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Gurghiu may refer to several places in Romania:
Gurghiu (river), a river in Mureș County
Gurghiu Mountains
Gurghiu, Mureș, a commune in Mureș County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurghiu |
Walmart Watch, formed in the spring of 2005, was a joint project of the Center for Community and Corporate Ethics, a nonprofit organization studying the impact of large corporations on society, and its advocacy arm, Five Stones. The Walmart Watch group was based in Washington with the claimed goal to challenge Walmart to become a better employer, neighbor, and corporate citizen in order to improve the wages, health benefits, and treatment of workers.
One of Walmart Watch's initial attacks against Walmart was setting up an automated phone system that called 10,000 people in Arkansas in efforts to find individuals who would share secrets about the practices of Walmart on their workers. As a result of this automated phone system attack, Walmart Watch created a 24-page report revealing the company's wages and benefits. Walmart Watch's goal was to get the inside scoop on Walmart's practices, in hope that they would be less than respectable, to show the public the "ugly truth" behind Walmart.
Backers and funding
Walmart Watch was originally funded by the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), and was later part of United Food and Commercial Workers International Union. According to the Wall Street Journal, Walmart Watch was mainly funded by Five Stones, a 501(c)(3) organization that received $2,775,000 in 2005 from the SEIU. The SEIU reportedly gave Five Stones $1 million in 2004 to start Walmart Watch.
Reasons for opposition
Walmart Watch obtained a copy of a Walmart draft memo which suggested ways to cut employee benefit costs. Walmart Watch asserted that the memo portrayed workers' wages and benefits as being too low. The memo proposed ways to reduce spending on workers' benefits without damaging the reputation of Walmart. Specifically, one proposal suggested that Walmart begin hiring more part-time workers because they would not be bound to offer the same benefits as they do for full-time workers. This would also help Walmart cut costs by being able to pay workers a part-time wage rather than a full-time wage. Therefore, Walmart Watch took action by exposing this internal draft memo to the public to illustrate the worsening conditions of Walmart employees.
Projects
During the period of November 13–19, 2005, Walmart Watch sponsored "Higher Expectations Week" to highlight its campaign to reform Walmart. It reported over 300 supporting organizations. "Higher Expectations Week" was a nationwide campaign that held thousands of events during the week. Some events consisted of town hall meetings with elected officials present as well as religious leaders giving sermons. Walmart Watch wanted to address the public through events that respectable public figures supported. The biggest event of the week was the screenings of the film Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price, produced by Robert Greenwald. There were 3,500 planned screenings of the film nationwide. Labor unions such as Service Employees International Union, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, and United Food and Commercial Workers participated in "Higher Expectations Week". Liberal groups such as Sierra Club, United for a Fair Economy, and Pride at Work also participated in the weeklong campaign. Local affiliates of AFL–CIO, National Organization for Women, ACLU, and NARAL Pro-Choice America were also supporters of the events.
Effects on Walmart
Walmart Watch's actions, geared toward influencing Walmart to alter its business practices, negatively affected Walmart financially as well as their reputation among consumers. By November 2006, Walmart's stock suffered from the negative publicity and was down 30 percent since 2000. In addition, Walmart's sales growth was 3.1 percent lower than their competitor, Target, at 1.5 percent. The financial losses continued into 2007, when Walmart shares were priced at $43.16, an 81-cent drop.
Two separate polls reported a decrease in Walmart's popularity among consumers after the negative publicity brought about by Walmart Watch. McKinsey & Co. reported that 2–8 percent of consumers no longer wanted to shop at Walmart. Westhill Consulting took a poll over a two-year period of Walmart's overall favorability. The results showed that Walmart's favorability decreased by 8 percent along with consumers developing a negative opinion of Walmart. The negative publicity resulted in 11 percent of consumers changing their shopping habits and 9 percent purchasing less.
The release of and mass viewings of the documentary Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price during "Higher Expectations Week" brought the issue of gender discrimination, directed toward female employees, to the forefront in 2007, leading to Walmart facing a class action lawsuit. In February 2007, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided, in a 2-to-1 ruling, that the lawsuit would proceed as a class action on account of the 1.5 million female employees, who claimed they were denied higher pay and company promotions. The lawsuit eventually developed into a United States Supreme Court case, Wal-Mart v. Dukes.
Walmart's response
In an attempt to reconcile its image, Walmart banded with Edelman Public Relations to create an opposing advocacy group, Working Families for Wal-Mart, on December 20, 2005. The goal of this advocacy group was to show Walmart in a positive light to society by highlighting Walmart's charitable contributions and corporate social responsibility initiatives. However, the group was criticized for not being an actual grassroots organization due to its funding by Walmart.
Merge
In 2009 Walmart Watch decided to merge with a fellow union-backed anti-Walmart group, Wake Up Wal-Mart, and the two groups were consolidated under the name WakeUpWalMart.com. Both of these groups had the same goals of pressuring Walmart to raise worker wages and improve worker benefits. Meghan Scott, spokeswoman for the United Food and Commercial Workers Union, stated that it would be optimal to merge the two groups in order to improve their efforts against the world's largest retailer.
That organization is also now defunct. Its website is no longer active and the url wakeupwalmart.com now redirects to another UFCW-funded group, Making Change At Walmart.
Walmart Watch members
Andrew Grossman
Grossman was the founder of Walmart Watch and served as the executive director with the goal to challenge the world's largest business to be a better corporate citizen. Since Grossman and Walmart Watch challenged Walmart, Walmart has launched an environment initiative and endorsed the Affordable Care Act. In 2007, Grossman left his full-time position with Walmart Watch and took on a consulting role. David Nassar, former chief of staff, was chosen to fill the position of executive director.
David Nassar
Nassar initially served as chief of staff for Walmart Watch, then in 2007 Andy Stern, board chairman, chose Nassar as the best candidate to fill the position of executive director. Prior to being appointed as executive director of Walmart Watch, Nassar worked as a field organizer and manager on domestic and international campaigns, managed pro-democracy programs for the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs in Yemen, Lebanon, and Jordan, and managed SEIU's New Hampshire for Health Care campaign.
Andy Stern
Stern served as the chairman of the Walmart Watch Board, in addition to being the president of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), a union that funded Walmart Watch.
Tracy Sefl
Tracy Sefl served as the communication director for Walmart Watch. She acted as the spokeswoman for Walmart Watch by responding to newspapers and reporters in regards to the actions of Walmart.
See also
Walmart
Criticism of Walmart
Wake Up Wal-Mart
Working Families for Walmart
Business ethics
References
External links
WalMartWatch.com
Making Change at Walmart
Walmart
Change to Win Federation
Labor disputes in the United States
2005 establishments in the United States
Walmart labor relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart%20Watch |
The B800 is a short road in eastern Scotland, connecting the Forth Road Bridge to Kirkliston. It is a two-way single carriageway road.
It was formerly known as the A8000, when it was the main road from the bridge to the M9 motorway and the M8 motorway. The A8000 was under the control of the City of Edinburgh Council, not a Trunk Road under the control of the Scottish Executive. Despite this, it was one of the most important strategic routes in the east of Scotland, carrying traffic from Fife, and further north, to the central Scotland motorway network, and the City of Edinburgh Bypass. During the morning and evening rush hours it was often jammed nose-to-tail for its entire length.
It was replaced in this function in September 2007, when a new section of the M9 which bypasses the B800 was completed. During September 2009 signs amending the numbering of the A8000 to the B800 appeared at the start of the former A8000 and on the northbound slip road of the A90 at the Echline junction.
Route
From the north, the B800 leaves the A9000 (formerly part of the A90) just south of the Forth Road Bridge at Echline Roundabout and heads east to Ferry Muir Roundabout. This busy junction provides access to South Queensferry and a retail park.
From Ferry Muir, the road curves south, back over the A9000 and A90, then continues for about 1.5 miles where it previously met a spur of the M9, at the Humbie roundabout. The roundabout has now gone and the M9 spur, now redesignated as M90, passes overhead.
Downgrading
The Scottish Executive and FETA (Forth Estuary Transport Authority) jointly agreed to fund a replacement of this road. The new road is built along a completely new route, extending the current M9 spur for about 3 km to a new north-facing junction on the A90 near Dalmeny.
Following extensive ground stabilisation work, construction of the M9 Spur Extension started on 17 May 2006 and the new road opened to traffic, initially in a southbound direction only, on 5 September 2007, a month ahead of schedule.
References
External links
CBRD Futures Page - A8000
City of Edinburgh Council Leaflet (PDF)
Forth Estuary Transport Authority (FETA)
Roads in Scotland
Transport in Edinburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B800%20road |
The Vancouver Film Critics Circle (VFCC) was founded in 2000 by David Spaner and Ian Caddell, in order to help promote Canadian films and the British Columbia Film and Television Industry. Its membership includes print, radio, on-line, and television critics, either based in Vancouver or with Vancouver outlets.
VFCC Notable Milestones
The VFCC celebrated its 13th anniversary of giving awards to the year’s best films on January 7, 2013 at the Railway Club. The event is the only among Canadian critics’ groups that presents a full slate of international awards and a full slate of Canadian awards. The VFCC also presents a Best of British Columbia Award and the Ian Caddell Achievement Award that goes to an individual or group that has made a significant contribution to the local film and television industry.
Award categories
International
Best Film
Best Director
Best Screenplay
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Documentary
Best Foreign Language Film
Canadian
Best Canadian Film
Best Canadian Documentary
Best British Columbia Film
Best Director of a Canadian Film
Best Screenplay for a Canadian Film
Best Actor in a Canadian Film
Best Actress in a Canadian Film
Best Supporting Actor in a Canadian Film
Best Supporting Actress in a Canadian Film
References
Canadian film critics associations
Organizations based in Vancouver
2000 establishments in British Columbia
Culture of Vancouver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver%20Film%20Critics%20Circle |
This article is a list of work by De Es Schwertberger (born 1942), an Austrian artist, painter, and modeller.
De Es Schwertberger's works have been exhibited in the following one-person exhibits, group shows, and portfolios:
Galleries and exhibits
1960s
Galerie Ernst Fuchs in Vienna, Austria (1963)
Galerie Ernst Fuchs in Vienna, Austria (1965)
1970s
Galerie Bernard in Solothurn, Switzerland (1970)
Galerie Aurora in Geneva, Switzerland (1970)
Galerie Hartmann in Munich, Germany (1970)
Aktions Galerie in Bern, Switzerland (with H.R. Giger) (1971)
Galerie Palette in Zürich, Switzerland (1971)
Galerie Herzog in Büren, Switzerland (1971)
Aktions Galerie in Bern, Switzerland (1972)
Galeria La Lanterna in Trieste, Italy (1973)
Künstlerhaus Galerie in Vienna, Austria (1974)
Galerie Spektrum in Vienna, Austria (1974)
Galerie Akademia in Salzburg, Austria (1974)
Galerie Jasa in Munich, Germany (1974)
Center on Art and Communication in Vienna, Austria (1974)
Hansen Gallery in New York City, USA (1975)
James Yu Gallery in New York City, USA (1976)
Aldrich Museum in Connecticut, USA (1976)
Graham Gallery in New York City, USA (1977)
Gallery Yolonda in Chicago, USA (1978)
Hansen Gallery in New York City, USA (1979)
Quantum Gallery in New York City, USA (1979)
1980s
Hansen Gallery in New York City, USA (1980)
Virtu Gallery in Naples, Florida (1980)
Bronx Museum in New York City, USA (1980)
Art Expo in New York City, USA (1981)
Marshall Fields Gallery in Chicago, USA (1981)
Govinda Gallery in Washington, DC USA (1981)
Art Expo in New York City, USA (1982)
Graham Gallery in New York City, USA (New York Visionaries) (1982)
Museum of the Visual Arts in New York City, USA (1983)
Austrian Artists at the International Monetary Fund in Washington, DC, USA (1984)
Studio Planet Earth in New York City, USA (1980-1986)
Galerie Würthle in the Sinnreich, Austria (1987)
Galerie Steinmühle near Linz, Austria (1988)
Sammlung Ludwig Neue Galerie in Aachen, Germany (1988)
1990s
Opel Fine Art in Vienna, Austria (1990)
Gathering of Forty Planetarians in Bern, Switzerland (1991)
Kreuzwegstation im Sinnreich, Austria (1993)
The skin of the earth, at the Künstlerhaus Gallery in Vienna, Austria (1995)
Exhibition in Frauenbad, Baden (1997)
Sinnlicher Somme, Künstlerhaus Galerie in Vienna, Austria (1997)
Wieder Sehen, Gallery Lang (1997)
Kuenburg Payerbach, in Austria (1998)
Retrospective, at the Chateau Gruyeres, Switzerland (1998)
Centre for Documentation, St. Pölten (1999)
Planetarians at the Vienna City Festival (1999)
2000s
100 Planetarians at the Himmelswiese, Vienna (2000)
Exhibition of Planetarians in Graz, Austria (2000-2001)
Planetarians on vacation at Velden (2001)
Exhibition of Planetarians in St. Peter an der Sperr, Wr. Neustadt (2001)
Patterns of the city Gallery Akum in Vienna, Austria (2002)
Gleichnis, Künstlerhaus, Vienna (2003)
Portfolios
Early work (the 1960s)
Ideas of Truth, early 1960s. Based on the work of the Old Masters
The Missing Weapon, 1968. Etchings
Ideas of consciousness-expansion, 1960s and early 1970s.
Later development( the 1970s)
Stone Period, 1970s.
Work for Fundamental Images, early 1970s.
Contemplations of the Spirit-Matter Mystery, late 1970s. Work revolves around his Stone Period style art
The 1980s
The Cosmic Dance and the Light of Life, 1980s (completed 1989).
Planetarians, mid-to-late 1980s.
The 1990s
Planetarian Sculptures, 1990–1992. Exhibitions of 'Planetarian' sculptures.
Humanity is One, Early to mid 1990s.
Books/publications
Books
1972: Fundamentale Bilder (Fundamental Images)
1982: Sharing Light
1984: Philosophers Stone (a deck of 40 cards, for Sphinx Verlag)
1992: Heavy Light (Published by Morpheus International)
Articles
Omni Magazine
Heavy Metal Magazine
Triad Magazine
Avant Garde Magazine
Bres Magazine
Arts Magazine
L'Art Visionaire (Michel Random)
The Viennese School of Fantastic Realism (Muschik)
See also
De Es Schwertberger, the life of the artist
Old Masters, on whose work he based his initial art
Ernst Fuchs (artist), his tutor and early inspiration
Fantastic Realism, school of art
References
Schwertberger, De Es (1993) 1993 Heavy Light (The Art of De Es) Published by Morpheus International
External links/sources
De Es' Website, shows his work and a chronology of his projects
Dome of Peace, shows his work and future project (The 'Dome of Peace')
Schwertberger
Schwertberger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20works%20by%20De%20Es%20Schwertberger |
Otis Campbell is the fictional "town drunk" in Mayberry on the American TV sitcom The Andy Griffith Show. Otis was played by Hal Smith and made frequent appearances on the show from 1960 to 1967 but stopped appearing toward the end of the series because of concerns raised by the sponsors over the portrayal of excessive drinking.
Character overview
Otis works as a glue dipper in a furniture factory Monday through Friday and drinks all weekend. After a binge, Otis will usually lock himself in the town jail until he is sober. He has a key to the front door of the courthouse and the cell keys are hung on a nail near the cells (presumably, to accommodate Otis). The lack of crime in Mayberry and the laid-back attitude of the Sheriff's department easily accommodate Otis' drinking habit. On one occasion Otis brings a suit to the jail on Friday before his binge so that he can change into the suit for church on Sunday without going home first. Otis often lets himself in jail on the same day that a dignitary or a superior of Sheriff Andy Taylor is arriving at the courthouse, much to the chagrin of the sheriff or Deputy Barney Fife (Don Knotts). Typically, Otis admits himself to jail without being arrested. In Season 1 episode “Bringing Up Opie,” Otis is arrested for drunkenness and given the option of paying a $2 fine or spending 24 hours in jail. Otis opts for jail saying he “wouldn’t waste two dollars on somethin’ that didn’t have a cork in it.”
In the episode "The Case of the Punch in the Nose", it is revealed that Otis was first arrested for drunkenness on September 23, 1941, at 2 p.m. (a Tuesday) but was released because it was "his first offense."
A common joke on the show was to have Otis see something bizarre or unexpected while he was inebriated that was actually present, but which he would assume to be a drunken hallucination. Once, Sheriff Taylor locked a dynamite-laden goat in a padded jail cell to prevent an explosion. Predictably, Otis stumbled in after a night of drinking, and let himself into the same cell, only to find the mattress nailed to the wall (curiously, along with the blanket). Otis attempted to climb into the bed anyway, and naturally fell on the floor. Believing the peculiarity to be a result of his intoxication, he exclaimed, "First time I ever fell off a bed onto the wall."
On the Danny Thomas Show episode that was the pilot for The Andy Griffith Show, Andy had deputized another town drunk, Will Hoople, so that Will could arrest himself every time he got drunk. In the episode "Deputy Otis", Otis was temporarily deputized when it was learned that his family thought he worked in the sheriff's office because of his use of their stationery. During that time Otis became agitated with Barney's dictatorial style and Barney was especially concerned about having the town drunk made a deputy.
An episode in Season 1 reveals Otis is the descendant of local Revolutionary War hero, Nathan Tibbs. The Women's Historical Society want to award Otis an honorary plaque, which causes Barney and the mayor to worry about Otis' condition at the upcoming ceremony; and, they pressure Andy to find a substitute. Otis, however, appears sober, clean-shaven and in a suit. He humbly gives the award to the town stating that he cannot take credit for "just being born." Also in this episode viewers are introduced to Otis' wife, Rita.
In episode "Deputy Otis," the season 2 finale, it is revealed that Otis has a brother named Ralph (Stanley Adams), who is the town drunk in another community. Ralph and his wife Verlaine visit Mayberry on their way to Memphis.
In the Season 1 episode, "Bringing Up Opie," Aunt Bee is concerned with Opie's frequent trips to visit Andy at the jail because of the nature of Andy's work. This includes Otis' presence. Near the end of the episode, Opie is allowed to conditionally return if Otis is not there. Opie, then 7, responds "You mean when he's had a snootful?"
In the Season 4 episode, "Hot Rod Otis", Otis buys a car which concerns Barney who stakes Otis out for a possible DUI. When Otis emerges from a party drunk, Andy and Barney intervene and trick Otis into believing he died while driving drunk. Otis reveals he had already sold his car.
Only twice was Otis arrested for something other than drunkenness. In the episode "Ellie For Council," Otis is jailed for assault — during a fight with Rita, Otis tries to hit her with a leg of lamb, misses, and hits his mother-in-law in the mouth (much to his delight). In "Barney and the Governor", while already in the jail for drinking, Otis spikes the courthouse's water cooler with whisky, causing Barney and Mayor Roy Stoner to get inadvertently drunk. This, as Andy says in the epilogue of the episode, is a "serious offense" in a dry county like Mayberry, and Otis has to serve a lengthier sentence than usual.
Toward the end of the series, Andy mentioned that Otis is now doing his drinking in Mt. Pilot.
In the 1986 television movie Return to Mayberry, it is revealed that Otis is now completely sober and employed as the town's ice-cream man, driving a van.
Smith appeared as town drunk Calver Weems in the Don Knotts comedy The Ghost and Mr. Chicken (1966), playing essentially a second version of Otis.
References
External links
The Andy Griffith Show characters
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional characters from North Carolina
Television characters introduced in 1960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis%20Campbell |
Mark Vernon Jones is a Canadian sportscaster for ABC and ESPN and the primary play-by-play announcer for Sacramento Kings games on NBC Sports California. Jones has been a member of the ESPN broadcasting family since 1990. Before then Jones worked for The Sports Network (TSN) in Canada. He mostly works college football and NBA games on ABC and ESPN.
Biography
Mark Jones was born on November 16, 1961.
Basketball career
Jones attended York University and played basketball. He led the team to three Ontario Universities Athletics Association (OUAA) championships in 1981, 1984 and 1985. During his career, Jones was one of the top players in the OUAA, earning conference second-team all-star honours in 1984 and 1985. In 1986, he finished his career with a first-team all-star nod. A prolific guard for the Yeomen, Jones still ranks in the program's top five all-time in total assists and steals. He was inducted into the York's Sport Hall of Fame in 2016.
Broadcasting career
Before Jones assumed his current roles at ESPN, he worked for The Sports Network (TSN) in Canada from 1986 to 1990 as an anchor and hosted a Toronto Blue Jays magazine show.
Jones began his ESPN career as the host of the weekly NBA show, the NBA Today. He would usually end the show by shooting an imaginary basketball into the air as the studio lights went off. Jones currently does play-by-play on NBA games paired with any one of ESPN's current NBA game analysts like Jon Barry, Hubie Brown, P.J. Carlesimo, Mark Jackson, Jeff Van Gundy, Doris Burke, and Bob Myers. Jones has worked NBA games in the past with Bill Walton until Walton left NBA coverage during the 2009–10 season and also with Doug Collins. He was the primary host of KIA NBA Shootaround, the network's pregame show. On the program he engaged Walton and Stephen A. Smith in topical debates about issues in the NBA. Jones has done some sideline reporting for NBA games.
Until 2023, Jones was the lead play-by-play announcer on ABC's NBA Sunday Showcase with Doris Burke. He also is on ESPN's college football, where he teams up with analyst Robert Griffin III on the network's coverage on ESPN, ESPN2 or ABC. He formally called men's SEC college basketball games on Saturday with analyst Kara Lawson. He has also done play-by-play and/or reporting for women's college basketball, the WNBA, and the NHL.
Jones has also occasionally served as an anchor/reporter for SportsCenter. He has contributed to NBA All-Star Weekend (Celebrity Game), NBA Draft Lottery, and also to the network's NBA Draft coverage.
He is the younger brother of Paul Jones, the radio play-by-play voice of the Toronto Raptors.
In September 2020, Jones made headlines with his outspoken support for the Black Lives Matter movement on Twitter.
Jones was named the primary TV play-by-play announcer for the Sacramento Kings in 2020.
On March 11, 2022, ESPN announced a multi-year extension for Jones.
On May 29, 2022, Jones filled in for ESPN's lead NBA play–by–play announcer Mike Breen for the deciding Eastern Conference Final Game 7 between the Boston Celtics and Miami Heat. Breen had to sit out of the broadcast alongside commentators Jeff Van Gundy and Mark Jackson due to a positive COVID test. Jones also called the first two games of the NBA Finals featuring the Celtics and Golden State Warriors in Breen's absence.
References
Living people
Arena football announcers
Basketball players from Toronto
Black Canadian basketball players
Black Canadian broadcasters
Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Canadian television sportscasters
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Canadian people of Jamaican descent
Disney people
ESPN people
Miami Heat announcers
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
NBA G League broadcasters
Sacramento Kings announcers
Women's college basketball announcers in the United States
Women's National Basketball Association announcers
York Lions players
1987 births
Black Canadian journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Jones%20%28sportscaster%29 |
Mill Hill County High School is a large secondary school with academy status located in Mill Hill, London, England. It was the first comprehensive school in the United Kingdom to have had a student accepted on the Morehead-Cain merit scholarship program in the United States and is an official Morehead-Cain nominating school.
History
The current school was created as a merger between Moat Mount Comprehensive and Orange Hill school in Burnt Oak after the latter was closed. Orange Hill had originally been a grammar school and Moat Mount a secondary modern before the ending of the grammar school system in the Borough of Barnet in the early seventies. Moat Mount Comprehensive had a sixth form of up to 80 pupils in the mid-Seventies and a total school population of around 970 pupils.
Admissions
It is for students aged 11 to 18. The school has 1,700 pupils as of 2020. The current headteacher is Andy Stainton.
