2009 by eliminating the company's mental health coverage, complaining that patients could rack up uncontrolled costs for the company.
Locations
Woodman's has nineteen locations:
Illinois
Carpentersville
North Aurora
Rockford
Buffalo Grove
Lakemoor
Bloomingdale
Wisconsin
Altoona
Appleton
Beloit
Green Bay
Janesville
Kenosha
Madison West
Madison East
Menomonee Falls
Oak Creek
Onalaska
Sun Prairie
Waukesha
References
External links
Woodman's Markets website
American companies established in 1919
Retail companies established in 1919
Retail companies based in Wisconsin
Janesville, Wisconsin
Supermarkets of the United States
Employee-owned companies of the United States
1919 establishments in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodman%27s%20Markets |
James Blair Jr. served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1769 to 1770.
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Blair%20Jr. |
Stephen James Kmetko (born February 16, 1953) is an American broadcast and entertainment journalist. First working as a news anchor and reporter in the US midwest, Kmetko moved to Los Angeles, California and embarked on a 30-year career as an entertainment journalist and television news show host.
Kmetko came out as gay in 1999, becoming one of the first prominent openly gay journalists in America.
Early life and education
Kmetko was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the fifth of Rev. Andrew and Alice Gladys (née Newman) Kmetko's five children. Kmetko graduated from William Howard Taft High School in Chicago, Illinois in 1970. Kmetko graduated in 1976 with a degree in Broadcast Journalism from Columbia College Chicago.
Broadcast career
News reporter
Kmetko created his broadcast reporting career. "My first job was in Rhinelander, Wisconsin. I was visiting some friends there on vacation." After watching the local news team, Kmetko says he called the station, and insisted he could do a better job. "They sat me down in front of a camera and told me to read. A week later the station hired him.
Moving on, Kmetko became a weekend anchor and general assignment reporter for WAVE TV in Louisville, Kentucky and WOTV (now WOOD-TV) in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Entertainment reporter
In 1982, Kmetko was hired as a general assignment reporter by CBS's Los Angeles affiliate KCBS, later moving to a four day a week schedule as entertainment reporter at that station.
Kmetko said he greatly enjoyed entertainment reporting. "Fortunately for me, entertainers do not remain in Los Angeles. They film movies and attend film festivals around the world. I have had the opportunity to travel to some wonderful places."
In September 1986, Kmetko was the anchor of The Rock `N Roll Evening News, a "pop music-oriented show" created and written by producer Andy Friendly for King World Productions. Friendly had created Entertainment Tonight.
Kmetko also covered entertainment for CBS This Morning and hosted the syndicated entertainment program Studio 22.
E! News
In 1994, Kmetko was hired as co-anchor of the entertainment shows E! News Daily and E! News Weekend where he covered the Academy Awards, Golden Globes, Cannes Film Festival and other high-profile events. He "interviewed everyone who was anyone in Hollywood". Kmetko also anchored the E! Entertainment Report, which was fed daily to NBC affiliates nationally. In 1997, "E! News Daily" expanded from a half-hour to an hour of entertainment news. E! doubled its production staff in Los Angeles and opened a satellite bureau in New York.
Later career
Kmetko hosted the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association’s Excellence in Journalism Awards on October 4. 2005, at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, California.
In 2006, Kmetko was hired as the anchor, producer and writer of Q Television Network World News.
In May 2007, Kmetko was hired as a general assignment reporter for Los Angeles's KTTV Fox 11 News.
Kmetko has served as producer and reporter of several video segments on California's gay-marriage ruling for theadvocate.com, the website of the gay news magazine The Advocate.
Personal life
For years, Kmetko avoided discussing his private life in interviews. In 1999, however, he was interviewed by The Advocate magazine's Editor-in-Chief Judy Wieder. Kmetko discussed his past closeted life and how he had decided to be open about his being gay. His reason:
When asked about the process of "coming out", Kmetko said:
Actor resumé
Kmetko is an actor, known for Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001), Zoolander (2001) and Dave (1993).
Awards
1988 • Los Angeles Press Club Award for Best Entertainment Reporting.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
American infotainers
American reporters and correspondents
American television journalists
Columbia College Chicago alumni
People from Cleveland
American LGBT journalists
American LGBT broadcasters
American male journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Kmetko |
Gomnes is a small village in the municipality of Hole in Buskerud, Norway.
Gomnes is located on the peninsula of Røyse (Røysehalvøya) in Tyrifjorden. It is largely surrounded by areas of farmland. The area of Røyse is one of the most productive agricultural areas in the region. The area is known for its production of fruit, grains and vegetables. The village had 369 residents as of 1 January 2014.
References
Villages in Buskerud | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomnes |
Kroksund is a small village in the municipality of Hole, in Buskerud, Norway.
Kroksund is located just west of Sundvollen. The village had 319 residents as of 1 January 2014. European Route 16 passes over the Kroksundet sound on Steinsfjorden at Kroksund bridge which runs over the islands of Sundøya and Slettøya. Kongens utsikt situated across Steinsfjorden west of Kleivstua in Ringerike provides a panoramic view of both
Kroksund and Kroksund bridge.
References
External links
Kongens utsikt
Villages in Buskerud
Hole, Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroksund |
Sundvollen is a village in the municipality of Hole, in the county of Buskerud, Norway. Sundvollen is located along the east side of Tyrifjorden where the E16 crosses west over Steinsfjorden, the northeastern arm of Tyrifjorden, to Kroksund. The village had 801 inhabitants as of January 2009.
Sundvollen (Sundvolden) was first the name of the local farm, which included much of the local real estate. The name is connected to the formation of the lake, which narrows in this area. In the census of 1801, 71 persons lived at and nearby the farm (both farmers and serfs with their families). From the farm, the hotel sprung, possibly as a wayside inn from first. As a crucial meeting point, the farm prospered from serving travelers going up to central Ringerike.
Sundvollen is most noted for the hotels, Sundvolden and Kleivstua. Sundvolden Hotel is one of Norway's oldest hotels. It was mentioned in written sources dating from 1648. Kleivstua hotel s also an inn with long tradition. It was originally a coaching inn in 1780 which catered to travelers between Christiania and Ringerike. It was situated on the Old Royal Bergen Road (Den bergenske kongevei), the historic road between Oslo and Hadeland. Kroksund bridge, an old stone structure at Sundvollen, was included in the Old Royal Bergen Road. The road also formed part of the old Pilgrim's Route from Oslo to Trondheim.
Krokskogen is a forested area south of Sundvollen which forms part of Oslomarka. The steep Krokkleiva through Krokskogen was part of King Road (Kongevei) between Sundvollen and Kleivstua. The road was constructed in 3–6 meters wide at the end of the 1700s to raise the road standard with regard to increasing transport of charcoal to Bærums Verk in Lommedalen.
References
Other sources
Lønnå, Finn (1992) Langs Kongevei og gammel Drammensvei i Asker og Bærum (Asker og Bærum Historielag)
External links
Sundvolden Hotel
Kleivstua hotell
Krokskogen
Pictures of King's view, Krokskogen
Villages in Buskerud
Hole, Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundvollen |
Hvittingfoss is a village in the municipality of Kongsberg in Buskerud, Norway. Hvittingfoss has traditionally been associated with the manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products.
History
Prior to the municipal merger in 1964, Hvittingfoss was in Ytre Sandsvær. Hvittingfoss borders Lardal and Hof. Hvittingfoss is located about 30 kilometers from Kongsberg. The river Numedalslågen runs through the village. The village population (2005) is 1,016.
Industrial development was driven by the waterfalls of Hvittingfoss as far back as the 17th century. In 1651, there were reportedly five sawmills in the northern waterfall, called Nord-fossen. The royal privileges of Vittingfossen was given to the counts in Jarlsberg and Larvik. Industrialist Christian August Anker (1840-1912) developed Hønefoss Træsliberi which started its production of wood pulp in 1881.
The pulp and paper group Edward Lloyd Limited, owner of Lloyd's Illustrated London Newspaper and the Daily Chronicle in London, operated huge paper mills in Kemsley, England. The firm bought Hønefoss Træsliberi in 1902 in order to obtain a ready supply of wood pulp. In 1906, the Lloyd company built a paper mill on Hvittingfoss with a capacity of approx. 2000 ton press of thin paper for the Asian market. In 1916, the Lloyd firm sold all plants and waterfalls rights to a consortium led by a Captain Hjalmar Johansen. The Lloyd interests reserved the right to lease and operate the plants for 14 years. In 1932 the Lloyd company completed its business on Hvittingfoss after 30 years of operation.
Vittingfoss power plant
Vittingfoss power plant (Vittingfoss kraftverk) is located on the Numedalslågen just off the center of Hvittingfoss. The power plant was a built in conjunction with a dam in 1910. The plant has five units, four with vertical Francis turbines, and one with a Kaplan turbine.; the two eldest of approximately 4.5 MW each were put into operation in 1919 and 1920, the third (4.8 MW) in 1949, the fourth (6.8 MW) in 1981 and the fifth (14.5 MW) in 2014 .
Tuft Church
Tuft Church (Tuft kyrkje) is located just outside Hvittingfoss. The church was erected in 1880. The edifice is made of brick and has 150 seats. It was constructed as a replacement for Tupta Kirkja a stave church which had dated to the 1200s.
References
Other sources
Anker-Rasch, Ole (2006) Christian August Anker - Industripioner og grunder fra Rød Herregård (Oslo: Andresen & Butenssschøn)
External links
Hvittingfoss primary and secondary school
Villages in Buskerud
Populated places on the Numedalslågen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvittingfoss |
The Colony of British Columbia was a crown colony in British North America from 1858 until 1866 that was founded by Richard Clement Moody, who was selected to 'found a second England on the shores of the Pacific', who was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia and the first Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. Prior to the arrival of Moody's Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, the Colony's supreme authority was its Governor James Douglas, who was the Governor of the neighbouring colony of Vancouver Island.
This original colony of British Columbia did not include either the Colony of Vancouver Island, or the regions north of the Nass River and Finlay River, or the regions east of the Rocky Mountains, or any of the coastal islands, but did include the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands and from 1863 the Stikine Territory. The colony was in 1866 incorporated with the Colony of Vancouver Island to create the new Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871).
Background
The explorations of James Cook and George Vancouver, and the concessions of Spain in 1794 established British claims over the coastal area north of California. Similar claims were established inland via the explorations of such men as John Finlay, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Simon Fraser, Samuel Black, and David Thompson, and by the subsequent establishment of fur trading posts by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). However, until 1858, the region which now comprises the mainland of the Province of British Columbia was an unorganised area of British North America comprising two fur trading districts: New Caledonia, north of the Thompson River drainage; and the Columbia District, located south of the Thompson and throughout the basin of the Columbia River.
With the signing of the Treaty of Washington in 1846, which established the US border along the 49th parallel, the HBC moved the headquarters of its western operations from Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River (present day Vancouver, Washington) to the newly established Fort Victoria, on the southern tip of Vancouver Island. Vancouver Island and the surrounding Gulf Islands in the Strait of Georgia were organized as a crown colony in 1849. Meanwhile, the mainland continued to function under the de facto administration of the HBC, whose chief executive, James Douglas, was also governor of Vancouver Island. The non-Indigenous mainland population during this time never exceeded about 150 at Fort Victoria, mostly HBC employees and their families.
Governorship of James Douglas
By 1857, Americans and British were beginning to respond to rumors of gold in the Thompson River area. Almost overnight, some ten to twenty thousand men moved into the region around present-day Yale, British Columbia, sparking the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Governor Douglas - who had no legal authority over New Caledonia – stationed a gunboat at the entrance of the Fraser River to exert such authority by collecting licences from prospectors attempting to make their way upstream. To normalize its jurisdiction, and undercut any HBC claims to the resource wealth of the mainland, the district was converted to a Crown colony on 2 August 1858 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and given the name British Columbia. Douglas was offered the governorship of the new colony by the British colonial secretary, Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, provided that he sever his employment by the Hudson's Bay Company, that Douglas accepted to do, and received a knighthood.
The numerous immigration into the new colony obliged Douglas to act quickly to define regulations and to create infrastructure. Magistrates and constables were hired, mining regulations drawn up, and town sites surveyed at Yale, Hope and Fort Langley to discourage squatting on crown land. In addition, roads were constructed into the areas of greatest mining exploration around Lillooet and Lytton. The colony, however, was not immediately granted a representative colonial assembly, because of uncertainty as to whether the gold rush would yield a stable, settled population. Douglas, who had conflicted with the assembly on Vancouver Island, was relieved.
The rush indeed was short lived, and the exodus of miners, speculators, and merchants was already underway by the time the Royal Engineers had laid out the colony's new capital at New Westminster. Prospecting continued, however, and additional finds farther inland in the Cariboo region in 1860 signalled an impending second gold rush. Provisioning was already proving to be an acute problem, and with more distant finds it became clear that wagon trains would have to replace pack horses, necessitating new infrastructure.
Throughout his tenure in British Columbia, Douglas feuded with Richard Clement Moody, who was the first Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia, and the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia, whose jurisdiction overlapped with that of Douglas. Moody's offices of Chief Commissioner and Lieutenant-Governor were of 'higher prestige [and] lesser authority' than that of Douglas, whom The British Government had selected Moody to 'out manoeuvre the old Hudson's Bay Factor [Governor Douglas]'.
Foundation by Richard Clement Moody
Selection
When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London, Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Secretary of State for the Colonies, requested that the War Office recommend a field officer who was "a man of good judgement possessing a knowledge of mankind" to lead a Corps of 150 (later increased to 172) Royal Engineers who had been selected for their "superior discipline and intelligence". The War Office chose Moody: and Lord Lytton, who described Moody as his "distinguished friend", accepted their nomination, as a consequence of Moody's military record, his success as Governor of the Falkland Islands, and the distinguished record of his father, Colonel Thomas Moody, at the Colonial Office. Moody was charged to establish British order and to transform the new Colony of British Columbia into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west" and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific". Lytton desired to send to the colony "representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force": men who possessed "courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world" such as Moody, whom the Government considered to be the archetypal "English gentleman and British Officer" to command the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment. Moody's brother, Colonel Hampden Clement Blamire Moody, had already served with the Royal Engineers in Canada (mainly at Fort Garry), from 1840 to 1848, to such success that he was subsequently granted command of the regiment across the entirety of China.
Richard Clement Moody and his wife Mary Moody (of the Hawks industrial dynasty and of the Boyd merchant banking family) and their four children left England, for British Columbia, in October 1858, and arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, with the 172 Royal Engineers of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, and his secretary the freemason Robert Burnaby (after whom he subsequently named Burnaby Lake), under his command. The original Columbia Detachment consisted of 150 Royal Engineers, both sappers and officers, before it was increased to 172. Moody had three captains: Robert Mann Parsons, John Marshall Grant, and Henry Reynolds Luard. The contingent included two lieutenants, both of British landed gentry, namely Lieutenant Arthur Reid Lempriere (of Diélament, Jersey) and Lieutenant Henry Spencer Palmer, and Doctor John Vernon Seddall, and Captain William Driscoll Gosset (who was to be Colonial Treasurer and Commissary Officer), and John Sheepshanks (who was to be Chaplain of the Columbia Detachment). Moody was sworn in as the first lieutenant-governor of British Columbia and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia.
Ned McGowan's War
Moody had hoped to begin immediately the foundation of a capital city, but on his arrival at Fort Langley, he learned of an insurrection, at the settlement of Hill's Bar, by a notorious outlaw, Ned McGowan, and some restive gold miners. Moody repressed the rebellion, which became popularly known as 'Ned McGowan's War', without loss of life. Moody described the incident: The notorious Ned McGowan, of Californian celebrity at the head of a band of Yankee Rowdies defying the law! Every peaceable citizen frightened out of his wits!—Summons & warrants laughed to scorn! A Magistrate seized while on the Bench, & brought to the Rebel's camp, tried, condemned, & heavily fined! A man shot dead shortly before! Such a tale to welcome me at the close of a day of great enjoyment. Moody described the response to his success: 'They gave me a Salute, firing off their loaded Revolvers over my head—Pleasant—Balls whistling over one's head! as a compliment! Suppose a hand had dropped by accident! I stood up, & raised my cap & thanked them in the Queen's name for their loyal reception of me'.
The Foundation of British Columbia
In British Columbia, Moody 'wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness' and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, 'styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe'. Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland. He founded the new capital city, New Westminster, at a site of dense forest of Douglas pine that he selected for its strategic excellence including the quality of its port. He, in his letter to his friend Arthur Blackwood of the Colonial Office that is dated 1 February 1859, described the majestic beauty of the site:
"The entrance to the Frazer is very striking--Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands (apparently of very rich qualities) & yet fr the Background of Superb Mountains- Swiss in outline, dark in woods, grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you. Everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England's dominions on the Pacific mainland. [...] My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp-like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset. [...] The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away".
Moody designed the roads and the settlements of New Westminster, and his Royal Engineers, under Captain John Marshall Grant, built an extensive road network, including that which became Kingsway, which connected New Westminster to False Creek; and the North Road between Port Moody and New Westminster; and the Pacific terminus, at Burrard's Inlet, of Port Moody, of the Canadian and Pacific Railway (which subsequently was extended to the mouth of the Inlet and terminates now at Vancouver); and the Cariboo Road; and Stanley Park, which was an important strategic area for invaluable the eventuality of an invasion by America. He named Burnaby Lake after his secretary Robert Burnaby, and he named Port Coquitlam's 400-foot 'Mary Hill' after his wife Mary Hawks. Moody designed the first Coat of arms of British Columbia. Richard Clement Moody established Port Moody, which was subsequently named after him, at the end of the trail that connected New Westminster with Burrard Inlet, to defend New Westminster from potential attack from the United States. Moody also established a town at Hastings which was later incorporated into Vancouver.
The British designated multiple tracts as government reserves. The Pre-emption Act did not specify conditions for the distribution of the land, and, consequently, large areas were bought by speculators. Moody requisitioned 3,750 acres (sc. 1,517 hectares) for himself, and, on this land, he subsequently built for himself, and owned, Mayfield, a model farm near New Westminster. Moody was criticised by journalists for land grabbing, but his requisitions were ordered by the Colonial Office, and Moody throughout his tenure in British Columbia received the approbation of the British authorities in London, and was in British Columbia described as 'the real father of New Westminster'. However, Lord Lytton, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, 'forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town' and the effort of Moody's Engineers was continually impeded by insufficient funds, which, together with the continuous opposition of Governor Douglas, whom Sir Thomas Frederick Elliot (1808 - 1880) described as 'like any other fraud', 'made it impossible for [Moody's] design to be fulfilled'.
Throughout his tenure in British Columbia, Moody feuded with Sir James Douglas Governor of Vancouver Island, whose jurisdiction overlapped with his own. Moody's offices of Chief Commissioner and Lieutenant-Governor were of 'higher prestige [and] lesser authority' than that of Douglas, despite Moody's superior social position in the judgement of the Royal Engineers and of the British Government which had selected Moody to 'out manoeuvre the old Hudson's Bay Factor [Governor Douglas]'.
Moody had been selected by Lord Lytton for his qualities of the archetypal 'English gentleman and British Officer', and because his family was 'eminently respectable': he was the son of Colonel Thomas Moody, Kt., who owned land in the islands in which Douglas's father owned less land and from which Douglas's 'a half-breed' mother originated. Governor Douglas's ethnicity was 'an affront to Victorian society', whereas Mary Moody was a member of the Hawks industrial dynasty and of the Boyd merchant banking family. Mary Moody wrote, on 4 August 1859, 'it is not pleasant to serve under a Hudson's Bay Factor', and that the 'Governor and Richard can never get on'. John Robson, who was the editor of the British Columbian, wanted Richard Clement Moody's office to include that of Governor of British Columbia, and to thereby make obsolete Douglas. In letter to the Colonial Office of 27 December 1858, Richard Clement Moody states that he has 'entirely disarmed [Douglas] of all jealously'. Douglas repeatedly insulted the Royal Engineers by attempting to assume their command and refusing to acknowledge their contribution to the nascent colony.
Margaret A. Ormsby, who was the author of the Dictionary of Canadian Biography entry for Moody (2002), unpopularly censures Moody for the abortive development of the New Westminster. However, most significant historians commend Moody's contribution and exonerate Moody from culpability for the abortive development of New Westminster, especially with regard to the perpetual insufficiency of funds and of the personally motivated opposition by Douglas that continually retarded the development of British Columbia. Robert Burnaby observed that Douglas proceeded with 'muddling [Moody's] work and doubling his expenditure' and with employing administrators to 'work a crooked policy against Moody' to 'retard British Columbia and build up... the stronghold of Hudson's Bay interests' and their own 'landed stake'. Therefore, Robert Edgar Cail, Don W. Thomson, Ishiguro, and Scott commended Moody for his contribution, and Scott accused Ormsby of being 'adamant in her dislike of Colonel Moody' despite the majority of evidence, and almost all other biographies of Moody, including that by the Institution of Civil Engineers, and that by the Royal Engineers, and that by the British Columbia Historical Association, commend Moody's achievements in British Columbia.
The Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment was disbanded in July 1863. The Moody family (which now consisted of Moody, and his wife, and seven legitimate children) and the 22 Royal Engineers who wished to return to England, who had 8 wives between them, departed for England. 130 of the original Columbia Detachment decided to remain in British Columbia. Scott contends that the dissolution of the Columbia Detachment, and the consequent departure of Moody, 'doomed' the development of the settlement and the realisation of Lord Lytton's dream. A vast congregation of New Westminster citizens gathered at the dock to bid farewell to Moody as his boat departed for England. Moody wanted to return to British Columbia, but he died before he was able to do so. Moody left his library behind, in New Westminster, to become the public library of New Westminster.
In April 1863, the Councillors of New Westminster decreed that 20 acres should be reserved and named Moody Square after Richard Clement Moody. The area around Moody Square that was completed only in 1889 has also been named Moody Park after Moody. Numerous developments occurred in and around Moody Park, including Century House, which was opened by Princess Margaret on 23 July 1958. In 1984, on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of New Westminster, a monument of Richard Clement Moody, at the entrance of the park, was unveiled by Mayor Tom Baker. For Moody's achievements in the Falkland Islands and in British Columbia, British diplomat David Tatham CMG, who served as Governor of the Falkland Islands, described Moody as an 'Empire builder'. In January 2014, with the support of the Friends of the British Columbia Archives and of the Royal British Columbia Museum Foundation, The Royal British Columbia Museum purchased a photograph album that had belonged to Richard Clement Moody. The album contains over 100 photographs of the early settlement of British Columbia, including some of the earliest known photographs of First Nations peoples.
Governorship of Frederick Seymour
Douglas's successor was Frederick Seymour, who came to the colony with twenty years of colonial experience in Van Diemen's Land, the British West Indies, and British Honduras. The creation of an assembly and Seymour's appointment in April 1864 signalled a new era for the colony, now out of the shadow of Vancouver Island and free of a governor suspicious of sharing power with elected representatives. Douglas's wagon road project was still underway, presenting huge engineering challenges, as it made its way up the narrow Fraser Canyon. Successive loans authorised by Seymour's predecessor, largely for the purpose of completing the road, had put the colony £200,000 in debt; and the Chilcotin War of 1864 cost an additional £18,000 to suppress. Seymour himself made the difficult journey through the Great Canyon of the Homathko and Rainbow Range as a show of force and participation in the hunt for Klatsassin, the Tsilhqot'in war leader, but the armed expedition reached a denouement when Klatsassin surrendered on terms of amnesty in times of war, only to be tried and hanged for murder, as Seymour had not endorsed the terms.
On Seymour's return overland, he made a tour of the Cariboo minefields, and along the Fraser Canyon, which made him increasingly convinced of the colony's future prosperity. On returning to the capital, however, fiscal reality set in as it became clear that British Columbia's indebtedness was getting worse. Even as the colonial administration took drastic measures to augment revenues and improve the road system to attract prospectors and settlers, the economic situation grew increasingly dire, and agitation grew for an amalgamation of the two colonies. Seymour opposed this proposal, but with pressure from various quarters of the colonial government, he eventually relented, recommending that British Columbia be the dominant partner, and (unsuccessfully) that the capital be located at New Westminster. The two colonies were united by an Act of the British Parliament, and proclaimed on 6 August 1866 (see Colony of British Columbia (1866-1871)).
Governors
Sir James Douglas, 1858–1864
Frederick Seymour, 1864–1866
Colonial Assembly
Members 1863–1864
Arthur Nonus Birch, Colonial Secretary and Presiding Member
Henry Pering Pellew Crease, Attorney General
Wymond Ogilvy Hamley, Collector of Customs
Chartres Brew, Magistrate. New Westminster
Peter O'Reilly, Magistrate Cariboo East
E.H. Sanders, Magistrate, Yale
Henry Maynard Ball, Magistrate, Lytton
Philip Henry Nind, Magistrate, Douglas
Joshua Homer, New Westminster District
Robert Thompson Smith, Yale and Lytton District
Henry Holbrook, Douglas and Lillooet District
James Orr, Cariboo East District
Walter Shaw Black, Cariboo West District
Members 1864–1865
Arthur Nonus Birch, Colonial Secretary and Presiding Member
Henry Pering Pellew Crease, Attorney General
Charles William Franks, Treasurer
Wymond Ogilvy Hamley, Collector of Customs
Chartres Brew, Magistrate. New Westminster
Peter O'Reilly, Magistrate Cariboo
Henry Maynard Ball, Magistrate, Lytton
Andrew Charles Elliott, Magistrate, Lillooet
John Carmichael Haynes, Magistrate, Osoyoos and Kootenay
Joshua Homer, New Westminster District
Clement Francis Cornwall, Hope, Yale and Lytton District
Henry Holbrook, Douglas and Lillooet District
George Anthony Walkem, Cariboo East and Quesnel Forks District
Walter Moberly, Cariboo West and Quesnelmouth District
Members 1866
Henry Maynard Ball, Acting Colonial Secretary and Presiding Member
Henry Pering Pellew Crease, Attorney General
Charles William Franks, Treasurer
Joseph Trutch Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Surveyor General
Wymond Ogilvy Hamley, Collector of Customs
Chartres Brew, Magistrate. New Westminster
Peter O'Reilly, Magistrate Kootenay
Andrew Charles Elliott, Magistrate, Lillooet
John Carmichael Haynes, Magistrate, Osoyoos and Kootenay
Joshua Homer, New Westminster District
Clement Francis Cornwall, Hope, Yale and Lytton District
Henry Holbrook, Douglas and Lillooet District
George Anthony Walkem, Cariboo East and Quesnel Forks District
Robert Smith, Cariboo West and Quesnelmouth District
Supreme Court
In 1858 the British Government sent over Matthew Baillie Begbie as Chief Justice for the colony. Although trained at Lincoln's Inn he had never practised law, but soon published a Rules of Court and a timetable of sittings. He held the post, under consecutive administrative regimes, until his death in 1894.
