text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
Monte Melkonian (; 25 November 1957 – 12 June 1993) was an Armenian-American revolutionary and left-wing nationalist militant. He was a commander in the Artsakh Defence Army and was killed while fighting against Azerbaijan in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Born in California, Melkonian left the United States and arrived in Iran as a teacher in 1978, amidst the Iranian Revolution. He took part in demonstrations against Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, and subsequently travelled to Lebanon to serve with a Beirut-based Armenian militia fighting in the Lebanese Civil War. Melkonian was active in Bourj Hammoud, and was one of the planners of the Turkish consulate attack in Paris in 1981. He was later arrested and imprisoned in France. He was released in 1989 and acquired a visa to travel to Armenia in 1990.
Prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, during which he commanded an estimated 4,000 Armenian troops, Melkonian had no official service record in any country's armed forces. Instead, his military experience came from his activity in ASALA during the Lebanese Civil War. With ASALA, Melkonian fought against various right-wing Lebanese militias around in and around Beirut, and had also taken part in combat against Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War.
Over the course of his military career, Melkonian had adopted a number of alias, including Abu Sindi, Timothy Sean McCormack, and Saro. During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, many of the Armenian soldiers under his command referred to him as Avo (). On 12 June 1993, Melkonian was killed by Azerbaijani soldiers while he was surveying the village of Mərzili with five other Armenian soldiers after a battle. He was buried at Yerablur, a military cemetery in the Armenian capital city of Yerevan, and was posthumously conferred the title of National Hero of Armenia in 1996.
Early life
Youth
Melkonian was born on 25 November 1957, at Visalia Municipal Hospital in Visalia, California, to Charles (1918−2006) and Zabel Melkonian (1920−2012). He was the third of four children born to a self-employed cabinetmaker and an elementary-school teacher. By all accounts, Melkonian was described as an all-American child who joined the Boy Scouts and was a pitcher in Little League baseball. He also played the clarinet. Melkonian's parents rarely talked about their Armenian heritage with their children, often referring to the place of their ancestors as the "Old Country." His interest in his background only sparked at the age of eleven, when his family went on a year-long trip to Europe in 1969.
While taking Spanish language courses in Spain, his teacher had posed him the question of where he was from. Dissatisfied with Melkonian's answer of "California", the teacher rephrased the question by asking "where did your ancestors come from?" His brother Markar Melkonian remarked that "her image of us was not at all like our image of ourselves. She did not view us as the Americans we had always assumed we were." From this moment on, for days and months to come, Markar continues, "Monte pondered [their teacher Señorita] Blanca's question Where are you from?"
In the spring of that year, the family also traveled across Turkey to visit the town of Merzifon, where Melkonian's maternal grandparents were from. Merzifon's population at the time was 23,475 but was almost completely devoid of its once 17,000-strong Armenian population that was wiped out during the Armenian genocide in 1915. They did find one Armenian family of the three that was living in the town, however, Melkonian soon learned that the only reason this was so, was because the head of the family in 1915 had exchanged the safety of his family in return for identifying all the Armenians in the town to Turkish authorities during the genocide. Melkonian would later confide to his wife that "he was never the same after that visit....He saw the place that had been lost."
Education
Upon his return to California, Melkonian returned to his education. In high school, he was exceeding all standards and having a hard time finding new academic challenges. Instead of graduating high school early, as was suggested by his principal, Melkonian found an alternative thanks to his father: a study abroad program in East Asia. At the age of 15, Melkonian traveled to Japan for a new chapter in his young life, namely to study martial arts and the Japanese language. While there, he began teaching English, which helped finance his travels through several Southeast Asian countries. This introduced him to several new cultures, new philosophies, new languages, and in several cases, like his travels through Vietnam (shortly before the Fall of Saigon), new skills that would become immensely valuable in his later life as a soldier. Returning to the United States, he graduated from high school and entered the University of California, Berkeley with Regents Scholarship, majoring in ancient Asian history and Archeology. In 1978 he helped to organize an exhibition of Armenian cultural artifacts at one of the university's libraries. The section of the exhibit dealing with the Armenian genocide was removed by university authorities at the request of the Turkish consul general in San Francisco. The display that was removed was eventually reinstalled following a campus protest movement. Melkonian eventually completed his undergraduate work in under three years. Upon graduating, he was accepted into the archeology graduate program at the University of Oxford. However, Melkonian chose to forgo this opportunity, and instead chose to begin his lifelong struggle for the Armenian Cause.
Departure from the United States
Iranian Revolution
After graduating from U.C. Berkeley in the spring of 1978, Melkonian traveled to Iran, where he taught English and participated in the movement to overthrow the Shah. He helped organize a teachers' strike at his school in Tehran, and was in the vicinity of Jaleh Square when the Shah's troops opened fire on protesters, killing and injuring many. Later, he found his way to Iranian Kurdistan, where Kurdish partisans made a deep impression on him. Years later, in southern Lebanon, he occasionally wore the uniform of the Kurdish peshmerga which he was given in Iranian Kurdistan.
Lebanese Civil War
In the fall of 1978, Melkonian made his way to Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, in time to participate in the defense of the Armenian quarter against the right-wing Phalange forces. While he was living in East Beirut, Melkonian worked underground with individual members of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and the Lebanese Communist Party. Although he never professed an allegiance to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), he was a member of the Armenian militia that defended positions in and around Bourj Hammoud that were under the command of ARF "group leaders". Melkonian was a permanent member of the militia's bases in Bourj Hammoud, Western Beirut, Antelias, Eastern Beirut and other regions for almost two years, during which time he participated in several street battles against Phalange forces. He also began working behind the lines in Phalangist controlled territory, on behalf of the "Leftist and Arab" Lebanese National Movement. By this time, he was speaking Armenian – a language he had not learned until adulthood (Armenian was the fourth or fifth language Melkonian learned to speak fluently, after Spanish, French and Japanese. In addition, he spoke passable Arabic, Italian and Turkish, as well as some Persian and Kurdish).
ASALA
In the spring of 1980, Melkonian was inducted into the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) and secretly relocated to West Beirut. For the next three years he was an ASALA militant and contributor to the group's journal, Hayastan. During this time several Palestinian militant organizations provided their Armenian comrades with extensive military training. On 31 July 1980 in Athens, Melkonian assassinated the Administrative Attaché of Turkish Embassy in Greece, Galip Ozmen, considered by Melkonian to be a legitimate target for representing a regime that committed the Armenian genocide, occupied northern Cyprus, massacred Kurds in Turkey, among other crimes. After his death, Özmen was also revealed to have been a Turkish intelligence (MIT) spy. Melkonian also shot the passengers in the front and back seats who were obscured by darkly tinted window glass, believing them to be other diplomats. The passengers were later revealed to be Ozmen's wife Sevil and his sixteen-year-old son Kaan, who were wounded but survived, and his fourteen-year-old daughter Neslihan, who later died of her wounds. Melkonian was reportedly unhappy to find out who the other passengers were, and later wrote that he would've spared them if he had a clearer view.
Melkonian carried out armed operations in Rome, Athens and elsewhere, and he helped to plan and train commandos for the "Van Operation" of September 24, 1981, in which four ASALA militants took over the Turkish embassy in Paris and held it for several days. In November 1981, French police arrested and imprisoned a young, suspected criminal carrying a Cypriot passport bearing the name "Dimitri Georgiu." Following the detonation of several bombs in Paris aimed at gaining his release, "Georgiu" was returned to Lebanon where he revealed his identity as Monte Melkonian.
In mid-July 1983, ASALA violently split into two factions, one opposed to the group's despotic leader, whose nom de guerre was Hagop Hagopian, and another supporting him. Although the lines of fissure had been deepening over the course of several years, the shooting of Hagopian's two closest aides at a military camp in Lebanon finally led to the open breach. This impetuous action was perpetrated by one individual who was not closely affiliated with Melkonian. As a result of this action, however, Hagopian took revenge by personally torturing and executing two of Melkonian's dearest comrades, Garlen Ananian and Aram Vartanian.
Imprisonment in France
In the aftermath of this split, Melkonian spent over two years underground, first in Lebanon and later in France. After testifying secretly for the defense in the trial of Armenian militant and accused bank robber Levon Minassian, he was arrested in Paris in November 1985 and sentenced to six years in prison for possession of falsified papers and carrying an illegal handgun.
Melkonian spent over three years in Fresnes and Poissy prisons. He was released in early 1989 and sent from France to South Yemen, where he was reunited with his girlfriend Seda. Together they spent year and a half living underground in various countries of eastern Europe in relative poverty, as one Eastern Bloc regime after another disintegrated.
Arrival in the Armenian SSR
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
On 6 October 1990, Melkonian arrived in what was then still Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. During the first 8 months in Armenia, Melkonian worked in the Armenian Academy of Sciences, where he prepared an archaeological research monograph on Urartian cave tombs, which was posthumously published in 1995.
Finding himself on Armenian soil after many years, he wrote in a letter that he found a lot of confusion among his compatriots. Armenia faced enormous economic, political and environmental problems at every turn, problems that had festered for decades. New political forces bent on dismantling the Soviet Union were taking Armenia in a direction that Melkonian believed was bound to exacerbate the crisis and produce more problems. He believed that "a national blunder was taking place right before his eyes."
Armenia and Azerbaijan
Under these circumstances, it quickly became clear to Melkonian that, for better or for worse, the Soviet Union had no future and the coming years would be perilous ones for the Armenian people. He then focused his energy on Nagorno-Karabakh. "If we lose [Karabakh]," the bulletin of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Forces quoted him as saying, "we turn the final page of our people's history." He believed that, if Azeri forces succeeded in deporting Armenians from Karabakh, they would advance on Zangezur and other regions of Armenia.
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
On 12 or 14 September 1991, Melkonian travelled to the Shahumian region (north of Karabakh), where he fought for three months in the fall of 1991. There he participated in the capture of Erkej, Manashid and Buzlukh villages.
On February 4, 1992, Melkonian arrived in Martuni as the regional commander. Upon his arrival the changes were immediately felt: civilians started feeling more secure and at peace as Azeri armies were pushed back and were finding it increasingly difficult to shell Martuni's residential areas with GRAD missiles.
In April 1993, Melkonian was one of the chief military strategists who planned and led the operation to fight Azeri fighters and capture the region of Kalbajar of Azerbaijan which lies between Armenia and former NKAO. Armenian forces captured the region in four days of heavy fighting, sustaining far fewer fatalities than the enemy.
Death and legacy
Melkonian was killed in the abandoned village of Merzili in the early afternoon of 12 June 1993 during the Battle of Aghdam. According to Markar Melkonian, Melkonian's older brother and author of his biography, Melkonian died in the waning hours of the evening by enemy fire during an unexpected skirmish that broke out with several Azerbaijani soldiers who had likely gotten lost.
Melkonian was buried with full military honors on 19 June 1993, at Yerablur military cemetery in the outskirts of Yerevan, where his coffin was brought from the Surb Zoravar Church in the city center. Some 50,000 to 100,000 people (some reports put the figure as high as 250,000), including Armenian President Levon Ter-Petrosyan, acting Defense Minister Vazgen Manukyan, Deputy Foreign Minister Gerard Libaridian, government officials, and parliamentarians attended his funeral.
The Karabakh town of Martuni was renamed Monteaberd (or Monteapert; ; literally "Fort Monte") in his honor.
In 1993, the Monte Melkonian Military Academy was established in Yerevan.
In 2021, the village of Shahumyani Trchnafabrika was renamed Monteavan.
In November 2021, a statue of Melkonian was unveiled in Vardenis.
Public image
Melkonian had become a legend in Armenia and Karabakh by the time of his death. Due to his international socialist and Armenian nationalist views, one author described him as a mix between the early 20th century Armenian military commander Andranik and Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara. Thomas de Waal described him as a "professional warrior and an extreme Armenian nationalist" who is "the most celebrated Armenian commander" of the Nagorno-Karabakh War. Raymond Bonner wrote in 1993 that Melkonian had charisma and discipline, which is why he "rapidly became the most highly regarded commander in the Karabakh War." Historian Razmik Panossian wrote that Melkonian was "a charismatic and very capable commander."
Political and moral views
Melkonian was an Armenian nationalist and a revolutionary socialist. Throughout his life he sympathized with Marxism–Leninism, which was also the ideology of ASALA. Vorbach wrote in 1994 that his writings "expose him as an Armenian nationalist and a committed socialist of the Marxist-Leninist variety." According to his brother he "had not always been a communist, but he had never been an ex-communist." Melkonian hoped that the Soviet Union would "reform itself, democratize, and promote personal freedoms" and did not abandon hope in Soviet Armenia until the end of the Soviet era appeared inevitable. Philip Marsden wrote that his career "reveals the profound shift in radical ideology—from revolutionary Marxism to nationalism." Marsden adds that in the 1980s his ideology came into conflict with a growing nationalism: "With ever greater difficulty, he squeezed the Armenian question into the context of left-wing orthodoxy, believing for instance that Armenia's independence from the Soviet Union would be a terrible error." In the 1980s he advocated for the Soviet takeover of Turkey's formerly Armenian populated areas and its unification with Soviet Armenia. Yet he likewise supported the idea that "the most direct way... to attain the right to live in 'Western Armenia' is by participating in the revolutionary struggle in Turkey" and considered the option of Armenian self-determination within a revolutionary Turkish or Kurdish state. In the 1980s, while in a French prison, he called for the creation of a guerilla force in eastern Turkey which would unite Kurdish rebels, left-wing Turks, and Armenian revolutionaries. Vorbach summarized his views on Turkey:
While in Poissy prison, Melkonian drafted a political manifesto for his envisioned "Armenian Patriotic Liberation Movement," in which he outlines seven core principles: 1) revolutionary internationalism, 2) democracy and self-determination, 3) socialism, 4) feminism, 5) environmentalism, 6) anti-imperialism, and 7) peace and disarmament.
By the early 1990s, he saw Karabakh as a "sacred cause". He is quoted as saying, "If we lose Karabakh, we turn the final page of our people's history."
Melkonian was also an internationalist. In an article titled "Imperialism in the New World Order" he declared his support for socialist movements in Palestine, South Africa, Central America and elsewhere. He also espoused environmentalism from an anti-capitalist perspective. According to one author his economic views were influenced by the Beirut-based Armenian Marxist economist Alexander Yenikomshian.
Maile Melkonian, Melkonian's sister, wrote in response to David Rieff's 1997 article in Foreign Affairs that Melkonian was never associated with and was not a supporter of the views of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaks).
Anti-smoking and anti-alcohol stance
Melkonian was said to have led an exemplary life by not smoking and drinking. Melkonian advocated that revolutionary socialists must lead "practical self-disciplined lives" and avoid "self-destructive habits" such as smoking or drinking alcohol: "By severely diminishing a person's self-discipline, these dependencies inhibit a person from becoming a member of the vanguard, and especially a guerrilla or fedaii." When he joined in toasts, he is said to have raised a glass of yogurt. Melkonian is widely known to have forbidden his soldiers consumption of alcohol. He also established a policy of collecting a tax in kind on Martuni wine, in the form of diesel and ammunition for his fighters. Melkonian also burned cultivated fields of cannabis in Karabakh.
Personal life
Melkonian married his long-time girlfriend Seda Kebranian at the Geghard monastery in Armenia in August 1991. They had met in the late 1970s in Lebanon. In a 1993 interview, Melkonian said that they had had no time to start a family. He stated, "We'll settle down when the Armenian people's struggle is over."
As of 2013 Seda, an activist and a lecturer, resided in Anchorage, Alaska with her husband Joel Condon who is a professor of architecture at the University of Alaska Anchorage.
Awards
sources:
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Melkonian, Monte (1990). The Right to Struggle: Selected Writings of Monte Melkonian on the Armenian National Question. San Francisco: Sardarabad Collective
External links
The Monte Melkonian Fund is a non-profit charity established in 1995 and is dedicated in Melkonian's honor.
Gallery of Monte Melkonian on the Melkonian Fund Website include photos of his youth, years spent in Lebanon and Karabakh.
Monte Melkonian Video
, including an interview with his wife
2-part documentary video about Monte, including rare interviews, on Google Video: Part 1 and Part 2
1957 births
1993 deaths
American emigrants to Armenia
American emigrants to Iran
American people of Armenian descent
Armenian colonels
Armenian communists
Armenian military personnel of the Nagorno-Karabakh War
Armenian nationalists
Armenian revolutionaries
Armenian socialists
Burials at Yerablur
National Hero of Armenia
People from Visalia, California
People of the Iranian Revolution
People of the Lebanese Civil War
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Armenian people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Melkonian |
Hobart Ray Brown, (February 27, 1934 – November 7, 2007) was an American sculptor and the founder of Kinetic Sculpture Racing.
Early years
Hobart Brown was born in Hess, Oklahoma, to a fifteen-year-old mother who migrated across country to California on the back of her husband's motorcycle. He later described it as his classic Okie experience, mirroring the great migration captured in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath and other stories of the Dust Bowl years.
Brown went to high school in Los Angeles a couple of classes after Marilyn Monroe, whom he remembered by her real name and described as "a quiet, plain little thing – not at all what she became later."
Adult life
After a stint as an airplane mechanic with the U.S. Army in Cambrai – Fritsh Kaserne Darmstadt, Germany, and time spent running hot rods with his friends on local empty roads, he become an artist in 1962 and moved to Humboldt County, California. Arriving with his wife and two sons, he opened the first of several Hobart Galleries; the first in Eureka, California, others in Trinidad and finally Ferndale, California.
Over the years, the Hobart Galleries represented more than 150 local artists – launching several careers and providing exposure to younger artists by adding them to an established stable of better-known names.
Hobart had four children, three boys and one girl.
Hobart was instrumental in helping Morris Graves settle in his home in the hills outside Loleta, California.
During northern hemisphere winters until 2006, Hobart migrated to Australia, where he was first artist-in-residence at Happ's Winery, later at Leeuwin Wine Estates in Margaret River, Western Australia where his public welding studio was on their patio. His art was also displayed in the winery itself.
In 2006-07, Hobart was unable to travel to Australia due to his debility due to the advancement of his severe case of rheumatoid arthritis. Following several months of being in and out of treatment facilities, he suffered a stroke on May 17, 2007. He died of pneumonia in the Redwood Memorial Hospital in Fortuna California on November 7, 2007.
Hobart's gallery was sold in January, 2009 to local business owners.
Kinetic Sculpture Races
In 1969, Hobart started the Kinetic Sculpture Race, almost by accident when he modified his son's tricycle to a five-wheeled, decorated "Pentacycle" and another local artist and gallery owner, Jack Mays, challenged him to a race down Main Street on Mother's Day. Raceday came, so did ten other challengers. Neither Hobart nor Jack won the race, that honor went to Bob Brown (no relation) piloting his Kinetic Turtle. Hobart was acclaimed "the Glorious Founder" of the race.
The races continue as of 2022. The race is no longer just down the street but now is the longest human powered sculpture race in the world. The course covers approximately 42 miles of sand, water, pavement, hills, more water, roads and freeways from Arcata, California to Ferndale, California.
Hobart continued to sculpt and start other races. About ten Kinetic Races occur every year, from Baltimore to Western Australia, the spirit of "Adults having fun so children want to get older" infects individuals everywhere it lands.
His later years were spent battling a disfiguring and crippling rheumatoid arthritis. He continued his twice yearly peregrinations from north to south in search of the warmest, driest times of the year.
Exhibits, collectors and awards
A few of Hobart's many exhibits have included: White House and Smithsonian Museum, Washington, D.C.; the Ronald Reagan Museum, BC Gallery, Walnut Creek, CA; LA City Museum; Palm Springs Museum; Leeuwin Estates, Australia; and the Oscar Mayer Museum.
Hobart's collectors include President Ronald Reagan, Johnny Carson, Congressman Don Clausen, LA City Museum, U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln, Riverboat Casino Las Vegas, California Department of Transportation, the College of the Redwoods and more than 500 individuals and companies.
Hobart created the Republican Party Perpetual Trophy by commission from the Party.
Over the years, Hobart received many awards including listings in Who's Who Worldwide, being made an honorary Rotarian and annual proclamations from both the Eureka and Arcata City Councils.
Hobart was covered by media including:
Television – ABC, CBS, CNN, Disney, NBC Today Show, Nickelodeon, Weird Houses and Weird Wheels, Game Show Network, and more.
Movies – "It will Have Blinking Eyes" an award-winning documentary about the Kinetic Sculpture Race by China Blue films shown at the Sundance Film Festival.
Print – National Geographic World, Popular Mechanics, San Francisco Chronicle, Smithsonian Magazine, The Times, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Sun-Times, The Age, Perth Australia Time, Times-Standard, Arcata Eye, North Coast Journal, Humboldt Independent and The Eureka Reporter.
Radio – broadcaster for six years and many interviews.
Publications
Kinetic Sculpture Racing, A Complete Guide: Founder Hobart Brown Tells All – a guide to Kinetic Sculpture Racing and its underlying philosophy.
Author and co-author of numerous articles in newspapers and local journals.
Quotations
"We're adults having fun so kids will want to get older."
"Money doesn't always bring happiness. People with ten million dollars are no happier than people with nine million dollars." from "The Peter Principle," by Laurence J. Peter.
References
Photos and additional vita
Hobart Brown – Virtual Gallery
1934 births
2007 deaths
People from Eureka, California
Deaths from pneumonia in California
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American male artists
American male sculptors
People from Jackson County, Oklahoma
People from Ferndale, California
History of Humboldt County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart%20Brown |
Area codes 301, 240, and 227 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the western part of the U.S. state of Maryland. The numbering plan area (NPA) comprises Maryland's portion of the Greater Washington, D.C. metro area, portions of southern Maryland, along with rural western Maryland. This includes the communities of Cumberland, Frederick, Hagerstown, Gaithersburg, Potomac, Germantown, Bethesda, Rockville, Landover, Silver Spring, and Waldorf.
Area code 301 was the first area code for all of Maryland, from 1947, when the area code system was created, until 1991, when the NPA was reduced in geographic extent. In 1997, it was converted to an overlay numbering plan with the addition of the second area code 240. On June 14, 2023, a third overlay code, 227, was added to provide more central office prefixes for new telephone numbers.
History
Area code 301 was one of the original North American area codes when the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) established a new, nationwide telephone numbering plan in 1947. The area code served the entire state of Maryland.
Much of the Washington metropolitan area is part of a local calling area which is centered on the District's area code 202, and also extends into the suburban area in southern Maryland with 301 and Northern Virginia with area code 703. From 1947 to 1990, it was possible to dial any other telephone number in the metro area as a local call with only seven digits, not using an area code, irrespective of the home area code. The entire metro area was also reachable via long-distance services by dialing area code 202, for which purpose AT&T had established cross-referenced operator routing codes for all affected central offices. For example, if 202-574 numbers were in use in the District or 703-574 numbers were in use in Northern Virginia, the corresponding 301-574 numbering block could only be assigned in areas considered a safe distance away from the capital, such as the Eastern Shore of Maryland.
Ten-digit dialing
By the end of the 1980s, the Washington metropolitan area was running out of assignable prefixes for new central offices. The only unassigned prefixes were unavailable due to the central office code protection that maintained seven-digit dialing in the metro-area. Assignment of these prefixes would require dialing an area code. The three local operating companies of the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company (C&P Telephone, later part of Bell Atlantic and now Verizon) cooperated in ended code protection on October 1, 1990, for entire area and required ten-digit dialing for all local calls between Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Virginia. Area code 202 was no longer usable for suburban points. Local calls within Maryland did not require the area code. Permissive dialing using the old dialing procedures continued from April 1 through October 1, 1990.
410-split
Despite the overall growth of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area, 301 remained the exclusive area code for Maryland for 44 years, making Maryland one of the largest states with a single area code. By the end of the 1980s, it became apparent that terminating central office code protection in the Washington area could not free up sufficient resources north of the Potomac River to stave off the immediate need for a new area code.
In mitigation action, Baltimore and the Eastern Shore were reassigned from area code 301 to area code 410 on November 1, 1991, to form a new numbering plan area. The area code split largely followed metropolitan area lines. There were a few exceptions, such as in Howard County, which is often recognized as part of the Baltimore metropolitan area, a small portion of the county remained in 301, while the rest of the county was reassigned to 410.
When an area code is split, the largest city, in this case Baltimore, in the old numbering plan area typically retains the existing area code to minimize expense for changing telephone numbers. In this case, Bell Atlantic spared the large number of federal agencies on the Maryland side of metropolitan Washington from the expense and disruption.
240-overlay
Although the area code split was intended as a long-term solution, within four years 301 was close to exhaustion due to the proliferation of cell phones and pagers, especially in the Washington suburbs. In relief action, area code 240 was introduced on June 1, 1997, to form the state's first overlay. Overlays were a new concept at the time, and met with some resistance due to the requirement for ten-digit dialing. It was decided to create an overlay rather than split the region into two numbering plan areas to avoid assigning a new area code to 1.2million existing telephone numbers. At the time, it was predicted that it would take until 2008 to exhaust area code 240.
227-overlay
A September 2022 study projected that the 301/240 numbering plan area (NPA) would suffer central office code exhausted between April and June 2023.
Area code 227 was already approved as an all-services distributed overlay since January 3, 2001 for the 301/240 NPA. The new area code went into service on June 14, 2023, at which time activation of new central office codes could begin, once all assignable central office codes in 240/301 had been exhausted.
Service area
The numbering plan area 301/240/227 include the counties of Allegany, Charles, Garrett, Montgomery, Prince George's, St. Mary's and Washington counties, most of Frederick County, western Howard County, and slivers of southwestern Carroll County and western Anne Arundel County.
Local calls require ten-digit dialing (area code + number, leading "1" is not required).
Notes
References
External links
301 Area Code in Maryland
240 Area Code in Maryland
227 240 301
301
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20codes%20301%2C%20240%2C%20and%20227 |
The Knitting Factory is a nightclub in New York City that features eclectic music and entertainment. After opening in 1987, various other locations were opened in the United States.
The Knitting Factory gave its audience poetry readings, performance art, standup comedy, and musicians who transcended the usual boundaries of rock and jazz, often experimental music. The Knitting Factory owners distributed some performances to radio stations, and around 1990 starting a radio show and the record label Knitting Factory Works. Later the founders started Knitting Factory Records in 1998.
History
Founding in New York (1987)
It was founded by Michael Dorf and Louis Spitzer in 1987. The Knitting Factory was named by Dorf's and Spitzer's childhood friend Bob Appel and songwriter Jonathan Zarov, who derived the name through joking about Appel's experience working in an actual knitting factory. Appel, a lifelong musician, joined as a co-owner and co-manager soon after its founding. John Zorn was heavily associated with the creative direction of the club in its earliest years.
The original location was in Manhattan at 47 East Houston Street, near to CBGB and within walking distance of The Bottom Line. The venue was founded as an art gallery, with a performance space and cafe, as well as a home for experimental music.
Within a few years, the venue relocated to a new Manhattan location at 74 Leonard St, which featured a much larger main hall that generally showcased independent rock and pop music, and two smaller subterranean stages that were initially dedicated to avant garde music.
Since 1990, the Knitting Factory has sponsored the What is Jazz? Festival, a two-week long event in several locations in New York City. The event became so successful that its name was changed to the New York Jazz Festival. Knitting Factory Records was later founded in 1998.
New clubs outside New York (2000–2007)
Dorf opened a new club location in Los Angeles in 2000 under the parent company of Knitting Factory Entertainment, KnitMedia. Jared Hoffman, the founder of Instinct Records, which was acquired by Knitting Factory Entertainment in 2002, took over as CEO of the company from Dorf in 2004. In 2006 he oversaw the acquisition of concert promoters Bravo Entertainment and, in 2008, re-branded two of Bravo's clubs (one in Boise, Idaho, and another in Spokane, Washington) as Knitting Factory Concert Houses. Knitting Factory Presents then promoted a number of mainstream tours throughout the US.
In 2007 The Knitting Factory partnered with XM Satellite Radio to record and broadcast concerts from both Knitting Factory locations.
Ownership changes and move (2008)
Morgan Margolis took over as CEO in 2008. Hoffman left the company at the end of 2008.
In July 2008 the owners announced their move to close the Manhattan location and move to a much smaller space in Williamsburg, Brooklyn at 361 Metropolitan Ave. At this new venue alternative comedy thrived, with many notable comedians gracing the stage including Hannibal Buress, Seth Herzog, Che Bridgett, Dan Ilic, and Pete Davidson. But they changed their minds and reopened the Tribeca location, and continued putting on shows with bands including The Shells, the Cro-Mags, and New Model Army (band). At that time, the New York and Hollywood locations held over 5,000 live performances each year.
Reno and closures (2009–present)
In July 2009 it was reported that the Los Angeles location was closing.
The last show in the Manhattan location however was on July 25, 2009, and was an event called Staff Infection in which staff took to the stage and said goodbye to its beloved club. The last band to play KFNY was 12,000 Trees featuring 3 Knit staffers. The new location was set to reopen in the new Brooklyn location in July 2009.
On September 9, 2009, The Knitting Factory relocated to the former space of the Luna Lounge—itself a Manhattan transplant—at 361 Metropolitan Avenue. This location, completely remodeled, had a capacity of about 300. The venue opened with a performance by Les Savy Fav.
In March 2016, the Knitting Factory announced it would be closing its Reno, Nevada location.
In August 2022 the Williamsburg location closed due to dramatic rent increases on top of significant revenue losses from the COVID-19 pandemic. Stated plans at the time were to relocate the venue to the East Village in 2023.
In late 2022, The Knitting Factory returned to Los Angeles opening a venue in the North Hollywood neighborhood.
It was announced that the Knitting Factory New York would re-open July 20th in the old Pyramid Club location.
Knitting Factory Works
The Knitting Factory gave its audience poetry readings, performance art, standup comedy, and musicians who transcended the usual boundaries of rock and jazz, such as the Lounge Lizards, John Zorn, Dewey Redman, Don Byron, Anthony Braxton, and Cecil Taylor. The owners recorded some of these performances and distributed them to radio stations. They started a radio show in 1990 that was broadcast nationwide, and sometime between 1989 and 1990 a record label called Knitting Factory Works. In ten years the label issued over 200 albums that included music by Marilyn Crispell, Mark Dresser, Bill Ware, Roy Nathanson, Charles Gayle, Joe Morris, and Curtis Fowlkes.
See also
Downtown music
Knitting Factory Records
List of record labels
Noise Action Coalition
References
Further reading
Philippe Carles, André Clergeat, and Jean-Louis Comolli, Dictionnaire du jazz, Paris, 1994
For Knitting Factory, Westward Ho (Brooklyn, Too). New York Times
Music venues in California
Nightclubs in New York City
Nightclubs in California
1987 establishments in New York City
American record labels
Jazz record labels
Experimental music record labels
Drinking establishments in Manhattan
Companies based in New York City
Music venues completed in 1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting%20Factory |
The following lists events that happened during 1898 in Australia.
Incumbents
Premiers
Premier of New South Wales - George Reid
Premier of South Australia - Charles Kingston
Premier of Queensland - Hugh Nelson (until 13 April), Thomas Joseph Byrnes (died in office 27 September) then James Dickson
Premier of Tasmania - Edward Braddon
Premier of Western Australia - John Forrest
Premier of Victoria - George Turner
Governors
Governor of New South Wales – Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden
Governor of Queensland – Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington
Governor of South Australia – Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet
Governor of Tasmania – Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston
Governor of Victoria – Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey
Governor of Western Australia – Gerard Smith
Events
6 May - The paddle steamer Maitland sinks near Broken Bay, drowning 24 people.
3–4 June - A referendum is held in New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria to approve the draft Constitution of Australia. The constitution was accepted by the required majority in South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria, but not in New South Wales.
17 October - The Perth Zoo opens with two lions and a tiger.
26 December - Gatton murders - Three members of the same family are sexually molested and murdered near the town of Gatton, Queensland (unsolved).
The Queen Victoria Building in Sydney is completed
Science and technology
Nothing much that is important happened to do with science and technology.
Arts and literature
W. Lister Lister wins the Wynne Prize for landscape painting or figure sculpture for his landscape The Last Gleam
Sport
The Grafter wins the Melbourne Cup
Victoria wins the Sheffield Shield
Births
12 February - Sali Herman (died 1993), war artist
17 May - Stanley Frederick Utz (died 1974), businessman
20 May - Matthew O'Sullivan (died 1967), senator and salesmen
24 September - Howard Florey (died 1968), pharmacologist and Nobel Prize winner
9 December - Irene Greenwood (died 1992), radio broadcaster, feminist and peace activist
Deaths
20 March - Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer (born 1819), Premier of Queensland
30 July - Mary Colton (born 1822), philanthropist and suffragist
19 September - George Edward Grey (born 1812), Governor of South Australia
27 September - Thomas Joseph Byrnes (born 1860), Premier of Queensland
2 November - George Goyder (born 1826), Surveyor-General of South Australia
See also
List of Australian films before 1910
References
Australia
Years of the 19th century in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%20in%20Australia |
The Franciscan Church (Slovak: Františkánsky kostol or Kostol Zvestovania Pána) is the oldest existing religious (sacral) building in the Old Town of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. The church was consecrated in the year 1297 in the presence of King Andrew III of Hungary. In the past, the church building served for larger gatherings of townspeople or Hungarian nobles. In 1526 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor was elected here to become the King of Hungary. During coronations, kings used to knight nobles as Knights of the Order of the Golden Spur in this church.
The building was damaged several times by fire and earthquake and only a small part of its original form is preserved, most notably the presbytery. The adjacent Chapel of Saint John the Evangelist with a crypt, built in the second half of the 14th century is considered one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture in the city.
History
Legend has it that the church was built by the King Ladislaus IV of Hungary to commemorate his victory over the Czech King (Přemysl) Ottokar II of Bohemia from the year 1278.
It was constructed in Bratislava (known as Pressburg / Poszony for most of its history) between 1280 and 1297 in a Gothic style and consecrated by King Andrew III on 24 March 1297. It was turned into a Renaissance church in the 17th century and into a Baroque church in the 18th century.
Selected persons were knighted here in the 16th - 19th centuries as Knights of the Golden Spur, each time when kings of Royal Hungary/the Kingdom of Hungary were crowned in the Cathedral of St Martin, also located within the walled city.
Two chapels and a Franciscan monastery from the 14th century stand adjacent to the church. One of them, the St. John the Evangelist Chapel, contains a crypt of the family of Jakub, an important Mayor () of Pressburg (Bratislava), modelled after the French Sainte Chapelle. The spacious rooms of the monastery have been used for meetings, mayoral elections and sessions of the Regional Parliament.
Interior
The main altar is flanked by statues of Saint Stephan and Saint Emeric. It is a bricked pillared construction, dating 1720-1730, above which stands a glass painting from the end of the 19th century, representing the Annunciation.
Two of the side altars are dedicated to the saints Francis of Assisi and Anthony of Padua; both date from 1720–1730. The other side altars are dedicated to the Nativity and Our Lady of Sorrows. Leaning against the choir, one can see the altars of Saint Anne and Saint Barbara (both from about 1750).
The rococo pulpit dates from 1756. it is decorated with reliefs representing St. Francis receiving the stigmata, Saint Francis talking to the birds and Moses enforcing discipline to the Hebrews.
The rood loft, built in 1670, with the organ is supported by Tuscan pillars.
Saint Reparat relic
The church contains a rare relic; the torso of Saint Reparat, deacon and Christian martyr from the 4th century. The relic is inside a purpose-built reliquary (shrine).
Saint Reparat () worked as a deacon in the city of Nola near Neapoli, Italy. He died in 353, having his tongue cut out and his right hand cut off. He was buried in Rome at the cemetery of Saint Lawrence until 1769 when he was dug out at the request of Eugen Kósa and moved to Bratislava. Today, Saint Reparat is the patron of those wanting to change their life for the better. In the past, he was also common visiting place of students of Bratislava.
Chapel of Saint John the Evangelist
This chapel with a crypt was built in Gothic style in the second half of the 14th century. It was the funeral chapel of the family Jakubovec. The chapel contains statues of several saints: Francis of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, Louis IX, Clare of Assisi and Elizabeth of Hungary. The chapel is considered one of the most significant works of Gothic architecture in Slovakia. It was reconstructed in 1831.
Picture gallery
See also
Franciscan order
References
External links
Localisation of the Franciscan Church on the map of Bratislava
Roman Catholic churches in Bratislava
Franciscan churches in Slovakia
Franciscan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan%20Church%2C%20Bratislava |
The Fourth Estate, sometimes stylized as the IV Estate or IV, is the student newspaper of George Mason University, headquartered in Fairfax County, Virginia with an independent City of Fairfax, Virginia postal address. It was known as The Gunston Ledger from 1963 to 1969 and the Broadside from 1969 until 2013 when it merged with the website Connect2Mason to form the new student run newspaper, the Fourth Estate. The newspaper is a division of GMU Student Media alongside WGMU Radio. The Fourth Estate's audience and subject matter consists of issues related to faculty, staff, students, alumni, and other affiliates of George Mason University, Northern Virginia Community College, and the broader Northern Virginia sub-region of the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area.
History
Fourth Estate, formerly known the as the Broadside is George Mason University's official student newspaper, it began its life as The Gunston Ledger in 1963. The Gunston Ledger, whose first issue appeared on the then George Mason College campus located in Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia on October 15, 1963, was an eight-page monthly printed on 12 inch by 9 inch paper. Its staff of twelve students included a photograph editor, Richard Sparks, who contributed two to four photos to each issue. The content consisted of campus news, features on GMC faculty and students, engagement and wedding notices, and some commentary.
The Ledger became Broadside on October 28, 1969. It was noted in that issue that the name change was part of an effort to remake the paper into more of a news instrument like the early publications of the nation's revolutionary fathers. Broadside was a weekly paper which contained sixteen or more pages in each issue. Photography in Broadside was mostly limited to campus events and personalities.
Broadside began printing in a broadsheet format in 1982 (12-inch by 24-inch), but moved to a tabloid format in 1986 (printed on 12 inch by 12 inch paper). Broadside changed sizes again in fall 1992 when it began being produced in a new tabloid format (11 inch by 17 inch). It would continue to be funded by tax payer dollars and ad revenues. During that same year the newspaper began publishing twice a week on Mondays and Thursdays. The newspaper again underwent a change in format in fall 2000 when it switched back to a broadsheet (printed on 11.5-inch by 22-inch paper). Broadside remained a twice weekly publication until fall 2004 when it returned to a weekly publication. Broadside also began publishing its news on the internet in the Fall of 1996.
Throughout the decades Broadside's masthead has undergone several transformations. Several designed mastheads have lasted several years, but the latest and perhaps longest tenured masthead in the 2000s was created by production editor Clayton Tompkins in 2000. The green and gold masthead, that consisted of the name Broadside in gold with a green stripe with the word's "George Mason University's Student Newspaper" typed in white and a green outline of the university's Johnson Center in a rising gold sun, was the longest tenured masthead in the publications history. It was used for nine consecutive semesters from fall 2000 through fall 2004.
The content of the publication was news that was local, national, and international in scope with campus news taking the a majority of print space. Articles were presented in four different sections; news, style, opinion and sports. In Spring 2007, the paper underwent some large and noticeable changes; the online version of the newspaper was redesigned after years of neglect. A new service entitled "Exchange" launched online to serve the community and was often compared to Craigslist. New sections were also added; Business/Science/Technology and Healthy Living. However, these new sections did not last long. The print paper itself went through a major redesign, a move which was widely welcomed by the community. There were more than 70 students and staff members involved in its production.
Merger
The Broadside website has not been updated since 2013, and is, for all intents and purposes, defunct. In 2014, Broadside merged with Connect2Mason to form GMU Fourth Estate. All articles are now published to the Fourth Estate website and appear in the retitled Fourth Estate Weekly. New articles starting from 2013, are now published in both print and online formats under the name Fourth Estate.
Awards
Broadside won several national awards throughout its history. In 2000 its website won an Associated Collegiate Press "Honorable Mention Award" and in spring 2002, student photographer David Manning won the Associated Collegiate Press "Photograph of the Year Award" for his shot of the World Bank protests in Washington, D.C. In 2001 Broadside was named by the Princeton Review as the ninth best student newspaper in the non-daily category.
Fourth Estate Alumni
Many Gunston Ledger, Broadside and Fourth Estate alumni have gone on to careers in the mass media. One such alumna is CNN reporter Hala Gorani. The GMU economics graduate (1988-1992) penned her first article for the paper on the advantages of an ethnically diverse learning environment. She served as co-anchor on Your World Today before moving to current her role; anchoring CNN's International Desk, an hour-long news show on CNN International.
References
External links
Broadside Online
Office of Student Media - the office out of which Broadside was published.
Broadside Photo Collection, GMU Archives
Newspapers established in 1963
George Mason University
Student newspapers published in Virginia
1963 establishments in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth%20Estate%20%28George%20Mason%20University%20newspaper%29 |
Flat Flexible Cable (FFC) refers to any variety of electrical cable that is both flat and flexible, with flat solid conductors. A flexible flat cable is a type of flexible electronics. However, the term FFC usually refers to the extremely thin flat cable often found in high-density electronic applications like laptops and cell phones.
Overview
Sometimes the term FPC (flexible printed circuit) is even—somewhat inaccurately—used for any type of FFC; however, this is more accurately used to describe etched or printed circuits that incorporate components and are built onto a flexible material. FFCs are usually straight connections without any components.
FFC is a miniaturized form of ribbon cable, which is also flat and flexible. The cable usually consists of a flat, flexible plastic film base with multiple flat metallic conductors bonded to one surface. Often, each end of the cable is reinforced with a stiffener to make insertion easier or to provide strain relief. The stiffener makes the end of the cable slightly thicker.
Flexible flat cables are used instead of round cables for easy cable management, especially in high-flex applications. They usually take up less space than round cables, often offering better EMI/RFI suppression and eliminating wire-coupling issues. In addition, because the wires are protected individually and not wrapped many times over by different materials as round cables are, they are lighter in weight and offer greater flexibility.
Specifications
Number of Conductors (Pins) This is the total number of conductors within the cable, ranging from just a few to over 100. The conductors are also referred to as "pins." For example, an FFC cable with 20 conductors is called a 20-pin.
Pitch The spacing of the conductors. The pitch typically refers to the distance from the center of one conductor to the center of its neighboring conductor. A single FFC can have different pitches between different conductors on the same cable, however, this is uncommon. FFC cables are available in many pitches, such as 0.500 mm, 0.625 mm, 0.635 mm, 0.800 mm, 1.00 mm, 1.25 mm, 1.27 mm, 2.00 mm, 2.54 mm, but the most common pitches are 0.500 mm, 1.00 mm, and 1.25 mm. Custom Pitch and Multiple Pitch FFC are available upon special request.
Type Some cables (described as Type 1 by Würth Elektronik or Type A by Molex) have exposed contacts on the same side at each end. Other cables (labelled Type 2 or Type D) have the exposed contacts on opposite sides of the cable (so that if the cable is lying flat, one end will have face-up contacts, and the other end will have face-down contacts).
Exposure length The length of the electrical contact that has been exposed at the termination of the cable.
Stiffener Most FFCs have some sort of extra material attached on the opposite side of the exposed length of the cable to facilitate ZIF or LIF connections.
Conductors size The width and thickness of the conductors
Now FFC Cables are widely used in printer connections between the head and the motherboard, plotters, scanners, copiers, stereos, LCD appliances, fax machines, DVD players, and signal transmission and plate board connections. In modern electrical equipment, FFC Cables can be found almost everywhere.
See also
Ribbon cable
References
External links
History of FFC, AVX (broken)
History of FFC, AVX
Flat conductor cable applications, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Process Engineering Laboratory
Manufacturers
Alysium
Flex Connection
Hirose
Leoni
Molex
Signal cables
Electrical connectors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible%20flat%20cable |
A bookmark manager is any software program or feature designed to store, organize, and display web bookmarks. The bookmarks feature included in each major web browser is a rudimentary bookmark manager. More capable bookmark managers are available online as web apps, mobile apps, or browser extensions, and may display bookmarks as text links or graphical tiles (often depicting icons). Social bookmarking websites are bookmark managers. Start page browser extensions, new tab page browser extensions, and some browser start pages, also have bookmark presentation and organization features, which are typically tile-based. Some more general programs, such as certain note taking apps, have bookmark management functionality built-in.
See also
Bookmark destinations
Deep links
Home pages
Types of bookmark management
Enterprise bookmarking
Comparison of enterprise bookmarking platforms
Social bookmarking
List of social bookmarking websites
Other weblink-based systems
Search engine
Comparison of search engines with social bookmarking systems
Search engine results page
Web directory
Lists of websites
References
External links
Software engineering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmark%20manager |
The Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light is a lighthouse located on Sturgeon Bay in Door County, Wisconsin.
Painted red, the light is situated on the north pier of the southern entrance to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal.
There are two lighthouses at this location, the other being the Sturgeon Bay Canal Lighthouse.
Gallery
References
General sources
Further reading
Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
Sapulski, Wayne S., (2001) Lighthouses of Lake Michigan: Past and Present (Paperback) (Fowlerville: Wilderness Adventure Books) ; .
Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .
External links
Aerial photos of Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light at Marinas.com.
Door County Lighthouses, Door County Marine Museum
Pepper, Terry, Seeing the light, Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light (Archived May 17, 2021)
Lighthouse friends article
NPS Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin (Archived October 9, 2012)
Satellite view at Google Maps
Lighthouses completed in 1903
Houses completed in 1903
Lighthouses in Door County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon%20Bay%20Canal%20North%20Pierhead%20Light |
The Istituto Marangoni is a private Italian school of fashion and design. It is based in Milan, in Lombardy in northern Italy, and has branches in Florence, London and Paris, Shanghai and Shenzhen in China, Mumbai in India, and Miami in the United States.
History
The school was founded in Milan in 1935 by the tailor Giulio Marangoni, and became a Scuola Professionale Artistica or "professional art school" in 1942. At first the school trained mainly pattern makers and seamstresses; in the 1970s and 1980s it turned towards fashion design, product development and marketing.
A London branch was opened in a former textile factory at 30 Fashion Street, Spitalfields, in 2003, and a Paris branch opened in 2006. A branch in Via de' Tornabuoni in central Florence opened in 2016. In China, branches were opened in Shanghai in 2013, and in Shenzhen in 2016. The Group opened its first school in India, in Mumbai, in July 2017.
In 2010 there were about 2200 students of 70 nationalities in three campuses.
In 2011 Career Education Corporation sold the Istituto Marangoni to Providence Equity Partners for a price estimated between 17 and 20 million dollars.
Accreditation
Since June 2016 the Istituto Marangoni has been listed by the Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, the Italian ministry of education, among the institutions authorised to award degrees in music, dance and arts.
In the UK, its BA and MA programmes are validated by the Manchester Metropolitan University, which also awards master's degrees at the Paris branch. A three-year fashion stylist course in Paris is approved by the Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle.
Alumni
Alumni of the school include Franco Moschino, Domenico Dolce (who left after four months, believing that the school had nothing to teach him), Alessandra Facchinetti, Julie de Libran, Mélusine Ruspoli, Rahul Mishra, Rafael Lopez, Sandra Mansour, and Alessandro Sartori.
References
Higher education in Italy
Fashion schools
1935 establishments in Italy
Higher education in England
Higher education in France
Higher education in China
Universities and colleges in Milan
Educational institutions established in 1935
Italian fashion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto%20Marangoni |
Jordan II () (died 19 December 1127) was the third son of Prince Jordan I of Capua and Princess Gaitelgrima, a daughter of Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno. He was, from at least May 1109, the lord of Nocera, and, after June 1120, Prince of Capua. The date and place of his birth are unknown, but it must have been later than 1080. He was married, before 1113, to Gaitelgrima, daughter of Sergius, Prince of Sorrento, a union which allowed him to extend his influence down the Amalfi coast from his castle at Nocera.
Lord of Nocera
The earliest attestation of Jordan as lord of Nocera dates to May 1109, but it sheds no light on the nature of his lordship (dominatus). Before falling to the troops of Count Roger I of Sicily, Nocera had been the central town of one of the subdivisions, either an actus (circuit, jurisdiction) or comitatus (county), of the Principality of Salerno. There is some evidence that the old territorial divisions of the principality survived the Norman takeover. Nocera, guarding a narrow valley connecting the Principality of Salerno with the Principality of Capua, retained strategic significance so long as the Hauteville family controlled the former and Jordan's family, the Drengots, the latter. However, no surviving document explicitly attributes to Jordan command of the district around Nocera, nor, before becoming prince, did he employ a formal title. His charter always refer to him as "Jordan, son of the Jordan once prince" (Jordanus Jordani filius quondam principis).