Subjects
At Key Stage 3 all students study
English
Mathematics
Science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics)
Computer Science
Design and Technology
Religious Studies
Geography
History
Art
Music
Dance and Drama
Physical Education
PSCHE (Personal, Social Citizenship and Health Education)
German
French
At Key stage 4 all students study
English
Mathematics
Science (Double or Triple)
French, German or Spanish (exceptions for certain individuals)
Religious Studies (exceptions for certain individuals)
PE (compulsory for non GCSE exam students)
PSCHE (Personal, Social, Citizenship & Health Education)
Geography or History (Or Both if chosen)
Plus two subjects chosen from
Art
Business Studies
Computer Science
Dance
Drama
Economics
Food Preparation and Nutrition
French
Geography
German
History
Media Studies
Music
Photography
Physical Education
Product Design
Spanish
Textiles
Selection of GCSE option subjects takes place in Year 9. The Science course leads to double GCSE certification. For English, students have the opportunity to study both English Language and English Literature to GCSE level. ICT and Religious Education can lead to a full or a half GCSE. Languages are chosen in the end of Year 8.
Notable former pupils
Mill Hill County High School
Jacob Collier, musician
Michael Offei, actor
Tamara Smart, actor
Ovie Soko, basketball player
Ben Strevens, footballer
Martine Wright, sitting volleyball player
Orange Hill Grammar School
Matthew Ashman, guitarist with Adam and the Ants
Sir Bill Callaghan, Chair of the Legal Services Commission
Gillian Chan novelist
Air Vice-Marshal Paul Clark CB, former GEC-Marconi then BAE Systems North America executive, and Commandant of the RAF Signals Engineering Establishment (RAFSEE) at RAF Henlow (now home of the RAF Signals Museum) from 1990-1
Sir Ronald Mourad Cohen, venture capitalist, and Chairman since 2005 of the Portland Trust
David Dein, former Arsenal FC vice-chairman
John Ellis (guitarist)
Robert Elms, writer and lunchtime broadcaster on BBC London 94.9
Frank Jarvis (actor), known for The Italian Job
Daniel Kleinman, music video director, who formed Bazooka Joe (band) with John Ellis which later featured Adam Ant as singer; his TV advertisements include the 1990s Boddingtons ice-cream van with Melanie Sykes, and the 2005 noitulovE for Guinness
Malcolm McLaren (also known as Malcolm Edwards, and passed three O-levels), Manager of the Sex Pistols
Stephen Mallatratt, playwright who wrote Island at War (ITV, 2003)
Kate Parker, Great Britain Olympic hockey player
Jean Simmons OBE, Hollywood actress
David Troughton, actor, son of Patrick Troughton
Michael Troughton, actor, son of Patrick Troughton younger brother of David Troughton
Clive Sinclair, novelist and critic.
Orange Hill Senior High School
Angus Fraser MBE, former England cricketer and Managing Director since 2009 of Middlesex County Cricket Club
See also
Mill Hill School, nearby independent school
References
External links
Official site
2003 inspection report (pdf)
EduBase
Academies in the London Borough of Barnet
Secondary schools in the London Borough of Barnet
Mill Hill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%20Hill%20County%20High%20School |
The winners of the Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film are listed below:
Winners and nominees
2000s
2010s
2020s
References
Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards
Awards for best film
Lists of films by award | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver%20Film%20Critics%20Circle%20Award%20for%20Best%20Film |
Viscount Ranelagh was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created on 25 August 1628 for Sir Roger Jones, son of Thomas Jones, Archbishop of Dublin and Lord Chancellor of Ireland. He was made Baron Jones of Navan, in the County of Meath, at the same time also in the Peerage of Ireland. Thomas Jones's father was Henry Jones, of Middleton in Lancashire. The first Viscount was succeeded by his eldest son, Arthur, the second Viscount, who represented Weobly in the English Parliament. Arthur was succeeded by his son, Richard, the third Viscount, who was created Earl of Ranelagh in the Peerage of Ireland in 1677. On Richard's death in 1712 the earldom became extinct while the barony and viscountcy became dormant.
They remained dormant until 1759 when Charles Wilkinson Jones successfully claimed the titles and became the fourth Viscount. He was the great-grandson of Thomas Jones, younger son of the first Viscount. He was succeeded by his son Charles, the fifth Viscount, a captain in the Royal Navy. The fifth Viscount was unmarried and was succeeded by his younger brother Thomas, the sixth Viscount. Thomas was succeeded by his son Thomas, the seventh Viscount, who is known for his involvement in the volunteer movement. The titles became extinct on the seventh Viscount's death in 1885.
Alexander Montgomery Jones, younger son of the fourth Viscount, was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy.
After the earldom had become extinct and the viscountcy dormant in 1712, the Ranelagh title was revived in 1715 in favour of Sir Arthur Cole, 2nd Baronet, of Newland, who was made Baron Ranelagh. He was the son of Sir John Cole, 1st Baronet, by Elizabeth Chichester, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel John Chichester and Mary Jones, daughter of Roger Jones, 1st Viscount Ranelagh, and aunt of Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh. This title became extinct on Lord Ranelagh's death in 1754.
Viscounts Ranelagh (1628)
Roger Jones, 1st Viscount Ranelagh (before 1612–1643)
Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh (before 1625–1669)
Richard Jones, 3rd Viscount Ranelagh (1641–1711) (created Earl of Ranelagh in 1674)
Earls of Ranelagh (1674)
Richard Jones, 1st Earl of Ranelagh (1641–1711)
Viscounts Ranelagh (1628; Revived 1759)
Charles Wilkinson Jones, 4th Viscount Ranelagh (died 1798)
Charles Jones, 5th Viscount Ranelagh (1761–1800)
Thomas Jones, 6th Viscount Ranelagh (1763–1820)
Thomas Heron Jones, 7th Viscount Ranelagh (1812–1885)
See also
Baron Ranelagh
References
Extinct viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
1628 establishments in Ireland
Noble titles created in 1628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount%20Ranelagh |
Millard Kaufman (March 12, 1917 – March 14, 2009) was an American screenwriter and novelist. His works include the Academy Award-nominated Bad Day at Black Rock (1955). He was also one of the creators of Mr. Magoo.
Early life
Kaufman was born and raised in Baltimore and graduated from the Baltimore City College (high school). He eventually graduated from Johns Hopkins University after work as a merchant seaman. After that, he moved to New York City, taking a job as copyboy for the New York Daily News. At some point, he married Lorraine Paisley.
He enlisted in the Marines in 1942, served on Guadalcanal, landed at Guam with the 1st Marine Brigade (Provisional) where he wrote an article for the Marine Corps Gazette about the battle, then participated in the Okinawa with the 6th Marine Division.
Screenwriting
While serving in the Pacific, Kaufman had contracted malaria and dengue fever, and upon his return to the United States, felt he could no longer deal with the extremes of the New York City climate. He and his wife moved to California where he took up screenwriting. In 1949, Kaufman wrote the screenplay for the short film Ragtime Bear, which was the first appearance of Mr. Magoo. He followed this up in 1950 with another UPA film, Punchy de Leon, featuring The Fox and The Crow.
In 1950, Kaufman lent his name to screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, who had been blacklisted after investigation by the House Un-American Activities Committee, for the screenplay for Gun Crazy.
In 1953, he received an Academy Award nomination for his screenplay for Take the High Ground!. In 1955, he received another nomination for his screenplay for Bad Day at Black Rock. Although he usually worked as a writer, he also directed Convicts 4 (1962) and served as associate producer for Raintree County (1957).
McSweeney's published Kaufman's first fiction novel, titled Bowl of Cherries, in October 2007. Kaufman was 86 years old when he began work on the novel and 90 when it was published. His second novel, Misadventure, was published posthumously. He also published a screenwriting manual, Plots & Characters: A Screenwriter on Screenwriting.
Death
Kaufman died aged 92 in Los Angeles of heart failure after open heart surgery.
Work
Films
The Big Blow (1948)
Ragtime Bear (1949)
Punchy de Leon (1950)
Unknown World (1951)
Aladdin and His Lamp (1952)
Take the High Ground! (1953)
Bad Day at Black Rock (1955)
Raintree County (1957) (also associate producer)
Never So Few (1959)
Convicts 4 (1962) (also directed)
The War Lord (1965)
Living Free (1972)
The Klansman (1974)
Television
Police Story (1973)
The Nativity (1978)
Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980)
Books
Plots & Characters: A Screenwriter on Screenwriting (2001)
Bowl of Cherries (2007) – paperback (2008)
Misadventure (2010)
Image
Millard Kaufman at age 90
References
External links
Rebecca Mead, "The Literary Life: First at Ninety", The New Yorker, September 17, 2007
McSweeney's Internet Tendency: Bowl of Cherries: A Novel by Millard Kaufman.
Grimes, William. "Millard Kaufman, 92, a Creator of Mr. Magoo, Dies," The New York Times, Thursday, March 19, 2009.
Interview with Kaufman http://www.jhu.edu/jhumag/0408web/kaufman.html
1917 births
2009 deaths
American male screenwriters
American television writers
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
American male television writers
Baltimore City College alumni
United States Marine Corps officers
Screenwriting instructors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard%20Kaufman |
Rancho Bernardo High School, or RBHS, is a public high school in the Poway Unified School District of San Diego County, California, United States. Rancho Bernardo High School was opened in 1991 as the district's third high school.
Enrollment
For the 2019-2020 school year, about 2,300 students attended Rancho Bernardo High School. When divided by class, 609 students were in 9th grade, 580 in 10th, 581 in 11th, and 582 in 12th. The student body is 46.6% White, 22.7% Asian, 16.3% Hispanic or Latino, 2.3% African American, 0.5% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 0.1% Native American or Alaska Native.
Controversies
Broomstick incident
In a 1997 incident, three baseball players pleaded guilty to sodomizing a new teammate with a broom handle in the locker room after a game. The school district paid $675,000 to settle the claim and the three players were sentenced to time in juvenile hall. The students stated there was a tradition of hazing in which older team members would threaten to rape incoming freshmen players, or would perform simulated rape.
Underwear incident
In April 2002, one of the school's assistant principals forced female students at a school dance to lift their clothing and expose their underwear, in search of G-strings and thongs. The district said the reason for the check was to "ensure appropriate school dress." Rita Wilson, the assistant principal involved in this incident, was later demoted to a teaching position.
Notable alumni
Nia Akins, track and field athlete
Matt Araiza, former National Football League punter
Eugene Amano, National Football League offensive lineman
Hank Blalock, Major League Baseball third baseman
Parker Bugg, Major League Baseball pitcher
Tom DeLonge, guitarist and vocalist for Blink-182 (did not graduate from Rancho Bernardo High School)
Cole Hamels, Major League Baseball pitcher
Anurag Kashyap, winner of the 78th Scripps National Spelling Bee
Gosuke Katoh, Major League Baseball infielder
Stephanie Kim, singer and dancer in TSZX The Grace
Caity Lotz, actress, dancer, model, and singer
Reed McKenna, professional soccer midfielder
Danny Putnam, Major League Baseball outfielder
Scott Raynor, former drummer for Blink-182
Alika Williams, Major League Baseball shortstop
Trevor Williams, Major League Baseball pitcher
Aaron Wallace Jr., National Football League linebacker
Will Yeatman, National Football League offensive tackle
See also
Rancho Bernardo, San Diego, California
Primary and secondary schools in San Diego, California
References
Educational institutions established in 1990
High schools in San Diego
Public high schools in California
1990 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho%20Bernardo%20High%20School |
Badon may refer to:
Badon, region in India
Badon River, Romanian river
Battle of Badon, 5th century Welsh battle
Bobby Badon, former Louisiana State Representative
Hereclean, also known as Badon, Romanian village | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badon |
PLOS Genetics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal established in 2005 and published by the Public Library of Science. The founding editor-in-chief was Wayne N. Frankel (Columbia University Medical Center). The current editors-in-chief are Gregory S. Barsh (HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology and Stanford University School of Medicine) and Gregory P. Copenhaver (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The journal covers research on all aspects of genetics and genomics.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.917.
Research Prize
Since its tenth year of publication, the journal annually awards the $5000 PLOS Genetics Research Prize for the best paper published in the previous year based on nominations from members of the genetics community.
References
External links
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
Genetics journals
Open access journals
PLOS academic journals
Monthly journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS%20Genetics |
Gorat's Steak House is a restaurant in Omaha, Nebraska, at 4917 Center Street.
It is best known as billionaire Warren Buffett's favorite steakhouse, where he annually holds dinners for the largest investors in his company, Berkshire Hathaway, and entertains business colleagues and CEOs, including Michael Eisner, Bill Gates, and Martha Stewart.
Gorat's was founded in 1944 by Louis and Nettie Gorat. It has been one of Omaha's most famous restaurants for the past 60 years. Gorat's is a traditional-style Italian steakhouse which serves pasta dishes, seafood, and chicken, as well as steak. Gene Dunn purchased the restaurant in 2012, and renovated it for a 1950s decor. The house specialty is the T-bone steak, which is favored by Buffett, who orders it cooked rare, with a double order of hash browns and a Cherry Coke.
There is dancing and live entertainment on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays.
References
External links
OmahaWiki
Restaurants in Omaha, Nebraska
Companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
Steakhouses in the United States
Restaurants established in 1944
1944 establishments in Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorat%27s |
The (French), Emvod Ar Gelted An Oriant (Breton) or Inter-Celtic Festival of Lorient in English, is an annual Celtic festival, located in the city of Lorient, Brittany, France. It was founded in 1971 by .
This annual festival takes place in the heart of the city every August and is dedicated to the cultural traditions of the Celtic nations (pays celtes in French), highlighting Celtic music and dance and also including other arts such as painting, photography, theatre, sculpture, traditional artisanry as well as sport and gastronomy.
Participants come from Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, Cornwall, Wales, Cumbria, the Isle of Man, Cape Breton Island, Galicia, Asturias, Acadia, and the entire Celtic diaspora.
Programme of events
The main festival sites are located throughout the city, with more formal events taking place at the Palais des Congrès, Grand Théâtre or Église Saint Louis. The larger events take place at the Parc du Moustoir (the home of Lorient Football Club which can hold up to spectators), the Port de Pêche or in grand marquees.
The festival begins with the (fr) or Kaoteriad (br), a traditional Breton seafood supper, which takes place in the (fr) or Porzh Pesketa (br) harbour district accompanied by sea shanties and traditional Breton marine music.
On Sunday morning the Grand Parade of Celtic Nations takes place with over musicians, singers, pipebands and dancers from all over the Celtic world parading through the city streets in national costume.
The finals of the National Bagadoù Championship takes place at the Parc de Moustoir during the first weekend of the festival. In addition individual competitions take place for pipers.
Master classes take place each morning. Afternoon events include folk and traditional music concerts and dance displays. Evening events include orchestral concerts, rock concerts and "Nuits Magiques", displays of pipe bands, dancers, choirs and fireworks.
Throughout the festival the "Village Celtique" (fr) or "Marc'had Etrekeltiek" (br) is open in the centre of the city offering food, music and literature, clothing and crafts.
On the final Saturday of the festival folk and rock musicians perform at the fishing harbour for the Nuit de Port de Pêche.
There is also much activity on the festival fringe, with musicians giving free performances in many of the city’s bars and pubs every evening until late.
The festival organisers have more recently embarked on similar ventures such as the St Patrick's Day concert in Paris, France, which attracts a crowd of spectators and the Celtica concert in Nantes, Brittany.
See also
List of Celtic festivals
Kernewek Lowender – the world's largest Cornish festival
History of Lorient
Gabriel Hotel
External links
St Patrick's Night in Paris
Celtica at Nantes
Breton festivals
Celtic music festivals
Inter-Celtic organisations
Lorient
Tourist attractions in Brittany
Music festivals in France
Tourist attractions in Morbihan
Piping events
Music festivals established in 1970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival%20Interceltique%20de%20Lorient |
Macchiagodena () is a town and in the province of Isernia, located high in the Apennine mountains in the region of Molise, southern Italy.
History
The present name of the city appeared for the first time in a document of the year 964 CE as Maccia de Godena. It was a garrison post between the Lombard countdoms of Isernia and Boiano, and later a sighting post along the Pescasseroli-Candela tratturo (shepherds' track). A great number of feudal lords came one after the other to take control of the castle (due to the high vantage point overlooking the valley), including the Pandoni and the Mormile.
Many of the early to mid 20th Century inhabitants emigrated to numerous countries, including Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada and USA.
Main sights
The Castle of Macchiagodena, with a polygonal plant, was constructed on one limestone cliff spur.
Of the castle today, only the basements of the old wall and two towers remain. The Castello (Castle) was put up for sale and was purchased in November 2009 by the Regione of Molise. The Regione decided to purchase the castle for its preservation for public use and part of it may be used as a regional historical museum. Also noteworthy is the Church of Santa Maria Assunta, with a statue made by Francesco Saverio Citarelli from Naples, and a precious processional cross.
Culture
Every year during the 3rd Sunday in May a fine large fair is held to celebrate the feast day of San Nicola, the patron saint of the town.
A peculiar tradition is still maintained by some of the population: known as rapimento ("kidnapping"), it consists in the kidnapping of the future bride some time before the wedding is celebrated. Another tradition is a local dance called "tuzacula".
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchiagodena |
William H. Shaw (William Harry Shaw) was born on July 31, 1948. He is a professor and former Chair of the Philosophy Department at San Jose State University. He is the author of Marx's Theory of History, Business Ethics, 4th ed., Moral Issues in Business, 8th ed. (with Vincent Barry), and Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism.
See also
American philosophy
Ethics
Business ethics
Utilitarianism
List of American philosophers
External links
The Nature of Morality by William Shaw
Living people
1948 births
21st-century American philosophers
20th-century American philosophers
San Jose State University faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Shaw%20%28philosopher%29 |
Carrabassett Valley Academy (CVA) is a private ski and snowboard academy in Carrabassett Valley, Maine, at the base of Sugarloaf Mountain. Established in 1982, the school's alumni include Olympic competitors Bode Miller, Seth Wescott, Kirsten Clark, and Emily Cook, as well as Jeremy Jones, nine-time Snowboard Magazine Big Mountain Rider of the Year. Since 1982 CVA alumni have included 12 Olympians, winners of 92 US national titles, 11 X-Games competitors, 26 NCAA and USCSA All-Americans, 39 US national team members, and six world champions.
History
The Sugarloaf Region Ski Education Foundation (SRSEF) was founded in 1968 as a non-profit organization offering advanced ski training. In 1972 the Maine State Board of Education approved a tutorial program at the center, held for four to five weeks during the winter. Students skied in the morning and were tutored in the afternoon. Their home schools provided work while the SRSEF provided tutors and a space to study. In 1982 the SRSEF helped found CVA as a five-month tutorial program, in a new campus in the former Capricorn Lodge, and the following year it became a nine-month ski academy, with 20 students.
The SRSEF hosted all competitions at Sugarloaf, from high-school level races to the US Alpine championships, until 1992, when they created the Competition Center. In 1995 Sugarloaf and CVA took over the SRSEF weekend program, initially called the Junior Competition Program, then later Sugarloaf Carrabassett Valley Academy (SCVA). It is now known as the CVA Weekend Program.
From the 1990s to early 2000s, a building known as the Lumberjack was used as a girls' dorm, but it was sold in the 1990s. The Capricorn Lodge was used for classrooms, dining, equipment storage, and the boys' dormitory. Today Murphey Hall, a three-story building, is used as a dormitory for all students.
CVA has students from abroad, including Japan, Korea, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Since 2010 the school has maintained close links with Lycee Lannemezan, a winter sports school in Lannemezan, France.
Notable alumni
Bode Miller - 2004/2005; 2007/2008 Alpine Overall World Cup Champion; Olympic Gold, Silver, & Bronze Medalist
Seth Wescott - 2006 and 2010 Olympic Gold Medalist, Snowboard Cross
Jeremy Jones - 9-time Snowboard Magazine Big Mountain Rider of the Year
Kirsten Clark - US World Cup & Olympic Ski Team Member. US National Downhill Champion
Emily Cook - US Olympic Freestyle Team Member
Julie Parisien - US World Cup & Olympic Ski Team Member. US National SL/GS Champion
Sam Morse - US Ski Team Member
Maria Wanner - Biomedical Engineer/Snowboarder
Joan Margarit - Co-Founder TwoJeys™
References
Private high schools in Maine
Boarding schools in Maine
Educational institutions established in 1982
Schools in Franklin County, Maine
1982 establishments in Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrabassett%20Valley%20Academy |
The Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor is an annual award given by the Vancouver Film Critics Circle.
Winners
2000s
2010s
2020s
References
Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards
Film awards for lead actor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver%20Film%20Critics%20Circle%20Award%20for%20Best%20Actor |
"So Sick" is a song by American singer-songwriter Ne-Yo, written alongside Norwegian production duo Stargate for Ne-Yo's debut studio album, In My Own Words (2006). Produced by Stargate, the song was released as the second single from the album on November 21, 2005, and received favorable reviews from music critics. "So Sick" peaked at number one on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. In Europe, the single topped the Eurochart Hot 100 and entered the top 20 in 10 countries, including Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, and Switzerland. In Australasia, the single reached number two in New Zealand and number four in Australia.
Background
Ne-Yo met Norwegian production team Stargate, consisting of Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen, in a hallway at Sony Music Studios on West 54th Street, New York City after the duo had settled there in the early 2005. After finding out they produced R&B-oriented tracks, among others, they started on writing songs for his debut studio album In My Own Words (2006) for which they produced six songs, including "So Sick".
While Eriksen and Hermansen composed the music for the song, Ne-Yo penned the song's lyrics. "So Sick" centers on a character, who is tired of hearing love songs playing on the radio, as they remind him of his last relationship and breakup. Ne-Yo later confirmed that he got the idea for the song from a former girlfriend: "It's about the first time I fell in love with a girl in a way that I completely screwed it up. So it was a story that I didn't have to think really hard about putting it together. A lot of heartbreak went into that song, so that's why I think a lot of people dug it the way they did – because you can feel it."
Reception
"So Sick" received generally positive responses from contemporary music critics. Bill Lamb of About stated that the smooth instrumental of the song makes it stand out and appropriate to listen during the mid-winter season. He was pleased with Ne-Yo's vocals but noted that "more emotional involvement would have made his performance more memorable", calling them "restrained". A review from Contactmusic.com echoed the latter's comment, saying that his vocal rendition is "stunning", while complimenting the Stargate production, defining it as a "melodic masterpiece".
Music video
The music video for "So Sick" was directed by Hype Williams and filmed in Aspen, Colorado. Shot in the snow as well as inside a mansion, Ne-Yo commented on filming: "The house we rented out was ridiculous. The walls turned, and there were heated floors. It was crazy." It saw heavy rotation on music video networks BET and MTV.
Two music videos were shot for the song, the discarded version featured an urban imagery different to the winter-snow scenario of the original one.
Remixes
There are five "So Sick" remixes. The official remix was produced by Trackmasters and features rap vocals by LL Cool J and sampled Michael Jackson's song "Human Nature". This remix first appeared on LL Cool J's eleventh album, Todd Smith. One features Jin. Another remix features labelmate Jay-Z. There is also a remix with rapper Joe Budden. Another remix is sung by Patrick Stump from Fall Out Boy, who has also been known to cover the song.
Track listings
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Covers and samples
In 2020, Australian rapper The Kid Laroi released a reworking of the song called "Need You Most (So Sick)", from his debut mixtape, F*ck Love. The song was sampled by Pop Smoke for his 2021 song "Woo Baby" (featuring Chris Brown) contained in his second album Faith.
References
2005 songs
2006 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Def Jam Recordings singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Music videos directed by Hype Williams
Ne-Yo songs
Song recordings produced by Stargate (record producers)
Songs written by Mikkel Storleer Eriksen
Songs written by Ne-Yo
Songs written by Tor Erik Hermansen
Torch songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%20Sick |
Niedersimmental District is one of the 26 administrative districts in the canton of Bern, Switzerland.