See also
Former colonies and territories in Canada
Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867
List of governors of Vancouver Island and British Columbia
Alaska boundary dispute
References
Sources
Further reading
1866 disestablishments in North America
Colony of British Columbia (1858-1866)
British North America
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
States and territories established in 1858
1858 establishments in the British Empire
Former colonies in North America
1866 disestablishments in the British Empire
1858 establishments in North America
States and territories disestablished in 1866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony%20of%20British%20Columbia%20%281858%E2%80%931866%29 |
Hillestad may refer to:
Places
Hillestad, Agder, a village in the municipality of Åmli in Agder county, Norway
Hillestad Church, an old name for Tovdal Church in Åmli municipality in Agder county, Norway
Hillestad, Vestfold og Telemark, a village in the municipality of Holmestrand in Vestfold og Telemark county, Norway
Hillestad Church, a church in the municipality of Holmestrand in Vestfold og Telemark county, Norway
Hillestad, Viken, a village in the municipality of Kongsberg in Viken county, Norway
People
Albert W. Hillestad (1924-2007), an Episcopal priest and bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Springfield
Dori Hillestad Butler (born 1965), an American author of children's books
Edmund Hillestad (1861-1946), an American businessman and member of the South Dakota House of Representatives
Erik Hillestad (born 1951), a Norwegian record producer and lyricist
Gro Hillestad Thune (born 1943), a Norwegian jurist and politician for the Labour Party
Margaret E. Hillestad (born 1961), a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party
Per Hillestad (born 1959), a Norwegian musician (drums) and record producer
See also
Hyllestad
Hylestad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillestad |
Arris International Limited (styled as ARRIS) is an American telecommunications equipment company engaged in data, video and telephony systems for homes and businesses. On April 4, 2019, Arris was acquired by network infrastructure provider CommScope.
History
Originally named Arris Interactive, the company was founded in 1995 in England and Wales as a joint venture between Nortel Networks and Antec Corp. Bob Stanzione was the founding president and CEO. Bruce McClelland took over as CEO on September 1, 2016, with Stanzione becoming executive chairman. In 2001, after Antec bought out Nortel's share, the company was renamed Arris Inc, with its executive offices in Suwanee, Georgia, United States.
On November 8, 2018, CommScope announced an agreement to acquire Arris for $7.4billion. The transaction was completed on April 4, 2019. In the transaction, CommScope also acquired Ruckus Networks and ICX Switch, two companies Arris had recently acquired from Broadcom, with Arris and Ruckus becoming brands of CommScope. Former Arris CEO Bruce McClelland assumed the role of CommScope chief operating officer.
Products
Two of the company's home telephony modems are the TM402P and the TM502G. The firm also produces the SBG6580 wireless cable modem-and-router (residential gateway) unit, among other telecommunications and data-transfer products.
Acquisitions
In November 2001, Arris announced that it would acquire the assets of Cadant Inc., a Naperville, Illinois-based privately held designer and manufacturer of cable modem termination systems. The acquisition was completed on January 31, 2002.
On September 23, 2007, Arris purchased C-COR.
On September 1, 2009, Arris acquired certain assets of EG Technology, Inc., (EGT), an Atlanta-based company. That same month, Arris purchased the assets of Digeo, Inc. (including Moxi), for approximately $20million.
On October 11, 2011, Arris acquired BigBand Networks, for $172million, or $53million net of the estimated cash on hand at BigBand.
On December 19, 2012, Arris announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility's home unit (the former General Instrument company) from Google for $2.35billion in cash and stock. The acquisition was completed on April 17, 2013. With that acquisition, Arris grew its presence in the set-top box market.
On April 22, 2015, Arris Group agreed to acquire set-top box manufacturer Pace plc of the United Kingdom, and completed the acquisition on January 4, 2016, in a stock-and-cash deal that valued Pace at £1.4 billion ($2.1 billion). The resultant combined group was incorporated in the United Kingdom, but operationally managed from Arris's location in Suwanee, Georgia, United States. Pace shareholders owned 24% of the combined company, and Arris shareholders 76%. Also noteworthy, since Pace had previously acquired Aurora Networks, Arris ended up with those assets as well.
On February 22, 2017, Arris Group announced an agreement to acquire the Ruckus Wireless unit from Broadcom Inc. for $800million.
Sponsorships
On August 19, 2014, Arris announced a sponsorship of NASCAR driver Carl Edwards. Edwards drove the No.19 Toyota Camry in the Sprint Cup Series for Joe Gibbs Racing, while Daniel Suárez drove the Arris No.18 in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, from 2015 to 2016 until Edwards left the sport in January 2017. Starting with the 2017 Daytona 500, Suárez replaced Edwards in the Arris-sponsored No.19 Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing.
In 2019, Arris followed Suárez to Stewart-Haas Racing to sponsor the No. 41 Ford Mustang GT.
In 2019, Arris announced a sponsorship of the Philadelphia Fusion, an e-sports team playing in the Overwatch League.
References
External links
(formerly https://www.arris.com, now redirects to https://www.commscope.com/)
Companies based in Gwinnett County, Georgia
Suwanee, Georgia
American companies established in 1995
Telecommunications companies established in 1995
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications equipment vendors
Tax inversions
2019 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arris%20International |
Skollenborg is a small village in Sandsvær in the municipality of Kongsberg in Viken county, Norway. Since 2015 Skollenborg has been a part of the Kongsberg urban area.
Skollenborg is situated in the valley of Lågendalen on the Numedalslågen river. The village is located at the intersection between Norwegian county roads FV40 and FV286 which leads to European route E134. It is situated 86 km from Oslo and about 46 km from Drammen.
The population of the village was 323 in 2014. Since 2015 population numbers has not been reported separately for Skollenborg, but only for the Kongsberg urban area.
The village of Skollenborg is the site of Skollenborg Station (Skollenborg stasjon), a disused railway station on the Sørlandet Line. The station was served by local trains between Kongsberg via Oslo to Eidsvoll operated by Norges Statsbaner until 2012. To the west of the village lies the Skollenborg power plant (Skollenborg kraftverk).
Hedenstad Church (Hedenstad kirke) is a medieval stone church. It was built in the 12th century. The bell tower dates from 1782. The interior of the church is mainly from the 1800s. The painted by Dina Aschehoug in 1888. The church was restored in 1889 based upon plans by architect Herman Backer. During the 1950s, the church was restored under the direction of architect Thomas Tostrup (1910-1971) and the artistic consultant Finn Krafft (1895-1967).
References
External links
Hedenstad kirke website
Villages in Buskerud
Populated places on the Numedalslågen
Kongsberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skollenborg |
Sysle is a village in the municipality of Modum, Buskerud county, Norway. Its population (2014) is 227.
Sysle is principally a residential area situated about six km northwest of Vikersund. It is located on Norwegian National Road 280 (Riksvei 280). The village is situated on the Snarumselva, a continuation of the Hallingdalselva which flows from Lake Krøderen.
There was a rail stop on the Krøderbanen railway line which runs from Vikersund to Krøderen. Sysle station opened in 1872. In 1958, passenger traffic was shut down and Sysle was reclassified as a freight station. Freight traffic ended in 1985.
References
Villages in Buskerud
Modum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysle |
Robert A. Schadler is an American politician and businessman who served as a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates for the 49th district from 1988 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2010. Schadler represented a district that includes Mineral County.
Education
Schadler earned an associate degree from the Potomac State College of West Virginia University and a Bachelor of Arts degree from West Virginia University. He also received a license in mortuary science.
Career
Prior to entering politics, Schadler worked as a mortician and florist. During his tenure in the West Virginia House of Delegates, Schadler was the vice chair of the Health and Human Resources Committee.
As a member of the Mineral County Republican Executive Committee, Schadler, campaigned for Democrat candidates in violation of party rules. He was subsequently removed from his position for the violation. He then sued in Circuit Court to have the decision overturned and lost his case. Upon appeal the lower courts decision allowing his removal was upheld by a 5–0 decision of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. In 2010, Schadler was mentioned as a possible candidate for Mineral County circuit clerk.
References
External links
CapWiz Political
WV Legislature
People from Mineral County, West Virginia
Living people
West Virginia Republicans
Year of birth missing (living people)
Potomac State College alumni
West Virginia University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Schadler |
Jay William Hakkinen (born July 19, 1977) is a former biathlete. He is a four-time American Olympian, and his 10th-place finish in the 20-kilometer individual race at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy was the best finish ever by an American biathlete.
Hakkinen retired from the sport at the end of the 2013–14 season.
Background
At the age of three, Hakkinen learned how to skate. Soon after, he picked up cross-country skiing, where he won the Junior 5 km freestyle. He got involved in biathlon when in 1994, he went for a year to a Norwegian town in a student exchange program. His host parents were able to arrange for him to trade with a local biathlon club. Within three years of returning home to Alaska, he was the Junior World Champion of biathlon.
Performance in Turin
Hakkinen placed 10th in the 20-kilometer individual race at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. He had the 2nd fastest skiing time of anyone in the competition, but failed to medal because of penalties he earned while shooting. He vowed to medal in his next event, but instead missed all five targets and fell quickly out of contention. Hakkinen was the lead biathlete for the United States in the relay, and was in first place when he handed off to his teammate; ultimately, however, the United States finished in 9th in the relay.
Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
Olympic Games
*Pursuit was added as an event in 2002, with mass start being added in 2006.
World Championships
*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
**Team was removed as an event in 1998, and mass start was added in 1999 with the mixed relay being added in 2005.
References
External links
NBCOlympics.com – Athletes – Jay Hakkinen Bio
Jay Hakkinen's U.S. Olympic Team bio
1977 births
Living people
American people of Finnish descent
Sportspeople from Alaska
American male biathletes
Biathletes at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Hakkinen |
Buckland Abbey is a Grade I listed 700-year-old house in Buckland Monachorum, near Yelverton, Devon, England, noted for its connection with Sir Richard Grenville the Younger and Sir Francis Drake. It is owned by the National Trust.
Monastic history
Buckland Abbey was founded as a Cistercian abbey in 1278 by Amicia, Countess of Devon and was a daughter house of Quarr Abbey, on the Isle of Wight. It was one of the last Cistercian houses founded in England and also the most westerly. The remains of the church are about long. The width across the transepts is . The nave and presbytery is wide.
The Exeter diocese episcopal registers show the abbey managed five granges at Buckland plus the home farm at the abbey. A market and fair at Buckland and Cullompton were granted in 1318. In 1337 King Edward III granted the monks a licence to crenellate.
In the 15th century the monks built a Tithe Barn which is long and survives to this day. It is Grade I listed
It remained an abbey until the Dissolution of the Monasteries by King Henry VIII. At this time the revenues were placed at £241 17s. 9d. per annum (). The Abbot was given a yearly pension of £60 (), and the remaining 12 monks shared £54 10s. 6d.
Abbots
Post monastic history
In 1541 Henry sold Buckland to Sir Richard Grenville the Elder (Sewer of the Chamber to Henry VIII, poet, soldier, last Earl Marshal of Calais) who, working with his son Sir Roger Grenville (Gentleman of the Privy Chamber of Henry VIII, captain of the ill-fated Mary Rose), began to convert the abbey into a residence, renaming it Buckland Greynvile or Grenville. Sir Roger died in 1545 when the Mary Rose heeled over in a sudden squall while the English fleet was engaged with the French fleet in the English Channel off Portsmouth. He left a son aged 3, also named Richard Grenville, who completed the conversion in 1575–76.
After being owned by the family for 40 years, Buckland Greynvile was sold by Sir Richard the younger to two intermediaries in 1581, who unknown to Grenville, were working for Drake, whom he despised.
The abbey is unusual in that the church was retained as the principal component of the new house whilst most of the remainder was demolished, which was a reversal of the normal outcome with this type of redevelopment.
Drake lived in the house for 15 years, as did many of his collateral descendants including the Dowager Lady Seaton, born Elisabeth Fuller-Elliot-Drake, who died on 9 May 1937. She left a life interest to Captain Richard Owen Tapps Gervis Meyrick. In 1946 he sold it to Captain Arthur Rodd, who presented the property to the National Trust in 1947.
Buckland today
Following a restoration between 1948 and 1951 which cost around £20,000 (), largely funded by the Pilgrim Trust the property has been open to the public since 1951 and is operated by the National Trust with the assistance of Plymouth City Council — the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery use the building to house part of their collection. The collection is noted for the presence of "Drake's Drum". A number of independent craft workshops are located in the converted ox sheds. The Cider House garden includes both a wild garden and a kitchen garden. There is also a medieval Great Barn next to the house.
In March 2013 the portrait of a man wearing a white feathered bonnet was re-attributed to Rembrandt by the Rembrandt expert Ernst van de Wetering. In June 2014, after eight months of work at the Hamilton Kerr Institute, the painting's authenticity was confirmed and its value estimated at £30m.
Costume Group
The National Trust Costume Group operate at Buckland Abbey, creating authentic Elizabethan costumes using traditional materials and methods. There is a complete Francis Drake costume, based on the famous portrait of Drake in the National Gallery, and the group are currently working on a costume for Lady Drake, also based on a portrait.
See also
Drake baronets
Fuller baronets
Baron Seaton
Cestui que
References
External links
Buckland Abbey information at the National Trust
List of paintings on view
Cistercian monasteries in England
Country houses in Devon
National Trust properties in Devon
Grade I listed churches in Devon
Monasteries in Devon
Museums in Devon
Historic house museums in Devon
1278 establishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
Francis Drake
Grade I listed monasteries
Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckland%20Abbey |
Darbu is a village within the parish of Fiskum, in the municipality of Øvre Eiker, Buskerud County, Norway. The population of the village was 539 as of 2019.
Darbu is located on the Sørland Line Railway, 81.61 km from Oslo, about midway between Kongsberg and Hokksund. Darbu Station was opened in 1871 when the railway branch line between Hokksund and Kongsberg was completed.
Fiskum Old Church (Fiskum Gamle Kirke) is the community's most important heritage site. This is a medieval, Romanesque church dating from approximately 1200 A.D. The church was dedicated to Saint Olav. Fiskum Old Church was constructed in a rectangular shape and built of stone. It was one of the smaller local churches and used only occasionally in summer. The church consists of a short nave and a lower and narrower, the right end of choir. The church is built of stone fracture in lime mortar and plastered inside. The pulpit dates from 1650. The altarpiece and baptismal font date from approx. 1713. The tower contained three bells in 1629, which were changed into two clocks during 1685–1689.
References
External links
Fiskum Grendeutvalg
Rail Station Database
Villages in Buskerud
Populated places in Buskerud
Øvre Eiker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbu |
Ormåsen is a village in Buskerud, Norway. It is a residential area located the municipality of Øvre Eiker. The village was built during 1986. Ormåsen is located midway between Hokksund and Vestfossen. , the population was 809. Ormåsen has a private weather station which is located approximately above sea level.
References
External links
Ormåsen Weather station
Villages in Buskerud
Øvre Eiker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orm%C3%A5sen |
Shami kabab or shaami kabab is a local variety of kebab, originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is a popular dish in modern-day Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi cuisines. It is composed of a small patty of minced meat, generally beef, but occasionally lamb or mutton (a chicken version exists as well), with ground chickpeas, egg to hold it together, and spices. Shami kebab is eaten as a snack or an appetizer, and is served to guests especially in the regions of Dhaka, Deccan, Punjab, Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Sindh.
They are often garnished with lemon juice and served with sliced raw onions as a side salad, and may be eaten with chutney made from mint or coriander. They are also served along with sheer khurma during the celebrations of the Islamic festival of Eid.
Preparation
Shami kababs are boiled or sauteed meat (beef or lamb) and chickpeas (chana daal) with whole hot spices (garam masala, black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, bay leaves), whole ginger, whole garlic and some salt to taste until completely tender. Onions, turmeric, chili powder, egg, chopped green coriander, chopped green chillies and chopped mint leaves may be added in preparing kebab. Garam masala powder (ground spices) may be used in place of whole hot spices.
The cooked meat is then ground in such a way that it is fibrous and does not become a paste. It is then shaped into diamond or round patties and is shallow fried.
With a rise in vegetarianism and veganism, various new methods and recipes of making shami kabab have emerged in the subcontinent.
Serving
Shami kebabs may be served with roti along with ketchup, hot sauce, Schezwan sauce, chilli garlic sauce, raita or chutney. Before serving the kebabs, it is also common to dip them in a beaten egg mixture and double fry them. They are also commonly eaten in Hyderabad with cooked rice or chapati.
Etymology
There are several etymological explanations behind the shami kebab. One explanation is that the name of the dish derives from the word shaam, which means "dinner" and "night" in Persian. It also means evening in Urdu and Hindi. The name may also derive from the scent of an itr called shamama. The name shami kebab may also refer to Bilad al-Sham, the modern Syria, as many cooks from that region migrated to the wealthy Mughal Empire of South Asia during the Middle Ages.
See also
Anda shami
Frikadeller
List of kebabs
Pakistani meat dishes
References
Kebabs
Indian cuisine
Punjabi cuisine
Bangladeshi cuisine
Bengali cuisine
Hyderabadi cuisine
Indian meat dishes
Indian fast food
Kashmiri cuisine
Mughlai cuisine
Pakistani meat dishes
Pakistani fast food
Sindhi cuisine
Uttar Pradeshi cuisine
Appetizers
Food watchlist articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shami%20kebab |
Neskollen is a village in Nes municipality, Norway, located a few kilometres northwest of the urban area Årnes. Its population on 1 January 2017 was 2,222.
References
Villages in Akershus
Nes, Akershus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neskollen |
Allen V. Evans is an American politician. Evans is the West Virginia House of Delegates Member from the 54th District which represents Mineral County and Grant County. He also serves as the Minority Chair of the Agriculture committee.
External links
CapWiz Political
WV Legislature
1939 births
Farmers from West Virginia
Living people
People from Grant County, West Virginia
People from Harrisonburg, Virginia
Republican Party members of the West Virginia House of Delegates
21st-century American politicians
American United Methodists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen%20V.%20Evans |
A railgun is a weapon that uses electromagnetic force to launch high velocity projectiles
Railgun or rail gun may also refer to:
Railway gun, a large caliber artillery piece mounted on a railcar for rail mobility
Benchrest rifle, also known as a rail gun, a type of rifle that is built into a machine rest
Mikoto Misaka, also known as "Railgun", a character in the light novel series A Certain Magical Index and the protagonist of the manga series A Certain Scientific Railgun | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railgun%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Stanislaus Henry Marple is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and coach. Marple played twelve seasons in various British leagues, most notably for the Guildford Flames, for whom he later served as head coach. He is currently the general manager for the University of Alberta's men's hockey team, the Alberta Golden Bears.
Clubs
Note: Marple could not play regularly after 2005 because of the EPL 4 import rule, therefore he could only play when other imports were injured.
Playing career
Marple had his number 3 retired by Guildford. The Flames gained ten titles while Marple was head coach and general manager.
Statistics
General manager / coaching record and titles
Marple's coaching record at Guildford is as follows: 396 wins, 174 losses, 42 ties and overtime losses.
His record during his time as GM is as follows: 213 wins, 55 losses.
Marple's titles for his clubs as head coach & or general manager are as follows:
External links
1968 births
Living people
Alberta Golden Bears ice hockey players
Basingstoke Beavers players
British National League (1996–2005) players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Delta Flyers players
English Premier Ice Hockey League players
Guildford Flames players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Milton Keynes Kings players
Swindon Icelords players
St. Albert Saints players
Victoria Cougars (WHL) players
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan%20Marple |
Cockaponset State Forest is the second largest forest in the Connecticut state forest system, encompassing over of land. Most of the land is in Middlesex County though some parcels lie in New Haven County. The forest is disjointed, and comprises land in the towns of Haddam, Chester, Deep River, Killingworth, Durham, Guilford, Madison, Clinton, Westbrook, Middletown and Middlefield.
History
Acquisition of forest parcels began in 1926. Two Civilian Conservation Corps camps were active in the forest in the 1930s constructing roads and planting conifers. The forest was named after a Native American chief buried in Haddam.
Features
National natural landmark
A portion of the forest is known as the Chester Cedar Swamp was declared a National Natural Landmark in May 1973. Along with Pachaug-Great Meadow Swamp, it is one of the finest remaining examples of an Atlantic white cedar forest. This type of forest is at risk and being succeeded by hemlock.
Hiking trails
The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (CT DEEP) manages a trail system based around Pattaconk Reservoir Recreation Area near Chester. Some trails have been designated for footpath only, while others are open to horses and mountain bikes. The centerpiece for this area is the scenic Pattaconk Lake which is used for swimming, fishing, and paddling. Even though the CT DEEP has maps detailing only of trails, there are over of trails within the greater Cockaponset State Forest. According to the headquarters at Chatfield Hollow State Park, many of these unmarked trails have an undesignated status, which means that the CT DEEP has either not yet decided their use or are within an area earmarked for logging in the future. These undesignated trails are currently open to most users willing to respect low-impact travel.
Rock climbing
Pine Ledge is a popular rock climbing destination within Cockaponset State Forest located about a half mile west of Deep River, Connecticut. The rocky cliff is as high as at its southern end and extends for about a half mile north. The larger cliff faces are primarily used with top-roping techniques and there are several large bouldering rocks. The locals have also adopted the name, "Pine Ledge," to describe the surrounding section of Cockaponset State Forest where the Pine Ledge cliff resides.
At this time, the access roads are somewhat rugged and may become thick with mud after a heavy rain or during the spring melt. However, there are hardly any large rocks and few bumps, and the road is usually pretty wide. Even though the use of all-terrain-vehicles has not been officially designated, the greater Pine Ledge area has become very popular among local riders. Jeeps and 4X4 off-road vehicles have also utilized some of the old abandoned access roads as trails. There are foot paths through dense mountain laurel throughout the Pine Ledge rock climbing area as access to the more remote cliff edges.
In popular culture
An assertion that geological features of the park represent the remains of a 1500-year-old European church have been disputed.
References
External links
Cockaponset State Forest Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
Connecticut state forests
Parks in Middlesex County, Connecticut
Hiking trails in Connecticut
Climbing areas of the United States
Middlefield, Connecticut
Middletown, Connecticut
Madison, Connecticut
National Natural Landmarks in Connecticut
Protected areas established in 1926
Civilian Conservation Corps in Connecticut
1926 establishments in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockaponset%20State%20Forest |
North Carolina Highway 24 (NC 24) is the longest primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Traveling east–west between the Charlotte metropolitan area and the Crystal Coast, connecting the cities of Charlotte, Fayetteville, Jacksonville and Morehead City.
Route description
Prior to the western terminus of NC 24 at Interstate 485 (I-485), the road begins as an unmarked street named W.T. Harris Boulevard at Mount Holly-Huntersville Road. The road was named for William Thomas Harris, better known as one of the founders of Harris Teeter. Along the way NC 24 provides access to I-77, U.S. Route 21 (US 21), NC 115, I-85, US 29, and NC 49. At NC 27 (Albemarle Road) NC 24 makes a sharp left turn and joins that route in a concurrency, while W.T. Harris Boulevard continues further south unmarked towards US 74.
NC 24 is both one of the longest and most concurrent routes in the state. Besides the approximately concurrency with NC 27 between Johnsonville and Charlotte, this route also shares long stretches of pavement with:
US 258 between Richlands and Jacksonville (16.5 miles)
NC 50 between Kenansville and Warsaw (7.5 miles)
NC 87 between Fayetteville and Spout Springs (18 miles)
Shorter concurrencies with I-40, NC 903, US 421, US 701, US 17, NC 210 (twice), NC 22, NC 109, and NC 73. It also runs briefly concurrent with US 15/US 501 in Carthage.
All told, about half of the total length of NC 24 runs concurrent with other routes.
As a route, it is designated as a "High Priority Corridor" for North Carolina, and much of it is highly traveled, providing the most direct access between Charlotte, Fayetteville and Jacksonville. It passes near or through three major Military installations (Fort Liberty, Pope Field, and Camp Lejeune), as well as Morrow Mountain State Park, Lake Tillery and the Uwharrie National Forest. Most of the route east of I-40 is at least four lanes, with sections at or near freeway grade.
Along its eastern portions, NC 24 is known as Lejeune Boulevard thru Jacksonville, Freedom Way from the Camp Lejeune Main Gate to Swansboro, Corbett Avenue through Swansboro, Cedar Point Boulevard through Cedar Point, the W. B. McLean Highway through much of central Carteret County from JCT NC 58 to its terminus in Mansfield at US 70.
History
1922: NC 24 runs from Warsaw to Laurinburg, through Fayetteville. Most of this routing west of Fayetteville is now US 401.
1925: NC 24's western terminus is extended to the South Carolina line and its eastern terminus is extended to Kenansville.