In a deed of gift of 1113, Jordan states that property he was dispensing was "in the territory of Nocera, which belongs to me" (in territorio Nucerie quod michi pertinet) and among the witnesses to the document are "the good men of the aforesaid castle of Nocera" (, probably his vassals. In every other charter he issued from this date on he explicitly recognises the authority of his brother, Prince Robert I of Capua. A diploma Jordan issued in September 1111, with the consent of his brother, in favour of the monastery of Santissima Trinità di Cava de' Tirreni is dated by the reign of Duke William II of Apulia. Although this is an isolated case, it suggests that Capuan control of Nocera was not entirely effective and that at times the Hautevilles were able to make themselves felt there, or that Jordan perhaps played both powers against each other, taking advantage of the ambiguity of Nocera's status.
Throughout his rule at Nocera, Jordan was on very good terms with the monastery of Cava. In the diploma of September 1111, he confirmed Abbot Peter's properties in his territory, delineating precisely their boundaries, and, along with some of his vassals, undertook to defend them. A few days later, in the presence of Sergius of Sorrento, among others, Jordan swore to protect the person of the abbot and several fortresses belonging to the abbey, including the strategic castle of Sant'Adiutore. In March 1114 Jordan organised a gathering of prominent Normans, including his brother, at Nocera in order to extract oaths from Robert of Eboli and Roger of San Severino to stop their hostile actions against Cava. In January 1115 he confirmed some goods to the monastery of San Massimo di Salerno, a dependency of Cava, which had been forced to take its claims to court against the citizens of Nocera. Jordan also made important concessions to the monastery of San Angelo in Formis, a dependency of Monte Cassino, to which he even gave some of his own inherited land.
Prince of Capua
Jordan was not expected to inherit the Principality of Capua. His eldest brother, Richard II, died childless and was succeeded by Robert I, who died on 3 June 1120. He was followed by an infant son, Richard III, who had already been anointed his co-prince, but who survived him by only a week before dying in unspecified circumstances on 10 June. These deaths paved the way for Jordan's accession that same month, and some modern historians have suggested that he had a hand in his nephew's premature death. He was anointed prince on 4 July. The little known of his princely reign shows him continuing his patronage of the major monastic institutions of the principality. Later that year he did homage to Pope Callistus II.
In November 1120 Jordan confirmed the assets and rights of San Angelo in Formis. In 1121 he granted the chapel of San Fede in the civic palace of Aversa with its properties to the cathedral of San Paolo. That same year he assigned considerable rents to the Diocese of Pozzuoli and the monasteries of San Lorenzo di Capua and San Lorenzo di Aversa. His munificence to the churches was perhaps not entirely innocent and pious. His grant of the strategic castle of Pico to Monte Cassino in February 1125 may disguise his efforts to extend his authority into the remotest parts of the principality, or even into the monastery itself, which was forced to accept a compromise in order to receive the fortress.
Nevertheless, the powers of the princes of Capua were on the wane. The pacts Jordan initiated with Monte Cassino in June 1123 bearing a resemblance to the contemporary pacts of men of lesser rank with the same monastery, perhaps indicating the prince's diminished importance in the politics of the age. His generosity, however, was not forgotten: Jordan II is the only prince of Capua after Jordan I whose death, on 19 December 1127 at an unspecified location, is recorded in the Cassinese necrology. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Robert II, the last Prince of Capua.
Notes
References
Primary sources
Peter the Deacon, Chronica monasterii Casinensis.
Falco of Benevento, Chronicon Beneventanum.
Romuald Guarna, Chronicon, sive Annales.
Secondary sources
Chalandon, F. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, I, (Paris: 1907), pp. 297, 320ff., 390.
Cuozzo, E. Normanni: Feudi e feudatari (Salerno: 1966), pp. 484–91.
Cuozzo, E. "L'unificazione normanna e il Regno normanno-svevo", Storia del Mezzogiorno, II, ii, (Napoli: 1989), p. 613.
Di Resta, I. "Il Principato di Capua", Storia del Mezzogiorno, II, ii, (Napoli: 1989), p. 181.
Loud, G. A. "Five unpublished charters of the Norman princes of Capua", Benedictina, XXVII (1980), pp. 164, 170, 175.
Loud, G. A. "Nunneries, nobles and women in the Norman Principality of Capua", Annali Canossiani, I (1981), pp. 48ff.
Loud, G. A. "A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman princes of Capua", Papers of the British School at Rome, XLIV (1981), pp. 104, 109ff., 114, 138–41.
Loud, G. A. Church and society in the Norman Principality of Capua, 1058–1197 (Oxford: 1985), pp. 95–97, 118, 121, 128, 134, 136, 147, 223.
Loud, G. A. "Continuity and change in Norman Italy: the Campania during the eleventh and the twelfth centuries", Journal of Medieval History, XXII (1996), pp. 326, 336.
Loud, G. A. "The abbey of Cava, its property and benefactors in the Norman era", Anglo-Norman Studies IX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1986, R. A. Brown, ed. (Woodbridge: 1987), pp. 161, 165.
|-
|-
|-
Italo-Normans
1127 deaths
Counts of Aversa
Princes of Capua
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20II%20of%20Capua |
Inflatable space structures are structures which use pressurized air to maintain shape and rigidity. The technological approach has been employed from the early days of the space program with satellites such as Echo, to impact attenuation system that enabled the successful landing of the Pathfinder satellite and rover on Mars in 1997. Inflatable structures are also candidates for space structures, given their low weight, and hence easy transportability.
Application
Inflatable space structures use pressurized air or gas to maintain shape and rigidity. Notable examples of terrestrial inflatable structures include inflatable boats, and some military tents. The airships of the twentieth century are examples of the concept applied in the aviation environment.
NASA has investigated inflatable, deployable structures since the early 1950s. Concepts include inflatable satellites, booms, and antennas. Inflatable heatshields, decelerators, and airbags can be used for entry, descent and landing applications. Inflatable habitats, airlocks, and space stations are possible for in-space living spaces and surface exploration missions.
The Echo 1 satellite, launched in 1960, was large inflated satellite with a diameter of 30 meters and coated with reflective material that allowed for radio signals to be bounced off its surface. The satellite was sent to orbit in a flat-folded configuration and inflated once in orbit. The airbags used on the Mars Pathfinder mission descent and landing in 1997 are an example of use of an inflatable system for impact attenuation.
Space Solar Power (SSP) solutions employing inflatable structures have been designed and qualified for space by NASA engineers.
NASA is testing a deployable heat shield solution in space as a secondary payload on the launch that will deliver the NASA JPSS-2 launch in late 2022. The Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test of an Inflatable Decelerator (LOFTID) is designed to demonstrate aerobraking and re-entry from 18,000 miles per hour after separation from the launch vehicle adapter structure.
The space station concepts developed by Bigelow Aerospace is an example of an inflatable crewed orbital space habitat.
References
Structural engineering
Spacecraft components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatable%20space%20structures |
Vanderbilt Avenue is the name of three thoroughfares in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Staten Island. They were named after Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794–1877), the builder of Grand Central Terminal in Midtown Manhattan.
Brooklyn
Vanderbilt Avenue in Brooklyn carries traffic north and south between Grand Army Plaza () and Flushing Avenue at the Vanderbilt Avenue gate of the Brooklyn Navy Yard ().
This avenue serves the neighborhoods of Fort Greene and Prospect Heights. Landmarks include the old Public School 9 and Public School 9 Annex buildings at the corner of Sterling Place, and Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School at Greene Avenue.
The B69 bus, which replaced a streetcar line in 1950, runs on this avenue. There were also two now-demolished subway stations on the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line and BMT Fulton Street Line built here.
Manhattan
Vanderbilt Avenue in Manhattan runs from 43rd Street to 47th Street between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue. It was built in the late 1860s as the result of the construction of Grand Central Depot. The southbound Park Avenue Viaduct around Grand Central Terminal runs above the street's eastern side. The Yale Club of New York City is located on Vanderbilt Avenue, at the intersection of East 44th Street, as is the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, and One Vanderbilt supertall skyscraper.
When the avenue was originally designed, it ran from 42nd Street to 49th Street. However, in the 1960s the portion between 47th Street and 49th Street was closed permanently, as it became part of 270 Park Avenue and 280 Park Avenue. More recently, the southern end of the avenue, between 42nd Street and 43rd Street was converted into a pedestrian plaza that connects Grand Central Terminal with the One Vanderbilt skyscraper.
Staten Island
Vanderbilt Avenue runs northeast-southwest through East Shore. It is approximately long and serves the neighborhoods of Clifton, Stapleton Heights, Concord, and Grymes Hill. The northeast end is on Bay Street (), west of Clifton of the Staten Island Railway and east of Bayley Seton Hospital.
Along with parts of Richmond Road and all of Amboy Road, Vanderbilt Avenue forms the first leg of Staten Island's colonial-era eastern corridor that predates the newer, straighter, and wider Hylan Boulevard. The three roads that make up the corridor share a common numbering system, i.e. Richmond Road's numbers start where Vanderbilt Avenue's leave off, () and Amboy Road's numbers start where Amboy Road forks away from Richmond Road. This numbering system includes the numerically highest of street addresses in New York City. Other roads that fork off of this corridor are: St. Paul's Avenue, Van Duzer Street, Targee Street, Rockland Avenue, Bloomingdale Road, and Richmond Valley Road. This street is served by the S76 and S86 bus routes.
References
Streets in Brooklyn
Streets in Manhattan
Streets in Staten Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt%20Avenue |
Angelica Page (née Torn; February 17, 1964) is an American actress, director, producer and screenwriter. She is the only daughter of actors Rip Torn and Geraldine Page. Credited as Angelica Torn in her early career, she legally and professionally changed her name to Angelica Page in September 2011.
Page began her career in the 1993 Broadway revival of Anna Christie, and made her feature film debut in Nobody's Fool (1994). In 1998, she starred in a Broadway production of Side Man, which earned her a Helen Hayes Award for Best Actress. She subsequently appeared in the films The Sixth Sense (1999), and the political drama The Contender (2000).
She continued to appear Off-Broadway throughout the 2000s, returning to Broadway with a supporting part in a 2012 revival of The Best Man. In 2015, she starred as her mother, Geraldine Page, in the touring stage production Turning Page, a biographical play which she also wrote. Additional film credits include Michael Imperioli's The Hungry Ghosts (2009), and the thriller Never Here (2017).
Early life
Page was born Angelica Sue Torn on February 17, 1964, in New York City to actors Rip Torn and Geraldine Page. She was raised in New York City, and has noted that her parents' marriage was turbulent and marked by frequent fighting. Though she was encouraged by her mother to act, Page described herself as a "shy child" and was resistant to pursuing it. Page attended the Bank Street School for Children in Manhattan.
After her mother's death in 1987, Page began exploring acting as a career option, as it had been her mother's "dying wish." She commented: "My mother died before she ever had a chance to see me realize this dream that she apparently had for me, but never spoke of. She wanted me to make my own decisions, but then at the end when she realized she didn't have any time left, she made me promise." Page studied acting at the William Esper Studio and HB Studio.
Career
Page's first professional role was on Broadway as an understudy in the 1993 revival of Eugene O’Neill's Anna Christie. She subsequently made her feature film debut in Nobody's Fool (1994), and appeared in several independent films before having a supporting role in M. Night Shyamalan's The Sixth Sense (1999). Also in 2000, she had a supporting role in Amos Kollek's Fast Food Fast Women (2000), and in the Academy Award-nominated political drama The Contender (2000). The following year, she had a supporting role as Patty opposite John Travolta in the thriller Domestic Disturbance (2001).
On stage, Page received the Helen Hayes Award (Best Actress 2000) for her work in the Tony Award-winning Side Man at the Kennedy Center. This followed closely after being honored with the New York People's Choice Award in the Best Supporting Actress category (1999) for her portrayal of Patsy, a role she originated for the same production.
Nominated for her second Helen Hayes Award (Best Actress 2010) for her portrayal of Ivy Weston in the Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning August: Osage County (Broadway and National Tour), her performance was heralded as "revelatory" by the Chicago Tribune. On television, she appeared as Julia Brinn in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2005); other television credits include Law & Order: Criminal Intent, The Sopranos, 100 Centre Street, and As the World Turns. In 2009, she had a supporting role in the Michael Imperioli-directed drama The Hungry Ghosts.
In 2015, Page developed the one-woman show Turning Page, a biographical play in which she portrayed her mother. The production opened in Los Angeles before touring nationally, and Charles McNulty of the Los Angeles Times praised it, writing: "For those who have been touched by Page's sorcery—and I personally don't know any great actor who hasn't been—Angelica's virtuosic conjuring of her mother's spirit is something to behold." The production continued to tour into 2017.
Other ventures
Page is a lifetime member of the Actors Studio who actively supports charities and is considered acting royalty.
Personal life
Page married Keith William Burkhardt in 1984, and with him gave birth to a son, Elijah, and a daughter named Tana. The couple divorced in 1992.
She subsequently married actor Tim Williams in 1998 after the two had met while performing in a 1996 stage production titled Strangers in the Land of Canaan, directed by her father. The marriage ended in divorce in 2001.
She married television creator Dmitry Lipkin (FX,HBO) in 2017
in a private ceremony at Soniat House in New Orleans.
She had commented that she had a loving yet combative relationship with her father, stating: "He's a worthy adversary. He's a very strong personality. He's an amazing person, an amazing father, but sometimes there are certain things we don't see eye to eye on. I call him on it and we fight, just like anybody else."
As of 2018, Page resided in Los Angeles, California.
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage credits
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American people of Austrian descent
American people of Czech descent
American people of German descent
American people of Moravian-German descent
Bank Street College of Education alumni
People from Manhattan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica%20Page |
Harris Church of England Academy (formerly Harris School) is a coeducational Church of England secondary school With academy status, located in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. The school uses the colours black, gold and red. There were 748 students on roll in the 2014-2015 academic year, with 51 teachers and 22 teaching support posts (full-time equivalent).
In 2013 the school, then named Harris School, was placed in special measures after an Ofsted report deemed it "Inadequate". It converted to Academy status on 1 January 2014 and changed to its current name. Harris School is now no longer under special measures.
Now Harris is repeatedly over subscribed and rated as one of the best non-grammar secondary schools in the area of Warwickshire. Results in the drama, business and English department are consistently high as a result in the reform in leadership from 2012.
Achievement
Number of students gaining 5+ A*-C grades at GCSE
2012: 36%
2013: 50%
2014: 54%
2015: 47%
References
External links
Secondary schools in Warwickshire
Schools in Rugby, Warwickshire
Church of England secondary schools in the Diocese of Coventry
Academies in Warwickshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%20Church%20of%20England%20Academy |
The Western Conference is one of Major League Soccer's two conferences, along with the Eastern Conference.
As of 2023, the Western Conference contains fourteen teams. The conference has produced eleven Supporters' Shield champions and seventeen MLS Cup winners in Major League Soccer's first 27 seasons. In 2000 and 2001, the conference was referred to as the Western Division when Major League Soccer briefly reorganized into three divisions.
2023 standings
Members
Current
Timeline
Conference lineups by year
1996 (5 teams)
Changes from 1995: Creation of the Major League Soccer.
1997 (5 teams)
Changes from 1996: Kansas City changed their name from Wiz to Wizards.
1998–99 (6 teams)Changes from 1997: The Chicago Fire was added in the 1998 expansion.
2000–01 (as Western Division) (4 teams)Changes from 1999: The Western Conference renamed itself the Western Division upon the creation of the Central Division; Chicago Fire and Dallas Burn moved into the new division; The San Jose Clash renamed to the Earthquakes.
2002–04 (5 teams)Changes from 2001: The Western Division renamed back to Western Conference following the contraction of the Miami Fusion and the Tampa Bay Mutiny, resulting in the disbanding of the Central Division; Dallas Burn moved in from the Central Division.
2005 (6 teams)Changes from 2004: Chivas USA and Real Salt Lake were added in the 2005 expansion; Kansas City Wizards moved to the Eastern Conference; The Dallas Burn renamed to FC Dallas.
2006–07 (6 teams)Changes from 2005: The San Jose Earthquakes was put on hiatus; The Houston Dynamo joined the league as an expansion franchise.
2008 (7 teams)Changes from 2007: The San Jose Earthquakes return to MLS after its hiatus.
2009–10 (8 teams)Changes from 2008: Seattle Sounders FC were added in the 2009 expansion.
2011–14 (9 teams)Changes from 2010: The Portland Timbers and Vancouver Whitecaps FC were added in the 2011 expansion; Houston Dynamo moved to the Eastern Conference.
2015–16 (10 teams)Changes from 2014: Chivas USA ceases operations; Sporting Kansas City and the Houston Dynamo move in from the Eastern Conference.
2017 (11 teams)Changes from 2016: Minnesota United FC was added in the 2017 expansion.
2018–19 (12 teams)Changes from 2017: Los Angeles FC was added in the 2018 expansion.
2020 (12 teams)Changes from 2019: Nashville SC was added in the 2020 expansion, but moved to the Eastern Conference since the MLS is Back Tournament up to the end of the 2020 season.
2021 (13 teams)Changes from 2020: Nashville SC moved to the Eastern Conference; Austin FC was added in the 2021 expansion; Houston Dynamo added "FC" to their name.
2022 (14 teams)Change from 2021: Nashville SC moved in from the Eastern Conference.
2023 (14 teams)Changes from 2022'': Nashville SC moved back to the Eastern Conference as expansion side St. Louis City SC was added to the Western Conference.
Western Conference playoff champions by year
Note: The conference finals were a best-of-three series through 2001 (including the MLS semifinals in 2000 and 2001, when a conference playoff format was not used). Matches tied after regulation were decided by a shoot-out. In 2002, a similar format was used except that draws were allowed and the team earning the most points advanced. From 2003 through 2011, the Finals were a single match. Matches tied after regulation went to extra time (Golden goal extra time was implemented for 2003 only), then a shoot-out if necessary. Beginning in 2012, the finals were a two-match aggregate series. The away goals rule for series that finished even on aggregate was first implemented in 2014. Extra time and shoot-outs were used if necessary, although away goals did not apply in extra time. In 2019, the playoffs returned to a single match, single elimination format (including the conference finals), which were hosted by the higher placed team in the regular season.
From 2015 to 2021, the Western Conference was represented in the MLS Cup by either Seattle Sounders FC or the Portland Timbers.
E – Eastern Conference team.
Western Conference Champion counts by team
As of the 2020 season, a total of 13 different teams have competed in the Western Conference finals, and 11 of those teams have won at least once. In the table below, teams are ordered first by the number of appearances in a Western Conference finals, then by the number of wins, and finally by year. Note that this table does not include years that a Western Conference team appeared in the Eastern Conference in the playoffs (such as 2010), and it does include appearances by Eastern Conference teams. Chivas USA (defunct), Nashville SC and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC have never made it to the Western Conference finals.
Western Conference regular season champions by year
^ – MLS did not have draws until the 2000 season.
† – The LA Galaxy were declared winners of the Western Division in 2001 after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks forced the cancellation of the rest of the regular season. The MLS Cup Playoffs began on September 20.
See also
Eastern Conference (MLS)
Central Division (MLS)
References
External links
Complete MLS History
Major League Soccer
Sports in the Western United States
Divisions of sports leagues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Conference%20%28MLS%29 |
Already Platinum is the debut album by American rapper Slim Thug. The album was released on July 12, 2005 on Pharrell and Chad Hugo's Star Trak label. The original release date was slated for February 2005, but heavy bootlegging and numerous delays held the album back, forcing a vast majority of its original track listing to be replaced. The original track listing included the original version of the track "I Ain't Heard of That," which featured Jay-Z.
In an interview with XXL, the rapper explained the album title does not suggest he will go platinum, but that his lifestyle (before he got a record deal) was already similar to that of rappers who had reached the platinum status. In an interview on The Tyra Banks Show, mentor Pharrell revealed that he was a millionaire before the two met, and he especially liked that about him. He continued to say that he was "already platinum," the album name was just in confirmation of this.
The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 with 130,000 copies sold in the first week released. Since then the album has sold over 500,000 copies.
Background
In a 2016 interview with Slim Thug, he claims to have met the albums executive producer Pharrell Williams in Houston prior to career a mentorship arranged by Jimmy Iovine, as both acts were signed to Interscope Records at the time. Slim Thug also claims to have recorded a bulk of album in Los Angeles; Williams played a then-unreleased remix to Jay-Z's 2003 single "Change Clothes" (which Williams also produced), which was later reworked and became a song on the album, "I Ain't Heard of That". The song was also supposed to keep a verse performed by Jay-Z as a guest feature, however once the song became heavily bootlegged, the verse was replaced by fellow Houston rapper Bun B. Jay-Z received a formal songwriting credit on the song, despite Slim Thug alleging that Williams wrote the chorus.
Critical reception
Already Platinum garnered a positive reception from music critics who praised Slim's vocal delivery and the Southern production. AllMusic's Andy Kellman praised Slim's delivery for being more charismatic than Lil' Flip and Mike Jones, and the production work from both Mr. Lee and The Neptunes, concluding that "Already Platinum is one of 2005's best rap albums." Evan McGarvey of Stylus Magazine praised the Neptunes' production for evolving with Slim's Southern drawl and delivery, concluding that "After years of singles that people called "infectious" and "club-ready," they take Slim Thug and his dashing uniqueness and carve diamonds. This [album] isn't a musical highlight reel, it's watching artists shuck off personal curses and step into their own skins." Vibe contributor Rondell Conway wrote that, "Slim's worldly sensibilities make the pensive moments on the album both heartfelt ("Dedicate") and heady ("The Interview"). All the while, he keeps his Teflon status intact–without telling any tall tales." Rolling Stones Christian Hoard called the record "a popwise bastardization of the Houston rap scene's round-the-way charm", praising Slim's "down-home brassiness" delivering "brawny boasts and mesmerizing refrains", and the Neptunes' "arty minimalism" being better than on previous outings.
Entertainment Weekly writer Michael Endelman gave note of Slim having a "steady, linebacker-strong flow and [a] baritone" throughout the album but gave credit to the Neptunes for giving him "spacious and stark beats that are equal parts frightening and funky". Steve Jones of USA Today said that big names like T.I. and Jazze Pha didn't turn the attention away from the main artist, saying that "Slim [Thug]'s confident, laid-back deliveries keep him from being overshadowed." Chris Ryan of Spin commended Slim for lending his voice to the Neptunes' atmospheric production, saying they "contribute some of their most adventurous work yet." Tom Breihan of Pitchfork was critical of most of the tracks by the Neptunes, saying they "lost the gleaming, clattering swagger they once had, relying instead on bloodless synth lines and itchy, nattering drums" and that Slim's performance on them suffered. But said that the tracks by Mr. Lee ("Diamonds" and "3 Kings") were the highlights, concluding that, "On tracks like this, Slim sounds prehistoric, like he's always existed, like this voice has been echoing over canyons and through caves since before time began."
Track listing
Sample credits
"3 Kings", samples "Secretary" by Betty Wright.
"Diamonds", samples "Top Notch Hoes" by Pimp C.
"The Interview", samples "The Newness Is Gone" by Eddie Kendricks.
"Miss Mary", samples "A Moment with You" by George Michael.
"I Need A...", samples "Out There" by Willie Hutch.
"Dope Man", samples "Just to Keep You Satisfied" by Marvin Gaye.
"I'll Show Ya", samples "Stay in Love with Me" by Trinere
Personnel
Credits for Already Platinum adapted from AllMusic.
Leslie Braithwaite - mixing
Bobby Brown - mixing
Willie Clarke - composer
George Clinton, Jr. - composer
Andrew Coleman - engineer
W. O. Collins - composer
G. Cooper - composer
Danielle Demmerella - marketing coordinator
Jan Fairchild - mixing
Allan Felder - composer
Ashley Fox - marketing
Sarah A. Friedman - photography
Mike Frost - art direction, photography
Brian "Big Bass" Gardner - mastering
Brian Garten - engineer
Mark "Exit" Goodchild - engineer
Hart Gunther - assistant
Clifford Harris - composer
Norman Harris - composer
Jaycen Joshua - engineer
General Johnson - composer
Jahaun Johnson - A&R, executive producer
Killa Kyleon - composer
Anthony Mandler - cover photo, photography
Manny Marroquin - mixing
George Michael - composer
Kyla Miller - engineer
The Neptunes - executive producer
Barney Perkins - composer
Gregg Perry - composer
Nicole Plantin - A&R
Clarence Reid - composer
April Roomet - stylist
Justin Shtturtz - assistant
Shawn Suggs - A&R
Phil Tan - mixing
S. Thomas - composer
Terrence Thornton - composer
Richard Travali - mixing
Patrick Viala - mixing
Rob Walker - executive producer
James M. Wisner - assistant
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2005 debut albums
Slim Thug albums
Geffen Records albums
Star Trak Entertainment albums
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Albums produced by Cool & Dre
Albums produced by Jazze Pha | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Already%20Platinum |
"Crystal Japan" is an instrumental piece written by David Bowie and released as a single in Japan in spring 1980. It was recorded during the Scary Monsters sessions that year. The instrumental was used in a Japanese commercial for the shochu Crystal Jun Rock, which also featured an appearance by Bowie, although he said at the time that the track was not specifically written for this purpose. Originally titled "Fuji Moto San", it was apparently intended to close the Scary Monsters album until replaced by "It's No Game (No. 2)".
Track listing
"Crystal Japan" (David Bowie) – 3:08
"Alabama Song" (Bertolt Brecht, Kurt Weill) – 3:51
Other releases
The instrumental was released as the B-side to the single "Up the Hill Backwards" in March 1981. "Teenage Wildlife" was originally slated as the B-side for "Up the Hill Backwards" until Bowie found out the prices fans were paying for the import single of "Crystal Japan", and insisted the track receive a UK release.
In 1992, the piece was released as a bonus track on the Rykodisc reissue of the album Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps).
"Crystal Japan" also appeared on the compilations Rare (1982) and All Saints (2001), and on Re:Call 3, part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) boxed set (2017).
Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails took the melody of "Crystal Japan" and used it as the basis for the track "A Warm Place", released on their 1994 album The Downward Spiral. Bowie's official website later said the two songs were so similar that "A Warm Place" was "a thinly-veiled cover" of "Crystal Japan".
Notes
References
Pegg, Nicholas, The Complete David Bowie, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd, 2000,
External links
1980 singles
1980 songs
1980s instrumentals
David Bowie songs
New wave instrumentals
RCA Records singles
Rock instrumentals
Songs written by David Bowie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Japan |
William Caine (17 March 1799 – 19 September 1871) was the first head of the Hong Kong Police Force (1841–1844 as Chief Magistrate), Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1846 to 1854. He attained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel prior to his secretary appointment. Caine was also the acting Governor of Hong Kong between May and September 1859.
Biography
Captain Caine was born in Maynooth, Ireland, on 17 March 1799. He served in the British Army's 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot during the Peninsular War against Napoleon in Spain. His regiment was later transferred to Hong Kong and he began his long association with the colony.
Caine was Chief Magistrate, the head of pre-Hong Kong Police Force from 1841 to 1844. The then Major Caine was appointed Colonial Secretary and Auditor General from 1846 to 1854. His role was considerably diminished after the arrival in 1849 of the new governor Sir John Bowring who stamped his authority on Hong Kong after his power struggle with Caine went all the way to the Colonial Office for resolution.
He was the Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1854 to 1859. He was the acting Governor of Hong Kong between May and September 1859.
Caine was party to a long-running feud with William Tarrant, who, as Registrar of Deeds in 1847, accused Caine of permitting his comprador to extort vendors in Central Market and siphon prostitutes tax into private pocket. An internal government inquiry held Tarrant's claim to be baseless, and Tarrant was sacked from the civil service and effectively barred from future re-employment. Tarrant then became a journalist and after purchasing the Friend of China newspaper in 1850 repeatedly attacked Caine in its pages until the latter sued Tarrant for libel in 1859, as a result of which Tarrant was sentenced to prison.
Caine had four sons:
George Whittingham Caine (1832 – 31 January 1874 in Shanghai); a junior clerk in the Plenipotentiary's Department in 1855.
William Hull Caine
Henry Monteith Caine
Charles Henry Fearon Caine
Caine retired and left Hong Kong in 1859. He died on 19 September 1871 in Granville Park, Blackheath, England.
Namesakes
Caine Road, Mid-Levels, Hong Kong
Caine House, a 29-floor L-shaped building, part of the Hong Kong Police Headquarters, was built in 1987.
References
Further reading
1799 births
1871 deaths
19th-century British politicians
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
British military personnel of the First Opium War
Cameronians officers
Chief Secretaries of Hong Kong
Governors of Hong Kong | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Caine%20%28Hong%20Kong%29 |
Derek St. Holmes (born February 24, 1953) is an American rock musician, best known as the lead singer and rhythm guitar player for Ted Nugent's early solo career. After splitting from Nugent in 1978, St. Holmes worked with various artists, most notably the Whitford/St. Holmes project with Brad Whitford, who had then recently parted ways with Aerosmith. He has also reunited with Nugent on several occasions.
Career
St. Holmes was born and raised in Riverview, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. He received his first guitar for his eleventh birthday. He started his own neighborhood band, The Organized Confusion, and also played for high school dances.
1970s
St. Holmes started the three-piece band Scott in 1972, for which he was lead guitarist, vocalist and songwriter. In 1974, Scott opened for an Amboy Dukes show at the Lincoln Park Theater. The Amboy Dukes and their guitar player Ted Nugent had already recorded several albums and were a staple of the Midwest rock scene at the time. When the Amboy Dukes broke up, Nugent's road manager (Phil Nicholson) contacted St. Holmes about auditioning as lead singer for Nugent's new solo project.
St. Holmes joined Ted Nugent, former Amboy Dukes bassist Rob Grange and drummer Cliff Davies to release Nugent's self-titled debut album in 1975. He is the lead vocalist on the three most popular recordings from the debut album: "Hey Baby" (also composed by St. Holmes), "Stranglehold" and "Just What the Doctor Ordered". St. Holmes briefly left Nugent in mid-1976, citing personal, financial and musical differences. He returned in time to contribute to several songs on Nugent's sophomore effort Free-for-All, including lead vocals on "Dog Eat Dog", but by that time several of the album's songs had already been recorded with Meat Loaf providing lead vocals. St. Holmes remained in Nugent's band for the 1977 album Cat Scratch Fever and its subsequent tour which produced the 1978 Double Live Gonzo! album. He and Nugent then parted ways, as their differences continued to grow.
In 1979, St. Holmes joined up with Ted Nugent's bass player Rob Grange and ex-Montrose drummer Denny Carmassi to form St. Paradise. They released one self-titled album for Warner Brothers in 1979 before moving on to other musical projects.
1980s
In 1981, St. Holmes teamed up with Aerosmith guitarist Brad Whitford for the short-lived Whitford/St. Holmes band. As with St. Paradise, Whitford/St. Holmes released only one self-titled album before splitting.
After a four-album absence, St. Holmes reappeared in Ted Nugent's studio band for the 1982 album Nugent, singing lead on six of the album's ten tracks.
In 1983, St. Holmes contributed vocals to one song on the Michael Schenker Group release Built to Destroy, and also appeared on the live follow-up, Rock Will Never Die. However, frequent long trips to England and Europe had St. Holmes wanting to return home to the US, where he had a wife and newborn child, and he departed MSG amicably.
1990s
In 1995, St. Holmes reunited with Ted Nugent for the latter's Spirit of the Wild album, on which St. Holmes co-wrote seven songs and sang lead on six.
After another departure from Nugent, St. Holmes co-founded the supergroup Big People in 1999, which also included guitarist Pat Travers, bassist/vocalist Benjamin Orr (The Cars), guitarist/vocalist Jeff Carlisi (.38 Special) and drummer Liberty DeVitto (Billy Joel). The band performed live, covering songs from each artist's past groups, but did not put out an album, as Orr died in 2000 and the group did not want to continue with a replacement.
Later career
In 2000, St. Holmes released his first solo album Then and Now, a collection of his own rock material. Bassist Chase Chitty (Pat Travers Band), drummer Steve Pace (Hydra, Krokus, Whitford/St. Holmes) and keyboardist Russ Still accompany St. Holmes with songs such as "Standing in the Rain", "Dr. Love" and "Surrounded", and the energy rocker "In Too Deep".
On July 4, 2008, St. Holmes made a guest appearance at Ted Nugent's 6,000th concert in Detroit. He jammed on "Hey Baby", "Cat Scratch Fever", and "Stranglehold" with Nugent. On August 24, 2008, he joined Nugent on stage at Capital One Bank Theatre at Westbury in Westbury, New York. He sang and played guitar with Nugent on "Hey Baby", "Just What the Doctor Ordered", "Dog Eat Dog", "Stormtroopin", "Cat Scratch Fever" and "Stranglehold".
St. Holmes re-recorded some famous Aerosmith songs for a special promotion and made them available in MP3 format on his website.
St. Holmes sang in the Paul Reed Smith Band, co-writing songs such as "One in the Same" and "Ice Cold Kisses". The self-titled CD was released in June 2010, with a second album, Time to Testify released in February 2017.
On December 27, 2008, St. Holmes was a special guest at a Get the Led Out concert at Ram's Head Live in Baltimore, Maryland. He played guitar for "Rock and Roll", then sang and played "Stranglehold" (Ted Nugent). St. Holmes is actually the voice heard in the track recording. He also performed "Stranglehold" with Get the Led Out at the Nokia in New York City in March 2009 and again in Baltimore in May 2010.
In 2010, St. Holmes participated in a tribute album titled Mister Bolin's Late Night Revival, a compilation of 17 previously unreleased tracks written by guitar legend Tommy Bolin prior to his death in 1976. The CD includes other artists such as HiFi Superstar, Doogie White, Eric Martin, Troy Luccketta, Jeff Pilson, Randy Jackson, Rachel Barton, Rex Carroll, Kimberley Dahme, and The 77's. A percentage of the proceeds from this project will benefit the Jackson Recovery Centers.
He toured again with Nugent from 2011 to 2014 and appeared on Nugent's 2014 album Shutup & Jam! Whitford/St. Holmes reunited for a 2015 tour and the follow-up CD Reunion was sold at these shows.
Also in 2014, St. Holmes announced that Gibson would release a signature guitar in his name later in the year. The guitar is a white Gibson SG custom with an ebony fingerboard and three humbucker pickups. The guitar is fitted with a vibrola.
St. Holmes performed at the 2015 Dick Wagner Memorial "Remember the Child" benefit concert in Detroit, and he co-headlined the same event in 2016 with Brad Whitford and The Frost.
In 2017, St. Holmes surprised fans by joining an REO Speedwagon performance for an impromptu rendition of "Stranglehold" during the annual NAHA (Native American Heritage Assoc) benefit Rock Legends Cruise.
St. Holmes is known for playing a variety of guitars throughout his career, including Fender Stratocasters, Gibson Les Pauls, PRS Guitars, and various Gibson hollow-bodies.
Discography
Main albums with Ted Nugent
1975
Ted Nugent Ted Nugent
(Epic Records)
1976
Ted Nugent Free-for-All
(Epic Records)
1977
Ted Nugent
Cat Scratch Fever
(Epic Records)
1978
Ted Nugent
Double Live Gonzo!
(Epic Records)
1982
Ted Nugent
Nugent (Atlantic Records)
1995
Ted Nugent
Spirit of the Wild
(Atlantic Records)
2014
Ted Nugent
Shutup & Jam!
(Frontiers Records)
Main albums – Others
1979
St. Paradise
St. Paradise
(Warner Bros. Records)
1981
Whitford/St. Holmes
Whitford/St. Holmes
(CBS Records)
1991
Vanilla Fudge
The Best of Vanilla Fudge Live
(Rhino Records)
2000
Derek St. Holmes
Then & Now
(Perris Records)
2009
Blood of the Sun
Death Ride
(Brainticket Records)
2011
The Paul Reed Smith Band
(Cargo Records)
2015
Derek St. Holmes Band Derek St. Holmes Band
(Bentnote Music)
2016
Whitford/St. Holmes
Reunion
Contributions
1983
Michael Schenker Group
Built to Destroy
(Chrysalis Records)
(contributed vocals on the US mix of Still Love That Little Devil)
1984
Michael Schenker Group
Rock Will Never Die
(Chrysalis Records)
(Rhythm guitar, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "I'm Gonna Make You Mine" and "Rock You to the Ground")
1989
Nightmare Beach
Movie Soundtrack
1994
Dazed and Confused
Movie Soundtrack
(MCA Pictures)
1996
Steve Fister
Shadow King
(FTP Records) (contributed vocals on 3 songs)
1997
Private Parts
Movie Soundtrack
(Paramount/WB)
1999
That '70s Show/Rockin
TV Sitcom Soundtrack
(Volcano Records)
2001
Various Artists
Welcome to the Aerosmithsonian: A Tribute to Aerosmith
(Perris Records)
2010
Mister Bolin's Late Night Revival
What If ...
(Rainbow Foundation Music Inc.) (contributed vocals on 1 song)
Compilations
1981
Ted Nugent
Great Gonzos
(Epic Records)
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
American rock singers
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Michael Schenker Group members
Ted Nugent Band members
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20St.%20Holmes |
Juice Plus is a branded line of dietary supplements. It is produced by Natural Alternatives International of San Marcos, California, for National Safety Associates (NSA; Collierville, Tennessee). Introduced in 1993, the supplements are distributed by NSA via multi-level marketing. Juice Plus supplements contain fruit and vegetable juice extracts with added vitamins and nutrients.
There is no good evidence that Juice Plus offers health benefits. Many marketing claims made about Juice Plus products are false or misleading.
History
Foundation and early marketing
National Safety Associates was founded in 1970 by Jay Martin, a schoolteacher-turned-entrepreneur, who continued as CEO as of 2012. NSA initially sold home fire-protection equipment via door-to-door salespeople. In the late 1970s, they expanded into water filtration products. In 1986, they began using multi-level marketing, then expanding their product line to air filters and educational games for pre-schoolers. In 1991, it was claimed that their sales structure constituted a ponzi scheme.
In 1993, the United States Attorney General's office followed up on complaints that the company was deceptively requiring new distributors to make large upfront purchases of air and water filters. Each of the 32,000 distributors in Florida purchased an average of $7,000 worth of water filters, and many of these distributors were unable to sell all of them. The company's business in the United States decreased that year, requiring the layoff of dozens of employees.
NSA later expanded its business outside the United States, and according to the company, was selling products in 33 countries as of 2000. NSA stopped manufacturing and marketing its water filter product line in 2007.
Supplement products
Juice Plus was NSA's first product, launched in 1993. The primary products in the Juice Plus line include "Orchard Blend" (a fruit juice powder-based supplement) and "Garden Blend" (vegetable juice powder-based) capsules, which are sold together in a four-month pack at a cost of approximately US$167 (2009). Other supplement products available in the Juice Plus line as of 2011 included Vineyard Blend (grape/berry juice powder-based) capsules, Juice Plus Complete (meal replacement powder), Juice Plus Chewables (Orchard and Garden Blends), and Juice Plus Chewables (Vineyard Blend). Discontinued products include Juice Plus Gummies, Juice Plus Thins (wafers), chewable tablets, and a vitamin formulation for dogs and cats.
Manufacturing
The main ingredients in Juice Plus Orchard Blend and Garden Blend capsules (vegetable and fruit juices) are reduced to powder through a proprietary process by an unrelated supplier, and then blended and encapsulated by NAI, who produce the finished product. Juice Plus capsules are "enriched with pure β-carotene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and folic acid". Two NAI-sponsored studies mention that the fruit and vegetable powders in Juice Plus include standardized levels of natural β-carotene derived from Dunaliella salina and soy-derived d-α-tocopherol (vitamin E), which are supplied by the Henkel Corporation (now doing business as Cognis Corporation), and ascorbic acid derived from acerola cherry, which is supplied by Schweizerhall Pharma.
ConsumerLab product testing
Juice Plus+ Garden Blend was tested by ConsumerLab.com in their Multivitamin and Multimineral Supplements Review of 38 of the leading multivitamin/multimineral products sold in the U.S. and Canada. Testing included amounts of selected index elements, their ability to disintegrate in solution per United States Pharmacopeia guidelines, lead contamination threshold set in California Proposition 65, and meeting U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling requirements.
Garden Blend failed ConsumerLab's test as it contained only 76.4% of its claimed calcium, which was noted was low to start (labeled as just 4% of the Daily Value per serving.) On 23 June 2011, ConsumerLab was informed of misinformation circulated by a Juice Plus distributor incorrectly stating the variation was due to the analytical method used. ConsumerLab responded that their analytic method used was ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), a "highly precise and sensitive method of testing calcium". ConsumerLab also noted that the calcium deficiency in Juice Plus was confirmed with this method in two independent laboratories prior to publication of their Review.
Sales
Juice Plus products are marketed by individual distributors who receive sales commissions ranging from 6% (for enrolling five customers in 30 days) to 14% (for enrolling 20 customers in 30 days). Detailed sales figures for Juice Plus are not publicly available, but NSA representatives claimed that Juice Plus achieved monthly sales of $6 million in 1993 and that it was the company's most successful new product. According to NSA vice-president John Blair, sales of Juice Plus in 2008 were "approaching 300 million but have leveled off due to economic factors."
Product research
Doubts have been raised about the advertised benefits of Juice Plus by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, University of California Berkeley, Center for Science in the Public Interest, and other sources. The product has been criticized on the basis that: its marketing is unsupported by research data, it contains too little fruit and vegetable powder to offer significant clinical benefits, its effects can be attributed to the inclusion of added exogenous vitamins and micronutrients, and it is excessively priced relative to its potential benefits. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Clinic referred to Juice Plus as a "pricey supplement" that is "distributed through a multi-tiered marketing scheme with exaggerated value and cost."
Nutrients and phytochemicals
Concerns have been raised that the nutrients in Juice Plus+ capsules may not be bioavailable or effectively absorbed by the human body, and that some of the nutrients claimed to be in the products may not be present in significant amounts. Studies on nutrient absorption showed that subjects taking Juice Plus had elevated blood levels of folate and β-carotene, but the effects on blood levels of vitamin E and vitamin C were inconsistent. Some studies have shown significant increases in vitamin E and C levels, while other studies have shown much weaker effects on vitamin E and C levels, and that the levels of vitamin E and vitamin C are not significantly increased. Juice Plus was found to increase blood lycopene levels in several studies, while other studies have indicated that Juice Plus does not raise blood levels of lycopene or other phytochemicals in fresh fruits and vegetables such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin.
Conflicts of interest in studies
In a critique of Juice Plus, consumer health advocate and alternative medicine critic Stephen Barrett of MLM Watch remarked upon the previous association between two authors of a 1996 Juice Plus research study and United Sciences of America, Inc. (USAI), a multilevel marketing company that sold vitamin supplements with illegal claims that they could prevent many diseases. In 1986, lead author John A. Wise, who later co-authored several other Juice Plus research studies, was USAI's Executive Vice-president of Research and Development; and second author Robert J. Morin was a scientific advisor who helped design the products. State and federal enforcement actions drove USAI out of business in 1987. Wise became a consultant to Natural Alternatives International (NAI) in 1987 and a company executive (vice-president of Research and Development) in 1992. Barrett noted that Wise was also an NAI shareholder and that production of Juice Plus for National Safety Associates (NSA) was responsible for 16% of NAIs sales in 1999.
NSAs Juice Plus website cites various research articles in support of the company's marketing claims about the biological effects of Juice Plus, maintaining that these "studies were conducted by independent researchers" at various universities. Several of the studies were co-authored by Wise and Morin.
Advertising violations
In 2019, companies trading under the Juice Plus brand name in Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom were levied a €1 million penalty by Italy's Competition and Market Authority (AGCM) for deceptive marketing practices in breach of European Union advertising law. The AGCM cited evidence that the companies were posting fake user testimonials alleging that the products could help with weight loss and disease treatment. The parties involved had previously been the subject of an investigation on the Italian television program Patti Chiari that looked into the sales tactics used by distributors to market the products, and which revealed the use of secret Facebook groups where distributors were posing as satisfied customers.
In February 2020, the company that markets Juice Plus in Australia was hit with a $37,800 penalty by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) subsequent to the issuance of three infringement notices relating to the promotion of Juice Plus vitamin products for medical conditions, and to the use of endorsements by health professionals, in violation of the Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code.
In June 2020, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a warning letter to the Juice Plus Company for making unlawful claims that the company's products could treat or prevent COVID-19, as well as misleading claims that business opportunity participants were likely to earn substantial income.
O. J. Simpson
University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter and MLMWatch commented on the unreliability of Juice Plus testimonials provided by former professional athlete O. J. Simpson. Simpson, known commonly as "O. J." and "The Juice", signed a multi-year six-figure contract with NSA in January 1994 and became an official celebrity endorser of Juice Plus. In March 1994, Simpson was videotaped telling 4,000 Juice Plus distributors at a sales meeting that the product had cured his arthritis, improved his golf game, and freed him from using anti-arthritic drugs. However, regarding the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman, for which Simpson was tried and acquitted, Simpson claimed in his defence that he was too incapacitated by arthritis to have committed the murders and had continued to take the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine. As a result of the controversy surrounding Simpson, NSA cancelled his endorsement contract and stopped using the Simpson videotape to promote Juice Plus.
Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation
The Juice Plus Children's Research Foundation (JPCRF), founded in 1997, is a non-profit medical research organization (NTEE code H99). Its stated goal is to promote better health in children. The foundation is chaired by executives of National Safety Associates and operates from the company's head office in Collierville, Tennessee. In fiscal year 2007, the majority of funds donated to the foundation were disbursed to Volunteers of America (a faith-based social welfare organization) and to the Boys & Girls Clubs of Memphis.
The Foundation's website shows results of an ongoing customer survey (The Juice Plus Children's Health Study) which suggests a link between Juice Plus consumption and a general improvement in diet and lifestyle habits. The University of California Berkeley Wellness Letter and Stephen Barrett of MLM Watch questioned the survey's scientific value, and claimed that the Foundation is being used mainly as a marketing gimmick to get families to buy Juice Plus products. Barrett's organization Quackwatch includes the JPCRF among its list of "Questionable 'Research' Entities".
See also
List of ineffective cancer treatments
References
External links
Juice Plus – official website
Watchdog on Three: Do the claims of this health supplement add up? - BBC (video)
The NSA Sparkling Water System, a home carbonation system formerly produced by NSA
Dietary supplements
Multi-level marketing products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice%20Plus |
Chiwere (also called Iowa-Otoe-Missouria or Báxoje-Jíwere-Nyútʼachi) is a Siouan language originally spoken by the Missouria, Otoe, and Iowa peoples, who originated in the Great Lakes region but later moved throughout the Midwest and plains. The language is closely related to Ho-Chunk, also known as Winnebago.
Non-Native Christian missionaries first documented Chiwere in the 1830s, but since then not much material has been published about the language. Chiwere suffered a steady decline after extended European American contact in the 1850s, and by 1940 the language had almost totally ceased to be spoken.
"Tciwere itce" (in the Otoe dialect) and "Tcekiwere itce" (in the Iowa dialect) translate to "To speak the home dialect." The name "Chiwere" is said to originate from a person meeting a stranger in the dark. If a stranger in the dark challenged a person to identify their self, that person might respond "I am Tci-we-re" (Otoe) or "I am Tce-ki-we-re" (Iowa), which translates to "I am belonging to the people of this land" or "I am belonging to those dwelling here."
Names
The Iowa tribe refers to their language as Báxoje ich'é or Bah Kho Je (pronounced ). The Otoe-Missouria dialect is called Jíwere ich'é (pronounced ). The spelling Chiwere, used mostly by linguists, derives from the fact that the language has an aspiration distinction rather than a voice distinction (see the phonology section below), so that the unaspirated stops are variably voiced or unvoiced . Although is a valid pronunciation of the first sound of Jiwere ~ Chiwere, it may mislead English speakers into pronouncing it .