From 1 January 2010, the district lost its administrative power while being replaced by the Frutigen-Niedersimmental (administrative district), whose administrative centre is Frutigen.
Since 2010, it remains therefore a fully recognised district under the law and the Constitution (Art.3 al.2) of the Canton of Berne.
Its capital, while having administrative power, was the municipality of Wimmis. The district had an area of 319 km² and consisted of 9 municipalities:
References
Former districts of the canton of Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersimmental%20District |
SLPS may refer to:
Microsoft Software Licensing and Protection Services
St. Louis Public Schools
Samsung Local Purchasing System | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLPS |
Toby Lee Gowin (born March 30, 1975) is a former American football punter in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, New Orleans Saints and New York Jets. He played college football at the University of North Texas.
Early years
Gowin attended Jacksonville High School. As a senior, he converted 5-of-8 field goals and 30-of-32 extra points, while averaging 38.5 yards per punt. He received All-District, All-East Texas and All-State honors as a kicker.
He accepted a football scholarship from the University of North Texas, where he was a four-year starter while handling the punting and kickoff duties.
As a sophomore, he received Academic All-SLC honors with a 36.1 yards punting average. As a junior, he ranked 19th in the nation with a 42.1 yard average on 78 punts.
As a senior, he registered 89 punts (school record) for 3,946 yards (school record), ranking 15th in the nation with a 44.3 yards average. He made 27 punts of 50-plus yards and his 92-yard punt against Vanderbilt University set the mark for the longest in school history. He received All-Big West and third-team All-American honors. He was the first Eagle to earn a major college All-American nomination since NFL Hall of Famer Joe Greene in 1969.
In 2003, he was inducted into the University of North Texas Athletic Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Dallas Cowboys (first stint)
Gowin was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 1997 NFL Draft on April 24, to compete for the position left by John Jett. He made the team because of his leg strength and ability to both punt and handle kickoffs. He struggled with a 41.8 yards gross average, although it was the third highest average in franchise history for a rookie. He posted 86 punts (franchise rookie record) and 12 touchbacks on kickoffs. He set a franchise record by averaging 55.3 yards a punt on six punts (332 yards) against the Chicago Bears, which included a 72 yard punt which was the second-longest in the NFC for the season. He downed 5 of 6 punts inside the 20-yard line in the sixth game against the Washington Redskins. He also had a 35.4-yard net average, while landing 26 punts inside the 20-yard line.
In 1998, he improved all of his stats, averaging 43.4 yards per punt (tied for seventh in the NFC) and setting a team record with 31 punts inside the 20-yard line. He also had 17 touchbacks on kickoffs. Had had 4 touchbacks on kickoffs against the Denver Broncos. He averaged 46.5 yards on seven punts against the New Orleans Saints, including dropping 3 inside the 20-yard line.
In 1999, he was second in the NFC and seventh in the NFL with a 43.2 yards average on 81 punts. He made at least
one punt of 50-plus yards in 14 of 17 contests. He had 12 touchbacks on 71 kickoffs. He downed 5 punts inside the 20-yard line in the fourth game against the Philadelphia Eagles. He averaged a season-high 53.3 yards on 4 punts in the sixth game against the Washington Redskins, receiving NFC Special Teams Player of the Week.
New Orleans Saints
On April 6, 2000, he was signed as a restricted free agent by the New Orleans Saints, after the Cowboys did not match the Saints three-year offer. He registered 74 punts for 3,043 yards (41.1-yard avg.), with 22 downed inside the 20- yard line. He tied for fourth on the team with 11 special teams tackles. He had 7 punts for 340 yards (48.6-yard avg.) with a long of 58 yards against the Detroit Lions. He placed four of seven punts inside the 20-yard line against the Philadelphia Eagles. He hit 6 punts in the NFC Wild Card Game against the St. Louis Rams.
In 2001, he posted 76 punts for 3,180 yards (41.8-yard avg.), while dropping 25 inside the 20-yard line. He had 8 punts for 348
yards (43.5 avg.), with two punts inside the 20-yard line and a long of 57 yards in the fourth game against the Carolina Panthers. He downed 4 punts inside the 20-yard line against the New York Jets.
In 2002, he finished sixth in the NFC with a 41.9-yards gross average and a 36.9 net average. He had 3 punts for 147
yards (49.0-yard avg.) with a long of 52 yards against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He punted eight times for 372 yards (46.5-yardavg.) with one punt downed inside the 20-yard line in the ninth game against the Carolina Panthers.
Dallas Cowboys (second stint)
On March 3, 2003, Gowin signed with the Dallas Cowboys. He injured his thigh in training camp, which affected his play, ranking 28th in the league with a gross average of 39 yards and 16th with a net average of 34.9 yards. He was sixth in the NFC with 25 punts inside the 20-yard line. He was waived on March 10, 2004. He hit a season-long 59-yard punt and averaged 43.5 yards on 4 punts in the eighth game against the Washington Redskins. He downed 5 of 8 punts inside the 20-yard line against the Buffalo Bills.
New York Jets
On March 31, 2004, he was signed by the New York Jets to replace Dan Stryzinski. He wasn't re-signed at the end of the season.
Atlanta Falcons
On March 8, 2005, he signed as a free agent with the Atlanta Falcons. On August 26, he was released after being beaten out by Michael Koenen.
Jacksonville Jaguars
On May 22, 2006, he was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars to compete with Chris Hanson. He was released on August 14. He finished his career with 629 punts for 25,932 yards (41.2-yard avg.), 190 punts downed inside the 20-yard line, 63 touchbacks on 593 kickoffs, 12 onsides kicks with 5 recoveries and his longest punt was a 72-yarder.
References
External links
Gowin adjust to life after the NFL
Dallas Special Teams On Roll
1975 births
Living people
People from Jacksonville, Texas
American football punters
North Texas Mean Green football players
Dallas Cowboys players
New Orleans Saints players
New York Jets players
Atlanta Falcons players
Jacksonville Jaguars players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20Gowin |
The Sleeping Beauty problem is a puzzle in decision theory in which whenever an ideally rational epistemic agent is awoken from sleep, they have no memory of whether they have been awoken before. Upon being told that they have been woken once or twice according to the toss of a coin, once if heads and twice if tails, they are asked their degree of belief for the coin having come up heads.
History
The problem was originally formulated in unpublished work in the mid-1980s by Arnold Zuboff (the work was later published as "One Self: The Logic of Experience") followed by a paper by Adam Elga. A formal analysis of the problem of belief formation in decision problems with imperfect recall was provided first by Michele Piccione and Ariel Rubinstein in their paper: "On the Interpretation of Decision Problems with Imperfect Recall" where the "paradox of the absent minded driver" was first introduced and the Sleeping Beauty problem discussed as Example 5. The name "Sleeping Beauty" was given to the problem by Robert Stalnaker and was first used in extensive discussion in the Usenet newsgroup rec.puzzles in 1999.
The problem
As originally published by Elga, the problem was:
Some researchers are going to put you to sleep. During the two days that your sleep will last, they will briefly wake you up either once or twice, depending on the toss of a fair coin (Heads: once; Tails: twice). After each waking, they will put you to back to sleep with a drug that makes you forget that waking. When you are first awakened, to what degree ought you believe that the outcome of the coin toss is Heads?
The only significant difference from Zuboff's unpublished versions is the number of potential wakings; Zuboff used a large number. Elga created a schedule within which to implement his solution, and this has become the canonical form of the problem:
Sleeping Beauty volunteers to undergo the following experiment and is told all of the following details: On Sunday she will be put to sleep. Once or twice, during the experiment, Sleeping Beauty will be awakened, interviewed, and put back to sleep with an amnesia-inducing drug that makes her forget that awakening. A fair coin will be tossed to determine which experimental procedure to undertake:
If the coin comes up heads, Sleeping Beauty will be awakened and interviewed on Monday only.
If the coin comes up tails, she will be awakened and interviewed on Monday and Tuesday.
In either case, she will be awakened on Wednesday without interview and the experiment ends.
Any time Sleeping Beauty is awakened and interviewed she will not be able to tell which day it is or whether she has been awakened before. During the interview Sleeping Beauty is asked: "What is your credence now for the proposition that the coin landed heads?"
Solutions
This problem continues to produce ongoing debate.
Thirder position
The thirder position argues that the probability of heads is 1/3. Adam Elga argued for this position originally as follows: Suppose Sleeping Beauty is told and she comes to fully believe that the coin landed tails. By even a highly restricted principle of indifference, given that the coin lands tails, her credence that it is Monday should equal her credence that it is Tuesday, since being in one situation would be subjectively indistinguishable from the other. In other words, P(Monday Tails) = P(Tuesday | Tails), and thus
P(Tails and Tuesday) = P(Tails and Monday).
Suppose now that Sleeping Beauty is told upon awakening and comes to fully believe that it is Monday. Guided by the objective chance of heads landing being equal to the chance of tails landing, it should hold that P(Tails | Monday) = P(Heads | Monday), and thus
P(Tails and Tuesday) = P(Tails and Monday) = P(Heads and Monday).
Since these three outcomes are exhaustive and exclusive for one trial (and thus their probabilities must add to 1), the probability of each is then 1/3 by the previous two steps in the argument.
An alternative argument is as follows: Credence can be viewed as the amount a rational risk-neutral bettor would wager if the payoff for being correct is 1 unit (the wager itself being lost either way). In the heads scenario, Sleeping Beauty would spend her wager amount one time, and receive 1 money for being correct. In the tails scenario, she would spend her wager amount twice, and receive nothing. Her expected value is therefore to gain 0.5 but also lose 1.5 times her wager, thus she should break even if her wager is 1/3.
Halfer position
David Lewis responded to Elga's paper with the position that Sleeping Beauty's credence that the coin landed heads should be 1/2. Sleeping Beauty receives no new non-self-locating information throughout the experiment because she is told the details of the experiment. Since her credence before the experiment is P(Heads) = 1/2, she ought to continue to have a credence of P(Heads) = 1/2 since she gains no new relevant evidence when she wakes up during the experiment. This directly contradicts one of the thirder's premises, since it means P(Tails | Monday) = 1/3 and P(Heads | Monday) = 2/3.
Double halfer position
The double halfer position argues that both P(Heads) and P(Heads | Monday) equal 1/2. Mikaël Cozic, in particular, argues that context-sensitive propositions like "it is Monday" are in general problematic for conditionalization and proposes the use of an imaging rule instead, which supports the double halfer position.
Ambiguous question position
Another approach to the Sleeping Beauty problem is to assert that the problem, as stated, is ambiguous. This view asserts that the thirder and halfer positions are both correct answers, but to different questions.
The key idea is that the question asked of Sleeping Beauty, "what is your credence that the coin came up heads", is ambiguous. The question must be disambiguated based on the particular event whose probability we wish to measure. The two disambiguations are: "what is your credence that the coin landed heads in the act of tossing" and "what is your credence that the coin landed heads in the toss to set up this awakening"; to which, the correct answers are 1/2 and 1/3 respectively.
Another way to see the two different questions is to simplify the Sleeping Beauty problem as follows. Imagine tossing a coin, if the coin comes up heads, a green ball is placed into a box, if, instead, the coin comes up tails, two red balls are placed into a box. We repeat this procedure a large number of times until the box is full of balls of both
colours. Then, a single ball is then drawn from the box. In this setting, the question from the original problem resolves to one of two different questions: "what is the probability that a green ball was placed in the box" and "what is the probability a green ball was drawn from the box". These questions ask for the probability of two different events, and thus can have different answers, even though both events are causally dependent on the coin landing heads. (This fact is even more obvious when one considers the complementary questions: "what is the probability that two red balls were placed in the box" and "what is the probability that a red ball was drawn from the box".)
This view evidently violates the principle that, if event A happens if and only if event B happens, then we should have equal credence for event A and event B. This principle is not applicable because the sample spaces are different.
Connections to other problems
Credence about what precedes awakenings is a core question in connection with the anthropic principle.
Variations
Extreme Sleeping Beauty
This differs from the original in that there are one million and one wakings if tails comes up. It was formulated by Nick Bostrom.
Sailor's Child problem
The Sailor's Child problem, introduced by Radford M. Neal, is somewhat similar. It involves a sailor who regularly sails between ports. In one port there is a woman who wants to have a child with him, across the sea there is another woman who also wants to have a child with him. The sailor cannot decide if he will have one or two children, so he will leave it up to a coin toss. If Heads, he will have one child, and if Tails, two children. But if the coin lands on Heads, which woman would have his child? He would decide this by looking at The Sailor's Guide to Ports and the woman in the port that appears first would be the woman that he has a child with. You are his child. You do not have a copy of The Sailor's Guide to Ports. What is the probability that you are his only child, thus the coin landed on Heads (assume a fair coin)?
See also
Doomsday argument
Bayesian probability
Monty Hall problem
Boy or Girl paradox
References
Other works discussing the Sleeping Beauty problem
Colombo, M., Lai, J. & Crupi, V. Sleeping Beauty Goes to the Lab: The Psychology of Self-Locating Evidence. Rev.Phil.Psych. 10, 173–185 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-018-0381-8
Neal, R. (2006). Puzzles of Anthropic Reasoning Resolved Using Full Non-indexical Conditioning, preprint
Titelbaum, M. (2013). Quitting Certainties, 210–229, 233–237, 241–249, 250, 276–277
External links
Terry Horgan: Sleeping Beauty Awakened: New Odds at the Dawn of the New Day (review paper with references)
Anthropic Preprint Archive: The Sleeping Beauty Problem: An archive of papers on this problem
Phil Papers Entry on Sleeping Beauty (a complete bibliography of papers on the problem)
Twoplustwo thread discussing the sleeping beauty problem in depth
Probability theory paradoxes
Puzzles
Probability problems
Epistemology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping%20Beauty%20problem |
The Stourbridge Town branch line is a railway branch line, in Stourbridge, West Midlands, England. It is the shortest line in Britain, and can also be defined as the shortest line in Europe.
Now used solely for passenger traffic, it was originally constructed to allow transshipment with the Stourbridge Town Arm of the Stourbridge Canal.
The passenger service along the branch is operated by Pre Metro Operations on behalf of West Midlands Trains. It is currently branded as part of the West Midlands Railway sub-brand. Under the previous franchise, which ended on 10 December 2017, the service was branded as the London Midland Stourbridge Shuttle. Service is provided using two Class 139 Parry People Movers.
History and usage
Constructed by the Great Western Railway, the short and steeply inclined branch originally carried both passenger traffic from nearby to the terminus at and freight to the Amblecote Goods Depot at Stourbridge Basin. The branch opened for passenger traffic on 1 October 1879 and for goods traffic on 1 January 1880. It briefly closed between April 1915 and February 1919 due to the First World War, but has otherwise remained open since.
Although the branch line was originally double-tracked, after 1935 the two tracks were worked as two parallel single lines, with the non-passenger track used for freight workings beyond the station over a bridge across Foster Street (a bridge rebuilt in 1957 then subsequently demolished in 1967 after the goods branch closed) towards the Stourbridge Basin. (Until the redevelopment of the bus station in 2012, the bridge abutment remained visible in Foster Street.) The station and branch were listed for closure under the Beeching Axe, but were later delisted in 1965.
The goods branch closed in 1965. The 1879 Stourbridge Town station survived mostly intact until February 1979 when it was demolished and the branch cut back by 70 yards, leaving room for a bus station.
The line was controlled by traditional semaphore signals until at least 1990, later than the adjacent main line. However, the line is currently worked by the 'One Train Working' system with a train staff as authority to occupy the line, and there are no working signals.
In 2021 the whole of the branch received new rail, sleepers and ballast, the first upgrade of the track since 1902.
Rail traffic on the line
The line has been used several times as the test route for new types of small rail transport. The Great Western Railway used both autotrains and one of the early railcars on this route, and in December 2005 the route began being used to test the Parry People Mover, a highly energy-efficient railcar, to provide the Sunday service. The experiment has been sufficiently successful to the extent that the Sunday service in June 2006 was included in both the Network Rail printed timetables and Internet site, and now runs on a permanent basis.
The line has been operated by two Class 139 Parry People Movers since June 2009. It was previously operated by a single Class 153 car, and prior to that a Class 121, locally known as Daisy the DMU.
Although the line has been threatened with closure several times in the past, People Mover have suggested that should their railcar prove a success, their service could be further extended into Stourbridge town centre as a light rail system. Press reports in August 2010 marked the milestone of half a million passengers having been passed, and indicate substantial growth rates and reliability levels comparable to the Docklands Light Railway; a new depot could consolidate this early success.
The train operates six times per hour over the line, with a journey time of three minutes.
Passenger volume
These are the passenger figures on the line from the year beginning April 2002 to the year beginning April 2021. Comparing 2002-03 to 2019-20, Stourbridge Town numbers increased by 138% and Stourbridge Junction by 378%.
Accidents
The branch has become notorious for the steep downhill gradient leading from Junction station, and over the years there have been several incidents:
15 June 1897 – a train of empty cattle trucks and horse boxes was being reversed down the incline when the locomotive's vacuum brake failed. The locomotive and wagons ploughed into a line of stationary wagons, the office of a local coal merchant, and stables. One man was injured.
24 April 1905 – the driver lost control of a locomotive descending the branch, head-first, at the head of 32 wagons. The train demolished the stop block and smashed into and through the goods office at the end of the branch. Luckily the crew managed to jump clear before impact.
10 February 1948 – a heavily laden freight train slipped away despite brakes being applied, with the result that wagons telescoped into each other.
2 April 1977 – BR Class 122 single-car diesel unit W55012 suffered a brake failure while descending the branch from Stourbridge Junction and crashed through the buffers and the wall beyond, leaving the front part of the train overhanging the road below. This unit is preserved at the Weardale Railway.
21 January 1989 – apparently caused by trespassers on the line distracting the driver, who consequently misjudged his braking, class 121 unit W55033 ran through the buffer stops at the end of the line and crashed through the wall beyond. The train was sent out of operation and required an overhaul.
1 March 1990 – in a very similar incident to the 1977 crash, brake failure caused class 121 unit W55034 to crash through the rebuilt wall at the end of the line. The buffer stop destroyed in the 1989 crash had not been replaced.
See also
Princeton dinky - The shortest commuter rail line in America
References
External links
Parry People Movers Internet Site
Stourbridge Line Users Group
Rail transport in the West Midlands (county)
Railway lines opened in 1879
Railway lines in the West Midlands (region)
Stourbridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourbridge%20Town%20branch%20line |
R v Dyment, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 417 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the constitutional right to privacy under section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Background
In April 1982, Brandon Dyment was in an auto accident on a highway. A doctor soon came to the scene, and Dyment was taken to the hospital by a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officer. At the hospital a blood sample was taken from him for medical purposes while unconscious. When Dyment woke up, and while still suffering from a concussion from the accident, he told the doctor that he had been drinking and had taken antihistamine tablets. The doctor talked with a RCMP officer and handed over the blood sample. Police analysis of the blood found that the alcohol level was above the legal limit and so Dyment was charged with being in care or control of a motor vehicle having consumed alcohol in such quantity that the proportion in his blood exceeded 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood contrary to section 236 of the Criminal Code.
At trial, Dyment was convicted.
The issue before the Supreme Court was whether:
the taking of possession of the blood sample by the police officer amounted to a seizure as contemplated by s. 8 of the Charter;
taking of the sample was unreasonable and so infringed s. 8;
in excluding the evidence of the analysis of the blood under s. 24(2) of the Charter on the ground that the admission of this evidence would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.
Reasons of the court
The Supreme Court upheld the lower court decision that the RCMP's seizing of blood taken for medical purposes was a violation of section 8 of the Charter and should be excluded under section 24(2).
La Forest, writing concurring reasons, examined the scope of protection provided by section 8. He found that underlying section 8 is a right to privacy, which he described as a constitutionally protected value, stating that:
privacy is at the heart of liberty in a modern state...[g]rounded in man's physical and moral autonomy, privacy is essential for the well-being of the individual. For this reason alone, it is worthy of constitutional protection, but it also has profound significance for the public order. The restraints imposed on government to pry into the lives of the citizen go to the essence of a democratic state. (pp. 427-28)
See also
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court)
References
External links
Section Eight Charter case law
Dyment
Supreme Court of Canada cases
1988 in Canadian case law
Canadian privacy case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20v%20Dyment |
Carignan is a Spanish variety of grape.
Carignan may also refer to:
Carignan, Quebec, a town in Quebec, Canada
Carignan, Ardennes, a commune in France
House of Savoy-Carignan
Carignan-Salières Regiment, a French military unit formed by merging the Carignan Regiment and the Salières Regiment in 1659
the Piedmontese name for Carignano, a municipality in Italy
Campo de Cariñena, a comarca in Aragon, Spain
People with the surname
Anatole Carignan (1885–1952), Canadian politician
Andrew Carignan (born 1986), American baseball player
Harvey Carignan (1927–2023), American serial killer
Jean Carignan (1916–1988), Canadian fiddler
Jean-Guy Carignan (born 1941), Canadian member of parliament
Jennie Carignan, Canadian general
Nicole Carignan (born 1952), Canadian composer and educator
Onésime Carignan (1839–1897), Canadian grocer and politician
Patrick Carignan (born 1972), Canadian hockey player
Yves Carignan (born 1952), Canadian weightlifter
See also
Cariñena (DO), a Spanish wine region
Carignano (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignan%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Verschollen was a German TV show about a group of people after their plane crashes on an island. It had a run of 28 episodes on RTL Television before being canceled because of low ratings.
External links
The Official Verschollen Site
Verschollen on RTLNOW
2004 German television series debuts
2005 German television series endings
German drama television series
German-language television shows
RTL (German TV channel) original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verschollen |
Douiret (Berber: Eddwirat or igherman, ) is a ruined Berber village in the Tataouine district in southern Tunisia. Located on a hilltop near a modern village of the same name, Douiret was a fortified granary, or ksar (plural ksour.) Like other ksour created by North African Berber communities, Douiret was built on a hilltop to help protect it from raiding parties. Douiret is a regular stop on southern Tunisia's ksar trail, along with the villages of Chenini, Ksar Ouled Soltane and Ksar Hadada.
The old village of Douiret is located 22 km southwest of Tataouine in a rugged mountainous region. The old village transformed into ruins is surmounted by its citadel or ksar overlooking troglodyte houses dug in the mountain and aligned in a meandering fashion along its cliff. A path of about 3 km is lined up with abandoned dwellings mostly in ruins with the exception of the eye-catching white mosque (known as 'the palm tree mosque' or Jamaa ennakhla) at midway and a couple of renovated dwellings serving as a showcase and/or an atypical motel to host visitors and tourists.
History
The ancestry of Douiret is believed to be traced back to a founding father with the name of Ghazi Ben Douaieb Bou Kenana, who migrated to the region more than 600 years ago – possibly coming from the Moroccan region of Tafilalet (Louis, A. 1975. Douiret: Étrange Cité Berbère. Societé Tunisienne de Diffusion, Tunis). In 1850, Douiret population was around 3500 inhabitants. It has been an important caravan stop between Gabès to the north and the Libyan city of Ghdamès to the south. In 1882, Douiret was chosen temporarily by colonial France as the center for its military administrative authority in the southern part of Tunisia before abandoning it in favor of Tataouine soon after that.
In the 20th century, Douiret had seen its population progressively decrease as many of its inhabitants migrated mainly to the Tunisian capitol Tunis. By the close of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the old village of Douiret has virtually transformed into a ghost town in ruins as the few remaining families opted to move to the new village of Douiret built at the mountain foothills not far from their ancestors' historic site.
Source: Douiret.net
Language
Douiri language is one of the many closely related varieties the Berber language, a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Today's Douiri language is infused with many Arabic words as well as Tunisian dialect with a myriad of foreign terms namely French and Italian. All inhabitants of Douiret, however, do speak Arabic as well.