1930: The route is extended east to Swansboro, using part of US 17. Also, NC 24 is rerouted through Kenansville, Beaulaville, Richlands, and Jacksonville; NC 24 still uses most of this route today. Furthermore, NC 24 is given a more direct route from Laurinburg to Wagram.
1930s: NC 24 is rerouted numerous times after the introduction of new U.S. Highways to North Carolina.
1941: NC 24 west of Fayetteville is truncated; NC 87 and NC 78 take control of the truncated route.
1963: The western terminus of NC 24 is moved and extended to Charlotte; this produced the concurrency with NC 27.
Mid 1960s: NC 24 is routed around Clinton and its routing through Fayetteville changed.
Early 1970s: The construction of the Cape Fear River bridge at Fayetteville removed many zigzags of NC 24 in Fayetteville.
1982: NC 24 is routed along a four-lane bypass around Vander to access the newly built I-95.
2000: NC 24 is routed onto I-40 for a segment between exits 364 and 373 and onto NC 11 around Kenansville and Warsaw. The old route was signed as Business NC 24.
2003: NC 24 splits from NC 27 in eastern Charlotte to follow Harris Boulevard to a new western terminus at I-77.
2006: NC 24 is rerouted onto the Jacksonville Bypass US 17 for . The old route is signed as Business Route 24.
2008: NC 24 western terminus is extended from I-77 to I-485 on December 8, 2008. The extension added to the route.
2015: NC 24 was removed with NC 87 from Bragg Blvd from the city of Spring Lake, south to the I-295, instead it was placed onto I-295 over to NC 210 then follows NC 210 north to Spring Lake.
2017: NC 24 was placed on a bypass of Stedman leaving behind Clinton Rd through town.
2018: NC 24 was placed on bypasses of Autryville and Roseboro, leaving behind NC 24 business routes.
2019: NC 24 was placed on a bypass around Troy, leaving behind NC 24-27 business routes.
Termini
In March 2003, The state DOT rerouted the west end of NC 24 from US 74 to I-77 (Exit 18). This was facilitated by following Harris Boulevard in east Charlotte instead of following NC 27. This added nearly onto the highway's length. On December 8, 2008, Interstate 485 opened in Northwest Mecklenburg County; at that same time NC 24 was extended again by to the new freeway (Exit 21) along West WT Harris Boulevard.
Before this rerouting, NC 24 was extraneous west of Johnsonville. It was concurrent with NC 27 over its entire length to its terminus at US 74, at which point NC 27 continued while NC 24 did not.
NC 24's eastern terminus is at US 70 in Morehead City. This eastern segment leading to the terminus provides access to communities on the mainland side of the Bogue Sound.
North Carolina Highway 243
North Carolina Highway 243 (NC 243) appeared in 1931 as a renumbering of NC 24 from Hubert to Swansboro; which NC 24 went northeast to Stella then east towards Morehead City. In 1934, NC 243 was reverted to NC 24 when the White Oak River bridge was completed in Swansboro.
North Carolina Highway 605
North Carolina Highway 605 (NC 605) was established in 1932 as a new primary route between US 1/US 15/NC 50/NC 75, in Tramway, and US 421/NC 60, in Jonesboro. In 1936, NC 24 was extended northwest from Fayetteville to Tramway, replacing NC 605.
Major intersections
Special routes
Troy business loop
North Carolina Highway 24 Business (NC 24 Bus) was established in 2019 when mainline NC 24, along with NC 27, was rerouted onto new routing bypassing south of Troy.
Autryville business loop
North Carolina Highway 24 Business (NC 24 Bus) was established in 2018 when mainline NC 24 was rerouted onto new routing bypassing north of Autryville. The business route follows the original alignment of NC 24 along Clinton Road, Williams Street, and Autry Highway.
Warsaw–Kenansville business loop
North Carolina Highway 24 Business (NC 24 Bus) was established in March, 1999 when mainline NC 24 was rerouted overlapping I-40 and NC 903 (Kenansville Bypass); the old alignment through downtown Warsaw and Kenansville was redesignated as a business loop.
Jacksonville business loop
North Carolina Highway 24 Business (NC 24 Bus) was established in January 2008 when mainline NC 24 was placed on new bypass south of Jacksonville. The business loop follows the old alignment through downtown Jacksonville, via Richlands Highway (in concurrency with US 258), Marine Boulevard (in concurrency with US 17 Business), Johnson Boulevard and Lejeune Boulevard.
See also
North Carolina Bicycle Route 6 - Concurrent with NC 24 briefly east and west of Albemarle
References
External links
NCRoads.com: N.C. 24
NCRoads.com: N.C. 24 Business
NCRoads.com: N.C. 243
024
Transportation in Charlotte, North Carolina
Transportation in Fayetteville, North Carolina
Transportation in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Transportation in Cabarrus County, North Carolina
Transportation in Stanly County, North Carolina
Transportation in Montgomery County, North Carolina
Transportation in Moore County, North Carolina
Transportation in Harnett County, North Carolina
Transportation in Cumberland County, North Carolina
Transportation in Sampson County, North Carolina
Transportation in Duplin County, North Carolina
Transportation in Onslow County, North Carolina
Transportation in Carteret County, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Highway%2024 |
Ruth Rowan (born September 12, 1948) is an American politician from the U.S. state of West Virginia. She is a member of the Republican Party and served as a member the West Virginia House of Delegates from the 57th District, which represented parts of Mineral County and Hampshire County in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle. In 2004, she defeated the embattled House Delegate Jerry Mezzatesta for his seat after he was embroiled in a political scandal in 2003-04.
Personal life
Rowan was born in Pennsylvania. She was received her B.S. and M. Ed. from California University of Pennsylvania. She is a long-serving and now retired elementary school teacher in Hampshire County Schools. She married Tom Rowan and they had two children, Julie and Tom. The granddaughter of a coal miner, Rowan is one of few West Virginia Republicans endorsed by the United Mine Workers of America. She has been endorsed by the American Federation of Teachers, the National Education Association, the AFL-CIO, West Virginians for Life, and the National Rifle Association. A descendant of Frontier Ranger Doctor Llewellyn, her earliest forebears blazed a trail in the wilderness near the Forks of Cheat River in present-day Monongalia County, West Virginia.
Career
The West Virginia House of Delegates had often been reminded of West Virginia's most senior county by Rowan, who began each floor presentation with the phrase "from West Virginia's oldest county". She championed infrastructure, senior, veteran, children, education and healthcare issues. She was appointed to represent West Virginia in the United States' Southern Regional Education Conference to help shape emerging issues in education.
Rowan enjoyed broad based bipartisan support in both Charleston and her home district, as demonstrated by her strong showing in both primary and general elections. In the general election of 2010, Rowan garnered 72% of the vote, despite the endorsement of a well-funded challenger by several popular state and local elected officials.
See also
List of members of the 78th West Virginia House of Delegates
List of members of the 79th West Virginia House of Delegates
List of members of the 80th West Virginia House of Delegates
References
External links
Ruth Rowan (R - Hampshire, 57) at the West Virginia House of Delegates
1948 births
Schoolteachers from West Virginia
American women educators
California University of Pennsylvania alumni
Living people
Republican Party members of the West Virginia House of Delegates
People from Hampshire County, West Virginia
West Virginia University alumni
Women state legislators in West Virginia
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Rowan |
Kirby is an unincorporated census-designated place in northern Pike County, Arkansas, United States. The community lies on U.S. Route 70; it is located halfway between Daisy and Glenwood. Per the 2020 census, the population was 721.
Education
Public education for elementary and secondary school students is provided by the Kirby School District, which includes:
Kirby Elementary School, serving kindergarten through grade 6.
Kirby High School, serving grades 7 through 12.
The schools' mascot and athletic teams are the Trojans with maroon and gray as the school colors.
Demographics
2020 census
References
Census-designated places in Arkansas
Census-designated places in Pike County, Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby%2C%20Arkansas |
In Greek mythology, Perses (; ) is the son of the Titan Crius and Eurybia, and thus brother to Astraeus and Pallas. Ancient tradition records very little of Perses other than his marriage and offspring, his role largely being purely genealogical, existing merely to provide a parentage for other, more important figures.
Etymology
His name is derived from the Ancient Greek word perthō ( – "to sack", "to ravage", "to destroy").
Mythology
Hesiod describes Perses as "eminent among all men in wisdom." He was wed to Asteria, the daughter of Phoebe and Coeus, with whom he had one child, Hecate, honoured by Zeus above all others as the goddess of magic, crossroads, and witchcraft. He might be the Perses that is the father of Chariclo, the wife of Chiron, in some versions.
He was confused with another Perses (the son of the sun god Helios and Perse), who was made the father of Hecate in some versions.
Family tree
See also
Athena
Perses of Colchis
Notes
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Titans (mythology)
Destroyer gods
Greek war deities
Greek gods
Wisdom gods
War gods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perses%20%28Titan%29 |
Rafa is a masculine given name, mostly as a diminutive form (hypocorism) of Rafael. It may refer to:
People
Rafael Nadal (born 1986), Spanish tennis player
Rafa (footballer, born 1985), Spanish footballer Rafael López Gómez
Rafael Benítez (born 1960), Spanish football manager and former player
Rafa Cabrera-Bello (born 1984), Spanish golfer
Rafa Gálvez (born 1993), Spanish footballer
Rafa Gil (born 1975), Spanish football manager
Rafa Gómez (born 1983), Spanish footballer
Rafa (footballer, born 1970), Spanish retired football goalkeeper
Rafa Jordà (born 1984), Spanish footballer
Rafa Luz (born 1992), Spanish basketball player
Rafael Márquez (born 1979), Mexican footballer
Rafa Martínez (born 1982), Spanish basketball player
Rafa Mir (born 1997), Spanish footballer
Rafa Navarro (footballer, born 1994), Spanish footballer
Rafael Páez (born 1994), Spanish footballer
Rafa Pérez (born 1990), Colombian footballer
Rafael Ponzo (born 1978), Venezuelan football goalkeeper
Rafa Rodríguez (born 2003), Spanish footballer
Rafa Silva (born 1993), Portuguese footballer
Rafa Soares (born 1995), Portuguese footballer
Rafa Villar (born 1968), Spanish writer and poet
Fictional characters
Rafa, in the TV series Royal Pains
Spanish-language hypocorisms
Portuguese masculine given names
Masculine hypocorisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa |
The Assassination Bureau, Ltd is a thriller novel, begun by Jack London and finished after his death by Robert L. Fish. It was published in 1963. The plot follows Ivan Dragomiloff, who, in a twist of fate, finds himself pitted against the secret assassination agency he founded.
The novel was based on a story idea London purchased from author Sinclair Lewis in early 1910. London wrote 20,000 words of the novel before he gave it up later that same year, saying he could not find a logical way to conclude it. He died in 1916, leaving the book unfinished. The overall concept borrows heavily from G. K. Chesterton's novel The Man Who Was Thursday (1908).
The novel is about a secret organization, The Assassination Bureau, Ltd., that will assassinate evildoers, for example, corrupt police commissioners, legislators, politicians, etc.; but will not act unless convinced that the target truly is worthy of assassination.
In 1963, mystery writer Fish completed the novel based on the unfinished manuscript with additional notes by London and an ending outline done by London's widow Charmian shortly before her death in 1955.
First sentence
"He was a handsome man, with large liquid-black eyes, an olive complexion that was laid upon a skin clear, clean, and of surpassing smoothness of texture, and with a mop of curly black hair that invited fondling – in short, the kind of a man that women like to look upon, and also, the kind of a man who is quite thoroughly aware of this insinuative quality of his looks."
Film adaptation
In 1969, The Assassination Bureau, Ltd was made into a film, The Assassination Bureau Limited, starring Diana Rigg, Oliver Reed, Telly Savalas and Curt Jurgens. Directed by Basil Dearden, the film was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1970 for Best English-Language Foreign Film, and Rigg was nominated for a Golden Laurel Award in 1970 for Female New Face. Whereas London's novel is set in the United States, the film is set in Europe in the 1900s.
See also
Assassinations in fiction
1963 American novels
Novels by Jack London
American thriller novels
Novels published posthumously
Unfinished novels
Unfinished literature completed by others
American novels adapted into films
Sinclair Lewis
Fictional vigilantes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Assassination%20Bureau%2C%20Ltd |
Arcing horns (sometimes arc-horns) are projecting conductors used to protect insulators or switch hardware on high voltage electric power transmission systems from damage during flashover. Overvoltages on transmission lines, due to atmospheric electricity, lightning strikes, or electrical faults, can cause arcs across insulators (flashovers) that can damage them. Alternately, atmospheric conditions or transients that occur during switching can cause an arc to form in the breaking path of a switch during its operation. Arcing horns provide a path for flashover to occur that bypasses the surface of the protected device. Horns are normally paired on either side of an insulator, one connected to the high voltage part and the other to ground, or at the breaking point of a switch contact. They are frequently to be seen on insulator strings on overhead lines, or protecting transformer bushings.
The horns can take various forms, such as simple cylindrical rods, circular guard rings, or contoured curves, sometimes known as 'stirrups'.
Background
High voltage equipment, particularly that which is installed outside, such as overhead power lines, is commonly subject to transient overvoltages, which may be caused by phenomena such as lightning strikes, faults on other equipment, or switching surges during circuit re-energisation. Overvoltage events such as these are unpredictable, and in general cannot be completely prevented. Line terminations, at which a transmission line connects to a busbar or transformer bushing, are at greatest risk to overvoltage due to the change in characteristic impedance at this point.
An electrical insulator serves to provide physical separation of conducting parts, and under normal operating conditions is continuously subject to a high electric field which occupies the air surrounding the equipment. Overvoltage events may cause the electric field to exceed the dielectric strength of air and result in the formation of an arc between the conducting parts and over the surface of the insulator. This is called flashover. Contamination of the surface of the insulator reduces the breakdown strength and increases the tendency to flash over. On an electrical transmission system, protective relays are expected to detect the formation of the arc and automatically open circuit breakers to discharge the circuit and extinguish the arc. Under a worst case, this process may take as long as several seconds, during which time the insulator surface would be in close contact with the highly energetic plasma of the arc. This is very damaging to an insulator, and may shatter brittle glass or ceramic disks, resulting in its complete failure.
Operation
Arcing horns form a spark gap across the insulator with a lower breakdown voltage than the air path along the insulator surface, so an overvoltage will cause the air to break down and the arc to form between the arcing horns, diverting it away from the surface of the insulator. An arc between the horns is more tolerable for the equipment, providing more time for the fault to be detected and the arc to be safely cleared by remote circuit breakers. The geometry of some designs encourages the arc to migrate away from the insulator, driven by rising currents as it heats the surrounding air. As it does so, the path length increases, cooling the arc, reducing the electric field and causing the arc to extinguish itself when it can no longer span the gap. Other designs can utilise the magnetic field produced by the high current to drive the arc away from the insulator. This type of arrangement can be known as a magnetic blowout.
Design criteria and maintenance regimes may treat arcing horns as sacrificial equipment, cheaper and more easily replaced than the insulator, failure of which can result in complete destruction of the equipment it insulates. Failure of insulator strings on overhead lines could result in the parting of the line, with significant safety and cost implications.
Arcing horns thus play a role in the process of correlating system protection with protective device characteristics, known as insulation coordination. The horns should provide, amongst other characteristics, near-infinite impedance during normal operating conditions to minimise conductive current losses, low impedance during the flashover, and physical resilience to the high temperature of the arc.
As operating voltages increase, greater consideration must be given to such design principles. At medium voltages, one of the two horns may be omitted as the horn-to-horn gap can otherwise be small enough to be bridged by an alighting bird. Alternatively, duplex gaps consisting of two sections on opposite sides of the insulator can be fitted. Low voltage distribution systems, in which the risk of arcing is much lower, may not use arcing horns at all.
The presence of the arcing horns necessarily disturbs the normal electric field distribution across the insulator due to their small but significant capacitance. More importantly, a flashover across arcing horns produces an earth fault resulting in a circuit outage until the fault is cleared by circuit breaker operation. For this reason, non-linear resistors known as varistors can replace arcing horns at critical locations.
If the horns are incorrectly seated, damaging resistive heating can occur during arcing.
Switch protection
Arcing horns are sometimes installed on air-insulated switchgear and transformers to protect the switch arm from arc damage. When a high voltage switch breaks a circuit, an arc can establish itself between the switch contacts before the current can be interrupted. The horns are designed to endure the arc rather than the contact surfaces of the switch itself.
Corona and grading rings
Arcing horns are not to be confused with corona rings (or the similar grading rings) which are ring-shaped assemblies surrounding connectors, or other irregular hardware pieces on high potential equipment. Corona rings and grading rings are intended to equalize and redistribute accumulated potential away from components that might be subject to local accumulation and destructive discharges, although sometimes either device may be installed in close proximity to an arcing horn assembly.
References
Electric power systems components
Electric arcs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcing%20horns |
Paul Savage (born January 1971) is a Scottish musician and record producer, best known for being the drummer in the Scottish indie rock group The Delgados.
Early life
Savage was born in Glasgow in January 1971. As a child, he grew up in the United States before returning to Scotland in 1983.
Career
The Delgados
At school in Motherwell he met Alun Woodward and Stewart Henderson. Early bands including these three were Megan's Frame and Bubblegum. When they were forced out of Bubblegum, they formed their own band with Paul's girlfriend, Emma Pollock, and called themselves The Delgados.
Record producer and engineer
Savage has engineered, mixed and/or produced numerous records, including:
Broken Chanter - Catastrophe Hits (2021)
King Creosote - From Scotland with Love (2014)
King Creosote - That Might Well Be It, Darling (2013)
Soup - The Beauty of Our Youth (2013)
King Creosote – Flick the Vs (2009)
Franz Ferdinand – “Tonight”
Admiral Fallow - "Boots Met My Face"
The Phantom Band – Checkmate Savage
Brakes – "Touchdown"
Mogwai – Ten Rapid (Collected Recordings 1996-1997)
Mogwai – Mogwai Young Team
Arab Strap – The Week Never Starts Round Here
Malcolm Middleton – 5:14 Fluoxytine Seagull Alcohol John Nicotine
Malcolm Middleton – Into The Woods
Sluts of Trust - We Are All Sluts of Trust
The Delgados – Domestiques
Arab Strap – Philophobia
Aereogramme – A Story in White
Malcolm Middleton – Into the Woods
Arab Strap – The Last Romance
Mother and the Addicts - Take the Lovers Home Tonight'
Various Artists (Vashti Bunyan, King Creosote, Mike Heron, Malcolm Middleton, Aidan Moffatt, Emma Pollock, Trashcan Sinatras, Aereogramme, James Yorkston) – Ballads of the Book Teenage Fanclub – 2 B sides for "Man Made"
King Creosote – Bombshell The Twilight Sad – Fourteen Autumns and Fifteen Winters Emma Pollock – Watch the Fireworks Mother and the Addicts – Science Fiction Illustrated Camera Obscura – 6 B-sides for Let's Get Out of This Country Franz Ferdinand – All My Friends (cover of LCD Soundsystem)
Malcolm Middleton – Sleight of Heart Zoey Van Goey – The Cage was Unlocked All Along Wake the President - You Can't Change that Boy Lord Cut-Glass – Lord Cut-Glass Mogwai - Hardcore Will Never Die But You Will Emma Pollock – The Law of Large Numbers Zoey Van Goey – Propellor Versus Wings Deacon Blue - The Hipsters RM Hubbert - Thirteen Lost & Found Adam Stafford - Build a Harbour Immediately''
References
1971 births
Living people
Scottish drummers
British male drummers
British record producers
English record producers
21st-century British drummers
21st-century British male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Savage%20%28musician%29 |
In Greek mythology, Perses (; Ancient Greek: Πέρσης) is the son of Andromeda and Perseus. Perses is left in Cossaei and with the Oceanid, fathers descendants.
Greek mythology identifies Perses as the ancestor of the Persians. Apparently, the Persians knew the story since Xerxes tried to use it to bribe the Argives during his invasion of Greece, but he ultimately failed to do so. The (Pseudo-)Platonic dialogue First Alcibiades (120e), written in the late 4th century BC, identifies him with Achaemenes as the hero founder of the Persái, stating that both Achaemenes and Heracles were sons of Perseus.
Notes
Perseid dynasty
Characters in Greek mythology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perses%20%28son%20of%20Perseus%29 |
Martin Cooper (born December 26, 1928) is an American engineer. He is a pioneer in the wireless communications industry, especially in radio spectrum management, with eleven patents in the field.
On April 3, 1973, he placed the first public call from a handheld portable cell phone while working at Motorola, from a Manhattan sidewalk to his counterpart at competitor Bell Labs.
Cooper reprised the first handheld cellular mobile phone (distinct from the car phone) in 1973 and led the team that re-developed it and brought it to market in 1983. He is considered the "father of the (handheld) cell phone".
Cooper is co-founder of numerous communications companies with his wife and business partner Arlene Harris; He is co-founder and current Chairman of Dyna LLC, in Del Mar, California. Cooper also sits on committees supporting the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the United States Department of Commerce.
In 2010, Cooper was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for leadership in the creation and deployment of the cellular portable hand-held telephone.
Education
Cooper was born in Chicago to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. He graduated from Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in 1950 and served as a submarine officer during the Korean War.
In 1957, he earned his master's degree from IIT in electrical engineering and in 2004 received an honorary doctorate degree from IIT. He serves on the university's board of trustees.
Career
Motorola
Cooper left his first job at Teletype Corporation in Chicago in 1954 and joined Motorola, Inc. (Schaumburg, Illinois) as a senior development engineer in the mobile equipment group. He developed products including the first cellular-like portable handheld police radio system, produced for the Chicago police department in 1967.
By the early 1970s, Cooper headed Motorola's communications systems division. Here he conceived of the first portable cellular phone in 1973 and led the 10-year process of bringing it to market. Car phones had been in limited use in large U.S. cities since the 1930s but Cooper championed cellular telephony for more general personal, portable communications. He believed the cellular phone should be a "personal telephone – something that would represent an individual so you could assign a number; not to a place, not to a desk, not to a home, but to a person." Although it has been stated that Cooper's vision for the device was inspired by Captain James T. Kirk using his Communicator on the television show Star Trek, Cooper himself later said that his actual inspiration was Dick Tracy's wrist radio.
Top management at Motorola supported Cooper's mobile phone concept, investing $100 million between 1973 and 1993 before any revenues were realized. Cooper assembled a team that designed and assembled a product in less than 90 days. That original handset, called the DynaTAC 8000x (DYNamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage) weighed 2.5 pounds (1.1 kg), measured 10 inches (25 cm) long and was dubbed "the brick" or "the shoe" phone. A very substantial part of the DynaTAC was the battery, which weighed four to five times more than a modern cell phone. The phone had only 30 minutes of talk time before requiring a 10-hour recharge but according to Cooper, "The battery lifetime wasn't really a problem because you couldn't hold that phone up for that long!" By 1983 and after four iterations, the handset was reduced to half its original weight.
Cooper is the lead inventor named on "radio telephone system" filed on October 17, 1973, with the U.S. Patent Office and later issued as U.S. Patent 3,906,166. John Francis Mitchell, Motorola's Chief of Portable Communication Products (and Cooper's Manager and Mentor) and the engineers who worked for Cooper and Mitchell are also named on the patent.
On April 3, 1973, Cooper and Mitchell demonstrated two working phones to the media and to passers-by prior to walking into a scheduled press conference at the New York City Hilton in midtown Manhattan. Standing on Sixth avenue near the Hilton, Cooper made the first handheld cellular phone call in public from the prototype DynaTAC. The call connected him to a base station Motorola had installed on the roof of the Burlington House (now the AllianceBernstein Building) and into the AT&T land-line telephone system. Reporters and onlookers watched as Cooper dialed the number of his chief competitor Dr. Joel S. Engel at AT&T. "Joel, this is Marty. I'm calling you from a cell phone, a real handheld portable cell phone." That public demonstration landed the DynaTAC on the July 1973 cover of Popular Science Magazine. As Cooper recalls from the experience: "I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter – probably one of the most dangerous things I have ever done in my life."
That first cell phone began a fundamental technology and communications market shift to making phone calls to a person instead of to a place. Bell Labs had introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947, but their first systems were limited to car phones which required roughly 30 pounds (12 kg) of equipment in the trunk. Motorola gained Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval for cellular licenses to be assigned to competing entities and prevented an AT&T monopoly on cellular service.
Cooper worked at Motorola for 29 years; building and managing both its paging and cellular businesses. He also led the creation of trunked mobile radio, quartz crystals, oscillators, liquid crystal displays, piezo-electric components, Motorola A. M. stereo technology and various mobile and portable two-way radio product lines.
Cooper rose to Vice-President and Corporate Director of Research and Development at Motorola. In addition to his work on the mobile cellular phone, he was instrumental in expanding the technology of pagers from use within a single building to use across multiple cities. Cooper also worked with inventor Clifford L. Rose to fix a flaw in quartz crystals used in Motorola's radios which encouraged the company to mass-produce the first crystals used in wrist watches.
Cellular Business Systems
Dyna LLC
Cooper and his wife Arlene Harris founded Dyna LLC in 1986 as a home base for their developmental and support activities for the new companies, Subscriber Computing Inc., Cellular Pay Phone, Inc. (CPPI), SOS Wireless Communications and Accessible Wireless; the later two of which together created the underpinning for the creation of GreatCall, were all launched from Dyna LLC.
From his Dyna headquarters Cooper continues to write and lecture about wireless communications, technological innovation, the Internet and R&D management. He serves on industry, civic and national governmental groups including the U.S. Department of Commerce Spectrum Advisory Committee that advises the Secretary of Commerce of the United States on spectrum policy and the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) Technological Advisory Council.
GreatCall, Inc
In 1986 Cooper co-founded Cellular Payphone Inc. (CPPI), the parent company of GreatCall, Inc., Innovator of the Jitterbug cell phone (in partnership with Samsung). GreatCall is the first complete end-to-end value-added service provider in the cellular industry to focus on simplicity with its primary emphasis on senior citizens.