Similarly, a common folk etymology of Báxoje is "dusty noses," based on the misunderstanding of the first syllable bá as pá, or "nose." However, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma says that Bah-Kho-Je means "grey snow," due to their winter lodges being covered with snow that is stained grey by fire smoke.
Status
The last two fluent speakers died in the winter of 1996, and only a handful of semi-fluent speakers remain, all of whom are elderly, making Chiwere critically endangered. As of 2006, an estimated four members of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians still speak the language, while 30 members of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma speak their language. The Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma has sponsored language workshops in the past and hopes to host more in the future. They have provided tribal elders with recording devices to collect Chiwere words and songs. A 2012 NSF grant was used to provide digital access to existing audio recordings of fluent speakers. The Third Annual Otoe-Missouria Language and Culture Day is planned for September 2012. The Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians is establishing a language program in conjunction with the University of Oklahoma Native American Studies Department.
Phonology
The phoneme inventory of Chiwere consists of approximately 33 consonants, and five vowel qualities (three of which occur as nasalized).
Consonants
Voiceless stop sounds may be heard as voiced in final position. The phoneme has a number of variants and allophones. It can appear as a dental tap or flap (especially word-medially), as an alveolar fricative , as an (inter)dental fricative , as a lateral , as a nasal , or as a voiced dental plosive . The velar nasal phoneme does not occur word-initially, being confined to "medial position after a nasal vowel."
Phoneme combinations
In languages there are certain clusters of phonemes that show up in particular environments within a word. According to William Whitman's research of Chiwere, there are approximately 23 known consonant clusters which are word medial and approximately 14 of these show up word initially or word medially. In this research it has been found that the stop + stop consonant cluster čd, as in áčda ('then'), shows up in the word medial position but not as a word initial phoneme cluster.
The stop + spirant clusters ʔθ, ʔs, and ʔh all show up word initially and word medially, whereas the stop + semivowel clusters dw and gw only show up word medially. The stop + liquid clusters bl and gl show up word initially and word medially. Spirant + stop clusters generally appear in both word initial and word medial position, these clusters include θg, sǰ, sg, hd, and hg, however the spirant + stop clusters sd and xd only appear word medially. These are all the spirant + stop clusters accounted for in the research of William Whitman, however, the spirant + stop cluster hk has been found to exist word medially, as in chéthka ('domestic cow').
According to Whitman's research there are two spirant + nasal consonant clusters that have been found, which are hm, as in sáhmã ('seven') and hn, as in láhnũwe ('calumet'), however Whitman does account that hñ is a combination which appears as a future tense suffix. After reviewing further data, the cluster hñ has been found in the word medial position, as in péhñi ('whiskey') and thus appears to be another possible spirant + nasal consonant combination.
The stop + semivowel consonant clusters θw, xw, and hw all appear to be restricted to the word medial environment, whereas the stop + semivowel consonant cluster sw appears to be the only stop + semivowel known to show up both word initially, as in swá̃la ('to be soft') and baswá ('to cut piece off'). The stop + liquid phoneme clusters θl, sl, and xl have all been found in the word initial and word medial environments.
Cluster metamorphosis and phenomenon
An interesting analysis of the Chiwere language has shown that the spirant + stop consonant cluster hg is the more commonly used pronunciation of the spirant + stop cluster θg and that the hg cluster may be replacing the θg altogether.
In William Whitman's research, the spirant + stop combination xd, with the one given example used in this journal being iblí̃xdo ('blackbird'), is mentioned as being an error for the spirant + stop combination hd. But the spirant + stop combination xd has also been found in the words chéxdó ('buffalo bull'), náxda ('sour'), and náxdage ('kick'). With this data we can see that the consonant cluster xd is a possible combination and can show up in word medial position.
Vowels
Chiwere has five oral vowel phonemes, , and three nasal vowel phonemes, . Vowel length is distinctive as well.
Grammar
Chiwere grammar is agglutinative; its verbal complex is central to the structure of the language. Verbs are formed by addition various affixes to a verb stem, each of which corresponds to a part of speech, such as a preposition, pronoun, case marker and so forth. Concepts such as possession, reflexivity and grammatical number, as well subject-object relation and case (including nine instrumental prefixes) are also expressed via affixing. In this way, large, complete sentences can be formed out of a single complex word.
Aside from its complex verbal morphology, Chiwere differs from English in a number of significant ways. There are separate male and female registers, and interrogatives are formed with the question particle je, though this is omitted in informal speech. Finally, Chiwere word order is subject-object-verb, in contrast to English SVO order.
Verbal complex
The verbal complex is formed of preverbal and postverbal affixes, with preverbal affixes communicating positional, instrumental and pronominal elements. These are added to a verb stem, which can be mono-, duo- or polysyllabic, and either agent (transitive) or patient (intransitive). Most verb stems are passive. Altogether, the Chiwere verb complex is arranged as follows:
[wa- pronoun] [wa- directional] [positional] [-wa/ri- pronouns] [ha-/ra- pronouns] [reflexive] [possession] [gi- directional] [instrumental] STEM [pronoun suffix] [causative]
Positional prefixes
Positional prefixes occupy the first position in the verbal complex. These prefixes refer to the location or direction of the verb's action:
a- on, upon, over
i- at, to, by
u- in, within, into
Pronominal prefixes
Chiwere distinguishes three persons – first, second and inclusive, which functions as an inclusive first person plural. Each person has an agent (subject) and patient (object) form. The agent forms mark the subjects of active verbs, whereas the patient forms mark the objects of active verbs and the subjects of passive verbs, making Chiwere, like many other Siouan languages, active-stative. Third person forms as they exist in English are not directly marked. Following are the subject and object forms of the pronominal prefixes:
First Person: ha- hi-
Second Person: ra- ri-
Inclusive: hi- wa-wa-
(note that the inclusive object form is spelled "wa-wa" because it can be separated by the positional prefixes)
The plural forms of these pronominal forms are expressed via a combination of the above listed prefixes with suffixes. Thus:
First Person: hi-…wi, wa-wa…wi
Second Person: ra-…wi, ri-…wi
Inclusive (pl.): …wi, wa-
Inclusive: …ñe, wa-…wi
Wa- prefix
This prefix, perhaps best translated as "something," occurs before every other verbal element except for the pronominal hi-, and approximates the English third person plural object of a transitive verb. Additionally, the prefix can be used as a dummy pronoun to make transitive verbs intransitive; these verbal forms are often used as nouns, and this prefix is thus the general method of forming nouns from verb stems. There are several intransitive verbs that take the wa- prefix idiomatically, wherein the prefix has no literal meaning.
Reflexive prefix
Verbs are made reflexive by the "ki-" prefix; reduplication of this prefix ("kiki-") expresses reciprocity. Thus:
Uhákigisa (I helped myself)
Ukikisa ke (They helped each other)
A number of verbs that are non-reflexive in English take the reflexive prefix in Chiwere.
Directional prefixes
These three prefixes serve to indicate an indirect object and as such are grouped together, even though they do not occupy the same position within the verbal complex:
wa- indicates that the action moves away from a third point not occupied by the speaker
gi- indicates that the action moves towards a third point and communicates the English prepositions of to, for or concerning
gla- indicates that the action reverts towards the subject and is used to form possessive constructions
Instrumental prefixes
There are nine separate prefixes that indicate instrumentality, all of which change passive verbs into active.
wa- by pushing with the hand
gi- by pushing or striking with a held object
ru-/ri- by hand
na- by means of the feet or a machine
ra- by means of the mouth or teeth
bo- by means of blow or blast
ba- by cutting
da- because of heating or freezing
Causative suffix
The causative, wherein the subject causes or makes something else to do or be something, is expressed via the suffix -hi.
Tense
"Tense" in Chiwere can be divided into present/past and future. Present and past tenses are unmarked in the language, and are distinguished by actual statements of time using words like "yesterday" or "today." The future tense is indicated with the particle hnye, which follows the verb.
Personal pronouns
Chiwere is a pro-drop language; once the subject of the sentence has been established, it can be omitted.
First Person: mi'e (sing.), hi'e (inc.)
Second Person: ri'e
Third Person: alé
Negation
Statements are negated with the particle skunyi, which follows the verb.
Commands
Commands are formed using the simple verb stem plus a gender-specific particle – le for male speakers and lé for female speakers.
Classes
The Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Oklahoma's Otoe Language Program teaches weekly classes in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Red Rock, Oklahoma.
See also
Truman Washington Dailey (Otoe-Missoura, 1898–1996), the last fully fluent native speaker
Notes
References
GoodTracks, Jimm G. (2010). Iowa, Otoe-Missouria Language Dictionary: English / Báxoje-Jiwére-Ñútˀačhi ~ Maʔúŋke. (Revised Edition). Center for the Study of the Languages of the Plains and Southwest.
GoodTracks, Jimm G. (2007). Iowa, Otoe-Missouria Language Dictionary: English / Báxoje-Jiwére-Ñútˀačhi ~ Maʔúŋke. (Revised Edition). Center for the Study of the Languages of the Plains and Southwest.
GoodTracks, Jimm G. (2002). Ioway-Otoe Verb Composition: Elements of the Verb and Conjugations. (Revised Edition). Ioway Cultural Institute.
Whitman, William. (1947). "Descriptive Grammar of Ioway-Oto." International Journal of American Linguistics, 13 (4): 233-248.
Wistrand-Robinson, Lila, et al. (1977). Jiwele-Baxoje Wan'shige Ukenye Ich'e Otoe-Iowa Indian Language – Book I. Jiwele Baxoje Language Project.
External links
Ioway-Otoe-Missouria Language Website
Ioway-Otoe Verb Composition
Ioway Cultural Institute : Language
Iowa-Otoe-Missouri page, Native-Languages.org
"Otoe-Missouria Hymns", translated from English by Earl Plumley.
Otoe-Missouria Language Department
Iowa tribe
Otoe
Endangered Siouan-Catawban languages
Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
Native American language revitalization
Endangered languages of the United States
Western Siouan languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwere%20language |
Marie Van Brittan Brown (October 30, 1922 – February 2, 1999) was an American nurse and innovator. In 1966, she invented a video home security system along with her husband Albert Brown, an electronics technician. In the same year, they applied for a patent for their innovative security system, which was granted in 1969. Her innovation has had a huge impact on the entire security system. Her idea has expanded beyond just security for those at home, and her ideas can be seen with security systems in businesses around the world. Brown was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York; she died there at the age of 76 in 1999.
Early life
Marie Van Brittan Brown's father was born in Massachusetts and her mother was from Pennsylvania. Both were African-American. Not much is known about the early life of Marie. Marie married an electrician named Albert Brown. Marie and her husband lived at 151–158 & 135th Avenue in Jamaica, Queens, New York. She worked as a nurse and her husband was an electrician, so they did not always have normal hours or simultaneously work. Her mother, father and grandmother all had the nickname "Dee Dee". She did not have any siblings. Marie and Brown had two children, a boy named Albert Jr. and a girl named Norma. Norma followed in her mother's footsteps and became a nurse and inventor. She had success in the innovative field as well as her mother, as she had over 10 inventions.
Brown died on February 2, 1999, at the age of seventy-six.
Home Security System
Due to the fact that Marie was a nurse and her husband Albert was an electrician, they both had irregular work hours, and often their work hours would not overlap. This would lead to many nights where Marie was left alone in her home at night. The crime rate in her neighborhood was very high, and inspired by the prolonged length of time it took the police to arrive in her neighborhood, Brown invented the first home security system. At the time, Brown was forty years old.
When Marie and her husband first came up with their security system, their invention consisted of four peepholes, a sliding camera, TV monitors, and microphones. The cameras could go from peephole to peephole. These cameras were connected to the TV monitors inside her home, and using those TV monitors, Marie could see exactly who was at her door, without having to physically be at the door and without having to actually open the door. The microphones also played a vital part in her invention, as with them she could talk with whoever was outside, again without actually having to open the door and be face to face with whoever was there. As was said earlier, Marie lived in an area with high crime, and this invention she created would allow her to feel much more safe inside her home. She no longer has to open up the door to see who is there, but rather she can see from the safety of her house who is there.
On August 1, 1966, Marie and her husband submitted a patent application for her invention. It would be the first patent of its kind, and her husband's name was below hers. The patent was granted by the government on December 2, 1969, and four days later, the New York Times ran an article about her invention.
Response
At first, the invention was difficult to sell to homebuilders because the cost of implementation was so high. The Browns initially decided to build it in their own home hoping that would spark interest in home builders. To help expand her innovation even further, Marie added in a system in which you could unlock the door using a remote. This made it so she did not have to physically get up to go to the door to unlock it, but rather could unlock the door with the click of a button, still sitting down. Marie knew this would only help them know who was at the door or attempting to enter the home but would not improve the emergency response time. Knowing that the police or security response was slow she decided that there must be a quicker way for them to alert the authorities. To do so she invented a system that contacted police and emergency responders with just the tap of a button. She and her husband cited other inventors in their patent, such as Edward D. Phinney and Thomas J. Reardon. Even now, over fifty years later, her invention is still being used by smaller businesses and living facilities.
Although the system was originally intended for domestic uses, many businesses began to adopt Brown's system given its efficacy. Brown was recognized for her innovation and received an award from the National Science Committee, officially making her a part of "an elite group of African-American inventors and scientists." Brown was quoted in the New York Times as saying that with her invention "a woman alone could set off an alarm immediately by pressing a button, or if the system were installed in a doctor's office, it might prevent holdups by drug addicts."
The invention was the first closed-circuit television security system and is the predecessor to modern home systems today. It was the foundation for video monitoring, remote-controlled door locks, push-button alarm triggers, instant messaging to security providers and police, as well as two-way voice communication. Brown's invention has led to the creation of many new home security systems that rely on video systems, remote door locks, and quick emergency response actions. These systems have become the leading security for homes and small businesses all over the world. The fame of Brown's device also led to the more prevalent CCTV surveillance in public areas.
Legacy
Marie Van Brittan Brown's invention of her home security system has had a huge impact on the security systems in place as a whole. Her idea was extremely innovative; it was her initial idea that allowed people to build upon that idea and create security systems that we still see today. Sade Baderinwa says that "if you have a 'home security system' protecting your home, you have [Marie Van Brittan Brown] to thank" (Baderinwa, 2021). She has revolutionized the entire security system, and this quote means that all security brands such as ADT, Ring, and more all have her to thank for her initial idea. Brown's initial idea has continued to be used to help people around the world feel safer and more secure inside of their homes. She was recognized in the New York Times and received an award from the National Scientists Committee for her work. Unfortunately, Marie van Brittan Brown died before she could see the new innovations added to her invention. But her impact will never be forgotten. Any security system, whether it be at homes, businesses, or banks, can all be traced back to her invention. As more home security systems came to the market, Brown's initial invention became even more influential. Her invention was cited in at least 32 future patent applications. Unfortunately, after her successful patent application in 1969, the media coverage of her product ceased. The home security business is expected to be at least a $1.5B business and is expected to triple by 2024.
References
Further reading
1922 births
1999 deaths
Women inventors
African-American inventors
People from Jamaica, Queens
20th-century American inventors
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
African-American nurses
American women nurses
Nurses from New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Van%20Brittan%20Brown |
Gaitelgrima is a Lombard feminine name.
There are several notable Gaitelgrimas in history. The identities of these six women (as well as some others of the same name) are often confused because they were all closely related to each other and to two men: Guaimar III of Salerno and his son, Guaimar IV.
The first was Gaitelgrima of Capua, daughter of Atenulf I of Capua, married Guaimar II of Salerno and was the mother of Gisulf I of Salerno.
The second, also Gaitelgrima of Capua or Gaitelgrima of Benevento (died after 1027), was the daughter of Pandulf II of Benevento and sister of Pandulf IV of Capua. She was the second wife of Guaimar III and mother of Guaimar IV (his successor), Guy (later duke of Sorrento), and Pandulf (later lord of Capaccio). She was also the mother of the fourth Gaitelgrima.
This third was Gaitelgrima of Salerno married to Drogo of Hauteville counts of Apulia.
The fourth was Gaitelgrima of Salerno the daughter of Guaimar III who married Humphrey of Hauteville who was the count of Apulia following his brother Drogos death. She was mother to Abelard and Herman.
The fifth, also named after Gaitelgrima of Benevento, was also a Gaitelgrima of Salerno. She was the daughter of Guaimar IV of Salerno (see above) and Gemma. She was married to Richard I of Capua by her brother Gisulf II of Salerno and then forced to marry Jordan I of Capua. Her sister, Sichelgaita, was married to Robert Guiscard.
The last was Gaitelgrima, Duchess of Apulia, the second wife of William II, Duke of Apulia. She was the daughter of Jordan II of Capua. She deeply loved her husband and cut off her hair to cover his coffin at his funeral.
Lombard women
Hauteville family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaitelgrima |
Onix Cardona Concepción Cardona (born October 5, 1957), is a Puerto Rican former Major League Baseball (MLB) shortstop. He is the cousin of former MLB player José Lind.
Career
Concepcion played for two teams during his seven-year career: the Kansas City Royals (1980–1985) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1987). Concepcion made his major league debut on August 30, 1980, and played his final game on April 7, 1987.
Concepcion was a member of the Royals team that won the World Series in 1985. He scored the game-tying run in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 6 on a single by Dane Iorg, which also drove in Jim Sundberg to win the game.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Bakersfield Outlaws players
Fort Myers Royals players
Gulf Coast Royals players
Harrisburg Senators players
Jacksonville Suns players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball third basemen
Omaha Royals players
People from Dorado, Puerto Rico
Pittsburgh Pirates players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onix%20Concepci%C3%B3n |
WBNB-TV, VHF analog channel 10, was a CBS-affiliated television station licensed to Charlotte Amalie, on the island of Saint Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands. The station operated from 1961 until 1989.
History
WBNB-TV was the first television station to operate in the Virgin Islands. Its construction permit was secured in 1960 by a pair of New York City-area radio men, Robert Noble and Robert Moss, who shared equal ownership in Island Teleradio Service, Inc., the original licensee of WBNB-TV and sister station WBNB radio (1000 AM, now WVWI); their names ("Bob and Bob") served as the basis for the station's callsign. Shortly after the award, newspaper advertisements proudly announced that the station would be affiliated with CBS and NBC (but would be a primary CBS affiliate), and would also carry programs from National Educational Television (NET), the predecessor to PBS. The station began operations on July 22, 1961.
The WBNB stations were split up in 1970, as channel 10 was sold to the first of five different U.S. mainland-based operators (see Ownership, below). At that point, the Moss/Noble partnership ended when Bob Noble retained sole ownership in the radio outlet, purchasing its remaining shares from Bob Moss and other minority partners.
On September 17, 1989, Hurricane Hugo made landfall on the Virgin Islands, destroying WBNB-TV's transmitter in the process and knocking the station off the air. Benedek Broadcasting, who acquired the station three years earlier, did not have the financial resources to rebuild it right away. Despite remaining off-the-air ("dark" in television terminology), the station's broadcast license remained active until 1995, when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) forced Benedek to surrender the license for cancellation on grounds of abandonment.
CBS programming returned to the Virgin Islands in 1999 via WVXF (channel 17), though the network switched to TV2 in 2009 (WVXF is now a primary This TV affiliate; from then until 2019, CBS programs were shown on WMNS-LD; they are now seen on WCVI-TV). Between 1989 and 1999, satellite service was the only way to access CBS programs in the Virgin Islands (first via East Coast network flagship WCBS-TV, then via WSEE-TV from Erie, Pennsylvania, the latter of which remains available on cable and satellite providers in the Caribbean).
Ownership
1961–1970: Island Teleradio Service, Inc., original licensee and owners (Robert Moss and Robert Noble, principals).
1970–1972: Television Communications Corp., New York–based cable television system operator and a forerunner of Time Warner Cable.
1972–1974: Federated Media Inc., formed by stockholders of Television Communications Corp. after its cable systems were sold to Warner Communications.
1974–1980: District Communications, Inc., Washington, D.C.–based group of minority investors.
1980–1986: Worrell Newspapers, Inc., then-publishers of The Daily Progress of Charlottesville, Virginia.
1986–1995: Benedek Broadcasting, Hoffman Estates, Illinois–based group broadcaster.
References
BNB-TV
Defunct television stations in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1961
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1989
1961 establishments in the United States Virgin Islands
1989 disestablishments in the United States Virgin Islands
BNB-TV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBNB-TV |
The MLS Central Division was one of Major League Soccer's three divisions, existing in 2000 and 2001.
Division lineups
2000–2001
Lineup for 2000–2001
Chicago Fire
Columbus Crew
Dallas Burn
Tampa Bay Mutiny
Changes from 1999
The new Central Division is created
The Chicago Fire and Dallas Burn move in from the Western Conference (which became the Western Division)
The Columbus Crew and Tampa Bay Mutiny move in from the Eastern Conference (which became the Eastern Division)
After the 2001 season
The Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny were contracted, resulting in the disbanding of the Central Division
The Chicago Fire and Columbus Crew move to the Eastern Division (now renamed Eastern Conference)
The Dallas Burn move to the Western Division (now renamed Western Conference)
Central Division champions by year
2000: Chicago Fire
2001: Chicago Fire†
† – The Chicago Fire were declared winners of the Central Division in 2001 after the September 11 attacks caused the cancellation of the rest of the regular season. The MLS Cup Playoffs began on September 20.
See also
Eastern Conference (MLS)
Western Conference (MLS)
References
Complete MLS History
Major League Soccer
zh:美國聯盟東區 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Division%20%28MLS%29 |
The French freighter La Coubre () exploded in the harbour of Havana, Cuba, on 4 March 1960 while it was unloading 76 tons of grenades and munitions. Seventy-five to 100 people were killed, and many were injured. Fidel Castro alleged it was an act of sabotage on the part of the United States, which denied any involvement.
Events
La Coubre, a 4,310-ton French vessel, was on 4 March 1960 unloading her cargo of 76 tons of Belgian munitions she had transported from the port of Antwerp in Belgium to Havana. Unloading explosive ordnance directly onto the dock in Havana was against port regulations. Ships with such cargoes were supposed to be moored in the center of the harbor and their high-risk cargo unloaded onto lighters.
The ship exploded at 3:10 pm. Thirty minutes after the first explosion, while hundreds of people were involved in a rescue operation organized by the Cuban military, a second, more powerful explosion killed and injured more people.
At the time of the explosion, Che Guevara (who was a trained doctor) was in a meeting at the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (NIAR) headquarters. He drove to the scene and spent the next few hours giving medical attention to the crew members, armed forces personnel, and dock workers who had been injured. The death toll was between 75 and 100; more than 200 people were injured.
Reaction
Speaking the next day at a funeral for 27 dock workers killed by the explosions, Fidel Castro said that the United States was responsible for the explosion, calling it "the work of those who do not wish us to receive arms for our defense". U.S. Secretary of State Christian Herter denied that on 7 March in a meeting with the Cuban chargé d'affaires in Washington, then delivered a formal note of protest to Cuban Foreign Minister Raul Roa on 15 March.
On 7 March, the Miami Herald reported charges made by Jack Lee Evans, an American who had just returned from Havana where he had been working for and living with William Alexander Morgan, an American who had commanded rebel forces during the Cuban Revolution. He said he had boarded the La Coubre on 2 March with Morgan and others to transport machine guns and ammunition to the NIAR. He said he had learned of a plot by an anti-communist dockworker to explode the ship, did not think Morgan was involved, and now feared for his life. Morgan denied ever being aboard the ship and said of Evans: "The kid has to be out of his mind to say a thing like that." Morgan was arrested seven months later, accused of supporting counter-revolutionaries, and executed in March 1961.
Alberto Korda took photos at the March 5 memorial service at Havana's Colón Cemetery, including the photo Guerrillero Heroico, which has become an iconic image of Che Guevara.
Fate of La Coubre
La Coubre, named for a point of land along the Atlantic coast of France, La Coubre, was towed to a dry-dock in Havana Harbor where she underwent extensive temporary repairs for five months to make her sufficiently seaworthy to be towed to France. La Coubre was towed by the Dutch merchant Oostzee to Le Havre, arriving 26 September 1960. Two tugboats moved La Coubre to the French port of Rouen on the Seine. Here she underwent her permanent repairs, completed in April 1961.
When returned to service she continued to be owned and operated by the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique until 1972, when she was sold to the Dorothea shipping company in Cyprus and renamed Barbara. Later the vessel was renamed Notios Hellas and Agia Marina until 1979 when she was sold to a Spanish company to be scrapped.
Notes
References
Explosions in 1960
March 1960 events in North America
Explosions in Cuba
Transport disasters in Cuba
Che Guevara
1960 in Cuba
History of Havana
Cuba–United States relations
Maritime incidents in 1960
Shipwrecks in the Caribbean Sea
20th century in Havana
Terrorist incidents in Cuba
Cuban Revolution
Mass murder in 1960
Massacres in Cuba
Disasters in Havana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Coubre%20explosion |
Roland Americo "Buddy" Biancalana Jr. (; born February 2, 1960) is a retired Major League Baseball (MLB) shortstop. Biancalana played for two teams in his career: the Kansas City Royals (–) and Houston Astros ().
Biography
Biancalana was born on February 2, 1960, in Greenbrae, California. Biancalana attended Redwood High School in Larkspur. He played baseball all four of his years at Redwood, 1975 through 1978, garnering local and national honors along the way. In 1977, he was named to the Mythical National Champion Team, a squad composed of the best high school baseball players in the United States. Biancalana was drafted by the Royals in the first round (25th overall pick) of the 1978 June Regular Phase draft. He made his MLB debut on September 12, 1982, and played his final game on October 4, 1987.
Biancalana was a member of the Royals team that won the World Series in 1985. Although he had only started 35 games all season, manager Dick Howser benched regular shortstop Onix Concepcion in favor of Biancalana on September 20. Biancalana started 13 of the next 15 games as the Royals won the American League West division by one game over the California Angels.
Biancalana was the starting shortstop for the Royals in all 14 post-season games, playing error-free defense in every game, and was an integral part in several run-scoring innings for the Royals in the World Series. He batted .278 in the series with an on-base percentage of .435, both well above his career numbers.
Biancalana had been mentioned in a joke on Late Night with David Letterman earlier in the season (mocking the mania over Pete Rose's assault on the baseball all-time hit record by unveiling a "Buddy Biancalana Hit Counter"), and after his successful postseason run, he appeared on the show, presented Letterman with a World Series bat and admitted that he had enjoyed the publicity the joke had brought him.
Biancalana is a former field manager for the Amarillo Dillas of independent United League Baseball, the infield coordinator of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and the manager of two South Atlantic League (Class Low A) teams, the Lakewood BlueClaws (affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies) and the Charleston Riverdogs (affiliate of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays). He is also the co-author of The 7 Secrets of the World Class Athlete.
In 2009, Biancalana was inducted into the first Redwood High School Athletic Hall of Fame.
References
External links
1960 births
American people of Italian descent
Fort Myers Royals players
Gulf Coast Royals players
Houston Astros players
Jacksonville Suns players
Kansas City Royals players
Living people
Major League Baseball shortstops
Minor league baseball managers
Omaha Royals players
People from Larkspur, California
Tucson Toros players
People from Greenbrae, California
Baseball players from Marin County, California
Redwood High School (Larkspur, California) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy%20Biancalana |
Hunt Music is a compilation album by American rock musician Ted Nugent. The album did not see a large release but is still available on Internet sites. The second disc contains bonus tracks recorded by Ted Nugent. "I Just Wanna Go Hunting" had been unreleased.
Track listing
Disc 1
"Spirit of the Wild"
"Fred Bear Jam - Live Nugent"
"Sunrize" (instrumental)
"Tooth Fang & Claw"
"Fred Bear - The American Hunter's Theme Song"
"Earthtones"
"I Just Wanna Go Hunting"
"Sunrize" (narrated)
"KLSTRBK"
"My Bow & Arrow"
"Great White Buffalo"
Rob Grange appears on "Great White Buffalo" and "Tooth, Fang and Claw"
Disc 2
"Physics of Spirituality Part One"
"Physics of Spirituality Part Two"
"Hibernation"
Ted Nugent compilation albums
2004 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt%20Music |
Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an orange crystalline solid. This cyanocarbon, a relative of para-quinone, is an electron acceptor that is used to prepare charge transfer salts, which are of interest in molecular electronics.
Preparation and structure
TCNQ is prepared by the condensation of 1,4-cyclohexanedione with malononitrile, followed by dehydrogenation of the resulting diene with bromine:
The molecule is planar, with D2h symmetry.
Reactions
Like tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), TCNQ is easily reduced to give a blue-coloured radical anion. The reduction potential is about −0.3 V relative to the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple. This property is exploited in the development of charge-transfer salts. TCNQ also forms complexes with electron-rich metal complexes.
Charge transfer salts
TCNQ achieved great attention because it forms charge-transfer salts with high electrical conductivity. These discoveries were influential in the development of organic electronics. Illustrative is the product from treatment of TCNQ with the electron donor tetrathiafulvene (TTF), TCNQ forms an ion pair, the TTF-TCNQ complex, in which TCNQ is the acceptor. This salt crystallizes in a one-dimensionally stacked polymer, consisting of segregated stacks of cations and anions of the donors and the acceptors, respectively. The complex crystal is an organic semiconductor that exhibits metallic electric conductivity.
Related compounds
Tetracyanoethylene, another cyanocarbon that functions as an electron acceptor.
Tetrathiafulvalene, another organic compound that functions as an electron acceptor.
References
Nitriles
Cyclohexadienes
Vinylidene compounds
Organic semiconductors
Conjugated dienes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyanoquinodimethane |
Saltergate, officially the Recreation Ground, was the historic home of Chesterfield Football Club, and was in use from 1871 until the club's relocation in July 2010, a 139-year history that made it one of the oldest football grounds in England at the time of its closure. From the 1920s onward the name 'Saltergate' became predominant in popular references to the ground.
Tightly surrounded by housing, the football stadium was located near Chesterfield's town centre on the thoroughfare of the same name. The ground underwent only limited additional development after a new main stand was opened in 1936. Although plans to develop the site were explored, the club's fans ultimately voted in favour of pursuing a new ground in a 2003 ballot, with the site confirmed by a 2006 poll.
The final Chesterfield fixture at Saltergate, a Football League Two game against Bournemouth, was held on 8 May 2010. From the 2010–11 season, the team switched to the new b2net Stadium located in the Whittington Moor area of the town. An October 2010 publication from the club, Saltergate Sunset by Stuart Basson, chronicled the story of the ground.
In January 2012, the football club sold the Saltergate site to Barratt Homes. Its demolition to make way for a new housing development began in April and was completed in July 2012.
History
1871-1920
In 1871, Chesterfield Football Club became a distinct entity from the Chesterfield Cricket Club, from which it was formed in the previous decade. Together, they took up the tenancy at the 'New Recreation Ground', Saltergate, located just 100 yards West of their previous home, and the ground was used for both sports for more than two decades. The site hosted its first game of football on 4 November 1871, with Rotherham providing the opposition in a 14-a-side match under Sheffield Rules. 11-a-side football was first played a few weeks later against the Sheffield F.A. team. A wooden pavilion was developed on the eastern side of the ground later in the 1870s but otherwise it remained simply an open field in this era. After the initial Chesterfield Football Club folded in 1881, a number of other local football teams used the pitch until the establishment of a second Chesterfield F.C. in 1884, later known as Chesterfield Town. The first recorded attendance, from Boxing Day 1889, put the crowd at 400 for a game against Sheffield Heeley Reserves. A small, uncovered grandstand with benched seating for around 400 was added early in the 1890s. With the football club steadily progressing toward employing its first semi-professional players, it was also able to take the cricket club's relocation in its stride during 1894, shouldering the full rent thereafter.
League football came to Saltergate in 1899 with Chesterfield Town's election to play in Division Two of the Football League. The club's step up necessitated remedial work on a pitch that sloped markedly from north to south, most notably the removal of a hill in the north west corner, the spoil from which was dumped at the Saltergate end. In addition, the grandstand was enlarged and roofed over, its capacity increasing to around 800 spectators. Fencing was erected on the Compton Street side to obscure the free view from adjacent back gardens (modest coverage later being added on this side). After a decade of financial struggle, other clubs who had invested in their stadia vied for an opening in the league and Chesterfield Town were voted out in 1909. In a bid to return, a running track was constructed around the perimeter, said to offer up to 10,000 fans a decent view, and a white picket fence was constructed around the pitch to replace the previous wire boundary. However, any ambitions proved short-lived. Faced with the abandonment of competitive football after the outbreak of the First World War the club was forced into voluntary liquidation in 1915. A new club with the same name was formed by a local restaurateur to play wartime football at Saltergate using locally based "guests" from Football League clubs. It was shut down by the FA for illegal payments in 1917. The following year saw no senior football in Chesterfield but Saltergate was used for local cup matches.
A fourth club – the present Chesterfield FC – was established in 1919 at the instigation of the local authority. A ground move to the Queen's Park Annexe also formed part of the vision, but did not progress after costings were received for a new stand. Thus the club continued to base itself at Saltergate as league football returned to the town in 1921.
1921-1939
The inter-war years represented Saltergate's main period of development.
When Chesterfield F.C. became founder members of the new Third Division North in 1921, the ground saw a new spurt of improvements. According to club historian Stuart Basson:
"Ground development left the club with a tidy Main Stand that ran some three-quarters of the pitch length and seated 1600, a roofed Popular Side and unovered ends. Terracing was made of cinder embankments, with a few wooden crush barriers walloped into the dirt at random-looking intervals. A wooden hut provided dressing room accommodation at the [northern] end of the stand."
In 1931, at a time of growing ambition for the club, terracing was cut into the cinder banking of the Kop and further earth removal from the Cross Street to Saltergate end was undertaken to level the pitch. In a successful push for promotion to the Second Division in 1931–32, 20,092 fans crammed into the ground to see the home team overtake Lincoln City for the top spot.
In 1936, the club borrowed around £14,000 to fund the erection of a new brick and steel main stand by Scottish architect Archibald Leitch. Demolition of the old wooden stand began at the close of the 1935–36 season, which again saw the club promoted to the Second Division. The official opening of the new stand came in November, with Sheffield United visiting for a league fixture and a new record of 26,519 paying for entry. With the completion of the new stand, all four sides of the ground had taken on an appearance that would still be recognisable at the time of its closure.
1940-1979
After the Second World War, the club faced a pressing need to raise funds to service the debt on the new stand and pay off the bank loan. Further ground development became somewhat limited as a result, though the club was still in a position to buy up several houses around the ground in the late 1940s. A move away from Saltergate was proposed again in 1949, this time to a site near Walton Hospital, but the council rejected the plan. Instead, the club made what was to be its final major investment in the ground prior to the millennium, engaging Leitch and Partners to renew all the ground's cinder terracing with concrete and install their patented crush barriers.
With relegation in 1951, average gates took a heavy knock and the decline continued over the decade as success eluded the club, which finally dropped to the fourth tier of English football for the first time in 1961. However, modest ground improvements still advanced after fundraising efforts by fans which allowed the Kop to be roofed in the same year. Despite acquiring second-hand lights in 1963, boardroom procrastination meant that Saltergate was the second-last league ground in England to install floodlights, with Chesterfield's first home game under lights not being played until the 1967–1968 season.
In 1979, the centre section of the Compton Street Terrace was re-roofed and a wooden television gantry added, the only notable ground work in the decade.
1980 onwards - stay or go?
Financial problems in the early 1980s led the board to again consider a ground move to the Queen's Park Annexe, previously considered in 1920. In the aftermath of the 1985 Bradford City stadium fire and the general upgrading of football ground safety, a number of ground adaptations were undertaken, most significantly the construction of a series of emergency exits from the main stand in the form of flights of steps down to the pitch. Hundreds of seats also had to be removed to provide more gangways. The club was also ordered to install fencing around three sides of the pitch days before the start of the 1985–1986 season.
The additional cost of further works gave added spur to the idea of a move, but the discovery of a covenant on the Annexe that forbade its use for professional sport put paid to the club's favoured relocation site toward the end of the decade, though not the idea of relocation itself. The board persisted in putting forward alternate locations throughout the 1990s.
Talk of relocation dominated the 1994 AGM, with a sizeable group of supporters advocating the redevelopment of Saltergate, rather than its abandonment – including the Crooked Spireite fanzine. An early proposal showed a two tier kop, with smaller seated stands on the remaining three sides.
New plans for the club to leave Saltergate in favour of Wheeldon Mill emerged in October 1995 and were pursued avidly by Chairman Norton Lea in the face of substantial opposition. Though the scheme was blocked in 1998 when the council refused planning permission, subsequent unsuccessful attempts were made to revive the move well into the next decade. Having received a dispensation from the upgrading requirements of the 1989 Taylor Report based on relocation, the club was perpetually left without a plan B.
Thus, in late 2000, more than ten years after Taylor's report, the future of football at Saltergate became mired in crisis with three sides of the ground under threat of closure from the Football Licensing Authority. This was narrowly averted by a further dispensation for two sides of the ground amid turbulent times for the club under the chairmanship of Darren Brown.
Although 2001 saw a hastily organised fans group, the Chesterfield Football Supporters Society, replace Brown in controlling the club (he was later to be jailed for fraud), they faced a myriad of challenges related to ensuring Saltergate's future. It emerged that a debenture had been secured on the ground requiring that £200,000 be raised in just three weeks to fight off the threat of losing the stadium. Even with that met and the club in administration, much additional fundraising was required to deal with Saltergate's worst deficiencies. Thus, the ground saw a number of modest improvements, but remained an aged stadium, lacking many of the modern facilities available to rival clubs who had relocated or redeveloped their existing grounds.
In 2003, members of the Chesterfield Football Supporters Society voted in favour of the club pursuing relocation to Wheeldon Mill. A further vote in 2006 saw more than 90% back a plan to switch to the site of the former Dema Glass factory, near the Chesterfield - Sheffield bypass (Sheffield Road), around from the town centre.
End of an era
The 2009–10 season represented the club's last at Saltergate and its commercial department announced extensive plans to mark the 'End of an Era', including a book, DVD and end of season gala.
For 8 May 2010, the date of the final game, Chesterfield Community Trust organised a number of events to celebrate the history of Saltergate and bid it farewell. A heritage project at The Pomegranate Theatre presented a visual history of the club's time at the ground, including match footage from 1923 and photos dating back to 1900. Former players, including Albert Collins of the 1945 Football League War Cup semi-final side, were also present to share their memories. Afterwards, a brass band led a parade up to the match along Chesterfield High Street, swelling to an estimated 2,000 people on arrival.
Chesterfield F.C.'s final league fixture at Saltergate ended in a dramatic 2–1 win against AFC Bournemouth following an injury time goal from Derek Niven, the club's longest serving player. The goal prompted a brief and good-natured pitch invasion, which later attracted national media attention after footage of a disabled man rolling his wheelchair into the Bournemouth half attracted over 100,000 hits on YouTube.
In the weeks following the game, Saltergate hosted a series of final commemorative events, including an auction of fixtures and memorabilia that raised £20,000 for the club. Two of the crush barriers from Saltergate were also donated by the club to become museum pieces at the National Football Museum in Preston and the Scottish Football Museum in Glasgow. This had been arranged after the disused Compton Street-Cross Street corner terracing was found to include barriers designed and patented in 1906 by Scottish engineer and football ground designer Archibald Leitch, possibly the last-known examples of these once commonplace barriers.
In July 2010, the handover of the new ground was completed and the club departed Saltergate as its administrative base. However, it was announced that the ground would continue in use by the Chesterfield FC Community Trust for its Saturday Morning Club and Summer holiday Soccer Camp 'for the foreseeable future'. This community use was discontinued at the start of 2011.
On 31 May 2011, outline proposals for the development of up to 68 houses at the site were unanimously approved by Chesterfield Borough Council's planning committee. With planning permission obtained, the -acre site was put up for sale by the club in October 2011; meanwhile supporters began a Facebook Group calling for the streets in any future development to be named after former Chesterfield players. The club's development partner, GB Development Solutions, announced in December 2011 that it was close to exchanging contracts on the site and expected to complete the sale the following month. A building trade publication subsequently confirmed the sale of the ground to Barratt Homes for an undisclosed sum.
In January 2012, as the prospect of demolition neared, the club announced that a pair of original 1936 seats from the Saltergate main stand would gain a permanent home at the Football League's Preston headquarters, where they were to be refurbished and located in the reception area.
Demolition of the ground commenced in April 2012. By the end of June 2012, demolition of the structure was almost complete: the pitch had been removed, all four stands demolished and three of the floodlight pylons levelled. Work on rubble removal and levelling of the site was ongoing. In early July 2012, Barratt Homes began publicising details of the development to potential purchasers, stating that the first homes on the site would be available for occupancy in Autumn 2012. The final floodlight pylon – and last remaining Saltergate structure – was levelled on 13 July. Initial construction of the roads and first plots began at the end of July 2012.
In September 2012, Chesterfield Borough Council invited fans to nominate possible names for the road at the new development, from which seven options were subsequently put to the popular vote in an online poll. In December 2012, the winning street name was announced as 'Spire Heights', a play on the club nickname 'Spireites' when pronounced with a local accent.
In the autumn of 2014 Chesterfield Borough Council commissioned local artist Melanie Jackson to design a piece of artwork to mark the site of the football ground. The work, the "Spirit of Saltergate" was developed in consultation with supporters and was installed in March 2015. The artwork consists of a railing depicting the ground and fans as well as a tree guard and a series of bronze inlays linked to multimedia works.
Structure and facilities
At the time of its closure, the four sides of the stadium were: The Main Stand, which was all-seated and contained an area designated as the Family Stand; the Spion Kop – the main terrace – known as the Karen Child Kop from 2008 for sponsorship reasons; the Compton Street Stand, running the full length of the pitch opposite the Main Stand; and the Cross Street End, an open terrace where away fans usually stood.
Main Stand
The covered Main Stand was opened in 1936 and was built at a cost of £14,000. In this era, the stand had two tiers, the bottom level being narrow terracing which did not require a tunnel for the players, who instead emerged through a door. This terracing was taken out of use in the late 20th century.
For the 2009–10 season it accommodated 2000 home supporters plus 450 seats for away fans. The stand was unusual, when viewed from aerial shot, in having a slight bend just to the right of halfway. In its later incarnation, it was also unusual in having its seating area raised above the pitch with a number of stairwells at the front of the stand leading up to the seats. There were also a number of supporting pillars in the stand which gave many seats a restricted view.
In its later years, the badly peeling paint and rusted exterior of the stand frequently attracted the derision of rival supporters.
Given that the design and appearance of the stand were similar to the one at Derby County's now-demolished Baseball Ground (by the same architect), the Saltergate structure was used to depict the Baseball Ground in the 2009 film The Damned United, set in the 1970s.
The Kop (Saltergate End)
The Kop was the main terrace, accessed via turnstiles on Saltergate, the street which gives rise to the ground's popular name. As the area behind the goal, it tended to attract the club's most vocal standing support. For the 2009–10 season, its capacity was approximately 2,000.
As with many Victorian era football facilities, the Saltergate end of the ground spent many years as little more than a sloping mound. In the early 1920s, the construction of Cross Street at the opposite end of the ground led to earth and remnants of the cinder running track being used to build up the banking of the Kop. Terraced steps were cut into the cinder in the summer of 1931. At the turn of the 1950s, this was replaced by concrete terracing, cut to go below pitch level. Metal crush barriers were also fitted, replacing the old wooden ones. The Kop was roofed in 1960/1, at a cost of £10,000, paid for entirely by fundraising by the supporters club.
In December 2000, The Kop was closed for the remainder of the season on orders of the Football Licensing Authority and a major upgrading effort became one of the many summer challenges facing the fans who had taken over the club. Commencing at the start of July, a complete renewal of terracing work was completed in just 7 weeks.
Of the four sides of the ground, the Kop offered the most potential for redevelopment because of a relative abundance of space and was thus the focal point of all plans drawn up to keep the club at its historic home. 2002 architect plans envisaged a mix of seating and standing for a revamped Saltergate end.
In the absence of any such redevelopment, The Kop saw only a change of sponsorship in its closing years, becoming 'The Karen Child Kop' through a £20,000 deal with a local lottery winner.
Fans standing on the Kop for Saltergate's final fixture were experiencing not just their last game at the ground, but also their last opportunity to watch a Chesterfield home game from terracing, the new stadium being all-seater.
Compton Street Stand (Pop Side)
Compton Street, also known as the Popular or Pop Side, had a capacity of around 1,000 at the time of closure – the smallest of the four sides. It was partly covered (to the rear) and had a row of supporting pillars. Originally a terrace constructed in the early 1920s, Compton Street had a lot of work carried out on it during 2002 and was made all seated. The seating area lay about 4 metres from the pitch line. The roof had an unusual wooden television gantry perched on top. Until becoming a seated area, supporters could move freely between Compton Street and the Kop, resulting in the familiar half-time sight of fans flowing from the former to the latter for an improved view of the away goal.
Cross Street End (away)
Away fans were primarily housed in the Cross Street Terrace at one end of the ground, where 1,400 fans could be accommodated. This area was uncovered and open to the elements. This part of the ground also had work done on it in 2002.
At the time of Saltergate's closure, the wall at the back of the terrace was the ground's oldest surviving feature, built by the council in return for the land needed to create Cross Street in 1921. To accommodate the new street, the pitch was moved around 6 metres closer to Saltergate as well as being levelled by more than a metre along its length. However, following this upheaval at the Cross Street End, the away terracing saw little change thereafter, though the original wooden crush barriers made way for metal ones around 1950.
Football ground writer Simon Inglis described the Cross Street End in 1983 as "a low bank of terracing attractively backed by a castellated wall. Behind is a primary school... In the far corner is a group of turnstiles built by supporters in 1939 after [a] record attendance."
Records and statistics
Saltergate's record attendance was 30,561, which was set when Chesterfield hosted Tottenham Hostpur in the FA Cup 5th Round in February 1938. The widely held belief that the record attendance was set against Newcastle United in April 1939 is discredited by the Football League's audited attendance for that game, which stands at 28,268 – though this does represent the grounds's highest league attendance.
According to the record books, a total of 3,159 first team matches were played at Saltergate, 1,827 of them league fixtures.
Cricket and other uses
Saltergate was also home to Chesterfield Cricket Club from 1871 to 1894.
There are records of six cricket matches involving teams called Derbyshire or Chesterfield playing against the All-England Eleven from 1858 to 1872. The first four of these would have been held at Chesterfield Cricket Club's first Recreation Ground site, 100 yards closer to the town; however Chesterfield Cricket Club played a United South of England Eleven in September 1871 and an All-England Eleven in September 1872 after the move to the New Recreation Ground, Saltergate.
Derbyshire County Cricket Club, founded in 1870, staged two first-class matches at Saltergate. The first was a county match versus Lancashire in August 1874, which was drawn after the final day was rained off. The other opponents were the United North of England Eleven in August 1875, which the UNEE won by 90 runs. First-class cricket returned to Chesterfield in 1898 when Derbyshire began playing at the Queen's Park ground which is still in use. This location has also been the home of Chesterfield Cricket Club since its departure from Saltergate.
The stadium was also used on occasion to host rugby matches, concerts and community events.
In the 2009 film The Damned United, Saltergate stood in for Wembley Stadium, Carrow Road, Bloomfield Road and most prominently, Derby County's Baseball Ground (demolished in 2003). The ground was chosen because it had not had any significant modifications since the 1970s, though some repainting work was done by the production team to differentiate the various locations represented. Saltergate's film role earnt the club added income of £50,000 in 2007–08.
References
Defunct football venues in England
Chesterfield F.C.
Football venues in Derbyshire
Defunct cricket grounds in England
Defunct sports venues in Derbyshire
Sports venues completed in 1871
Sports venues demolished in 2012
English Football League venues
Cricket grounds in Derbyshire
Demolished sports venues in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Chesterfield, Derbyshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltergate |
Brisbane Road, originally known as Osborne Road, is a football stadium in Brisbane Road, Leyton, East London, England. It has been the home ground of Leyton Orient since 1937, before which it was the home of amateur football team Leyton F.C., who moved to the Hare and Hounds ground. Since 2022 it has also been home to Tottenham Hotspur Women. The highest attendance at the ground was 34,345 for the visit of West Ham United in the 1964 FA Cup. It has hosted a number of England U-16 and England women's team matches. It hosted the 2007–08 FA Women's Premier League Cup final. It was also home of the Tottenham Hotspur Reserves. In 2012 Brisbane Road hosted the final of the inaugural NextGen series, a competition for the academy sides of elite clubs.