References
External links
Website – Douiret.net
Video – the Ruins of Douiret
Berber populated places
Berbers in Tunisia
Former populated places in Tunisia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douiret |
Ice Hockey is an ice hockey video game designed by Alan Miller for the Atari VCS (later renamed the Atari 2600), and published by Activision in 1981. Actor and comedian Phil Hartman starred in the commercial for the game.
Gameplay
Ice Hockey is a game of two-on-two ice hockey. One player on each team is the goalie, and the other plays offensive (although, the goalie is not confined to the goal). As in the real sport, the object of the game is to take control of the puck and shoot it into the opposing goal to score points. When the puck is in player control, it moves left and right along the blade of the hockey stick. The puck can be shot at any of 32 angles, depending on the position of the puck when it's shot.
Human players take control of the skater in control of (or closest to) the puck. The puck can be stolen from its holder, shots can also be blocked by the blade of the hockey stick.
Reception
Ice Hockey was favorably reviewed in 1982 by Video magazine where it was described as "yet another example of Activision's innovative approach to programmable video-game software" and suggested that along with Championship Soccer the game "proves that cleverly conceived sports simulations can work on the Atari VCS". Reviewers identified several aspects setting Ice Hockey apart from other contemporary sports games including the ability of players to take actions that would normally result in penalties (e.g. tripping and slashing), and the fact that the game is playable in both solo and versus modes.
Richard A. Edwards reviewed Ice Hockey in The Space Gamer No. 54. Edwards commented that "It's a good game overall, but not a great treatment of ice hockey. Due to the frustrations which can occur and the confusion involved in using two team members, this game straddles the fence on deciding about recommendation. Due to the price, it might be better left alone."
When Bill Kunkel reviewed the Atari 8-bit computer game Hockey by Gamma Software, he wrote, "Gamma's version misses the level of realism attained in Activision's programmable version for the VCS, by quite a bit."
See also
List of Atari 2600 games
List of Activision games: 1980–1999
References
External links
Ice Hockey at AtariAge
Ice Hockey at AtariMania
1981 video games
Activision games
Atari 2600 games
Atari 2600-only games
Ice hockey video games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20Hockey%20%28Atari%202600%29 |
The United Kingdom participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Teenage Life" written by Daz Sampson and John Matthews. The song was performed by Daz Sampson. The British entry for the 2006 contest in Athens, Greece was selected via the national final Eurovision: Making Your Mind Up 2006, organised by the British broadcaster BBC. Six acts competed in the national final and the winner was selected entirely through a public vote.
As a member of the "Big Four", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing in position 15, the United Kingdom placed 19th out of the 24 participating countries with 25 points.
Background
Prior to the 2006 contest, the United Kingdom has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-eight times. Thus far, the United Kingdom has won the contest five times: in 1967 with the song "Puppet on a String" performed by Sandie Shaw, in 1969 with the song "Boom Bang-a-Bang" performed by Lulu, in 1976 with the song "Save Your Kisses for Me" performed by Brotherhood of Man, in 1981 with the song "Making Your Mind Up" performed by Bucks Fizz and in 1997 with the song "Love Shine a Light" performed by Katrina and the Waves. To this point, the nation is noted for having finished as the runner-up in a record fifteen contests. Up to and including 1998, the UK had only twice finished outside the top 10, in 1978 and 1987. Since 1999, the year in which the rule was abandoned that songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating, the UK has had less success, thus far only finishing within the top ten once: in 2002 with the song "Come Back" performed by Jessica Garlick. For the 2005 contest, the United Kingdom finished in twenty-second place out of twenty-four competing entries with the song "Touch My Fire" performed by Javine.
The British national broadcaster, BBC, broadcasts the event within the United Kingdom and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. BBC announced that the United Kingdom would participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 on 29 November 2005. BBC has traditionally organised a national final featuring a competition among several artists and songs to choose the British entry for Eurovision. For their 2006 entry, the broadcaster announced that a national final involving a public vote would be held to select United Kingdom's entry.
Before Eurovision
Eurovision: Making Your Mind Up 2006
Eurovision: Making Your Mind Up 2006 was the national final developed by the BBC in order to select the British entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. Six acts competed in a televised show on 4 March 2006 held at the BBC Television Centre in London and hosted by Terry Wogan and Natasha Kaplinsky. The winner was selected entirely through a public vote. The show was broadcast on BBC One. The first part of the national final was watched by 2.8 million viewers in the United Kingdom, while the second part was watched by 6.1 million viewers in the United Kingdom.
Competing entries
The BBC collaborated with Magic Radio programme director and Fame Academy judge, Richard Park, to select six finalists to compete in the national final. Entries were provided to Park and the BBC by music industry experts including writers and producers, and an additional entry was provided by BBC Radio 2 which ran the competition Sold on Song. For Sold on Song, an open submission was announced on 29 November 2005 for interested songwriters to submit their songs until 31 December 2005. The 800 received submissions were reviewed by a six-member professional panel which selected the winning song from a ten-song shortlist. The panel consisted of Mike Batt (singer-songwriter and producer), Simon Webbe (singer-songwriter, rapper, actor and music manager), Hugh Goldsmith (former music director of RCA Records and founder of Innocent Records), Stuart Maconie (television and radio presenter, journalist and music critic), Colin Martin (music editor at BBC Radio 2) and Mark Hagen (producer at BBC Radio 2). The six competing songs for the national final were announced on 16 February 2006.
Final
Six acts competed in the televised final on 4 March 2006. In addition to their performances, the guest performer was previous Eurovision Song Contest winner Helena Paparizou, who won the contest for Greece in 2005 with the song "My Number One".
A panel of experts provided feedback regarding the songs during the show. The panel consisted of Kelly Osbourne (singer, actress, model and television personality), Jonathan Ross (television and radio presenter, actor, comedian and producer), Fearne Cotton (television and radio presenter) and Bruno Tonioli (choreographer, dancer and television personality). A public vote consisting of televoting and online voting selected the winner, "Teenage Life" performed by Daz Sampson. Votes submitted via landline phones were divided into seven regions in the United Kingdom and together with the results of the online vote, each group awarded points as follows: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 points. Votes submitted via mobile phones and SMS were also converted to points and awarded based on the percentage of votes each song achieved. For example, if a song gained 10% of the mobile and SMS votes, then that entry would be awarded 10 points.
12 points
Controversy
Prior to the national final, Eurovision news website Oikotimes claimed that the songs "Teenage Life" and "It's a Beautiful Thing" (both of which eventually placed in the top two) would be disqualified from the competition as they had been commercially released before 1 October 2005. The BBC later responded by stating that both songs comply with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) rules as the original version of "Teenage Life" was released under Daz Sampson's stage name Spacekats only as a white label record, while "It's a Beautiful Thing" was never commercially released as it wasn't available legally on the Internet.
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) and the ten highest placed finishers in the 2005 contest are required to qualify from the semi-final in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from the semi-final progress to the final. As a member of the "Big Four", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to compete in the final on 20 May 2006. In addition to their participation in the final, the United Kingdom is also required to broadcast and vote in the semi-final on 18 May 2006.
In the United Kingdom, the semi-final was broadcast on BBC Three with commentary by Paddy O'Connell, while the final was televised on BBC One with commentary by Terry Wogan and broadcast on BBC Radio 2 with commentary by Ken Bruce. The British spokesperson, who announced the British votes during the final, was Fearne Cotton.
Final
Daz Sampson took part in technical rehearsals on 7 and 8 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 11 and 12 May. During the running order draw for the semi-final and final on 21 March 2006, the United Kingdom was placed to perform in position 15 in the final, following the entry from Lithuania and before the entry from Greece.
The British performance featured Daz Sampson, joined by five dancers/backing vocalists dressed in school uniform, performing on a multicoloured stage which featured props, including desks which papers were thrown out from, and a blackboard with Sampson's name written on, with the background displaying the words "class", "school", "history" and "book". The performance during the national final featured dancers miming the voices of a choir of young girls, however for Eurovision the voices were sung live by the dancers in order to avoid the violation of EBU rules. The supporting performers that joined Daz Sampson for the performance were Ashlee, Emily Reed, Gabriella, Holly and Leeanne Simister. The United Kingdom placed nineteenth in the final, scoring 25 points.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to the United Kingdom and awarded by the United Kingdom in the semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Finland in the semi-final and the final of the contest.
Points awarded to the United Kingdom
Points awarded by the United Kingdom
References
External links
Making Your Mind Up BBC Radio 2 website
2006
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006
Eurovision
Eurovision | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20in%20the%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%202006 |
Dragon Ball GT: A Hero's Legacy, known in Japan as is the only Dragon Ball GT television special, aired in Japan on March 26, 1997, between episodes 41 and 42. The events in this special are actually a prelude to events that take place at the very end of the last episode of the series. An English dub of the special was released on DVD by Funimation in the United States on November 16, 2004. It was re-released again on the second volume of the Funimation remastered DVDs. A second English dub that features an unknown cast was produced by AB Groupe/Bluewater and aired on Toonami UK under the title Four-star Dragonball Is The Proof of Courage.
Plot
100 years after Goku defeats Omega Shenron, all of his friends and family are now deceased except for his granddaughter, Pan, who is now elderly. She has a great-great grandson named Goku Jr., who closely resembles his great-great-great-great grandfather Goku, but lacks the latter's courage and fighting spirit. Pan takes Goku Jr. to the cemetery to pay their respects to her grandfather and tries to train him to be a warrior, but he has no confidence. At school, he is bullied by classmate Puck and his gang. Upset that Goku Jr. does not stand up for himself, Pan faints and is hospitalized.
Goku Jr. recalls the story of the magical wish-granting Dragon Ball and hopes to use it to heal Pan. The next morning, he encounters Puck and his gang and reveals to them that he is going to Mount Paozu but is ridiculed. Angry, Goku Jr. unleashes some of his power and knocks out the bullies. After following the road for hours, a truck driver gives Goku Jr. a ride but later steals his belongings when he exits the truck to relieve himself. Goku Jr. encounters Puck yet again at a roadside grocery store, who agrees to accompany him so he can watch him be eaten by a monster at Mount Paozu. To acquire supplies for the long journey, Puck steals a cart full of food from the grocery store. Goku Jr. tells Puck about his quest to heal Pan, and though Puck doesn't believe in the Dragon Balls, he decides to help on the off chance it could work, saying he admired Pan's strength.
After encountering and overcoming obstacles along the way, Goku Jr. and Puck are halted by a long wooden bridge which looks dangerously unstable. Puck crosses the bridge first, followed by Goku Jr. who crosses nervously and stumbles due to strong winds. Puck struggles to save Goku Jr., who dangles from a rope above the deep trench below. The bridge collapses, causing Puck to fall into the trench. Goku Jr. manages to cross the ravine and continues his journey alone.
After traveling another great distance, Goku Jr. encounters a hostile pig-like demon. A brown bear, thankful to Goku Jr. for helping her cub earlier, fights the demon. Goku Jr. becomes enraged and transforms into a Super Saiyan. He easily defeats the demon and passes out. When he comes to, he has no memory of the transformation. He then arrives to the summit of Mount Paozu, where he finds an old house. Inside, he discovers the four-star Dragon Ball and mistakenly believes that only one ball is needed to grant the wish. He tries and fails to make his wish to save Pan. In anger, he shouts at the Dragon Ball and throws the ball away. The Dragon Ball rolls to the feet of Goku Jr.'s ancestor, Goku, who explains that he has to collect all seven to make a wish. Goku informs his descendant that he is strong and brave despite what he thinks of himself. Suddenly, a helicopter descends with Pan and Puck inside. Goku Jr. becomes excited to see everyone alive and well, exclaiming that the Dragon Ball granted his wish. He turns to where Goku stood, and is stunned to see that he has vanished until Goku's voice tells him that it was actually his bravery that restored his grandma and Puck's life.
In a final farewell, Goku wishes Goku Jr. good luck who boards the helicopter with newfound strength and the four-star Dragon Ball.
Cast
Production
Directed by Osamu Kasai.
Written by Akira Toriyama and Takao Koyama.
Produced by Cindy Brennan Fukunaga and Gen Fukunaga.
Music
Ending Themes: "Don't You See!" by Zard
"Step into the Grand Tour" by Shorty the Man
See also
"Dan Dan Kokoro Hikareteku"
Notes
References
External links
1997 television specials
Hero's Legacy, A
Funimation
Toei Animation television
1990s animated television specials
Japanese television specials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%20Ball%20GT%3A%20A%20Hero%27s%20Legacy |
The Merck Veterinary Manual is a reference manual of animal health care. It was first published by Merck & Co., Inc. in 1955. It contains concise, thorough information on the diagnosis and treatment of disease in a wide variety of species. The Manual is available as a book, published on a non-profit basis. Additionally, the full text can be accessed for free via the website, or downloaded in its entirety via an app. In January 2020, the website was redesigned with a more helpful search function without advertising. Interactive features on the website include quizzes, case studies, and clinical calculators. In addition, there are animal health news summaries and commentaries.
History
The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955. It was based on the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, which was first published in 1899 as a reference for physicians. The first edition of the Veterinary Manual included contributions from over 200 authors, with 389 chapters divided into sections on public health, toxicology, and diseases of domestic animals, zoo and fur animals, and poultry. The first five editions were edited by Otto H. Siegmund. The fifth edition was published in 1979. The sixth and seventh editions were edited by Clarence M. Fraser.
The eighth edition, edited by Susan Aeillo, was published in 1988 with contributions from 317 authors. A review in the Canadian Veterinary Journal declared it to be an 'excellent veterinary handbook'. The ninth edition was published in 2005, and included chapters by over 350 authors. New subjects included Hendra virus infection in the horse, and biosecurity. The tenth edition, published in 2010 and edited by Cynthia M. Kahn, was the first to contain images. It included radiographs, illustrations, and photomicrographs, as well as new chapters, including one on African hedgehogs.
The eleventh edition, published in 2016, had over 400 contributing authors. New topics in the eleventh edition included backyard poultry and smoke inhalation. In 2018, a free app version was made available which included a 57 megabyte download of all the information from the eleventh edition.
References
External links
Veterinary medicine books
Medical manuals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck%20Veterinary%20Manual |
The Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument is a war memorial at Fort Greene Park, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It commemorates more than 11,500 American prisoners of war who died in captivity aboard sixteen British prison ships during the American Revolutionary War. The remains of a small fraction of those who died on the ships are interred in a crypt beneath its base. The ships included HMS Jersey, Scorpion, Hope, Falmouth, Stromboli, Hunter, and others.
Their remains were first gathered and interred in 1808. In 1867 landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, designers of Central Park and Prospect Park, were engaged to prepare a new design for Washington Park as well as a new crypt for the remains of the prison ship martyrs. In 1873, after development near the Brooklyn Navy Yard uncovered the remains, they were moved and re-interred in a crypt beneath a small monument. Funds were raised for a larger monument, which was designed by noted architect Stanford White. Constructed of granite, its single Doric column in height sits over the crypt at the top of a 33-step staircase. At the top of the column is an eight-ton bronze brazier, a funeral urn, by sculptor Adolph Weinman. President-elect William Howard Taft delivered the principal address when the monument was dedicated in 1908.
Context
Remains of deceased prisoners
During the Revolutionary War, the British maintained a series of prison ships in New York Harbor and jails on shore for prisoners of war. Due to a combination of neglect, poor conditions on the ships and disease, thousands of American prisoners of war died onboard the prison ships and jails, more than in all the engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined. Prisoners of war who died were disposed of either by a quick interment on the shore or being thrown overboard. Following the end of the war in 1783, the remains of those who died on the prison ships were neglected, left to lie along the Brooklyn shore on Wallabout Bay, a rural area little visited by New Yorkers. On January 21, 1877, the New York Times reported that the dead came from all parts of the nation and "every state of the Union was represented among them."
Officials of the local Dutch Reformed Church met with resistance from the property owner when they sought to remove the bones to their churchyard. Nathaniel Scudder Prime reported on "skulls and feet, arms and legs sticking out of the crumbling bank in the wildest disorder". Edwin G. Burrows described the skulls on the coast "as thick as pumpkins in an autumn cornfield". During construction at the Naval Yards, workers were not sure what to do with the bones, and they started to fill casks and boxes. They were reburied on the grounds of the nearby John Jackson estate.
Eventually, "near twenty hogsheads full of bones were collected by the indefatigable industry of John Jackson, esq. the committee of Tammany Society, and other citizens, to be interred in the vault." The monument's dedication plaque estimates that 11,500 prisoners of war died in the prison ships, but others estimate the number to be as high as 18,000.
Political resolve
The movement to commemorate the dead only took off when political differences between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans deepened in the last years of the eighteenth century and the latter took up the question of a memorial in response to the Federalist erection of a statue of George Washington in 1803. The Tammany Society, headed by Benjamin Romaine was created and grew into a Republican organization. On February 10, 1803 Republican Congressman Samuel L. Mitchill asked the federal government to erect a monument to the fallen, but had no success They then turned their efforts to a grand ceremonial re-interment of the prisoners' remains, emphasizing less the construction of a monument than something more suited to the common man. Tammany formed the Wallabout Committee in January 1808. Their efforts took strength from renewed anti-British sentiment stemming from American disputes with Britain in 1806 and 1807. Finally, when President Thomas Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1808, Tammany and the Republicans used their plans for a re-interment as part of their campaign to bolster anti-British sentiment in the United States.
Precursor vaults and monuments
First vault and monument
On April 13, 1808, there was a ceremony to lay the cornerstone of a planned vault. A grand ceremony of re-interment followed on May 26, 1808. The state voted to provide the Tammany Society $1,000 to build a monument. The Society pocketed the money and the monument was never built. A small square building stood above the 1808 vault with an eagle mounted at the point of the roof. It was located on a triangular plot of land near the Brooklyn Navy Yard waterfront (Wallabout Bay) in what is now called Vinegar Hill. A wooden fence with thirteen posts and bars painted with the names of the original thirteen states was erected in front. At the entrance through the fence, an inscription said: "Portal to the tomb of 11,500 patriot prisoners, who died in dungeons and prison-ships, in and about the City of New-York, during the Revolution." The remains were put in long coffins made of bluestone. Extra space was provided in case more bones were discovered during continuing renovations in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Little was done to repair or maintain the vault and eventually the original monument was in a state of disrepair and neglect. In 1839, Benjamin Romaine purchased the land where the Martyrs were buried, in a tax sale from Henry Reed Stiles for $291.08. Later that year on July 4, 1839, Benjamin Romaine made an appeal for support (governmental or civic) to build a monument. In this appeal, Romaine talked about the monument and his intention to use his Revolutionary War pension for the monument. On January 31, 1844, Benjamin Romaine died and was also interred in the crypt as he had been a prisoner of war on the ships.
Second vault and monument
Later in the nineteenth century, the idea of erecting of a monument on the vault site attracted only occasional interest until 1873 when an appropriation of $6,500 was established for a new mausoleum. The new brick mausoleum in Fort Greene Park, then known as Washington Park, was constructed. The new mausoleum was constructed of Portland granite embellished with pillars and fret work of polished Aberdeen stone. The front of the tomb had the following inscription: "SACRED TO THE MEMORY, OF OUR SAILORS, SOLDIERS AND CITIZENS, WHO SUFFERED AND DIED ON BOARD BRITISH PRISON SHIPS IN THE WALLABOUT DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". On June 18, 1873, the first tomb was emptied of bones and they were moved to this tomb. The bones remained here until interest was again built and a new monument could be constructed.
Current monument
Planning and construction
The Fort Greene chapter of the DAR was founded by Eliza M. Chandler White and formed in 1896 in Brooklyn to foster the construction of a "suitable memorial to the memory of martyrs, civilian, military and naval, who perished in the noisome prison ships anchored in the Wallabout Bay during the Revolutionary War". The group quickly partnered with the Old Brooklynites to increase focus on the memorial.
Following the discovery of additional bones in the Brooklyn Naval Yard in 1899, interest in establishing a significant monument was again renewed. On June 16, 1900, the bones found during additional excavations in the Brooklyn Navy Yard were interred in the crypt with full military honors. The boxes were reported to be oak, long and wide. On June 19, 1900, the Brooklyn Eagle reported that a committee had been appointed to build a larger memorial to replace the current one. Due to the work of this committee, funds for a new monument were finally considered and raised.
Funding for a larger monument came from all levels of government. On June 28, 1902, a joint resolution of the House and Senate appropriated $100,000 for the memorial construction under the provision that an additional $100,000 be raised from other sources. In the following months, New York State provided $25,000, and New York City $50,000, while private contributions provided another $25,000. Following funds being established, the Prison Ship Martyrs Association was incorporated in Albany on May 9, 1903 to oversee the work and the renowned architect Stanford White (1853–1906) of the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White was commissioned to design it. The contract for construction of the monument was awarded to Carlin Construction Company under the project supervision of Lieut. Col. W. L. Marshall.
In 1776, Fort Greene Park was the site of Fort Putnam, one of a series of defenses built on the high land in Brooklyn. The construction was supervised by Colonel Rufus Putnam and the purpose was to protect New York from the British.
Dedication
The dedication ceremony on November 15, 1908, included a parade with 15,000 participants, including military and National Guard units, veterans, and civic organizations, including representatives of Tammany Hall Society in their first parade since the Civil War. President-elect William Howard Taft, Secretary of War Luke E. Wright, New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes, New Jersey Governor Franklin Fort, and Delaware Governor Preston Lea watched along with approximately twenty thousand spectators as "the enormous flag draping the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument on the highest point of Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, was allowed to slide slowly to the ground from its heighth of 198 feet in the air". The ceremony was opened with a prayer delivered by Rev. S. Parkes Cadman, followed by a poem composed and read by the occasion's poet laureate Thomas Walsh. The principal address was delivered by Taft. He set out in detail the treatment of American prisoners and of the dead he said: "They died because of the cruelty of their immediate custodians and the neglect of those who, in higher authority, were responsible for their detention." He carefully described British culpability:
He discussed the treatment of prisoners of war throughout history and praised the recent Hague Convention on the rights of prisoners of war and the recent Sino-Japanese War in which "both parties exceeded, in the tenderness and the care which they gave to the prisoners of the other, the requirements of the Hague Convention".
Following the initial dedication, the Society of Old Brooklynites has hosted an annual memorial for the martyrs every year since President Taft dedicated the monument in 1908.
Neglect and restorations
20th century
In February 1914, one of the eagles was stolen. The thieves sold it as scrap metal for $24. They broke the eagle from the granite base, rolled it down the slope and loaded it on a three-wheeled pushcart, leaving tracks which the police were able to follow. When police found it at a recycling yard, the wings of the eagle had already been removed and partially melted.
By 1921, the beacon was out. The twin helix stairways to the top of the monument, which visitors once paid a dime to climb, were closed. Until then, visitors could go to the top to get impressive views of Manhattan. In 1923, the bronze door to the crypt was "battered from its hinges" by vandals and the crypt was exposed. The New York Times report of the incident described how the monument provided a play area for neighborhood children: "[A] score of children, white and black, who live in the neighborhood were using the granite coping of the walls leading to the crypt as a sort of 'chute the chutes.' The color line was sharply drawn. The slope of one side was used by the negro children while the slope of the other side amused the whites. The children of neither hue were concerned with the crime. They realized vaguely that something unusual had taken place, but it was not important enough to them to stop their daily sport." However, neglect and damage to the park required it to be renovated. The memorial had become so scarred by vandals and unkempt from lack of proper maintenance as to present a dilapidated appearance. Work was done to clean and preserve the site. A staircase and elevator were installed inside the large column, and it was reopened in 1937 by Park Commissioner Robert Moses. Again, the park was neglected and restoration work was required. It began in 1948 to "keep the shrine from falling apart". The staircase and elevator, however, were both removed in 1949. In 1966, the eagles were removed and went missing until 1974.