Arraycomm
In 1992 Cooper co-founded Arraycomm a developer of software for mobile antenna technologies. Under his leadership, the Company grew from a seed-funded startup in San Jose, California, into the world leader in smart antenna technology with 400 patents issued or pending, worldwide.
Energous.com
Cooper joined the board of directors from 2015 to 2019.
Cooper's law
Cooper found that the ability to transmit different radio communications simultaneously and in the same place has grown at the same pace since Guglielmo Marconi's first transmissions in 1895. This led Cooper to formulate the Law of Spectral Efficiency, otherwise known as Cooper's Law. The law states that the maximum number of voice conversations or equivalent data transactions that can be conducted in all of the useful radio spectrum over a given area doubles every 30 months.
Publications
Latest publications
"The Myth of Spectrum Scarcity" Position Paper, March 2010.
"Mobile WiMax – Fourth-Generation Wireless," Bechtel Communications Technical Journal, September 2007.
"The Need for Simplicity," in the anthology "Mobile Persuasion: 20 Perspectives on the Future of Behavior Change," published by Stanford University in 2007.
"Personal Communications in 2025" for Eta Kappa Nu Electrical and Computer Engineering Honor Society, Autumn 2005.
"Antennas Get Smart" in Scientific American, July 2003.
"Everyone is Wrong" in Technology Review, June 2001.
Awards and affiliations
Mensa
1984 – IEEE Centennial Medal and Fellow
1995 – Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Award
1996 – Radio Club of America Fred Link Award and Life Fellow with the International Engineering Consortium
2000 – "Red Herring" Magazine Top Ten Entrepreneurs of 2000
2000 – RCR Wireless News Hall of Fame Inaugural Member
2002 – American Computer Museum George Stibitz Computer and Communications Pioneer Award
2002 – Wireless Systems Design Industry Leader Award
2006 – CITA Emerging Technologies Award
2007 – Wireless World Research Forum Fellow
2007 – Global Spec Great Moments Engineering Award
2008 – CE Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame Award
October 2008 – Wireless History Foundation, Top U.S. Wireless Innovators of All Time.
2009 – Prince of Asturias Award for scientific and technical research.
2009 – Life Trustee, Illinois Institute of Technology
2010 – Radio Club of America, Lifetime Achievement Award
October 2010 – Member, National Academy of Engineering
2011 – Inaugural Mikhail Gorbachev: The Man Who Changed the World Awards Nominee
2011 – Webby Award for Lifetime Achievement
2012 – Washington Society of Engineers, Washington Award
2013 – Charles Stark Draper Prize, National Academy of Engineering
2013 – Marconi Prize
2013 – Honorary doctorate awarded by the students and the rector of Hasselt University on the occasion of the university's 40th anniversary.
2014 IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu Eminent Member
2019 – Leaves the Energous board of directors.
References
External links
American telecommunications industry businesspeople
American inventors
1928 births
Living people
Engineers from Chicago
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Mensans
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Cooper%20%28inventor%29 |
In Greek mythology, Perses (; ) is the brother of Aeëtes, Aloeus, Circe and Pasiphaë, which makes him a son of Helios, the god of the sun, by Perse, an Oceanid nymph.
Etymology
His name is derived from the Ancient Greek word perthō ( – "to sack", "to ravage", "to destroy").
Mythology
Perses' brother Aeëtes had been warned by an oracle that great peril would come to him if the golden fleece was ever removed from Colchis. Indeed, after Medea helped Jason steal the fleece, Perses usurped the throne of Colchis from his brother, but was subsequently slain by Medea, his paternal niece, who restored her father to the throne,<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.9.28</ref> as an oracle had once predicted that he would be slain by his own kin.
One tale goes that after Perses seized power, Medea's son by either Aegeus or Jason, Medus, arrived in Colchis and was imprisoned immediately, though under a false identity. Soon after a famine broke out. Medea arrived in Colchis too, claiming to be a priestess of Artemis, and unknowingly, betrayed her son's true identity to Perses. Medea, under the pretext of simply wanting to talk to him, secretly gave Medus a sword, and explained what had happened to his grandfather Aeëtes. Medus then slew Perses.Diodorus Siculus, Historic Library 4.56.1
Although distinct from the Titan known as Perses, who is known for fathering Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft, Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica made this Perses the father of Hecate by an unknown mother; Perses' brother Aeëtes then married Hecate and had Medea and Circe by her. Diodorus describes Perses as "exceedingly cruel" and "lawless".
Genealogy
See also
Pelias
Hamlet
Scar
Notes
References
Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Includes Frazer's notes.
Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
Mythological kings of Colchis
Kings in Greek mythology
Children of Helios
Demigods in classical mythology
Fictional people from Georgia (country)
Colchian characters in Greek mythology
Medea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perses%20of%20Colchis |
Whitty Street is a street in Shek Tong Tsui, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. Named after R.C. Whitty, the first manager of Hong Kong and China Gas Company, the street is well known as one of seven terminals of the Hong Kong Tramways. The road starts from Queen's Road West, crossing Des Voeux Road West and ends in Connaught Road West.
In the 1970s, there was a plan for an MTR station (named Whitty station) to be built beneath the street for the residents of Shek Tong Tsui. Space is reserved for the exit of the future station. Nonetheless, the plan has never come to fruition. A new plan suggests that a station would be built near the private housing estate The Belcher's instead of on Whitty Street.
These MTR proposals were eventually superseded by the West Island line extension, which opened HKU station just south of Shek Tong Tsui. HKU station's Exit B1 opens directly onto the southern end of Whitty Street.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
About the name Whitty (in Chinese)
Shek Tong Tsui
Roads on Hong Kong Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitty%20Street |
Sol was a Canadian indie rock band in the 1990s. From Moncton, New Brunswick, the band consisted of singer and bassist Stacy Ricker, guitarist Robin Anne Ettles and drummer Chris Mersereau.
They released their first indie EP, Small Vacations, in 1996. That same year, they also performed a rendition of "Blue Tattoo" on A Tribute to Hard Core Logo. In 1997, they released their full-length debut, Lucinda.
The band played locally in New Brunswick and toured Canada several times, and had singles on campus and community radio. They won an East Coast Music Award for Best Alternative Artist in 1999, but disbanded due to creative differences the same year. A live album was released in 2000.
All three members continue to make music on their own.
References
External links
Canadian Indie Band Database Sol
Musical groups with year of establishment missing
Musical groups from Moncton
Canadian indie rock groups
Canadian alternative rock groups
1996 establishments in New Brunswick
1999 disestablishments in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%20%28band%29 |
Amos Bairoch (born 22 November 1957) is a Swiss bioinformatician and Professor of Bioinformatics at the Department of Human Protein Sciences of the University of Geneva where he leads the CALIPHO group at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) combining bioinformatics, curation, and experimental efforts to functionally characterize human proteins.
His father was the economic historian Paul Bairoch.
Education
His first project as a Ph.D. student was the development of PC/Gene, an MS-DOS–based software package for the analysis of protein and nucleotide sequences. PC/Gene was commercialized, first by a Swiss company (Genofit) then by Intelligenetics in the US which was later bought by Oxford Molecular.
Research
His main work is in the field of protein sequence analysis and more particularly in the development of databases and software tools for this purpose. His most important contribution is the input of human knowledge by careful manual annotation in protein-related data.
While working on PC/Gene he started to develop an annotated protein sequence database which became Swiss-Prot and was first released in July 1986. From 1988 onward it has been a collaborative project with the Data Library group of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory which later evolved into the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI).
The Swiss-Prot database is the primary protein sequence resource in the world and has been a key research instrument for both bioinformaticians and laboratory-based scientists in a very wide range of applications. A measure of its success is the recent development of UniProt, the world's most comprehensive catalogue of information on proteins. UniProt is a central information resource of protein sequences and functions created by joining the information contained in Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL, and the American Protein Information Resource (PIR) databases.
In 1988, he started to develop PROSITE, a database of protein families and domains. A little while later he created ENZYME, a nomenclature database on enzymes as well as SeqAnalRef, a sequence analysis bibliographic reference database.
In collaboration with Ron Appel he initiated, in August 1993, the first molecular biology WWW server, ExPASy. What was intended as a prototype grew rapidly into a major site that provides access to the many databases produced partially or completely in Geneva as well as many tools for the analysis of proteins (proteomics).
In 1998, with colleagues in Geneva and Lausanne, he was one of the founders of the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, whose mission is to establish in Switzerland a center of excellence in the field of bioinformatics with an emphasis on research, education, services and the developments of databases and tools.
In November 1997, together with Ron Appel and Denis Hochstrasser, he founded GeneBio (Geneva Bioinformatics SA), a company involved in biological knowledge. In April 2000, the above persons with Keith Rose and Robin Offord founded GeneProt (Geneva Proteomics), a high throughput proteomics company that ceased operations in 2005.
Since 2009, in the framework of the CALIPHO group, directed by himself and Lydie Lane, he is involved in the development of neXtProt a resource which aims to provide life scientists with a broad spectrum of knowledge on all human proteins.
He is also involved in the development of the Cellosaurus a knowledge resource on cell lines.
According to Google Scholar and Scopus, his most highly cited peer reviewed papers in scientific journals have been published in Nucleic Acids Research, the Biochemical Journal, Nature, Briefings in Bioinformatics, and Database.
Awards and honours
Bairoch was the recipient of the 1993 Friedrich Miescher Award from the Swiss Society of Biochemistry, the 1995 Helmut Horten Foundation Incentive Award, the 2004 Pehr Edman award, the 2004 European Latsis Prize, the 2010 Otto Naegeli
prize, the 2011 HUPO Distinguished Achievement Award in Proteomic Sciences., the 2013 EUPA proteomics pioneer award, and in 2018 the ABRF Award.
Quotes
References
1957 births
Living people
Swiss bioinformaticians
Fellows of the International Society for Computational Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos%20Bairoch |
Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways (also called Civil War: Young Avengers & Runaways in the collected edition) is a comic book mini-series tie-in to Marvel Comics' Civil War crossover event. The series serves as a team-up between the characters from Young Avengers and Runaways. The series was written by Zeb Wells with art by Stefano Caselli. Young Avengers co-creator Allan Heinberg and Runaways co-creator Brian K. Vaughan served as creative consultants to Wells.
Production history
Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways bridged the gap between the first and second volumes of the Young Avengers series, which went on hiatus due to writer Allan Heinberg's busy schedule with various television projects and his run on DC's Wonder Woman. It takes place after the events of Runaways v2 #21 and Young Avengers v1 #12, and before Civil War #3
Characters
Plot
The Runaways intervene in a fight between the Flag-Smasher and S.H.I.E.L.D. Cape-Killers, whose agents damage Victor. The Young Avengers see the altercation on television, and something about it causes the Vision to suffer a seizure. The Young Avengers steal a Quinjet and use Wiccan's magic to find the Runaways. Molly attacks the Young Avengers, thinking that they are working with S.H.I.E.L.D., but the team subdues her (when she becomes drowsy as a side-effect of her powers) and enters the Runaways' base to talk to them. The Vision and Victor experience seizures when they are near; the Vision explains that this is most likely ultimately due to their both having been created by Ultron.
Noh-Varr, a brainwashed Kree from an alternate reality, is sent by S.H.I.E.L.D to capture the teenagers. He attacks, breaking Xavin's neck and getting the Vision's phase-shifted lower arm stuck in his torso. Noh-Varr's handlers capture Wiccan, Hulkling, Karolina, and Xavin's body and take them to "The Cube", a high-security metahuman prison. The remaining members of both teams follow and attempt a rescue. The Cube's warden attempts to dissect Hulkling, but his organs shift to avoid damage. Xavin - who possesses similar shapeshifting powers to Hulkling - is able to right his broken neck and attacks the warden. Victor realizes that the Vision's arm, embedded in Noh-Varr's chest, has begun to interface with the alien. Victor overloads him by coming near, as he did with the Vision, and the Vision becomes able to remove Noh-varr's psychological conditioning. The two teams part ways and Noh-Varr takes control of the Cube, claiming it to be the capital of the new Kree empire.
Collected editions
Civil War: Young Avengers & Runaways collects Civil War: Young Avengers/Runaways #1-4 (). This trade paperback also includes Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe biographies of some of the members of the Young Avengers and the Runaways.
The covers of the four issues of the miniseries can be placed side by side to create a large panoramic poster which is included in the collected edition on two separate pages.
References
2006 comics debuts
2006 comics endings
Crossover comics
Avengers (comics) titles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20War%3A%20Young%20Avengers/Runaways |
Sarah Minear is a former West Virginia state senator from the 14th district which represents part or all of the following counties: Grant County, Mineral County, Preston County, Taylor County, and Tucker County. She did not seek re-election in 2006.
In 2010, Minear ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S. House in West Virginia's 1st district, but came in third in the primary with 22 percent.
See also
List of members of the 77th West Virginia Senate
References
Living people
Republican Party West Virginia state senators
Women state legislators in West Virginia
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Minear |
Esther Bubley (February 16, 1921 – March 16, 1998) was an American photographer who specialized in expressive photos of ordinary people in everyday lives. She worked for several agencies of the American government and her work also featured in several news and photographic magazines.
Life and career
Esther Bubley was born in Phillips, Wisconsin, the fourth of five children of Russian Jewish immigrants Louis and Ida Bubley. In 1936, while Esther was a senior at Central High School in Superior, Wisconsin, the photo magazine Life first hit the newsstands. Inspired by the magazine, and particularly by the pictures of the Great Depression produced by the Farm Security Administration, she developed a passion for photojournalism and documentary photography. As editor-in-chief of the yearbook, she sought to emulate the style of Life. After high school, Bubley spent two years at Superior State Teachers College (now the University of Wisconsin–Superior) before enrolling in the one-year photography program at the Minneapolis School of Art (now the Minneapolis College of Art and Design).
After college in 1941, Bubley moved to Washington, D.C. seeking work as a photographer. Failing to find a job in Washington, Bubley moved to New York City. During the 1941 Christmas season, she landed a position at Vogue in New York, but she didn't like the work. Early in 1942, she returned to Washington when she was offered a job as a microfilmer for the National Archives and Records Administration.
In the fall of 1942, Roy Stryker hired her as a darkroom assistant at the Office of War Information (OWI), where his photographic unit had recently been transferred from the Farm Security Administration. With the encouragement of Stryker, and some of the more senior photographers, she moved to taking pictures for the OWI historical section, documenting life on the home front during the war. Her most challenging assignment was a noted series on the bus system in the Midwest and South.
In late 1943, when Stryker left the OWI to work on a public relations project for the Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), she accompanied him, along with other photographers, including Gordon Parks and John Vachon. The Bus Story series she produced for Standard Oil, a reprise of her earlier Bus Story for the OWI, earned the award for Best Picture Sequence in the Encyclopædia Britannica/University of Missouri School of Journalism "News Pictures of the Year" in 1948. During this period, she was briefly married to Edwin Locke, Stryker's administrative chief, but they soon divorced.
By 1947, Bubley was expanding her horizons beyond Stryker and Standard Oil. She began working for the Children's Bureau, a federal child welfare agency. Over the next several years, she contributed thousands of images to their files, and her work appeared on more than thirty covers of their journal The Child.
In 1948, Bubley was hired by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, along with Russell Lee (photographer), to document the social and economic impact of the railroad. Together they producing over 3000 negatives of daily life along the railroad.
In 1949, Bubley's photo essay on mental illness for the Ladies' Home Journal was given the first place award for a feature in the Encyclopædia Britannica/University of Missouri School of Journalism contest, winning Bubley a second set of the Encyclopedia. She continued working for the Ladies' Home Journal, producing a dozen photo stories for their celebrated series "How America Lives," which ran intermittently between 1948 and 1960.
In 1951, Bubley began to freelance for Life, eventually contributing 40 photo stories, including two cover stories. Bubley was one of the first women to successfully support herself working as a freelance photographer for the major magazines.
In 1951, she also produced a series on the Pittsburgh Children's Hospital for Stryker, who was then establishing the Pittsburgh Photographic Library. Edward Steichen, Directory of Photography at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), used 13 prints from this series in the 1952 exhibition Diogenese with a Camera. He also mounted and displayed her contact sheets to show how she used every frame. This series led to medical themes becoming a major part of her portfolio. In 1953, she was hired by UNICEF and the French government to travel to Morocco to photograph a program to treat trachoma, an infectious disease that causes blindness. Bubley entered a photo from this assignment in the international division of a contest sponsored by Photography magazine in 1954. She became the first woman to win first place, and she received a trophy depicting a male photographer.
In 1955, Steichen included her work in his monumental The Family of Man exhibition.
In 1956, Pepsi-Cola International hired Bubley to cover Latin America for their company magazine Panorama. In the mid-1960s, Pan American World Airways sent her around the world twice to make images for their corporate photographic library.
In the late 1960s, Bubley reduced her workload as sales of photographic magazines declined, and she wearied of the grueling travel schedule. She spent more time at home in New York City where she pursued projects of personal interest, producing two children's books about animals and a book featuring macro photography of plants.
A devoted animal lover, she spent her mornings in Central Park walking her dog, taking photographs, and making notes that she hoped to turn into a book about the park. In 1991 the Minneapolis College of Art and Design awarded Bubley an honorary doctorate. She died in New York City, of cancer, on March 16, 1998.
In 2001 a retrospective exhibition of Bubley's work appeared at the UBS Art Gallery in New York City. In 2005 Aperture Foundation published a monograph about Bubley, Esther Bubley: On Assignment by photographic historian Bonnie Yochelson with Tracy A. Schmid, archivist for the Bubley Estate. In 2010, the Library of Congress published the monograph Fields of Vision: The Photographs of Esther Bubley.
Selected exhibitions
In and Out of Focus, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, 1948.
Six Women Photographers, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, 1950.
Diogenes with a Camera, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, 1952.
Family of Man, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, 1955.
Esther Bubley, Limelight Gallery, New York, NY, 1956.
Out of the Forties, Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, TX, 1983.
Documenting America, 1935–1943, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1988.
On Assignment: Documentary Photographs from the 1930s and 1940s by Marion Post Wolcott and Esther Bubley, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 1989.
Esther Bubley: On Assignment, Photographs Since 1939, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 1990.
Photographs by Esther Bubley, Phillips Collection, Washington, DC, 1995.
The American Century: Art & Culture 1900–1950, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY, 1999.
Esther Bubley: American Photojournalist, UBS Art Gallery, New York, NY, 2001.
Breaking the Frame: Pioneering Women in Photojournalism, Museum of Photographic Arts, San Diego, CA, 2006.
Children's Hospital 1951: Photographs by Esther Bubley, Frick Art & Historical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 2009.
Awards
Distinctive Merit, Art Directors Club, 1943.
First awards from the University of Missouri School of Journalism and the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1948 and 1949.
Third Prize, Life magazine contest for young photographers, 1951.
First Prize, Photography Magazine, International Contest, 1954.
First Award, Art Directors Club, 1958.
Honorary doctorate, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, 1991.
Monographs
Zoo pals: Big cats, great apes—a look at zoo life, January 1, 1960
How Puppies Grow, 1971, Millicent E. Selsam (Author), Esther Bubley (Illustrator),
How Kittens Grow, 1973, Millicent E. Selsam,
A Mysterious Presence: Macrophotography of Plants, text by Percy Knauth, July 1979,
Esther Bubley's World of Children in Photographs, June 1982,
Charlie Parker, November 1995, Hank O'Neal (Text), Esther Bubley (Photographer),
Esther Bubley: On Assignment, April 2005, Bonnie Yochelson,
Fields of Vision: The Photographs of Esther Bubley, March 2010, Amy Pastan (series editor),
References
Further reading
Bubley, Esther. Esther Bubley's World of Children in Photographs. Dover Publications, 1981.
Fisher, Andrea. Let Us Now Praise Famous Women: Women Photographers for the U.S. Government 1935 to 1944. New York: Pandora Press, 1987.
Fleischauer, Carl and Beverly W. Brannan, eds. Documenting America 1935–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press 1988.
Keller, Ulrich. The Highway As Habitat: A Roy Stryker Documentation, 1943–1955. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986.
Lemann, Nicolas. Out of the Forties. Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1983; reprint Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998.
Plattner, Steven W. Roy Stryker, U.S.A. 1943-1950. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983.
Rabinowitz, Paula. Black & White & Noir. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Rosenblum, Naomi. A History of Women Photographers. New York: Abbeville Press, 1994.
Ruisinger, Tina and Ted Croner. The Faces of Photography: Encounters With 50 Master Photographers. Zürich: Edition Stemmle, 2002.
Schulz, Constance B. and Steven W. Plattner, eds. Witness to the Fifties: The Pittsburgh Photographic Library, 1950–1953. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999.
Stryker, Roy E. and Nancy Wood. In This Proud Land: America 1935–1943 As Seen in the FSA Photographs. Greenwich, Connecticut: New York Graphic Society, 1973.
Walsh, Margaret. Making Connections: The Long-Distance Bus Industry in the US. Ashgate Publishing, 2000.
External links
Esther Bubley official website
Women Photojournalists: Esther Bubley (Prints and Photographs Reading Room, Library of Congress)
Women Come to the Front (Library of Congress Exhibition) covering her World War II career
The Photographers : Esther Bubley Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Photography Review, The New York Times, August 17, 2001
Private Eye Smithsonian Magazine, March 2004
a brief documentary video [9:22]
That's Pediatrics documentary video about Bubley's Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh images [21:59]
Esther Bubley images in The Standard Oil (New Jersey) Collection
The Howard Greene Gallery Biography
Daily Life Along the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad (Newberry Library)
1921 births
1998 deaths
American photojournalists
Social realist artists
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American women civilians in World War II
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
People from Phillips, Wisconsin
People of the United States Office of War Information
Artists from Wisconsin
20th-century American photographers
20th-century American women photographers
Jewish women artists
Jewish American artists
20th-century American Jews
Women photojournalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Bubley |
Joseph-Charles Taché, (December 24, 1820 – April 16, 1894) was a member of the Taché family, a nephew of Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché. He was a student at the Petit Séminaire de Québec and followed this by a study of medicine, receiving his medical diploma in 1844.
Taché practised medicine in Rimouski, and, at the age of 27, he was unopposed for a seat in the Legislative Assembly. His activity in politics led him into the newspaper business as a writer renowned for his caustic political wit. He worked as a writer and editor until 1859 when he left Le Courrier du Canada to pursue other writing full-time. He returned to public life in 1864 as a senior civil servant in Ottawa for 24 years in literary, cultural, scientific and political areas. He oversaw the 1871 census.
References
External links
1820 births
1894 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Charles%20Tach%C3%A9 |
"Tangerine" is a song by British rock band Feeder, released as the band's second single, and the first that was taken from the Polythene album. The single managed to gain word-of-mouth success and made #60 on the UK top 75- their first of 25 hit singles to date.
The song is featured on the original Gran Turismo game as an instrumental. Grant once said that the song is about the struggles the band experienced while trying to get a record contract.
During the 2020 Covid lockdown, a radio presenter living in Bath, discovered during a clear out of his attic and shed, a series of master tapes containing acoustic radio sessions he did with various established and up and coming bands. Amongst these was an early performance of b-side “Rain” performed in 1997, sometime before this single was released.
Music video
The music video (directed by Toby Duckett) begins with a first person camera sequence of being let in by a doorman to a squat known as Oddballs Hall. The now demolished building at the junction of Harrow Rd and Ladbroke Grove in London where Feeder are performing in a dingy hall which features rats, several arcade machines, a giant fiberglass wolf head and a man in a bathtub filled with tangerines. One end of the hall was covered with mirrors which were smashed for effect during the filming but the process proved to be too dangerous to all concerned so does not appear in the finished piece. Several slow-motion sequences occur during the performance in which tangerines fly at the band as they leap through the air, drummer Jon Lee's bass drum is also filled with tangerines. In keeping with the orange-based image of the song (and of the band at the time) the band wear several orange items of clothing during the video, including their then-trademark orange jumpsuits. At the end of the performance the camera returns to first person, leaves the building and returns to the street. The doorman and the dog were residents, everyone else that appears are crew, all the filming was done in a single day and was shot on 72mm film.
Track listing
CD1
"Tangerine" – 3:55
"Rhubarb" – 2:07
"Rain" – 3:27
CD2
"Tangerine" – 3:55
"TV Me" – 3:28
"Elegy" – 4:13
7" vinyl
"Tangerine" – 3:55
"Rhubarb" – 2:07
References
1997 singles
Feeder songs
Song recordings produced by Chris Sheldon
1997 songs
The Echo Label singles
Songs written by Grant Nicholas
Songs written by Taka Hirose
Songs written by Jon Lee (drummer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine%20%28Feeder%20song%29 |
Ulysses Grant Groff (29 October 1865 – 15 October 1950) was a large landowner and philanthropist noted for substantial donations to the City of Amherst, Massachusetts and to Amherst College.
He was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania to plantation owner John Groff and Susan Beaver (née Susan de Bouvoir) and married Julia Page Quick, the daughter of the Anglican Bishop of Philadelphia in Germantown, Pennsylvania on 14 March 1888.
In 1890 during a period of strong industrial growth, he relocated to Amherst, Massachusetts in order to develop what was at the time a large-scale farming enterprise. Despite the Great Depression, his enterprise fared exceptionally well compared to others, and he soon became a major landowner in Amherst. Upon reaching retirement age, he downscaled his holdings and donated large portions to the Town of Amherst and to Amherst College.
Ulysses Grant Groff died in an automobile accident in Massachusetts two weeks before his 85th birthday.
He was the father of real estate developer and businessman Charles Wister Groff.
References
Best, Jane Evans. The Groff Book. Masthoff Press, Pennsylvania, 1997.