History
Brisbane Road has seen several developments in its history, but due to the second world war the first major improvement was the levelling of a grass bank and crash barrier installation in 1949. The terracing behind the goals was improved again in 1952, 1959 and 1960. In 1956 a small seated stand was dismantled and replaced with a stand from the decrepit Mitcham Stadium, which held 2,600 fans. In 1962, with Leyton Orient gaining promotion to the First Division, another wing was added to the main stand making the seating total 3,500. In 1978 the West Stand was converted into all-seating. In 1996 the terracing at the southern end of the ground was demolished, and used as a car park while Lottery funding to build a stand was (unsuccessfully) sought. The South Stand was eventually built in 1999, and was renamed The Tommy Johnston Stand on 5 September 2008.
The ground was for several years called the Breyer Group stadium for sponsorship reasons, and had prevoiusly been named after Leyton Orient's chairman at the time Barry Hearn's sports promotion company, Matchroom Sport, prior to which it was officially the Leyton Stadium, though fans still refer to it as Brisbane Road. The club registered an interest into moving into the Olympic Stadium following the 2012 Olympics, as the original plan was for this to have a capacity of about 25,000; however, the club's average attendance of about 5,000 meant that this was not a viable move.
The eventual bids from both West Ham United and Tottenham Hotspur to move into the stadium, with capacity nearer 60,000, effectively ended Orient's interest. Brisbane Road is in very close proximity to both the Olympic Park and also Hackney Marshes.
On 6 May 2012, Brisbane Road hosted a Super League rugby league game between London Broncos and Bradford Bulls due to works on the Broncos' home stadium Twickenham Stoop, with Bradford winning 22–29.
During the close season of 2023 a new GrassMaster hybrid pitch was installed
Stands
Justin Edinburgh Stand
Capacity: 2,918
The Justin Edinburgh Stand is the new main stand at Brisbane Road and currently seats home supporters only. It has a capacity of 2,918, with 23 disabled supporters and their helpers. The letters L O F C are marked out amongst the seats in black. It also houses the club's administrative offices, and the club shop and main ticket office are at the back of this stand. There is also a row of executive seating (the Directors' Balcony) above the main seating which overhangs the rest of the stand, and the Olympic Suite which offers corporate hospitality. This stand also has premium seating (with its own bar) in its centre, known as the Gallery. It has two refreshment outlets at either end underneath the stand and it is accessed by turnstiles at either end via Oliver Road, or via the main reception for Gallery members and Olympic Suite diners.
The players' changing rooms are also located underneath this stand and players emerge from the tunnel here. The dugouts are located at the front of the stand, having been moved from the opposite East Stand from the start of the 2006–07 season.
The stand was officially renamed from the West Stand to the Justin Edinburgh Stand during Leyton Orient's match against Newport County on 25 January 2020, in memory of the club's recently deceased manager.
East Stand
Capacity: 3,636
The East Stand, previously used as the main stand, is the oldest current stand at Brisbane Road. The club bought it from Mitcham Stadium in 1955 to replace the small existing stand, which could hold 500 people. The East Stand initially provided covered seating for 2,600 spectators, and was expanded to 3,500 in 1962.
The East Stand, which at the time included the club's offices and dressing rooms, then remained largely unaltered until 1999, when the narrow section of terracing at the front of the structure was made all-seater.
Today the stand is used by both home and away supporters; when an away team is allocated the entire stand for safety or other reasons, Orient fans in the North half of the stand are required to move elsewhere to accommodate the extra away fans. The capacity of the Northern end of this stand is 2,133 and the Southern end is 1,459. There are also executive seats in the middle of the stand (the old directors' box, now known as the Wyvern Suite) but these are not ordinarily used by any supporters.
East Stand North: 2,133 with 15 disabled supporters and their helpers
East Stand South (away): 1,459 with seven disabled supporters and their helpers
The Qualiteach Community Stand
Capacity: 1,381
The North Stand was completed for the start of the 2007–08 season and is currently used as a family stand. It replaces a former open terrace, has a capacity of 1,351 with provision for 15 disabled supporters and their helpers, and has the letters L O F C marked into the seats in black. Access to this stand is by turnstiles at each end of the stand and there are two refreshment outlets located underneath the stand.
The stand was sponsored by the CEO of Baskin Robbins, Nigel Travis, between 2012 and 2019. Travis, a lifelong Orient fan, purchased the club itself in 2017. Since the beginning of the 2019/20 Season the stand has been sponsored by Incite Consulting, a technology recruitment consultancy and executive search firm.
Tommy Johnston South Stand
Capacity: 1,336
This stand was built in 1999 and was formerly called the South Stand. It was renamed the 'Tommy Johnston Stand' in 2008 in memory of Leyton Orient's record goalscorer Tommy Johnston, but is currently referred to by the club as the Tommy Johnston South Stand. It is currently for home supporters only and has a capacity of 1,336. It has a refreshment outlet and a bar underneath the stand and is accessed through turnstiles from Buckingham Road. It has the word ORIENT marked into the seats in white. A large block of flats backs on to the stand.
Internationals
Men's football
Women's football
References
External links
Brisbane Road on leytonorient.com
Picture Gallery Brisbane Road on londonfootballguide.com
Stadium pictures at StadiumDB.com
Football venues in London
Leyton Orient F.C.
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
Sports venues completed in 1937
English Football League venues
1937 establishments in England
Women's Super League venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane%20Road |
Hover Bovver is a 1983 maze game written by Jeff Minter released for the Commodore 64. The Atari 8-bit port written by Aaron Liddiment followed in 1984. Like many of Minter's other games, it has an offbeat sense of humour. The background music is based on the folk tune "Country Gardens" by Percy Grainger, arranged by James Lisney.
Plot
The purpose of the game is to mow the lawn (using the neighbour's mower) whilst avoiding static obstacles—the flowerbeds —and mobile enemies, including the neighbour himself. The player's pet dog will antagonise the neighbour and keep him away, but as the dog itself is vulnerable to the mower, care must be taken not to run it over.
Gameplay
The lawnmower is controlled with the joystick. Completion of a level requires to mowing every square of grass on the screen. The mower moves slowly at first, but accelerates rapidly if the joystick is held in a single direction, encouraging the player to optimise a route to include as many long, straight lines as possible.
The player is pursued by "the neighbour," an antagonist who always moves directly towards the player. If caught by the neighbour, the player loses a credit, although this is represented as the neighbour taking the lawnmower away (it being, in fact, the neighbour's property) and the player having to borrow a mower from someone else. The player's credit remaining are indicated by the name of the neighbour from whom the current mower has been borrowed: Jim, Tom and finally Alf.
As well as grass, the playing area also includes hedges through which the mower cannot be moved, and flowers. Mowing flowers results in a second antagonist, the gardener, appearing who pursues the player in the same way as the neighbour. Unlike the neighbour, the gardener will not walk over the existing flowerbeds. Moving the mower too fast results in the mower heat gauge rising; if it reaches maximum, the mower will stop moving until the gauge drops back to a particular level. It usually results in the player being caught by the neighbour or gardener.
The player's only weapon is their dog. By hitting the fire button, the player can set the dog on the neighbour or gardener. This causes them to run away or freeze in place. The amount of time for which this can be done is limited (displayed as a Dog Loyalty meter). The dog also remains active, roaming randomly on the board even when not being used to attack. A Dog Tolerance meter slowly drops, representing a time limit. Once this reaches zero, the dog begins to attack the mower, causing an immediate overheat if he manages to bite it. If Dog Loyalty remains, the dog can be distracted from attacking the mower by commanding it to attack the neighbour or gardener instead. Also, if the mower collides with the dog, the Dog Tolerance meter immediately drops to zero.
Legacy
Windows port
In 2002, Idigicon released a Microsoft Windows version under its Kool Dog label. It was not programmed by Jeff Minter. Mower acceleration was removed, and the player has 5 lives instead of 3.
Intellivision port
In 2018, Elektronite released an Intellivision version. It was not programmed by Jeff Minter but rather by Óscar Toledo Gutierrez.
Sequel
In 2002 Minter released a sequel, Hover Bovver 2, for the Windows and PocketPC platforms. This introduced new features:
The gardener's speed increases with the number of flowers mowed. If all flowers on the board were mowed, "the police" appear to chase the player—five extremely fast enemies who were immune to the dog.
Dog Tolerance drops much more slowly, and crashing into the dog with the mower no longer drops Dog Tolerance to zero. Instead, it causes "the vet" to appear, an enemy behaving as the others but immune to the dog's attacks.
The dog occasionally relieves itself on the lawn. The player can prevent this by spending Loyalty. If allowed to proceed, the resulting dog mess slows down the mower, but it also freezes any enemy colliding with it for a long period of time.
A "dog toy" can be collected which and thrown to the dog, increasing Loyalty and Tolerance at the cost of the player being unable to use the dog for a period of time.
Some levels feature a "weed killer" which if collected, gradually destroys all of the flowers on the level, leading to the gardener and police appearing.
Sheep gradually appear to assist in mowing the lawn by eating grass.
MAME port
In 2022 Llamasoft released a version of Hover Bovver that would run under MAME.
References
1983 video games
Atari 8-bit family games
Commodore 64 games
Maze games
Windows games
Llamasoft games
Video games about dogs
Video games about plants
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hover%20Bovver |
The Mighty Canadian Minebuster (often shortened to Minebuster) is a wooden roller coaster located at Canada's Wonderland amusement park in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada.
History
Mighty Canadian Minebuster was one of five roller coasters to debut at the park's grand opening on May 23, 1981. It is also modelled after Shooting Star, a roller coaster that used to exist at Coney Island amusement park in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was originally intended to be the centrepiece of a themed area called Frontier Canada, but the idea for the section was abandoned – the section was later built for the 2019 season.
Minebuster is an out and back roller coaster designed by Curtis D. Summers and built in-house. The roller coaster was not built by PTC, despite a plaque at the operator's booth and several published reports that claim it was. PTC stopped building coasters in 1979. It is likely however, that the construction crew consisted of workers who had previously built coasters for PTC. The two, 30-passenger trains were supplied by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters. Canada's Wonderland's water park, Splash Works, has four sets of slides that pass over Minebuster.
Ride layout
Minebuster will be familiar to most coaster riders as a modified out and back wooden coaster, specifically with the addition of an upward spiralling helix at the end as the most obvious modification to the traditional out and back layout. The riders make an immediate U-turn to the left after leaving the station, past the storage depot and head up the chain lift hill. At the crest of the lift, the train makes a very small drop and turns right for the big drop. Riders then go through two negative-G hills and pass under a waterslide before climbing up a larger hill and making a turnaround to the right. The ride then drops down and rushes over three smaller hills before entering a banked turn to the left. For a finale, riders roar through a helix inside a tunnel before entering the brake run which stops the train.
References
External links
Roller coasters introduced in 1981
Roller coasters in Ontario
Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty%20Canadian%20Minebuster |
The Millmoor Ground, commonly known as Millmoor, is a football stadium in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. It was the home ground of Rotherham County F.C. between 1907 and 1925 and then its successor Rotherham United F.C. until 2008. The stadium has had no professional tenant since, but has been in use again for local youth football since 2016. It has been described as 'the spiritual home' of Rotherham United.
History
The stadium was in use during the 1890s, with Rotherham Church Institute using the ground in the Sheffield Association League. and presently has a capacity of around 8,300.
During the 1990s, relocation to a new all-seater stadium in Rotherham was considered, but the original preferred site for a new stadium had become unavailable by the time Rotherham won promotion to Division One in 2001, and so the club were faced with the need to develop a new all-seater stadium at Millmoor or elsewhere. Initially, the club chose to convert Millmoor into an all-seater stadium.
Redevelopment work was started on the ground, with a new main stand being built in place of the previous wooden main stand which was built in the 1950s. The new stand was planned to contain corporate facilities and bring the capacity back to over 10,000. The work was scheduled to finish in 2006, but faced a series of setbacks, one of which was Japanese knotweed being found on the site. The work was never finished and the main stand remains half-built. Rotherham United have now moved to a new community stadium. In May 2011 Rotherham Titans and Rotherham Council announced a plan to allow the rugby union club to move into Millmoor. After much speculation it was announced in December 2011 that the Titans would remain at Clifton Lane for the foreseeable future due to the deal falling through.
Millmoor hosted a number of memorable Rotherham United games including a first leg of the inaugural Football League Cup final against Aston Villa in 1961, which Rotherham won 2–0.
On 22 September 2007, for Rotherham United's game against Notts County, it was a special day to celebrate 100 years at Millmoor. The game ended 1–1, with Peter Holmes scoring for the Millers. There were special articles in the matchday programme and a commemorative cover. There were balloons all around Millmoor, with the Millers' badge, and the words '100 Years at Millmoor'. Fans were urged to wear retro Rotherham United shirts in order to be entered into a raffle. Many fans were seen with new scarves with Rotherham United F.C. on one side and 1907–2007 on the other side.
In May 2008, Rotherham United were forced to leave Millmoor after talks with Ken Booth, owner of Millmoor, broke down. The team played at the athletics Don Valley Stadium in Sheffield until 2012, when the club moved into a new community stadium back in Rotherham.
Despite this, Millmoor remains in existence more than a decade after the football club's departure and has been used for other sports purposes.
Structure and facilities
Tivoli End
The Tivoli was a favourite amongst the fans. The stand holds up to 2,700. It was a terrace but was later seated during the club's time in the Football League Championship.
Railway End
The Railway End is the away fans section where over 2,000 fans can be accommodated. This end is covered and all seated. An unusual feature is that away fans can only access this end by going down Millmoor Lane, which is a narrow alleyway. The acoustics on the railway end are said to be some of the best and fans can generate a lot of noise. If needed, away fans can be given additional seats in a section of the Millmoor Lane stand.
The railway referred to in the stand's name is the now closed line to the former Rotherham Westgate railway station.
Main stand
Redevelopment work was started on this stand, however ceased and in November 2007 the club confirmed that it had no intentions to complete this stand or modernise any part of the stadium due to the difficulty in reaching a deal to purchase the land surrounding Millmoor from the previous chairman. This dispute later led to Rotherham United moving away from the stadium. The stand remains partly finished.
Millmoor Lane End
Opposite to the Main Stand is the Millmoor Lane side of the ground. It is split up into three sections:
Tivoli end/Uncovered end - before the ground was all-seated in conformity with the rules of the Football League Championship, the corner of the ground underneath the floodlights was a continuation of the terraces of the Tivoli End. When the section was all seated, the Tivoli End was split up into two parts for safety reasons: the part of the stand segregated from the Tivoli Stand is now simply called "The Uncovered End" due to the fact there is no roof over the heads of the home supporters housed there.
Millmoor Lane - in the middle of the Millmoor Lane side is the Millmoor Lane, which is a small stand for home supporters.
Other uses
Greyhound racing took place at Millmoor Stadium from 11 May 1931 until 29 July 1933. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and was known as a flapping track which was the nickname given to independent tracks.
References
Rotherham United F.C.
Defunct football venues in England
Sports venues in Rotherham
Defunct football venues in South Yorkshire
Sports venues completed in 1907
English Football League venues
1907 establishments in England
Defunct greyhound racing venues in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millmoor |
Celemantia (or Kelemantia; the modern name of the site is Leányvár) was a Roman castellum and settlement on the territory of the present-day municipality Iža (Hun: Izsa), some 4 km to the east of Komárno in Slovakia. It is the biggest known Roman castellum in present-day Slovakia. It was a part of the Roman limes, the frontier-zone of the Empire.
A Germanic settlement "Celemantia" in this area is mentioned by Claudius Ptolemaios in the 2nd century AD. It could be identical with the remnants of a civil settlement found next to the castellum or with another unknown settlement or, as some historians assume, it is the name of both the castellum and the remnants of the civil settlement.
The construction of the castellum started in the 2nd half of the 1st century. It was conquered during the Marcomannic Wars (166–180) and burned down by Germanic tribes, and was rebuilt later. It ceased to exist around 400 (beginning of the Migration Period). The ruins were very well visible up to the late 18th century, but afterward people used stones from the constructions to build the fortress and other buildings in Komárno.
According to a local legend, a Roman soldier, Valentin, kept his mistresses in the fortress. The fictitious story explains the origin of the name Leányvár, meaning Girl Castle in Hungarian. However, the name probably refers to the fact that the ruins of the castle were donated by King Béla IV of Hungary to the Dominican nuns of Margitsziget who later built a small fortress among them.
In July 2021, Celemantia was added to the UNESCO's World Heritage List as part of the Western segment of the Danubian Limes of the Roman Empire.
References
Roman frontiers
Former populated places in Slovakia
Roman fortifications in Slovakia
World Heritage Sites in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celemantia |
Moss Rose, known as The Leasing.com Stadium for sponsorship reasons, is a football stadium in Macclesfield, Cheshire, England, which is the home ground of Macclesfield F.C., and the former home of Macclesfield Town, a club wound up in September 2020. The stadium, south of the town centre, is on the west side of the A523 London Road. The capacity is currently restricted to 4,720 by Cheshire East Council. It was built in 1891, making it one of the oldest grounds in England.
History
Moss Rose first hosted Football League action when Chester City played home games at the stadium, between moving from Sealand Road to the Deva Stadium, from 1990 to 1992. The first such match was a 2–1 win for Exeter City on 1 September 1990. Later in the month, Arsenal played at Moss Rose in a Football League Cup tie, winning 1–0. Macclesfield Town was a non-league side at the time and fixtures were arranged so Chester were at home when Macclesfield Town were away and vice versa. The Moss Rose pitch was having to contend with more than 50 first-team matches a season from the two sides.
Despite hosting Football League matches in this period, Macclesfield Town were denied entry to the Football League in 1995 after winning the Football Conference after the stadium requirements were tightened. A reciprocal offer by Chester to allow Macclesfield Town to play at the Deva Stadium while the necessary improvements were made was also rejected by the league. Macclesfield Town were champions again two years later, and the ground was now up to the required standards. Macclesfield Town beat Torquay United in their first home league match on 9 August 1997.
Structure and facilities
The ground consists of four stands. The Main stand is on the east side of the pitch and houses home supporters, unless the travelling support is particularly large, in which case the northern end which is terraced houses some away fans. The Star Lane End is to the left (south) of the Main Stand, and is used by the home support. On the west side is the Moss Lane Stand (originally known as the McAlpine stand, named after the contractor that built Huddersfield Town's Kirklees Stadium). This is all-seated and covered, and houses home supporters, and a small number of travelling fans. At the north end is the Silkmen Terrace, an open terrace for away fans. Unfortunately, as Macclesfield is often struck by wet weather, this can make for an uncomfortable spectating experience for visiting fans.
Sale
After Macclesfield Town F.C. was wound up in September 2020, the stadium was listed for sale with offers invited in excess of £500,000, roughly equivalent to the amount owed to the club's creditors.
On 13 October 2020, the Official Receiver confirmed that the assets of Macclesfield Town had been sold to Macc Football Club Limited. Local businessman (and owner of 10th tier Stockport Town) Robert Smethurst had purchased the assets, intending to rebrand the club as Macclesfield Football Club and enter the North West Counties Football League in the 2021–22 campaign. These plans went ahead as scheduled and in their first season Macclesfield secured the North West Counties Premier Division title and promotion to the NPL Division One West.
References
External links
Moss Rose pictures
Football venues in England
Macclesfield Town F.C.
Chester City F.C. stadiums
Sports venues in Cheshire
Multi-purpose stadiums in the United Kingdom
Macclesfield
Sports venues completed in 1891
English Football League venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss%20Rose |
Shane O'Bree (born 15 March 1979) is a former professional Australian rules football player who played for the Brisbane Lions and Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is currently serving as an assistant coach with Geelong.
Early life
Originally from Beaufort in north-west Victoria, via North Ballarat Rebels under 18 side, O'Bree was drafted to the Brisbane in the 1997 National Draft as a first-round selection.
Career
Brisbane
O'Bree spent two years with Brisbane, debuting in 1998 - but managed only 19 games in his 2 seasons. A ball winning midfielder, he won an AFL Rising Star nomination in the first week of 1999, having 27 touches.
Leigh Matthews, coach of the Brisbane Lions, travelled to O'Bree's hometown of Ballarat during the off season in an attempt to persuade him to remain at Brisbane at the end of the 1999 season. Collingwood coach, Michael Malthouse, was very interested in O'Bree due to his brilliant display in his second AFL season. O'Bree left Brisbane by choice and Collingwood selected O'Bree with their first pick in the 2000 Pre-Season Draft.
Collingwood
O'Bree had a great first season with the club, showing dominance as a clearance player. He had 498 disposals and then 467 in successive seasons at Collingwood. O'Bree suffered a slow start to 2002 thanks to osteitis pubis, but played in both the 2002 Grand Final and the 2003 Grand Final, once again being a valuable clearance player in the centre. Around this time he also played his 100th game. Steady seasons in both 2004 and 2005 kept him going, despite his lack of speed in a slow midfield outfit, he still found the ball and tackled hard. 2006 saw him play all 23 games and bring up his 150th career game in round 5 against . He consistently found the ball, having another good season in which he averaged 21 touches per game.
Coaching
After retiring as a player, he joined the Gold Coast Suns as a midfield assistant coach for their inaugural season in the AFL in 2011.
At the end of the 2012 season, O'Bree moved back to Victoria and joined the Geelong Football Club as a midfield stoppage assistant coach.
References
External links
1979 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Collingwood Football Club players
Brisbane Lions players
Greater Western Victoria Rebels players
Beaufort Football Club players
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane%20O%27Bree |
Layer Road was a Football League stadium in Colchester, England. It was the home of Colchester United Football Club from its inception in 1937, up until the club relocated to Colchester Community Stadium in 2008, resulting in its closure. The stadium held spectators by the time of its closure, and was built in 1907, originally for use by Colchester Town Football Club.
The record attendance at Layer Road is for an FA Cup fixture against Reading in November 1948, a match that was abandoned due to fog. The ground was also used to host Sudbury Town's FA Cup match against Brentford in 1996, as their Priory Stadium was deemed unfit. One of the unusual features of the ground was at the Layer Road End, where the back of the goal and the netting actually cut back into the stand.
The most recent development to the ground was the construction of a small, temporary seating stand for housing away supporters. It held 143 supporters and was similar to the chocolate boxes at The Dell.
The last first team match at Layer Road took place on 26 April 2008, when Colchester lost 1–0 to Stoke City, with Richard Cresswell scoring the last goal at the stadium.
Just three days after the first team farewell, Layer Road hosted a Pontins Holiday Combination reserve league fixture on Tuesday 29 April 2008 when 471 witnessed Colchester United beat Peterborough United 3-0 in the last competitive game at the ground with the floodlights being used for the final time.
Dulwich Hamlet youth team were invited to a behind closed doors friendly on 11 July 2008 where Colcheter won 7-0 in what became the final game of football ever played at Layer Road.
The stadium was locked for the last time on 17 July 2008 after 101 years in use, with 71 years as the home of Colchester United.
In 2011, Colchester Borough Council sold the 3.63 acre stadium site to developer Abbey New Homes in a deal worth approximately £1.5 million. Planning permission was subsequently granted to build 58 homes on the site, a mixture of flats and houses, with a central open grassed space to be left to reflect its history as a football ground, and as a mark of respect to supporters who had their ashes scattered on the pitch as an expression of their love for the club. In mid-2012, Layer Road was demolished with the construction of houses commencing immediately.
A bronze statue of former player Peter Wright was unveiled at the centre of the new development in 2015 by his widow Lindsey and Sir Bob Russell MP, following Wright being voted Colchester United’s Player of the Century by supporters in 2000. The statue signifies that the site was home to Colchester United for seventy years and commemorates Wright, a player who joined the club in 1951, making over 400 appearances and scoring 93 goals over a 13 year spell. The statue unveiling ceremony saw around 150 in attendance, including then-current Colchester United captain Magnus Okuonghae, along with many people associated with the club both past and present. The statue was made by local artist Mandy Pratt and cast at Butterfly Bronze Foundry in Romford by Will Hayes.
References
External links
Layer Road information Colchester United F.C.
Defunct football venues in England
Colchester United F.C.
Sports venues completed in 1910
Sports venues demolished in 2012
Sports venues in Colchester
Football venues in Essex
Defunct sports venues in Essex
English Football League venues
Demolished sports venues in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer%20Road |
Bakersfield College (BC) is a public community college in Bakersfield, California. BC serves about 27,800 students each semester or 31,000 annually, and offers associate degrees, certificate programs, and is one of fifteen California Community Colleges offering a baccalaureate degree. It is part of the Kern Community College District (KCCD), which is itself part of the California Community Colleges system.
History
Founded in 1913 as Bakersfield Junior College, the school was initially housed on the campus of Bakersfield High School (then Kern County Union High School). In 1947, the school dropped "Junior" from its name. In 1956, Bakersfield College moved to its current location "on the hill" in northeast Bakersfield on the "Panorama Bluffs" that overlook the prolific Kern River oil field.
Campus
The main campus is located on a plot in Northeast Bakersfield, and it also operates three satellite campuses: the Weill Institute in downtown Bakersfield, shared by the Kern Community College District, the SouthWest Campus also located in Bakersfield, and the Delano Campus in Delano, California, approximately north of Bakersfield.
Organization and administration
BC is part of the Kern Community College District (KCCD).
Academics
BC serves about 25,000 students each semester.
Student life
Newspaper
The Renegade Rip is the student-run newspaper within the journalism department at BC. Published biweekly, The Rip currently has a circulation of approximately 4,000. An online edition is also available. The Rip is a regular contender and recipient of JACC (Journalism Association of Community Colleges) awards at both the state and regional levels and in 2003-2004 won the Associated Collegiate Press National Pacemaker Award. They are a member of the Journalism Association of Community Colleges and compete in the Southern California region.
Rip reporters and photographers cover the campus. The students cover topics ranging from crime on campus, to student profiles, sports and local entertainment. The tradition of The Renegade Rip has always been to chase news stories and focus on what affects the student body at BC and the community of Bakersfield as a whole.
Performing arts
The Renegade Pep Band supports the college's athletic teams.
Golden Empire Performing Arts is a non-profit 501(c)(3) account of the Bakersfield College Foundation that supports the Bakersfield College Drumline and the Golden Empire Drum and Bugle Corps.
Athletics
The college's athletic teams are known as the Renegades ('Gades). The team competes as a member of the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) in the Western State Conference (WSC) for all sports except football and wrestling, which compete in Southern California Football Association (SCFA) and Southern California Wrestling Association (SCWA). The college has an extensive athletics program with 20 varsity teams, including men's and women's basketball, men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf, football, soccer, volleyball, wrestling, baseball, softball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's track and field, and men's and women's swimming.
Renegades football has a long tradition of success in Junior College-level competition, and plays out of the 20,000-seat, on-campus Memorial Stadium.
Notable people
Brandon Banks, CFL wide receiver for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Robert Beltran, film and television actor, best known for playing Chakotay on Star Trek: Voyager
Vern Burke, NFL tight end, Oregon Sports Hall of Famer
Tyrone Crawford, NFL defensive end
Chris DeFrance, CFL wide receiver
Ric Drasin, professional wrestler, designer of the original Gold's Gym logo and the World Gym gorilla logo.
Phil Dumatrait, MLB pitcher
David Dunn, NFL wide receiver
Jean Fuller, politician serving in the California State Senate
Frank Gifford, Pro Football Hall of Fame and sports commentator
Dallas Grider, high school and college football coach
Liz Gorman, football player in the Lingerie Football League
Gerald Haslam, News and book author
Joe Hernandez, NFL and CFL wide receiver
George Jones (American football), NFL running back.
Junior Kennedy, 1968-1975 MLB second baseman with the Cincinnati Reds and Chicago Cubs
Colby Lewis, MLB pitcher
Guy Madison, film and television actor
Billy Mamaril, Filipino professional basketball player
Rishard Matthews, NFL wide receiver
Kevin McCarthy, 55th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Richard Miles, ambassador
Spain Musgrove, NFL defensive tackle
Brennan Newberry, NASCAR driver
Mark Nichols, NFL wide receiver
Charles Noland, professional actor
Rocky Rasley, NFL guard
Greg Robinson, head coach, Syracuse University football; two-time Super Bowl-winning defensive coordinator of Denver Broncos
Michael Rubio, politician
Carl Smith, offensive coordinator of the Jacksonville Jaguars
Taj Smith, CFL wide receiver for the Saskatchewan Roughriders
Andre Spencer, NBA player
Jeremy Staat, NFL defensive end
Walter W. Stiern, California State Senator
Jim Stiger, NFL running back
John Tarver, running back for the New England Patriots
Mike Waufle, NFL defensive line coach
Dick Witcher, NFL wide receiver
Jake Woods, MLB pitcher
Delbert E. Wong, first Chinese-American judge in the continental United States
Louis Wright, NFL cornerback
References
External links
Official website
Official athletics website
1913 establishments in California
California Community Colleges
Education in Bakersfield, California
Universities and colleges established in 1913
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Universities and colleges in Kern County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield%20College |
Wonderbug is a segment of the first and second season of the American television series The Krofft Supershow, from 1976 to 1978. It was shot in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The show was rerun as part of ABC's Sunday morning series.
Plot
Wonderbug's alter ego "Schlepcar" (so named due to its personalized California license plate "SCHLEP") was an old, beat up, conglomeration of several junked cars that looked like a rusty dune buggy. Like Herbie of The Walt Disney Company film fame, Schlepcar was alive and could drive itself, and could also talk in a mumbling voice. It was found in a junk yard by teenagers Barry Buntrock (David Levy), C.C. McNamara (John Anthony Bailey) and Susan Talbot (Carol Anne Seflinger). Schlepcar transformed into the shiny metal-flake orange Wonderbug (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) whenever a magic horn (which played the bugle call for "cavalry charge") was sounded. In his Wonderbug identity, Schlepcar had the power of flight and was able to help the three teens capture crooks and prevent wrongdoing.
In Wonderbug mode, the car was a Volkswagen-based Meyers Manx-clone body. Specifically the body was a Dune Runner manufactured by Dune Buggy Enterprises of Westminster, California. Dune Buggy Enterprises offered the Dune Runner with three different hood choices. Wonderbug has the T- Bird hood choice.
The car had articulated eyeball headlights, and a custom bumper that resembled a mouth; different bumpers were sometimes used to give the car different facial expressions. When the car spoke in its mumbling voice, a rubber puppet stand-in with a moving mouth was sometimes used.
The space that would normally contain the right rear passenger seat instead contained a box, described in dialog as "the costume/wardrobe trunk"; this box actually served to conceal a hidden driver in scenes in which the car drives itself. The car also had a long fender-mounted radio antenna that terminated with a robot-like claw or gripper. Its license plate would change to "1DERBUG".
Barry often thought he was the brains of the outfit, but it was usually Susan who came up with the ideas that saved them. A running gag was that Barry would suggest an outrageously implausible plan, its absurdity recognized by both C.C. and Susan. Susan would then suggest a far more sensible plan (usually involving disguises), which Barry would then suggest as if it were his own, prompting C.C. to praise Barry's supposed genius. Susan accepted the situation uncomplainingly, even telling a female character who observed one such exchange, "You get used to it".
Other appearances
Wonderbug shared the one-hour time slot with other Krofft Supershow titles, including Magic Mongo, Bigfoot and Wildboy, Dr. Shrinker, The Lost Saucer, and Electra Woman and Dyna Girl.
Ideal Toy Company published a board game in 1977.
Aladdin Industries produced a metal lunchbox in 1976.
Episodes
Season 1 (1976)
Season 2 (1977)
References
External links
70's Live Kid Videos - Wonderbug
Program Lead-in, SF Signal
1970s American children's comedy television series
1976 American television series debuts
1978 American television series endings
American children's action television series
American children's adventure television series
American children's fantasy television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Fictional cars
Television series by Sid and Marty Krofft Television Productions
The Krofft Supershow
American television shows featuring puppetry
Television series created by Joe Ruby
Television shows filmed in Los Angeles
Television series created by Ken Spears
Television series about teenagers
Anthropomorphic vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderbug |
Blue Mountain is the debut album by American alternative country and Southern rock group Blue Mountain. It was recorded in June 1993 and released on 4 Barrell Records, produced by the band. Writing for Allmusic, Rob Caldwell gave the album a star rating of three out of five. He said that it was less consistent than Blue Mountain's later work, but that it was essential for fans of the band.
Track listing
"Bud" (Cary Hudson) — 3:48
"Let's Ride" (Hudson) — 3:44
"Song Without a Name" (Hudson) — 3:35
"Westbound" (Hudson) — 3:05
"Mountain Girl" (Hudson) — 4:03
"900 Miles" (Traditional) — 3:15
"Soul Sister" (Hudson) — 4:58
"In a Station" (Hudson, Pearman, Stirratt) — 4:07
"Jimmy Carter" (Hudson) — 2:28
"Go 'Way Devil" (Traditional) — 5:08
"Wink" (Hudson) — 3:24
Personnel
Music
Matt Brennan — drums
Cary Hudson — acoustic guitar, banjo, electric guitar, harmonica, mandolin, vocals
Laurie Stirratt — bass, vocals
Production
Blue Mountain — production
Jim Hawkins — mastering
Design
Newt Rayburn — photography and graphic design
References
1993 albums
Blue Mountain (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Mountain%20%28Blue%20Mountain%20album%29 |
Durga McBroom is an American singer who has performed backing vocals for Pink Floyd and is a member of the house music band Blue Pearl, best known for their hit single "Naked in the Rain". She works as an actress, dancer, and singer in the United States and internationally.
Career
After working as an actress (most notably playing "Heels" in the 1983 blockbuster Flashdance), dancer, and singer, McBroom and her sister Lorelei McBroom worked with Pink Floyd as backing vocalists. She went on to have a long stint with them, being the only backing vocalist to appear consistently on all of their shows starting from the November 1987 concert at Omni Arena of A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour up to the final concert of The Division Bell Tour in October 1994. She also performed on their appearance at the 1990 Knebworth festival and has provided vocals for the Pink Floyd live albums Delicate Sound of Thunder, and Pulse, and the Pink Floyd studio albums The Division Bell, and The Endless River, as well as David Gilmour's 2001 solo tour.
Blue Pearl
Around 1989, McBroom formed the band Blue Pearl with record producer Youth, singing, playing some keyboards and co-writing all of their material. As part of Blue Pearl, she had several hit songs in the early 1990s, including "Naked in the Rain" (UK #4 in July 1990), "Little Brother" (UK #31 in October 1990), and a cover version of Kate Bush's "Running Up That Hill", all taken from the album Naked, released in 1990 on the Big Life label. Subsequent singles included "(Can You) Feel the Passion" (UK #14 in January 1992) Can You Feel The Passion had better success in the United States, hitting No. 1 on both Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart and the UK Dance Chart.
Other activities
She provided backing vocals to the song "Don't Wait That Long" featured on the James album Seven released in 1992. She also sang a duet on "Mother Dawn" with Billy Idol for his Cyberpunk album, a self-penned song that was originally released as a Blue Pearl single. In addition, she sang backing vocals on several other songs on Cyberpunk, including a featured performance on "Heroin".
In addition to her music career, McBroom performed as an actress in the movies Flashdance, The Rosebud Beach Hotel, the episode "Lullabye" of the TV show Hunter (with Gary Sinise), and several other less notable appearances. She also appears in many videos, including "California Girls", "Yankee Rose" and "Just a Gigolo" for David Lee Roth; "Would I Lie To You" for Eurythmics; "Day In, Day Out" for David Bowie and "When I Think of You" for Janet Jackson.
In April 2010, she started to work with the Argentinian band "The End Pink Floyd" show in Buenos Aires, including some appearances with Guy Pratt and Jon Carin. In October 2011, McBroom joined her sister Lorelei to sing "The Great Gig in the Sky" in Anaheim, California with the Australian Pink Floyd Show. 2017 saw her reunite with Gary Wallis, Scott Page, and Claudia Fontaine in several Italian shows.
She tours the world singing with various bands (Shpongle Live / May 3–4, 2019). She also recorded a second Blue Pearl album with Youth.
February 2020 saw her return to the big screen in the controversial film Sammy-Gate, premiering in the Netherlands at IFFR (Rotterdam). She and her sister Lorelei are also featured on Steve Hackett's album At the Edge of Light, being featured on the chart-topping single "Underground Railroad", as well as on the single "Wingbeats" from his subsequent album,"Surrender Of Silence". A single written with Graziano Regoli and Vittorio De Scalzi (New Trolls) called "American Big Top" came out in June 2020 on Supa Qween Records, a fiery protest song reflective of the times. Another album, Black Floyd, was recorded with her sister Lorelei (co-produced by Dave Kerzner), and released in July 2020 as The McBroom Sisters. It includes some cover songs as well as original material.
Personal life
McBroom was married to Mark Hudson from May 10, 2008, until his death on July 5, 2015.
See also
Pink Floyd live backing musicians
References
External links
Living people
20th-century African-American women singers
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century African-American women singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American musicians
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
Actresses from Los Angeles
African-American actresses
African-American songwriters
American film actresses
American house musicians
American keyboardists
American rock singers
American techno musicians
American women songwriters
Big Life artists
Singers from Los Angeles
Songwriters from California
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga%20McBroom |
Robert Allan Weinberg (born November 11, 1942) is a biologist, Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), director of the Ludwig Center of the MIT, and American Cancer Society Research Professor. His research is in the area of oncogenes and the genetic basis of human cancer.
Robert Weinberg is also affiliated with the Broad Institute and is a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. Weinberg and Eric Lander, a colleague at M.I.T., are co-founders of Verastem, a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells.
Career
Weinberg earned SB in Biology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 and PhD in biology from the same institute in 1969. He was an instructor in biology at Stillman College in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (1965–1966), and a postdoc in Ernest Winocour's lab at the Weizmann Institute of Science (1969–1970) and in Renato Dulbecco's lab at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (1970–1972). He joined MIT in 1972.
Research
He is best known for his discoveries of the first human oncogene Ras and the first tumor suppressor gene Rbp. 371-381, which is partially documented in Natalie Angier′s book, Natural Obsessions, about her year spent in Weinberg's lab.
In the late 20th century, advances in genetics led to the discovery of over one hundred cancer cell types. Cancer cells were noted for their bewildering diversity. It was hard to identify the principles that cancers had in common.
He and Douglas Hanahan wrote the seminal paper, "The Hallmarks of Cancer", published in January 2000, that gave the six requirements for one renegade cell to cause a deadly cancer: In 2011, they published an updated review article entitled "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation".
Weinberg is well known for both his cancer research and for his mentorship of many eminent scientists, including Tyler Jacks, William C. Hahn, Clifford Tabin and Cornelia Bargmann. He is currently studying cancer cell metastasis.
He is also the author of the textbook The Biology of Cancer published by Garland Science, as well as two important accounts intended for a wider audience: One Renegade Cell: How Cancer Begins (1999) (Science Masters Series); and Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer (1996).
, Weinberg has an h-index of 209 according to Google Scholar.
Awards and honors
In 1985, Weinberg received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Weinberg won the National Medal of Science and the Keio Medical Science Prize in 1997. In 1999, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in recognition of his valuable and pioneering contributions in the field of Biomedical Sciences and for his productive trajectory related to the genetic and molecular basis of neoplastic disease. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2000. He obtained the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 2004 (shared with Roger Y. Tsien), and he is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 2007 he received an honorary doctorate degree in commemoration of Linnaeus from Uppsala University. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences since 1992.
In 2009 he was presented the Hope Funds Award in Basic Research. In 2013 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work and in 2021 he received the Japan Prize.
Retractions
To this day Weinberg has had five research papers retracted where he is listed as a co-author. The retractions include one paper in Cell, one in Cancer Cell, two in Genes & Development and one in Cancer Research.
The reasons given for the retraction of one paper (DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) include: "Falsification/Fabrication of Data" and "Manipulation of Results".
See also
Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies (2015 PBS film)
History of cancer
History of cancer chemotherapy
The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
References
External links
Weinberg's page at the Whitehead Institute
Weinberg's page at MIT
Weinberg Lab
Bob Weinberg Playlist Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler radio show March 17, 2004
Weinberg interviewed in American Scientist
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
21st-century American biologists
National Medal of Science laureates
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
Living people
1942 births
Jewish American scientists
Whitehead Institute faculty
American oncologists
Scientists from Pittsburgh
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Members of the American Philosophical Society
21st-century American Jews
Members of the National Academy of Medicine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Weinberg%20%28biologist%29 |
Jeremy Warmsley is a London-based musician and composer.
Biography
From 2005 to 2009, he worked as a solo artist, recording two albums for Transgressive Records and touring with Regina Spektor and The Shins. Since 2009 he has worked with his wife Elizabeth Sankey as Summer Camp, releasing three albums on the Moshi Moshi label.
In 2014, he composed his first soundtrack, with Summer Camp, for Charlie Lyne's Beyond Clueless. Since then he has gone on to score several more of Charlie Lyne's films as well as Simon Amstell's mockumentary Carnage.
In 2016/17 he wrote the tracks to the game "Jalopy" made by Greg MinksWorks, as well as the game "Landlord's Super" made by Minskworks in 2020
On 18 September 2018, he released a new song, "Moment", which was commissioned for the BBC/Netflix drama series, Wanderlust.
In 2019, he began his 'A Year' project, releasing a series of singles, one per month. The first track, "January", was playlisted by BBC Radio 6 Music.
Filmography
2014 Beyond Clueless - directed by Charlie Shackleton (with Summer Camp)
2015 Fear Itself - directed by Shackleton
2017 Carnage - directed by Simon Amstell
2017 Fish Story - directed by Shackleton
2017 Personal Truth - directed by Shackleton
2018 Right Place, Wrong Tim - directed by Eros Vlahos, starring Asa Butterfield, Ella Purnell and Adam Buxton
2021 The Afterlight - directed by Shackleton
Discography
Singles and EPs
"I Believe In The Way You Move" – 4 July 2005, EXERCISE1 Records (200 run Limited Edition single)
"5 Interesting Lies" – 7 November 2005, Transgressive Records (500 run EP)
"Other People's Secrets" – 10 April 2006, Transgressive Records (500 run EP)
"I Promise" – 10 July 2006, Transgressive Records
"I Believe In The Way You Move (rerecording)" – 25 September 2006, Transgressive Records
"Dirty Blue Jeans" – 18 December 2006, Transgressive Records (500 run single)
"The Boat Song/Temptation" – April 2008, Transgressive Records (500 run single)
"Lose My Cool" – 11 August 2008, Transgressive Records (digital single)
"Moment" – 18 September 2018, commissioned for BBC/Netflix drama Wanderlust.
"January" – 7 January 2019, part of his 'A Year' project.
See Summer Camp's page for their discography.
Albums
The Art of Fiction – 9 October 2006, Transgressive Records
How We Became – September 2008, Transgressive Records
References
External links
Official Website
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
English film score composers
English male film score composers
English male singers
English male songwriters
Living people
People educated at King's College School, London
Singers from London
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy%20Warmsley |
Emperor Jianwen of Liang (梁簡文帝; 2 December 503 – 551), personal name Xiao Gang (蕭綱), courtesy name Shizuan (世纘), childhood name Liutong (六通), was an emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty. He was initially not the crown prince of his father Emperor Wu, the founder of the dynasty, but became the crown prince in 531 after his older brother Xiao Tong died. In 549, the rebellious general Hou Jing captured the capital Jiankang, and Hou subsequently held both Emperor Wu and Crown Prince Gang under his power, having Crown Prince Gang take the throne (as Emperor Jianwen) after Emperor Wu's death later that year. During Emperor Jianwen's reign, he was almost completely under Hou's control, and in 551, Hou, planning to take the throne himself, first forced Emperor Jianwen to yield the throne to his grandnephew Xiao Dong the Prince of Yuzhang, and then sent messengers to suffocate the former emperor.
Background
Xiao Gang was born in 503, as the third son of Emperor Wu. His mother Consort Ding Lingguang () also gave birth to Emperor Wu's firstborn son and crown prince Xiao Tong, and therefore carried a special status within his palace even though she was never empress. In 506, at the age of three, Xiao Gang was made the Prince of Jin'an. As he grew in age, he was given a number of progressively higher offices. In 526, when Consort Ding died, he resigned those offices to observe a mourning period for her, but Emperor Wu restored him to those offices before the mourning period was over.
Consort Ding's death would bring about a disastrous effect in the relationship between Xiao Gang's father Emperor Wu and Xiao Gang's brother Xiao Tong. Xiao Tong sought out an appropriate place to bury Consort Ding, but while he was doing so, a land owner bribed the eunuch Yu Sanfu () into convincing Emperor Wu that that piece of land would bring good fortune for the emperor, and so Emperor Wu bought the land and buried Consort Ding there. However, once Consort Ding was buried, a Taoist monk informed Xiao Tong that he believed that the land would bring ill fortune for Consort Ding's oldest son—Xiao Tong. Xiao Tong therefore allowed the monk to bury a few items intended to dissolve the ill fortune, such as wax ducks, at the position reserved for the oldest son. Later on, when one of Xiao Tong's attendants, Bao Miaozhi (), was squeezed out of Xiao Tong's inner circles by another attendant, Wei Ya (), he, in resentment, reported to Emperor Wu that Wei had carried out sorcery on Xiao Tong's behalf. When Emperor Wu investigated, waxed ducks were found, and Emperor Wu became surprised and angry, and wanted to investigate further. He only stopped the investigation when he was advised to do so by the prime minister Xu Mian, executing only the Taoist monk who had suggested the burial of wax ducks. Xiao Tong became humiliated in the affair, and was never able to clear himself completely in his father's eyes.
Xiao Tong died in 531. Under Confucian rules of succession, his oldest son Xiao Huan () the Duke of Huarong was expected to succeed him as crown prince, and Emperor Wu summoned Xiao Huan back to the capital Jiankang in order to do so. However, still resentful over the wax duck affair, he hesitated for days without carrying out the creation, and finally did not do so. Instead, against popular opinion, he installed Xiao Gang, his then-surviving oldest son, as crown prince. Xiao Gang's staff advisor Zhou Hongzheng () wrote a memo to Xiao Gang advising him to decline, but Xiao Gang did not do so, although he subsequently avenged Xiao Tong's disgrace by executing Bao Miaozhi.
As crown prince
As crown prince, Xiao Gang was a distinguished poet, as well as patron of the poets Yu Jianwu and Xu Chi (), as well as Xu Ling, the anthologist of New Songs from the Jade Terrace. The poets Yu Jianwu and Xu Chi's writing style influenced Xiao Gang greatly. It became known as the "Xu-Yu Style" or the "Palace Style", with "palace" referring to the Eastern Palace, the official residence of the heir apparent. Initially, Emperor Wu was displeased about this development, but once Emperor Wu met Xu, he was impressed by Xu's talents.
As Crown Prince and "Assistant Monarch," Xiao Gang carried out much decision-making duties in the imperial administration. As Emperor Wu aged, Xiao Gang's younger brothers Xiao Xu () the Prince of Luling, Xiao Guan () the Prince of Shaoling, Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, and Xiao Ji the Prince of Wuling grew less obedient of his edicts, and effectively exercised imperial powers in their provincial domains. Fearing that his brothers would seize power, Xiao Gang selected elite troops to be the palace guards for the crown prince's palace.
In 547, the Eastern Wei general Hou Jing, in a conflict with the new regent Gao Cheng, surrendered the 13 provinces (the region between the Yellow River and the Huai River) to Liang, seeking aid from Liang. However, both Xiao Gang's cousin Xiao Yuanming the Marquess of Zhenyang, and Hou himself, were defeated by the Eastern Wei general Murong Shaozong (). Xiao Yuanming was captured, while Hou fled and, surprising the Liang governor of Southern Yu Province (南豫州, modern central Anhui), Wei An (), seized the key city Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui), the capital of Southern Yu Province. Instead of punishing Hou, however, Emperor Wu allowed him to serve as the governor of Southern Yu Province. It is unclear whether Xiao Gang was involved in making these decisions, but he was clearly informed about them, as he revealed these decisions to his assistant He Jingrong ().