In the ensuing years, however, the park slowly decayed again and, by the 1970s, graffiti covered much of the base of the monument and vandalism was taking its toll. After being vandalized repeatedly, the four eagles were removed for repairs in 1966 and restored when $251,000 was spent to repair the monument about 1974, part of a larger $780,000 restoration of Fort Greene Park. They were again removed in 1981 and two of them are on display at the Central Park Arsenal, the administrative headquarters of the New York City Parks Department. They presently flank the third floor entrance.
In 1995, an examination of the vault reported it held bone fragments in 20 slate boxes, each . During the park system's inspection in 1995, graffiti was noted to be on the crypt's interior walls. The graffiti is questionably dated to go back to 1973, 1908, and as one tag was scribbled, 1776 — which is anachronistic considering that this was before the tomb was even built, in 1908.
During a site review on January 7, 2000, Park System workers raised the lid of the stone coffin of Benjamin Romaine. The interior of the coffin appeared to have contained a partially collapsed wooden coffin. By then, the monument was missing plaques, the plaza was potholed, the crypt had a plywood door, and the eternal flame had long been extinguished.
21st century
In December 2003, a dig was done on the original site of the Martyrs' Monument. The site dig was funded by a grant of $2,500 from the J. M. Kaplan Fund. It was supervised by Dr. Joan H. Geismar an archaeological consultant. The original site (block 44, lot 14 Brooklyn) is located on 89 Hudson Ave (formerly Jackson Street: named after an early donor of the property for the Monument in 1808). The goals of the dig were to review if any more human remains could be found on the site and if evidence of the original crypt remained. The site was scheduled for housing development to begin on the site. The Crypt location was specifically identified from an 1855 Perris insurance atlas as well as a mid-19th-century manuscript map found in the National Archives. The work determined that the site at one time contained a deep void, but no foundations were found. They did find a massive stone side wall as well as the likely original post holes for the rail fence. The site development was allowed with a recommendation of a plaque when work was done. The redevelopment of the site was completed and eventually the property changed owners. The status of the plaque is not known and currently there is no plaque on the site.
The city launched the renovation of the Prison Ship Monument with a $3.5 million budget in 2004. The scheduled repairs were plagued by cost overruns and the initial electrical contractor was fired by New York City and needed to be replaced. Additionally, a new spiral staircase was built inside the memorial. A budgetary study was conducted from March 6, 2006 to September 5, 2008 on electrical improvements and the cost estimated to about $341,000.
The restored monument was unveiled on November 15, 2008, a centennial celebration, at a rededication ceremony commissioned by the Fort Greene Park Conservancy to celebrate the centennial and re-dedication of the Fort Greene Park Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument. More than 500 people gathered to take part in the relighting of the flame to mark the 100th anniversary. That night, the column and urn were lit by a spectacular lighting scheme. The overall restoration cost for the monument from 2006 to 2008 was an estimated $5,100,000. However, in November 2009, it was noted that the light was again not working. The parks department worked to restore the lights and noted that although the lights were working correctly, there was a programming issue with the light timer.
In April 2015, a group of anonymous vandals illicitly installed a 100-pound bust of Edward Snowden, the National Security Agency whistle blower, atop one of the four columns at the edge of the memorial. It was removed the same day by Parks Department personnel.
Description
Constructed of granite, the monument's single Doric column in height sits over the crypt at the top of a staircase with 99 steps. When it was built, it was the world's tallest Doric column. The column carries the inscription: "1776 THE PRISON SHIP MARTYRS MONUMENT 1908". The monument's column contained a staircase accessed by a bronze door. The stone for the monument came from Lacasse quarry, about east of Newport, Vermont. The grand staircase of 100 granite steps rises in three stages. At the foot of the staircase, the entrance to the vault was covered by a slab of brown sandstone, now in storage, that bears the names of the 1808 monument committee and builders, as well as this inscription:
At the top of the column are uprights in diameter which are the shape of lion's heads. Each head weighs more than . These hold up the urn. At the top of the column is an eight-ton bronze brazier or a funeral urn. The urn, which is tall and weighs 7.5 tons, was cast by the Whale Creek Iron Works in Greepoint from designs of Manhattan sculptor Adolph Alexander Weinman. The top of the urn is glazed with extra heavy plate glass. The inside of the urn contains the mechanics for the lighting. The top had a light, the "eternal flame". It went out in 1921 and was never relit until 1997 when a new solar-powered eternal beacon was turned on as part of a ceremony. The solar powered beacon or "eternal flame", now consists of solar powered lights reflected from a mirror. It is lit daily during the hours of darkness. Around the urn is a bronze railing also cast at Whale Creek Iron Works.
Four open-winged eagles stood at the corners of the square terrace at the column's base, each on its own pedestal in front of a Doric column. They were designed by Adolf Weinman, who also designed the six-ton brazier that sits upon the monument's principal column.
The crypt is in a vault at the base of the stairs. Inside the vault the floor is made of concrete and the walls and ceiling are a bisque-colored brick. One enters the crypt through a copper-clad door. When entering it is three steps down and then a short passageway into the hill and at the end of the passage is the brick-lined crypt. The crypt is approximately square. There are a series of slate coffins inserted into a double-set of shelves on the right and left. Various bones are said to be sorted by type into different coffins, presumably because individual bodies could not be identified and re-assembled for burial.
Additions
A plaque was added in 1960 located across from the front label on the monument. The plaque reads:
During the Bicentennial Year – 1976, King Juan Carlos of Spain dedicated a plaque honoring the 700 Spaniards who died on the prison ships.
Currently surrounding the monument are secured exhibits explaining the history of the prison ships, the Battle of Brooklyn and a list of the 8,000 known martyrs. It is not documented when these exhibits were added.
Near the monument, a small building designed to coordinate with the work of McKim, Mead, and White once provided restroom facilities but was re-purposed as a visitors' center for the park. The visitors center has pictorial exhibits plus displays of Revolutionary War weapons and uniform buttons that have been uncovered in the park over the years. It also houses a list of the 8,000 known prisoners on the ships copied from the records in the British War Department.
Maintenance and responsibility
In the first half of the 20th century efforts were made to seek a national designation. However, the U.S. Department of the Interior declined at the time and noted that the prisoners didn't die at the site itself. Currently, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for the preservation and supervision of the monument. A budgetary study was conducted from March 6, 2006, to September 5, 2008, on electrical improvements and the cost estimated at $341,000. The overall restoration cost for the monument from 2006 to 2008 was estimated at $5,100,000.
On April 11, 2013, U.S. Congressman Hakeem Jeffries introduced the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument Preservation Act, which would have directed the Secretary of the Interior to study the suitability and feasibility of designating the Prison Ship Martyr's Monument as a unit of the National Park System. The study would look at what it would cost to run the park and how its proposed designation as a National Park would affect the surrounding area. The House voted on April 28, 2014 to pass the bill in a voice vote. The Department of the Interior supported the bill. The National Park Service said that "the monument commemorates the sacrifice over more than 11,000 patriots during the American Revolution." Rep. Yvette Clarke, who co-sponsored the bill, argued that the bill was a good idea because "this monument commemorates not only the sacrifices of soldiers in the Revolutionary War who dedicated themselves to the cause of liberty, but a reminder than even in wartime we must protect basic human rights. These thousands of deaths were an atrocity that should never occur again." Rep. Jeffries said that "as one of America's largest revolutionary war burial sites and in tribute to the patriots that lost their lives fighting for our nation's independence, this monument deserves to be considered as a unit of the National Park Service."
See also
Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War
List of British prison hulks
References
Notes
Bibliography
Cray, Robert E., Jr.. "Commemorating the Prison Ship Dead: Revolutionary Memory and the Politics of Sepulture in the Early Republic, 1776–1808," Third series, vol. 56, no. 3, (July 1999)
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. "Fort Greene Historic District Designation Report" (September 26, 1978)
External links
New York Tribune of November 11, 1908 having engravings of the 1839 and 1867 tomb memorials
Prison Ship Martyrs Association website
Historical Marker Database: Prison Ship Martyrs Monument, additional images
Mindful Walker: "In Our Midst: The Prison Ship Martyrs," September 30, 2010, additional images
Prison Ship Martyrs Association, including additional images
Photo gallery
American Revolutionary War monuments and memorials
American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Great Britain
American Revolutionary War sites
Buildings and structures in Brooklyn
New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn
Outdoor sculptures in Brooklyn
Vandalized works of art in New York City
Monuments and memorials in Brooklyn
Monumental columns in the United States
New York (state) in the American Revolution
Martyrs' monuments and memorials
1908 sculptures
Buildings and structures completed in 1908
Stone sculptures in New York City
Fort Greene, Brooklyn
1908 establishments in New York City
Sculptures of birds in New York (state)
Works by Adolph Weinman
Sculptures of eagles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison%20Ship%20Martyrs%27%20Monument |
is a steel roller coaster located at Nagashima Spa Land amusement park in Mie Prefecture, Japan.
Built by D. H. Morgan Manufacturing, Steel Dragon opened to the public on August 1, 2000. It takes its name from Chinese astrology and zodiac calendars in which the year 2000 represents the dragon. It broke several world records upon its debut, becoming the longest roller coaster in the world with a track length of , as well as the tallest and fastest among complete-circuit coasters. It remains the longest, and with a maximum speed of nearly , it is among the fastest featuring a traditional lift hill.
History
In November 1999, Nagashima Spa Land announced that they would be building Steel Dragon 2000. It would be the second giga coaster to be built, following Millennium Force at Cedar Point.
Steel Dragon 2000 officially opened to the general public on August 1, 2000.
The ride originally featured trains built by Morgan. In 2013, Steel Dragon 2000 received new trains from Bolliger & Mabillard.
Layout
Out of the station, the track makes a right hand turn onto the lift hill. Due to the length of the lift hill, it utilizes two chains with separate motors. At the crest of the lift hill, the track plummets down a drop to the ground, before passing over a tall airtime hill. After this hill, the track rises over a tall hill before dropping to the right into a pair of helixes, the first one being clockwise and the second being counterclockwise. Following the second helix, the track maneuvers through the supports of the first helix and third hill and makes a left turn into the midcourse brakes, which start the return trip.
The return trip consists of a series of airtime hills, running parallel to the outbound track, before hitting the final brake run next to the base of the lift hill. From the brake run, trains pass through the transfer track and storage area before making a sweeping left turn to return to the station.
Design
Much more steel was used to build Steel Dragon 2000 compared with most other rollercoasters. This was for earthquake protection. This is part of the reason the coaster cost over US$50 million to build.
The ride includes two tunnels.
Records
Fifth tallest steel roller coaster in the world at tall. It is behind Kingda Ka, Top Thrill Dragster, Red Force and Fury 325.
Fifth longest roller coaster drop at .
World's longest roller coaster since August 2000.
Incident
On August 23, 2003, a sheared axle caused one of the trains to lose a wheel. A passenger suffered a serious back injury and a 28-year-old man swimming in the water park pool was injured when he was hit in the hip with the wheel. The ride was closed for over three years and reopened on September 3, 2006.
Awards
References
Roller coasters introduced in 2000
Roller coasters in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel%20Dragon%202000 |
The Luck of the Irish is a 2001 American Disney Channel original movie. It stars Ryan Merriman, Alexis Lopez, Timothy Omundson, and Henry Gibson. It premiered on Disney Channel on March 9, 2001.
Plot
With his lucky gold coin on his side, 15-year-old Kyle Johnson gets everything in life, and is also the best basketball player on his team. Heritage Day is approaching and every time Kyle asks where his family came from, his parents, Kate and Bob change the subject. He finds out that his dad changed his last name, but doesn't know why. One day, Kyle and his best friend, Russell Halloway go to an Irish festival. There he sees coins just like his and wonders if he's Irish. When Kyle can't stop step dancing during Seamus McTieran and the Saint of the Step's show, he gets knocked down.
The next morning, Kyle wakes up and notices something is different about him. At breakfast, his mother is acting differently, and she confesses to him that they are Irish. On his way to school, his day of bad luck starts to begin. The next day, Kyle notices more changes; he's shorter, and his hair is turning red. In science class, a magnet attaches to his coin, and he realizes that his lucky gold coin was stolen. He rushes home to tell his parents and walks in to see that his mother has shrunk to one foot tall. She reveals to him that she is really a leprechaun and that he is one too. He tells them who he thinks stole it, and his mom says that was his grandfather, Reilly O'Reilly, founder of the Emerald Isle potato chip company. Kate and her father had a falling out over her having a "mixed marriage". They all go to the factory to ask for the coin back. After being kicked out by security, Kyle sneaks in with the Young Achievers group from school. A girl from school, Bonnie Lopez asks why he is there, and he tells her. They get chased by security and end up getting caught by his grandfather. Turns out Reilly didn't steal it. Reilly tells him that this is their family's lucky coin. The youngest must have possession of it so all the leprechauns in the O'Reilly clan can pass as humans. Bonnie tells Kyle that his ears have changed, and are now pointy. Reilly starts to grow a beard.
They figure out that Seamus must have stolen the coin at the fair, so they go chase him down. Kyle's grandfather tells him that Seamus is an evil leprechaun. On their way, they come across Russell, who joins them. After Seamus and his gang get away, they track down their camper at the end of a rainbow. While they are distracted eating dinner, Kyle and Reilly sneak into the camper and find the coin. Sensing what's going on, Seamus captures Reilly and will only let him go if Kyle gives him the coin. Kyle wagers a bet to keep both. He bets on sports. The three of them, plus Russell and Seamus' friends, magically end up in Ireland. Kyle and Russell have to compete against them in Gaelic sports. They end up tying, but Seamus refuses to set Reilly free. Kyle risks his freedom and bets on Seamus in basketball without using his lucky coin. They are then transported to the junior high state championship game. Only Kyle, his family, and his friends are aware that they are playing against Seamus and his friends. Russell scores the game winning shot, Reilly is set free, and Seamus has to spend eternity at the land of Kyle's father (within the shores of Lake Erie). Kyle realizes that he doesn't need luck.
The movie ends at the school talent show with Kyle embracing his heritage by Irish dancing and singing "This Land is Your Land" with Bonnie.
Cast
Ryan Merriman as Kyle Johnson
Henry Gibson as Reilly O'Reilly
Alexis Lopez as Bonnie Lopez
Paul Kiernan as Bob Johnson / Robert Smith
Marita Geraghty as Kate O'Reilly Johnson / Kate Smith
Glenndon Chatman as Russell Halloway
Timothy Omundson as Seamus McTiernen
Thurl Bailey as Mr. Halloway
Duane Stephens as Patrick
Charles Halford as McDermot
Marshall Hilliard as Eddie McGuire
Stan Ellsworth as Basketball Coach
David Wee as Extra
Chris Lovett as Extra
Brittany Koppy (BK) as Extra
Kevin Clifford as Garbage Man
Ben Dino as Basketball Player #31
Production
Parts of the movie were filmed at Lagoon in Farmington, Utah.
Reception
Release
The television film premiered on Disney Channel on March 9, 2001.
Remake
In 2012, Luck Luck Ki Baat was remade into an Indian television film directed by Iqbal Khan, featuring Satyajeet Dubey and Mahesh Thakur in the lead roles.
See also
List of basketball films
References
External links
2001 television films
2001 films
American basketball films
American comedy television films
Disney Channel Original Movie films
Films about Irish-American culture
Films about shapeshifting
Films about size change
Films directed by Paul Hoen
Films shot in Utah
Leprechaun films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Luck%20of%20the%20Irish%20%282001%20film%29 |
Clem Smith Haskins (born August 11, 1943) is an American former college and professional basketball player and college basketball coach. In the fall of 1963, he and fellow star player Dwight Smith became the first black athletes to integrate the Western Kentucky University (WKU) basketball program. This put Western Kentucky at the forefront to integrate college basketball in the South.
Haskins served 13 years (1986–1999) as head coach of the University of Minnesota's men's basketball team, but was forced to resign due to his part in the University of Minnesota basketball scandal. Due to his actions in the scandal, he was given a seven-year show-cause penalty which effectively ended his coaching career, as he has not coached since.
Early life
Haskins was born and grew up in Campbellsville, Kentucky, the county seat. He is the fifth of eleven children of Charles Columbus and Lucy Edna Haskins, who were sharecroppers. During his freshman and sophomore seasons, he attended the all-black Durham High School (public schools were frequently in those years still segregated in the South, years after the practice was declared illegal). In 1961 Haskins attended Taylor County High School, the first African American to do so in the previously segregated system. His younger brother, Merion, was a standout player at the University of Kentucky, graduating in 1977.
College career
Haskins and teammate Dwight Smith were heavily recruited by Western Kentucky Hilltoppers coach Edgar Diddle and joined the team in 1963. They became the first African-American athletes to play for Western Kentucky. They won the Ohio Valley Conference two years in a row under the direction of the popular WKU head coach John Oldham, who succeeded Diddle their sophomore year. Haskins was the Ohio Valley Conference Player of the Year in 1966. In the 1966 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, the Hilltoppers were 2 points away from defeating Michigan and meeting the University of Kentucky Wildcats in the Mideast regional final. A controversial foul called against Smith during a jump ball put Cazzie Russell on the free throw line for Michigan, where he scored the tying and winning baskets. In 1967, Haskins had broken his wrist in a game against Murray State on February 6. His team still won the Ohio Valley Conference again. In the 1967 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, the #3-ranked Hilltoppers lost to eventual national runner-up Dayton in overtime in the Mideast quarterfinals.
NBA career
After a successful college career, Haskins was selected by the Chicago Bulls in the first round of the 1967 NBA draft and by the Kentucky Colonels in the American Basketball Association draft. Haskins played nine years in the NBA with three teams (the Bulls, the Phoenix Suns, and the Washington Bullets). He retired in 1976 due to knee injuries, having tallied 8,743 career points.
Coaching career
After his NBA career, Haskins returned to Western Kentucky University, first as an assistant coach in 1977 and then as head coach in 1980. As head coach, he led Western Kentucky to two NCAA appearances and one NIT appearance.
In 1986, Haskins was hired by the University of Minnesota to rebuild the school's men's basketball program. He led the Gophers to a school-record 31 wins and the Final Four in 1997, winning the Clair Bee Coach of the Year Award in the same year. He also led Minnesota to NIT titles in 1993 and 1998. He joined Lenny Wilkens' staff to coach the United States men's basketball team to the gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Haskins was known for sitting on a four-legged bar stool at Minnesota home games. Williams Arena has a raised floor which was hard on his knees, and ordinarily the team sits off the floor.
Minnesota academic scandal
On the day before the 1999 NCAA tournament, the St. Paul Pioneer Press reported that Jan Gangelhoff, the manager of the school's academic counseling office, claimed to have written more than 400 pieces of coursework (including theme papers, homework assignments and take-home tests) for 18 Golden Gophers players from 1994 to 1998, including the Gophers' run to the Final Four. The Gophers suspended four then-current players, including two starters, for the school's first-round game against Gonzaga; the Gophers lost that game. At the time, it was not known whether Haskins was involved. The Pioneer Press was harshly criticized for the timing of the report. The university forced Haskins to resign after the season for his part in violations. Minnesota withdrew its team from postseason consideration for the 1999–2000 season, docked itself 11 scholarships from 2000 to 2004, and imposed other sanctions on the basketball program.
Initially, the university bought out Haskins's contract for $1.5 million. However, it sought to recover funds after learning more about Haskins' activities and, in 2002, a state judge ordered Haskins to return $815,000 of the buyout money. The decision was based on an arbitrator's recommendation and the university's conclusion that Haskins had lied to NCAA investigators and committed fraud by accepting the buyout.
The university had learned during its internal investigation that Haskins had paid Gangelhoff $3,000 to write papers for the players. Haskins had initially denied making the payment during an interview in June 1999, but acknowledged it a month later. In October 2000, the NCAA placed the Golden Gophers program on four years' probation, and stripped the school of its wins in the 1994, 1995, and 1997 NCAA Tournaments, as well as its NIT wins in 1996 and 1998. The Gophers were docked an additional five scholarships over three seasons. A few days later, the Big Ten Conference stripped Minnesota of the 1997 conference title and forced it to vacate every regular season game it played from 1993–94 to 1998–99. Officially, Minnesota's record for those years is 0–0. If not for these vacated games, Haskins' 242 wins would rank second on the Golden Gophers' wins list.
The NCAA imposed a seven-year "show-cause" order on Haskins. This meant that he would have to accept sanctions from the NCAA if he ever returned to coaching before the 2007-08 season unless his new employer could convince the NCAA that he'd served his punishment. The penalty was made so severe because Haskins had not only lied about the $3,500 payment, but advised several of the players involved to lie to the NCAA. Since most schools will not even consider hiring a coach with an outstanding "show-cause" on his record, Haskins was effectively blackballed from collegiate basketball until 2007.
After coaching
Haskins did not return to coaching when his show-cause expired. He retired to his ranch near Campbellsville, Kentucky, where he raises cattle. He has also worked as a color commentator for Western Kentucky basketball home games.
Awards
High School Scholastic All-American, 1963
Ohio Valley Conference Player of the Year, 1966, 1967
First team All-American, 1967
Ohio Valley Conference Coach of the Year, 1982
Associated Press Coach of the Year, 1997
Head coaching record
See also
List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game
List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach
Notes
. Tournament appearances from 1994 to 1998 were vacated by the NCAA. Minnesota also gained 1 win each in the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons via forfeits by opponents. Following a Big Ten Conference order to vacate all regular season games from 1993–94 to 1998–99, Minnesota erased all individual and team records from those seasons.
References
External links
NBA Stats @ basketball-reference.com
1943 births
Living people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people
African-American basketball coaches
African-American basketball players
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Kentucky
Basketball players from Kentucky
Chicago Bulls draft picks
Chicago Bulls players
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Kentucky Colonels draft picks
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball coaches
NCAA sanctions
People from Campbellsville, Kentucky
Phoenix Suns players
Shooting guards
Washington Bullets players
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball coaches
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem%20Haskins |
Stephen James Lake Taylor, Baron Taylor (SJL Taylor) (30 December 1910 – 1 February 1988) was a British physician, civil servant, politician and educator.
Biography
Born in High Wycombe, Stephen was the son of John Taylor, a civil engineer, and his wife Beatrice (Lake) Taylor. Educated at Stowe School and then at St Thomas Hospital Medical School, London, where he qualified in 1934.
When war broke out he joined the RNVR as a neuropsychiatrist. But in 1941, the government transferred him to the Ministry of Information. He worked on a plan to publish information about health services to the public during wartime. From 1940 to 1944 he was Director of Home Intelligence and the Wartime Social Survey in the Ministry of Information. But by 1944 it appears he was already working for the Labour Party to achieve an electoral victory at the war's end. Elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Barnet in July 1945, he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Deputy Prime Minister and Lord President of the Council from 1947. He was an expert policy advisor on the National Health Service.
In 1951 he was invited by the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust to carry out a survey of general practice. He went on to make a significant contribution to the development of general practice, holding a number of positions on medical boards and other organisations, including two stints as a member of Harlow New Town Development Corporation. In 1955 he was appointed medical director to Harlow health Industrial Health Service for a period of nine years. But it appears was in such demand, that two years later resumed his role into retirement. Taylor was instrumental in the creation of Health Centres in Harlow. His model was rolled out to all major city centres across Britain, developing dental and nursing support within group practices. His survey of 1954 entitled Good General Practice was based on qualitative interviews at practices already identified as performing well by Joseph Collings report, General Practice in England : A Reconnaissance, (1950). NHS GP profession was still in its infancy, requiring much pioneering work to improve its services. Taylor sat on the Central Health Services Council, chaired by Sir Harry Cohen, the boss of Tesco. Local doctors had traditionally worked alone or in pairs, but the report resulted in group practice becoming the norm in Britain.
House of Lords
On 7 August 1958, he was created a life peer by letters patent as Baron Taylor, of Harlow in the County of Essex on Gaitskell's recommendation.
In 1962, he mediated the end to the Saskatchewan doctors' strike in Saskatchewan, Canada.
From 1964 he served the Labour government as Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies.