The McKouwn Almanac. Sept McKouwn. Dublin 2005 (National Library of Ireland).
1865 births
1950 deaths
American real estate businesspeople
American philanthropists
American people of Swiss descent
People from Amherst, Massachusetts
People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Road incident deaths in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses%20Grant%20Groff |
Charles Pooter is a fictional character, the supposed author and leading character of George and Weedon Grossmith's comic novel The Diary of a Nobody (1892). Pooter is a middle-aged and middle-class clerk in the City of London, with ideas above his station. Apart from taking himself very seriously, he is an extreme example of self-importance, with the unhappy result that he is much snubbed by those he considers beneath him. He has a wife called Carrie and a son called Lupin, the latter unsuitably engaged to the distressingly inferior Daisy Mutlar.
The Pooters live at The Laurels, Brickfield Terrace, Holloway, London, in a nice six-roomed residence, not counting basement, with a front breakfast-parlour, a little front garden, and a flight of ten steps up to the front door. A nice little back garden runs down to the railway, which causes no nuisance, other than the cracking up of the garden wall. The exact location of the real "Laurels" had always been a subject of speculation, but in 2008 journalist Harry Mount claimed to have found the original in Pemberton Gardens, a road that cuts from Upper Holloway Road to Junction Road in Archway. Pooter's intimate friends Cummings and Gowing always let themselves in at the side entrance, thus saving the housemaid the trouble of going to the door. He sometimes drinks Madeira.
The character has spawned the word Pooterism (Pooterish, Pooteresque), which means taking oneself far too seriously: believing that one's importance or influence is far greater than it really is.
A 1984 edition of The Diary of a Nobody published by Elm Tree Books included new illustrations by artists Paul Hogarth and Philip Hood, the latter providing a colour caricature of Pooter in the style of the Victorian publication Vanity Fair at the suggestion of the publisher. This showed Pooter in a typical pose carrying business documents while painting the bath with red enamel paint. Based on the illustrations by Weedon Grossmith, Hood's was the first attempt by an artist to create a detailed and realistic portrait of Charles Pooter.
Portrayals
Arthur Lowe: audio version
Bryan Pringle: film by Ken Russell (1964)
Terrence Hardiman: television adaptation (1979)
Michael Williams: Garrick Theatre (1986); BBC Radio World Service version (1990)
Hugh Bonneville: BBC Four version (2007)
Johnny Vegas: BBC Radio 4 (2012)
References
Comedy literature characters
Literary characters introduced in 1892
Male characters in literature
Fictional people from London
Literary archetypes
Fictional diarists
Characters in British novels of the 19th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Pooter |
Jon Blair Hunter was a Democratic West Virginia state senator from the 14th district, which represents Barbour County, Preston County, Taylor County, Tucker County and parts of Grant County and Monongalia County. He served from 1996 until 2008. As a legislator he has been a voice for environmental issues and has sponsored legislation to stop Mountain Top Removal mining in West Virginia.
He retired having not sought re-election in 2008.
References
External links
http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/2009/09/09/manchin-appoints-hunter-to-wva-surface-mine-board/
http://mywvhome.blogspot.com/2007_11_11_archive.html
People from Mineral County, West Virginia
Democratic Party West Virginia state senators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Blair%20Hunter |
"It's No Game" is a song written by English musician David Bowie for his 1980 album Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps), featuring lead guitar played by Robert Fripp. The song is split into two parts, opening and closing the album. "(No. 1)" is musically sinister, featuring Bowie screaming lyrics and Japanese narration provided by actress Michi Hirota. "(No. 2)", a stark contrast to "(No. 1)", is much calmer, which Bowie's biographers symbolise as Bowie facing the same situation in "(No. 1)", but after the album's duration.
Alongside the album, "(No. 1)" was released as the B-side of the US version of the single "Ashes to Ashes" in August 1980. Bowie never performed "It's No Game" live during his concert tours, although the ending of "(No. 1)" was adapted for the 1987 Glass Spider Tour. The full song was later performed in the 2015 musical Lazarus.
Recording
Recording sessions for Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) began at the Power Station in New York City in February 1980. The backing tracks for "It's No Game" were completed here, with "(No. 2)" completed in its entirety. King Crimson guitarist Robert Fripp contributed lead guitar to "(No. 1)". Recorded around the same time was the instrumental "Crystal Japan"; it was originally intended to be the album's closing track, but was dropped in favour of a reprise of "It's No Game". According to biographer Chris O'Leary, "(No. 2)" was the original version of the track; its development history was similar to that of the Beatles' 1968 song "Revolution", which was first recorded as a slower, acoustic track (the version present on the White Album), and then as a hard rocker.
Instead of improvising lyrics and music as he had with prior releases, Bowie informed Visconti he wanted to take time composing and developing the lyrics and melodies. As such, Bowie's vocals were not recorded until April 1980 at Good Earth Studios in London, co-producer Tony Visconti's own studio at the time. Also recorded here was the Japanese narration provided by actress Michi Hirota for "(No. 1)".
Music and lyrics
Parts of "It's No Game" were adapted from an earlier, unreleased song titled "Tired of My Life", which Bowie demoed at Haddon Hall in mid-1970. Bowie claimed to have written "Tired of My Life" as early as 1963, a claim supported by Visconti who stated that Bowie wrote the song when he was 16. When composing "It's No Game", Bowie re-used the melody, structure, and several lyrics from "Tired of My Life", some of which shared similar themes to Bowie's 1970 album The Man Who Sold the World.
"No. 1"
The lyrics to "It's No Game (No. 1)" are spoken in Japanese by Michi Hirota, with Bowie screaming the English translation "as if he's literally tearing out his intestines", according to NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray. O'Leary cites this as reminiscent of John Lennon's performance on Plastic Ono Band (1970). Bowie said that he employed a strident female vocal "to break down a particular kind of sexist attitude" regarding Japanese girls and women in general; Hirota recites the lyrics as-is, complete with the strong male "I" pronoun, ore. The track ends with an intense guitar loop played by Fripp, followed by Bowie screaming "Shut up!". Author Peter Doggett calls the ending "stunning, scarifying, [and] relentless".
"No. 2"
In contrast to the musical and vocal intensity of "(No. 1)", "It's No Game (No. 2)" is much calmer; Carr and Murray interpreted this as meaning that by the album's close, Bowie is "facing the same situation which he confronted when the album began, but with the force of his rage somewhat spent. Things haven't improved, but he's taking it better." Doggett writes that whereas "(No. 1)" "climaxed with the signals of insanity", "(No. 2)" "just end[s], draining color from everything around it". Similar to how the album begins, it ends with the sound of a tape rewinding and playing out, although this time, it slows to a halt.
Release and reception
Both parts of "It's No Game" were released on 12 September 1980 on Bowie's 14th studio album Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps), with "(No. 1)" opening the album and "(No. 2)" closing the album. "(No. 1)" was also released as the B-side of the US version of the single "Ashes to Ashes" in August 1980. In Japan it was released as a single in 1980 with "Fashion" as the B-side. A specially created pressing featuring both parts 1 and 2 for the first time on 7" vinyl was included with the book Speed of Life (Genesis Publications, 2012) released in a limited edition of 2,000 copies signed by Bowie and photographer Masayoshi Sukita. The picture vinyl features photography by Sukita.
Bowie never performed "It's No Game" live during his concert tours. However, the closing moments of "(No. 1)" – featuring Fripp's manic guitar interrupted by Bowie's cry of "Shut up!" – were recreated for the opening moments of his 1987 Glass Spider Tour. The full song was later performed in the 2015 musical Lazarus. O'Leary writes that for the musical, Bowie turned "It's No Game" into an "absurdist set piece": stuck in his apartment, the character of Thomas Jerome Newton, after witnessing a violent death montage, "hallucinates being hurled around the room by a female samurai".
Mojo magazine listed "It's No Game (No. 1)" as Bowie's 73rd best track in 2015. Three years later, NME staff-writer Emily Barker voted "(No. 1)" his 40th best song, praising Bowie's ability to "make immensely likable and at the same time dystopian music".
Personnel
According to biographer Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie – lead and backing vocal, piano, producer
Robert Fripp – lead guitar "(No. 1)"
Carlos Alomar – rhythm guitar
George Murray – bass
Dennis Davis – drums, ratchet "(No. 1)"
Michi Hirota – lead vocal "(No. 1)"
Tony Visconti – backing vocal, producer
Cover versions
Born to Worry – A version called "It's No Game Part 3" on the album Loving the Alien: Athens Georgia Salutes David Bowie.
Nine Inch Nails – Guitar samples from the Bowie song, slowed and in reverse, on "Pinion" from the EP Broken; the sample is more clearly heard in the intro tape played prior to most Nine Inch Nails concerts.
References
Sources
David Bowie songs
1980 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Macaronic songs
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20No%20Game |
In Norse mythology, Þrúðvangr (plural: Þrúðvangar; Old Norse: , "power-field", sometimes anglicized as Thrudvang or Thruthvang) is a field where the god Thor resides. The field is attested in the Prose Edda and in Heimskringla, both written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century.
In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, the enthroned figure of High tells Gangleri (King Gylfi in disguise) about the god Thor. Among other details, High mentions that Thor's realm is Þrúðvangr and that Thor owns the hall Bilskírnir, the largest of all buildings ever erected. Further in Gylfaginning, High mentions that Thor returned to Þrúðvangr after Útgarða-Loki's fortress disappeared. In the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, Thor's battle with Hrungnir is recounted. The narration details that, after defeating Hrungnir and left with a whetstone lodged in his head, Thor returned to Þrúðvangr, where the völva Gróa unsuccessfully attempted to remove the stone.
In the Heimskringla book Ynglinga saga, the field is again mentioned, yet in euhemerized context; here Thor is a temple priest, and given Þrúðvangr, a location in Sweden, by Odin, here described as a powerful king.
See also
Fólkvangr, the afterlife field of the goddess Freyja
Þrúðr, daughter of Thor
Notes
References
Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Edda. Everyman.
Hollander, Lee Milton. (Trans.) (2007). Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press.
Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer.
Locations in Norse mythology
Thor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr |
Eric Appel (born August 13, 1980) is an American filmmaker working in television, film, and commercials.
Originally from Endicott, New York, Appel attended the Art Institute of Pittsburgh, majoring in computer animation. Describing his childhood interests, Appel said, "I was always playing around with video cameras, but I was also the kid that drew cartoons. It’s weird. I was so obsessed with movies and television, but nobody ever told me that I should go to film school... [W]hen I decided to go to school for animation, it felt like a no-brainer. However, when I actually went away to college, I realized that I had made a mistake (and also that I wasn’t that great at drawing). I actually spent more time working on videos with my roommate, who was majoring in video production, than I did working on my own projects."
While in college, Appel also began performing improv comedy, after his girlfriend brought him to a "show at the University of Pittsburgh called 'Friday Nite Improvs ,' where anyone from the audience could volunteer to go up on stage and perform these improv games." After moving to New York City, Appel started taking classes at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater, "and it wasn’t long before I was basically living at the theatre. I became very involved very quickly. [I was] taking improv classes, interning, running the lights for shows and really helping out in any way that I could so I could just be around comedy as much as possible."
While still in New York, Appel got a job writing for The Andy Milonakis Show, then moved to Los Angeles for that show's third season when its production was relocated to California. He subsequently wrote for Crank Yankers and Human Giant, then went to work for the comedy website Funny or Die. "Funny or Die was such a young company when they hired me...there were about eight of us all sitting around a large dining room table on laptops. Every day a few people would disappear to go shoot some shit and then the next day they would be sitting next to you editing it. Then it would go up on the site and it would either get a million hits or nobody would watch it and it would disappear and then it was on to the next thing. Everyone there worked at their own pace and you were encouraged to just go pick up a camera and make something...I used this as an opportunity to start directing my own sketches and quickly found out that not only do I like directing more than writing, but also that I’m better at it."
Appel would go on to extensively direct series television, with credits including Eagleheart, NTSF:SD:SUV, The Office, New Girl, Selfie, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Son of Zorn, Die Hart and The Afterparty.
In 2022, Appel made his feature directorial debut with Weird: The Al Yankovic Story, based on a Funny or Die short that he directed twelve years earlier. The film won a Critics Choice Award for Best Made for Television Movie.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American film directors
American film editors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
American television directors
American television writers
Comedy film directors
Film directors from New York (state)
Film producers from New York (state)
People from Endicott, New York
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Appel |
The Dream Life of Balso Snell is a 1931 novel by American author Nathanael West. West's first novel, it presents a young man's immature and cynical search for meaning in a series of dreamlike encounters inside the entrails of the Trojan Horse.
Plot summary
Balso, the protagonist, comes across the Trojan Horse in the tall grass around Troy and promptly seeks a way to get in: “the mouth was beyond his reach, the navel provided a cul-de-sac, and so, forgetting his dignity, he approached the last. O Anus Mirabilis!” The literary critic Leslie Fiedler reads much into this and sees the whole novel as “a fractured and dissolving parable of the very process by which the emancipated Jew enters into the world of Western Culture.” Inside the Trojan Horse Balso encounters an array of odd characters who, he realizes, are all “writers in search of an audience”. These characters also represent various religious and artistic ideals. Balso hears their stories systematically, only to discard them one by one, in a strictly nihilist fashion.
Literary significance and criticism
The novel's lack of a coherent plot structure, along with its juvenile humor and abundant scatological details, are all intended to aggravate, perplex and annoy readers. The desired result, according to West, is a book that is “a protest against writing books”. The juvenility and incoherence of the novel have prompted critics to disregard it as “a sneer in the bathroom mirror at Art” (Alan Ross), “squalid and dreadful” (Harold Bloom) and “a hysterical, obscure, disgusted shriek against the intellect” (James F. Light). Nonetheless, by its complete and disgusted rejection of all religious, political and artistic ideals The Dream Life of Balso Snell foreshadows the nihilism of West’s subsequent novels.
Publication history
West began developing material for The Dream Life of Balso Snell as early as 1924; he worked on the novel during his stay in Paris in 1926 and finished a complete draft in New York City between 1927 and 1929, under the title The Journal of Balso Snell. The manuscript was rejected twice before finally getting accepted, largely due to a favorable appraisal by William Carlos Williams. The book was published in New York City by the Paris-based Contact Editions in August 1931 in an edition of 500 copies. There were no other printings during West’s lifetime. After West became famous (years after his death) for Miss Lonelyhearts and The Day of the Locust, Balso Snell was reprinted in a single volume edition of his complete novels, as well as in the Library of America edition of West's collected works.
Footnotes
External links
1931 American novels
Novels by Nathanael West
1931 debut novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dream%20Life%20of%20Balso%20Snell |
Frederick William Cumberland (10 April 1821 – 5 August 1881) was a Canadian engineer, architect and politician. He represented the riding of Algoma in the 1st and 2nd Ontario Parliaments, and he served in the House of Commons of Canada from 1871 to 1872.
Life and career
Cumberland was born in London, England, and grew up in Rathmines, Dublin, where his father was employed at Dublin Castle. His mother died there. The family returned to London in the mid-1830s, where he studied at King's College School and apprenticed as a civil engineer. Starting in 1843, he was employed with the engineering department of the British Admiralty, working on the construction of dry docks and fortifications.
In 1845, Cumberland married Wilmot Mary Bramley, whose sisters had married prominent men in the city of Toronto, and he came to that city with his wife in 1847. He worked there as a surveyor and as an engineer for the united counties of York and Peel.
In partnership with architect Thomas Ridout, he designed the Cathedral Church of St. James and School, the York County Court House, and a post office. Later, with William George Storm, Cumberland designed other important public buildings in Toronto.
At the University of Toronto, he designed University College, the Provincial Magnetic Observatory (1853–55) and the Director's Residence (1858; demolished in 1901), as well as major additions and reconstruction of the Centre Block (1856–59) of the Osgoode Hall law courts.
Cumberland designed residences for prominent people living in Toronto. He also designed the Queen Street Wesleyan Chapel (1856), which was demolished c. 1980. He built several public buildings in Hamilton.
During the 1850s, Cumberland became involved in railway management at the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railroad Union Company (later the Northern Railway Company), as well as other railway and related companies of the time. From 1868, Cumberland served as a director of the Rama Timber Transport Company. As was common at the time, he used railway money to gain the support of Members of Parliament and to help elect candidates favourable to their cause. After Cumberland's death, the Northern Railway Company was absorbed by the Grand Trunk Railway. He was also director of a number of banks and a member of the Toronto Board of Education.
Cumberland helped establish a new battalion in the local militia during the 1860s. He was a member of the senate of the University of Toronto. He was also a freemason, becoming deputy grand master for the Toronto district. He died in Toronto in 1881.
Notable works
See also
List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto
References
External links
Historic Places in Canada
1821 births
1881 deaths
People educated at King's College School, London
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
English emigrants to Canada
19th-century Canadian architects
People from Rathmines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20William%20Cumberland |
Oshkosh West High School is a public high school in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, and part of the Oshkosh Area School District. As of 2019, the school has 1,691 students in grades 9 through 12. Originally known as Oshkosh High School when the building was opened in 1961, its name was changed when Oshkosh North High School was built in 1972. The facility holds a swimming pool and two gyms, as well as the Alberta Kimball Auditorium.
Extracurricular activities
As of the 2018–2019 school year, Oshkosh West has 53 student clubs and 23 sports, 11 for males and 12 for females, all participating in the Fox Valley Association. The Oshkosh West Boys Basketball team was undefeated in 2006 and 2007, and won the state Division 1 championship both years. The Oshkosh West Girls Basketball team was the state champion for Division 1 in 2003 and 2004.
Miscellaneous
The school mascot is the Wildcat, as depicted in the school logo, in which a feline paw slashes through the capital letter "W". The school song is "On Wisconsin".
Prior to 2001, the school mascot was the Indian. However, because of controversy about Native American mascots, OWHS changed its mascot to the Wildcat, which was selected in a student vote.
Every November the band goes to the Oshkosh holiday parade
References
External links
School website
School district website
Public high schools in Wisconsin
Buildings and structures in Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Educational institutions established in 1869
Schools in Winnebago County, Wisconsin
1869 establishments in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh%20West%20High%20School |
Limaysaurus ("Limay lizard") is a genus represented by a single species of rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaurs, which lived during the mid-Cretaceous period, about 99.6 to 97 million years ago, in the Cenomanian, in what is now South America (northwestern Patagonia).
Discovery
Limaysaurus includes a single type species, Limaysaurus tessonei, which was originally referred to the genus Rebbachisaurus as Rebbachisaurus tessonei, an African species, by Jorge Calvo and Leonardo Salgado in 1995. However, a generic separation was proposed by Salgado, Alberto Garrido, Sergio Cocca and Juan Cocca, and the genus Limaysaurus was named in 2004. The generic name is derived from Río Limay which borders the region and from the specific name, tessonei, in honor of Lieto Tessone, who found the first and most complete holotype. Their discovery shed some light on the distribution of Gondwanan dinosaurs in the mid-Cretaceous period. Several specimens of Limaysaurus are known, one of which (the holotype) is 80% complete, being one of the most complete Cretaceous sauropods ever found in South America.
The holotype specimen, MUCPv-205, a partial skeleton including the back of the skull, was found in 1988 by Lieto Francisco Tessone, who is honoured in the specific name. It was afterwards collected, together with MUCPv-206, a second fragmentary skeleton, by José Bonaparte. These two adult specimens likely hailed from the top of the Candeleros Formation, which is dated to the early Cenomanian age. An additional smaller specimen, MUCPv-153, was found nearby, although it belonged to the base of the Huincul Formation, from the late Cenomanian.
Limaysaurus was found 15 km (9 mi) southwest of Villa El Chocón, Picún Leufú Department, Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina. The sediments belong to the Río Limay Subgroup, in Lohan Cura Formation, at Cerro Aguada del León. These beds appear to date from the Aptian-Albian interval, although these fossils were later named Comahuesaurus.
Description
Limaysaurus was a medium-sized sauropod. Gregory S. Paul in 2010 estimated its length at fifteen meters (50 ft) and its weight at seven tonnes. The neural spines on its back were very tall. The neural spines of the cervical and dorsal vertebrae are not V-shaped but they have a simple and straight form like an I. Its teeth were curved, unlike those of Diplodocus which were pencil-shaped. Another distinct characteristic of this sauropod is its phylogenetic relationship to Rebbachisaurus from Morocco. This discovery supports the theory that there was a land bridge connecting South America to Africa 100 million years ago. It shared its habitat with Andesaurus and Giganotosaurus, characterized by plains with large and shallow lagoons. The climate was mild and humid. In fossil remains of Limaysaurus, gastroliths have been found, which were used to help the stomach to grind food.
Classification
The describing authors in 2004 assigned Limaysaurus to the family Rebbachisauridae. The rebbachisaurids are a basal clade within the Diplodocimorpha, and their remains have been found in Cretaceous-age rocks in Europe, South America, and Africa. A cladistic analysis of macronarian sauropods (Salgado et al., 2004) demonstrated close affinities between Limaysaurus, the African genera Rebbachisaurus and Nigersaurus, and the South American genera Rayososaurus and Cathartesaura.
References
External links
Limaysaurus (Diplodocoidea) in The Thescelsossaurus
Rebbachisaurids
Cenomanian life
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
Cretaceous Argentina
Candeleros Formation
Huincul Formation
Fossils of Argentina
Fossil taxa described in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limaysaurus |
Breakthrough Entertainment (formerly Breakthrough Films & Television) is a Canadian production company founded in 1986 by Peter Williamson and Ira Levy. It produces famous Canadian TV shows such as Jimmy Two-Shoes and Atomic Betty.
On July 10, 2018, 9 Story Media Group acquired Breakthrough Entertainment's kids and family library and development slate.
Somewhere in 2023, Breakthrough Entertainment was acquired by Shadow Pines Studios. This means that employees at the company will be shifting to new positions at Shadow Pines Studios, and that they will also manage Breakthrough's existing catalogue.
Information
Based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Breakthrough Entertainment produces a variety of programming, including primetime comedy and drama series, factual entertainment, documentaries, television movies, feature films, family entertainment and children's animation. The company has licensed programs to major broadcasters in over 200 territories, handling worldwide pre-sales, co-productions, and third-party acquisitions.
Films and series
The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon (1993-1997)
The Adventures of Napkin Man! (2015-2017)
Atomic Betty (2004-2007)
Battlefields Mysteries (2013)
Between The Sheets With Rebecca Rosenblat! (2017-present)
Bite (2013)
Blood and Water (2014-2016)
Bruno & Boots (2016-present)
Captain Flamingo (2006-2007)
Children of Chelm (2011-2012)
Class Act (2016)
Crash Canyon (2011-2012)
Design Match (2013)
The Edge of Extinction (2013)
Exchanging Vows (2013)
Face to Face (2014)
Faking a Murderer (2020)
The Family Dance (2014)
Femme Fatale (2015)
For King and Country (Dec 20, 2015)
For King and Empire (Dec 26, 2015)
I Love Mummy (2014-present)
In Korea With Norm Christie (2016)
Inside the Parole Board (2015)
It Seems Like Yesterday (2014)
Jenny and the Queen of Light (2016)
Jimmy Two-Shoes (2009-2012)
Kenny vs. Spenny (2003-2010)
KidsWorld Sports (2005)
Less Than Kind (2011-2013)
Life's Little Miracles (1999)
L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables
Lost Battlefields (2016)
The Manic Organic (2017)
Med Students (2015)
Medical Maverick (2013)
Miss BG (2005)
Mr. Men (1995-1997)
Max & Shred (2014-2016)
My Big Big Friend (2009-2014)
Out in Black (2015)
Paradise Falls (2015)
Patient Files (2015-present)
Pirate Express (2015)
Please Kill Mr. Know It All (2010)
Producing Parker (2008-2011)
Real Men (2012)
Ride (2016-Apr 14, 2017)
The Riot At Christie Pitz! (2016)
Rocket Monkeys (2012-2016)
The Secret Liberators (2017)
Shadow Lake (2016)
Shaye: This Is It (2016)
Situation Critical (2016)
Skooled (2016)
Star Falls (2018)
Stories of Mothers & Daughters (2017)
Streets of the World! (2012)
Striking Back! (2013)
Swap TV (2014)
Tooned! (2008-2009)
The Toronto Show (2016-present)
Vandits (2022)
Wandering Wenda! (2017)
War of the Wheels (2015)
Zerby Derby (2018)
References
External links
Official website
Canadian animation studios
Film production companies of Canada
Television production companies of Canada
Entertainment companies established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough%20Entertainment |
Nancy Nadel is a U.S. politician, businesswoman, and former four-term member of the Oakland City Council. After two terms on the Board of the East Bay Municipal Utility District, Nadel was elected to the District Three Downtown-West Oakland City Council seat in 1996. In 2006, Nadel ran unsuccessfully for Mayor. In 2008, Nadel was re-elected to her fourth consecutive term on Oakland's City Council in a contentious race with two other candidates. She retired from the Oakland City Council in 2012; her seat is currently held by Lynette Gibson McElhaney. Nadel is the founder of a chocolate business.
Background
Nadel graduated from Alfred University in 1966 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts, from San Francisco State University in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science in Geology, and from University of California, Berkeley in 1981 with a Master of Science in Engineering geoscience. Prior to joining the Council, she was a teacher, an artist, a geophysicist, an oil and gas industry scientist,, a small business owner and an environmental engineer with the U.S. E.P.A. Her writings on water policy, affirmative action, environmental justice and sustainable development have been published in journals and periodicals.
EBMUD and ABAG
Nadel began her political career on the board of directors of the East Bay Municipal Utility District, where she served two terms.
She is a member of the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) executive committee, ABAG regional planning committee, and chairs the ABAG earthquake hazards outreach review committee.