Soon, however, Hou, believing that Emperor Wu, who engaged in peace talks with Eastern Wei and appeared to be willing to betray him to exchange for Xiao Yuanming, rebelled in summer 548. Hou's army quickly advanced on Jiankang, assisted by Xiao Gang's cousin Xiao Zhengde the Prince of Linhe, putting Jiankang under siege. Emperor Wu put Xiao Gang in charge of the defenses, but Xiao Gang was unsuccessful in preventing the outer city from falling. The imperial troops were forced to withdraw into the palace. When Hou then claimed that it was the corrupt official Zhu Yi that he wanted to kill, Xiao Gang confirmed that Zhu was indeed corrupt, but advised against executing Zhu in that it would serve nothing in the campaign against Hou. Soon, Hou declared Xiao Zhengde emperor. While provincial troops gathered near Jiankang to try to relieve the besieged palace, those troops, commanded by Liu Zhongli () and Xiao Guan, were unsuccessful, and ultimately, after Liu was nearly killed in a battle, Liu refused to engage Hou any further, leaving the palace troops to fend for themselves. (Xiao Yi and Xiao Ji, although they each had large numbers of troops in their domains, largely stood and sent only token troops.) In winter 548, Hou's general Fan Taobang () offered to rebel against Hou, and while Emperor Wu was initially in favor of the idea, Xiao Gang spoke against it, and it was not carried out. Soon, Fan was killed by Hou, and an opportunity was lost.
In spring 549, Xiao Gang tried to negotiate peace with Hou, whose troops had by then tired. Hou initially agreed—with the terms being that he would be given the provinces west of the Yangtze River. However, Hou soon reneged on the peace agreement and resumed the siege of the palace. Soon, the palace fell, and Emperor Wu and Xiao Gang were effectively taken as hostages, although Hou continued to formally honor them as emperor and crown prince, despite his earlier agreement with Xiao Zhengde to have them killed. (Hou soon deposed Xiao Zhengde and killed him.) Xiao Gang's attendants all fled, except for Xu Li and Yin Buhai (). The provincial troops which had come to Jiankang's aid were disbanded, and Hou was now in control of the capital region.
Meanwhile, Emperor Wu, while he was under Hou's control, was unwilling to yield, and he refused to carry out some of the acts that Hou wanted him to. Xiao Gang tried to urge Emperor Wu to follow Hou's requests, but Emperor Wu refused. Hou put Emperor Wu under closer guard, and Emperor Wu, in anger, soon grew ill and died. (Some historians believe that Hou starved Emperor Wu to death.) Hou made him emperor to succeed Emperor Wu (as Emperor Jianwen).
As emperor
Emperor Jianwen was formally recognized by the governors of the provinces not under Hou's control, but they saw his edicts as coerced and not binding on them, and they continued to resist Hou, and yet at the same time fought each other for territorial control and were largely ineffective when Hou attacked them, allowing Hou to seize additional territory. Eastern Wei (and its successor state Northern Qi, established in 550 as Gao Cheng's brother Gao Yang seized the throne from Emperor Xiaojing) largely seized the Liang provinces north of the Yangtze. Emperor Jianwen himself tried to foster a relationship with Hou, to ensure his own safety, and in 550, he married his daughter the Princess Liyang to Hou as Hou's wife. Hou favored the princess greatly, and for the time being, the emperor appeared safe. He created his oldest son Xiao Daqi crown prince. However, Hou still kept the emperor under heavy guard, and only several officials, including his cousin Xiao Zi () the Marquess of Wulin, Wang Ke (), and Yin Buhai were allowed to see him. Meanwhile, most of the provincial governors eventually accepted the command of Emperor Jianwen's brother Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong, the governor of Jing Province (荊州, modern western Hubei).
In summer 550, Hou sent his general Ren Yue () to try to conquer the central empire. Ren first defeated and captured Emperor Jianwen's son Xiao Daxin () the Prince of Xunyang and governor of Jiang Province (江州, modern central and northern Jiangxi), and then continued on to try to attack Xiao Yi's territory. When Ren was unable to prevail against Xiao Yi's general Xu Wensheng (), and Hou himself commanded a force to aid Ren. In winter 550, while Hou was away from Jiankang, Emperor Jianwen's nephew Xiao Huili () plotted with his brother Xiao Aili (), the general Liu Jingli (), and Emperor Jianwen's cousins Xiao Quan () the Marquess of Xixiang and Xiao Mian () the Marquess of Dongxiang, to start a rebellion at Jiankang and overthrow Hou Jing's lieutenant Wang Wei. The plot was discovered, however, and Xiao Huili and his coconspirators were executed by Wang. While Wang could not show that Emperor Jianwen was involved, Hou and Wang became even more suspicious of Emperor Jianwen thereafter. In fear, Wang Ke and Yin stopped seeing the emperor, but Xiao Zi continued. In response, Hou had Xiao Zi assassinated. Emperor Jianwen believed that eventually he would be killed as well, and he commented as such to Yin.
Removal and death
In summer 551, Hou was again aiding Ren, taking Xiao Daqi with him as hostage. Initially, with Hou backing him, Ren took the important city of Jiangxia (江夏, in modern Wuhan, Hubei), and Hou next approached Xiao Yi's headquarters at Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei). However, Hou's forces then became bogged down while trying to siege Baling (巴陵, in modern Yueyang, Hunan), with Xiao Yi's general Wang Sengbian successfully defending Baling. Soon, Hou's food supplies ran out, and his forces collapsed. Ren was captured, and two other key generals, Song Zixian () and Ding He () were killed. Hou fled back to Jiankang.
Hou, believing that his days of power might be numbered, wanted to become emperor. Meanwhile, Wang had disputes with Emperor Jianwen's daughter Princess Liyang, and believing that she would eventually harm him, persuaded Hou that he should remove the emperor to show off his power. In fall 551, Hou deposed Emperor Jianwen and demoted him back to the title of Prince of Jin'an, and made Xiao Huan's son Xiao Dong the Prince of Yuzhang emperor. Hou had all of Emperor Jianwen's sons who were under his control, including Xiao Daqi the Crown Prince, executed. (He soon regretted these actions, and considered restoring Emperor Jianwen to the throne and making Xiao Dong crown prince, but Wang persuaded him not to do so.) He put Emperor Jianwen under house arrest.
During the house arrest period, Emperor Jianwen, filled with sadness and fear, wrote several hundred poems—and because he was not given paper to write on, wrote the poems on the walls and screens of his residence. Less than two months after Emperor Jianwen's removal, Wang persuaded Hou that Emperor Jianwen must be removed, and Hou sent Wang, Peng Jun (), and Wang Xiuzuan () to visit Emperor Jianwen one night. Emperor Jianwen, knowing what their intentions were, feasted and drank with them, becoming very intoxicated. Once he fell asleep, they suffocated him, and then placed him in a makeshift casket, storing the casket in a brewery. In 552, after Wang Sengbian captured Jiankang, he had Emperor Jianwen's casket placed in the palace and then buried with imperial honors.
Family
Consorts and Issue:
Empress Jianwenjian, of the Wang clan of Langya (; 505–549), personal name Lingbin ()
Xiao Daqi, Crown Prince Ai (; 524–551), first son
Xiao Dalian, Prince Nan (; 527–551), fifth son
Princess Changshan (), personal name Miaohong ()
Furen, of the Zuo clan (; d. 537)
Xiao Dalin, Prince Nanhai (; 527–551), fourth son
Xiao Dachun, Prince Anlu (; 530–551), sixth son
Furen, of the Xie clan ()
Xiao Daya, Duke Liuyang (; 533–549), 12th son
Furen, of the Zhang clan ()
Xiao Dazhuang, Prince Xinxing (; 534–551), 13th son
Furen, of the Fan clan ()
Xiao Dawei, Prince Wuning (; 539–551), 15th son
Furen, of the Chen clan (; d. 544)
Xiao Daxin, Prince Yi'an (; 541–551), 18th son
Furen, of the Zhu clan ()
Xiao Dazhi, Prince Suijian (; 542–551), 19th son
Shufei, of the Fan clan ()
Princess Liyang (; b. 536)
Married Hou Jing (503–552) in 549
Xiurong, of the Chen clan ()
Xiao Daxin, Prince Xunyang (; 523–551), second son
Zhaohua, of the Bao clan ()
Xiao Dajun, Prince Xiyang (; 539–551), 14th son
Xiuhua, of the Chu clan ()
Xiao Daqiu, Prince Jianping (; 541–551), 17th son
Meiren, of the Pan clan ()
Xiao Daxun (; 540–549), 16th son
Unknown
Xiao Dakuan, Prince Linchuan (), third son
Xiao Dacheng, Prince Guiyang (; b. 531), eighth son
Xiao Dafeng, Prince Runan (; b. 531), ninth son
Xiao Dahuan, Prince Jinxi (; 542–581), 20th son
Princess Nansha ()
Married Yuan Xian of Chen (; 529–598)
Princess Yuyao ()
Married Wang Pu of Langya () in 549
Princess Haiyan (), ninth daughter
Married Zhang Xi of Fanyang ()
Princess Anyang (), 11th daughter
Married Zhang Jiao of Fanyang ()
Ancestry
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Book of Liang, vol. 4 .
History of Southern Dynasties, vol. 8 .
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 146, 150, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164.
Liang dynasty emperors
503 births
551 deaths
Liang dynasty poets
Writers from Nanjing
Murdered Chinese emperors
Poets from Jiangsu
6th-century Chinese poets
6th-century Chinese writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Jianwen%20of%20Liang |
Area codes 410, 443, and 667 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the eastern half of the U.S. state of Maryland. The numbering plan area (NPA) includes the Baltimore metropolitan area and the Eastern Shore. The three area codes are overlay codes for one numbering plan area, among which 410 was the initial area code for the NPA, when it was split from area code 301 in 1991. 443 and 667 found assignment primarily in cellular service and for competitive local exchange carriers, such as Comcast and Cavalier Telephone, when introduced, but have since become universal in carrier availability.
History
In 1947, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) published the first configuration of a nationwide telephone numbering plan for Operator Toll Dialing, which designated the state of Maryland as a numbering plan area and assigned area code 301. Despite the state being home to two large metropolitan areas, Baltimore and the Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. (area code 202), the state received only one area code. This made Maryland one of the most-populous states to be served by a single area code. By the late 1980s, the rapid growth of the Baltimore and Washington suburbs, as well as the proliferation of fax machines and pagers placed the numbering resources in the danger of exhaustion of central office prefixes.
The number shortage problem was exacerbated by the use of area code 202 as a de facto overlay for the inner ring of the Washington metro area, even though it was split between three area codes–301, 202, and Northern Virginia's 703. This was accomplished via a system of central office code protection in which no central office code was duplicated in multiple area codes in the region. Each existing central office code was routed with each area code in the region so that each telephone number in the region could be dialed with any of the regional area codes. The consequence was that the full capacity of central office prefixes could not be used for each involved area code.
The office code protection ended in 1990, but it soon became apparent that this would not free up enough prefixes to meet demand. By the fall of 1990, it was apparent that Maryland needed another area code. In November 1990, a plan for a second area code, 410, was announced, that would be assigned to the Baltimore metropolitan area and the Eastern Shore. new area code, while western and southern Maryland, including the Washington suburbs, would retain area code 301. Bell Atlantic (now Verizon), the largest telephone provider in the region, allowed the western part of the state to retain 301 to keep the large number of federal agencies on the Maryland side of the Washington area from having to change telephone numbers. On the other side of the Potomac River, many of the same factors resulted in most of the old 703 territory outside of Northern Virginia split off as area code 540 in 1995. While Maryland would have needed a second area code at some point due to rapid growth in the Washington and Baltimore suburbs, it is very likely that the immediate need for another area code would have been staved off had it been possible to assign more 301 numbers to the Baltimore area before 1990.
Area code 410 officially entered service on October 6, 1991; it was initially implemented in a permissive-dialing phase, with ten-digit dialing for local calls across the new 301/410 boundary. The split largely followed metro lines. However, slivers of Anne Arundel and Carroll counties, as well as much of western Howard County, stayed in 301 even though these counties reckoned as part of the Baltimore area. Conversely, slivers of Frederick County, a Washington exurb, switched to 410. Effective November 1, 1991, ten-digit dialing was required when calling a different area code in Maryland.
Although the split was intended to be a long-term solution, within five years 410 was already close to exhaustion due to the proliferation of cell phones and pagers, particularly in and around Baltimore. To solve this problem, area code 443 was overlaid onto the 410 territory on July 1, 1997. Overlays were a new concept at the time, and had met resistance because of the requirement for ten-digit dialing. However, the alternative would have been a split that would have forced residents of either Baltimore or the Eastern Shore to change their numbers for the second time in a decade.
By 2011, the 410/443 area was once again running out of numbers because of the continued proliferation of cell phones. To spare residents another number change to a new area code, a third overlay code, area code 667, was implemented on March 24, 2012. This had the effect of assigning 24 million numbers to just over four million people. Based on current projections, a fourth area code will not be required in the region until about 2030.
Coverage
The counties served by these area codes include:
In the Baltimore metropolitan area:
All of Baltimore City and Baltimore, Calvert and Harford counties
Most of Anne Arundel, Carroll and Howard counties
A small portion of eastern Frederick County
All of Maryland's Eastern Shore:
Caroline County
Cecil County
Dorchester County
Kent County
Queen Anne's County
Somerset County
Talbot County
Wicomico County
Worcester County
Notes
References
External links
List of cities covered and exchanges from Area-Codes.com, 410 Area Code
List of cities covered and exchanges from Area-Codes.com, 443 Area Code
410
410
Communications in Baltimore
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1991
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1997
Telecommunications-related introductions in 2012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20codes%20410%2C%20443%2C%20and%20667 |
Solitude is a football stadium in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is the oldest football stadium in Ireland, and the home ground of Ireland's oldest football club, Cliftonville. The stadium holds 6,224, but is currently restricted to 2,530 under safety legislation.
The stadium was built in 1890 and has undergone several renovations. In 2002, a new stand was built at one end of the ground to house visiting supporters, and in 2008, a new stand was completed behind the goal at the east end of the ground. A synthetic 3G pitch was installed to replace the previous grass surface in 2010.
History
Solitude was opened in 1890 after Cliftonville moved across the road from Oldpark Avenue. The ground holds the distinction of having the first ever penalty in International Football taken there. Previously consisting of two pitches (the second of which was sold off and now contains housing), Solitude is the oldest football ground in Ireland.
Solitude has hosted a number of cup finals and international games. During the 1890s and early 1900s Solitude was the home ground of Ireland, replacing the Ulster Cricket Ground at Ballynafeigh. During the 1890s, the ground hosted 11 home internationals. On 3 March 1894, after thirteen attempts Ireland, playing at Solitude, finally avoided defeat to England. Against an England team that included Fred Spiksley and Jack Reynolds, Ireland gained a 2–2 draw. Goals from Olphert Stanfield and W.K. Gibson inspired Ireland to come back from 2–0 down to gain a 2–2 draw. The ground continued to host Ireland internationals into the early 1900s, but was gradually replaced as Ireland's home ground by Windsor Park and Dalymount Park.
Stands
The ground contains the following stands:
Main stand
The main stand at Solitude, situated on the western side of the ground, is for Cliftonville supporters only. It is now a very old structure, having been constructed during the 1950s. It has two tiers. The lower tier is terracing and seating, and the upper tier has a mixture of seating and benches. Its capacity is over 2,500 people.
The original stand was destroyed in January 1949 when a fire broke out after a Linfield v Glentoran Irish Cup tie. The match was staged at Solitude as Windsor Park had been closed for a month in the aftermath of the infamous 1948 Linfield v Belfast Celtic Boxing Day tie at which serious crowd trouble erupted.
Also contained within the main stand at Solitude is Cliftonville Social Club, Cliftonville's licensed premises.
Cage End stand
The Cage was demolished and a new stand seating 1,600 was opened on 27 October 2008. New facilities under this stand include dressing rooms.
Away End
Often referred to as "The Bowling Green End" (due to the bowling green behind it), the away end on the north side of the ground underwent a major facelift in 2001, when the covered terracing used to house away fans was replaced by an 880 all-seated stand.
Whitehouse
The Whitehouse, not unlike "the Cottage" at Fulham's ground Craven Cottage, used to contain the changing facilities and the board room for the club. However due to funding issues no works have been done to upgrade the facilities.
Waterworks Stand
The Waterworks Stand was temporarily erected first for a UEFA Champions League game against Scottish Champions Celtic. As of 2023 it has remained a grass bank and is used for television gantry purposes.
See also
Stadiums of Ireland
References
External links
Club home page
Ground Hopper's tour of Solitude
Association football venues in Northern Ireland
Ireland national football team (1882–1950)
Sports venues in Belfast
Cliftonville F.C.
Sports venues completed in 1890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitude%20%28football%20ground%29 |
This is an incomplete list of the names and nicknames of flags, organized in alphabetical order by flag name. Very few flags have any truly official names, but some unofficial names are so widely used that they are accepted as a flag's universal name.
A
("The Gold and Green"), Brazil
("The red"), Greenland
("Support flag"), Qatar
("My country's flag"), Kuwait
("Colourful flag"), Iraqi Kurdistan
("Red Flag"), Turkey
("Holy Red Standard"), Turkey
("Crescent Star"), Turkey
or La Celeste y Blanca ("The white and light blue one"), Argentina
("The Two Stars"), Syria
B
("Gold and green flag"), Brazil
("Flag of the quinas", the five blue shields of the Portuguese arms), Portugal
("Green-Red Flag"), Portugal
("Flag of Saint David"), Wales (unofficial flag)
("St. Piran's flag"), Cornwall
, California
("Red-White Flag"), Indonesia
, United States
("The Saffron Banner"), Flag of the Hindus and former flag of the Maratha Empire
("White-Red"), Poland
("White-Red-White"), former flag of Belarus
, Austria
, Jamaica
, Confederate States
("Flag of the Star and the Crescent"), Libya
Bonnie Blue Flag, official flag of the now-defunct Republic of West Florida, also used in some places as an unofficial banner of the Confederate States.
("Bosnian lily"), former flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina
("Saltire"), Scotland
, Barbados
("Federal Flag"), Germany, official designation
/Balgarski Trikolyor ("Bulgarian Three Colors"), Bulgaria
C
("The light blue one"), Uruguay
, Australia
("St. Andrew's Cross"), Scotland
("Red Flag and Yellow Star"), Vietnam
("Flag of Fatherland"), Vietnam
("Occitan cross"), Occitania
, European Union and the Council of Europe
, Jamaica
D
("Danish cloth"), Denmark
("My Nation/Land"), Kuwait
E
("Our flag"), Greenland
("The Lone Star"), Chile,
("The Lone Star"), Cuba
("Blue-Starred Flag"), Catalan separatism
, Australia
F
, Jain flag
("Fleur-de-lis-y"), Quebec, Canada
G
("Light blue and white"), Greece
, Guyana
("White and black"), Brittany
, United States
, United States
H
("Sun disc"), Japan (national flag and naval flag)
("The White-blue"), a flag proposal which was used but never became official, Iceland
I
("Imperial flag"), Russian Empire (historical flag)
J
, Confederate States
("Stripes of Glory"), Malaysia
, Jefferson (proposed U.S. state)
K
Kanaka Maoli ("True People"), Hawaii (alternative flag)
Kaponga (silver fern), New Zealand (unofficial, widely used)
("Dagger and two swords"), Oman
("Five-cross flag"), Georgia
("Red Banner"), Soviet Union (historical flag)
("Blue Banner"), East Turkestan
("Black, white, red, white, green and a shield with two arrows"), Kenya
L
("Red & green"), Bangladesh
Leòmhann na h-Alba ("Lion Rampant"), Scotland
, Texas
, Sri Lanka
M
or l'Unifolié, Canada
("The Banner"), Faroe Islands
("Red and White"), Indonesia
("The Monostarred" or having one star, a single star, or a lone star), Puerto Rico
N
Native America's flag, Oklahoma
Nishan Sahib ("Holy flag"/"Exalted banner"), Sikh flag
("Sun-mark flag"), Japan
O
, United States
P
("Mountain"), Nepal
("Flag of the Star and the Crescent"), Pakistan
Prinsenvlag ("Prince's flag"), Netherlands (historical)
("Red-White-Green"), Hungary
("National Flag"), Philippines
Q
(Qīng Tiān, Bái Rì, Mǎn Dì Hóng ["Blue Sky, White Sun, Red Field"]), Taiwan
R
(all unofficial), South Africa
Rainbow flag, there are several independent rainbow flags in use today, the most widely known worldwide is the pride flag representing gay pride, while the peace flag is especially popular in Italy and the cooperative flag symbolizes the international co-operative movement.
, United States
("Indigo and Red Flag of the Republic"), North Korea
, the civil ensign of the United Kingdom
("Royal flag"), Valencia
(Rosiiski Trikolor) ("Russian Three Colours"), Russia
("Red-weld"), Spain
("Red-white-red"), Austria
("Red Lion"), civil ensign of Luxembourg
(Ručnik), Belarus
(Red, white and blue), Norway
S
("Green Flag with Crescent"), Pakistan
, Scotland
Saint George's Cross, England
, Devon
("Tricolor"), Laos
("Red-white-red flag"), Latvia
("The Red White Heritage"), Indonesia
("Sun of Kutleš'), Republic of Macedonia (historical flag)
("Black-red-gold"), Germany
Schwarz-Weiß-Rot ("Black-white-red"), German Empire
('"Tricolor"), Iran
, Alghero and Catalonia
('The lion and the sun"), Iran (historical flag)
("The two-headed eagle"), Albania
("Blue-black-white"), Estonia
("Blue Cross Flag"), Finland
("Lion Flag"), Sri Lanka
, Tibet
, Confederate States (other meanings)
, Australia
, New Zealand
, Confederate States
, Confederate States
, United States
, United States
T
, South Korea
("Three Stars and a Sun"), Philippines
Al Tawheed/Shahada, Saudi Arabia
, flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand
("Absolute Sovereignty"), national Māori flag (New Zealand)
("The Tricolour"), India
, state flag of Iceland
("Tricolour"), Thailand
("Three Legs of Mann"), Isle of Man
Tricolor or similar, a term for several national flags which are tribands or tricolours:
("The Tricolor"), Bolivia
("The National Tricolor"), Colombia
, Costa Rica
("The Tricolor"), Croatia
, Ecuador
("National Tricolour"), Venezuela
, Second Spanish Republic (historical)
("Tricolour Flag"), France
, Italy
, Romania
(Trikolor), Russia
/ Trobojka, Serbia
("Irish tricolour"), Ireland
, Sicily
("Tricolor"), Lithuania
, Antarctica
U
("Tricolour Flag"), Azerbaijan
("The [one] with a single Leaf"), Canada
L'Union Fait La Force ("Unity makes strength"), motto on the flag of Haiti
or Union Flag, United Kingdom
, United States
W
Wiphala, a flag representing the native peoples of the Andes and the co-official flag of Bolivia
(Wǔ Xīng Hóng Qí) ("Five-Starred Red Flag"), People's Republic of China
Y
("The Red Dragon"), Wales
(Yerakooyn) ("Tricolour"), Armenia
Z
(Zhovto-blakytnyy [prapor]) ("Yellow-blue [flag]"), Ukraine
Notes
References
Names
flag names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20flag%20names |
Oddibe McDowell (born August 25, 1962) is an American former center fielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played from 1985 to 1994 for the Texas Rangers, Cleveland Indians, and Atlanta Braves.
Amateur baseball
McDowell was a noted multi-sport athlete at McArthur High School in Hollywood, Florida, and won the Florida High School Activities Association Class 4A wrestling championship at 155 pounds in 1979.
McDowell won the Golden Spikes Award, which is given annually to the best amateur baseball player, in 1984 while playing college baseball at Arizona State University (ASU). He wore uniform number 0 at ASU; ASU inducted McDowell to the university's athletic hall of fame in 1991 and has retired his number.
In 1981, McDowell won a gold medal as a member of the United States national team in World Games I. He was also a member of the 1984 United States Olympic Team.
McDowell was selected by the Texas Rangers in the first round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft.
Professional baseball
McDowell stood out during his first stint with the Texas Rangers by wearing the very unusual uniform number 0. He wore the number 20 with the Indians, the number 1 with the Braves, and during his second time with the Rangers, he wore number 8.
McDowell was the first player to hit for the cycle for the Rangers, doing so on July 23, 1985, in a Rangers' 8–4 victory over the Indians at Arlington Stadium. Through the end of the 2017 season, Mark Teixeira, Gary Matthews, Jr., Ian Kinsler, Bengie Molina, Adrián Beltré, Alex Ríos, Shin-Soo Choo, and Carlos Gomez are the other Rangers players to hit for the cycle. McDowell finished 4th in the American League Rookie of the Year voting for 1985.
Through June 16, 2009, McDowell was tied for second of all Rangers players ever in career leadoff home runs, one behind the nine leadoff homers by Ian Kinsler.
His first name is pronounced "owed a bee" or "oh-ta-bee."
Post-playing career
McDowell was inducted to the National College Baseball Hall of Fame in 2011.
Between February 2011 and March 2012, Deadspin ran a series of 14 articles, which published McDowell's monthly water bill and the amount owed; until that time, water bills were publicly accessible on the Broward County Waste and Wastewater Services department's website. Writing for New Times Broward-Palm Beach, Michael J. Mooney described the series as Dadaist and evidence of "the power of mass appeal and of interactive media."
As of 2022, McDowell is in his eighth year as the head coach for the McArthur High School varsity baseball team in Hollywood, Florida.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
References
External links
, or Retrosheet
1962 births
Living people
African-American baseball coaches
African-American baseball players
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball coaches from Florida
Baseball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Cleveland Indians players
Columbus Clippers players
Competitors at the 1981 World Games
Edmonton Trappers players
Golden Spikes Award winners
Major League Baseball center fielders
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Texas Rangers players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in baseball
Rochester Red Wings players
Sportspeople from Hollywood, Florida
Baseball players from Broward County, Florida
Tulsa Drillers players
World Games gold medalists
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddibe%20McDowell |
The Port of Brunswick is an Atlantic seaport located in Brunswick, Georgia, United States, in the southeast corner of the state. It is one of four ports operated by the Georgia Ports Authority.
The Port of Brunswick is one of the nation's most productive ports on the Atlantic coast. The shrimping industry is still important economically; the city was once called The Shrimp Capital of the World due to the plentiful wild shrimp (also known as Georgia White Shrimp) harvested in its local sounds and along local beaches and sandbar sloughs.
Imported products include wood pulp, paper products, wheat, soybeans, and heavy machinery. Brunswick is the primary U.S. port of automobile imports for manufacturers Jaguar, Land Rover, Porsche, Mitsubishi and Volvo.
Ford, GM and Mercedes export vehicles through Port of Brunswick. Other exports include agricultural products such as barley malt, corn and oats; other bulk cargo includes cement, gypsum, limestone, perlite, salt and sand.
History
In 1789, President George Washington proclaimed Brunswick as one of the five original ports of entry for the Thirteen Colonies.
During the American Civil War, the city prospered.
In World War II, 99 Liberty ships were built for the Merchant Marine.
During the war years, the traditional Blessing of the Fleet in Brunswick was begun.
Facilities
The Port of Brunswick includes three GPA-owned deep-water terminals, two of which are directly operated by the GPA.
Colonel's Island Terminal: Owned and operated by the GPA, the facility has three berths and three on-terminal auto processors. The -plus facility features 3,355 feet (1,023 m) of continuous berthing and more than of paved open storage. The facility also handles break-bulk and project cargo.
Mayor's Point Terminal specializes in break-bulk and project cargo, in particular the handling forest products. The facility features 1,200 feet (366 m) of deepwater berthing, approximately 355,000 square feet (33,000 m2) of covered storage and 7.9 acres (32,100 m2) of open, versatile storage.
East River Terminal and Lanier Dock, operated by Logistec U.S.A., specializes in the handling of break-bulk and bulk commodities. The facility features 1,600 feet (488 m) of deepwater berthing, approximately 688,000 square feet (64,000 m2) of covered storage and 15 acres (61,000 m2) of open, versatile storage.
References
External links
International Auto Processing website
Brunswick
Buildings and structures in Glynn County, Georgia
Brunswick, Georgia
Transportation in Glynn County, Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Brunswick |
Dog Days is a 1995 album by American alternative country group Blue Mountain. In 2008 the band released a remastered version of the album. Scott Hull remastered the album. Six bonus tracks were added to the new release, drawing from out of print albums and similar material.
Track listings
1995 release
Mountain Girl
Let's Ride
Blue Canoe
Soul Sister
Wink
Slow Suicide
A Band Called Bud
Epitaph
ZZQ
The Eyes of a Child
Jimmy Carter
Let's Go Runnin'
Hippy Hotel
Special Rider Blues
2008 remastered release
Mountain Girl
Let's Ride
Blue Canoe
Soul Sister
Wink
Slow Suicide
A Band Called Bud
Epitaph
ZZQ
Eyes of a Child
Jimmy Carter
Let's Go Runnin'
Hippy Hotel
Special Rider Blues
Broke Down & Busted
Song Without a Name
Westbound
Hermit of the Hidden Beach
My Wicked, Wicked Ways
To a Toad
References
1995 albums
Blue Mountain (band) albums
Roadrunner Records albums
Albums produced by Eric Ambel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20Days%20%28Blue%20Mountain%20album%29 |
Processor Technology Corporation was a personal computer company founded in April 1975, by Gary Ingram and Bob Marsh in Berkeley, California. Their first product was a 4K byte RAM board that was compatible with the MITS Altair 8800 computer but more reliable than the MITS board. This was followed by a series of memory and I/O boards including a video display module.
Popular Electronics magazine wanted a feature article on an intelligent computer terminal and Technical Editor Les Solomon asked Marsh and Lee Felsenstein to design one. It was featured on the July 1976, cover and became the Sol-20 Personal Computer. The first units were shipped in December 1976 and the Sol-20 was a very successful product. The company failed to develop next generation products and ceased operations in May 1979.
History
Bob Marsh, Lee Felsenstein and Gordon French started designing the Sol-20 between April and July 1975. The Sol-20 utilized the Intel 8080 8-bit microprocessor chip, running at 2 MHz. A major difference between the Sol-20 and most other machines of the era was its built-in video driver, which allowed it to be attached to a composite monitor for display. The Sol-20 consisted of a main motherboard (PCB) mounted at the bottom of the case, and a five slot S-100 bus card cage. The main PCB consisted of the CPU, memory, video display, I/O circuits. Inside the case included power supply, fan, and keyboard. The case was painted 'IBM blue' and the sides of the case were made of solid oiled walnut originally salvaged from a gun stock manufacturer.
Processor Technology manufactured approximately 10,000 Sol-20 personal computers between 1977 and 1979. All Processor Technology products were available either fully assembled, or as electronic kits. Processor Technology also sold software on Compact Cassette. One side of the tape was recorded in CUTS format, and the other side was Kansas City standard format. Gary Ingram and Steven Dompier wrote the original software utilities. Lee Felsenstein wrote the original user manuals as a contractor.
Standards
Processor Technology also designed several S-100 bus boards. The boards were meant to be compatible with the circuits of Sol-20.
The Video Display Module 1 (VDM-1) was the original video display interface for S-100 bus systems. The board generates sixteen 64-character lines of upper and lower case typeface on any standard composite video monitor or a modified TV set. Utilizing a 1,024 byte (1K) segment of system memory, the VDM-1 provided memory-mapped I/O for high performance, and also included hardware support for scrolling. The VDM-1 Video Board was a great improvement over using a teletype machine or a serial attached terminals, and was popular for owners of other S-100 bus systems such as the IMSAI 8080.
Another popular product was the CUTS Tape I/O Interface S-100 board. The CUTS board offered standard interface for saving and reading data from cassette tape, supporting both the Kansas City standard format, as well as their own custom CUTS format. Lee Felsenstein was key participant of the development of Kansas City standard format, the first cross-system data transfer standard for microcomputers.
Products
Computers
Sol-PC — Single circuit board only without case or power supply; available as fully assembled or as kit form
Sol-10 Terminal Computer — Stripped-down model without 5 slot S-100 backplane; available as fully assembled or as kit form
Sol-20 Terminal Computer — Includes 5-slot S-100 backplane; available as fully assembled or as kit form
Sol-20 price 1976 approximately $5000 CND with extra 16K card
S-100 bus boards
VDM-1 — Video Display Module Board
3P+S — Input/Output Module 3 Parallel plus 1 Serial Board
4KRA — 4K Static Memory Board
8KRA — 8K Static Memory Board
16KRA — 16K DRAM memory board
32KRA-1 — 32K DRAM memory board
CUTS — Tape I/O Interface Board, CUTS format and Kansas City standard format
2KRO — EPROM memory board
Helios II Disk Memory System
GPM — General Purpose Memory, ROM board held CUTER Monitor Program
Software
SOLOS — Operating System
CUTER — Monitor program and cassette tape loader.
ASSM — 8080 Assembler
BASIC/5 — 5K BASIC programming language
Extended Cassette Basic (8K) — BASIC Interpreter
FOCAL programming language
ALS-8
PTDOS — operating system for use with the Helios II Disk Drive
EDIT — 8080 Editor
8080 Chess — Chess Game
TREK-80 — Star Trek Themed Game
GamePack 1 — Collection of Games - Volume 1
GamePack 2 — Collection of Games - Volume 2
Works cited
References
External links
Archive of Sol-20 information
Collection of old analog and digital computers at www.oldcomputermuseum.com
the SOL-20 at old-computers.com
Processor Technology SOL - PC History by Stan Veit
Processor Technology SOL-PC – An early Sol-20 minus the 20
1975 establishments in California
1979 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1975
American companies disestablished in 1979
Computer companies established in 1975
Computer companies disestablished in 1979
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor%20Technology |
St Mirren Park, more commonly known as Love Street, was a football stadium located on Love Street in Paisley, Scotland. At one time the stadium was capable of accommodating almost 50,000 spectators, however in its final years it had an all-seated capacity of 10,800. Until its closure in 2009, it was the home ground of St Mirren F.C.
The football grounds on Love Street were registered as Fullerton Park for St Mirren's first season there as they were originally rented from a Mr Fullerton. The ground's record attendance was 47,438 for a match against Celtic in 1949. St Mirren completed construction of their new St Mirren Park in December 2008. St Mirren played their last game at Love Street, against Motherwell, on 3 January 2009.
Early years at Love Street
When St Mirren began to play on Love Street in the mid-1890s football clubs were still very much in their infancy and moved from ground to ground renting from local landowners. The best deal available was commonly a ten-year lease and by the time St Mirren arrived at Love Street, the club was only 17 years old and playing on its fifth rented ground. They had previously played on four sites in the north of Paisley; Shortroods Estate (1877 to 1878), Abingdon Park (1878 to 1879), Thistle Park, Greenhill Road (1879 to 1882), and Westmarch Estate, Greenhill Road (1882 to 1894). Paisley clubs Abercorn, who played at Underwood Park, and St Mirren joined the Scottish Football League when it started in 1890–91.
Following twelve years playing at Westmarch, St Mirren moved in 1894 in response to a 100% rent increase by the landlord who appeared to have lost interest in hosting football on his land. The club found a former brickworks at the foot of Love Street which could be rented for an initial ten years on reasonable terms. The land at Westmarch had been laid out with two pitches, a grandstand and pavilion; the Love Street site was substantially smaller, barely wide enough to lay a football pitch with some spare ground behind the goals; it was poorly drained and without grass. However, it would give St Mirren the significant advantage of being nearer to Paisley town centre than any of the other football clubs in the town. Furthermore, the site was already well known to the townsfolk as an entertainment venue, as it was where travelling circuses set up their Big Top.
The original Love Street site housed the re-built club pavilion behind the Love Street end goal, and a new grandstand, squeezed along the full length of the pitch with five rows of seats and a total capacity of 1,000. St Mirren played their first home game at Love Street, a 3–0 defeat to Celtic, on 8 September 1894.
Shortly after the original ten-year lease ran out, the club was almost forced to move away from Love Street, much as it had already been from Westmarch. With the club approaching Mr Fullerton with an offer to buy the site, the landowner tried to take advantage of the situation by setting a lofty price, together with an ultimatum to either buy or face a hefty increase in rent. The club hastily looked for alternatives, and began negotiations with the owners of the Shortroods Estate where St Mirren had played for its first season. However, with the prospect of losing out altogether, Mr Fullerton backed down, reducing his asking price to £3,900 and thus Saints purchased and stayed at Love Street.
Over the course of the next fifteen years the club's aim was to expand the site by buying the land that bordered on two sides – towards the town and round onto Greenock Road. However, it was not until 1920 that the land was finally secured and St Mirren owned pretty much the site that it occupied through to its closure.
Development of Love Street
With a large site now owned, and the football pitch about to be moved 40 yards towards the town, the club had plans in 1921 for a 60,000 capacity ground with a large oval sweep of earth embankments on three sides, with the fourth side taken up by a 4,500 seater grandstand set up above a 3,000 capacity terraced enclosure, with a 440-yard running track round the pitch. However, before building began, the Great Depression in the United Kingdom tightened its grip and costs more than doubled in the space of six months.
The part of the project to suffer most was the grandstand as the final price of the stadium rose from an estimate of £17,500, for the full plans, to around £30,000 for the scaled-down version that was completed six months later. The grandstand was reduced in size by almost two-thirds with the steel framework clad in corrugated sheeting to further reduce costs. The St Mirren Directors' intention was to eventually complete the original plans for a full-length grandstand on Love Street in stages as funds permitted, however this did not materialise.
After 1921 there were no major changes to the grounds until the late 1950s when the North Bank was covered and floodlights installed. Twenty years later new floodlight pylons were installed and plans appeared for redeveloping St Mirren Park as an all-seater stadium. There was also talk of incorporating airport car-parking, or a hotel, or commercial office space.
Love Street became a designated ground under the Safety of Sports Grounds Act in 1977, which prompted the local government to demand alterations. In the summer of 1979, the Love Street End terracing was knocked down and rebuilt ten yards from the goal. There was more talk of covering the new family enclosure at Cairter's Corner and installing a stadium clock and even one suggestion to re-locate in Renfrew District Council's proposed £200 million national stadium planned for a site across the railway line from Greenhill Road.
With the Scottish Football Association (SFA) preferring to redevelop Hampden Park, St Mirren remained at Love Street and seats were installed on the North Bank terrace in 1991. Four years later, after the owner of a large building company had joined the club's board of directors, the 3,015 seat Caledonia Stand was built in a deal that saw some of the club's land sold for development as housing. There were also plans to have a similar stand built at the Love Street End but the bottom fell out of the construction industry and there was the near closure of St Mirren in 1998.
St Mirren won the 1999–2000 Scottish First Division and were promoted to the Scottish Premier League (SPL) as First Division champions. In order to meet SPL regulations in their first season in the top flight, the club had to carry out further work on the stadium, installing seating on the Love Street terrace.
The stands
At the time of the stadium closing, the 1921 main stand remained situated on the southern (town) side of the stadium. The largest stand was the West Stand (Caledonia Street), which housed away fans. The North Bank stand was sponsored by former shirt-sponsors LDV and was where the most vocal home fans usually sat. The most recently built stand, the East Stand, or Reid Kerr College Stand, was on the Love Street side of the stadium and became used as the home support's Family Stand .
Floodlights
In the 1950s the club had a unique problem when it came to installing floodlights at Love Street. The ground was on the direct approach path for aircraft to the local airport which, at that time, was a mere three miles east, in Renfrew. This meant that as well as involving Paisley Town Council, Saints' plans also had to satisfy three Government departments - the Ministry of Civil Aviation, the Air Ministry and The Admiralty.
Initially there were roof-line lights set all the way along the newly built North Bank cover and the grandstand opposite. But, because the stand was considerably shorter than full-length there also had to be two pylons built to light the corners of the pitch on the stand side. And these could not be very tall because of the flight-path. They ended up therefore as two, strangely squat-looking, 40-foot pylons that weren't even as tall as the stand roof and had three rows of lights topped by a reflector shield.
These pylons had originally been used at either end of the covered terracing at Ibrox Stadium and came to Love Street as part of the transfer negotiations that took central defender Willie Telfer to Rangers.
Nonetheless, there still came complaints from pilots that the pylon to the right of the stand was confusing their approach and a black-out order was imposed whilst aviation charts had this new landmark added. It then took a further eight months for the Air Ministry to run tests and finally pass the system fit for use. The first match under the floodlights was on 13 February 1959 against Peebles Rovers in the Scottish Cup, a match St Mirren won 10–0.
In 1966 the airport was moved to less than a mile north of St Mirren Park and its current site in Abbotsinch, Paisley; later becoming known as Glasgow International Airport. Almost immediately the club was being asked by the media when they would install "proper" floodlights, as the system was not highly regarded. Club finances at the time were extremely tight, with only two full-time employees, and so there was no possibility that money could be spent on improving the floodlights.
It took until 1978, with a new set of Directors at the helm and a Development Fund put in motion that 90-foot high pylons were erected.
Under-soil heating
One of the criteria for admittance to the SPL, following promotion in the 2005–06 season, was that the pitch was equipped with under-soil heating. As the club was already planning to move to a new site, it was faced with installing an expensive heating system that might only be used for one season, a financial burden they would struggle to meet. The Directors considered requesting a period of grace from the SPL, but in the end decided to go ahead with installing the system.
Move to new stadium
On 16 August 2005 the Scottish Executive and Renfrewshire Council granted permission for the club to sell Love Street for supermarket development and allow the club to build a new stadium in Greenhill Road, Ferguslie Park, Paisley. The sale of their old ground financed the new stadium and cleared the financial debts of the club. In April 2007 it was announced that a deal had been struck with Tesco. Under this deal Tesco would pay for the construction of the new St Mirren Park, an 8,000-seat stadium. Work on the new ground started on 9 January 2008.
The last match to be played at Love Street, a goalless draw between St Mirren and Motherwell, took place before a sell-out crowd on 3 January 2009. The club officially moved into the new St Mirren Park on Wednesday 21 January 2009. The local authorities subsequently refused planning permission for a supermarket on the Love Street site. As of February 2012, it is planned to be used for housing.
Attendance records
St Mirren played in five Scottish Cup semi-finals at home on the original Love Street Grounds. Crowds regularly reached 10,000 and peaked at 16,000 for the 1906 semi-final clash with Third Lanark. Following the ground's redevelopment, a visit of Rangers in the 1923–24 Scottish Cup took the ground attendance record above 40,000 for the first time and twelve months later Celtic came to Love Street and the attendance record rose to 47,428.
During the post-World War II boom in attendances, the record was broken again on 20 August 1949 with another visit by Celtic, this time in a Scottish League Cup match in front of a crowd of 47,438.
Once the Love Street End had been squared off, the capacity fell and the largest crowd was another visit of Celtic in the 1979–80 Scottish Cup fourth round replay when 27,166 squeezed inside, leaving huge queues on Love Street locked out.
At the time of closure, the all-seated capacity was 10,800. The highest attendance under that capacity was 10,261 for an SPL game against Dunfermline Athletic.
Other football matches at Love Street
St Mirren hosted a women's football match at Love Street in 1895. The ground has been a regular venue for schoolboy internationals, Scottish Junior Cup semi-finals, and Scotland Under-21 internationals. In 1904 the Scottish Football League played the Irish Football League in front of 10,000 fans.
In 1923, 25,000 fans watched Scotland played Wales in the British Home Championship. Local rivals Morton played their home games at Love Street for part of 1949. The deal was that St Mirren got to keep the stand and enclosure takings from the games. Morton also played a Scottish Cup tie against Rangers at Love Street in 2000. In 1970, it was used as a venue for one match in the UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship hosted by Scotland.
International and other matches
British Home Championship
Scotland 2, Wales 0, 17 March 1923. Attendance 25,000
Inter-League International
Scottish Football League 3 Irish Football League 1, 7 February 1904. Attendance 10,000
Under-23 International
Scotland 0 Northern Ireland 1, 28 April 1972.
Under-21 Internationals
Scotland 2 Belgium 2, 18 November 1998. Attendance 5,087
Scotland 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0, 5 October 1999. Attendance 1,518
Scotland 1 Northern Ireland 1 6 September 2002. Attendance 2,351
UEFA 23rd International Youth Tournament 1970
Bulgaria 3 Sweden 0, 18 May 1970
Amateur International
Scotland 1 Wales 0, 29 February 1964
1995 UEFA Women's Championship qualification
Scotland 0 Belgium 3, 26 November 1995,
Women's International
Scotland 0 England 4, 6 May 1990
Scottish Challenge Cup Final
Hamilton Academical 3 Morton 2, 13 December 1992
Scottish Junior Cup semi-finals
Pollok vs Tayport, 15 April 1996
Arthurlie vs Kilwinning Rangers, 30 April 1999
Johnstone Burgh vs Shotts Bob Accord, 5 May 2000
Renfrew vs Auchinleck Talbot, 6 April 2001
Renfrew vs Tayport, 12 April 2005
Arthurlie v Linlithgow Rose, 13 April 2007
Schoolboy internationals
Under-16
Scotland 5 Northern Ireland 2, 1951
Scotland 1 Northern Ireland 0, 1963
Scotland 2 Northern Ireland 1, 1973
Scotland 0 England 1, 1984
Scotland 1 France 1, 1988
Scotland 1 Austria 0, 1999
Scotland 4 Switzerland 0, 2001
Under-17
Scotland 3 Switzerland 1, 1992
Under-18
Scotland 3 - 0 Wales 0, 1978
Scotland 2 England 1, 1981
Scotland 2 Republic of Ireland 4, 2003
Other sports at Love Street
St Mirren was a Football and Athletic Club until 1905 and annual sports such as running and cycling events would have been a feature of the summer months. It is known that there was a Scottish Inter-Region rugby union match played there in 1897 and at least one dog handicap race run around the track in the early years of the 20th century.
St Mirren tried to introduce greyhound racing on a regular basis in the early 1930s, and spent money on upgrading the track. The first meeting was held on 14 October 1932 and the track was independent (unlicensed). However, only three weeks after the first race the SFA declared a ban on greyhound racing at football grounds and the club lost money on the venture. When the ban was lifted, and St Mirren was approached to resume racing, the club declined.
In 1938, a World Title Flyweight boxing match was scheduled to take place at the stadium involving Scotland's first-ever world champion boxer Benny Lynch. Again money was spent with an anticipated pay-back from a 30,000 crowd. The event turned sour when Lynch was stripped of his title in the days before the fight for failing by a large margin to make the weight. It went ahead as a non-title bout but Lynch's fans felt badly let down and the turnout was poor.
Paisley Lions speedway team raced in the British National Speedway League at Love Street for two seasons in 1975 and 1976. The first meeting was held on 5 April 1975 in front of a crowd of over 6,000. However, despite the meetings being well attended the club folded after two seasons. Their last meeting was held on 25 September 1976 when the Lions beat Boston Barracudas 52–25.
See also
Stadium relocations in Scottish football
References
Sources
External links
From Love Street to Greenhill Road, St Mirren F.C.
Defunct football venues in Scotland
Sports venues in Paisley, Renfrewshire
St Mirren F.C.
Defunct speedway venues in Scotland
Scottish Premier League venues
Scottish Football League venues
Scotland national football team venues
Sports venues completed in 1894
Defunct greyhound racing venues in the United Kingdom
Greyhound racing in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Street%20%28stadium%29 |
George Anderson (20 January 1826 – 27 November 1902) was an English cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Sheffield Cricket Club from 1850 to 1862 and then for Yorkshire County Cricket Club from its inception in 1863 until 1869.
Life
He was born in Aiskew, Bedale, Yorkshire and showed athletic aptitude as a high and long jumper and as a cricketer. His cricket was greatly improved by the visit to Bedale of the eminent bowler William Clarke in 1848. He was employed as a clerk in his youth before making cricket his profession in early manhood.
Anderson appeared at Lord's in 1851, when he played for the North against the South, and for the Players against the Gentlemen in 1855. From 1857 until 1864 he was a member of the All England XIs captained by William Clarke, and George Parr. He visited Australia with Parr's team travelling on board the in the winter of 1863, but met with little success. His most successful season was in 1864, when in first-class matches he averaged 42 runs an innings, and scored 99 not out for Yorkshire against Notts. He captained the Yorkshire team for a few seasons and in May 1869 a match was played for his benefit at Dewsbury between the All England XI and the United All England XI.