Lord Taylor objected to Labour's efforts to "abolish private medical practice, to prevent part-time medical work within the NHS and to abolish education...by destroying freedom of choice." He resigned from Labour Party in 1981 to sit with the Social Democratic Party.
Lord Taylor was also President and Vice-Chancellor of Memorial University of Newfoundland from 1967 to 1973. After he retired from this position he became visiting professor of community medicine at Memorial University of Newfoundland.
Personal life
Taylor married Charity Clifford, a medical doctor and later Governor of Holloway Prison, in 1939. He died in Wrexham aged 77.
Books
1949 Shadows in the Sun: the Story of the Fight Against Tropical Diseases (with Phyllis Gadsden)
A Natural History of Everyday Life
1961 First Aid in the Factory and on the Building Site and Farm, in the Shop, Office and Warehouse
1964 Mental Health and Environment (with Sidney Chave)
References
External links
1910 births
1988 deaths
Fellows of the Royal College of General Practitioners
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) life peers
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
Social Democratic Party (UK) life peers
British general practitioners
Canadian university and college chief executives
Ministers in the Wilson governments, 1964–1970
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
People educated at Stowe School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Taylor%2C%20Baron%20Taylor |
Mount Carmel High School is a public high school in Mt. Carmel, Illinois. It is the only high school in Wabash County, Illinois, which is in southern Illinois, just across the Wabash River from Gibson County, Indiana. Other towns that send students to MCHS include Allendale, Patton, Keensburg, and Friendsville. Enrollment is also possible for residents of Cowling, although their students are usually sent to the nearby school in Grayville.
Athletics
Teams
Mt. Carmel's athletic teams are nicknamed the Golden Aces and the school's colors are maroon and gold. The school received the nickname during the 1915-1916 basketball season. Before then, the school's athletic teams were called the Maroon & Gold. The boys' basketball team participated in a tournament in the Wood River area and won the tournament championship. A sportswriter for the area said that the team played like "Five Golden Aces." The players and students like it and teams have competed as the Golden Aces ever since.
The Aces have been competing in the Little Illini Conference since 2021, after departing the Indiana based Big Eight Conference which has since folded. In the years between leaving the Big Eight Conference and joining the Little Illini Conference, Mount Carmel competed as an independent school following the disbanding of the North Egypt Conference. Mount Carmel competes in the following sports in the Little Illini Conference:
Boys Basketball
Girls Basketball
Football
Softball
Baseball
Volleyball
Wrestling
Boys Tract
Girls Track
Cross Country
Boys Golf
Girls Golf
Boys Tennis
Girls Tennis
Boys Soccer
Girls Soccer
State championships
Basketball
1927 State Champions
Football
1981 3A State Champions
Boys Golf
2010 1A State Champions
Girls Golf
2021 1A State Champions
2022 1A State Champions
2023 1A State Champions
See also
Wabash Valley College
References
External links
Statistics from the Illinois Interactive Report Card, hosted at Northern Illinois University
Illinois K12 District 348
Mount Carmel High School
Public high schools in Illinois
Mount Carmel, Illinois
Schools in Wabash County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Carmel%20High%20School%20%28Mount%20Carmel%2C%20Illinois%29 |
False Faces or False Face may refer to:
False Face Society, a medicinal society among the Iroquois
False Faces (1932 film), an American drama film
False Faces (1943 film), an American mystery film
The False Faces, a 1919 American silent drama film
Let 'Em Have It, a 1935 American gangster film, also known as False Faces
False Face (film), a 1977 horror film also known as Scalpel
False Face, a DC Comics supervillain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False%20Faces |
SV Röchling Völklingen is a German association football club that plays in Völklingen, part of the greater Saarbrücken, Saarland.
The club draws its name from the Röchling family, owners of the Völklingen Ironworks steel factory, a former sponsor of the club which closed down in 1986.
History
The club was founded as FC Völklingen on 26 April 1906 and renamed SV Völklingen in 1912 before folding in 1916 as a consequence of the fighting along the frontier with France in World War I. In 1919 the club was re-founded as VfB Völklingen and played in the Kreisliga Saar, before taking on its old name again later in the year. Like most organizations across Germany, including sports and football teams, SVV was dissolved after World War II at the direction of the occupying Allied authorities.
Reconstituted after the war as SuSG Völklingen, the club suffered through an unsuccessful 1947–48 season in the Oberliga Südwest, before playing for three seasons from 1949 to 1951 in the Ehrenliga Saarland, a rump football league established by the occupying French authorities as a manifestation in sport of a more general attempt to have the German state of Saarland join France or become a separate country. This affected a number of German clubs and resulted in Saarland being represented by separate teams in the Olympics and the 1954 World Cup. Renamed SV Völklingen in 1951 the team played the balance of the postwar period in the Amateurliga Saarland (III) until advancing to the 2nd Oberliga Südwest in 1961.
With the formation in 1963 of the Bundesliga, Germany's new top-flight professional league, and the related restructuring of the country's football leagues, Völklingen found itself in the Regionalliga Südwest (II). The team enjoyed its greatest successes in the early-1970s when it earned second-place finishes in the 1972 and 1973 seasons, but was unable to advance in two related attempts through the promotion rounds to the Bundesliga. The club also advanced to the quarter-finals of the 1975–76 German Cup before bowing out to Hertha BSC Berlin 2–1 in a replay. Through the latter part of the decade the club struggled to avoid relegation, but had already begun a descent that would take them as far down as the Landesliga Saarland-SW (VI) by 1994. SV Völklingen currently play in the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar (V).
Stadium
Völklingens Hermann Neuberger Stadium was built in 1912 and had a grandstand added in 1955. Its capacity was doubled to accommodate 16,000 spectators when the club joined the 2. Bundesliga in 1974, making it the fourth largest stadium in Saarland.
Honours
The club's honours:
Oberliga Südwest (III)
Champions: 1979
Amateurliga Saarland (III)
Champions: 1960, 1961
Verbandsliga Saarland (IV–V)
Champions: 1983, 2002
Saarlandliga' (VI)
Champions: 2011
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. The Saarlandliga was introduced in 2009 and replaced the Verbandsliga Saarland at the sixth tier of football in the Saarland. In 2012 the Oberliga Südwest was renamed Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar.
References
External links
Official club website
The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
SV Röchling Völklingen at Weltfussball.de
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Saarland
Association football clubs established in 1906
1906 establishments in Germany
Saarbrücken (district)
2. Bundesliga clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV%20R%C3%B6chling%20V%C3%B6lklingen |
Harke & Burr are two fictional comic book characters who appeared in their own stories for thirteen episodes in issues of British comic Judge Dredd Megazine. The majority of the Harke & Burr stories were written by Si Spencer and drawn by Dean Ormston. Gordon Rennie co-wrote one story and Paul Peart provided the artwork for another. The name is a Spoonerism based on infamous body-snatchers Burke and Hare who committed the West Port murders.
Bibliography
They have only appeared in their own, eponymous strip:
"Antique and Curious" (by Si Spencer and Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine #2.27-2.28, 1993)
"Hamster Horror" (by Si Spencer and Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine #2.40-2.42, 1994)
"Grief Encounter" (by Si Spencer and Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine #2.47-2.49, 1994)
"Secret Origin" (by Si Spencer and Paul Peart, in Judge Dredd Megazine #2.83, 1995)
"Satanic Farces" (by Gordon Rennie/Si Spencer and Dean Ormston, in Judge Dredd Megazine #3.04-3.07, 1995)
The characters also make a cameo appearance in the Judge Dredd novel Cursed Earth Asylum, by David Bishop (Virgin Books, December 1993, )
"Antique and Curious", "Hamster Horror" and "Grief Encounter" were reprinted as a giveaway with the 350th edition of the Judge Dredd Megazine in July
External links
2000 AD page
2000 AD comic strips
2000 AD characters
1993 comics debuts
1993 comics endings
Science fiction comics
Comic strip duos
British comics characters
Comics characters introduced in 1993
Male characters in comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harke%20%26%20Burr |
Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis (1746–1819) was a Spanish government official and soldier whose work in Cuba during the American Revolutionary War laid the foundations for the defeat of British forces in Florida and at Yorktown.
Early career
Francisco Saavedra was born in Seville, Spain, in 1746, and trained as a doctor. He served alongside Bernardo de Gálvez in Spain's military campaign at Algiers in the 1770s, and through him changed career to work in Spain's Ministry of the Indies, principally as a financial planner. In 1780 he was sent to try to sort out the Spanish administration at Havana in Cuba, with the additional task of working alongside Gálvez once more, to retake Florida from British control. When the ship taking him to the Caribbean was captured by the British, Saavedra passed himself off as a merchant, and was allowed free movement within Jamaica (the British being completely unaware that just two years earlier he had been involved in planning for a future Spanish invasion of the island). He took the opportunity to find out all he could about Jamaica's ports, defences etc. A thoughtful and prescient man, he recorded in his diary in 1780:
What is not being thought about at present, what ought to occupy the whole attention of politics, is the great upheaval that in time the North American revolution is going to produce in the human race.
Saavedra and Yorktown
In January 1781 he was finally released by the British, and began work in Havana. After making initial recommendations for administrative changes, over the next few months he helped to organise, and actually took part in Gálvez' successful siege of Pensacola, the key British base in Florida. On his return he found that his recommendations had been accepted by the Spanish government, and key officials had been replaced. In July, at the request of the Minister (José de Gálvez, Bernardo's uncle), Saavedra, who spoke and wrote French fluently, met in the French colony of St. Domingue with Admiral de Grasse to discuss the best ways of using the large French fleet he had brought across the Atlantic, and they agreed a plan for the following year, known as the Grasse-Saavedra Convention. First priority was to aid the French and American forces in the United States, preferably by attacking the British force in Virginia under Lord Cornwallis. Next was to regain control of Caribbean islands captured by the British. The final goal of the plan was the capture of Jamaica, by far the richest British possession in the West Indies. To finance phase 1, Saavedra obtained 100,000 pesos from the Spanish treasury in neighboring Santo Domingo. The Spanish had planned to finance the French and North Americans with pesos shipped through Veracruz from the mines in Mexico. The ships had not arrived, and then, finding that most of the Government money from Havana had been sent on to Spain, he appealed to Cuban citizens, who raised a further 500,000 pesos in a matter of hours.
Later career
Over the next few months, while De Grasse went ahead with the plan, Saavedra made detailed preparations for the invasion of Jamaica. The defeat of the French fleet at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782 was a major setback, but preparations continued. However, by the end of 1782 the Spanish government decided to abandon what looked likely to be a very costly project. From 1783 to 1788, Saavedra served as intendant of Caracas, following which he returned to Spain and became first a member of the Supreme War Council, then in 1797 Finance Minister, and the following year, Minister of State. However, his health was failing, so shortly afterwards he retired to Andalucia, only to come back to service in 1810 when Napoleon's French forces invaded Spain. He died on 25 November 1819.
References
Francisco Morales Padrón, Journal of Don Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis, 1780-1783, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1988.
Thomas E. Chávez, Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
Stephen Bonsal, When the French Were Here, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., 1945.
Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.
Granville Hough, Spanish Heroes of the American Revolution: Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis, via somosprimos.com- accessed 2008-01-03
External links
Contribution of Spanish and Hispanic Americans to the Battle of Yorktown
Economy and finance ministers of Spain
Prime Ministers of Spain
1746 births
1819 deaths
Spanish people of the American Revolution
Spanish generals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Saavedra%20de%20Sangronis |
The spectacled triplefin (Ruanoho whero) is a triplefin in the genus Ruanoho. It is commonly found around New Zealand from depths of a few metres to about 30 m, most common in reef areas of broken rock. Its length is between 4 and 8 cm and its head is flattened with large eyes surrounded by a dark band giving rise to its common name. The head and fins have a pattern of fine blue lines. Its large pectoral fins are used as props when resting on the bottom where it spends most of its time.
In the breeding season in winter and spring the males become darker, with a blue/black head and black first dorsal fin, and dark bars on the body.
The specific name is a Māori word meaning "red", a reference to the diagonal reddish striping on its body.
References
Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
Ruanoho
Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
Taxa named by Graham Stuart Hardy
Fish described in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled%20triplefin |
Jean-Paul Rostagni (born 14 January 1948 in Drap/Alpes-Maritimes) is a former French footballer.
The Defender played from 1966 to 1969 with AS Monaco. Then he turned over to Girondins Bordeaux and played in 1971/72 for Paris FC.
His last team was then OGC Nice.
From March 1969 to May 1973 he played 25 times for the France national team; scored no goals in these caps and was not on the France team in the big tournaments.
References
Sources
Jacques Thibert, Les coqs du football, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1972, notice biographique de JP Rostagni, p. 63-75 (French)
1948 births
Living people
Footballers from Alpes-Maritimes
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
AS Monaco FC players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Paris FC players
OGC Nice players
Men's association football fullbacks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul%20Rostagni |
Tony Curran is a Scottish actor who has appeared in Underworld: Evolution, Doctor Who, Roots, and the Netflix historical epic Outlaw King. He appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Thor: The Dark World (2013) as Bor and the second season of Daredevil (2016) as Finn Cooley. In late 2022, Curran starred in the BBC drama Mayflies.
Early life and education
Curran was born in Glasgow, and is a graduate of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama.
Career
Curran appeared in the BBC television series This Life. Since then, he has appeared in a number of major film and television roles, including Rodney Skinner (The Invisible Man), an original character in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. To portray the Invisible Man, he donned a special suit that turned him into a walking bluescreen. (According to his commentary on the DVD, he looked like a "smurf on acid".) He also played vampire roles in Guillermo del Toro's Blade II as Priest and Underworld: Evolution as Markus. In 2006 he appeared in the unrated film Red Road.
Curran played the role of Datak Tarr on the Syfy series Defiance and in 2014, he costarred with Diana Vickers in the thriller film Awaiting. In 2016 Curran signed to play 'Callum' in the new E4/Netflix original series Crazyhead.
Curran portrayed Vincent van Gogh in the science fiction television series Doctor Who. The episode, written by Richard Curtis, was rated by Screen Rant as the best of Matt Smith's time as the Doctor. A scene where Curran plays van Gogh, taken into the future to see his work in a modern museum, has been described as one of the most emotional in the entire series. Curran also made a cameo appearance in the Doctor Who episode "The Pandorica Opens".
In 2002, Curran played Sgt. Pete Twamley in the ITV series Ultimate Force, which was broadcast in over 100 countries. Curran later worked in season 8 of The Flash where he portrayed Despero in his human form and voiced him in his true alien form starting in the five-part episode "Armageddon". He starred in the 2018 film Outlaw King, alongside Chris Pine, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, and Florence Pugh.
His lead performance in the poignant 2022 BBC drama Mayflies was described by The Guardian as "devastating". In 2023, he joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe, playing a Skrull infiltrator who had assumed the identity of Derrik Weatherby, "C" of the British Secret Intelligence Service (a.k.a. MI6) in the series Secret Invasion.
Personal life
In 2012, he married Mai Nguyen; the couple have a daughter. Curran has campaigned for charities and was named as an official ambassador of the Celtic F.C. Foundation.
Awards
Evening News National Award — for the role of Devil in the theatre production The Soldier's Tale
Best Actor at the 2006 British Independent Film Awards for his role in Andrea Arnold's Red Road.
BAFTA Scotland 2006 — Best Actor
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
20th-century Scottish actors
21st-century Scottish actors
Living people
Male actors from Glasgow
Alumni of the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male television actors
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Curran |
Thomas Bond (May 2, 1713 – March 26, 1784) was an American physician and surgeon. In 1751 he co-founded the Pennsylvania Hospital, the first medical facility in the American colonies, with Benjamin Franklin, and also volunteered his services there as both physician and teacher.
Education and professional life
Bond was born in the United Kingdom, the third of five sons of Richard Bond and Elizabeth Chew (née Benson). The family moved to Philadelphia while Thomas was still a young man. He began his medical training in Annapolis but traveled to Paris and England in 1738 to complete it. He returned to Philadelphia in 1739, and two years later was made Port Inspector for Contagious Diseases in that city. In 1743, he helped his long-time friend Benjamin Franklin establish the American Philosophical Society. Having formed a favorable opinion of British hospitals in the course of his studies, Bond began trying to raise funds in 1750 to establish a place of care for both the sick and the mentally ill, particularly for the poor. Unable to raise the funds himself, he turned to his friend Franklin, who had more success. Together they co-founded the Pennsylvania Hospital, which is located on Eighth and Pine Streets in Philadelphia.
The hospital quickly drew attention as a center for medical advancement, especially in maternity care and the humane treatment of mental illness, a poorly understood area of medicine at the time. Bond volunteered his services as a surgeon at this facility for more than three decades, from the year of its founding until he died. Some years after the hospital opened, he was joined there by his younger brother, Phineas Bond, who was also a skilled physician. Phineas Bond (-16.VI.1773) matriculated at the University of Leyden in the Netherlands 13 Augustus 1742.
Thomas Bond earned a high reputation as a surgeon, especially for amputations and bladder stone operations. Many patients traveled considerable distances (from as far away as Boston) to avail themselves of his surgical care. He performed the first lithotomy in the United States at Pennsylvania Hospital in October 1756 and developed a splint for fractures of the lower arm, known as a "Bond splint." In 1737, he was also one of seven physicians to publicly recommend inoculation against smallpox. Thomas Bond also served as trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, where, in 1766, he began clinical lectures for the benefit of medical students. These formal lectures supplemented the bedside clinical instruction he conducted in the hospital. For his learning and pedagogy, he earned the title, "Father of Clinical Medicine." The alumni association of the Pennsylvania Hospital is today known as the Thomas Bond Society.
Service during the Revolutionary War
When the American Revolutionary War broke out, the sixty-three-year-old doctor along with his son, helped to organize the medical department of the Continental Army. He established the first American field hospitals during the conflict. He was also a member of the local Committee of Safety during the war. He served as personal physician to Deborah Read, Benjamin Franklin's wife, and attended her during her final illness while Franklin was in France.
Personal life
Thomas Bond was a Quaker. His first wife, Susannah Roberts, was the daughter of Edward Roberts, the mayor of Philadelphia. They married in 1735, and with her he had two children. He remarried after her early death and had seven children by Sarah Weyman, among whom was another Thomas Bond. He is buried in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia. His epitaph reads: "In Memory of Thomas Bond, MD who practiced Physic and Surgery with signal reputation and success nearly half a century. Lamented and beloved by many, respected and esteemed by all, and adorned by literary honors sustained by him with dignity."
References
External links
Thomas Bond and the History of Pennsylvania Hospital
Biography and portrait at the University of Pennsylvania
Thomas Bond House, Philadelphia, PA, Web site
1713 births
1784 deaths
People from Calvert County, Maryland
People of colonial Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania people
Continental Army officers from Pennsylvania
18th-century American physicians
American surgeons
People of colonial Maryland
Continental Army staff officers
Quakers from Pennsylvania
Burials at Christ Church, Philadelphia
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Leiden University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Bond%20%28American%20physician%29 |
Roelof (Roefie) Hueting (16 December 1929 – 24 June 2023) was a Dutch economist, former Head of the Department for Environmental Statistics of Statistics Netherlands, pianist and leader of the Down Town Jazz Band, and known for the development of the concept of Sustainable National Income (SNI).
Biography
Hueting was born in The Hague, son of Bernardus Hueting and Elisabeth Hueting-Steinvoorte. In 1949 he founded the Down Town Jazz Band, and earned his living as musician during his studies at the University of Amsterdam which he started in 1951 and received his MA in Economics in 1959. In 1974 he obtained his Ph.D. in economics (cum laude) at the University of Groningen with the thesis "New scarcity and economic growth: More welfare through less production?" under supervision of Jan Pen.
In 1959 he started as assistant public accountant. From 1962 till 1969 he was labour market researcher at the Ministry of Social Affairs, and from 1965 till 1968 at the Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning. After joining the Statistics Netherlands in 1969 he founded its Department of Environmental Statistics. Until his retirement in 1994 he chaired the Department for Environmental Statistics.
In 1991 he was decorated Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau, and in 1994 awarded the United Nations Global 500 award.
Hueting died in The Hague on 24 June 2023, at the age of 93.
Work
Hueting developed the theoretical and practical framework of the Sustainable national income (SNI). Already in 1970 he published a collection of articles over the years 1967-1970 titled: “What is nature worth to us?”. He has analyzed the environment from the neoclassical point of view of scarcity and developed the concept of Sustainable National Income (SNI). The implication of the SNI is that the statistical measure of economic growth is revised.
Economics and the environment
The concept of sustainability was presented for the first time at The World Conservation Strategy, IUCN, 1980: "This is the kind of development that provides real improvements in the quality of human life and at the same time conserves the vitality and diversity of the Earth. The goal is development that will be sustainable. Today it may seem visionary but it is attainable. To more and more people it also appears our only rational option". (UNEP, IUCN, WWF)
There are various possible descriptions of this area of research but a good one is provided as follows:
"The increase in human numbers and economic activity has put Homo Sapiens in a position to influence nearly every flow of energy and matter on Earth. Explaining the extent and impacts of this influence is well beyond the theory and analytical tools of individual disciplines, such as economics or ecology. A new interdisciplinary approach is needed, one that unites the relevant aspects of different disciplines...
The theory and tools necessary to understand the relation among human populations, natural resources, the environment, and economic growth are brought together in the discipline of ecological economics. Ecological economics emphasizes the flow of matter and energy among socioeconomic systems and their environment. The methods of ecological economics can be used to provide a more thorough understanding of economy-environment interactions than that offered by a traditional economic analysis"
Examples of ecological suicide are given by Jared Diamond in his book Collapse.
Neoclassical economics finds opposition from ecological economics, while that opposition would be less needed due to Hueting's more neoclassical analysis of the environment. The neoclassical SNI has different results than e.g. Robert Costanza et al. (1997). This suggests that more discipline is required in this discipline.
Publications
Hueting has authored and co-authored numerous published books. A selection:
1974. Nieuwe Schaarste en Economische Groei. Amsterdam/Brussel: Agon Elsevier.
1980. New scarcity and economic growth. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1980.
Roefie Hueting, (1998), The concept of environmental function and its valuation, Ecological Economics, 25
2001. Economic Growth and Valuation of the Environment Part 1 With Bart de Boer, Ian Johnson, Joe Stiglitiz and Ekko van Ierland.
Articles, a selection:
Tinbergen, Jan, and Roefie Hueting. "GNP and market prices: wrong signals for sustainable economic success that mask environmental destruction." Environmentally sustainable economic development: Building on Brundtland (1991): 51–57.
Hueting, Roefie. "Correcting national income for environmental losses: a practical solution for a theoretical dilemma." National Income and Nature: Externalities, Growth and Steady State. Springer Netherlands, 1992. 23–47.
Hueting, R. en L. Reijnders (1996) Duurzaamheid is een objectief begrip. ESB, 81(4057), 425
Hueting, R., Lucas Reijnders, Bart de Boer, Jan Lambooy, Huib Jansen (1998). "The concept of environmental function and its valuation". Ecological Economics, 25(1), 31–35.
Hueting, R (2001) ‘Environmental Valuation and Sustainable National Income Accounting’ (with Bart de Boer) and ‘Three Persistent Myths in the Environmental Debate’, in: Ekko C. van Ierland et al. (eds) Economic Growth and Valuation of the Environment. A Debate. Cheltenham Glos: Edgar Elgar.
Hueting R. & L. Reijnders (2004), "Broad sustainability contra sustainability: the proper construction of sustainability indicators", Ecological Economics, Volume 50, Issues 3–4, 1 October 2004, Pages 249-260
Hueting, R (2005) "Biz Markie and the hip-hop economy", Science, Volume 42, Issue 7, 19 November 2005, Page 1378
References
External links
Environmentally Sustainable National Income (eSNI) at sni-hueting.info
1929 births
2023 deaths
Dutch economists
Environmental economists
Sustainability advocates
University of Amsterdam alumni
University of Groningen alumni
Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Writers from The Hague | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roefie%20Hueting |
General William Hood Simpson (May 18, 1888 – August 15, 1980) was a senior United States Army officer who served with distinction in both World War I and World War II. He is best known for being the Commanding General of the Ninth United States Army in northwest Europe during World War II.
A graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, where he was ranked 101st out of 103 in the class of 1909, Simpson served in the Philippines, where he participated in suppression of the Moro Rebellion, and in Mexico with the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916. During World War I he saw active service in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive on the Western Front on the staff of the 33rd Division, for which he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal and Silver Citation Star. Between the wars he served on staff postings, attended the Command and General Staff College and the Army War College, and commanded the 3rd Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment.
During World War II he commanded the 9th Infantry Regiment and was the assistant division commander of the 2nd Infantry Division. In succession he commanded the 35th and the 30th Infantry Divisions, the XII Corps, and the Fourth Army. In May 1944, with the three-star rank of lieutenant general, he assumed command of the Ninth Army. Simpson led the Ninth Army in the assault on Brest in September 1944, and the advance to the Roer River in November. During the Battle of the Bulge in December, Simpson's Ninth Army came under command of Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group. After the battle was over in early 1945, the Ninth Army remained with Montgomery's 21st Army Group for Operation Grenade, the advance to the Rhine, and Operation Plunder, its crossing. On April 1 the Ninth Army made contact with the First Army, making a complete encirclement of the Ruhr, and on April 11, it reached the Elbe.
After the war ended, Simpson commanded the Second United States Army, and served in the Office of the Chief of Staff. He retired from the army in 1946. In retirement, he lived and worked in the San Antonio, Texas, area. He was a member of the board of directors of the Alamo National Bank, and succeeded General Walter Krueger as a member of the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce of San Antonio. He died in the Brooke Army Medical Center on August 15, 1980, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Early life and military career
William Hood Simpson was born on May 18, 1888, at Weatherford, Texas, the son of Edward J. Simpson, a rancher, and his wife Elizabeth Hood, the daughter of Judge A. J. Hood, a prominent lawyer. His father and uncle had fought with the Confederate Army under Nathan Bedford Forrest in the American Civil War. He lived in Weatherford until he was five or six years old, when the family moved to Hood's ranch near Aledo, Texas. He did not start school until he was eight years old, when he started riding a horse several miles each day to the local school in Aledo. He attended Hughey Turner Training School, a college-preparatory school, where he played high school football, but did not graduate.
Simpson decided to pursue a military career and attend the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York. He was friends with Fritz G. Lanham, the son of Samuel Lanham, the Governor of Texas (and a former law partner of Judge Hood). Through Lanham he was able to secure an appointment from his local Congressman, Oscar W. Gillespie. Competition was not fierce; only one other boy applied. As Simpson's academic credits were insufficient to qualify for automatic admission, Simpson had to sit an entrance examination at Fort Sam Houston in May 1905. A physical examination was conducted while he was there. He passed both, and was accepted into the class of 1909.
On June 14, 1905, a month after he turned 17, Simpson entered West Point. He found the curriculum difficult, and by the end of his first year, he stood 116th in a class that now numbered 120; 29 members of the class had dropped out. He was poor at mathematics, but excelled at equitation, and by the end of his second year his standing had risen to 107th out of 108, then to 100th out of 107 by the end of his third. When eight cadets, two of whom were from the class of 1909, were found guilty of hazing and suspended, it fell to Simpson, as a cadet captain, to escort them from the academy grounds. Simpson graduated on June 11, 1909, ranked 101st out of 103 in his class, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry. Fellow members of his class included Jacob L. Devers (39th), George S. Patton (46th), and Robert L. Eichelberger (68th), all of whom eventually reached four-star rank, and John C. H. Lee (12th), and Delos C. Emmons (61st), who reached three-star rank.
Early military career and World War I
Simpson's first assignment was with the 2nd Battalion, 6th Infantry Regiment, which was stationed at Fort Lincoln, North Dakota. Soon after he joined in the regiment on September 11, 1909, it received orders to deploy to the Philippines. He embarked from San Francisco on January 5, 1910. He went to the island of Mindanao in the Philippines and participated in suppression of the Moro Rebellion. He returned to the United States with his regiment, arriving at the Presidio of San Francisco on July 10, 1912. The regiment moved to El Paso, Texas, between April 24 and May 1, 1914. Promoted to first lieutenant on July 1, 1916, he commanded Companies C and K in the Pancho Villa Expedition in 1916. On February 24, 1917, he became aide-de-camp to Brigadier General George Bell Jr., the commander of the El Paso Military District.
Simpson was promoted to captain on May 15, 1917, a month after the American entry into World War I. He followed Bell on a tour of inspection of the British and French forces on the Western Front in September and October 1917. They then returned to Camp Logan, Texas, where the 33rd Division was activated, with Bell, now a major general, as its first commander. The 33rd Division arrived in France in May 1918 and Simpson became its Assistant Chief of Staff (G-3), the staff member responsible for operations. He was promoted to major on June 7, 1918, and attended the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) Army General Staff College from June 15 to August 30. He returned to the 33rd Division as assistant to its G-2 (the staff member responsible for intelligence) on September 1, then became assistant to its G-3 on September 15. He became G-3 again on October 4, and participated in the Meuse–Argonne offensive. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on November 5, and became the division's chief of staff on November 17, soon after World War I ended on November 11, 1918. For his services during the war he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal and Silver Citation Star, and the French Croix de guerre and Legion of Honour in the grade of Chevalier. The citation for his Army DSM reads:
Between the wars
Upon returning to the United States in May 1919, Simpson was posted to the 6th Division at Camp Grant, Illinois, as its chief of staff from June 15, 1919, to August 25, 1920. He reverted to his substantive rank of captain on June 30, 1920, but was promoted to major again the following day. From August 26 to December 30, he served as its assistant chief of staff (G-3). He served in Washington, DC, in the Office of the Chief of Infantry from January 1, 1921, to August 1, 1923. In El Paso, Texas on Christmas Eve, 1921, he married Ruth Krakauer, an English-born widow whom he had first met while at West Point. From September 1, 1923, to May 28, 1924, he was a student officer in the Advanced Course at the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia. He then attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from August 15, 1924, to June 19, 1925, when he was graduated as a distinguished graduate.
On July 1, 1925, Simpson assumed command of the 3rd Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment, at Camp Meade, Maryland, and later Fort Washington, Maryland; his tour in command also included duty at the Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia from May to November 1926. He then attended the United States Army War College from August 15, 1927, to June 30, 1928. Upon graduation, he was assigned to the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C., where he worked in the Latin American section of the G-2 branch. On June 20, 1932, he became Professor of Military Science and Tactics at Pomona College in Claremont, California, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel again from October 1, 1934. This posting also included duty as the Army representative at the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935. He then became an instructor at the Army War College in the G-4 Division from August 12, 1936, to June 24, 1937, and was director of its G-2 Division until August 25, 1940, with the rank of colonel from September 1, 1938.
World War II
On August 30, 1940, Simpson was appointed to command the 9th Infantry Regiment at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He was promoted to brigadier general on October 1, 1940, and served as the Assistant Division Commander (ADC) of the 2nd Infantry Division from October 5, 1940, to April 4, 1941, when Fred L. Walker succeeded him. From April to September 1941 he was the first commander of the country's largest Infantry Replacement Training Center, Camp Wolters, located in Mineral Wells, Texas. He received a promotion to temporary major general on September 29, 1941, and commanded the 35th Infantry Division, an Army National Guard formation, at Camp Robinson, Arkansas, from October 15, 1941, to April 5, 1942, for which he was awarded the Legion of Merit. He then commanded the 30th Infantry Division, another Army National Guard formation, at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, until Leland Hobbs took command. On August 31, 1942, he took command of the newly created XII Corps.
Simpson commanded the Fourth United States Army from September 29, 1943, to May 8, 1944, with the three-star rank of lieutenant general as of October 13, 1943. Fourth Army was re-formed when the combined headquarters of the Western Defense Command and Fourth Army were separated. A cadre was provided by the Western Defense Command, but all senior officers were approved or selected by Simpson. He brought his chief of staff, Colonel James E. Moore with him from XII Corps. Moore had previously served with him as chief of staff of the 35th and 30th Infantry Divisions. The Fourth Army headquarters was initially in San Jose, California, and it functioned as a training army. In search of more office space, the headquarters was moved to the Presidio of Monterey, California on November 1, and then to Fort Sam Houston in January 1944, when it took over the training mission of the Third United States Army, which had moved overseas.
More personnel arrived in early 1944, enabling the Fourth Army to be split into a training army (the Fourth) and a headquarters to be deployed overseas, the Eighth, which was activated on May 5, 1944. Simpson and most of his staff became part of the Eighth Army headquarters. An advance party of the headquarters flew to the UK on May 11, and Simpson met with the commander of the European Theater of Operations, United States Army, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Army War College classmate. At Eisenhower's request, Simpson's command was redesignated the Ninth United States Army to avoid confusion with the British Eighth Army. The main body of Ninth Army embarked for the UK on the ocean liner on June 22. Simpson observed the abortive start of Operation Cobra on July 24 with Lieutenant Generals Courtney Hodges and Lewis H. Brereton. They were forced to take shelter as errant American bombs dropped around them. Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair invited Simpson to watch the repeat of the bombardment with him the following day, but Simpson elected to return to his headquarters in England. Once again bombs fell short, and McNair was killed.
The Ninth Army headquarters moved to France, as it landed at Utah Beach on August 29 and 30. It became active as part of Lieutenant General Omar Bradley's 12th Army Group on September 5, when it took over command of the US forces in Brittany from Lieutenant General George S. Patton Jr.'s Third Army. Simpson's first task was the capture of Brest. To overcome strong natural and man-made defenses, Simpson chose to employ overwhelming firepower. There were sufficient artillery pieces in the area, but not sufficient ammunition, especially for the heavier pieces. Over a two-week period, of artillery ammunition was brought forward from dumps in Normandy and the UK. The battle commenced on September 8, and after much hard fighting the city was liberated on September 20, 1944.
Simpson moved his headquarters to Arlon, where it opened on October 2, and two days later the Ninth Army relieved First Army in the southern portion of its line, taking over the center of the 12th Army Group's front in the Ardennes between the First and Third Armies. The stay at Arlon was brief; on October 10, Simpson received word that Ninth Army was to take over the northern sector of the 12th Army Group's front adjoining Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group. This was a consequence of Eisenhower's decision to reinforce that sector. The plan was for the Ninth Army to envelop the Ruhr industrial area to the north while First Army enveloped it to the south.
Reflecting on the decision later, Bradley opined that the "uncommonly normal" Ninth Army staff collaborated with the 21st Army Group better than the more temperamental First Army staff did. Ninth Army's attack on the Siegfried Line north of Aachen commenced on November 16, heralded by artillery and aerial bombardment that included attacks by heavy bombers of the Eighth Air Force and RAF Bomber Command. Progress was slow and costly. Simpson's offensive ended on December 14, but on the Roer River rather than the Rhine, due to the flooding threat posed by Roer dams upstream.
The Urft Dam (Urfttalsperre) held of water, and the Rur Dam (Schwammenauel) held another . The Germans could demolish them to create a disastrous flood. Alternatively, through controlled demolition, they could release . This would put the river into a flood condition that would cause it to rise by , increase the speed of the current by and increase the width to . This would preclude a crossing attempt for ten to twelve days.
Eisenhower was anxious about accepting an army commander without operational experience in the war, but senior officers with such experience were few in May 1944. By October 1, however, Eisenhower was sufficiently impressed by Simpson's performance to write to the Chief of Staff of the Army, General George C. Marshall, and recommend that Simpson's temporary rank of lieutenant general be made substantive. According to Colonel Armistead D. Mead, Simpson's G-3 (Operations) officer:
During the crisis of the Battle of the Bulge, the Ninth Army came under Montgomery's command on December 20. The Ninth Army took no part in the battle, but was stripped of eight divisions to reinforce the First Army, and took over part of its front. After the battle was over in early 1945, the Ninth Army remained with Montgomery's 21st Army Group for the final attack into Germany. For Operation Grenade, the crossing of the Roer, the Ninth Army was reinforced, its strength increased from five to twelve divisions. The major obstacle to the advance was the river itself, as the dams were still in German hands.
The British Second Army commenced Operation Veritable, the northern part of a pincer movement to clear the Rhineland, on February 8, 1945. Montgomery's plan was for Operation Grenade, scheduled to commence on February 10, 1945, to form the southern part of the pincer, but there was still no word of the capture of the Roer dams by the First Army. Montgomery left the decision of whether to delay Operation Grenade up to Simpson, but postponement would make the task of both the British troops already fighting more difficult, and increase the risk that the Germans would detect the Ninth Army's preparations. Simpson watched the river slowly rise, but could not be certain whether it was the result of German demolition or increased flow due to snow melt. Finally, he postponed the attack. His decision was the correct one; the waters continued to rise and the river level was up on February 9 and 10.
Operation Grenade was finally launched on February 23, even though the water level had not yet completely returned to normal. The attack was successfully concluded on March 5, with the Rhine reached. Next came Operation Plunder, the 21st Army Group's crossing of the Rhine; the Ninth Army's part was called Operation Flashpoint. The Rhine was crossed on March 24, 1945. On April 1 the Ninth Army made contact with First Army, making a complete encirclement of the Ruhr. Three days later, the Ninth Army reverted to the control of Bradley's 12th Army Group. On April 11, the Ninth Army reached the Elbe.
On March 10, Montgomery had written to Simpson:
After Victory in Europe Day, the Ninth Army participated in the occupation of Germany. On May 6, it took over the First Army's units, allowing the First Army headquarters to redeploy to the Pacific. Further regrouping followed, as most of the area covered was earmarked to be administered by the UK or Soviet Union. On June 15, all units of the Ninth Army were handed over to the Seventh United States Army, and Ninth Army headquarters prepared to redeploy to China. Simpson flew to China, where he met with Lieutenant General Albert C. Wedemeyer, the American commander there. Simpson was informed that he would become the Commanding General, Field Forces, and deputy theater commander. The end of the war in Asia came before this occurred.
Eisenhower summarized his experience with Simpson as follows:
For his services as commander of the Ninth Army, Simpson was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and a second Army Distinguished Service Medal. He also garnered foreign decorations that included being made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by the UK, a Grand Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau by the Netherlands, and a Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold with palm by Belgium. He also received the Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 from France, the Soviet Union's Order of Kutuzov, and the Croix de Guerre 1940 with palm from Belgium.
Later life
After the war ended, Simpson commanded the Memphis, Tennessee-based Second United States Army from October 11 to November 14, 1945. He then returned to Washington, DC, working in the Office of the Chief of Staff as a member of the Military Intelligence Board, and President of the War Department Reorganization Board from November 15, 1945, until April 4, 1946. He retired from the army with a physical disability on November 30, 1946. On August 4, 1954, he was promoted to full general on the retired list by a special Act of Congress that advanced officers who had commanded armies or the equivalent to that rank.
After retirement, Simpson lived and worked in the San Antonio, Texas, area. He was a member of the board of directors of the Alamo National Bank, and succeeded General Walter Krueger as a member of the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce of San Antonio. He was also chairman of the board of the Alamo chapter of the Association of the United States Army, and spearheaded a drive to raise $750,000 for the construction of the Santa Rosa Children's Hospital.
His wife Ruth died in 1971, and soon thereafter, Simpson moved into the Menger Hotel in downtown San Antonio, where he was very popular with the staff. He suffered from phlebitis and neuritis, and was generally confined to his room. In 1978, at the age of 90, he met Catherine Louise (Kay) Berman, a retired civil-service worker from a military family 33 years his junior, and the two were married on April 9, 1978. They moved out of the Menger Hotel and into a home they built in Windcrest, Texas.
Simpson died in the Brooke Army Medical Center on August 15, 1980, and was buried alongside his first wife Ruth in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
Military decorations
Dates of rank
Notes
References
External links
Photos of William Hood Simpson, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
United States Army Officers 1939–1945
Generals of World War II
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1888 births
1980 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Military personnel from Texas
People from Weatherford, Texas
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army generals
United States Army War College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
Pomona College faculty
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army War College faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Hood%20Simpson |
Litton () is a small village and civil parish between Chewton Mendip and West Harptree in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, England. The parish includes the hamlet of Sherborne. Very close to the village are the Litton Reservoirs.
History
Litton was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Litune, meaning 'The small enclosure' from the Old English lyt and tun. It was the property of Gisa, Bishop of Wells.
The shape of some of the existing fields with cross-slope and down-slope field banks and cultivated ridges forming an interleaving irregular mosaic suggest they are of medieval origin.
The parish was part of the hundred of Wells Forum.
Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.
Litton is part of the Nedge Ward, which is represented by one councillor on the Non-metropolitan district of Mendip, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Clutton Rural District, which is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.
Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.
It is also part of the Wells county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
Demographics
According to the 2001 Census, the Nedge Ward (which includes Chewton Mendip), had 2,074 residents, living in 893 households, with an average age of 40.0 years. Of these 78% of residents describing their health as 'good', 18% of 16- to 74-year-olds had no qualifications; and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.8% of all economically active people aged 16–74. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, it was ranked at 26,803 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived LSOA and 32,482 the least deprived.
Church of St Mary
The Anglican Church of St Mary dates from the 13th century. It has a Perpendicular tower with a bell chamber. It is a Grade I listed building. Several of the memorials and crosses in the churchyard are also listed buildings.
Buildings
There are a range of other listed buildings in the village including Sherborne House, which is a Grade II listed building, as is Manor Farmhouse, which dates from the early 17th century. Whilst not a listed building, Shortwood House residing on the outskirts of the village, holds significant historic importance dating back to the 17th century.
References
External links
Map of Litton circa 1900
Villages in Mendip District
Mendip Hills
Civil parishes in Somerset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litton%2C%20Somerset |
Applied kinesiology (AK) is a pseudoscience-based technique in alternative medicine claimed to be able to diagnose illness or choose treatment by testing muscles for strength and weakness.
According to their guidelines on allergy diagnostic testing, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology stated there is "no evidence of diagnostic validity" of applied kinesiology. Another study indicated that the use of applied kinesiology to evaluate nutrient status is "no more useful than random guessing." The American Cancer Society has said that "scientific evidence does not support the claim that applied kinesiology can diagnose or treat cancer or other illness".
History and current use
George J. Goodheart, a chiropractor, originated applied kinesiology in 1964 and began teaching it to other chiropractors. An organization of Goodheart Study Group Leaders began meeting in 1973, selected the name "The International College of Applied Kinesiology" (ICAK) in 1974, adopted bylaws in 1975, elected officers in 1975, and "certified" its charter members (called "diplomates") in 1976. ICAK now considers 1976 to be the date it was founded and 1973 to be the date that its first chairman took office.
While this practice is primarily used by chiropractors, AK is also used by a number of other practitioners of complementary therapy. In 2003, it was the 10th most frequently used chiropractic technique in the United States, with 37.6% of chiropractors employing this method and 12.9% of patients being treated with it. Some basic AK based techniques have also been used by nutritional supplement distributors, including multilevel distributors.
Claims
Applied kinesiology is presented as a system that evaluates structural, chemical, and mental aspects of health by using a method referred to as muscle response testing or manual muscle testing (MMT) alongside conventional diagnostic methods. The essential premise of applied kinesiology, which is not shared by mainstream medical theory, is that every organ dysfunction is accompanied by a weakness in a specific corresponding muscle in what is termed the "viscerosomatic relationship." Treatment modalities relied upon by AK practitioners include joint manipulation and mobilization, myofascial, cranial and meridian therapies, clinical nutrition, and dietary counseling.
Muscle testing
A manual muscle test in AK is conducted by having the patient use the target muscle or muscle group to resist while the practitioner applies a force. A smooth response is sometimes referred to as a "strong muscle" and a response that was not appropriate is sometimes called a "weak response". This is not a raw test of strength, but rather a subjective evaluation of tension in the muscle and smoothness of response, taken to be indicative of a difference in spindle cell response during contraction. These differences in muscle response are claimed to be indicative of various stresses and imbalances in the body. A weak muscle test is equated to dysfunction and chemical or structural imbalance or mental stress, indicative of suboptimal functioning. It may be suboptimal functioning of the tested target muscle, or a normally optimally functioning muscle can be used as an indicator muscle for other physiological testing. A commonly known and very basic test is the arm-pull-down test, or "Delta test," where the patient resists as the practitioner exerts a downward force on an extended arm. Proper positioning is paramount to ensure that the muscle in question is isolated or positioned as the prime mover, minimizing interference from adjacent muscle groups.
Nutrient testing
Nutrient testing is used to examine the response of various patient's muscles to assorted chemicals. Gustatory and olfactory stimulation are said to alter the outcome of a manual muscle test, with previously weak muscles being strengthened by application of the correct nutritional supplement, and previously strong muscles being weakened by exposure to harmful or imbalancing substances or allergens. Though its use is deprecated by the ICAK, stimulation to test muscle response to a certain chemical is also done by contact or proximity (for instance, testing while the patient holds a bottle of pills).
Therapy localization
Therapy localization is another diagnostic technique using manual muscle testing which is unique to applied kinesiology. The patient places a hand which is not being tested on the skin over an area suspected to be in need of therapeutic attention. This fingertip contact may lead to a change in muscle response from strong to weak or vice versa when therapeutic intervention is indicated. If the area touched is not associated with a need for such intervention, the muscle response is unaffected.
Scientific research
In 2015 the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance; applied kinesiology was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support the claim that applied kinesiology can diagnose or treat cancer or other illness".
A review of several scientific studies of AK-specific procedures and diagnostic tests concluded: "When AK is disentangled from standard orthopedic muscle testing, the few studies evaluating unique AK procedures either refute or cannot support the validity of AK procedures as diagnostic tests. The evidence to date does not support the use of manual muscle testing for the diagnosis of organic disease or pre/subclinical conditions." Another concluded that "There is little or no scientific rationale for these methods. Results are not reproducible when subject to rigorous testing and do not correlate with clinical evidence of allergy." A double-blind study was conducted by the ALTA Foundation for Sports Medicine Research in Santa Monica, California, and published in the June 1988 Journal of the American Dietetic Association. The study used three experienced AK practitioners and concluded that, "The results of this study indicated that the use of applied kinesiology to evaluate nutrient status is no more useful than random guessing."
Despite more than four decades of review, RCT (randomized, controlled trials) and other evaluative methods, even invested researchers delivered the following opinion:
One shortcoming is the lack of RCTs to substantiate (or refute) the clinical utility (efficacy, effectiveness) of chiropractic interventions based on MMT findings. Also, because the etiology of a muscle weakness may be multifactorial, any RCT that employs only one mode of therapy to only one area of the body may produce outcomes that are poor due to these limitations.
Criticism
Nearly all AK tests are subjective, relying solely on practitioner assessment of muscle response. Specifically, some studies have shown test-retest reliability, inter-tester reliability, and accuracy to have no better than chance correlations. Some skeptics have argued that there is no scientific understanding of the proposed underlying theory of a viscerosomatic relationship, and the efficacy of the modality is unestablished in some cases and doubtful in others. Skeptics have also dismissed AK as "quackery", "magical thinking", and a misinterpretation of the ideomotor effect. It has also been criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds, and characterized as pseudoscience. With only anecdotal accounts claiming to provide positive evidence for the efficacy of the practice, a review of peer-reviewed studies concluded that the "evidence to date does not support the use of [AK] for the diagnosis of organic disease or pre/subclinical conditions."