Oakland City Council
Nadel was elected to Oakland's District Three "Downtown-West Oakland" City Council seat in 1996. The district includes Adams Point, most of Oakland's Central Business District (CBD) including all of Downtown and the Lakeside Apartments District, but excluding the Civic Center district south of 14th Street, and Chinatown. District Three also includes Jack London Square, the Jack London District, Pill Hill, and West Oakland.
Nadel is the current chair of the city council's public works committee.
2008 city council election
On Tuesday June 3, 2008, in the 2008 District 3 city council election, Nadel was re-elected for her fourth consecutive term with 51.6% of the vote, narrowly avoiding a run-off election. Her two challengers, both West Oakland residents as is Nadel, were Sean Sullivan, Oakland Covenant House director, who finished with 27%, and Oakland attorney Greg Hodge, who was elected to the Oakland School Board in 2000 and 2004, who garnered 20% of the vote. Community building coordinator Africa Williams ran as a write-in candidate.
During the election, Nadel was the subject of ballot access controversy after one of her opponents, Greg Hodge, filed for ballot access with what a judge would later rule to be the required signatures. On March 14, 2008, two Nadel supporters, one of whom is an Oakland Attorney who made a contribution to Nadel's campaign on March 7, inspected the signatures on Hodge's petition to access the ballot. They scrutinized the address of one of the voters who signed the petition, which led to the City Clerk reversing her decision. Nadel maintains she played no role in striking Hodge's name from the ballot Hodge ended up filing suit for successful reinstatement to the ballot.
Policy initiatives
2009 ballot measure
She favors a US$45 parcel tax, however she would like to spend 45% of it on arts and culture programs to the detriment of the Oakland Zoo, Chabot Space and Science Center, and Oakland Museum of California.
2009 youth curfew proposal
She is opposed to a proposal for a youth curfew to keep child prostitutes off the streets, claiming increased contact with the police will be traumatic for them and that instead increased youth services and activities would be of better use. This explanation was decried as "absurd" since other council members said it was "ridiculous" to expect youth centers to be open at 2 or 3 AM and that there was no good reason for minors to be out that late at night. The curfew would have allowed police to take minors to their guardians or to a reception center with counseling services between the hours of 10PM (11PM Friday and Saturday) and 5AM.
Anti-cronyism
During the context of the 2008 Anti-Nepotism ordinance, Nadel wanted the ordinance to go beyond nepotism to include "cronyism" or any questionable relationship involving city workers. "I personally know about cronyism things that have occurred so I have no problem putting that in. The cronyism and nepotism is legendary and it goes back for 30 years."
After initially opposing an earlier version of the anti-nepotism ordinance along with fellow Councilmember Jane Brunner, which died in the Finance and Management Agency Committee in September 2008, a revised version of the ordinance proposal passed the full Council on November 18, 2008 on a 6-0 vote with the cronyism amendment attached.
West Oakland Youth Center
In 2008, Nadel attempted to unilaterally approve her pet project, the West Oakland Youth Center, which was finally built for a cost of 8 million dollars, and remained empty in 2013 due to the inability to produce operational funds It remains closed as of September 23, 2018.
Staff
Nadel's official City Council staff of three full-time public servants includes a scheduler, a constituent liaison, and a policy aide.
Constituent outreach
For several years, Nadel scheduled monthly "Constituent Coffee Hours" at World Ground Cafe in the Jack London District. In the fall of 2008, Nadel ended these open monthly meetings, preferring instead to meet directly with the Board of the Jack London District Association (JLDA), a neighborhood association. Her last Coffee Hours was scheduled for Saturday, October 25, 2008.
2006 Mayoral campaign
Nadel ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Oakland in 2006, placing third of six candidates, behind City Council President Ignacio De La Fuente who finished in second place behind the winner, former mayor Ron Dellums.
Businesswoman
Nadel is the founder of a locally operated chocolate-making business and sources the company's cocoa beans from Jamaica.
Personal life
A West Oakland resident, Nadel is the widow of Chappell Hayes, and mother of an adult daughter.
External links
SmartVoter.org profile
Nancy Nadel's official website
Notes
Living people
Oakland City Council members
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alfred University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Women city councillors in California
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Nadel |
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, pathogenic, encapsulated coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. Like B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis can express a flagellum-like structure, even if it has been historically categorized as a nonmotile bacteria. Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, filamentous hæmagglutinin, pertactin, fimbria, and tracheal cytotoxin.
The bacterium is spread by airborne droplets; its incubation period is 7–10 days on average (range 6–20 days). Humans are the only known reservoir for B. pertussis. The complete B. pertussis genome of 4,086,186 base pairs was published in 2003. Compared to its closest relative B. bronchiseptica, the genome size is greatly reduced. This is mainly due to the adaptation to one host species (human) and the loss of capability of survival outside of a host body.
History
The disease pertussis was first described by French physician Guillaume de Baillou after the epidemic of 1578. The causative agent of pertussis was identified and isolated by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou in 1906. B. pertussis was found closely related to Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis. Developments in genome sequencing allowed B. pertussis to be studied more. Evidence of mutations through studying the gene showed missing genomes present on the DNA strand. A study by Bart et al., revealed that 25% of the genes on the Tohama I reference strain of B. pertussis sequence were missing in comparison to the ancestral strains.
Taxonomy
The genus Bordetella contains nine species: B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica, B. avium, B. hinzii, B. holmesii, B. trematum, B. ansorpii, and B. petrii.
B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica form a closely related phylogenetical group. B. parapertussis causes a disease similar to whooping cough in humans, and B. bronchiseptica infects a range of mammal hosts, including humans, and causes a spectrum of respiratory disorders.
Evolution
It is believed that the genus Bordetella may have evolved from ancestors that could survive in the soil according to 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. 16S rRNA is a component of all bacteria that allows for the comparison of phyla within a sample. In this case, it was determined that although pathogenic Bordetella, like B. Pertussis, have adapted to specifically infect humans, they are still able to multiply and thrive in soil conditions.
Pertussis
Pertussis is an infection of the respiratory system characterized by a “whooping” sound when the person breathes in. In the US, it killed between 10,000 and 20,000 people per year before a vaccine was available. Vaccination has transformed this; between 1985 and 1988, fewer than 100 children died from pertussis. Worldwide in 2000, according to the WHO, around 39 million people were infected annually and about 297,000 died. Since the introduction of vaccination in England in 1957, the rate of pertussis infection has dropped by 97%.
B. pertussis infects its host by colonizing lung epithelial cells. The bacterium contains a surface protein, filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin, which binds to the sulfatides found on cilia of epithelial cells. Other adhesins are fimbriae and petractin. Once anchored, the bacterium produces tracheal cytotoxin, which stops the cilia from beating. This prevents the cilia from clearing debris from the lungs, so the body responds by sending the host into a coughing fit. These coughs expel some bacteria into the air, which can then infect other hosts.
B. pertussis has the ability to inhibit the function of the host's immune system. The toxin, known as pertussis toxin (or PTx), inhibits G protein coupling that regulates an adenylate cyclase-mediated conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP. The end result is that phagocytes convert too much ATP to cAMP, causing disturbances in cellular signaling mechanisms, and preventing phagocytes from correctly responding to the infection. PTx, formerly known as lymphocytosis-promoting factor, causes a decrease in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes, which can lead to a condition known as lymphocytosis, with a complete lymphocyte count of over 4000/μl in adults or over 8000/μl in children. Beside targeting lymphocytes, it limits neutrophil migration to the lungs. It also decreases the function of tissue-resident macrophages, which are responsible for some bacterial clearance.
Another toxin that inhibits the immune response is the adenylate cyclase toxin. This toxin has an intrinsic adenylate cyclase activity, increasing intracellular cAMP almost immediately. It is also able to form cation-specific pores in the membrane of the target cell. The resulting deregulation of cell signaling leads to blocking of phagocytosis and reduction in the ability of neutrophils to kill bacteria. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and their migration to the lymph nodes.
The infection occurs mostly in children under the age of one when they are unimmunized, or children with faded immunity, normally around the ages 11 through 18. The signs and symptoms are similar to a common cold: runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever. The patient becomes most contagious during the catarrhal stage of infection, normally two weeks after the coughing begins. It may become airborne when the person coughs, sneezes, or laughs. The paroxysmal cough precedes a crowing inspiratory sound characteristic of pertussis. After a spell, the patient might make a “whooping” sound when breathing in, or may vomit. Adults have milder symptoms, such as prolonged coughing without the “whoop”. Infants less than six months also may not have the typical whoop. A coughing spell may last a minute or more, producing cyanosis, apnoea, and seizures. When not in a coughing fit, the patient does not experience trouble breathing. This is because B. pertussis inhibits the immune response, so very little mucus is generated in the lungs.
A prolonged cough may be irritating and sometimes a disabling cough may go undiagnosed in adults for many months.
Transmission
Pertussis is a highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract but for B. pertussis to persist in a population the bacterium needs an uninterrupted chain of transmission as there are no animal reservoirs and the bacteria do not survive in the environment.
Prevention
Pertussis vaccine has been widely used since the second half of the 20th century. The first vaccines were whole-cell vaccines, composed of chemically inactivated bacteria. They are being replaced by acellular vaccines which have, recently, shown a decreased time of immunity. These acellular vaccines are composed of purified surface antigens, mainly fimbriae, filamentous haemaglutinin, pertactin and pertussis toxin. It is part of the diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) immunization.
As Bordetella pertussis attacks the airway of the host, factors in the vaccine such as filamentous haemaggutinin (Fha) and fimbrea aid in dampening effects. Fha can act as an anti-inflammatory against irritation that may occur while fimbrea decreases the concentration of B. pertussis.
As a zoonotic disease
Uncertainties of B. pertussis and whooping cough as a zoonotic disease have existed since around 1910, but in the 1930s, the bacteria were found to have lost their virulent power when repeatedly spread on agar media. This explained the difficulties in reproducing results from different studies, as the preinoculation handling of the bacteria was not standardized among scientists.
At least some primate species are highly sensitive to B. pertussis, and develop a clinical whooping cough in high incidence when exposed to low inoculation doses. Whether the bacteria spread naturally in wild animal populations has not been confirmed satisfactorily by laboratory diagnosis, but whooping cough has been found among wild gorillas. Several zoos have learned to vaccinate their primates against whooping cough.
Diagnosis
A nasopharyngeal or an oropharynx swab is sent to the bacteriology laboratory for Gram stain (Gram-negative, coccobacilli, diplococci arrangement), growth on Bordet–Gengou agar or BCYE plate with added cephalosporin to select for the organism, which shows mercury drop-like colonies. B. pertussis can also be detected by PCR, which is more sensitive than culture. The primers used for PCR usually target the transposable elements IS481 and IS1001.
Several diagnostic tests are available, especially ELISA kits. These are designed to detect FHA and/or PT antibodies of IgG, IgA, or IgM. Some kits use a combination of antigens which lead to a higher sensitivity, but might also make the interpretation of the results harder, since one cannot know which antibody has been detected.
The organism is oxidase positive, but urease, nitrate reductase, and citrate negative. It is also
motile.
Treatment
Whooping cough is treated by macrolides, for example erythromycin. The therapy is most effective when started during the incubation period or the catarrhal period. When applied during the paroxysmal cough phase, the time of reconvalescence is not affected, only further transmission is reduced to 5–10 days after infection.
References
External links
Type strain of Bordetella pertussis at BacDive—the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Burkholderiales
Whooping cough
Bacteria described in 1952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordetella%20pertussis |
The Parable of the Unforgiving Servant (also known as Unforgiving Creditor, Ungrateful Servant, Unmerciful Servant, or Wicked Servant but not to be confused with the parable of the Two Debtors) is a parable of Jesus which appears in the Gospel of Matthew. According to it is important to forgive others as we are forgiven by God, as illustrated by the negative example of the unforgiving servant.
Narrative
The parable is told as an answer to a question by Peter about forgiveness:
The lines before the parable itself are similar to .
The talent in this parable was worth about 6,000 denarii, so that one debt is 600,000 times as large as the other. More significantly, 10,000 (a myriad) was the highest Greek numeral, and a talent the largest unit of currency, so that 10,000 talents was the largest easily described debt (for comparison, the combined annual tribute of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea around this time was only 600 talents, and one denarius was a day's wages, so that 10,000 talents would be about 200,000 years' wages). The setting is the court of some king in another country, where the "servants" could rank as highly as provincial governors.
Historical context
There is no precedent in the scriptures of the Bible for a debtor paying debts from prison. However, there is a very relevant aspect of Roman law that may have been the cultural reference this parable is built around considering the Judeans of Jesus day were ruled by Rome. In the Roman Constitution known as the Laws of the 12 Tables (Table III, Laws IV-X), there is a detailed set of laws on debtors that shows a great deal of similarity to the scenario in the parable. A debtor who does not pay can be taken to court and put in chains and forced into a number of arrangements whereby they work off the debt through servitude. Also it states that others can come and pay the debt on their behalf, thus releasing them from prison. A debt that cannot be paid resulted in slavery to the creditor or sale on the slave market.
Commentary
Cornelius a Lapide comments on the phrase "was wroth" or "was angry". The Syriac text reads that the Lord "burnt with anger". Lapide notes that under Roman civil law, which the Jews of Christ's time were subject, debtors sometimes were delivered by their creditors to tormentors, who put them in prison, and scourged them. The Emperor Constantine the Great, from Christian kindness, ended the punishment of scourging debtors. Remigius says that in this case the tormentors are demons, who torment the souls of the damned in hell in a thousand ways, where the phrase until he should pay means that they must be tormented forever, because they could never pay the full debt of ten thousand talents. John Chrysostom, Euthymius the Great and Theophylact of Ohrid give the same interpretation.
Concerning the phrase, unless you forgive from your hearts at the end of the parable, John McEvilly writes that outward forgiveness is useless, but instead it must come from the "heart", with the threat of being refused forgiveness by God if we do not forgive. Similarly St. James writes, "For judgement will be without mercy to anyone who has shown no mercy" (James 2:13).
Depictions
There have been numerous depictions of this parable in art, including:
Domenico Fetti, Parable of the Wicked Servant (c. 1620), Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
Claude Vignon, Parable of the Unforgiving Servant (1629), Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours
Willem Drost, The Unmerciful Servant (1655), Wallace Collection, London
John Everett Millais, The Unmerciful Servant (1864), Tate Collection
See also
Five Discourses of Matthew
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
Was soll ich aus dir machen, Ephraim, BWV 89
References
External links
Parable Explained - BibleTools.org
Parable of the Tortured Debtor - The Brick Testament
La Deuda, a short film - from The Salvation Army
Unforgiving Servant, Parable of the
Gospel of Matthew | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable%20of%20the%20Unforgiving%20Servant |
The Citadel Theatre is the major venue for theatre arts in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, located in the city's downtown core on Churchill Square. It is the third largest regional theatre in Canada.
History
It began in a former Salvation Army Citadel bought by Joseph H. Shoctor, James L. Martin, Ralph B. MacMillan, and Sandy Mactaggart. The theatre's first production to be performed was Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?. The theatre was founded on October 12, 1965 with its first opening night on November 10, 1965. In its current location, The Citadel has the distinction of being the only venue where the Jule Styne musical Pieces of Eight has been produced.
The organization moved to its current building just off Churchill Square in 1976. Architect Barton Myers designed the structure. The building houses the Maclab, Shoctor, and Rice Theatres, Zeidler Hall, the Tucker Amphitheatre, and the Foote Theatre School.
The Maclab and Tucker are part of the Lee Pavilion, in the middle of Edmonton.
Queer History
The Citadel Theatre has been a supportive ally to Edmonton's 2SLGBTQ+ community. The theatre has been the workplace of three gay Artistic Directors, and has staged many productions written by queer playwrights.
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? written by the gay playwright Edward Albee was the first production put on by The Citadel Theatre in 1965, three years after the play's Broadway debut in 1962.
The Citadel Theatre has produced many plays with queer themes such as The Glass Menagerie, Hosanna, Kiss of the Spider Woman, and The Gay Heritage Project.
In 2006, The Citadel Theatre hosted their first Queer Prom event. In 2009, the annual event drew more than 100 youth to the theatre to celebrate the end of their school year.
Artistic directors
John Hulburt (1965-1966)
Robert Glenn (1966-1968)
Sean Mulcahy (1968-1973)
John Neville (1973-1978)
Peter Coe (1978-1981)
Joseph H. Shoctor (1981-1984, as Producer)
Gordon McDougall (1984-1987)
William Fisher (1987-1989)
Richard Dennison (1989-1990, as Producer)
Robin Phillips (1990-1995, as Director General)
Duncan McIntosh (1995-1999)
Bob Baker (director) (1999–2016)
Daryl Cloran (2016 - )
Productions
2018–19 Season
Once: September 22 to October 14, 2018 (Mainstage)
Redpatch: November 1 to 11, 2018 (Add-On)
Miss Bennet: Christmas at Pemberley: November 17 to December 9, 2018 (Mainstage)
A Christmas Carol: November 30 to December 23, 2018 (Seasonal Presentation)
Sweat: January 12 to February 3, 2019 (Mainstage)
Matilda: February 16 to March 17, 2019 (Mainstage)
The Candidate: March 30 to April 21, 2019 (Mainstage)
The Party: March 30 to April 21, 2019 (Add-On)
The Tempest: April 20 to May 12, 2019 (Mainstage)
References
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/immersed-in-edmonton-tony-nominee-rachel-chavkin-grows-hadestown-towards-broadway/article37080314/
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/theater/an-unexpected-new-stop-on-the-road-to-broadway-edmonton.html
https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/local-arts/get-way-down-with-hadestown-onstage-at-the-citadel
External links
Citadel Theatre
Theatre History
Citadel Theatre fonds (R3498) at Library and Archives Canada
Theatre companies in Alberta
Theatres in Edmonton
Tourist attractions in Edmonton
Barton Myers buildings
1965 establishments in Alberta
Theatres completed in 1965
Queer culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel%20Theatre |
Malcolm Struan Tonnochy (Chinese: 杜老誌) (5 December 1841 – 14 December 1882) was an Indian colonial major official serving in British India and in Hong Kong. He was acting Governor of Hong Kong in March 1882.
Early years
Tonnochy was born in Bengal, India in December 1841 to Thomas Tonnochy (a colonial collector in Bulundshahr) and Caroline Kemball. He was of Scottish and Indian extraction: his paternal grandfather was a Scot (Bengal Army Sergeant Major Thomas Tonnochie) and his paternal grandmother, Catharine, was probably Indian. His maternal grandfather was a Conductor of Ordnance and maternal grandmother most likely Indian too.
He was sent to England for education at Blackheath Proprietary School followed by Trinity College, Cambridge.
Colonial Service in Hong Kong
It seems that Tonnochy did not complete his studies at Cambridge, choosing instead to try for a new cadetship in the Hong Kong Civil Service, by competitive examination in 1862. In this he was successful, along with fellow candidates Cecil Clementi Smith and Walter Meredith Deane, the three of them comprising the first appointments on merit in a service that was beginning to modernise. Tonnochy worked his way up to hold many posts including Coroner, Assistant Harbour Master, Police Magistrate, acting Colonial Treasurer (when James Russell was absent), acting Colonial Secretary and as judge in the Royal Navy's Vice Admiralty Court of Hong Kong from 1879 to 1882. From 1876 to 1882 he was Superintendent of Victoria Gaol (under Hong Kong Police 1876-1879 and Hong Kong Correctional Services from 1879 to 1882). He was acting Administrator (i.e. Governor) for two short periods, in 1881 during the absence of Sir John Pope Hennessy in Peking, and in 1882 after Hennessy left office.
Death
Tonnochy was unmarried and died aged 41 after serving as acting Administrator of Hong Kong in early 1882. Tonnochy is buried at Hong Kong Cemetery.
Honours
Unlike most colonial officials in Hong Kong at the time, Tonnochy was never honoured with any titles. The only place that bears his name is Tonnochy Road in Wan Chai. Club Tonnochy and Tonnochy Night Club are named and located on the street named for him.
See also
Francis Henry May Superintendent of Victoria Gaol from 1896-1902
References
External links
Tonnochy
|width="30%" align="center"|Preceded by:Sir John Pope Hennessy
|width="40%" align="center"|Governor of Hong Kong (Administrator)7–28 March 1882
|width="30%" align="center"|Followed by:Sir William Henry Marsh
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Hong Kong Government
Chief Secretaries of Hong Kong
Governors of Hong Kong
Indian people of Scottish descent
1841 births
1882 deaths
Bengali politicians
Colonial Administrative Service officers
British people of Indian descent
Anglo-Indian people
Hong Kong Police Force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20Struan%20Tonnochy |
was the third of ten s, and was built for the Imperial Japanese Navy under the "Circle One" Program (Maru Ichi Keikaku). This vessel should not be confused with the earlier Russo-Japanese War-period torpedo boat destroyer with the same name.
History
The Shiratsuyu-class destroyers were modified versions of the , and were designed to accompany the Japanese main striking force and to conduct both day and night torpedo attacks against the United States Navy as it advanced across the Pacific Ocean, according to Japanese naval strategic projections. Despite being one of the most powerful classes of destroyers in the world at the time of their completion, none survived the Pacific War.
Murasame, built at the Fujinagata Shipyards in Osaka was laid down on 1 February 1934, launched on 20 June 1935 and commissioned on 7 January 1937.
Operational history
At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Murasame was assigned to Destroyer Division 2 of Destroyer Squadron 4 of the IJN 2nd Fleet, and had sortied from Mako Guard District as part of the "Operation M" (the invasion of the Philippines, covering landings at Vigan and Lingayen Gulf). On 26 December, she collided with minesweeper W-20 off of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, suffering minor damage.
From January 1942, Murasame participated in operations in the Netherlands East Indies, including the invasions of Tarakan Island, Balikpapan and eastern Java. During the Battle of the Java Sea, Murasame engaged a group of Allied destroyers. In March and April, Murasame was based at Subic Bay, from which she assisted in the invasion of Cebu and the blockade of Manila Bay in the Philippines. In May, she returned to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal for repairs.
During the Battle of Midway on 4–6 June, Murasame was part of the aborted Midway Occupation Force under Admiral Nobutake Kondō. In late July, she transferred to Mergui via Singapore to join the Indian Ocean raiding force, but the operation was cancelled due to developments at Guadalcanal, and she returned to Truk on 21 August. During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24 August, she was part of the escort for the battleship , and during most of September, she was an escort for the seaplane tender , exploring the Solomon Islands and Santa Cruz Islands for potential base locations.
In early October, Murasame participated in two "Tokyo Express" high speed transport runs to Guadalcanal or Lae, suffering from minor damage on 5 October in an air attack near Shortland Islands, which necessitated a return to Truk for repairs. In late October through the end of November, Murasame made an additional nine "Tokyo Express" runs. On 25 October 1942 she assisted in rescuing the crew of the cruiser , heavily damaged by aircraft attacks, and the next day took part in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands under Admiral Takeo Kurita. During the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on the night of 12–13 November 1942, Murasame assisting in sinking the destroyer and damaging the cruiser , as well as possibly torpedoing the cruiser . However, during the battle she was also hit by a shell in her forward boiler, and returned to Truk again for repairs. She continued to patrol from Truk through the end of the year, and returned to Yokosuka for repairs in mid January 1943.
In February 1943, Murasame returned to Truk escorting the aircraft carrier , and continued on to Rabaul to resume transport operations to Kolombangara. On the night of 4 March, Murasame and the destroyer are believed to have sunk the submarine . However, that same night they were detected by radar-equipped American ships in Kula Gulf off Vila, after delivering supplies to the Japanese base there. In a short action, known as the Battle of Blackett Strait, both Japanese ships were sunk; Murasame broke in two from an "extremely violent" explosion after being hit by gunfire and torpedoes from the destroyer at position . Of her crew, 128 were killed, but 53 survivors, including her captain, Lieutenant Commander Tanegashima, and squadron commander Captain Masao Tachibana later reached Japanese territory. She was removed from the navy list on 1 April 1943.
A memorial monument to the crew of Murasame exists at Kannonzaki, in Yokosuka, Japan.
See also
Murasame-class destroyer (1958)
Murasame-class destroyer (1994)
Notes
References
OCLC 77257764
External links
Naval Historical Center entry on the Murasame
Shiratsuyu-class destroyers
World War II destroyers of Japan
Shipwrecks in the Solomon Sea
1935 ships
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in March 1943
Ships built by Fujinagata Shipyards
Naval magazine explosions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20destroyer%20Murasame%20%281935%29 |
Simeiz (, , ) is a resort town, an urban-type settlement in Yalta Municipality in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. Its name is of Greek origin (σημαία 'flag' + -εις, a plural suffix). The town is located by the southern slopes of the main range of Crimean Mountains at the base of Mount Kosh-Kaya, west from Yalta. Population:
History
There are prehistoric dolmens and fortifications nearby; in the Middle Ages the area was under the control of the Byzantine Empire, which built a fortified monastery in the vicinity (and may have given the town its name). As the Byzantine power weakened, the area fell under the control of Genoa, which in its turn gave way to the Ottoman Empire; under the Ottomans the village was ruled from Mangup. By 1778, with the departure of the Christian population, the village was depopulated.
In 1828 Simeiz came into the ownership of Ivan Akimovich Maltsov, who planted grapevines and fruit orchards; at the start of the 20th century his descendants created a resort, Novy Simoiz, which quickly became one of the most prestigious resorts in the Crimea. This period saw the construction of a park and a number of villas which remain to this day. In 1912 Nicholas II visited with his family. After the October Revolution, Simeiz was nationalized and public sanatoriums were created, mainly specializing in tuberculosis. In 1927 Simeiz was visited by around 10,000 people.
During World War II the Germans occupied Simeiz, causing much death and destruction; the town was liberated by the Red Army on April 16, 1944. On May 18 of that year the local Crimean Tatars were exiled to Central Asia. After the war, the resort experienced a rebirth, and the ruins were gone by 1955. Since the end of the Soviet Union, however, it has seriously deteriorated.