Anderson was a right-handed batsman. He played in 99 first-class games, mainly for Yorkshire teams, scoring 2,535 runs at an average of 16.35, with a highest score of 99 not out.
His style as a batsman was described as "the model of manliness"; he had a good defence, and though he took time to get set, he was in his day the hardest and cleanest hitter of the best bowling.
In 1862, he made a drive for eight runs at the Oval, when playing for the North of England against Surrey. Another hit by him off Bennett, the Kent slow bowler, was reputed to have pitched farther than any previously recorded at the Oval.
On retiring from professional cricketing, Anderson became in 1873 actuary of the Bedale Savings Bank, and held the office until the bank's failure in 1894. He died at Bedale on 27 November 1902.
References
Attribution
1826 births
1902 deaths
Yorkshire cricketers
All-England Eleven cricketers
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1826 to 1863
English cricketers of 1864 to 1889
People from Bedale
Players cricketers
Cricketers from Yorkshire
Yorkshire with Stockton-on-Tees cricketers
North v South cricketers
Yorkshire and Durham cricketers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Anderson%20%28cricketer%29 |
Robert Kajanus (2 December 1856 – 6 July 1933) was a Finnish conductor, composer, and teacher. In 1882, he founded the Helsinki Orchestral Society, Finland's first professional orchestra. As a conductor, he was also a notable champion and interpreter of the music of Jean Sibelius.
Life
Kajanus studied music theory with Richard Faltin, violin with Gustaf Niemann in Helsinki, with Hans Richter, Carl Reinecke and Salomon Jadassohn in Leipzig and Johan Svendsen in Paris. His music drew on the folk legends of the Finnish people.
He worked in Dresden in the years immediately after his graduation, and returned to Helsinki in 1882. He founded the first permanent orchestra in Finland: the Helsinki Orchestral Society (later to become the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, Finland's national orchestra). He brought the orchestra to a very high performance standard very quickly, so that they were able to give quite credible performances of the standard late classical/mid-romantic repertory. Kajanus led the Helsinki Philharmonic for 50 years, and among the milestones of that history was the first performance in Finland of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in 1888. His early-electric 78-rpm atmospheric, authoritative recordings of Sibelius symphonies are still interpretive milestones.
Kajanus was appointed director of music at the University of Helsinki in 1897 and remained in the post for the next 29 years, a period in which he had a major impact on music education in his native country. In 1917, he became the first president of the Finnish Musicians' Union. He was also the founder of the Nordic Music Festival in 1919. He received many decorations, including the French Légion d'honneur.
Family
Kajanus's parents were Georg August Cajanus (1812–1888) and Agnes Ottilia Flodin (1824–1902).
Robert Kajanus was the father of harpists Lilly Kajanus-Blenner (1885–1963) and Aino Kajanus-Mangström (1888–1951), and violinist Kaj Kajanus (1908–1994); the grandfather of award-winning Finnish/Norwegian sculptor Johanna Kajanus; and great-grandfather of pop musician and composer Georg Kajanus, who was famous for a while in Great Britain with his band Sailor which enjoyed chart success in the mid-1970s.
Selected works
Kajanus composed over 200 works, of which Aino and the Finnish Rhapsodies are enduringly popular. He also orchestrated the Finnish national anthem, Maamme (Our Country) and Christian Fredric Kress's Porilaisten marssi (March of the People of Pori), the honor march of the Suomen puolustusvoimat (Finnish Defense Forces) and thus, effectively, the Finnish presidential march.
Adagietto
Aino, symphonic poem for male chorus and orchestra (1885)
Suomalainen rapsodia (Finnish rhapsody) No. 1 in D minor, Op. 5 (1881)
Suomalainen rapsodia (Finnish rhapsody) No. 2 in F major (1886)
Huutolaistytön kehtolaulu (The Pauper Girl's Lament)
Kullervon surumarssi (Kullervo's Funeral March), Op. 3 (1880); contains the folk tune "Velisurmaaja" ("The brother-slayer")
Lyrische Stücke (1879)
Overtura sinfonica for orchestra (1926)
Piano Sonata (1876)
Sechs Albumblätter (1877)
Sotamarssi (War March), with lyrics by A. Oksanen – arr. by Arvo Kuikka as an honor march of the Suomen ilmavoimat (Finnish Air Force)
Sinfonietta in B flat major for large orchestra, Op. 16 (1915)
Suite ancienne for strings (1931)
Violin Sonata (1876)
Kajanus and Sibelius
Kajanus had a decisive impact upon the development of the career of Jean Sibelius. He was considered an authority on the interpretation of Sibelius's music, and he and Sibelius were close friends; but this was compromised in 1898 when Sibelius was appointed to a university post for which Kajanus was himself a candidate. Kajanus appealed, and the decision was overturned. But they reconciled for the orchestra's tour of Europe in 1900, where they appeared at the Exposition Universelle at the invitation of the French government. Kullervo, Sibelius's epic masterpiece, was written in the wake of Kajanus' symphonic poem Aino although Sibelius denied any exertion of influence of this piece over his own work. Additionally, as a conductor, Kajanus was responsible for commissioning one of Sibelius' most popular and enduring works, En Saga, following the success of Kullervo. Pohjola's Daughter was dedicated to Kajanus. When Kajanus took the Helsinki Orchestra on a tour of Europe in 1900 both he and Sibelius conducted, including what proved to be the first performances of Sibelius's music outside of Finland. This ensured the spread of the young composer's reputation far beyond the borders of his homeland, the first Finnish composer to receive such attention.
Kajanus was the first to make recordings of Sibelius's First, Second, Third and Fifth symphonies and Tapiola. They were recorded in the early 1930s, with the London Symphony Orchestra. The relationship between Kajanus and Sibelius was such that his interpretations of the composer's music are usually regarded as authentic.
In 1930, the Finnish government and Britain's EMI-Columbia label, perceiving a potentially wide audience for the composer's work, jointly arranged to record Sibelius's first two symphonies, and Kajanus was selected to record both at the insistence of the composer. In 1932 Kajanus recorded Symphonies Nos. 3 and 5, along with orchestral suites and tone poems. This was a massive recording project for the work of a living composer, and the recordings have been considered definitive for many years and are regarded as necessary listening in the study of Sibelius. Only his death in July 1933, at the age of 76, prevented Kajanus from recording all of Sibelius' Symphonies.
See also
Golden Age of Finnish Art
References
External links
Fimic – Suomalaisen musiikin tiedotuskeskus | Finnish music information centre : "Robert Kajanus in Profile"
Robert Kajanus in 375 humanists – 5 June 2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.
1856 births
1933 deaths
Musicians from Helsinki
Musicians from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish classical composers
Finnish male classical composers
Romantic composers
Finnish conductors (music)
Pupils of Salomon Jadassohn
20th-century conductors (music)
19th-century male musicians
20th-century male musicians
20th-century Finnish composers
Musicians from the Grand Duchy of Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Kajanus |
The Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless is a .32 ACP caliber, self-loading, semi-automatic pistol designed by John Browning and built by Colt Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut. The Colt Model 1908 Pocket Hammerless is a variant introduced five years later in .380 ACP caliber. Despite the title "hammerless", the Model 1903 does have a hammer. The hammer is covered and hidden from view under the rear of the slide, this allows the pistol to be carried in and withdrawn from a pocket quickly and smoothly without snagging.
History
Approximately 570,000 Colt Pocket Hammerless pistols were produced from 1903 to 1945, in five different types. Some were issued to US Army and US Air Force general officers from World War II through the 1970s; these were replaced in 1972 with the RIA Colt M15 general officer's model, a compact version of the M1911A1.
The Shanghai Municipal Police issued the M1908 to its officers in the 1920s and 1930s and it was a popular model with police in the United States such as the Boston Police Department.
In addition to lawful owners, many gangsters of the pre-World War II era favored the Model 1903 and Model 1908 because they were relatively small and easily concealed. It is said that Al Capone kept one in his coat pocket and Bonnie Parker used one to break Clyde Barrow out of jail after smuggling it into the jail by taping it to her thigh. Bank robber John Dillinger was carrying this model of pistol when he was shot by FBI agents outside the Biograph theater on July 22, 1934, and another famous bank robber, Willie Sutton, had one when he was captured by police in Brooklyn on February 18, 1952.
This pistol was also used by an Indian revolutionary named Chandrashekhar Azad in 1931, when he committed suicide to avoid capture by the Indian Imperial Police in a park at the United Provinces of British India.
Note: There was also a Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer pistol in .38 ACP, but this design is unrelated. The FN Model 1903 pistol design is related to the Colt Pocket Hammerless, but it is physically larger due to its chambering in the 9×20mm SR Browning Long cartridge.
General officer models
General officer models were often engraved with the officer's name. Recipients include generals Eisenhower, Bradley, Marshall, and Patton. Patton's Model 1908 was embellished with three (later four) stars on the grip panels to denote his rank. They were issued with a fine-grade leather holster, leather pistol belt with gold-metal clasp, rope pistol lanyard with gold-metal fittings, and leather two-pocket ammunition pouch with gold-metal fasteners. They came in russet or black leather (depending on service and regulations) and were made by Atchison Leather Products or Hickok. A cleaning rod and two spare magazines were also included. Generals were issued the Model M in .380 ACP, until 1950, when supplies ran out. At that point, they were substituted with .32 models until their replacement in 1972. The Pocket Hammerless was replaced by the M15 pistol made by Rock Island Arsenal in .45 ACP. Today, the Pocket Hammerless is manufactured by U.S. Armament, and is licensed by Colt.
Design
This pistol is actually fired by action of a hammer striking and driving a firing pin into a center-fire cartridge's primer. The hammer is covered by the rear of the slide. The "hammerless" designation was merely an advertising designation pointing out the pistol's particular suitability for concealed carry. Special features include a serrated slide to prevent slippage during manual cycling of the slide and two safety mechanisms (a grip safety and a manual safety). The grip safety is a spring-loaded piece making up the back strap of the pistol. The grip safety, though not solely restricted to them, was a typical feature of Colt automatic pistols. A magazine safety was added on later models; this feature prevents the pistol from being fired with a round in the chamber and the magazine removed.
In 1908, a .380 ACP version of this gun was introduced. Called the Model 1908, it is nearly identical to the Model 1903 except for the bore diameter and the magazine, which holds seven rounds (one fewer than the Model 1903).
Grip panels are black checked hard rubber, checked walnut, or special order materials (ivory, mother of pearl, inset medallion).
Sights are fixed, although the rear sight is drift-adjustable for windage.
Metal finish is blued or nickel, and some special-order finishes such as engraved, silver- or gold-plated.
Variants
Type I: .32 cal separate barrel bushing, four-inch barrel, no magazine safety, serial numbers 1 through 71,999
Type II: .32 cal separate barrel bushing, 3-inch barrel; 1908–1910, SN 72,000 through 105,050
Type II: .380 cal separate barrel bushing, 3-inch barrel; 1908–1910, SN 001 through 6250
Type III: integrated barrel bushing, 3-inch barrel; 1910–1926, SN 105,051 through 468,789
Type IV: integrated barrel bushing, 3-inch barrel, magazine safety
Type V: integrated barrel bushing, 3-inch barrel, military sights, magazine safety on both commercial and "U.S. property" variations. SN 468,097 through 554,446.
There was an M1903 version with a military Parkerized finish, which is otherwise the same as the Model IV, SN 554,447 through 572,214.
Trivia
Former Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo used a Colt Model 1903 to attempt suicide shortly before his arrest for war crimes on September 11, 1945. Tojo was convicted at trial and was executed on December 23, 1948. Tojo's pistol is on display at the MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia.
The Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless with SN539370 took part in the attempt of assassination SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich (top nazi officer) in Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia on May 27, 1942, in Prague. The assassination had been successful due to wounds he suffered from the bomb thrown into his car.
In Warlord Era China, some cottage artisans created pistols that were visually similar to the Colt Model 1903, but dissimilar in mechanics (such as the lack of a grip safety and a heel magazine release).
See also
List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces
Ruby pistol
References
External links
Colt pistol hammerless model 1903 (infographic tech. drawing)
Colt semi-automatic pistols
.32 ACP semi-automatic pistols
.380 ACP semi-automatic pistols
Semi-automatic pistols of the United States
World War II firearms of the United States
Semi-automatic pistols 1901–1909
Simple blowback firearms
Firearms by John Browning
Weapons of the Philippine Army | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt%20Model%201903%20Pocket%20Hammerless |
Port Bainbridge is an inland seaport operated by the Georgia Ports Authority and is located in Bainbridge, Georgia. It handles sea trade and cargo shipments to and from the Gulf of Mexico via Florida's Apalachicola River. The terminal facilities cover and include 9,292 square meters of warehouse space.
References
Transportation in Decatur County, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Decatur County, Georgia
Bainbridge
Bainbridge, Georgia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Bainbridge |
Artesonraju is a pyramidal mountain peak located near the city of Caraz in the Cordillera Blanca mountain range in the Peruvian Andes. It is located at the Peruvian province of Huaylas and its slopes are within two cities: Santa Cruz and Caraz. Its summit has an elevation of (or according to the IGN-Peru map). It is one of many prominent peaks (2772 metres) located within the boundaries of Peru's Huascarán National Park.
Artesonraju has two distinguished climbing routes. Due to their difficulties, Artesonraju is seldom successfully climbed in comparison to other well known mountains in the Cordillera Blanca. This mountain serves as the inspiration mascot for the newer Paramount Pictures production logo.
Elevation
The available Digital elevation models show several voids in the region therefore its exact altitude may be shown differently in some sources. SRTM's highest point shows 5982 metres, Void filled SRTM shows 5918 metres, ASTER shows 5982 metres as its highest point. The 90 metre TanDEM-X data shows 5999 metres as its highest point.
The height of the nearest key col is 3253 metres so its prominence is about 2772 meters. Artesonraju is listed as mountain sub-system, based on the Dominance system and its dominance is 46.01%. Its parent peak is Chacraraju and the Topographic isolation is 5.2 kilometers.
Climbing
There is no easy route to the summit of Artesonraju, with all climbing routes rated at least D (difficile/difficult) according to the International French Adjectival System.
The primary climbing route is the North Ridge Route, rated D+. This route runs along the north ridge from the Santa Cruz ravine and it was the route used in 1932 by Erwin Hein and Erwin Schneider of the Deutscher und Österreichischer Alpenverein for the first successful climb.
The standard route up Artesonraju varies year over year due to route condition changes.
Another well known climbing route is the Southeast Face Route, rated D. The approach begins in the city of Caraz at an altitude of , and from there proceeds upward another 2,000 meters along a 32-km dirt road to Lake Parón. A path along the lake's north shore brings climbers to the Base Camp at . It involves a trek from Parón lagoon to the base of the face of the mountain and then a long climb from a camp at .
This Southeast Face Route is one of the classic Andean climbs, although due to climate change it has become increasingly dangerous and out of condition to climb. In the event that the route is in condition to be climbed, it demands good ice climbing technique, as it involves climbing at about 50-55 degrees for well over 900 vertical meters, with some pitches at 60 degrees. At the end of the dry season a bergschrund can make problematic the last section of the climb. The route is rated D and was climbed the first time on the 24 June 1969 by K. Schreckenbach, H. Saler and K. Sussmilch. A large number of accidents have happened descending the Southeast Ridge Route, primarily due to the failure of snow anchors while abseiling.
The summit ridge of Artesonraju accessed by the North Ridge Route is well known for its fragility; special care must be taken as there is an unusually high risk of avalanches at the start of the climbing season here. For this reason parties must gauge the safety propositions between the North Ridge Route and the Southeast Face Route.
A third route, particularly difficult and rated TD+, runs along the south ridge and is very rarely climbed. It was climbed the first time on the 24 June 1969 by a Yugoslavian party (T. Sbrizaj, S. Semraj and B. Naglic).
Other routes have been climbed, but very rarely repeated. Famously, Miraflores Mayor Randy Diamond launched his campaign at the summit.
During August, the windiest month, the peak tends to form a "wind shield", so extreme caution must be taken, especially if temperatures are below zero.
See also
Caraz (mountain)
Sentilo
References
Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Ancash Region
Paramount Pictures
Huascarán National Park
Six-thousanders of the Andes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artesonraju |
DeSalvo or De Salvo is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
People
Albert DeSalvo (1931–1973), American serial killer known as the Boston Strangler
Barbara De Salvo, electronics engineer
Karen DeSalvo (born 1966), American federal official
Louise DeSalvo (1942–2018), American writer and professor
Matt DeSalvo (born 1980), American baseball player
Roman De Salvo (born 1965), American artist and sculptor
Russ DeSalvo, American songwriter, musician and record producer
Fictional characters
Charlie DeSalvo, on the TV show Highlander: The Series
See also
DiSalvo, a list of people with the surname DiSalvo or Di Salvo
Salvo (surname)
Italian-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSalvo |
Gary Paul Lucas (born November 8, 1954) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the San Diego Padres (1980–83), Montreal Expos (1984–85) and California Angels (1986–87).
Career
Playing career
Lucas was drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the 1st round of the 1973 amateur draft. He failed to come to terms with the Reds on a contract and became re-eligible for the draft, subsequently being selected by the San Diego Padres in the 19th round of the 1976 amateur draft.
Lucas made his major league debut on April 16, 1980, pitching one relief inning in a Padres' loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was used as a starting pitcher for much of his rookie season before being used exclusively as a reliever for the remainder of his major league career. In 1981, Lucas led all National League pitchers by appearing in 57 games. In his final major league appearance, Lucas pitched innings of scoreless work to close out a Jack Lazorko win for the California Angels on October 3, 1987.
In eight major league seasons, he posted a career record of 29–44 with 63 saves and a 3.01 ERA in 669 innings.
Coaching career
Lucas has served as a pitching coach for a variety of minor league baseball teams. He was the pitching coach with the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers, the Milwaukee Brewers' Class-A team in 2015 before spending the following two seasons as a coach with the Class-AA New Britain Rock Cats. Wanting to be closer to his home in Rice Lake, Wisconsin, Lucas asked to be reassigned back to Beloit, where he remained through 2012, when the Twins moved their Midwest League team to Cedar Rapids. Lucas spent one year in Cedar Rapids, before being moved to the Twins High-A franchise, the Fort Myers Miracle in 2014. Lucas was dismissed by the Twins following the 2014 season.
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
Amarillo Gold Sox players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball coaches from California
Baseball players from Riverside, California
California Angels players
Chapman Panthers baseball players
Hawaii Islanders players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Montreal Expos players
Palm Springs Angels players
People from Rice Lake, Wisconsin
Phoenix Firebirds players
Reno Silver Sox players
Riverside City Tigers baseball coaches
Riverside City Tigers baseball players
San Diego Padres players
Walla Walla Padres players
West Palm Beach Expos players
Peninsula Oilers players
Riverside Polytechnic High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Lucas%20%28baseball%29 |
The Frasers of Philorth are a Scottish lowland family, originally from the Anjou region of France. Castle Fraser, their family seat, is in Sauchen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Since the time of Alexander Fraser, 11th Lord Saltoun, the heads of the Philorth family are the Lords Saltoun. The current head of the Frasers of Philorth is Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun, who is Chief of the Name and Arms of Clan Fraser since 1 May 1984, by decree of the Court of the Lord Lyon. The family's arms are "azure, three cinquefoils argent"—three silver strawberry flowers on a field of blue. The heraldic cinquefoil is a stylized five-point leaf; the cinquefoils which appear on the Fraser of Philorth coat-of-arms are specifically strawberry flowers. Only the Lady or Lord Saltoun is permitted to display these arms plain and undifferenced.
History
Fraserburgh Alexander's grandson, also Alexander, married a daughter of the Earl of Ross, acquiring the lands of Philorth in Buchan, plus the castle of Cairnbulg, which has been the seat of the Fraser chiefs from that time forward.
In 1504, the family purchased a fishing community called Faithlie, by Kinnaird Head. On coming into possession in 1569, Sir Alexander, 8th Lord of Philorth, began to build "a large and beautiful town". He laid the foundation of the Tower of Kynnairdshead, since called the Castle of Fraserburgh, and built a church.
They created a burgh of barony in 1546.
In 1592, Alexander was given a charter by James VI for Faithlie. He improved the harbour, making the area a thriving town, which soon became a free port and burgh called Fraserburgh, a rival of Aberdeen.
Around 1596, the family built Pittulie Castle.
Fraserburgh was to have had a university, but the religious troubles and competition from Aberdeen stemmed the town’s growth. By building Fraserburgh Castle the Laird bankrupted himself, and had to sell the Philorth Castle, which passed out of the family for over 300 years until Alexander Fraser, 19th Lord Saltoun, bought it back in 1934. Alexander, 9th Lord of Philorth, married the heiress of the Lord Saltoun, a title borne by the Clan Fraser chiefs since that time.
The Chiefship was in dispute between the Frasers of Philorth and another branch, which also came from Tweeddale, the Frasers of Muchalls. In the reign of Charles I. The peerage expired with the fourth Lord Fraser, who died in 1716 while on the run as a result of his participation in The Fifteen. The first two sons of Andrew, the 2nd Lord Fraser, were not seen in Scotland after the 1650 Battle of Dunbar. One of them, James Fraser, ended up in Massachusetts (USA) as "James Frizzell." He lived in Roxbury, MA; married in 1656; had children; and died in 1717.
References
External links
Frasers of Philorth from Baronage Press
Philorth, Frasers of
Fraser of Philorth
Fraserburgh
Scottish Lowlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasers%20of%20Philorth |
Home Grown is the third studio album by American alternative country group Blue Mountain, released in 1997.
Critical reception
The Washington Post praised "Hudson's affection for the odd characters who inhabit, or sometimes just float through, small Southern towns."
AllMusic wrote: "Homegrown is informed by melodic smarts absent from so many contemporary alt-country records; [Cary] Hudson's parched, Dylan-esque vocals remain wonderfully evocative as well, helping establish an authentic sense of time and place."
Track listing
"Bloody 98"
"Myrna Lee"
"Pretty Please"
"Black Dog"
"Generic America"
"Last Words of Midnight Clyde"
"Babe"
"It Ain't Easy to Love a Liar"
"Ira Magee"
"Town Clown"
"Dead End Street"
"Rain"
References
1998 albums
Blue Mountain (band) albums
Roadrunner Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Grown%20%28Blue%20Mountain%20album%29 |
The Sound of Speed is a compilation of singles and rare tracks by Scottish alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain.
The track listing below is for the version released in most of the world - the Japanese version dropped "Snakedriver", "Something I Can't Have", "Write Record Release Blues", "Tower of Song", "Little Red Rooster", "Lowlife" and "Reverberation", but added "Subway", "In the Black", "Terminal Beach" and "I'm Glad I Never".
It reached #15 on the UK albums chart.
Critical reception
The Independent gave the compilation a mixed review, writing that "the most interesting tracks here are the cover versions of songs like 'Guitarman' (Elvis done in the vein of Dylan), 'Little Red Rooster', and Leonard Cohen's 'Tower of Song', whose exhausted languor makes a surprisingly smooth transfer to Mary Chain mode".
Track listing
All songs written by Jim Reid and William Reid, except where noted.
LP (4509-93104-1) Worldwide
Side 1
"Snakedriver" – 3:44
"Reverence (radio mix)" – 5:39
"Heat" – 3:00
"Teenage Lust (acoustic version)" – 2:25
"Why'd You Want Me?" – 3:15
"Don't Come Down" – 2:39
"Guitarman" (Jerry Reed) – 3:43
"Something I Can't Have" – 3:02
Side 2
"Sometimes" – 2:53
"Write Record Release Blues" – 2:58
"Shimmer" – 2:46
"Penetration" – 2:48
"My Girl" (Smokey Robinson) – 3:05
"Tower of Song" (Leonard Cohen) – 4:49
"Little Red Rooster" (Willie Dixon) – 3:25
"Break Me Down" – 2:29
"Lowlife" – 3:27
CD (4509-93104-2) Worldwide
"Snakedriver" – 3:44
"Reverence (radio mix)" – 5:39
"Heat" – 3:00
"Teenage Lust (acoustic version)" – 2:25
"Why'd You Want Me?" – 3:15
"Don't Come Down" – 2:39
"Guitarman" (Jerry Reed) – 3:43
"Something I Can't Have" – 3:02
"Sometimes" – 2:53
"Write Record Release Blues" – 2:58
"Shimmer" – 2:46
"Penetration" – 2:48
"My Girl" (Robinson) – 3:05
"Tower of Song" (Cohen) – 4:49
"Little Red Rooster" (Burnett, Dixon) – 3:25
"Break Me Down" – 2:29
"Lowlife" – 3:27
"Deviant Slice" – 3:01
"Reverberation" (Roky Erickson, Tommy Hall, Stacy Sutherland) – 3:46
"Sidewalking (extended version)" – 7:52
Original releases
Track 20: Non-album single "Sidewalking" from 1988.
Tracks 11, 12, 13, 16: B-sides to "Blues from a Gun" from 1989.
Track 18: B-side to "Head On" from 1989.
Tracks 14, 17: Part of Rollercoaster EP from 1990.
Tracks 2, 3, 7: B-sides to "Reverence" from 1992
Tracks 5, 9: B-sides to "Far Gone and Out" from 1992.
Tracks 4, 6, 19: B-sides to "Almost Gold" from 1992.
Tracks 1, 8, 10, 15: Part of Sound of Speed EP from 1993.
CD (WMC5-520) Japan
"Reverence (radio mix)" – 5:39
"Teenage Lust (acoustic version)" – 2:25
"Don't Come Down" – 2:39
"Heat" – 3:03
"Guitarman" (Jerry Reed) – 3:43
"Why'd You Want Me?" – 3:15
"Sometimes" – 2:53
"Shimmer" – 2:46
"Penetration" – 2:48
"My Girl" (Robinson) – 3:05
"Subway" – 2:07
"In the Black" – 2:56
"Break Me Down" – 2:29
"Terminal Beach" – 2:26
"Deviant Slice" – 3:01
"Glad I Never" – 1:31
"Sidewalking (extended version)" – 7:52
Personnel
The Jesus and Mary Chain
Jim Reid – vocals, guitar, production
William Reid – vocals, guitar, production, engineer (tracks 11 to 14, 16, 18, 19)
Ben Lurie – bass (track 1), guitar (track 15)
Nick Sanderson – drums (tracks 1, 8)
Additional personnel
Brad Davidson – bass (track 15)
Wiff – drums (track 15)
Dick Meaney – engineer (tracks 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 to 10, 15)
Anjali Dutt – engineer (track 2)
George Kaleve – engineer (track 4)
Alan Moulder – engineer (track 7)
Flood – engineer (track 17)
John Loder – production (track 20)
Colin Bell – photography
References
The Jesus and Mary Chain compilation albums
B-side compilation albums
1992 compilation albums
1993 compilation albums
Blanco y Negro Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sound%20of%20Speed |
Echoes of Innocence is a suspense/adventure independent film from studio Fusion Productions. It was released on video on March 28, 2006.
Synopsis
The movie opens with a recitation of Romans 8:18: I consider that our present sufferings are not worth comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us.
It has been five years since Sarah's (newcomer Sara Simmonds) soulmate Christopher (Cody Linley) mysteriously disappeared, riding off in a limousine without explanation. The two had become engaged at the age of twelve, planning to marry when both were eighteen. Sarah has kept to that commitment, believing that Chris will return. She is a devotee of Joan of Arc, and has begun to experience her own 'heavenly' visions and voices. Recently, these visions have grown in intensity. Their content mostly consists of premonitions of trouble or disaster.
Sarah's mother has paranoid schizophrenia and berates Sarah constantly; she lives instead with her grandmother, an inveterate television-watcher who takes no interest in her. She prays alone in an abandoned chapel in a nearby forest, and confides in a Catholic priest, perhaps with an intent to convert to that faith, although this is never explicitly stated. She unwisely reveals her paranormal experiences to classmates, which in combination with her refusal to keep company with boys has made her something of a high school outcast. She does have at least one close girl friend, and is to play Titania in the school production of A Midsummer Night's Dream.
High school reporter Dave (Jake McDorman), a relative newcomer to the school, is intrigued by Sarah and determined to understand her fascination with the "virgin maid" - Joan of Arc. As Sarah's trust in Dave grows, she leads him to her chapel where she reveals the nature of her spiritual encounters. on the pretext of writing a feature about her for the school paper, Dave questions her thoroughly and investigates her background, discussing details of her life with classmates.
Meanwhile, rebellious Alec (Matt Vodvarka) desires Sarah for himself, viewing her virginity as a prize conquest. He is also a member of the trenchcoat mafia, a satanic figure who plants bombs around the school. His goals seem to be to have sex with Sarah and kill everyone else.
Alec apparently becomes possessed by a demon and attempts to attack Sarah and murder Dave, but the pair are saved by a gigantic bull which appears out of nowhere and is possibly of heavenly origin. At the same time, Dave reveals his own secret; he is Chris. He has been lying to Sarah, leading her down the path for months, because he wanted ironclad proof that she had kept her commitment to him. Also, he wants her to love him as he is now, not as the image of the twelve-year-old she remembers. No explanation is given for his sudden disappearance, but it is hinted that he comes from an extremely wealthy family. The film ends with Dave/Chris and Sarah completing their vows and living as husband and wife.
External links
2005 films
Films about religion
2000s thriller films
2000s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes%20of%20Innocence |
See also
Florida
List of municipalities in Florida
List of former municipalities in Florida
List of counties in Florida
List of census-designated places in Florida
References
USGS Fips55 database | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20places%20in%20Florida%3A%20D |
Fors can mean:
Fors, Deux-Sèvres, a French commune in the department of Deux-Sèvres
Fors (Swedish village), a village in the Avesta Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden
Fors (Swedish parish), a parish in the Diocese of Härnösand, Sweden
FORS, Transport for London's Freight Operator Recognition Scheme
FORS, a measuring instrument installed on the Very Large Telescope
FORS (Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences)
Sebastian Fors, a Swedish video game streamer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fors |
Augustana may refer to:
In religion:
The Augustana or Augsburg Confession, which gives its name to several Lutheran institutions
Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church, a Lutheran religious body from the 1860 until 1962
Augustana Lutheran Church (Sioux City, Iowa), listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Church
In education:
Augustana Academy, a former educational institute in South Dakota
Augustana College (Illinois), a liberal arts college in Illinois
Augustana University (South Dakota), a liberal arts college in South Dakota
Augustana University College, a formerly Lutheran college in Alberta
The University of Alberta Augustana Faculty of the University of Alberta, the present incarnation of the former Augustana University College after its merger with the University of Alberta
Augustana Divinity School (Neuendettelsau), a divinity school of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria in Neuendettelsau, Germany
In music:
Augustana (band), a rock band from California
Augustana (album), the rock band's third, self-titled album | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustana |
WBBO (98.5 FM, "B98-5") is a radio station broadcasting a Contemporary Hit Radio format. Licensed to Ocean Acres, New Jersey, it serves Ocean & Burlington counties in New Jersey. It first Sign-on On March 10, 1993. 1993 under the call sign WQNJ, but more recently operated under WKMK. The station is currently owned by Press Communications.
Coverage Area
98.5's signal blankets Ocean and Burlington in New Jersey as well as the New Jersey suburbs of Philadelphia. The station can be heard from Atlantic City to the South, Belmar to the North, and Philadelphia to the West.
The WBBO antenna is co-located with WVBH and W265CS on a tower located near the intersection of Route 72 and the Garden State Parkway in Manahawkin.
Early history
98.5 was granted the WQNJ calls on February 7, 1990. Even before this station hit the air, it had extensive coverage in the local newspapers, because it was to be the first commercial station to hit the air in Ocean County since WJRZ signed on in 1976. FM 98.5 was originally owned by Seaira, Inc., a local company that was headed by Pat Parson, a former WCBS/880 news anchor from 1970 to 1990 and a former alumnus of WERA in Planfield.
Parson originally planned 98.5 to be a live and local Smooth Jazz station, using the slogan "Cloud Nine," with an original sign-on date of Spring 1991. However, that sign-on date changed many times, due mostly because of antenna clearances that had to be taken care of prior to signing on. In late 1992, with Seaira not having enough financial backing to sign on themselves with a local format, 98.5 entered into an agreement with D&K Broadcasting (the owners of WJLK at the time.)
On February 11, 1993, WQNJ began on-air testing and on March 10, 1993, officially signed on with a simulcast of 94.3 WJLK. It was pretty much a 100% simulcast, with the exception of local commercial cut-ins and on weekday mornings at 6, 7, 8 and 9 o’clock, Pat Parson would do a 5-minute newscast.
This basic format lasted until 1996 when it was announced that Nassau Broadcasting had purchased the station (and others in the Jersey Shore area.)
B98.5
Pat Parson's newscasts were soon discontinued. The simulcast continued with WJLK until Memorial Day weekend in 1997 when Nassau launched "B-98.5 – The Jersey Shore's Hit Music Station."
The first song played on "B-98.5" was the Spice Girls "Wannabe".
On July 11, 1997, the calls were changed to WBBO.
In 2001, Nassau sold WBBO (along with WOBM-FM and WJLK) to Millennium Radio Group. in march of 2002 WCHR 105.7 simulcast was on the air but on April 15, 2002 105.7 WCHR ends it Simulcast and WCHR changes it format to Classic Rock. In April 2003, it was announced that Millennium was selling WBBO to Press Communications, who ironically enough, was the original applicant for 98.5 in the late 1980s. In August 2004, Press officially took over WBBO.
Alumni
Original Staff * Neil Sullivan, Program Director 1997–1999 * Fox Feltman (aka. Alan Fox), Assistant Program Director/Music Director, Afternoons 1997–1999 * Jessica Taylor, Midday host, 1999 * Andy Chase, Promotions and Swing jock 1997–2003, morning host 2003–2004 * Mike and Diane, Mornings 1998–1999 * JC, then Scotty Valentino Nights 1997–1999 * Ed Bishop, Imaging Director * General Manager Don Dalesio 1997–2002; 2016–2019
G Rock Radio
On February 18, 2005, 98.5 started simulcasting sister station WHTG-FM "G-106.3" from Eatontown and became GRock Radio. On July 5, 2006, 98.5 changed calls to WKOE as part of a switch with new move-in 106.5 in Bass River Township. WKOE was formerly located at 106.3 in Ocean City On July 24, 2006 at midnight, the simulcast on 98.5 ceased.
Real Jersey Kountry K98.5
Later on July 24, 2006, after "stunting" with playing The Eagles "New Kid In Town" over and over for 12 hours, 98.5 debuted as "K-98.5: Real Jersey Kountry" and new call letters of WKOE, were assigned at 10 a.m. that day (switching from WBBO which had been re-instated). The WKOE call letters were quickly replaced with WKMK to avoid a legal situation after it was noted that using WKOE on a country formatted station violated a usage agreement that Press Broadcasting signed regarding the WKOE calls.
The first song played was Alan Jackson's "Gone Country." Past staffers of K98.5 include Jim Radler, Leeann Taylor and Brian Moore.
Ocean County's Country Thunder 98.5
On February 16, 2009, "K98.5" under the direction of longtime Country Music PD Captain Jack Aponte, switched its name to "Thunder 98.5". Along with the name change, Captain Jack changed the station's format to an edgier "Rockin Country" sound, playing some classic southern rock along with country music; similar southern rock/country "hybrid" formats were used unsuccessfully on various U.S. country outlets in the 1990s, most even used the same "Thunder Country" moniker also.
B 98.5 returns
The station swapped its "Thunder" country format with co-owned WHTG and WBBO on September 15, 2010 at 3:00 p.m. At that time, the station resumed its former identity of "B 98.5", and at that time also swapped call signals, assuming the WHTG-FM identity long associated with 106.3 FM in Eatontown, which became WKMK at that time. some of the staff were a carry-over from Hit 106. In the weeks leading up to the station change, commercials continuously announced "Hit 106 is moving down the dial". On December 8, 2010, 98.5 Went back to The WBBO Calls.
Airstaff
The current lineup (as of January 3, 2022) is as follows
B98.5 Morning Show (6–10 am): TJ Mateo & Lenore (Lenny) Luca
Middays (10 am – 2pm): Danny Rios
Afternoon (2–6 pm): Rashaud Thomas
Nights (6 pm-midnight): E
Program Director/Music Director: Rashaud Thomas
References
External links
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
BBO
Radio stations established in 1993
1993 establishments in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBO |
Area codes 814 and 582 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the northwestern and central portions of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Cities served by the area code include Altoona, Bradford, DuBois, Erie, Meadville, Oil City, Titusville, Johnstown, St. Marys, and Warren as well as the boroughs of State College, Brockway, Clearfield, Huntingdon, Mount Union, Bedford, Clarion, Punxsutawney, Tyrone, Ebensburg, Coudersport, Ridgway and Brookville. Area code 814 is the original area code assigned to the numbering plan area in 1947. Area code 582 was activated in the service area as an additional code to form an overlay numbering plan with a starting date of October 3, 2020.
History
Area code 814 is one of the original North American area codes established in 1947. Its numbering plan area (NPA) is the largest in the state. It is the only one of Pennsylvania's original four NPAs that still has its original boundaries. The largest cities in the area are Johnstown, Altoona, State College and Erie; otherwise this region is largely rural.
On May 14, 2020, the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission approved area code 582 for an all-service overlay, in the face of projections that 814 would exhaust in late 2022. From October 3, 2020 to April 3, 2021, a permissive dialing period was in effect, during which both seven- and ten-digit dialing was allowed. Assignment of telephone numbers of area code 582 began May 1, 2021. With this assignment, seven-digit calling in Pennsylvania became extinct.
Split controversy
When numbering pool exhaustion became a threat in the 2000s, the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission (PUC) approved a numbering plan split in December 2009, that would have assigned area code 582 to most of the northwestern portion of the territory, including Erie by 2012. The proposed new numbering plan area would have served Erie, Crawford, Warren, Venango, Forest, Clarion, Jefferson, Elk, McKean counties and parts of Armstrong, Clearfield, Indiana, and Mercer. The remaining counties would have retained area code 814. Under the plan, most of Clearfield and Indiana counties would have retained 814; most of Armstrong and Mercer counties would continue in area code 724.
After the decision, a grassroots movement circulated an online petition to request the commission to cancel the action in favor of an overlay plan, a change also supported by the telecommunication industry.
By February 27, 2012, the projected exhaustion date for 814 was changed to the second quarter of 2018,
causing the PUC in a 5–0 vote on April 26, 2012 to dismiss the split plan and implementation schedule. Following projections suggested that 814 would be exhausted by 2021.
Service area
The numbering plan area comprises parts of twenty-seven counties.
Armstrong County (northeastern portion only)
Bedford County
Blair County
Cambria County
Cameron County
Centre County (majority of area)
Clarion County (all except portions of west)
Clearfield County
Clinton County (small portions)
Crawford County (all except southwestern portion)
Elk County
Erie County
Fayette County (a small portion may be assigned to 814, but most if not all uses 724)
Forest County
Fulton County (western portions)
Huntingdon County (except Kishacoquillas Valley and extreme southeast portions)
Indiana County (northern and eastern portions only)
Jefferson County
McKean County
Mercer County (extreme northeastern portion)
Mifflin County (extreme southwestern corner only)
Potter County
Somerset County
Tioga County (western portions only)
Venango County (all except southeastern corner)
Warren County
Westmoreland County (extreme northeastern corner only)
See also
List of Pennsylvania area codes
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
References
External links
North American Numbering Plan Administration
Area code to run out of numbers
814 area code map
Save814 Public Advocates
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1947
814
814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area%20codes%20814%20and%20582 |
Tales of a Traveler is an album by the American alternative country group Blue Mountain, released in 1999.
Critical reception
No Depression wrote that Stirratt and Hudson's "harmonies, and, just as importantly, the subtle, fleeting moments when their voices veer off course are Blue Mountain’s musical signature." The Washington Post thought that "Hudson and Stirratt borrow widely and wisely—grabbing elements from X, Johnny Cash, Lynyrd Skynyrd, J.J. Cale and especially Neil Young, both in his pretty acoustic and noisy electric phases—but they give it all backwoods Mississippi spin and make it intensely personal." Exclaim! noted that the band "even venture into Dixie-fried rock territory, albeit in a mercifully less greasy form than the Molly Hatchets of yesteryear."
Track listing
Personnel
Dan Baird - acoustic, electric, slide guitars
Jef Callaway - trombone
Frank Coutch - vocals, drums, percussion
Don Heffington: drums, congas
Caroline Herring - vocals
Cary Hudson - vocals
Jim Spake - tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone
Laurie Stirratt - vocals, guitar
References
1999 albums
Blue Mountain (band) albums
Roadrunner Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales%20of%20a%20Traveler |
Centavia (Central European Aviation) was a short-lived Serbian low cost airline. Its hub airport was Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport in Serbia while its technical base was in Cologne Bonn Airport in Germany. The airline declared bankruptcy on 8 November 2006.
History
Centavia was established in 2005 and received its first aircraft, a BAe 146-200, on 15 June 2006 from Meridiana. Its founder and CEO, Predrag Vujović, had previously attempted to set up an airline company called Air Maxi, but those plans had been abandoned due to a lack of funding.
Centavia's first (charter) flight took place on 8 July 2006, to Belgrade from Corfu. For the initial period, only charter flights were operated. The airline's second aircraft arrived on 17 August 2006 and was registered as YU-AGM.
Centavia was to be the first airline to operate flights from Belgrade to Zagreb since the dissolution of Yugoslavia. However, the Croatian Authorities rejected the airline's application, saying that no bilateral agreements existed between the two states and that the European Open Skies Agreement, ratified by Croatia, would not be applicable in this case. Similarly, the Montenegrin government denied the airline landing rights due to Serbian withdrawal of the AOC of Montenegro Airlines' daughter company, Master Airways, rejection dramatically deteriorated the economic ties between the two former Yugoslav Republics. The airline's demise was seen as collateral damage of the unresolved issues and disputes between the Republics of former Yugoslavia. Only Slovenia approved Centavia's operations request without any difficulties. Centavia was to code share on the Belgrade to Ljubljana flights with Adria Airways of Slovenia.
Centavia had received permissions and landing rights from Slovenia, Germany, Italy and Switzerland and planned to start flights to these states in the winter of 2006.
Centavia also held informal talks with Wizz Air of Hungary to jointly operate certain flights.
Centavia's two leased aircraft were returned to the lessor, BAE Systems, on 9 November 2006.
Fleet
BAe 146 (2)
External links
Centavia fleet details
Ovog leta počinju jeftini letovi
Centavija dobila dozvolu za letenje
BAE SYSTEMS LEASES TWO BAe 146s TO NEW SERBIAN OPERATOR – CENTAVIA
BAe 146-200 msn E2210 (Meridiana I-FLRE)
BAe 146-200 msn E2210 YU-AGL. First comercial [sic] flight of new airline! Charter flight from Corfu. Landing on Rwy 12. Belgrade - Nikola Tesla (Surcin) (BEG / LYBE), Serbia, July 8, 2006
Centavia's BAe 146-200 YU-AGL landing at Warsaw-Okecie - EPWA, September 4, 2006
BAe 146-200 msn E2220 (Club Air I-FLRI - last BAe 146 series 200s built before production switched to the Avro RJ85)
Centavia's BAe 146-200 YU-AGM at Norwich - NWI (Second Centavia BAe 146 ready for delivery), August 15th 2006
First photo of YU-AGM on Belgrade (Surcin) Airport - BEG, August 23rd 2006
BAe 146-200 msn E2220 YU-AGM. Still all white - arriving from Belgrade. Kerkyra (Corfu) - Ioannis Kapodistrias (CFU / LGKR), Greece, September 16, 2006
References
Defunct airlines of Serbia
Defunct companies of Serbia
Airlines established in 2005
Airlines disestablished in 2006
Serbian companies established in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centavia |
Savannah Christian Preparatory School (SCPS) is a private, college preparatory, non-denominational Christian school located in Savannah, Georgia, United States.
Campuses
Chatham Parkway
The Chatham Parkway campus hosts over 1,180 lower, middle and upper school students, and 250 daycare/preschool students. Facilities include thirteen buildings with classrooms, labs, media centers, gyms, a dining hall, an outdoor pool, a track, five athletic fields, three playgrounds, and the Ecological Diversity for Educational Networking (E.D.E.N.) Outdoor Education Center.
This campus is the site of the Eckburg Center (opened in November 2007) which is the new fine arts and athletic facility for the Upper School as well as the new daycare/preschool center (opened in August 2008).
History
On September 17, 1951, Rev. George and Mrs. Harold Deane Akins, launched SCPS as the "Evangelical Bible Institute" with eight students. It officially became Savannah Christian School in 1954, and then Savannah Christian Preparatory School (SCPS) in 1978.
Student activities
Athletics
The Upper School currently competes in Region 3-A of the Georgia High School Association (GHSA). The Middle School competes in the Savannah Parochial Athletic League (SPAL).
Middle school:
Boys - football, cross country, basketball, baseball, soccer, golf, track
Girls - volleyball, cross country, basketball, soccer, golf, track, softball
Upper school:
Boys - football, cross country, basketball, baseball, soccer, golf, tennis, track, wrestling, lacrosse
Girls - volleyball, cross country, softball, competitive cheerleading, basketball, soccer, golf, tennis, track, lacrosse
Fine arts
Band is offered to 5th grade, with nearly 70% of the class participating. Students are divided into four groups that meet once per week and perform in concert at least twice each year. Choir is not provided for fifth grade.
Drama
Savannah Christian Preparatory School annually produces classic Broadway musical productions with casts of 3rd through 12th grade students.
Notable alumni
Brian Harman - professional golfer
Diane Lane - actress
Jalen Myrick - NFL cornerback for the Jacksonville Jaguars
References
External links
Christian schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational institutions established in 1951
Nondenominational Christian schools in the United States
Private high schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Private middle schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Private elementary schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Schools in Savannah, Georgia
1951 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah%20Christian%20Preparatory%20School |
The Studebaker Light Four was an automobile produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana in 1918 and 1919. The car was officially designated Model SH Series 19 and available as a touring car, sedan and roadster.
The Light Four rode a wheelbase, and was powered by Studebaker's side-valve inline four-cylinder engine, delivering at 2,000 rpm. It shared the chassis and length with the Studebaker Light Six.
The Light Four was dropped in 1920 as Studebaker shifted its model range to the more popular Light Six, Special Six and the Big Six.
Because of its low production numbers, the Light Four is considered to be a rare model by Studebaker collectors of this era of automobile. Retail prices started from US$1,125 to $1,685 ($ to $ in dollars).
References
Light Four | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studebaker%20Light%20Four |
Dennis Garry Edward Hood (born 12 January 1970) is an Australian politician who began his political career as a member of the South Australian Legislative Council in 2006 on the Family First Party's ticket. In 2017, Family First merged into the Australian Conservatives and Hood joined the Liberal Party after the 2018 state election.
Early life and career
Dennis Hood was born in Woodside, South Australia, Australia and raised in Salisbury. In Hood's youth, his father held three jobs and his mother, who is blind, worked as a meat packer. Hood holds a Bachelor of Economics with honours in politics and philosophy and a Bachelor of Arts in Politics from the University of Adelaide.
Career
Prior to working in politics, Hood worked in pharmaceuticals as a financial executive for Johnson & Johnson. He became the Federal Director for the Family First Party in 2005 and ran for the South Australian Legislative Council the following year as their primary candidate. He was elected to the upper house in 2006 and, in February 2007, replaced Andrew Evans as the Family First Party's parliamentary leader. At this time, he was also serving as the party's treasurer and was a member of the Social Development Committee.
He was reelected in 2014 still on the Family First ticket but followed Robert Brokenshire to the Australian Conservatives when the two parties merged in 2017. Nine days after the 2018 state election, Hood defected to the Liberal Party following the Conservatives' extreme defeat, a move he was roundly criticised for. He claimed that the Liberal Party's platform overlapped significantly with his, while the Conservatives were too focused on federal issues and were likely to have "no impact" at the state level. Between 2020 and 2022, he was a government whip.
In 2016, he was Chair of the Committee of the South Australian Parliament and Member of the Legislative Council. In April 2020, he served on the South Australian Parliament's COVID-19 Response Committee. Hood generally subscribes to Keynesian economics.
Political stances
Crime
In 2014, Hood argued that the government overregulates people and that, while it has its purposes, it has become too large. In a similar vein, he suggested the removal of compulsory voting in 2009, claiming it undemocratic to force people to cast a vote. In 2008, he unsuccessfully pushed for stricter sentences for criminals' second offences. In 2013, he said that while "rehabilitation is a goal that should always be pursued,... public safety must be the absolute priority" and that punishing criminals should take precedence. In 2011, he introduced a law to increase police's powers to seize the computer of a convicted child molester without a court order for the purpose of examining its contents. The law also allowed judges to restrict pedophiles' internet usage.
In 2017, he supported an anti-bullying bill based on Brodie's Law, which passed in Victoria in 2011. He said that existing anti-bullying approaches were insufficient and needed to be stricter. In 2018, he opposed the continuation of Safe Schools, a policy that reduced bullying of LGBTQ+ students and trained staff on how to deal with sexuality-based abuse. In 2010, he noted that the state coroner needed more resources to address the backlog in cases. The following year he also advocated for the creation of a police task force to address the backlog of unexecuted arrest warrants.
Sex and drugs
Hood's staunch anti-prostitution beliefs, which in 2011 he said were consistent with his Christian feminist positions, have remained stable throughout the years. In 2015, he believed that decriminalising prostitution would be akin to the government's encouragement and approval to partake in sex work. That same year, despite not supporting decriminalisation, Hood criticised the proposed bill for failing to adequately protect sex workers. In 2019, he again voted against decriminalisation.
In 2007, Hood was also opposed to providing sex ed to primary school children and in 2011 questioned the effectiveness of existing sex ed programs after the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections increased substantially within a year. He called for stricter messaging from schools about safe sex. He has also expressed dislike of sex ed courses that do not teach abstinence before marriage.
In 2008, Hood called for a review of the motion picture classification system, as he did not feel the Advertising Standards Board had properly screened out materials of "poor taste," including a liquor advertisement showing the exposed buttocks of three adult men. He also suggested DVDs of adult films and other restricted content be required to come in plain packaging.
Hood is also highly supportive of increased penalties for drug use. In 2007, he suggested tougher controls on the growing and possession of cannabis. Possession of commercial quantities ($40,000), he pointed out, would only incur a small fine (with a maximum of $500), which was an insufficient disincentive. He also rejected the idea of medical marijuana, saying the harm outweighs the therapeutic benefits. In 2010, he requested on-the-spot fines for users of heroin, methamphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy. He opposed the use of drugs while driving and in public, saying it is a threat to the welfare of residents, businesses, and the individuals themselves. Apart from increased fines, Hood also suggested pragmatic drug testing devices at hotels and nightclubs. In 2009, Hood proposed laws to adopt this stance by setting minimum, as opposed to maximum, sentences, which are rarely implemented by judges. In 2013, he expressed an interest in dramatically increasing fines for growing marijuana, with maximum penalties for up to five plants increasing from $100 to $2,000 and up to 19 plants from $2,000 to $10,000. He felt that this would be an effective deterrent. In 2014, he encouraged people to seek out the "less harmful" alternatives available rather than use marijuana.
Health
In 2011, Hood opposed the voluntary euthanasia legislation introduced by Steph Key, claiming it failed to provide sufficient corroborative evidence of the desire for suicide apart from the killer as the sole witness, and that the elderly and dying could be pressured into suicide if they felt that they became a burden on their family. In 2021, he reasserted this belief and suggested improving palliative care instead. He also rejected legislation permitting the cloning of human embryos on the grounds of technology already having the ability to create embryonic stem cells without using human embryos and eggs, thereby making the legislation unnecessary.
Family
Another of Hood's strong stances is opposition to both same-sex marriage and same-sex parenting. In 2011, he stated that legalising either would take away a child's right to having heterosexual parents. He reaffirmed both of these beliefs again in 2014 and in 2016 proposed an amendment allowing medical professionals to refuse reproductive assistance to same-sex couples and single people. Relatedly, Hood encourages the practice of adoption for heterosexual parents and has criticised abortion rates, particularly when considering low fertility rates. In 2021, he again voted against the decriminalisation of abortion.
In 2008, Hood advocated for mandatory parental consent for children to get a body piercing and worked with John Rau to outlaw scarification for minors. Hood is a supporter of parents doling out non-sexual corporal punishment, namely spanking, to their children. To fight child abuse, he suggested pragmatic checks by agencies other than the Department of Human Services, which had been garnering dissatisfaction from South Australians at the time. In 2011, he submitted a bill that allowed parents more access to and control over their child's Facebook activity.
Misc
In 2007, Hood rejected the scrapping of parliamentary prayer, pointing out that the practice dated back to the Westminster system. He stated that these periods were useful for quiet introspection. In 2009, he rejected the Greens' call to name and shame religious schools that discriminate based on sexual orientation on their web site.
In 2007, Hood called for a ban of nudist beaches, citing his concern that children could be inadvertently exposed. In 2009, he promoted policies permitting the right to remove dangerous, sick and dying trees, and endorsed weekly garbage collection, which the Greens party strongly opposed. In 2011, he established a parliamentary committee to evaluate the environmental, economic, and social impacts of establishing marine parks off the coast of South Australia. He also supported the redevelopment of the Adelaide Oval with some amendments.
Following the 2010 election, Hood worked with other politicians to improve funding for mental healthcare, disability support, child protection, and public housing.
Family and personal life
In 2006, Hood's wife Lisa gave birth to their daughter. He suffers from ankylosing spondylitis. Though his parents were not religious, Hood converted to Christianity at 19 and continues to attend church regularly.
Notes
External links
1970 births
Living people
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian Baptists
Australian Conservatives members
Converts to Baptist denominations
Family First Party politicians
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
University of Adelaide alumni
People from South Australia
People with ankylosing spondylitis
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of South Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Hood |
Timeline of the History of Assam, the important dates in its history against important events elsewhere.
Notes
References
A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20history%20of%20Assam |
Monster in My Pocket is a media franchise developed by American company Morrison Entertainment Group, headed by Joe Morrison and John Weems, two former senior executives at Mattel.
The focus is on monsters and fantastical and legendary creatures from religion, mythology, folklore, fairy tales, literary fantasy, science fiction, cryptids and other anomalous phenomena. Monster in My Pocket produced trading cards, comic books, books, toys, a board game, a video game, and an animated special, along with music, clothing, kites, stickers, and various other items.
Toys
Figures
Monster in My Pocket was best known as a toy-line released by Matchbox in 1990. It consists of small, soft plastic figures representing monsters, and later other tangentially related characters.
In its first run, there were 11 series released. There were over 200 monsters in the collection, most of which were assigned a point value. Among the highest valued monsters were the Tyrannosaurus Rex, Griffin, Great Beast, Behemoth, Hydra, Werewolf (25 points) and among the least being Charon, The Invisible Man, The Witch (5 points). Initially, the high point value was 25, which was elevated to 30 for the second and third series; the fourth, "Super Scary", series introduced the 50-100 point monsters. The toys were initially solid-colored, though later series would gradually add more painted colors, until they became fully colored under the auspices of new toy makers Corinthian Marketing and Vivid Imaginations.
The lines ran into difficulty in the Hindu communities, as the divinities Kālī, Ganesha, Hanuman, and Yama, were all depicted as "monsters", which included a public outcry by the Vishva Hindu Parishad. After the fourth series, which contained Hanuman (who was removed from the UK run) and Yama, was released, they decided to play it safe and provided follow-up series: Super Creepies, 24 comical (punning) aberrations of real insects and arachnids created by "Dr. Zechariah Wolfram" with point values up to 200, 24 Dinosaurs, released in both regular and "Secret Skeleton" format, and 16 Space Aliens that were essentially original. The point values increased even further, up to 500. A second series of dinosaurs is rarer than series 3, and included only four premium figures released with confectionery, numbered #223 to #226. In some markets, such as Argentina, the dinosaurs were released as Dinosaur in My Pocket. Many of these were not released outside of Europe. The Dinosaurs appear to have been released in the U.S. only through premium distribution by Hardee's, and these were not the standard figures that were sold in stores.
They were mainly yellow, green, orange and red but monsters with more than 30 points had more than just one color. Other toys included Super Scary Howlers representing Vampire, The Monster, Swamp Beast, and Werewolf, a Monster Mountain display case with custom labels for series 1, a Monster Pouch fanny pack, Battle Cards featuring The Beast and Witch, and a Haunted House playset, which was never released, although it was shown at Toy Fair 1992.
Board game
A board game was also released by Decipher Limited, which used the action figures as playing pieces. The game involved using the monsters to fight battles in terrains where they had different strengths—New York, Tundra, Volcano, and Swamp.
Monster Wrestlers in My Pocket
The Monster Wrestlers in My Pocket debuted in the United Kingdom in 1994, no longer produced by Matchbox, but by Corinthian Marketing. The first nine, including Tony the Tiger as a coach, were released in Kellogg's Frosties cereal. The numbering was restarted, the high point value was returned to 100, and the coaches and referees, except for the 100 point "Tony the Coach", were the first monsters designated with 0 points. Forty-five figures were released in total, with six variant figures released as premiums in a White Castle fast food promotion. Frosties also did a twelve-monster series of Monster Sports Stars in My Pocket, including "Tony the Referee", which were made of much harder plastic and had no point values. Seventeen Monster Ninja Warriors in My Pocket were produced in 1996 by Vivid Imaginations, some of which came with vehicles and accessories. These also were the first Monster in My Pocket figures with removable weapons. The figures that were not made by Matchbox were painted in full colors and came in only a few variations, rather than previously coming in multiple solid or tri-tone colors.
Relaunches
The line was revived in the United Kingdom in 2003, titled Monster in My Pocket: The Quest, with deluxe figures of the principal monster characters and reissues of the series 1-2 monsters essentially unchanged. The toys were made by Corinthian Marketing. Pyramid Marketing was to have created an animated series, but it was never completed. "Monster in My Pocket" was divorced from the renamed "Monster Quest" on December 22, 2004.
2006 has seen another relaunch of the series, also by Corinthian Marketing. Unlike 2003 series, this one has been completely revamped. Some of the likenesses are closer to earlier source materials, others, such as Kraken, which now looks more humanoid than like a cephalopod, have been further removed. These figures are in full color and have close to the level of detail one often finds in pewter figurines for role-playing games. Kali and Hanuman returned under the names "6-Armed Sorceress" and "Monkeyman", while Mattoon, Illinois, never embracing the connection, was dropped off Mad Gasser's name. Spectre was renamed Grim Reaper. Although the 2006 relaunch was released as a full set of 48 monsters, only 3 - Phantom, Ghost and Grim Watcher were never released to UK markets.
Monster in My Pocket in other media
Trading cards
The earliest Monster in My Pocket items were trading cards painted by Jan Sheets and Jenice Heo. They appeared in 1989, with no credit other than for the Morrison Entertainment Group. The Sheets/Heo art also appears on a great deal of the other material.
Paintings were made for at least the first three series as well as the Dinosaurs, though only the first was released in the U.S. Cromy of Argentina released all of these, including prismatic chase cards of many of the series 2 and 3 characters. These were also released in a sticker album format, including a series 1 only edition in the U.S. from Panini. Both were accompanied by sketch art depicting cartoons of the characters.
Comic books
A comic book series written by Dwayne McDuffie (initially working from a plot by Craig Mitchell, R.L. Stern, and Tim Bogart), and drawn primarily by Gil Kane and Ernie Colón (with Nelson Dewey) was released by Harvey Comics in 1991. It ran for four bi-monthly issues, despite an open ending and promises that sales had justified making it monthly.
In this series, a spell by Warlock intended to shrink the monsters who did not side with him was botched by Ogre, resulting in the shrinkage of all the monsters who were then flung, within boxes with roomy interiors, to Los Angeles, California. The good monsters ended up in the home of ne'er-do-well high school student Jack Miles and his studious younger brother, Tom, in Burbank. The series ended with both sides battling inside a dollhouse bought for a little girl named Theresa, who was scared away by Spring Heeled Jack. They also dealt with Frank Rook, The Exterminator (a parody of The Punisher), and Swamp Beast helped them defeat a Tyrannosaurus Rex who would grow when exposed to any form of radiation, such as smoke detectors and microwave ovens.
Beginning with the second issue, Universal Studios began receiving credit in the indicia for the use of Frankenstein's Monster, Mummy, The Invisible Man, and The Phantom of the Opera, although the characters originated in public domain literature and bore no particular resemblance to their cinematic counterparts at Universal. Marvel Comics reissued the comic stories in newly-formatted annuals, and World Publishing (an imprint of Egmont Publishing) followed by a Monster Wrestlers in My Pocket annual—which had no continuity with the previous series—in 1995, with a cover dated 1996.
Clearly depicted with the evil monsters were Medusa and Spring-Heeled Jack, the two most prominent evil monsters after Warlock, along with Ogre, Cerberus, Minotaur, Windigo, Cyclops, Zombie, Siren, Ymir, Karnak (probably Maahes), Tengu, Bigfoot, Spectre (Grim Reaper), Sebek, Charon, and Ghost, though the evil monsters were most often shown in amorphous crowds. Dr. Jekyll is twice force-fed—first by Warlock, then by The Monster—the potion that makes him into Mr. Hyde, but he turns maverick, not much more willing to support Warlock than Vampire.
The "Sid's Bits" editorial in issue 2 of the comic contains a partial listing of good and evil monsters; included in the evil side is a character identified simply as "The Electronic Monster". There is no known figure in the series bearing that name.
Video game
A video game was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1992 by Konami. It had the same essential concept of the comic book, although it altered the personalities of Hobgoblin and Gremlin, initially the good monsters but now appeared as villains, to the extent that Gremlin was a boss.
Warlock, wanting to have power and rule over all the other monsters, creates a shrinking spell to use as punishment for any who chooses to oppose him. As time goes on, all of the monsters choose to join his side - except for Vampire and The Monster. However, the spell was miscast - causing all of the monsters to shrink in size. Warlock sends out his henchmen, led by Spring Heeled Jack, Bigfoot, Kraken, Gremlin, and Medusa while Vampire and The Monster are watching TV in the Miles home. They must fight their way through the upstairs and kitchen of the home, the street, and the sewer; they emerge in a construction site and an Orientalist garden before fighting Warlock at Monster Mountain, although that is not the end of the game.
Vampire and the Monster's abilities in the game are the same (though 2-player simultaneous action was an option): they can make an attack that can extend slightly beyond their bodies with a bit of a blaze, and they can make a double jump from the height of their jump, something that has since become a common move in many video games.
The remaining good monsters from the comics—Werewolf, Vampiress, Golem, Swamp Beast, The Phantom of the Opera, Jotun Troll, Invisible Man, Dr. Jekyll, and Mummy—made no appearance whatsoever in the game, although Werewolf did appear on the cover. Warlock and Minotaur were the only two monsters from series 2 to appear in the game. In the comic book, however, Medusa declared that by her count, Vampire's side had a majority, though all the other series 1 monsters were included as enemies in the game. Blemmyes appeared prominently on the cover, and the figure was distributed exclusively with the game, though did not appear in the game itself. It came inside the box, next to a smaller piece of styrofoam than NES cartridge boxes normally contained.
The Asian release of this game is titled "Batman & Flash", an unlicensed rom hack of the game where the main playable characters are replaced with Batman and The Flash.
Animated special
In 1992, there was an animated special, Monster in My Pocket: The Big Scream, produced by Hanna-Barbera and directed by Don Lusk from a script by Glen Leopold, where Vampire (now with ample hair in a late 18th-century-style ponytail, voiced by Rob Paulsen) became the leader of the villains, and Invisible Man, now named Dr. Henry Davenport (even though he was called the Invisible Man in the intro and was referred to as such by Vampire, voiced by Paxton Whitehead), was in charge of the heroes. Swamp Beast (voiced by Frank Welker) was a mindless villain among the other changes, such as the formerly white-furred Werewolf (although by the fourth issue it had been changed to brown) becoming the Jamaican "Wolf-Mon" (voiced by Stuart K. Robinson). The other good monsters were Big Ed (The Monster, also voiced by Welker) and Mummy (voiced by Marvin Kaplan), while Medusa (voiced by B. J. Ward) remained among the ranks of the evil monsters. A few others, like Tyrannosaurus Rex and Cyclops, were shown for a second or two during the prologue.
The prologue showed that the Invisible Man and the other good monsters had managed to capture and imprison all of the bad monsters in Monster Mountain, now a prison guarded by the good monsters rather than a meeting place (as it had been in the comic book), and Vampire tried to escape by shrinking himself. But the spell backfired and caused everyone of the monsters, as well as the good monsters, to shrink to one inch high and blows the shrunken mountain to Los Angeles. This time, their human host is Carrie Raven, daughter of Edgar Raven, a famous horror writer. The evil monsters learn they would grow at the sound of screams, while the good monsters grow with laughter. The story was that both factions of monsters were trying to regain their size to resume their evil ways or recapture the evil monsters before they could do serious harm.
This special ran on Halloween of 1992 on ABC, but was not carried in all markets. Early releases of the special on video from Vidmark Entertainment contained a glow-in-the-dark monster: Charun, Thunderdell, or Yama.
Commercial tie-ins
There also an audio cassette of original music along with a cover version of Bobby Pickett's "Monster Mash" titled Monster Rock, produced by Rincon Children's Entertainment for BMG Kidz in 1992. The songs were written by a person with the last name of Byrd, James McDonnell, Peter Pope, Randy Petersen, Robert Irving, and a person with the last name of Quinn. Pope, McDonnell, Petersen, and Irving played the keyboards, George Bell played saxophone, and Barry Scott and Charles Dickens played guitar, with Dickens providing drum programming and engineering. Singers were Jake Vesprille, Michael Hunter, Gigi Young, Barry Scott, Jimmy McDonnell, Mary McDonnell, Rory McDonnell, Peter Hix, Katrina Perkins, and Bob Joyce. "Saturday Night at the Boneyard" was the only song to mention monsters from series 2 or 3. The other songs are "Monster in My Pocket", "Witches Brew", "Monsters", "Can't Do a Thing With My Hair" (Byrd/McDonnell), "Do the Boo", "Full Moon Blues", "Boogie Man Boogie" (Byrd/McDonnell/Pope), "Monster Party" (Petersen/Irving/Quinn), and "Party in Your Pocket" (Pope). John Weems, Joe Morrison, and Ralph King were the executive producers.
In 1994, the monsters received a popularity boost in Mexico; they were part of a promotion from the Sonrics candy company. This promotion consisted of boxes full of candy, a random monster figure, and any of the following: trading cards, mini-comics and mini activity books. Part of this promotion was a collector set modeled after Monster Mountain available by phone order, but oddly the company kept saying by phone there was no such offer.
CGI series
In 2003, Peak Entertainment in the United Kingdom partnered with Mainframe Entertainment to produce a CGI animated series that changed the concept considerably. It dealt with monsters trapped in a "Tapestry of Terror" that was shredded in battle with the now-good Warlock and his evil brother, "Morlock". They looked identical save that where Warlock's hair and clothing were white, Morlock's were black. A few good monsters, including Vampiress and The Monster, side with Warlock and his young apprentice to recapture the monsters, including Vampiress' evil brother, Vampire. One addition to the series, according to its bible, was Mothman, which had previously not been represented. The series was picked up by GMTV in the United Kingdom with Cartoon Network eyed as the broadcast partner in the United States, but was ultimately never produced.
At MIPCOM 2019, France's Cyber Group Studios unveiled plans for a new CG-animated series produced with Morrison Entertainment Group. The series is being developed by Mike Yank and has a projected budget of $9.5 million USD.
More details about individual monsters
There are at least 229 monsters in the series, though information past #184 is very sketchy. 121-144 are the Super Creepies, 145-168 are Dinosaurs, 169-184 are Space Aliens, and beyond that is a large group of additional dinosaurs. In addition, there are 42 Monster Wrestlers in My Pocket, 12 Monster Sports Stars in My Pocket, and 19 Monster Ninja Warriors in My Pocket, not to mention supporting characters and two relaunches. The Charon and the Charun figures sound alike but they are completely different monsters.
The following legendary monsters are part of the Monster in My Pocket series: Except for the Super Scary Series, all of these are included in the Argentine and Mexican sticker books from Cromy with the exception of Bash Tchelik, who is identified in the centerspread of the third issue of the Harvey comic book. Sixteen of these are presumed unreleased as action figures.
Series 1
Baba Yaga
The Beast
Behemoth
Bigfoot
Catoblepas
Cerberus
Charon
Chimera
Coatlicue
Cockatrice
Cyclops
Ghost
Ghoul
Goblin
Great Beast
Gremlin
Griffin
Haniver
Harpy
Hobgoblin
Hunchback
Hydra
The Invisible Man
Jotun Troll (Þrívaldi)
Kali
Karnak
Kraken
Mad scientist
Manticore
Medusa
Mummy
The Monster
Ogre
The Phantom
Red Cap
Roc
Skeleton
Spring-heeled Jack
Tengu
Triton
Tyrannosaurus Rex
Vampire
Vampiress
Wendigo
Werewolf
Winged Panther
Witch
Zombie
Series 2
Ancient Gorgon
Bishop Fish
Bloody Bones
Dragon
Dryad
Ectoplasmic Phantom
Elbow Witch
Ganesha
Gargoyle
Golem
Herne the Hunter
Jabberwocky
Loch Ness Monster
Merrow
Minotaur
Nuckelavee
Sebek
Scorpion man
Spectre
Swamp Beast
Tarasque
Undine
Warlock
Ymir
Series 3
Abominable Snowman
Amphisbaena
Anubis
Blemmyea
Centaur
Jimmy Squarefoot
Leviathan
Orobas
Siren
Series 3 Unreleased
Achelous
Ankou
Banshee
Bash Tchelik
Beast of Gévaudan (Jabalius on Argentine material)
Catarenha (Guardian of the Gold)
Djinn Shapeshifter
Genie
Grendel
Hairy Boggart
The Headless Man
Hieracosphinx
Hodag
Sciapod
Talus
Troll
Series 4
Alu
Astaroth (Baal in likeness)
Boogeyman
Charun
Creature from the Closet
Drude
Dybbuk
Fachen
Ghilan
Grave Watcher
Hanuman
Houngan
Imp
Jenny Greenteeth
Jersey Devil
Lamia
Mad Gasser of Mattoon
Poltergeist
Slaughterford
Thunderdell
Umi Bozu
Wildman of China
Wurdulac
Yama
See also
Cryptozoology
List of species in fantasy fiction
List of legendary creatures
Book of Imaginary Beings
Goetia
The Lesser Key of Solomon
Notes
References
Hill, James. Monster Wrestlers in My Pocket Annual 1996 Manchester: Egmont Publishing Ltd., 1995.
McDuffie, Dwayne, Monster in My Pocket, Harvey Comics, May–November 1991.
Monster in My Pocket Album de Figuritas, De Lunes a Viernes: Cromy Club, 1992.
Monster in My Pocket Sticker Album, London, Panini Publishing Ltd., 1992.
External links
MIMP collecting website
MIMP research site
Official website for 2006 releases:UK
Official website for 2006 relaunch: outside UK (less information)
Free Monster in my Pocket iOS Checklist Application
Monster in My Pocket:RU
Mass media franchises introduced in 1990
Toy franchises
1990s toys
1992 video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Harvey Comics series and characters
ABC Weekend Special
Hanna-Barbera television specials
Keshi
Platformers
Video games based on toys
Video games developed in Japan
Fiction about monsters
Roc (mythology)
The Beast (Revelation)
Beast of Gévaudan
Imps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster%20in%20My%20Pocket |
SCPS may refer to:
Savannah Christian Preparatory School
New York University School of Continuing and Professional Studies
Seaway Crude Pipeline System
Seminole County Public Schools
Society of Civil and Public Servants
Space Communications Protocol Specifications
Spotsylvania County Public Schools
Soldier Plate Carrier System
Stafford County Public Schools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scps |
Clarence Lester "Biggie" Munn (September 11, 1908 – March 18, 1975) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He was the head football coach at Albright College (1935–1936), Syracuse University (1946), and most notably Michigan State College (1947–1953), where his 1952 squad won a national championship. Munn retired from coaching in 1953 to assume duties as Michigan State's athletic director, a position he held until 1971. Each year, the Michigan State Spartans football team hands out the "Biggie Munn Award" to the team's most motivational player. Michigan State's Munn Ice Arena, built in 1974, is named in his honor. Munn was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1959, and, in 1961, he became Michigan State's first inductee into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame. He authored the coaching textbook Michigan State Multiple Offense in 1953.
Early life and playing career
Munn was born in the former Grow Township, now known as Andover, Minnesota. A 1932 graduate of the University of Minnesota, he played guard and fullback for the Golden Gophers under head coach Fritz Crisler. Munn was a two-time first-team All-Big Ten Conference selection and during his senior year in 1931, he served football team captain, was a consensus All-American, and was awarded the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten's best player. Many considered Munn as the top collegiate punter in the nation. He stood just under six feet and weighed 215 pounds, but was recorded running 100 yards in 10 seconds. Munn also served as captain of Minnesota's track and field team.
Early coaching career
Three years after his playing career ended, Munn got his first head coaching job at Albright College in Reading, Pennsylvania, where he stayed for two seasons (1935–1936), compiling a record of 13–2–1. From 1938 to 1945, he was an assistant football coach at the University of Michigan, once again under Crisler. Munn served as head coach at Syracuse University for one season in 1946 before leaving for Michigan State. One of Munn's assistants at Syracuse was former Orangeman standout Duffy Daugherty, who followed Munn to Michigan State and assisted him there for seven seasons before succeeding Munn as head coach. Munn is one of the few people to have coached at both Michigan State and its archrival Michigan.
Coaching career at Michigan State
In 1947, Munn and the Michigan State administration, led by university president John A. Hannah, approached University of Notre Dame president Father Cavanaugh to have his Fighting Irish play the Spartans for the first time since 1921. Michigan State initially offered to let Notre Dame take 80 percent of the gate, but Cavanaugh insisted they split the receipts down the middle. Munn was the only coach to beat Notre Dame head coach Frank Leahy three years in a row (1950–1952).
Munn developed the "Wingback Deep" formation of his formula "Michigan State Multiple Offense." The play featured a shifting back and forth between a T-formation and a single-wing formation with a direct snap to the tailback between a T-formation quarterback's legs.
On the Michigan State dressing room wall, Munn hung a statement on fundamentals that his players were required to read before every home game: "Do not cheat your team or your teammates. Know your plays. Block. Protect. Add to what we are trying to do. [signed] Biggie."
During the latter part of his coaching career, Munn developed the talents of Willie Thrower, the Big Ten's first black quarterback. In 1953 with the Chicago Bears, Thrower became the first black quarterback to play in the National Football League.
In 1952, Munn was named the AFCA Coach of the Year, coaching Michigan State to 9–0 record and a national championship. In 1953, Michigan State's first year of conference play in the Big Ten, the Spartans shared the conference title with Illinois and went to the Rose Bowl, where they beat UCLA, 28–20.
Shortly after the Rose Bowl victory, Michigan State's athletic director, Ralph H. Young retired. Munn stepped down from coaching to assume duties as athletic director and remained in that position until 1971. Munn named his assistant, Duffy Daugherty, as his to successor to helm the football team.
During his tenure as Michigan State's head football coach, Munn tutored 17 All-Americans. His teams have retained the school's top four season marks for rushing-yards-per-game: 1948 (304.5 yards/game), 1951 (293.9 yards), 1952 (272.4), and 1950 (269.3).
Munn was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1959. Syracuse University enshrined him in its hall of fame in 1973. Munn was inducted into Minnesota's "M" Club in 1993.
Family and death
Munn married the former Vera Jane Wattles (January 21, 1905 – January 4, 2004) in June 1935. The couple adopted two children: Michael and Jane Austin. Munn died on March 18, 1975, in Lansing, Michigan, at the age of 66.
Head coaching record
Football
Coaching tree
Played under:
Clarence Spears: Minnesota
Fritz Crisler: Minnesota
Coached under:
Fritz Crisler: Michigan
Assistant coaches who became head coaches:
Reaves Baysinger: Syracuse
Duffy Daugherty: Michigan State
Bob Devaney: Wyoming, Nebraska
Dan Devine: Arizona State, Missouri, Notre Dame, Green Bay Packers (NFL)
Earle Edwards: North Carolina State
Forest Evashevski: Washington State, Iowa
Dewey King: San Jose State, Wheaton
Frank Kush: Arizona State, Hamilton Tiger-Cats (CFL), Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts, (NFL), Arizona Outlaws, (USFL)
Steve Sebo: Penn
Kip Taylor: Oregon State
Doug Weaver: Kansas State, Southern Illinois
Former players who went on to become head coaches
Hank Bullough: New England Patriots (NFL), Buffalo Bills (NFL)
Al Dorow: Hamilton Tiger Cats (CFL)
Rollie Dotsch: Northern Michigan, Birmingham Stallions (USFL)
Chuck Fairbanks: Oklahoma, Colorado, New England Patriots (NFL), New Jersey Generals (USFL)
Sonny Grandelius: Colorado
Although not a head coach, Dick Tamburo played under Munn at Michigan State and later served as athletic director at Texas Tech, Arizona State, and Missouri.
Bibliography
References
External links
1908 births
1975 deaths
American football fullbacks
American football guards
Albright Lions football coaches
Albright Lions men's basketball coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Michigan State Spartans athletic directors
Michigan State Spartans football coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers football coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Syracuse Orange football coaches
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Andover, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Anoka County, Minnesota
Coaches of American football from Minnesota
Players of American football from Minnesota
Basketball coaches from Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Munn |
Coventry Christian Schools (CCS) is a pre-K-12 classical Christian school located in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded by superintendent Mark E. Niehls. CCS first opened its doors in 1984 with only seven students in a two-morning preschool taught by two volunteer teacher
School History
1983 – Preliminary plans to open a preschool finalized. Curriculum is developed and supplies obtained. Registration with the Pennsylvania Department of Education and 501c(3) tax exemption status received from IRS.
1984 – The school is incorporated and opens its first academic year in September with seven students in a two morning preschool class taught by two volunteer teachers.
1985 – A full-day kindergarten class is added and preschool is expanded.
1986 – First grade is added.
1987 – Second grade is added. The 5.2 acre (21,000 m2) property at 962 East Schuylkill Road is purchased. 2,000 sq ft (190 m2) of usable space becomes available in the renovated schoolhouse.
1989 – The newly renovated property on Schuylkill Road opens to first through third grades. Preschool and kindergarten remain at the Coventry Hills church building.
1993 – Five temporary classroom trailers installed to provide expanded instructional space.
1994 – The first permanent addition adds 3200 sq ft (300 m2) and six new classrooms and new restrooms.
1995 – A second permanent addition adds 6400 sq ft (600 m2) of space providing a large multipurpose room and preschool with three large classrooms and a kitchen. An additional 0.8 acre (3200 m2) of adjacent property was purchased bringing the total campus area to 6 acres (24,000 m2). All students move to Coventry Campus. Eighth grade is added.
1996 – The 4 acre (16,000 m2) athletic field is professionally leveled and seeded allowing for playground expansion and home games in soccer and field hockey.
1998 – 9,500 sq ft (880 m2) of new instructional space constructed. This space included an art room, computer lab, library, science lab, and nine new classrooms. Total space is 21,000 sq ft (2,000 m2). High School expansion begins.
2000 – 2.3 acres (9,300 m2) of adjacent property is purchased for future expansion. The school receives $1 million bequest from the Penrose Keller estate. Total campus area is 9 acres (36,000 m2). Temporary modular facility installed to accommodate secondary expansion.
2001 - Coventry Christian Schools graduates its first senior class.
2002 – Full accreditation received through the National Christian School Association. The first comprehensive capital campaign is launched at CCS.
2003 – 13.2 acre (53,000 m2) Pleasantview campus purchased for new preschool site and secondary program. School building has nearly 52,000 sq ft (4800 m2) of instructional space containing 22 classrooms, library, cafeteria and kitchen.
2009 - Groundbreaking ceremony for planned event center.
2010 - Event center completed.
2011 - Elementary program moved to Pleasantview campus.
School Sports
The athletic program at CCS is a voluntary after-school program designed to supplement the physical education classes and recesses that the students participate in during the regular school hours.
CCS plays Volleyball (Girls only), Soccer (Boys in fall and girls in spring), Basketball (Both Boys and Girls), Lacrosse (Boys only) and support a Cross Country team.
The CCS eagles mascot is Talon, the eagle.
Campus
699 North Pleasantview Road, Pottstown, PA 19464
The “Pleasantview” Campus is so named because it is located on Pleasantview Road. It has over of instructional space, which serves a new preschool program as well as Kindergarten through 12th grades. There are 20 classrooms as well as an Art Room, Multipurpose Room/Gym, Chapel, Library, School Store, Cafeteria, high school science lab, and administrative offices. The building is located on over of CCS property which borders the township park.
This campus is also the meeting place of the Chesmont Church of Christ, which convenes in the chapel.
References
External links
http://www.coventrychristian.com/
Christian schools in Pennsylvania
Classical Christian schools
Private elementary schools in Pennsylvania
Private high schools in Pennsylvania
Private middle schools in Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1984
Schools in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
1984 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry%20Christian%20Schools |
The Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA) is a minor ice hockey governing body in Ontario. The OMHA is sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Federation and Hockey Canada.
History
The OMHA was founded on November 30, 1940, after a merger of the Ontario Juvenile Hockey Association and the Ontario Midget and Bantam Hockey Association, arranged by Jack Roxburgh. The new league began its first season with eight teams, and signed an affiliation agreement with the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA).
During the summer in 1989, the Metro Toronto Hockey League (MTHL) and the OMHA, broke away from the OHA and formed the Central Canada Hockey Association, due to disagreement with an OHA restructuring proposal which would have limited their voting powers. The dispute ended when the Ontario Hockey Federation (OHF) was established, with equal representation for the OHA, Northern Ontario Hockey Association, MTHL, and OMHA. The OHF was given the mandate to oversee hockey in Ontario, and be a review panel for three years to propose further restructuring if necessary.
References
External links
OMHA web site
Ice hockey governing bodies in Ontario
Youth ice hockey in Canada
Sports organizations established in 1935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Minor%20Hockey%20Association |
Northeast Wisconsin Technical College (NWTC) is a public technical college with multiple locations in Wisconsin. The college serves nine Wisconsin counties with three campuses in Green Bay, Marinette, and Sturgeon Bay and five regional learning centers in Shawano, Oconto Falls, Crivitz, Aurora, and Luxemburg. It is part of the Wisconsin Technical College System. The college serves approximately 41,500 students annually.
Academics
NWTC offers over 100 associate degrees, technical diplomas and apprenticeships, and 84 certificates. The college also offers employee training, technical assistance, and consulting through the Corporate Training and Economic Development department. From 2010–2011, NWTC served 1,084 businesses with customized training either on site or in the classroom, training 20,083 employees.
History
Wisconsin's technical colleges were founded to train the work force. In the early 1900s, most workers in Wisconsin received their education through the apprenticeship system—both job skills and academic skills. In order to standardize the education these working young adults received in reading, writing, and math, the state of Wisconsin promoted the creation of city vocational schools. Schools sprang up in Green Bay and Marinette in 1912, followed in 1941 by a school in Sturgeon Bay. Their scope expanded to include adults of all ages who were interested in technical careers, regardless of whether they were in the workforce. In 1968, the three schools merged to become a single district in the Wisconsin Technical College System, serving part or all of nine counties under the name Northeast Wisconsin Technical Institute. This name was changed in the late 1980s to Northeast Wisconsin Technical College.
References
External links
Official website
Universities and colleges established in 1912
Wisconsin technical colleges
Education in Green Bay, Wisconsin
Education in Marinette County, Wisconsin
Education in Door County, Wisconsin
1912 establishments in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20Wisconsin%20Technical%20College |
Kyle Dustin "Dusty" Foggo (born November 21, 1954), is a former American government intelligence officer. He was convicted of honest services fraud in the awarding of a government contract and sentenced to 37 months in the federal prison at Pine Knot, Kentucky.
The executive director (EXDIR, the number three position) of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) until 2006, Foggo was charged on February 13, 2007, with fraud and other offenses. This indictment was superseded and expanded with an indictment returned on May 10, 2007, charging fraud, conspiracy and money laundering in relation to his dealings with defense contractor Brent R. Wilkes. On September 29, 2008, Foggo pleaded guilty to one count of the indictment, admitting that while CIA executive director he steered a CIA contract to the firm of his lifelong friend, Brent R. Wilkes. In a pre-sentencing report filed by prosecutors in February 2009, Foggo was also described as having a record of on the job corruption and off the job assaultive behavior stretching back 20 years.
Biography
Foggo grew up in the San Diego, California, area and attended Hilltop High School and later San Diego State University.
After brief experience in law enforcement, Foggo entered the CIA through the Presidential Management Intern program and spent much of his career managing and awarding various contracts. Foggo began in what was then known as the CIA's Directorate of Administration (DA) which handled a significant portion of the agency's contracting. He spent most of his CIA career in Management General Services, but also did a stint in the Directorate of Science and Technology.
Foggo's early postings included stations in Europe and Latin America, including a position in Honduras in the 1980s where he worked with the US Ambassador to Honduras, John Negroponte, who would go on to become the Director of National Intelligence. Foggo was also chief of the CIA's support base in Germany, the base responsible for providing Middle East stations (including Iraq) with logistical support.
As EXDIR, he was responsible for executive management of the CIA bureaucracy. He was appointed, in October 2004, by then-Director of Central Intelligence Porter Goss over the objections of CIA staff.
Criminal investigation
Foggo was charged on February 13, 2007, with fraud and other offenses.
Foggo was also investigated by CIA Inspector General John L. Helgerson for involvement in the Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham corruption investigation due to his personal and professional connections with Cunningham co-conspirator Brent Wilkes. Other agencies involved in the investigation include the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internal Revenue Service, Defense Criminal Investigative Service and the United States Attorney's Office in San Diego.
The Cunningham scandal involved defense contractors who paid bribes to members of Congress, and officials in the Defense Department, in return for federal contracts. Most notable among the recipients of the bribes was Cunningham, who pleaded guilty to receiving over $2.3 million in bribes. The primary defense contractors were Mitchell Wade (owner of MZM), who also pleaded guilty, and Wilkes (owner of ADCS Inc.). Wilkes was named as "co-conspirator #1" in Cunningham's plea agreement.
Foggo and Wilkes are longtime friends. They attended school together at Hilltop High School in Chula Vista and San Diego State University, served as best men in each other's weddings, and named their sons after each other.
Suspicions were raised when Foggo, a mid-level career manager, was promoted to be the number three official of the CIA. Investigations have centered on whether Foggo helped steer agency contracts to companies run by Wilkes. Specifically, one of Wilkes' corporations received at least one CIA contract to supply bottled water to CIA personnel in Iraq during the invasion in 2003.
On May 8, 2006, Newsweek reported:
[A] source has told Newsweek that Foggo had acknowledged to associates that he may have tipped off Wilkes that CIA contracts were coming up for bid — an activity which, according to the source, Foggo said was neither improper nor illegal. The source is close to a group of poker players who took part in a 1999 game arranged by Wilkes and attended by Foggo, Cunningham and a nine-fingered former CIA officer named Brant Bassett, who worked for Goss when the outgoing CIA chief was House Intelligence Committee chair. Foggo denies giving Wilkes any such tip-offs, according to another source close to the outgoing CIA official; Bassett and lawyers for Wilkes and Cunningham had no comment.
The same day, the New York Daily News reported:
On May 12, 2006, law enforcement officials executed search warrants on Foggo's house and office. The same day, the Copley News Service reported that Foggo's home in Vienna, Virginia, had been raided by federal agents. The agents reportedly refused to answer questions about the purpose of the raid or what agency they represented.
On February 13, 2007, Foggo and Wilkes were indicted by the US Attorney's Office in San Diego. Subsequently, Foggo pleaded "not guilty" to 30 counts of fraud, conspiracy and money laundering. Prosecutors dropped objections to moving the corruption case against the former CIA official from San Diego to Virginia. This indictment was superseded and expanded with an indictment returned on May 10, 2007, charging fraud, conspiracy and money laundering in relation to his dealings with defense contractor Brent R. Wilkes.
On September 29, 2008, Foggo pleaded guilty to one count of the indictment, admitting that while CIA executive director he steered a CIA contract to the firm of his lifelong friend, Wilkes. In a presentencing report filed by prosecutors in February 2009, Foggo was also described as having a record of on the job corruption and off the job assaultive behavior stretching back 20 years.
Notes
References
Exclusive: Top CIA Official Under Investigation, ABC News, March 3, 2006
Contracting probe could extend to CIA GovExec.com, December 4, 2005
The CIA: Dust, Fog, and Dusty Foggo by Bill Walker, LewRockwell.com
1954 births
Living people
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
San Diego State University alumni
People from San Diego
People from Chula Vista, California
People convicted of honest services fraud
People from Vienna, Virginia
Hilltop High School (Chula Vista, California) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle%20Foggo |
Jules Alfred Pierrot Deseilligny (1868–1918) was a French selenographer.
The crater Deseilligny on the Moon is named after him.
1868 births
1918 deaths
20th-century French astronomers
Selenographers
19th-century French astronomers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules%20Alfred%20Pierrot%20Deseilligny |
Fielder Allison Jones (August 13, 1871 – March 13, 1934) was an American center fielder and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was best known as the player-manager of the World Series champion 1906 Chicago White Sox, a team who succeeded in spite of such poor offense that they were known as the "Hitless Wonders".
Early life
Born in Shinglehouse, Pennsylvania to a father who owned a general store, Jones learned to play baseball at his preparatory school at Alfred University. As a young man, Jones worked as a surveyor with his brother and ventured to the Pacific Northwest by 1891.
Playing career
Jones entered professional baseball playing as an outfielder and catcher for Portland in the Oregon State League in 1891 or 1893, depending on the source. He played minor league ball in Binghamton, New York, and Springfield, Massachusetts, where he was an accomplished hitter.
Jones's major league playing career began with the Brooklyn Bridegrooms in 1896. In , he joined the Chicago White Sox in the new American League. He was named player-manager in 1904 to replace Jimmy Callahan. Owner Charles Comiskey named Jones manager, desiring a strong-willed leader. The White Sox finished two games short of a pennant in 1905. Bolstered by a nineteen game winning streak, Jones managed the "Hitless Wonders" in the 1906 World Series, which was the White Sox' first World Series win. Playing in that World Series, he hit only .143 (3-for-21) but scored four runs and stole three bases. That year, the White Sox had a team batting average of only .230 while being third in runs. The aging roster sputtered late in 1907 and then lost the pennant on the final day in 1908 to the same team in the Detroit Tigers. Jones quit the team after the season, citing burnout from having to deal with Comiskey.
He moved to Portland, Oregon, investing in timber. Jones was head coach for the Oregon State Beavers baseball team in 1910, going 13–4–1 and winning the Northwest championship. Six years after his last game with the White Sox, he joined the St. Louis Terriers of the newly formed Federal League, where he served as a player-manager before the league folded. He had one last stint as a manager with the St. Louis Browns, but his earlier success with the White Sox eluded him, as his St. Louis teams never finished above fifth place.
In 1,788 major-league games over 15 seasons, Jones posted a .285 batting average (1,920-for-6,747) with 1,180 runs, 206 doubles, 75 triples, 21 home runs, 631 runs batted in, 359 stolen bases, 817 bases on balls, .368 on-base percentage and .347 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .962 fielding percentage.
Later life
Jones died of heart disease in Portland, Oregon, at age 62.
Managerial record
See also
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball player-managers
References
External links
1871 births
1934 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Brooklyn Bridegrooms players
Brooklyn Superbas players
Burials at Portland Memorial Mausoleum
Chicago White Sox players
St. Louis Terriers players
Major League Baseball player-managers
Chicago White Sox managers
St. Louis Terriers managers
St. Louis Browns managers
Minor league baseball managers
Binghamton Bingoes players
Allentown Buffaloes players
Hartford Bluebirds players
Chehalis Gophers players
Oregon State Beavers baseball coaches
World Series-winning managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielder%20Jones |
The Merry Devil of Edmonton is an Elizabethan-era stage play; a comedy about a magician, Peter Fabell, nicknamed the Merry Devil. It was at one point attributed to William Shakespeare, but is now considered part of the Shakespeare Apocrypha.
Date and text
Scholars have conjectured dates of authorship for the play as early as 1592, though most favor a date in the 1600–4 period. The Merry Devil enters the historical record in 1604, when it is mentioned in a contemporary work called the Black Booke. The play was entered into the Stationers' Register on 22 October 1607, and published the next year, in a quarto printed by Henry Ballard for the bookseller Arthur Johnson (Q1 – 1608). Five more quartos appeared through the remainder of the century: Q2 – 1612; Q3 – 1617; Q4 – 1626; Q5 – 1631; and Q6 – 1655. All of these quartos were anonymous.
Shakespearean authorship
Publisher Humphrey Moseley obtained the rights to the play and re-registered it on 9 September 1653 as a work by William Shakespeare. Moseley's attribution to Shakespeare was repeated by Edward Archer in his 1656 play list [see: The Old Law], and by Francis Kirkman in his list of 1661. The play was bound with Fair Em and Mucedorus in a book titled "Shakespeare. Vol. I" in the library of Charles II.
As its publishing history indicates, the play was popular with audiences; it is mentioned by Ben Jonson in the Prologue to his play The Devil is an Ass. While Merry Devil was a King's Men play and Shakespeare may have had a minor role in its creation, it does not have the distinctive marks of Shakespeare's style. Individual 19th-century critics attempted to attribute the play to Michael Drayton or to Thomas Heywood; but their attributions have not been judged credible by other scholars. William Amos Abrams proposed Thomas Dekker as the play's author in his 1942 edition; Dekker scholars Gerald J. Eberle and M. T. Jones-Davies agreed, though Fredson Bowers, the editor of Dekker's Dramatic Works, was unpersuaded by the evidence offered and did not include it in his edition.
Synopsis
Sir Arthur Clare wants to break off his daughter Milliscent's arranged marriage. He plans to temporarily send her to a nunnery, but she resists as she doesn't want to leave her family or potential love for another potential suitor, Frank Jerningham. Raymond, the heir of Sir Richard Mounchensey, is in love with Milliscent and Clare agrees to let him pursue her, but Milliscent must wait a year to marry. Raymond disguises himself as a friar and plots with his friends to court and potentially kidnap Milliscent. They enlist the help of Fabell, who agrees to use magic to help them. In a separate storyline, a group of thieves plans to serve the Duke of Norfolk while hiding from keepers. The two storylines converge and end with Milliscent confessing to marrying Raymond.
Performance history
The play was performed at Court on 8 May 1608; it was also one of the twenty plays that the King's Men acted at Court in the Christmas season of 1612–13 during the festivities celebrating the wedding of Princess Elizabeth, the daughter of King James I, with Frederick V, Elector Palatine. Professional productions in the modern age have been rare, though a radio adaptation was produced by the BBC in 1957, an original practice performance by Bad Quarto Productions at the 2010 Philadelphia Fringe Festival, and an off-Broadway reading at the Red Bull Theater in 2017. In January 2020, The Merry Devil of Edmonton was performed for the first time in Edmonton, Canada as a part of Edmonton's Winter Shakespeare Festival. The performance was a staged reading of a text adapted by John Richardson to include references to the history and contemporary landmarks of the Canadian Edmonton.
References
Sources
Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
Kozlenko, William, ed. Disputed Plays of William Shakespeare. Hawthorn Books, 1974.
Logan, Terence P., and Denzell S. Smith, eds. The Popular School: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1975.
Tucker Brooke, C. F., ed. The Shakespeare Apocrypha. Oxford, the Clarendon Press, 1908.