Demographics
The population has risen from 622 in 1926 (431 Crimean Tatars, 119 Russians, 31 Greeks, 25 Ukrainians) to 3,501 in 2001.
Famous residents
Dmitry Milyutin
Gallery
Climate
See also
Simeiz Observatory
References
External links
Simeiz.net
Pictures of Simeiz
Simeiz - Climbing/Topo (PL)
Urban-type settlements in Crimea
Seaside resorts in Ukraine
Seaside resorts in Russia
Yalta Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeiz |
Baiqi may refer to:
Places
Baiqi (), town in Shulan, Jilin, China
Baiqi (), town in Fengcheng, Liaoning, China
Baiqi (), township in Chongli District, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
Baiqi Hui Ethnic Township (), Hui'an County, Fujian, China
People
Bai Qi (died 257 BC), military general of Qin state during the Warring States period of China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiqi |
Mark Twight (born November 2, 1961) is an American climber, writer and the founder of Gym Jones. He rose to prominence as a mountaineer in the late 1980s and early 1990s with a series of difficult, dangerous alpine climbs in various ranges around the world. His radical, light-weight approach to alpinism has seen him regarded as an influential figure in the single-push movement.
Climbing
In 1988, Twight made the first ascent of "The Reality Bath" on the White Pyramid with Randy Rackliff, which remains unrepeated. The route has been described by Canadian Rockies guidebook author, Albi Sole as "so dangerous as to be of little value except to those suicidally inclined." In his own guidebook to the Rockies, Joe Josephson declared that "The Reality Bath is undoubtedly the most dangerous ice route in the range." That same season Twight established a speed record on the 925 meter-high "Slipstream" (2hrs 4min) on the east face of Snowdome.
Twight's first ascents in the Mont Blanc massif near Chamonix, France, include "Richard Cranium Memorial" on the northwest face of Les Droites with Barry Blanchard (1990), "Beyond Good And Evil" on the north face of the Aiguille des Pelerins with Andy Parkin (1992), and "There Goes The Neighborhood" on the northwest face of the Aiguille Sans Nom with Scott Backes (1993).
In the Himalayas, Twight attempted more routes than he succeeded on, being turned away by the South Pillar of Nuptse with Jeff Lowe (twice), and shut down below the summit of Nanga Parbat when a storm forced retreat down the Rupal Face (accompanied by Barry Blanchard, Kevin Doyle and Ward Robinson). Other notable Himalayan climbs include the first ascent of the northwest face of Kangtega with Alison Hargreaves, Tom Frost and Jeff Lowe.
Twight made several notable ascents in the Alaska Range. In 1994, he and Scott Backes climbed "Deprivation" on Mount Hunter in 72 hours roundtrip, which halved the previous fastest ascent of the North Buttress. The 39 hours non-stop ascent is considered a landmark moment in the single-push climbing movement. Twight's participation in this style of climbing culminated with the 60-hour ascent of the Slovak Direct on the south face of Denali in June 2000 with Backes and Steve House. During his visits to the Alaska Range, Twight participated in a variety of high-profile rescues. Twight was nominated for the Piolet d'Or twice during his career, in 1993 for "Beyond Good and Evil" and 1995 for "Deprivation".
On February 25, 2017, Twight received the Robert and Miriam Underhill Award from the American Alpine Club. The award is given annually, "to a person who, in the opinion of the selection committee, has demonstrated the highest level of skill in the mountaineering arts and who, through the application of this skill, courage, and perseverance, has achieved outstanding success in the various fields of mountaineering endeavor."
Later career
Mark Twight was the founder of Gym Jones, where he trained athletes (including MMA fighters, NFL players and professional cyclists), military personnel, actors and others.
He also consults as the technical director of Mountain Mobility Group, LLC, which provides "cold weather, high altitude, and fitness training, as well as R&D for the Department of Defense." He was hired as the subject matter expert during the development of the Protective Combat Uniform (PCU) currently issued to special operations personnel.
In 2005, Twight trained the cast and stunt crew for the movie 300, adhering to a philosophy that "appearance is a consequence of fitness". One training regimen that his crew underwent in the movie came to be known as the 300 Workout, spawning many variations by other fitness personalities and trainers.
Through Gym Jones, Twight continues to prepare actors for movie roles. His credits include, "Man of Steel", "300: Rise of an Empire", "Batman vs. Superman", "Wonder Woman" and "Justice League".
The name "Gym Jones" was chosen by Twight's former wife, Lisa. It is a reference to People's Temple leader Jim Jones. On the Gym Jones website, Mark Twight claims his favorite drink is Flavor Aid, the same product that Jones' followers mixed with cyanide in one of the largest murder-suicides in recent history in 1978. Additionally, one of the few Gym Jones shirts available for public purchase comes with the line "there's a fine line between salvation and drinking poison in the jungle" printed on the back. Twight says that "wearing it in public will require some commitment. Some readers will be offended, while others will merely scratch their ignorant heads."
Mark Twight and Michael Blevins started Nonprophet in 2018. They released their first episode of The Dissect Podcast on May 11, 2018.
Personal life
After leaving climbing, Twight took up photography and competitive pistol shooting. In the mid-2000s Twight competed in ski mountaineering races in Europe and the US. Twight has become a dedicated and serious road cyclist following shoulder surgery in 2006. He has competed in a wide range of races, from omniums and hill climbs to the grueling LOTOJA (Logan to Jackson) Classic and has also written essays about cycling on his own and other websites. Twight has lived in Salt Lake City, Utah since 2001.
Writing
His first book, "Extreme Alpinism: Climbing Light, Fast and High” (1999) won the Mountain Exposition award at the Banff International Mountain Book Festival and the National Outdoor Book Award. "Kiss or Kill – Confessions of a Serial Climber" (2001) won the Mountain Literature category at the Banff International Mountain Book Festival, 2001, and was shortlisted at the Trento mountain book festival in Italy, 2005. His personal website contains much recent writing about fitness, mental attitude, and other topics. His essays and articles have been published in seven countries, and translated into five languages.
Bibliography
Kiss or Kill: Confessions of a Serial Climber
Extreme Alpinism
Refuge
References
External links
Gym Jones
Personal Site
Andrew Pleavin's site
American mountain climbers
1961 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Twight |
Silu may refer to:
Silu (film)
Silu (song)
Silu, Iran (disambiguation)
Zhan Silu, Chinese prelate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silu |
The Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard (also called the Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard or the Parable of the Generous Employer) is a parable of Jesus which appears in chapter 20 of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is not included in the other canonical gospels. It has been described as a difficult parable to interpret.
Text
Interpretations
The parable has often been interpreted to mean that even those who are converted late in life earn equal rewards along with those converted early, and also that people who convert early in life need not feel jealous of those later converts. An alternative interpretation identifies the early laborers as Jews, some of whom resent the late-comers (Gentiles) being welcomed as equals in God's Kingdom. Both of these interpretations are discussed in Matthew Henry's 1706 Commentary on the Bible.
An alternative interpretation is that all Christians can be identified with the eleventh-hour workers. Arland J. Hultgren writes: "While interpreting and applying this parable, the question inevitably arises: Who are the eleventh-hour workers in our day? We might want to name them, such as deathbed converts or persons who are typically despised by those who are longtime veterans and more fervent in their religious commitment. But it is best not to narrow the field too quickly. At a deeper level, we are all the eleventh-hour workers; to change the metaphor, we are all honored guests of God in the kingdom. It is not really necessary to decide who the eleventh-hour workers are. The point of the parable—both at the level of Jesus and the level of Matthew's Gospel—is that God saves by grace, not by our worthiness. That applies to all of us."
Some commentators have used the parable to justify the principle of a "living wage", though generally conceding that this is not the main point of the parable. An example is John Ruskin in the 19th century, who quoted the parable in the title of his book Unto This Last. Ruskin did not discuss the religious meaning of the parable but rather its social and economic implications.
Parallels
Many details of the parable, including when the workers receive their pay at the end of the day, the complaints from those who worked a full day, and the response from the king/landowner are paralleled in a similar parable found in tractate Berakhot in the Jerusalem Talmud.
See also
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
References
Workers in the Vineyard, Parable of the
Gospel of Matthew | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable%20of%20the%20Workers%20in%20the%20Vineyard |
Alice Moore Hubbard (June 7, 1861 – May 7, 1915) was a noted American feminist, writer, and, with her husband, Elbert Hubbard was a leading figure in the Roycroft movement – a branch of the Arts and Crafts Movement in England with which it was contemporary. Moore Hubbard served as the general manager for the collective, along with managing the Roycraft Inn. She was also the principal of Roycroft School for Boys.
Born Alice Luann Moore in Wales, New York to Welcome Moore and Melinda Bush, she was a schoolteacher before meeting her future husband, the married soap salesman and philosopher Elbert Hubbard whom she married in 1904 after a controversial affair in which she bore an illegitimate child, Miriam Elberta Hubbard (1894–1985).
On March 3, 1913, Hubbard marched in the first Washington, D.C. suffragist parade.
The couple perished in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania during the First World War while on a voyage to Europe to cover the war and ultimately interview Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany.
Selected works
Justinian and Theodora, 1906; with Elbert Hubbard
Woman's Work, 1908
Life Lessons, 1909
The Basis of Marriage, 1910, includes an interview with Hubbard by Sophie Irene Loeb
The Myth in Marriage, 1912
See also
Bertha Crawford Hubbard
East Aurora, New York
References
External links
Alice Hubbard's biography at The Lusitania Resource1
1861 births
1915 deaths
American art
American women's rights activists
Arts and Crafts movement
Emerson College alumni
Deaths on the RMS Lusitania
Writers from New York (state)
People from Wales, New York
American suffragists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Moore%20Hubbard |
The ula (dance) is an ancient Tongan group dance, already reported by early European navigators like captain Cook. It is also known as fahai-ula (split dance), which may be degenerated to fahaiula. Traditionally it is performed after an ʻotuhaka. It is still danced nowadays, although less popular than its descendant the tauolunga.
Lyrics
The oldest parts seem to be from Samoan origin:
Oiau, sia langi ula; i iē
fai mai sia tauolunga. io!
Tulopa he iau moe; io ē!
vasaleva iau moe; io!
Sina vai tava ā ē
he iē, ā ē.
Sina vai tafe lou lonā.
io, io, he lou lonā.
Tunotuna oe Ale-le-sā,
manuia oe saualuma.
Laulau tui Vaea ē,
Vaea lau mānaia.
These parts are from the beginning of the 20th century:
Tonga, Tonga ē,
tulituli faiva, he tuli faiva ē
pei kau mua pei kau mai
ke tau kalofi kuo tau e langi
tulituli faiva, he tuli faiva ē.
Tonga, Tonga ē,
tulituli faiva, he tuli faiva ē
ko e faiva ni ko hoto kakala
o lau taanga pea fola haka
tulituli faiva, he tuli faiva ē.
Tonga, Tonga ē,
tulituli faiva, he tuli faiva ē
kuo ke meai sioto founga
fiemālie tuku ke u ula
tulituli faiva, he tuli faiva ē.
And then there are still more variants.
Execution
The name split dance comes from the habit that the performers split up in two (or more) groups, one entering the stage from the left, the other from the right, until the two meet in the centre and merge into one or more rows. The performers are always girls, it is rare that boys will join.
The dance movements are in essence very simple and limited. Most of the work, making supple, beautiful postures, is done by the hands and the head. The body remains quite stiff, and except for an occasional step or a kneeling, the legs are not much used either.
The dress of the girls is like that of the tauolunga, although the red dress is here most popular.
References
Dances of Tonga
Group dances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula%20%28dance%29 |
Jackson Heights was a British progressive rock band from England. It formed in 1970 after The Nice organist and pianist, Keith Emerson, decided to leave the trio to form another band, Emerson, Lake and Palmer, leaving bassist-vocalist Lee Jackson and drummer Brian Davison on their own.
Thus Jackson then formed Jackson Heights, during their brief career which spanned four years they published four albums, King Progress, The Fifth Avenue Bus, Ragamuffin's Fool and Bump n' Grind. Brian himself formed the short-lived Brian Davison's Every Which Way, which released only one self-titled album, then joined Gong on tour. Lee Jackson and Brian Davison then reunited briefly with Swiss keyboardist Patrick Moraz as part of the trio Refugee which released only one self-titled album in 1974, before Moraz left to join Yes. Then in 2002 when Keith Emerson reformed The Nice for a short tour of a few concerts in England, Vivacitas a double live album, was then published.
Origins
Keith Joseph Anthony Jackson, born in Newcastle, first played bass with unknown bands like The Vandykes and The Invaders. But it was when he replaced Stuart Parks in the Gary Farr & the T-Bones formation in 1965, that he met organist Keith Emerson. Then the two will meet again at the end of 1966 to help the singer P. P. Arnold, ex-Ike and Tina Turner Revue, by forming a group which accompanies her on tour at the express request of Andrew Loog Oldham manager of the Rolling Stones, with the ex-Mark Leeman Five drummer Ian Hague and trumpeter guitarist David O'List.
Hague would soon be replaced by Brian Blinky Davison, and the band would go by the name The Nice (the band's name came to them from a song by The Small Faces, "Here Come the Nice") and will soon be noticed for his flamboyant style. The real first name of Jackson being Keith, in order to avoid any confusion between him and Keith Emerson, he is then nicknamed Lee. A left-handed bass player like Paul McCartney, he distinguished himself by using the VOX V248 bass looking like a teardrop, on which he would sometimes use a bow to make it sound like a cello, on songs like Hang on to a Dream by Tim Hardin, My Back Pages by Bob Dylan or even Intermezzo from the Karelia Suite by Sibelius. But following Emerson's departure to join Greg Lake and Carl Palmer to found the trio Emerson, Lake and Palmer, The Nice disbanded and Brian Davison formed Brian Davison's Every Which Way who published a self-titled album, Jackson meanwhile goes up forming Jackson Heights. A band he wished to be more acoustic, in order to stand out as much as possible from the sound of The Nice. He will even leave the bass for the acoustic guitar for their first album, he will resume it later but the sound will always be lighter and less dominated by the organ.
Band and beginnings
The first formation of the group includes, in addition to Lee Jackson on 6 and 12 string acoustic guitars, harmonica and vocals, Charlie Harcourt (who was later found with Lindisfarne among others) on acoustic and electric guitars, harpsichord, mellotron, organ, piano and vocals, Mario Enrique Covarrubias Tapia on bass and Spanish guitars and Tommy Sloane on drums. The group releases a first album King Progress for the record company Charisma in Great Britain which had published the last two albums of Nice, in America however their discs will be distributed by Mercury Records.
The group toured Great Britain and Europe during the spring and summer 1971 with an appearance on the program Pop 2 on the second French channel. But despite a revisited version of a Nice song, The Cry of Eugene with beautiful new arrangements, the King Progress album was a commercial failure. The group dissolved, leaving Jackson alone. However, he did not allow himself to become discouraged and reformed the group in a trio format, a formula which he knew well, this time by recruiting new musicians.
Separation and reunion
After signing a new three-disc recording contract with Vertigo, Lee began looking for new musicians to reform the group. For the recording of the next album Fifth Avenue Bus, he recruits John McBurnie on vocals and acoustic guitar , Brian Chatton on keyboards, ex-Warriors with Jon Anderson and ex-Flaming Youth with Phil Collins. There was also at the start, Lawrie Wright on the piano, but the latter fell ill and could not finish the recording, he was still able to record the piano parts on ; Long Time Dying, Sweet Hill Tunnel, House in the Country as well as writing the arrangements of Autumn Brigade alone. Dave Watts also played piano on the song Laughing Gear.
It is with thar new band that Jackson Heights will endure until its final separation in 1973. On this album, we find Michael Giles ex-King Crimson on drums, the trio will however tour without a drummer which is rather rare. But once again the disc did not meet the expected success and the group is slow to take off, but as the leader is stubborn, the group returns to the studio to prepare the next album.
Jackson Heights Mark Two
Ragamuffins Fool is thus born and the trio comes out of retirement to still tour without a drummer, on the album however we still find the talents of Michael Giles again on drums. A single will be taken from this disc, Maureen and John Mc Burnie begins to write more and more. There is also a new version of a Nice instrumental piece, Chorale (From Five Bridges Suite) rearranged by the group. Lee Jackson has often been criticized for his low and limited voice, but here on the other hand, the combined voices of the three musicians sometimes recall those of bands like America or Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young . But again, the album does not register big sales and Lee Jackson who supports the needs of the group becomes increasingly poor and disillusioned.
Bump n' grind
But he decides to give his band one last chance and returns to the studio to record what will be the trio's last album, Bump n' grind. He had first planned a concept album, namely the life of the women who performed at the Burlesque Theater, but if the project is too ambitious to see the light of day, it will still be helped by an orchestra of in addition to drummers Michael Giles and Ian Wallace, the latter was also an ex-King Crimson, as well as Ian Paice of Deep Purple. The album, although supported by the Vertigo record company, which offered the group a luxurious cover, did not obtain the expected success. On this last album of the group, we find Keith Emerson on the programming of the Moog synthesizer, as well as Godfrey Salmon on the violin who was later found on the album Works Volume I by Emerson Lake & Palmer and who conducted the orchestra on the Works tour. We also found Godfrey arranging and conducting the orchestra on the soundtrack of the film Inferno, whose music was composed and played by Keith Emerson, the album released in 1980. Ditto for the album ' 'Nighthawks', still by Keith Emerson which was released in 1981.
Refugee
On tour, the band could not recreate the sound of the orchestra, Jackson approached the Swiss keyboardist Patrick Moraz to offer him to join the formation. The latter refused the offer, but proposed to form a new group with him, having in his pocket an interesting sum of money and a record contract. Jackson then completely broke, accepted his offer and after contacting his former sidekick Brian Davison, the ex-Nice, dissolved Jackson Heights to form the short-lived Refugee which recorded a single studio album with Charisma. We will find John McBurnie later with Patrick Moraz, on three of his solo albums, The Story of I and Out in the Sun as well as Timecode in 1984.
Future of the musicians
Charlie Harcourt: played with Junco Partners, Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys, Lindisfarne.
Lawrie Wright: Released an album, Two for joy in 2012 with Jerelle Jacobs on double bass and Sophie Alloway on drums.
John McBurnie: Vocals on The Story Of I, Out In The Sun and Timecode by Patrick Moraz, John has also done work as a session musician with, among others, Affinity, Camel, Crazy World Of Arthur Brown, Gerry Rafferty, Vapor Trails with Steve Holly and Vivienne McAuliffe.
Brian Chatton: Before playing with Jackson Heights, started with The Warriors whose lead singer was Jon Anderson, then worked with the band Flaming Youth with drummer and vocalist Phil Collins. He then formed Boys Don't Cry which produced the album Don't Talk To Strangers in 1983 and the singles I Wanna Be A Cowboy in 1986 and Who The Am Dam Do You Think We Am in 1987. He also accompanied Eric Burdon on tour and released a few solo albums, including the first Playing for Time in 1981 with Phil Collins. Worked with Meat Loaf and the band Snafu.
Michael Giles: First drummer for King Crimson on the first two albums, then a duet record with Ian McDonald entitled McDonald & Giles released in 1971 Then he plays on the album White Soul by Joël Daydé in 1972, he will then play as a session musician with Leo Sayer and Anthony Phillips, he will find his sidekick Ian McDonald on the solo album of the latter, Driver's Eyes from 1999. Michael recorded his own solo album in 1978 with his brother Peter Giles and Geoffrey Richardson, among others, entitled Progress and which would not be released until 2002.
Band members
Lee Jackson - electric bass, acoustic 6 and 12 string guitars, percussion, harmonica, lead vocals
Charlie Harcourt - electric and acoustic guitars, keyboards, vocals (first album only)
Mario Enrique Covarrubias Tapia - bass, Spanish guitars, vocals (first album only)
John Woods - drums, percussion
Tommy Sloane - drums, percussion (first album only)
Brian Chatton - keyboards, vocals (last three albums)
John McBurnie - acoustic 6 and 12 string guitars, Mellotron, keyboards, percussion, vocals (last three albums)
Guests
Chris Laurence - bass on Bump 'n' Grind
Bill Bell - banjo on Bump 'n' Grind
Michael Giles - drums, percussions on the last three albums
Ian Wallace - drums, percussions on Bump 'n' Grind
Keith Emerson - Moog programming on Bump 'n' Grind
Ian Green : Orchestra conductor (on Bump 'n' Grind)
Johnny Van Derrick : Violin soloist (on Bump 'n' Grind)
Alan Travers, Andy Babynchuk, Cathy Wei, Clare Farmer, David Woodcock, Eddy Roberts, Liz Edwards, Gavyn Wright, Godfrey Salmon, Jeff Grey, Louise Jopling, Paul Pearce : Violins (on Bump 'n' Grind)
Brian Hawkins, Brian Mack, Don McVay, Jan Schlapp : Violas (on Bump 'n' Grind)
Helen Liebmann, Lynden Cranham, Martin Robinson, Mike Hurwitz : Cello (on Bump 'n' Grind)
Billy Bell : Banjo (on Bump 'n' Grind)
Discography
Studio albums
King Progress (Charisma, 1970)
The Fifth Avenue Bus (Vertigo, 1972)
Ragamuffins Fool (Vertigo, 1972)
Bump 'n' Grind (Vertigo, 1973)
Best of
1973 : Caravan And Jackson Heights - Pop Made In England (Pop 1) - Motors Records - MT 44019 (Contained two songs of Jackson Heights and four from Caravan)
1973 : Jackson Heights - Verve Records
1976 : Attention! Jackson Heights - Fontana Special
Singles
1970 "Doubting Thomas" / "Insomnia" (Charisma Records) JH 1 / JH 2
1970 "King Progress" / "Mister Screw" (Motors Records) MT 4 004
1972 "Maureen" / "Ragamuffins Fool" (Vertigo Records) 6059 077
1972 "Maureen" / "Long Time Dying" (Vertigo Records) 6059 068
1973 "Spaghetti Sunshine" / "Public Romance" (Vertigo Records) 6837 157
References
English progressive rock groups
English rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups disestablished in 1973
Vertigo Records artists
Charisma Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20Heights%20%28band%29 |
Figs in the Bible include references to both the tree and its fruit in the Tanakh and the New Testament, which are sometimes symbolic.
Hebrew Bible
The fig tree is the third tree to be mentioned by name in the Hebrew Bible. The first is the Tree of life and the second is the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Adam and Eve used the leaves of the fig tree to sew garments for themselves after they ate the "fruit of the Tree of knowledge" (), when they realized that they were naked ().
In Deuteronomy, the Promised Land is described as "a land of wheat and barley, of vines and fig trees and pomegranates, a land of olive oil and honey; a land where you will eat food without scarcity, in which you will not lack anything;" (). During Solomon's reign Judah and Israel, from Dan to Beersheba, lived in safety, each man "under his own vine and fig tree" (), an indicator of national wealth and prosperity. states that Hezekiah rebelled against the King of Assyria, of whom he had become a vassal. In response, the Assyrian commander attempted to sway the army of Jerusalem by offering deserters each his own vine and fig tree.
likens tending a fig tree to looking after one's master.
There was a fig tree in the garden of the Song of Solomon, and in the year of love the tree formed its fruit early ().
The fig tree and figs are featured in the Book of Jeremiah and mentioned briefly in the Book of Micah.
Another species of ficus, the Egyptian sycamore fig is occasionally mentioned as well, for example .
New Testament
The parable of the budding fig tree is found in , , as part of the Olivet discourse. The fig tree could be understood as symbolic of Israel .
The parable of the barren fig tree is a parable of Jesus recorded in the Gospel of Luke . A vinekeeper holds out hope that a barren fig tree will bear fruit next year.
Mark includes an account of Jesus cursing the fig tree:
A parallel is found in Matthew , but the fig tree withers immediately and is noticed at that time by the disciples.
When the apostle Nathanael first encounters Jesus and asks how Jesus knows him, the answer is that He has already seen Nathanael sitting under the fig tree (John ).
New Testament miracles
Biblical topics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figs%20in%20the%20Bible |
This is a list of yearly Big Ten Conference football champions. Co-champions are listed in alphabetical order.
Champions by year
Note: an asterisk (*) denotes a national championship for that season recognized by the College Football Data Warehouse.
^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and its share of the championship due to NCAA violations.
Championships by team
Keys
Italics indicate a school no longer competing in the Big Ten.
Bold indicates an outright conference championship.
Notes
Championships by head coach
^ Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season and their share of the championship
See also
List of Big Ten Conference football standings (1896–1958)
List of Big Ten Conference football standings (1959–present)
References
Big Ten Conference
Champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Big%20Ten%20Conference%20football%20champions |
A Cool Million: The Dismantling of Lemuel Pitkin is Nathanael West's third novel, published in 1934. It is a brutal satire of Horatio Alger's novels and their eternal optimism.
Plot summary
A Cool Million, as its subtitle suggests, presents “the dismantling of Lemuel Pitkin,” piece by piece. As a satire of the Horatio Alger myth of success, the novel is evocative of Voltaire’s Candide, which satirized the philosophical optimism of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Alexander Pope. Pitkin is a typical ‘Schlemiel’, stumbling from one situation to the next; he gets robbed, cheated, unjustly arrested, frequently beaten and exploited. In a parallel plot Betty Prail, Pitkin's love interest, is raped, abused, and sold into prostitution. Over the course of the novel Pitkin manages to lose an eye, his teeth, his thumb, his scalp and his leg, but nevertheless retains his optimism and gullibility to the inevitably bitter end.
Pitkin's troubles, however, don't end with his death. Even after his death he is exploited as a martyr by the ‘National Revolutionary Party’, a political organization led by Shagpoke Whipple, a manipulative former American president. Pitkin's birthday becomes a national holiday and American youths march down the streets singing songs in his honor. Whipple speaks out against aliens and calls for a rejection of “sophistication, Marxism and International Capitalism.” The novel ends with a series of roaring "hails" from the crowd.