External links
Merry Devil of Edmonton, The
Merry Devil of Edmonton, The
Plays by Thomas Dekker (writer) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Merry%20Devil%20of%20Edmonton |
Tenger, mountain in Mongolia
the Tengger Desert, a desert in China
Tengger (singer) (born 1960), a pop singer from Inner Mongolia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenger |
"Steady, As She Goes" is the debut single of American rock band the Raconteurs from their first album, Broken Boy Soldiers (2006). In early 2006, a limited-edition 7-inch vinyl record was released as a double A-sided single with the relatively unpromoted "Store Bought Bones" as the flipside. A CD version of "Steady, As She Goes" was released on April 24, 2006, with the B-side "Bane Rendition". Two further vinyl releases were produced: the first (marked 'B') with "Store Bought Bones" as the B-side; the second (marked 'C') an acoustic rendition of "Steady, As She Goes" with "Call It a Day" as the B-side.
In the United States, the song reached number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. It achieved top-10 success in the UK and Denmark, peaking at number four in both countries.
Background
"Steady, As She Goes" is the first song ever written by White and Benson.
Jack White and Brendan Benson lived three blocks apart from each other in Detroit, and White would often stop by Benson's house to say hi. One day, Benson showed White a slow reggae demo of what would become "Steady, As She Goes". Benson had played all the instruments on the demo, but only had one verse, "Find yourself a girl and settle down..." White took that idea and started writing.
White said to Uncut in 2006, "It’s asking a question, which is, 'Is doing that – getting married and settling down – starting a new life or is it giving up?'" Speaking again to Uncut in 2006, he added, "I think the big notion in my head was we’re all getting older now and enough of goofing around. All our friends are musicians, so it was like, 'How much of this world can we stay a part of and how much do we reject?'"
Critical response
Entertainment Weekly said the track is "less weird than what we're used to from the ghostly singer." Rolling Stone called "Steady, As She Goes" the second best song of 2006, just behind "Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley. The bass in the song, especially in the intro, has drawn comparisons to the song "Is She Really Going Out With Him?", by Joe Jackson.
In 2007, "Steady, As She Goes" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.
Music video
There are two music videos for "Steady, As She Goes". The first music video was directed by Jim Jarmusch, and focuses on the band performing the song. It premiered on MTV Two on March 10, 2006, and was also available for streaming on the band's website. In the second music video, the Raconteurs teamed up with Paul Reubens. In this video, each band member plays an imaginary speed-racing hero in an old-fashioned soapbox race, following the heroes on their cut-throat chase for first place. Reubens plays an unscrupulous pit boss, stooping to low levels to ensure a win for his racer, Jack Lawrence. Lawrence and Reubens (wearing standard melodrama-villain handlebar moustaches) cheat many times throughout the race, to make sure that Lawrence wins. Patrick falls off a cliff, Brendan crashes, and Reubens shoots White ("the Copper Kid") with a blow gun. Lawrence wins. The latter video premiered exclusively on Yahoo! Music on June 19, 2006.
Track listings
7-inch single: A and B
A. "Steady, As She Goes" – 3:38 (3:35 on B)
B. "Store Bought Bones" – 2:27 (2:25 on B)
7-inch single: C
A. "Steady, As She Goes" (acoustic) – 4:11
B. "Call It a Day" – 3:34
US and UK CD single
"Steady, As She Goes" – 3:35
"The Bane Rendition" – 4:20
Australian CD single
"Steady, As She Goes" – 3:37
"The Bane Rendition" – 4:19
"Steady, As She Goes" (acoustic) – 4:10
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Covers
The song was covered by Corinne Bailey Rae for BBC Radio 1's Live lounge. It was frequently covered live by Fitz and the Tantrums, and was covered live by Adele during "Backstage at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend" on May 10, 2008. It was additionally covered in an October 2019 video essay by Abigail Thorn.
References
External links
NME Review "...wonderful..." link Feb 2006
2006 songs
2006 debut singles
The Raconteurs songs
Songs written by Brendan Benson
Songs written by Jack White
Third Man Records singles
V2 Records singles
XL Recordings singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady%2C%20As%20She%20Goes |
Larry Mann (born Lawrence Harold Zuckerman; April 3, 1924 – September 14, 1952) was an American stock car driver born in Yonkers, New York. Mann was the first driver to be killed in a NASCAR Grand National race; he died from a pulmonary hemorrhage caused by a crash at Langhorne Speedway.
NASCAR career
He participated in six races in the 1952 season. Overall, after his appearance in the 9th race of the season, Mann began racing more commonly after the 19th race, appearing in every other event; his best finish (11th) came at Monroe County Fairgrounds in Rochester, New York.
Death
Mann was killed during the 27th race of the 1952 season, which took place in Langhorne, Pennsylvania. On the 211th lap, he crashed through a fence at the track, thereby flipping his Hudson Hornet. After being rushed to Nazareth Hospital in nearby Philadelphia, he died in the evening of a pulmonary hemorrhage and massive head wounds. Mann had been defying a superstition among NASCAR drivers by painting his vehicle green.
Mann would become the first of three drivers to be killed at Langhorne within five years; Frank Arford and John McVitty also perished while racing at the track in 1953 and 1956, respectively.
References
External links
1930 births
1952 deaths
Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York
Racing drivers from New York City
NASCAR drivers
Racing drivers who died while racing
Sports deaths in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Mann |
Roots is a 2001 self-released album by American alternative country/roots rock group Blue Mountain.
Track listing
"Rye Whiskey" - 3:47
"Rain and Snow" - 3:44
"Black Is the Color of My True Love's Hair" - 5:03
"Banks of the Pontchartrain" - 5:00
"That Nasty Swing" (by Cliff Carlisle) - 3:20
"Spring of '65" - 4:13
"Riley and Spencer" - 3:20
"Young and Tender Ladies" - 3:36
"I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes" (by A.P. Carter) - 2:30
"Little Stream of Whiskey" - 3:03
"Go Away Devil" (Bonus track) - 5:47
"Shady Grove" (Bonus track) - 5:55
"Country Blues" (by Dock Boggs) (Bonus track) - 5:21
"900 Miles" (Bonus track) - 3:04
All songs are traditional, except tracks #5, 9, 13 as indicated. All songs arranged by Blue Mountain.
Personnel
Cary Hudson - vocals, guitar, violin, harmonica
Laurie Stirratt - guitar, bass guitar, vocals
George Sheldon - bass guitar, vocals, piano
Frank Coutch - drums, percussion, lead vocals on "Little Stream of Whiskey"
Dave Boyer - mandolin on "Rye Whiskey"
Robert Chaffe (of Kudzu Kings) - keyboards on "Rain and Snow"
2001 albums
Blue Mountain (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots%20%28Blue%20Mountain%20album%29 |
McKim, Mead & White was an American architectural firm that came to define architectural practice, urbanism, and the ideals of the American Renaissance in fin de siècle New York. The firm's founding partners Charles Follen McKim (1847–1909), William Rutherford Mead (1846–1928) and Stanford White (1853–1906) were giants in the architecture of their time, and remain important as innovators and leaders in the development of modern architecture worldwide. They formed a school of classically trained, technologically skilled designers who practiced well into the mid-twentieth century. According to Robert A. M. Stern, only Frank Lloyd Wright was more important to the identity and character of modern American architecture.
The firm's New York City buildings include Manhattan's former Pennsylvania Station, the Brooklyn Museum, and the main campus of Columbia University. Elsewhere in New York State and New England, the firm designed college, library, school and other buildings such as the Boston Public Library, Walker Art Building at Bowdoin College, the Garden City campus of Adelphi University and the Rhode Island State House. In Washington, D.C., the firm renovated the West and East Wings of the White House, and designed Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair and the National Museum of American History. Across the United States, the firm designed buildings in Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin. Other examples are in Canada, Cuba and Italy. The scope and breadth of their achievement is astounding, considering that many of the technologies and strategies they employed were nascent or non-existent when they began working in the 1880s.
Early years
Charles McKim was the son of a prominent Quaker abolitionist who grew up in West Orange, New Jersey. He attended Harvard College and went to Paris to attend the École des Beaux-Arts, a leading training ground for Americans. William Rutherford Mead, a cousin of president Rutherford B. Hayes, went to Amherst College and trained with Russell Sturgis in Boston. The two formed a partnership with William Bigelow in New York in 1877.
White was born in New York City, the son of Shakespearean scholar Richard Grant White and Alexina Black Mease (1830–1921). His father was a dandy and Anglophile with no money, but a great many connections in New York's art world, including painter John LaFarge, Louis Comfort Tiffany and Frederick Law Olmsted.
White had no formal architectural training; he began his career at the age of 18 as the principal assistant to Henry Hobson Richardson, the most important American architect of the day and creator of a style recognized today as "Richardsonian Romanesque". He remained with Richardson for six years, playing a major role in the design of the William Watts Sherman House in Newport, Rhode Island, an important Shingle Style work.
White joined the partnership in 1879, and quickly became known as the artistic leader of the firm. McKim's connections helped secure early commissions, while Mead served as the managing partner. Their work applied the principles of Beaux-Arts architecture, with its classical design traditions and training in drawing and proportion, and the related City Beautiful movement after 1893. The designers quickly found wealthy and influential clients amidst the bustle and economic vigor of metropolitan New York.
Initially the firm distinguished itself with innovative Shingle Style summer houses such as Victor Newcomb's house in Elberon, New Jersey (1880–1881), the Isaac Bell House in Newport, Rhode Island (1883), and Joseph Choate's house "Naumkeag" in Lenox, Massachusetts (1885–88). Their status rose when McKim was asked to design the Boston Public Library in 1887, ensuring a new group of institutional clients following its successful completion in 1895. The firm had begun to use classical sources from Modern French, Renaissance and even Roman buildings as sources of inspiration for daring new work.
In 1877 White and McKim led their partners on a "sketching tour" of New England, visiting many of the key houses of Puritan leaders and early masterpieces of the colonial period. Their work began to incorporate influences from these buildings, contributing to a revival of interest in American art and architecture: The Colonial Revival.
The H.A.C. Taylor house in Newport (1882–1886) was the first of their designs to use overt quotations from colonial buildings, but many would follow. A less successful but daring variation of a formal Georgian plan was White's house for Commodore William Edgar, also in Newport (1884–86). Rather than traditional red brick or the pink pressed masonry of the Bell house, White tried a tawny, almost brown color, leaving the building neither fish nor fowl.
The partners added talented designers and associates as the 1890s loomed, with Thomas Hastings, John Carrère, Henry Bacon and Joseph M. Wells on the payroll in their expanding office. With a larger staff, each partner could have a "studio" of designers at his disposal, rather like the organization of a modern design firm. This increased their capacity for doing bigger and bigger jobs, such as the design of entire college campuses for Columbia and New York Universities, and a massive entertainment complex at Madison Square Garden. They were entering a new phase of outstanding productivity and achievements.
Flowering and major works
McKim, Mead and White gained prominence as a cultural and artistic force through their construction of Madison Square Garden. White secured the job from the Vanderbilt family, and the other partners brought former clients into the project as investors. The extraordinary building opened its doors in 1890. What had once been a dilapidated arena for horse shows was now a multi-purpose entertainment palace, with a larger arena, a theater, apartments in a Spanish style tower, restaurants, and a roof garden with views both uptown and downtown from 34th Street. White's masterpiece was a testament to his creative imagination, and his taste for the pleasures of city life.
The architects paved the way for many subsequent colleagues by fraternizing with the rich in a number of other settings similar to The Garden, enhancing their social status during the Progressive Era. McKim, Mead and White designed not only the Century Association building (1891), but also many other clubs around Manhattan: the Colony Club, the Metropolitan Club, the Harmonie Club, and the University Club of New York.
Though White's subsequent life was plagued by scandals, and McKim's by depression and the loss of his second wife, the firm continued to produce magnificent and varied work in New York and abroad. They worked for the titans of industry, transportation and banking, designing not only classical buildings (the New York Herald Building, Morgan Library, Villard Houses, and Rhode Island State Capitol), but also planning factory towns (Echota, near Niagara Falls, New York; Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina; and Naugatuck, Connecticut), and working on university campuses (the University of Virginia, Harvard, Adelphi University and Columbia). The magnificent Low Library (1897) at Columbia was similar to Thomas Jefferson's at the University of Virginia, where White added an academic building on the other side of the Lawn.
Some of their later, classical country houses also enhanced their reputation with wealthy oligarchs and critics alike. The Frederick Vanderbilt mansion (1895–1898) at Hyde Park, New York and White's "Rosecliff" for Tessie Oelrichs (1898–1902) in Newport were elegant venues for the society chronicled by Edith Wharton and Henry James. Newly-wealthy Americans were seeking the right spouses for their sons and daughters, among them idle aristocrats from European families with dwindling financial resources. When called for, the firm could also deliver a house-full of continental antiques and works of art, many acquired by Stanford White from dealers abroad. The Clarence McKay house in Roslyn, New York, was probably the most opulent of these flights of fancy. Though many are gone, some now serve new uses, such as "Florham", in Madison, New Jersey (1897–1900), now the home of Fairleigh Dickinson University.
New York's enormous Penn Station (1906–1910) was the firm's crowning achievement, reflecting not only its commitment to new technological advances, but also to architectural history stretching back to Greek and Roman times. McKim, Mead & White also designed the General Post Office Building across from Penn Station at the same time, part of which became the new Amtrak station in 2021. The original Penn Station was demolished in 1963–1964 and replaced with a newer Madison Square Garden, in spite of large opposition to the move. One of the firm's last major works in the city was the Manhattan Municipal Building (1906–1913) adjacent to City Hall, built following the deaths of both White (1906) and McKim (1909) and the financial collapse of the original partnership.
Later partnerships
The firm retained its name long after the deaths of founding partners White (1906), McKim (1909), and Mead (1928). The major partners became William M. Kendall and Lawrence Grant White, Stanford's son. Among the firm's final works under the name McKim, Mead & White was the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. Designed primarily by partner James Kellum Smith, it opened in 1964. Smith died in 1961, and the firm was soon renamed Steinmann, Cain and White. In 1971, it became Walker O. Cain and Associates.
Selected works
New York City
New England and New York State
New Jersey
Washington, D.C.
Other U.S. locations
Other countries
Notable architects who worked for McKim, Mead & White
Henry Bacon – worked at the firm from about 1886 through 1897; left with fellow employee James Brite to open their own office.
William A. Boring – worked at the firm in 1890 before forming a separate partnership with Edward Lippincott Tilton.
Charles Lewis Bowman – a draftsman at the firm until 1922, noted for his large number of private residences throughout Westchester County, New York including Bronxville, Pelham Manor, Mamaroneck and New Rochelle.
A. Page Brown – worked with the firm beginning in the 1880s; went to California, where he was known for the San Francisco Ferry Building.
Walker O. Cain – worked at the firm; he took it over in 1961 and renamed it several times.
J.E.R. Carpenter – worked at the firm for several years before designing much of upper Fifth and Park Avenues, including 907 Fifth Avenue, 825 Fifth Avenue, 625 Park Avenue, 550 Park Avenue and the Lincoln Building on 42nd Street.
John Merven Carrère (1858–1911) – worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885, then joined Thomas Hastings to form the firm Carrère and Hastings.
Thomas Harlan Ellett (1880–1951)
Cass Gilbert – worked with the firm until 1882, when he went to work with James Knox Taylor; later designed many notable structures, among them the George Washington Bridge and the Woolworth Building.
Arthur Loomis Harmon – later of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon.
Thomas Hastings (1860–1929) – of Carrère and Hastings, worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885.
John Galen Howard (1864–1931)
John Mead Howells (1868–1959)
William Mitchell Kendall (1856–1941) – worked with the firm from 1882 until his death.
Harrie T. Lindeberg – started at the firm in 1895 as an assistant to Stanford White and remained with the firm until White's death in 1906.
Austin W. Lord – worked with the firm in 1890–1894 on designs for Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences, the Metropolitan Club and buildings at Columbia University
Harold Van Buren Magonigle (1867–1935)
Albert Randolph Ross
Philip Sawyer (1868–1949)
James Kellum Smith (1893–1961) – a member of the firm from 1924 to 1961; full partner in 1929, and the last surviving partner of MM&W. He primarily designed academic buildings, but his last major work was the National Museum of American History.
Egerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout – both Tracy and Swartwout worked together for the firm on multiple projects prior to starting their own practice.
Edward Lippincott Tilton – helped design the Boston Public Library in 1890 before leaving with Boring.
Robert von Ezdorf – took over much of the firm's business after White's death.
Joseph Morrill Wells (1853–1890) – worked as firm's first Chief Draftsman from 1879 to 1890; often considered to be the firm's "fourth partner", and largely responsible for its Renaissance Revival designs in the 1880s.
William M. Whidden – worked at the firm from at least 1882 until 1888; projects included the Tacoma and Portland hotels in Washington and Oregon, respectively; moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1888 to finish the hotel and established his own firm with Ion Lewis
York and Sawyer – Edward York (1863–1928) and Philip Sawyer (1868–1949) worked together for the firm before starting their own partnership in 1898.
References
Citations
General and cited bibliography
Baker, Paul R. (1989). Stanny: The Gilded Life of Stanford White. New York: Free Press. .
Broderick, Mosette (2010). Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White: Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age. New York: Knopf. .
McKim, Mead & White (1915–1920). A Monograph of the Work of McKim, Mead & White, 1879–1915, 4 vols. New York: Architectural Book Publishing Co.
Reprinted as The Architecture of McKim, Mead & White in Photographs, Plans and Elevations, with an introduction by Richard Guy Wilson. New York: Dover Publications, 1990. .
Roth, Leland M. (September 1, 1978). The Architecture of McKim, Mead & White, 1870–1920: A Building List. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Garland Publishing. .
Roth, Leland M. (October 1985). McKim, Mead and White, Architects (First edition). Harper & Row. .
External links
McKim, Mead & White: Selected Works 1879 to 1915, published by Princeton Architectural Press, 2018
McKim, Mead & White in Buffalo
McKim, Mead & White Architectural Records Collection at the New-York Historical Society
Brooklyn Museum Building Online Exhibition
McKim, Mead & White architectural records and drawings, c. 1879–1958, held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University
1872 establishments in New York (state)
19th-century American architects
20th-century American architects
American neoclassical architects
Architects of the Boston Public Library
Beaux Arts architects
Defunct architecture firms based in New York City
Historicist architects
American railway architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKim%2C%20Mead%20%26%20White |
Jerry David Claiborne (August 26, 1928 – September 24, 2000) was an American college football player and coach. He was the head football coach at Virginia Tech (1961–1970), the University of Maryland, College Park (1972–1981), and his alma mater, the University of Kentucky (1982–1989), compiling a career head coaching record of . Claiborne was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1999.
Early years
Claiborne attended the Hopkinsville High School and the University of Kentucky and was named the College of Education's Outstanding Senior. Claiborne played halfback under legendary coach Paul "Bear" Bryant at the University of Kentucky.
In 1950, he became the head football and basketball coach at Augusta Military Academy in Fort Defiance, Augusta County, Virginia. His teams won the Virginia State basketball championship in 1950 and the football championship in 1951. The following year, he left to become Bryant's assistant coach at Kentucky, following Bryant in the same capacity to Texas A&M and Alabama before he moved up to become a head coach.
Head coach
Virginia Tech
Claiborne was head coach at Virginia Polytechnic Institute from 1961 through 1970, with an overall record of . Claiborne's legacy was carried on by Frank Beamer, who played for Claiborne at Virginia Tech. Beamer built the program into a powerhouse in the mid-1990s. Claiborne's contributions to Tech's football program earned him a place in the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame.
For one season in 1971, Claiborne was the defensive coordinator (and assistant head coach) at the University of Colorado under Eddie Crowder. The third-ranked Buffaloes went 10–2, behind the teams they lost to (both on the road): undefeated national champion Nebraska and #2 Oklahoma, an unprecedented sweep of the top three slots by the Big Eight Conference.
Maryland
When Claiborne was hired at the University of Maryland in December 1971, the Terrapins had only won nine games in the previous five seasons. Claiborne led the Terps to a winning season after only his second year with the team. He posted a record in his decade at Maryland, including an undefeated regular season in 1976, before losing to Houston in the Cotton Bowl. For six consecutive seasons beginning in 1973, the Terrapins appeared in bowl games, and added another in 1980. During this run, Maryland won three straight ACC titles (1974, 1975, 1976).
Kentucky
In December 1981, Claiborne followed in the footsteps of Bear Bryant and went from College Park to Lexington, Kentucky; the home of the University of Kentucky. In Claiborne's case, Kentucky was his alma mater. UK had incurred four straight losing seasons and offered Claiborne the position largely to help clean up a program racked by numerous recruiting violations during the tenure of previous head coach Fran Curci.
After starting with a winless record of 0–10–1 in 1982, Claiborne reached bowl games in his next two seasons, posting records of 6–5–1 in 1983 and 9–3 in 1984, after which the Wildcats were ranked nineteenth in the final AP poll. The Wildcats' win in the Hall of Fame Classic over Wisconsin was UK's last bowl win for 22 years, until the Music City Bowl victory over Clemson in 2006. Claiborne did not get to another bowl, getting no closer than 5–5–1 in 1986 and 6–5 in 1989, and then retired. Due in part to his role in cleaning up the program's image, he remained in the good graces of Kentucky fans; his eight-season record was .
Europe
In 1992, Claiborne became the head coach of the Braunschweig Lions, and then German Division II Football team in Germany. During his one-year stay he laid the foundation for an organization, that became a European football powerhouse.
Significant achievements
Claiborne coached four Academic All-Americans and eighty-seven all-conference academics.
Named the nation's Coach of the Year by the Sporting News in 1974.
Named Southeastern Conference Coach of the Year in 1983.
Claiborne's Kentucky team won the College Football Association Academic Achievement Award for the highest graduation rate of 90% in 1989.
The University of Kentucky named Claiborne into its Alumni Hall of Fame in 1992.
In 1994, Claiborne received the Neyland Trophy, which is presented annually to a coach "who has contributed greatly to intercollegiate athletics"
In 1999 the Lexington, Kentucky's chapter of the National Football Foundation was named after Claiborne.
Retired with a lifetime record of 179–122–8, ranking him fourth among active college coaches in victories when he retired.
Head coaching record
See also
List of presidents of the American Football Coaches Association
References
External links
1928 births
2000 deaths
American football halfbacks
Alabama Crimson Tide football coaches
Kentucky Wildcats football coaches
Kentucky Wildcats football players
Maryland Terrapins football coaches
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches
Virginia Tech Hokies football coaches
High school basketball coaches in Virginia
High school football coaches in Virginia
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Hopkinsville, Kentucky
Coaches of American football from Kentucky
Players of American football from Kentucky
American expatriate sportspeople in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Claiborne |
Basketball is an Atari 2600 video game written by Alan Miller and published by Atari, Inc. in 1978. The cartridge presents a simple game of one-on-one basketball playable by one or two players, one of the few early Atari 2600 titles to have a single-player mode with an AI-controlled opponent. Miller wrote a version of Basketball for the Atari 8-bit family with improved graphics, published in 1979. That same year, an arcade version similar to the computer port was released by Atari but in black and white.
Gameplay
At the start of the game, both players are at the center of the court. A jump ball is thrown between them to begin play. The player in the offensive position (i.e. in possession of the ball) always faces a basket representing the assigned shooting target, and defensive players always face the opponent. Each player can move in eight directions with the joystick; the player with the ball constantly dribbles it. The defensive player may steal the ball when it leaves the opponent's hands (either in mid-dribble or mid-shot).
After either player scores, the shooter is reset to the center of the court and becomes the defensive player (defending the opponent) while the former defender is set under the basket to inbound the ball and take an offensive chance. The player with the highest score after four minutes is the winner.
The game features two difficulty levels using the Difficulty Switch on the Atari 2600. In "B" position, the player can move from goal to goal much more quickly than the "A" position.
Reception
In Video magazine's "Arcade Alley" review column, reviewers described it as "that rare game that plays well solitaire or with a human opponent," and noted that "the game definitely captures the flavor of basketball." The "fan's eye perspective" was singled out for particular praise, and the game as a whole was found to "offer the most exciting four minutes of one-on-one hoop action [the reviewers had] seen so far."
Legacy
In the 1980 comedy film Airplane!, flight controllers are seen playing Atari 2600 Basketball rather than watching the monitor.
References
External links
Basketball for the Atari 2600 at Atari Mania
Basketball for the Atari 8-bit family at Atari Mania
Basketball at Arcade History
1978 video games
Atari games
Atari 2600 games
Atari 8-bit family games
Basketball video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball%20%281978%20video%20game%29 |
Heliconius cydno, the cydno longwing, is a nymphalid butterfly that ranges from Mexico to northern South America. It is typically found in the forest understory and deposits its eggs on a variety of plants of the genus Passiflora. It is a member of the Heliconiinae subfamily of Central and South America, and it is the only heliconiine that can be considered oligophagous. H. cydno is also characterized by hybridization and Müllerian mimicry. Wing coloration plays a key role in mate choice and has further implications in regards to sympatric speciation. Macrolide scent gland extracts and wing-clicking behavior further characterize this species.
Subspecies
Listed alphabetically:
H. c. alithea Hewitson, 1869
H. c. barinasensis Masters, 1973
H. c. chioneus Bates, 1864
H. c. cordula Neustetter, 1913
H. c. cydnides Staudinger, 1885
H. c. cydno Doubleday, 1847
H. c. hermogenes Hewitson, 1858
H. c. gadouae Brown & Fernández, 1985
H. c. galanthus Bates, 1864
H. c. lisethae Neukirchen, 1995
H. c. pachinus Salvin, 1871
H. c. wanningeri Neukirchen, 1991
H. c. weymeri Staudinger, [1897]
H. c. zelinde Butler, 1869
Distribution and habitat
H. cydno ranges from southern Mexico to western Ecuador in northern South America. H. cydno is considered to be non-migratory, or sedentary. H. cydno lives in closed-forest habitats, specifically in the forest understories. They live at elevations from sea level to 2000 meters. Their most common host plants are in the genus Passiflora, and at night, adults roost in twigs or tendrils from two to ten meters above the forest floor. Males generally tend to fly higher than females, who are found lower in the forest understory.
Host plant
The diet of H. cydno larva is generalist. Passiflora are less common in the closed-forest habitats of H. cydno, and thus the species uses a wide selection within the genus. They tend to prefer orange and red flowers.
Other species of Heliconius restrict their diet to a single species of Passiflora, while H. cydno is oligophagous (feeding on a restricted range of plants). There are records of five species of Passiflora being utilized by H. cydno, all in the subgenera Granadilla, Plectostemma, or Distephana. Both H. cydno and H. melpomene are known to utilize Psiguria warcsewiczii pollen.
Parental care
Oviposition
Experiments performed pertaining to H. cydno oviposition reveal that they utilize chemoreception, not visual cues, when choosing their egg-laying sites. H. cydno oviposition sites are generally the tendrils of their Passiflora host plants, and eggs are placed singly.
While leaf shape experiments and egg mimics do not have significant effects on oviposition, chemical cues from methanol render sites less appealing to H. cydno. Their lack of preference for leaf shape can be attributed to their varied usage of Passiflora hosts. H. cydno also does not participate in larval cannibalism, which plays a role in their indifference to egg mimics.
Life cycle
Egg
The eggs of H. cydno are yellow, 1.1 mm in height and 0.9 mm wide.
Larvae
Early instar larvae of this species have a white body and black spines.
Mature larvae are characterized by an orange head topped by two black horns 1.2 cm long. Their bodies are brownish pink, with black scoli (spines with multiple points) and black spots. The caterpillars of H. cydno are known to form small groups, demonstrating social behavior.
Pupae
Pupae of H. cydno are characterized by antennae, an abdomen with long spines, and a general dark brown color. They have two rectangular gold patches that decorate the thorax.
Adult
Adults have forewings and hindwings which are black with either yellow or white bands/spots. Their hindwings have bars on their ventral surface, distinguishing themselves from mimics. Wing coloration is dependent on location.
Protective coloration and behavior
Müllerian mimicry
H. cydno engages in the predator defense mechanism of Müllerian mimicry with H. eleuchia (specifically in Ecuador) and H. sapho by adopting colors that warn a predator of their bad taste, deterring attacks. For instance, H. cydno alithea, which has two potential colorings, mimics H. eleuchia in its yellow form, and mimics H. sapho in its white form. In contrast, H. cydno close relative, H. melpomene, mimics H. erato.
Genetics
Hybridization
It is a species well known and widely researched for its tendency to hybridize with the closely related H. melpomene, from which it diverged around 1.5 million years ago. They are sympatric for much of the geographic range of H. cydno, from Central America to northern South America, and exhibit a low level of hybridization and gene flow in nature. Hybrids between the two species occur at a frequency of less than 0.1%. Their low levels of hybridization can, in part, be attributed to pre-mating isolation, as H. melpone is found in more open habitats, while H. cydno lives in a closed-forest environment. Studies suggest that changes in host use and mimicry in H. melpomene and H. cydno are genetically determined and may contribute to pre-mating isolation. In the past, this likely contributed to speciation. H. pachinus is also known to hybridize with H. melpomene. The fact that both species hybridize with H. melpomene is considered significant because H. melpomene exhibits a distinct pheromonal chemistry and coloring.
In fact, it has been suggested that wing preference patterns in mating may limit hybridization, a preference which is also known to limit hybridization between H. cydno and H. pachinus, which is another closely related species. Thus, divergent coloring (and therefore, mimicry), contributes to sympatric speciation.
While hybridization of species is present, there is evidence to suggest that hybrids are less successful in mating than their non-hybrid counterparts. Hybrids will mate with one another; however, their mating success is 50% of that of their parents, demonstrating disruptive sexual selection against these hybrids that helps to maintain the two species as separate, sympatric species.
Color patterns
There are four key loci that affect wing color and pattern in H. cydno. L determines whether a given individual has melanic scales over their forewing band. The Sb and Yb loci are tightly linked in H. cydno, although the exact distance is not known. The Sb locus controls for the white submarginal band on the hindwing. The allele for the band is recessive. The Yb locus controls for a yellow band on the hindwing. The allele for this yellow band is also recessive. The K locus determines whether the medial band on the forewing, dorsally and ventrally, is yellow or white. An additional locus, G, determines the red line located on the forewing, at the base of the costal vein.
Mating
Coloration
It has been determined, based on crosses performed between H. cydno and H. melpomene, as well as between H. cydno and H. pachinus, that there are specific linkage groups associated with both male preference and female mating outcome (red verses black in cydno/melpomene crosses and white verses yellow in cydno/pachinus crosses). Strong linkage can be seen between mate preference and dominant wing color at the locus that controls forewing coloration. This contributes to co-evolution of mimicry and mate preference while maintaining the association of different species.
Iridescence and light polarization
Wing iridescence is another factor in H. cydno mating. Heliconius butterflies in general use thin-film iridescence and polarized light for mate recognition. H. cydno has blue iridescence which, at some angles, is 90% polarized. In experiments investigating polarized light as a signal in mating, it was found that when a female's wings were shown behind a depolarizing filter, she was approached at a significantly lower rate than when her wings were shown behind a non-depolarizing filter. It has been suggested that the high degree of iridescence displayed by H. cydno can be attributed to their forest understory habitat, which generally has less-direct sunlight.
Multiple matings
H. cydno females are known to mate multiply, thus engaging in polyandry. There are many possible benefits to females mating multiply that may conclude more robust progeny, more allocation of resources, or other benefits.
Physiology
Macrolide scent gland extracts
Research done on H. cydno in Costa Rica suggests that the species has 12- and 14-membered macrolide scent gland extracts which have a C-18 skeleton. They are derived from linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids and have an S configuration. According to the study, other species' desire and ability to hybridize with H. cydno was not affected by their possession of macrolide scent gland extracts.
Social behavior
In an experiment by Mirian Medina Hay-Roe and Richard W. Mankin, field-collected H. cydno females were found to produce wing clicks when interacting with members of the same species. Wing clicks are made in short sequences of three to ten clicks, at a speed of approximately ten clicks per second. They demonstrated this behavior during the day and at roosting time, when individuals came close to one another so as to almost touch one another's head or wings. This behavior was also observed during aggressive interactions with H. erato females. When an experimental group of H. cydno were moved to a greenhouse and allowed to reproduce, the first generation of adults born in the greenhouses did not demonstrate wing-clicking behavior. The frequency of wing clicking peaked at 1075 Hz, which is close to the 1200-Hz frequency peak of auditory sensitivity in H. erato. This further suggests that communication both between and within species may be facilitated through this behavior.
References
cydno
Butterflies described in 1847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconius%20cydno |
Tonight It's Now or Never is a 2002 album by American Alt country group Blue Mountain.
2002 albums
Blue Mountain (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight%20It%27s%20Now%20or%20Never |
The leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) is a species of houndshark, in the family Triakidae. It is found along the Pacific coast of North America, from the U.S. state of Oregon to Mazatlán in Mexico. Typically measuring 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft) long, this slender-bodied shark is immediately identifiable by the striking pattern of black saddle-like markings and large spots over its back, from which it derives its common name. Large schools of leopard sharks are a common sight in bays and estuaries, swimming over sandy or muddy flats or rock-strewn areas near kelp beds and reefs. They are most common near the coast, in water less than 4 m (13 ft) deep.
Active-swimming predators, groups of leopard sharks often follow the tide onto intertidal mudflats to forage for food, mainly clams, spoon worms, crabs, shrimp, bony fish, and fish eggs. Most leopard sharks tend to remain within a particular area rather than undertaking long movements elsewhere, which has led to genetic divergence between populations of sharks living in different regions. This species is aplacental viviparous, meaning that the young hatch inside the uterus and are nourished by yolk. From March to June, the female gives birth to as many as 37 young after a gestation period of 10–12 months. It is relatively slow-growing and takes many years to mature.
Harmless to humans, the leopard shark is caught by commercial and recreational fisheries for food and the aquarium trade. This species is mostly fished in the waters off California where, after a period of population decline in the 1980s, new fishing regulations in the early 1990s reduced harvesting to sustainable levels. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this species as of Least Concern, while noting that local stocks may easily become overfished because of the shark's slow growth and limited migratory habits.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
The first scientific name applied to the leopard shark was Triakis californica, coined by British zoologist John Edward Gray in the 1851 List of the specimens of fish in the collection of the British Museum. However, Gray did not furnish the name with a proper description, rendering it a nomen nudum. In December 1854, American ichthyologist William Orville Ayres gave a lecture describing the species as Mustelus felis, which included the first scientific description of the species. His lecture was reprinted first in The Pacific, a San Francisco newspaper, and then in the journal Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences. In April 1855, French biologist Charles Frédéric Girard published another description of this species, naming it Triakis semifasciata.
Despite M. felis being the senior synonym, an error in recording the dates of publication resulted in the widespread use of T. semifasciata as the leopard shark's scientific name. As a result of this long-standing error, Triakis semifasciata came to be recognized as the valid name (as a nomen protectum) and Mustelis felis was invalidated (as a nomen oblitum). The specific epithet semifasciata comes from the Latin words semi ("half") and fasciatus ("banded"), describing this shark's dorsal pattern of saddle-like markings. In older literature, this species may be referred to as "tiger shark" or "catshark".
The genus Triakis contains two subgenera, Triakis and Cazon. The leopard shark is placed within the subgenus Triakis along with the banded houndshark (T. (Triakis) scyllium). A 2006 phylogenetic analysis by J. Andrés López and colleagues, based on protein-coding genes, revealed that Triakis and Cazon are in fact not closely related, and additionally that the leopard shark may be the most basal member of its family.
Distribution and habitat
The leopard shark occurs in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, from the temperate continental waters of Coos Bay, Oregon to the tropical waters of Mazatlán, Mexico, including the Gulf of California. It favors muddy or sandy flats within enclosed bays and estuaries, and may also be encountered near kelp beds and rocky reefs, or along the open coast. Numbers have been known to gather near discharges of warm effluent from power plants. Leopard sharks generally swim close to the bottom and are most abundant from the intertidal zone to a depth of , though they may be found as deep as . Many leopard sharks, particularly in the north, leave their coastal habitats in winter and return in early spring. A study in Tomales Bay in northern California determined that they depart when the water temperature drops below 10–12 °C (50–54 °F); one tagged shark was found to have swum some south.
While a few leopard sharks have been documented traveling hundreds of kilometers, most individuals tend to remain in a localized area for much of their lives. This low level of dispersal has led to genetic divergence across its range. Seven discrete gene pools have been identified along the Californian coast between Humboldt Bay and San Diego. Of these, the Humboldt Bay subpopulation is perhaps the most isolated, with the sharks there maturing at a larger size and producing fewer offspring than those from other areas. By contrast, the area around Los Angeles represents a genetic transitional zone between subpopulations whose boundaries are more diffuse. Off Baja California, the leopard sharks on the Pacific side are probably distinct from those in the northern Gulf of California. Although there is equivocal evidence for natal philopatry (returning to one's birthplace to breed) in this species, proximity to established breeding grounds likely contributes to the structuring of these different subpopulations.
Description
The leopard shark has a moderately stout body, with a short, rounded snout. There are well-developed, triangular flaps of skin in front of the nares. The eyes are large and oval, with a nictitating membrane (a protective third eyelid). The line of the mouth is strongly curved. There are furrows at the corners of the mouth extending onto both jaws, with those on the lower jaw almost long enough to meet at the midline. The tooth rows number 41–55 in the upper jaw and 34–45 in the lower jaw; each tooth has a slightly oblique, smooth-edged cusp in the center and 1–2 small cusplets on either side. These teeth are arranged into a flat, "pavement"-like surface with overlapping ridges.
The large first dorsal fin is positioned about halfway between the pectoral and pelvic fins; the second is almost as large as the first and much larger than the anal fin. The pectoral fins are wide and triangular. The lower lobe of the caudal fin is well-developed in adults but less than half the length of the upper lobe, which has a strong ventral notch near the tip. The coloration is unique, consisting of prominent black "saddles" and large black spots running along the back, on a silvery to bronzy gray background. Adult sharks often have more spots and saddles with lighter centers compared to juveniles. The underside is whitish and plain. The average length of a leopard shark is . Rarely males may grow to and females , and there is a record of an exceptional female that measured long. The heaviest known leopard shark weighed .
Biology and ecology
An active species that swims with a strong undulating motion, the leopard shark is commonly spotted cruising in or just beyond the surf zone. It is more active at night than during the day, and sometimes lies still on the bottom. In Tomales Bay (among other similar regions), the leopard shark follows the tide onto mudflats to forage for food, retreating just fast enough to prevent being stranded or trapped as the water recedes. At Santa Catalina Island, resident sharks spend the day together in the shallows and at night, they disperse into deeper water, up to away.
From birth, leopard sharks form large schools, generally segregated by age and sex; these groups may intermingle with grey or brown smoothhounds (Mustelus californicus and M. henlei) and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). These schools are apparently nomadic, often appearing suddenly in an area for a few hours before vanishing just as quickly. In captivity, larger sharks have been observed establishing their dominance over smaller individuals via light nips to the pectoral fins. During summer days, large aggregations of mature females assemble in shallow bays and estuaries, dispersing at night. As these females follow the warmest patches of water (allowing them to raise their internal body temperatures by up to 3 °C/5.4 °F), they are speculated to be taking advantage of the heat to speed their own growth and that of their gestating young. The membership of these aggregations is inconstant, with individual females periodically switching between different sites scattered over several kilometers.
Compared to the related grey and brown smoothhounds that share its range, the leopard shark has smaller and more numerous red blood cells, allowing it to process oxygen more efficiently. This may be an adaptation for foraging in deoxygenated estuarine environments. Their eyes contain very few cone cells, likely due to the murky water they inhabit. Small leopard sharks fall prey to larger sharks such as the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) and the broadnose sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus). On one occasion, a sevengill shark was seen ambushing a leopard shark on a tidal mudflat in Humboldt Bay, striking with such momentum that the larger predator momentarily beached itself. Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms Phyllobothrium riseri, Lacistorhynchus dollfusi and Paraorygmatobothrium barber, as well as the copepods Echthrogaleus eoleoptratus and Achtheinus oblongatus.
Feeding
The diet of the leopard shark consists of small benthic and littoral animals, most significantly crabs (Cancridae, Grapsidae, and Hippoidea), shrimp, bony fish (including anchovies, herring, topsmelt, croakers, surfperch, gobies, rockfish, sculpins, flatfish, and midshipmen), fish eggs, clams, and the echiurid fat innkeeper worm (Urechis caupo). This opportunistic hunter has also been known to eat ghost shrimp, polychaete worms, and the young of smoothhounds, shovelnose guitarfish (Rhinobatos productus), and bat rays (Myliobatis californicus). Eelgrass (Zostera) and algae may be swallowed incidentally.
The leopard shark captures prey by expanding its buccal cavity to create a suction force, which is facilitated by its labial cartilages swinging forward to form the mouth into a tube. Simultaneously, the shark protrudes its jaws forward to grip the prey between its teeth. As with other sharks, the teeth of the leopard shark are periodically shed and replaced; it takes 9–12 days for a replacement tooth to move into position. Leopard sharks have been caught with stomachs filled with clam siphons, which the sharks seize before the clams can retract and break off with a levering motion of their bodies. On occasion, the shark tears the entire clam body out of its shell this way. Other sharks examined have had stomachs containing whole innkeeper worms with no bite marks, suggesting that the sharks sucked them out of their burrows. Under a hollow bridge support in San Francisco Bay, a group of leopard sharks and spiny dogfish have been observed feeding on a dense school of anchovies by slowly swimming counterclockwise through the clockwise-swimming school, and swallowing any anchovies that accidentally entered their open mouths.
In some places, this species feeds only on a few prey types and little else (e.g. innkeeper worms and cancrid crabs in Tomales Bay, jack silverside (Atherinopsis californiensis) eggs and the crabs Romaleon antennarium and Metacarcinus magister in Humboldt Bay). The predominant prey taken depends on location, time of year, and age. For example, in the Elkhorn Slough at Monterey Bay, cancrid crabs and innkeeper worms are mostly eaten in winter and spring, fish eggs from winter to early summer, bony fish in summer, and grapsid crabs and clams in fall. Young sharks feed mostly on crabs and transition to clam siphons, fish eggs, and innkeeper worms once they reach long. The largest sharks are the ones that consume the most fish.
Life history
The leopard shark is aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos sustained by a yolk sac until birth. In northern areas, females use bays and sloughs as nursery areas, while to the south they give birth in more open areas. Known breeding grounds along the coast of California include Humboldt Bay, Tomales Bay, Bodega Bay, San Francisco Bay, Elkhorn Slough, Morro Bay, Santa Monica Bay (Los Angeles), Catalina Harbor (Santa Catalina Island), and San Diego Bay.
Females give birth to 1–37 young annually from March and July (most in April or May), with the number of pups increasing with female size. Multiple males may father a litter from a single mother In Humboldt and San Francisco Bays, females drop their pups in beds of eelgrass that provide both shelter and food. In Catalina Harbor, females give birth on flats in of water, their backs and dorsal fins exposed; the pups stay in even shallower water less than deep. Mating occurs in early summer following birth; the only known observation of this in the wild was in 2004 off La Jolla, amongst nine sharks gathered from shore in water deep.
Newborn leopard sharks measure around long. Relatively slow-growing after the first 3–4 years of life, male leopard sharks grow an average of per year, reaching maturity at an age of 7–13 years and a length of , while females grow an average of per year, reaching maturity at an age of 10–15 years and a length of . Individuals of the same age can vary significantly in size and large sharks are especially slow-growing: one specimen was documented to have gained only in length over 12 years. The maximum lifespan of this species is estimated to be 30 years.
Human interactions
Wary and quick to flee, leopard sharks pose almost no danger to humans. There is a single record from 1955 of a leopard shark harassing a skin diver with a nosebleed, though no injuries resulted. This species is caught by commercial fisheries using gillnets and longlines, and by recreational anglers and spearfishers; it is also caught as bycatch in bottom trawls. The meat is considered excellent eating and is sold fresh or frozen. However, leopard sharks living alongside human development may accumulate pollutants such as mercury, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) within their bodies, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife warns against eating them regularly. The leopard shark is prized by the aquarium trade for its attractive appearance and hardiness; this led to many newborn pups being captured with hook-and-line off southern California in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It may live for over 20 years in captivity.
Most of the fishing for leopard sharks occurs in the waters off California, where commercial landings peaked at in 1983 and has averaged annually since 1991. These figures are believed to be underestimates, as an unknown portion of the leopard shark catch is recorded simply as "shark". In recent decades the number of sharks taken recreationally has exceeded those taken commercially, with sport fishers catching an average of 52,000 sharks per year from 1980–1988, and 45,000 sharks per year since 1993. This species contributes negligibly to fishery landings off Oregon. The status of leopard sharks off Mexico is uncertain, although Mexican shark fisheries tend to focus more on larger species.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the leopard shark as of Least Concern. It is highly susceptible to local depletion due to its slow growth rate and low level of exchange between regional stocks. It was considered for, but is not managed under, the U.S. Pacific Fishery Management Council's (PMC) 1982 Groundfish Management Plan. In 1992, the State of California imposed a recreational minimum size limit of and a possession limit of three fish, a move that was strongly supported and promoted by the sport fishing community. In 1993, the State also instituted a minimum size limit of for the commercial harvesting of all sharks and rays, including for the aquarium trade. In addition, Californian restrictions on the use of certain types of fishing gear in near-shore waters confer good protection to this shark's core population. These management measures seem to have successfully reduced fishing mortality and halted the population decline from the 1980s; the status of the leopard shark off California is regarded as secure, with demographic models estimating an annual population increase of 3–6% with sustainable fishing.
See also
List of sharks
References
External links
Triakis semifasciata, Leopard shark at FishBase
Biological Profiles: Leopard Shark at Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
Triakis semifasciata (Leopard shark) at Monterey Bay Aquarium
leopard shark
Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Girard
Marine fauna of North America
Western North American coastal fauna
Viviparous fish
Fish of the Gulf of California
Fish of the Western United States
Fauna of California
Fish of Mexico
Fish of the United States
Fish of North America
Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula
leopard shark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard%20shark |
The Drunk Injuns is an American skate punk band formed in 1983. The band members wear masks that resemble Indian ghost warriors. They claim to believe the masks allow them to channel the spirit world to gain control of their bodies and play better music.
Founding
Vocalist/producer Mörizen Föche originally created and directed Thrasher Magazine'''s Skate Rock'' compilation series, and was ultimately responsible for identifying the musical phenomenon in a series of magazine articles, and is credited with coining the term "Skate Rock". In 1983, MoFo approached the members of the seminal San Jose skate punk band Los Olvidados about forming a new band. MoFo suggested the group don Indian masks.
Members
Mörizen Föche aka MoFo/Restless Spirit (vocals)
Ray Stevens II aka Johnny Yuma (bass)
Mike Fox aka Whölley Smökkes (guitar)
Mike Voss aka Stoned Wolf (guitar)
Matt Etheridge aka Sitting Duck (drums)
Discography
Main albums
Compilations
References
External links
Brief review at Ink19
Brief review at Frances Farmers Revenge
Brief review at In Music We Trust
Alternative Tentacles artists
Masked musicians
Punk rock groups from California
Skate punk groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk%20Injuns |
Mike Coykendall is a musician, audio engineer, and record producer.
Born in Norwich, Kansas in 1963, Coykendall was a member of the Wichita-based Klyde Konnor, which performed and recorded frequently throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. He moved to San Francisco in 1991 and released three critically acclaimed albums with the Old Joe Clarks. After moving to Portland, Oregon in 1999, he set up a home studio, where he recorded albums for a myriad of bands, including She & Him, M. Ward, Beth Orton, Richmond Fontaine, Tin Hat Trio, Blitzen Trapper, and Bright Eyes.
As a solo artist, he has released the albums Hello Hello Hello (Stereotype, 2005), The Unbearable Being of Likeness (Field Hymns, 2010), Chasing Away the Dots (Fluff and Gravy, 2012), and Half Past, Present Pending (Fluff and Gravy, 2015).
Discography
Half Past, Present Pending (Fluff & Gravy, 2015)
Chasing Away the Dots (Fluff & Gravy, 2012)
The Unbearable Being of Likeness (Field Hymns, 2010)
Hello Hello Hello (Stereotype, 2005)
As guest
Four Winds, Bright Eyes (Saddle Creek, 2007)
Volume One, She & Him (Merge, 2008)
Volume Two, She & Him (Merge, 2010)
References
External links
Official Website
American audio engineers
American male singer-songwriters
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Oregon
1963 births
She & Him members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Coykendall |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.