Literary significance and criticism
Pitkin's pathetic inability to conform to society's standards, or to the ‘American’ way of life, is the main cause of his repeated failures. Nevertheless, there is something admirable in Pitkin's naïve persistence, as West wrote in a letter to S. J. Perelman:
Suppose he had the Horatio Alger slant and was a guy who was trying to get one foot on the ladder of success and they were always moving the ladder on him, but they couldn’t touch the dream.
West not only parodies Alger by mimicking his prose style, he also lifted several passages directly from a number of different Alger novels. In A Cool Million, West presents Italian slavers, Chinese pimps, brutal Irish cops, and greedy Jewish lawyers. Though most of the early criticism dismissed the novel as too direct a parody to have any real literary merit, it is seen by some as an early example of postmodernism. Harold Bloom includes A Cool Million in his list of canonical works of the period he names the Chaotic Age (1900–present) in The Western Canon. Bloom also deems the rhetoric used by Shagpoke Whipple as prophetic of such presidents as Ronald Reagan.
Publication history
West began writing A Cool Million in the fall of 1933. A handwritten first draft was completed in November. Though Harcourt, Brace rejected the novel, West continued to work on it until it was finally accepted by Covici-Friede in March 1934. The novel was published in New York City in an edition of 3,000 copies to mixed reviews and poor sales; it was not reprinted in West's lifetime. The novel later appeared in several reprints starting from 1940, following West's renewed fame, and was collected in a single volume edition of the complete novels, as well as in the Library of America edition of West's collected works.
A Cool Million – a screen story
In September 1940 West wrote an original screen story in collaboration with Boris Ingster. They used A Cool Million as their title, though the story had nothing to do with the novel, hoping that a studio would pay more for a story allegedly based on a published book. West was certain that no one would actually read the book to check whether the screen story had any relation to the novel. On September 24, 1940 Columbia Pictures bought the story for $10,000 and assigned it to screenwriter Sidney Buchman. However, the studio soon abandoned the project and A Cool Million was never filmed. The text of the screen story appears in the Library of America's edition of West's work.
References
1934 American novels
American comedy novels
American satirical novels
Parody novels
Novels by Nathanael West
Films with screenplays by Nathanael West
Covici-Friede books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Cool%20Million |
Jonathan Goodwin (born 20 February 1980) is a retired escapologist and daredevil.
Early life
Goodwin was born in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales, and grew up in Robeston Wathen. He attended the since-closed Tasker Milward Voluntary Controlled School in Haverfordwest.
Career
He first appeared on Channel 4 TV programme Dirty Tricks and has subsequently appeared in TV specials The Seven Stupidest Things to Escape From, Deathwish Live, and Monkey Magic, as well as Discovery Channel's One Way Out and How Not to Become Shark Bait in which he allowed himself to be attacked by a Caribbean reef shark. Goodwin returned to Discovery Channel in 2009 for a ten-part series of One Way Out which also starred engineer Terry Stroud. He also appeared in an episode of the Channel 4 programme Balls of Steel, with his father helping him with a stunt.
On 11 September 2012, it was announced that Goodwin would be appearing in his own series on UKTV's Watch, entitled The Incredible Mr. Goodwin. The show included a wide variety of stunts, from free climbing skyscrapers to "extreme planking", and started airing in early 2013. It was also shown on UKTV's Dave and on BBC America beginning in July 2013.
On 9 March 2013, Goodwin appeared on The Jonathan Ross Show and performed the stunt of lying on a single nail and having a breeze block broken on his chest with a sledgehammer.
In April 2019, he appeared on the 13th series of Britain's Got Talent, and made it to the finals performing "buried alive", the first time this stunt had ever been attempted on a stage.
In 2020, he appeared on America's Got Talent, where he finished as a semifinalist.
Injuries
In October 2021, Goodwin was hospitalised following injuries sustained during a stunt rehearsal for America's Got Talent: Extreme. The stunt was supposed to see Goodwin escape a straitjacket while upside-down 30 feet in the air, suspended between two cars. Instead, he became crushed between the cars as they caught fire.
Goodwin sustained many injuries, including third-degree burns, a broken spine, a severed spinal cord, and two broken shoulder blades. He shattered both legs and lost a kidney. He was released from hospital in February 2022 but was left paralysed from the waist down, requiring the use of a wheelchair.
Personal life
Goodwin is divorced from his first wife, Katy, with whom he has a daughter, Millie.
Goodwin is engaged to actress Amanda Abbington. They had been social media friends for a decade, but met only after her split from Martin Freeman. They spoke from afar by phone for some time before finally meeting in person. Goodwin proposed marriage within 30 minutes of their first meeting, in Vienna, which Abbington accepted.
Around five weeks after they got engaged, Goodwin's tragic accident occurred. Not knowing if he would survive surgery, he thanked Abbington in advance for their time together. He also offered her a release on their engagement, in light of his paralysis, which she flatly rejected.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Escapologists
Britain's Got Talent contestants
British stunt performers
People from Haverfordwest
America's Got Talent contestants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Goodwin%20%28escapologist%29 |
Rizoma (, before 1927: Σκλάταινα - Sklataina) is a village in the Trikala regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. In the 2011 census it reported 917 residents. It lies at 160 meters above sea level, 12 km north of the city of Trikala. It has an agricultural economy with tobacco being the main product.
The village is the seat of the Paralithaioi municipal unit and it is inhabited by Karagounides, the most commonly used name for the residents of the Thessalian plain. According to the legend this name was given to them by Alexander the Great when he passed through the region in 335 BC on his way to Thebes.
The most prominent figure that was born there was the priest-monk Saint Theophilus (mid-16th century) who is recorded as the founder of the Saint Stephen Monastery in Meteora.
To the north of the town, there is a low hill called Tzougza, where trenches dug in WW2 can still be seen.
References
Populated places in Trikala (regional unit)
Trikala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizoma |
Woju may refer to:
Woju (song), a 2014 Nigerian Afropop song by Kiss Daniel
Okjeo, a Korean tribal state from roughly the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD, known as Woju in Chinese
Celtuce, a lettuce cultivar known as woju in Chinese
Dwelling Narrowness, a 2009 Chinese television series, known as Woju in Chinese | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woju |
Tonnochy Road () is a street in Wan Chai on the Hong Kong Island of Hong Kong. It runs from Hennessy Road, across Lockhart Road, Jaffe Road, Gloucester Road, to Hung Hing Road near Victoria Harbour. The wide Gloucester Road divides Tonnochy Road into a north and a south sections. Gloucester Road has a flyover to turn into the road at the north.
Major building
Wan Chai Sports Ground is located at the road in Wan Chai North. Tonnochy Night Club on the road was a historical night club in Hong Kong.
History
The reclamation of 1922 extended the shore of Wai Chai moved north to present-day Gloucester Road. Upon completion in 1928, Tonnochy Road was one of new roads on the reclamation. It was named after Malcolm Struan Tonnochy, an acting Governor of Hong Kong from 7 to 28 March 1882.
In the 1960s, another reclamation by Hong Kong Government extended the road north to Hung Hing Road.
In fiction
Tonnochy Road (also as Tonnochie and spelled Tonnochi in this version) is an important location in the computer game Deus Ex, where the protagonist gathers clues about recent incidents within Wan Chai District.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
Wan Chai
Roads on Hong Kong Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnochy%20Road |
Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in society. Subsets include:
Myth may also refer to:
Urban myth, a story circulated as true, often attributed to "a friend of a friend".
Origin myth, which purports to describe the origin of some feature of the natural or social world
Creation myth, symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it
National myth, inspiring narrative or anecdote about a nation's past
Political myth, ideological explanation for a political phenomenon that is believed by a social group
Music
Myth: The Xenogears Orchestral Album, an album by Yasunori Mitsuda
"Myth" (song), by Beach House from the album Bloom
Myth (album), by Two Steps from Hell
Video games
Myth (1989 video game), a 1989 text adventure by Magnetic Scrolls
Myth: History in the Making, a 1989 platform game by System 3
Myth (video game series), a 1997–2001 series of real-time tactical computer games, including:
Myth: The Fallen Lords
Myth II: Soulblighter
Myth III: The Wolf Age
Other uses
Myth (gamer), a video game streamer and esports player
Myth (warez), an underground PC game cracking group
Myth-, a prefix in the MythTV open source software project
M.Y.T.H. Inc., a corporation in Robert Asprin's MythAdventures series
"Myth", a disc golf putter by Infinite Discs
"Myth", a season 4 episode of Servant (TV series)
See also
The Myth (disambiguation)
Mythic (disambiguation)
Mythology (disambiguation)
Mythos (disambiguation)
Mythopoeia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Balsam of Peru or Peru balsam, also known and marketed by many other names, is a balsam derived from a tree known as Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae; it is found in El Salvador, where it is an endemic species.
Balsam of Peru is used in food and drink for flavoring, in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance, and in medicine and pharmaceutical items for healing properties. It has a sweet scent. In some instances, balsam of Peru is listed on the ingredient label of a product by one of its various names, but it may not be required to be listed by its name by mandatory labeling conventions.
It can cause allergic reactions, with numerous large surveys identifying it as being in the "top five" allergens most commonly causing patch test reactions. It may cause inflammation, redness, swelling, soreness, itching, and blisters, including allergic contact dermatitis, stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of the mouth), pruritus, hand eczema, generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis.
Harvesting and processing
Balsam of Peru is obtained by using rags to soak up the resin after strips of bark are removed from the trunk of Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae, boiling the rags and letting the balsam sink in water. The balsam is an aromatic dark-brown oily fluid.
Composition
Balsam of Peru contains 25 or so different substances, including cinnamein, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl cinnamate, benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid, and vanillin. It also contains cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyde, farnesol, and nerolidol. A minority of it, approximately 30–40%, contains resins or esters of unknown composition.
Uses
Balsam of Peru is used in food and drink for flavoring, in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance, and in medicine and pharmaceutical items for healing properties.
In some cases, it is listed on the ingredient label of a product by one of its various names. Naturally occurring ingredients may contain substances identical to or very closely related to balsam of Peru.
It has four primary uses:
flavoring in foods and drinks such as:
caffeinated -- coffee, flavored tea
alcoholic -- wine, beer, gin, liqueurs, apéritifs (e.g. vermouth, bitters)
soft drinks, including cola
juice
citrus -- citrus fruit peel, marmalade
tomatoes -- tomato-containing products, Mexican and Italian foods with red sauces, ketchup
spices, e.g. -- cloves, Jamaica pepper (allspice), cinnamon, nutmeg, paprika, curry, anise, ginger
sauces -- chili sauce, barbecue sauce, chutney
pickled vegetables -- pickles
sweets -- chocolate, vanilla, baked goods and pastries, pudding, ice cream, chewing gum, candy
fragrance in perfumes and toiletries such as:
perfumes, colognes, deodorants, soaps, shampoos, conditioners, after-shave lotions, cosmetics, lipsticks, creams, lotions, ointments, baby powders, sunscreens, suntan lotions
medicinal products such as:
over-the-counter products, hemorrhoid suppositories and ointment, cough medicine/suppressant and lozenges, diaper rash ointments, oral and lip ointments, tincture of benzoin, wound spray (it has been reported to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as the common ulcer-causing bacteria H. pylori in test-tube studies), calamine lotion, surgical dressings
dentistry -- dental cement, eugenol used by dentists, some periodontal impression materials, treatment of dry socket.
optical properties as a glue, typically as a mounting medium for microscope specimens due to purified balsam of Peru's transparency and refractive index of 1.597 being very close to that of many glasses used in optics
It also can be found in toothpaste, mouthwash, scented tobacco, cleaning products, pesticides, insect repellants, air fresheners and deodorizers, scented candles, and oil paint.
Allergy
A number of national and international surveys have identified balsam of Peru as being in the "top five" allergens most commonly causing patch test reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics. A study in 2001 found that 3.8% of the general population patch tested was allergic to it. Many flavorings and perfumes contain components identical to balsam of Peru. It may cause redness, swelling, itching, and blisters.
People allergic to balsam of Peru or other chemically related substances may experience a contact dermatitis reaction. If they have oral exposure, they may experience stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), and cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth). If they ingest it, they may experience pruritus and contact dermatitis in the perianal region, possibly due to unabsorbed substances in the feces. It can cause a flare-up of hand eczema. Among the other allergic reactions to balsam of Peru are generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis, In a case study in Switzerland, a woman who was allergic to balsam of Peru was allergic to her boyfriend's semen following intercourse after he drank large amounts of Coca-Cola.
A positive patch test is used to diagnose an allergy to balsam of Peru. Positive patch test results indicate that the person may have problems with certain flavorings, medications, and perfumed products. Among foods, the most commonly implicated are spices, citrus, and tomatoes.
People allergic to balsam of Peru may benefit from a diet in which they avoid ingesting foods that contain it. Naturally occurring ingredients may contain substances identical to or very closely related to balsam of Peru, and may cause the same allergic reactions. In some instances, balsam of Peru is listed on the ingredient label of a product by one of its various names, but it may not be required to be listed by its name by mandatory labeling conventions (in fragrances, for example, it may simply be covered by an ingredient listing of "fragrance"). To determine if balsam of Peru is in a product, often doctors have to contact the manufacturer of the products used by the patient.
Before 1977, the main recommended marker for perfume allergy was balsam of Peru, which is still advised. The presence of balsam of Peru in a cosmetic will be denoted by the INCI term Myroxylon pereirae.
Because of allergic reactions, since 1982 crude balsam of Peru has been banned by the International Fragrance Association from use as a fragrance compound, but extracts and distillates are used up to a maximum level of 0.4% in products, and are not covered by mandatory labeling.
In March 2006, the European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Scientific Committee on Consumer Products, issued an opinion on balsam of Peru. It confirmed that crude balsam of Peru should not be used as a fragrance ingredient, because of a wide variety of test results on its sensitizing potential, but that extracts and distillates can be used up to a maximum level of 0.4% in products.
History
The name balsam of Peru is a misnomer. In the early period of Spanish invasion in Central and South America, the balsam was collected in Central America and shipped to Callao (the port of Lima) in Peru, then shipped onward to Europe. It acquired the name of "Peru" because it was shipped via there. Its export to Europe was first documented in the seventeenth century in the German pharmacopoeia. Today it is extracted under a handicraft process, and is mainly exported from El Salvador. Another balsam, balsam of Tolu, is extracted from Myroxylon balsamum var. balsamum in a different way.
Alternate names
Among the alternate names used for balsam of Peru are:
balsam Peru
Peru balsam
Peruvian balsam
bálsamo del Perú (Spanish)
balsamum Peruvianim (Latin)
baume du Pérou (French)
baume Péruvien (French)
baume de San Salvador (French)
black balsam
China oil
Honduras balsam
Indian balsam
Surinam balsam
References
Amburaneae
Perfume ingredients
Resins
Crops originating from the Americas
Flavors
Spices
Allergology
Effects of external causes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsam%20of%20Peru |
ARCHELON, the Sea Turtle Protection Society of Greece was founded in 1983. It aims to protect sea turtles and their habitats in Greece through research, public awareness campaigns, restoring habitats, and through its rescue centre, built in 1994.
Overview
ARCHELON is a partner to the UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan, and is hosting the 2006 International Sea Turtle Conference. Despite working with major national and international bodies, ARCHELON relies heavily on the work of volunteers, of which there are some 400 each year.
They state that due to their work:
Every year over 2,500 nests are protected against human threats, predation and sea inundation.
Nearly 4,000 turtles have been tagged in order to monitor their movements in the sea. Recently satellite transmitters have been used.
Over 50 injured or sick turtles are treated every year at the Rescue Centre at Glyfada (Athens).
Three permanent and 10 seasonal stations are operated by ARCHELON on Zakynthos, Peloponnesus and Crete.
About 200,000 tourists are directly contacted through ARCHELON's diverse programmes every year
Over 13,000 students participate every year in the educational programmes
The rescue centre is currently undergoing development and expansion, and an emergency turtle first-aid centre was built in 2005, on Crete. In 2004, as Athens hosted the Olympic games resulted in a tight financial situation for Greece nationally, which resulted in cuts in its environmental services, which included the closure of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos, a move strongly contested by ARCHELON and its members, who prepared a petition.
Field projects
ARCHELON run a total of 7 long term field projects on loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), nesting beaches around Greece. These projects run for the majority of the nesting and hatching season, from mid-May until mid-October.
Zakynthos Project
The Ionian island of Zakynthos (western Greece) has the largest Mediterranean nesting (the second one being in Kyparissia bay). Because of this, Zakynthos has been chosen to host the original project. The group's founders, Dimitris and Anna Margaritoulis, began collecting data here in the late 1970s and from those initial studies the group grew.
Today the project continues to be the largest in scope of all the Archelon projects. There are 6 beaches on the island that are monitored by the group, all of which are in Laganas Bay to the South. These beaches are Gerakas, Daphni, Sekania, Kalamaki (Crystal beach), Laganas and Marathonissi, a small uninhabited island in the bay. All of the beaches apart from Sekania are heavily used by tourists. Sekania is specially protected due to its very high density of nests and, therefore, its importance as a nesting area. It is completely closed to visitors. The protection of all the beaches and the waters in the bay are implemented by the National Marine Park of Zakynthos. The land behind Sekania was bought by the WWF in order to prevent construction of any kind which may disturb the turtles nesting behaviour.
In 2014 the group has reported a nest count of 1066 nests on the 6 beaches. In addition its public awareness activities have informed approximately 63,600 people, mostly tourists.
References
ARCHELON's official website
Nature conservation in Greece
Environmental organizations based in Greece
Organizations established in 1983
1983 establishments in Greece
Organizations based in Athens
Glyfada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCHELON%2C%20the%20Sea%20Turtle%20Protection%20Society%20of%20Greece |
ABB-gymnasiet is the name of three schools in Västerås, Sala and Ludvika, Sweden, secondary schools with a focus on engineering, information technology and enterprising. The Västerås branch was started in 1994 by the industrial corporation ABB, which were merged in 1987 from the Swiss Brown Boveri Corporation and the Swedish ASEA, which is headquartered in Västerås. The Ludvika school was founded by ABB in 1995.
External links
Official website
Education in Sweden
Västerås
Gymnasiums (school) in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Västerås
Education in Västerås | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB%20Industrigymnasium |
Jahtari is a netlabel, founded in 2004 by Jan Gleichmar aka "disrupt". Unlike most netlabels, it focuses on the dub and reggae music genres, with an electronic music approach which it calls "digital laptop reggae". According to The List, "the name is an amalgam of ‘Jah’ and ‘Atari’, and a similar lo-fi 8-bit aesthetic informs their branding and design."
From their site:
"We are a small record label based in Leipzig/Germany and we produce a kind of music here which we call - for the lack of a better term - DIGITAL LAPTOP REGGAE (DLR).This means nothing else but that we produce first and above all REGGAE music (or DUB) in its classical sense, which in itself is nothing new, but since we're having a background of mostly electronic music we're doing this with the only tool that is obvious to use for that purpose - a COMPUTER, and a computer only."
Jan Gleichmar has been working as a camera assistant. By 2006, Jahtari had started to offer a release on CD in addition to the free downloads, and later produced vinyl releases too. As of 2008, it had signed more than 20 artists, among them London-based Mikey Murka (a veteran of 1980s digital reggae).
References
External links
Jahtari.org, with Jahtari Magazine (a collection of articles about the history of Reggae music, also run by the Netlabel)
solipsistic NATION No. 24: Jahtari Podcast. Interview with Jahtari founder Jan Gleichmar, plus music from the label. February 9, 2007
The Jah of 8-Bit-Chip-Dub-Digital-Laptop-Reggae-Music Portrait of Jahtari on Phlow-Magazine.com
German record labels
Netlabels
Electronic music record labels
Reggae record labels
Online music stores of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahtari |
Keluo (Chinese: , p Kēluò) is a dormant volcanic field north-by-northwest of Daquijin in northeastern China. It is located at an intersection of regional lineaments trending northeast and northwest; the volcanoes were erupted through basement igneous and sedimentary rocks from the Jurassic to Cretaceous, through granite, and through pre-Permian metasediments. Like the Wudalianchi volcanic to its south, it contains high-potassium basaltic cinder cones.
The field possesses 23 cones over an area of . There are reports of historical activity, but these remain unconfirmed. The morphology of a number of the conesincluding Nanshan (), Gushan (), Jianshan (), Dayishan (), and Xiaoyishan ()suggests their formation during the last 10,000 years (the Holocene). Most cones to the northeast, however, probably date from the Pleistocene to the Tertiary.
Other peaks include Dangzishan, Heishan, and Muhenanshan.
See also
List of volcanoes in China
References
External links
Dormant volcanoes
Volcanoes of China
Volcanic fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluo |
RTL Boulevard is a daily television programme on the Dutch TV channel RTL 4. It was set up as a television equivalent of a tabloid, with a lot of airy subjects, news items and gossip about the stars, fashion and criminality. The programme is renowned for its sarcastic and cynical tone.
History
From the beginning in 2001, Beau van Erven Dorens was the main presenter. He was supported by his co-presenter Albert Verlinde and a daily rotating "expert". On 1 April 2005 Beau Van Erven Dorens moved to Talpa and Daphne Bunskoek (formerly a presenter of the morning program in the Netherlands Public Broadcasting) has taken over his place. When Daphne Bunskoek also left the show, she was replaced by Winston Gerschtanowitz and Humberto Tan.
Regular returning co-presenters were/are:
Fiona Hering (fashion/lifestyle)
John van den Heuvel (crime)
Irene van de Laar (fashion/lifestyle)
Marc van der Linden (royalty)
Abraham Moszkowicz (crime, law)
Peter van der Vorst (royalty)
Peter R. de Vries (crime)
On 16 November 2006, Dutch prime-minister Jan-Peter Balkenende got his chance at executive editing and presenting the program, in the run-up to the 2006 general elections.
In December 2006 the show made headlines all over the world when Eddie Murphy told reporter Matthijs Kleyn the unborn baby of Mel B is not his. A blood test showed him wrong.
On 6 July 2021, Dutch investigative journalist and crime reporter Peter R. de Vries was shot in the head after leaving the television studio of RTL Boulevard in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The show's live broadcast of 9 July was cancelled due to concerns for an attack on the studio. The show of 10 July was cancelled by RTL Nederland. Since then, the show broadcasts from a studio located at Media Park in Hilversum, Netherlands. De Vries died on 15 July 2021.
References
External links
Dutch television talk shows
Dutch-language television shows
Tabloid journalism
Entertainment news shows
2001 Dutch television series debuts
2000s Dutch television series
2010s Dutch television series
2020s Dutch television series
RTL 4 original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL%20Boulevard |
Smothers is a surname. People with this surname include:
People
Clay Smothers (1935–2004), African-American member of the Texas House of Representatives 1977–81
Dick Smothers (born 1939), American comedian, composer and musician, one half of the Smothers Brothers, father of Dick Smothers, Jr.
Howard Smothers (born 1973), American football offensive lineman
Jessie Belle Smothers (AKA Jessie Belle McCoy, born 1985), American model, professional wrestling valet, and professional wrestler
Joseph Smothers (fl. 1870s), Baptist minister and state legislator in Mississippi
Joseph G. Smothers (1967--1998), a convicted felon from Wisconsin who was severely beaten while in federal prison in Leavenworth, KS, died 1998. The crime occurred in Wisconsin, and he was apprehended in Jasper, Indiana.
Little Smokey Smothers (1939–2010), American blues guitarist and singer, younger brother of Otis "Big Smokey" Smothers
Otis "Big Smokey" Smothers (1929–1993), American blues guitarist and singer, elder brother of Little Smokey Smothers
Smothers Brothers, American double act consisting of Dick and Tom Smothers
Tom Smothers (born 1937), American comedian, composer and musician, one half of the Smothers Brothers
Tracy Smothers (1962–2020), American professional wrestler
See also
Smother (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smothers |
Jialiang () is an ancient Chinese device for measuring several volume standards.
The term jialiang is mentioned in the Rites of Zhou. The passage describes the construction of one that includes three measures, fu (釜), dou (豆), and sheng (升); furthermore, the instrument weighs one jun (鈞) and its sound is the gong of huangzhong (黃鐘之宮). Known jialiang give standards for the five measures yue (龠), ge (合, equal to two yue), sheng (升, equal to ten he), dou (斗, equal to ten sheng), and hu (斛, equal to ten dou).
The earliest known jialiang was made in the first year of Wang Mang's short-lived Xin Dynasty (9-23 CE), in order to standardize the measurements across the empire. Wang chose bronze to emphasize that it would last and remain as a reference. A 216-character inscription records the process of the casting and shows where each of the five measurements can be found. Wang Mang's jialiang is now in the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
The continuing availability of Wang Mang's device has ensured it an important place in researching historical Chinese metrology for millennia. Investigations on the jialiang were undertaken by such scholars as Liu Hui of the Three Kingdoms period and Zu Chongzhi and Li Chunfeng of the Tang dynasty. According to the research of modern scholar Liu Fu 劉復, at the time of its creation, following its measurements, the standard units correspond to the modern metric system in this way: 1 chi (尺) was 23.1 cm; 1 sheng (升) was 200 mL; and 1 jin (斤) was 226.7 g.
In Beijing's Forbidden City, before the Hall of Supreme Harmony and the Palace of Heavenly Purity, there are two jialiangs cast during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, a square one in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony and a round one in front of the Palace of Heavenly Purity. These were cast in 1745 based on an examination of the Wang Mang's round jialiang and the square jialiang made during the time of Emperor Taizong of Tang.
The jialiang and the adjacent sundial (rigui 日晷) have been described as symbolizing the sovereignty and unity of the imperial reign or emphasizing that the emperor is just and fair.
Notes
Chinese inventions
Volumetric instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jialiang |
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