Position statements
Allergy diagnosis
In the US, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases have both advised that applied kinesiology should not be used in the diagnosis of allergies. The European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence of the UK, the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy and the Allergy Society of South Africa has also advised similarly. The World Allergy Organization does not have a formal position on applied kinesiology, but in educational materials from its Global Resources In Allergy program it lists applied kinesiology as an unproven test and describes it as useless. In 1998, a small pilot study published in the International Journal of Neuroscience showed a correlation between applied kinesiology muscle testings and serum immunoglobulin levels for food allergies. 19 of 21 (90.5%) suspected food allergies diagnosed by applied kinesiology were confirmed by serum immunoglobulin tests. A follow-up review published in 2005 in the Current Opinion of Allergy and Clinical Immunology concluded applied kinesiology had no proven basis for diagnosis.
American Chiropractic Association
According to the American Chiropractic Association, in 2003 applied kinesiology was the 10th most frequently used chiropractic technique in the United States, with 37.6% of chiropractors employing this method and 12.9% of patients being treated with it. They describe AK as follows:
Danish Chiropractic Association
According to a March 26, 1998, letter from the DKF (Dansk Kiropraktor Forening – Danish Chiropractic Association), following public complaints from patients receiving homeopathic care and/or AK instead of standard (DKF defined) chiropractic care, the DKF has determined that applied kinesiology is not a form of chiropractic care and must not be presented to the public as such. AK and homeopathy can continue to be practiced by chiropractors as long as it is noted to be alternative and adjunctive to chiropractic care and is not performed in a chiropractic clinic. Chiropractors may not infer or imply that the Danish chiropractic profession endorses AK to be legitimate or effective, nor may the word/title chiropractic/chiropractor be used or associated with the practice of AK.
See also
Ideomotor effect
List of ineffective cancer treatments
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Nambudripad Allergy Elimination Technique
Observer-expectancy effect
Facilitated Communication
References
External links
Promotional sites
The International Journal of Applied Kinesiology and Kinesiologic Medicine
Skeptical evaluations
Applied Kinesiology: Muscle-Testing for "Allergies" and "Nutrient Deficiencies" by Stephen Barrett, Quackwatch
Applied Kinesiology by William T. Jarvis, The National Council Against Health Fraud
Applied kinesiology James Randi Educational Foundation, An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
The Mischief-Making of Ideomotor Action by Ray Hyman, The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine
Applied Foolishness by John Blanton, The North Texas Skeptics
InteliHealth applied kinesiology article material was reviewed by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School with final editing approved by Natural Standard.
Muscle Testing by John Ankerberg and John Weldon, The Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs
Applied Kinesiology and Nutritional Muscle Response Testing: A Christian Perspective by Janice Lyons
Applied Kinesiology By Nicholas Brewer, 2006
Applied Kinesiology by Harry Edwards, A Skeptic's Guide to the New Age
Alternative medical diagnostic methods
Chiropractic treatment techniques
Pseudoscience | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20kinesiology |
Paul Follenius (May 5, 1799 – October 3, 1844) was a German-American attorney and farmer, who had founded the Gießener Auswanderungsgesellschaft (Gießen Emigration Society).
Early life
He was born at Gießen, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, to Christoph Follenius (1759-1833) and Rosine Follenius (1766–1799). His father was a counselor-at-law and judge. He was the brother of August Ludwig Follen and Charles Follen, and the uncle of the biologist Carl Vogt. During his studies at the University of Gießen he became friends with Friedrich Muench and in 1825 married Muench's sister Maria.
Gottfried Duden
Philanthropist Gottfried Duden, a German attorney, settled on the north side of the Missouri River along Lake Creek in 1824. He was investigating the possibilities of settlement in the area by his countrymen. In 1827 he returned to Germany, which he felt was overpopulated. There he published Bericht über eine Reise nach den westlichen Staaten Nordamerika's ("Report of a Journey to the Western states of North America") in 1829.
Friedrick Münch
The description of the free life in the US, by Duden, motivated the Protestant minister Friedrich Münch and Follenius to found the Gießener Auswanderungsgesellschaft in 1832. Both had participated in the outlawed republican and democratic movements in Germany in the wake of the French July Revolution of 1832. As there was no immediate hope for success, they intended to establish a "new and free Germany in the great North American Republic" to serve as model for a future German republic.
The Giessen Society was stillborn on its arrival in the United States in 1834. Follenius and Muench dissolved the society upon their meeting in St. Louis. It is important to note that they never intended to create any sort of "utopia" in America. They intended to fully participate in democracy as constituted in the United States. It was, after all, where THE experiment in enlightened government was playing out, and they wanted to be part of it. Follenius and Muench were merely searching for freedom. They planned to be bilingual from the start, which shows that they did not expect to be situated apart from the rest of U.S. society. Muench would eventually serve as a state senator in Missouri during the Civil War, and his brother, Georg, would turn down nomination to the state legislature for health reasons.
Paul Follenius died of disease 10 years after emigrating to the United States.
German settlers
In 1834 they led 500 German settlers into Missouri. They soon realized that their plan for a separate federal state was untenable. They settled in the German populated Dutzow in Warren County, Missouri not far from the former farm of Gottfried Duden.
Follenius died in Dutzow. His son Dr. William Follenius (1829–1902) married Emilie, a daughter of his friend, Friedrich Muench.
His brother Karl had emigrated to the US already in 1824.
References
Paul Follen und Friedrich Münch: Aufforderung und Erklärung in Betreff einer Auswanderung im Großen aus Teutschland in die nordamerikanischen Freistaaten.
Don Heinrich Tolzmann, ed., Missouri's German Heritage. Second Edition. Milford, Ohio: Little Miami Publishing Co., 2006.
1799 births
1844 deaths
People from Giessen
People from St. Charles County, Missouri
People from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
19th-century German lawyers
University of Giessen alumni
Hessian emigrants to the United States
People from Warren County, Missouri
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Follen |
The Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary was a bird sanctuary in Indian Shores, Florida that was in operation from 1971-2016. In 1990, its bird hospital was called "the largest wild bird hospital in North America". The sanctuary operated solely on private donations and was the largest not-for-profit wild bird sanctuary and rehabilitation center in the United States. The sanctuary was dedicated to the Rescue, Repair, Rehabilitation and Release of sick and/or injured wild birds, and provided a permanent home to non-releasable birds in a safe and healthy environment.
In January, 2013, the sanctuary experienced a staff walk-out due to non-payment of wages. The sanctuary remained open, thanks to the tireless efforts of a handful of dedicated individuals. In April 2013, the Sumter Disaster Animal Rescue Team helped the Sanctuary refurbish and prep the wild bird hospital to reopen.
Due to a legal settlement in September 2016, the Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary ceased operations and closed after 45 years of service. Following the closing of Suncoast, a new non-profit organization called the Seaside Seabird Sanctuary moved into the same Indian Shores location. The new organization rescues and rehabilitates birds from all over the Tampa Bay area. Continued relationships in the community with veterinarians, wildlife experts and volunteers has kept the sanctuary viable.
References
External links
Bird sanctuaries of the United States
Protected areas of Pinellas County, Florida
Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers
Tourist attractions in Pinellas County, Florida
Buildings and structures in Pinellas County, Florida
1971 establishments in Florida
2016 disestablishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncoast%20Seabird%20Sanctuary |
Air Marshal Magdy Galal Sharawi ( born May, 1946) is a retired senior Egyptian Air Force officer. From 2002 to 2008, he was the Commander of the Egyptian Air Force.
Magdy Galal Sharawi graduated from the Egyptian Air Academy in 1966. As a pilot he flew MiG-15s, MiG-17s, MiG-21s and SU-7s. From February 1997 to January 2000 he was the Director of the Egyptian Air Academy and in 2002 he was appointed as the Commander of the Egyptian Air Force. In late 2003, Sharawi visited Pakistan, meeting the Pakistani Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Kaleem Saadat. Following a number of senior appointments he was made Commander of the Egyptian Air Force on 1 March 2002. Currently, he is an Ambassador Extraordinary & Plenipotentiary to Switzerland.
References
External links
Egyptian Armed Forces - Egyptian Air Force Commander
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1946 births
Living people
Egyptian Air Force air marshals
Egyptian Air Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdy%20Galal%20Sharawi |
Guarani de Goiás is a municipality in eastern Goiás state, Brazil. Guarani is a very poor municipality in the northeast of the state.
Geography
Guarani belongs to the Vão do Paranã statistical microregion. There are municipal boundaries with São Domingos, Iaciara, Posse, and the state of Bahia
Guarani is located south of the Terra Ronca state park and 28 kilometers north of Posse. It is 35 kilometers to the important BR-020 highway, which links Brasília to Salvador. Guarani is crossed by the Frei River, which has one of the most beautiful waterfalls in the region.
The distance to Goiânia is 550 km. Connections are made by taking BR-153 / Anápolis / GO-060 / Alexânia / Planaltina / Formosa / GO-020 / BR-030 / Vila Boa / Alvorada do Norte / GO-108 / Posse.
Demographics
Population density: 3.34 inhabitants/km2
Population in 1980: 3,978
Population in 2007: 4,105
Urban population: 1,743
Rural population: 2,362
Population growth rate: -1.28%
Economy
The main economic activities are cattle raising, poultry raising, and agriculture (beans, manioc corn, and bananas).
There were no hospitals in 2007.
Industrial units: 1
Retail commercial units: 30
Motor vehicles (automobiles and pickup trucks): 146
Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 28
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 550
Total area: 165,143 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 149 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 1,713 ha.
Area of pasture: 106,927 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 53,907 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 1,750
Cattle herd: 55,200
Corn: 450 ha.
Sugarcane: 80 ha.
Rice: 450 ha.
Beans: 60 ha.
Manioc: 60 ha.
Health and education
Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index: 0.632
State ranking: 238 (out of 242 in 2000)
National ranking: 4,091 (out of 5,507 in 2000)
Literacy rate: 72.2% (2000)
Infant mortality rate: 37.81 in 1,000 live births (2000)
Schools: 12 with 1,429 students
Hospitals: none in 2007
History
The town was first created as a district of the municipality of São Domingos with the name of Guarani in 1919. In 1943 the name was changed to Coatiçaba. In 1963 it was dismembered from São Domingos and formed a new municipality with the name Guarani de Goiás.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions in Goiás
Vão do Paranã Microregion
References
Frigoletto
Transporte
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani%20de%20Goi%C3%A1s |
David Roy Butz (June 23, 1950 – November 4, 2022) was an American professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Washington Redskins in a 16-year career from 1973 to 1988. During his time with Washington, as the team's defensive "anchor", he helped the Redskins reach the Super Bowl thrice, winning twice. He was named as one of the 70 Greatest Redskins in franchise history and a member of the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team. Before turning professional, he played college football for the Purdue Boilermakers. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014.
Early life
Butz was born in LaFayette, Alabama, on June 23, 1950, and soon moved with his family to Illinois. He played high school football at Maine South High School in Park Ridge, Illinois, where he was two-time high school All-American. He also played basketball and was the Illinois High School discus champion, setting a state record. He was the nephew of Earl Butz, a Purdue University professor who later served as United States secretary of agriculture.
College football
Butz played college football at Purdue University, where he was a 1972 finalist for the Lombardi Award. He was a first-team All-Big Ten member and played in both the East-West Shrine Game and Senior Bowl, where he was named the Defensive MVP.
Butz was named to the Purdue Boilermakers' Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame in 2004. He was later also named to Purdue's All Time Football team and was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014.
Professional football
Butz was drafted in the first round (fifth overall) of the 1973 NFL Draft by the St. Louis Cardinals, where he would play for two seasons. In 1975, Butz was granted free agency due to a mistake in his contract that he had signed as a rookie in 1973. Redskins coach George Allen quickly signed him, but the NFL ruled that the Redskins had to compensate the Cardinals with two first-round draft picks (1977 & 1978) and a second-round pick (1978).
Butz then played for the Washington Redskins for 14 years, where he had three Super Bowl appearances: defeating the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl XVII, losing to the Los Angeles Raiders in Super Bowl XVIII, and winning Super Bowl XXII over the Denver Broncos.
At the victory parade after Super Bowl XXII, he famously shouted to the crowd, "We came, we saw, we kicked their butts."
As of 2022, Butz ranks fifth in franchise history in sacks (59.0, was third in 2008). He was a one-time Pro Bowler in 1983 in a season in which he managed eleven sacks, a career-best. He was named to the NFL All-Pro team in 1983 and 1984. He only missed four games in his entire 16-year career. Butz was among the largest players in the NFL when he played standing 6' 8" and routinely weighing around 300 pounds.
In October 1987, Butz famously checked himself out of the hospital to play in the Redskins' game against the New York Jets. Despite having dropped from 313 to 287 pounds due to the illness and feeling dizzy in the second half, Butz made a game-saving sack of Ken O'Brien to stop a Jets' drive late in the game and was awarded the game ball. After the game, he checked himself back into the hospital where he remained until the following Wednesday.
In 1988, Butz played in his 197th game for the Washington franchise, passing Len Hauss to set a franchise record for games played. He would later retire at 203 games played for Washington.
Butz announced his retirement as an active player at the age of 38 on May 18, 1989. He appeared in 216 NFL games, 191 as a starter, from 1973 to 1988. He tallied 64 sacks in his career. When he retired, he was the oldest starting player in the NFL.
Butz was selected to the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team. He was named one of the 70 Greatest Redskins at the Redskins' 70th anniversary in 2002.
His name is also featured along with that of other notable players in team history on the "Ring of Fame" at FedExField.
Later life and death
Butz moved to Belleville, Illinois, early in his NFL career and continued to reside in the area for the remainder of his life with his wife, Candyce; the couple had three children. He also had a home in Fairfax, Virginia.
In the early 2000s, Butz served as a board member for the National Rifle Association.
Butz died in Swansea, Illinois, on November 4, 2022, at age 72.
References
1950 births
2022 deaths
People from LaFayette, Alabama
Sportspeople from Park Ridge, Illinois
Players of American football from Cook County, Illinois
All-American college football players
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
Washington Redskins players
Purdue Boilermakers football players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Alabama
Players of American football from St. Clair County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Butz |
GPSA may stand for:
Georgia Political Science Association, Professional association for political scientists in Georgia, USA
Green Party of South Africa
GPSA Journal
Gas Processors Suppliers Association | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPSA |
The AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven is a small hand-launched remote-controlled unmanned aerial vehicle (or SUAV) developed for the United States military, but now adopted by the military forces of many other countries.
The RQ-11 Raven was originally introduced as the FQM-151 in 1999, but in 2002 developed into its current form, resembling an enlarged FAI class F1C free flight model aircraft in general appearance. The craft is launched by hand and powered by a pusher configuration electric motor. The plane can fly up to 10 km at altitudes of approximately 150 m above ground level, and over 4,500 m above mean sea level, at flying speeds of 45–100 km/h. The U.S. Army deploys the Raven at company-level.
Design and development
The Raven RQ-11B UAS is manufactured by AeroVironment. It was the winner of the US Army's SUAV program in 2005, and went into Full-Rate Production (FRP) in 2006. Shortly afterwards, it was also adopted by the US Marines, and the US Air Force for their ongoing FPASS Program. It has also been adopted by the military forces of many other countries (see below). More than 19,000 Raven airframes have been delivered to customers worldwide to date. A new Digital Data Link-enabled version of Raven now in production for US Forces and allies has improved endurance, among many other improvements.
The Raven can be either remotely controlled from the ground station or fly completely autonomous missions using GPS waypoint navigation. The UA can be ordered to immediately return to its launch point by pressing a single command button. Standard mission payloads include CCD color video cameras and an infrared night vision camera.
The RQ-11B Raven UA weighs about 1.9 kg (4.2 lb), has a flight endurance of 60–90 minutes and an effective operational radius of approximately 10 km (6.2 miles).
The RQ-11B Raven UA is launched by hand, thrown into the air like a free flight model airplane. The Raven lands itself by auto-piloting to a pre-defined landing point and then performing a 45° slope (1 foot down for every 1 foot forward) controlled "Autoland" descent. The UAS can provide day or night aerial intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance.
In mid-2015, the US Marine Corps tested Harris Corporation's Small Secure Data Link (SSDL), a radio device that fits onto a Raven's nose to provide beyond line-of-sight communications for Marines down to squad level. Acting as communications nodes for ground forces has become an important function for UASs, but has been restricted to larger platforms like the RQ-4 Global Hawk or RQ-21 Blackjack. Being certified for 'Secret' classification and at just (measuring 3 in × 5.3 in × 1.6 in) and weighing , the Harris SSDL allows the small Raven UAS to extend communications for troops in the field.
In August 2015 selected units began receiving upgrades to their Raven sensors. The Raven Gimbal is a rotating camera with a 360-degree gimbal, which replaces the fixed camera that required maneuvering the aircraft to observe. The new camera can be switched between day and night settings without landing and swapping sensors. In August 2017 Belgium bought 32 Raven-drones, Luxembourg: 16.
Variants
RQ-11A Raven A (no longer in production)
RQ-11B Raven B
CU-173 Raven B - version for the Canadian Armed Forces
Solar Raven – In November 2012, the Air Force Research Laboratory integrated flexible solar panels into the Raven platform's wing sections using a clear, protective plastic film and an adhesive to augment the existing battery power system, increasing endurance by 60%. Future improvements include improving the durability of the solar panels and reducing their weight. Integration work is also being conducted on the AeroVironment Wasp and the RQ-20 Puma.
Operators
The Raven is used by the United States Army, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Special Operations Command. Additionally, foreign customers include Australia, Estonia, Italy, Denmark, Spain and Czech Republic. As of early 2012, over 19,000 airframes have already been shipped, making it the most widely adopted UAV system in the world today.
The British forces in Iraq used Raven equipment. The Royal Danish Army acquired 12 Raven systems in September 2007; three systems will be delivered to the Huntsmen Corps, while the remainder will be deployed with soldiers from the Artillery Training Center. A 2010 documentary film, Armadillo, shows Danish forces deploying a Raven in operations around FOB Armadillo in the Helmand province of Afghanistan. The drone also makes an appearance being used by the SEAL operators in the 2012 film Act of Valor.
The Netherlands MoD has acquired 72 operational RQ-11B systems with a total value of $23.74 million for use within Army reconnaissance units, its Marine Corps and its Special Forces (KCT). At the turn of the year 2009 to 2010 the systems were deployed above the village Veen, as part of the Intensification of Civil-Military Cooperation. In 2012 and 2013 the Raven was loaned by the Defense department to the police department of Almere to combat burglary.
In April 2011, the U.S. announced that it would be supplying 85 Raven B systems to the Pakistan Army.
In June 2011, the U.S. announced $145.4 million in proposed aid for anti-terror efforts in north and east Africa, including four Raven systems to be used by forces from Uganda and Burundi as part of the ongoing African Union peacekeeping mission in Somalia. The US has also announced its intent to supply an unspecified number of Ravens to the Ukrainian armed forces. Ukrainian operators criticized the Raven's analog control system that made them vulnerable to jamming and hacking by sophisticated Russian-backed separatists.
Iran has claimed it has captured two RQ-11, one "in Shahrivar 1390 (August 21 – September 19, 2011) and the other one in Aban (October 22 – November 20, 2012)". It also indicated that "much of the data of these drones has been decoded", but did not indicate whether the drone has been duplicated, as has been done with the RQ-170 and the Boeing Insitu ScanEagle.
In January 2023, the U.S. Marine Corps revealed they had retired the RQ-11B Raven SUAS in favor of the FLIR Systems R80 SkyRaider, a VTOL UAV that is easier to launch and recover and can provide a hover-and-stare surveillance capability.
Current operators
Australian Armed Forces
Belgian Armed Forces
Bulgarian Armed Forces
Canadian Armed Forces
Colombian Armed Forces
Public Force of Costa Rica
Czech Armed Forces
Estonian Armed Forces
Hungarian Armed Forces
Iraqi Armed Forces
Italian Armed Forces
Kenyan Armed Forces
Lebanese Armed Forces: 12 systems
Lithuanian Armed Forces
Luxembourg Armed Forces
Macedonian Armed Forces
Dutch Armed Forces
Norwegian Armed Forces
Pakistan Army
Armed Forces of the Philippines
Portuguese Armed Forces
Romanian Armed Forces
Saudi Arabian Armed Forces
Slovak Armed Forces
Spanish Armed Forces
Thai Armed Forces
Ugandan Armed Forces
Ukrainian Armed Forces: 72 systems
British Armed Forces
U.S. Armed Forces: 1,798 systems
Uzbek Armed Forces
Yemeni Armed Forces
Specifications
Wingspan: 4.5 ft (1,37 m)
Length: 3 ft (0,91 m)
Weight: 4.2 lb (1,9 kg)
Engine: Aveox 27/26/7-AV electric motor
Cruising speed: approx.
Range: 6.2 miles (10 km)
Endurance: approx. 60–90 min
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
RQ-11 Raven Details on Globalsecurity.org
Newsweeks Interactive Graphic. Raven: The Tiniest Drone
Video of RQ-11 Raven launch from building in Najaf, Iraq
Danish page about Raven
AeroVironment, Inc.
RQ11B Simulator
Q-11 Raven
2000s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Electric aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AeroVironment%20RQ-11%20Raven |
The British Press Awards is an annual ceremony that has celebrated the best of British journalism since the 1970s. A financially lucrative part of the Press Gazette's business, they have been described as "the Oscars of British journalism", or less flatteringly, "The Hackademy Awards".
The British Press Awards 2006 were held at The Dorchester, Park Lane, London, on Monday 20 March 2006. Channel 4 News presenter Jon Snow hosted the revamped ceremony with just 450 guests attending compared with more than 900 in previous years. There were 21 categories with a single overall sponsor rather than the 28 categories with individual sponsors of 2005.
The judging process has two stages with Charles Wilson as Chairman of the Judges. The first stage chooses five entries (or six in case of a tie for fifth place) for the shortlists of each category and the second stage determines the winners. The Supplement of the Year, Cartoonist of the Year and Front Page of the Year categories are judged by independent panels of experts. Newspaper of the Year is now judged on an academy-style voting system. The judging forum comprises 80 senior staff journalists and a Grand Jury of 20 non-affiliated senior media executives representing each of the national newspaper groups.
Controversy leading up to the 2006 awards
Soon after the 2005 awards, ten editors of major newspapers released a joint statement announcing their boycott because of the 'decline in conduct and prestige'. The statement read, "The editors of The Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Telegraph, the Sunday Telegraph, The Independent, the Independent on Sunday, the Daily Express, the Sunday Express, the Daily Mail, and the Mail on Sunday believe the organisation of these awards brings little credit to the industry or to the newspapers who win them". The New York Timess London correspondent wrote, "last night's ceremony — a mind-numbing parade of awards in 28 categories — was not a mutually respectful celebration of the British newspaper industry fuelled by camaraderie and bonhomie. It was more like a soccer match attended by a club of misanthropic inebriates". Piers Morgan, unhappy about losing the Hugh Cudlipp Award to The Sun, launched “The REAL Newspaper of the Year Awards”, inviting Mirror readers to phone in their choice.
Still choosing to boycott the 2006 event were Associated Newspapers (part of Daily Mail and General Trust plc), Telegraph Group (part of Press Holdings Limited) and Express Newspapers (part of Northern & Shell). Their titles include The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph, the Daily Mail and the Mail on Sunday, the Daily Express and the Sunday Express, the Daily Star, the London Evening Standard and Metro, though the Express Group's boycott started when it was bought by Richard Desmond in 2000.
One of the concerns is over the new owners of Press Gazette, the organisation behind the awards, Piers Morgan and Matthew Freud. The neutrality of Freud has been questioned given his marriage to Rupert Murdoch's daughter and his PR business's deals with News International. However, to reconcile his critics, Matthew Freud has appointed a new Chairman of the Judges, Charles Wilson, and implemented changes to the judging process to promote transparency and fairness. Now there are only 21 awards, none of which are privately sponsored, and the ceremony is earlier in the evening so as to encourage sobriety. Simon Kelner, editor of The Independent, said that "a lot of the concerns I had with the organisation of the awards have been addressed. Anyway, there's not a viable alternative".
Simon Lewis, corporate affairs director at Vodafone, the new sponsor, says, "We are delighted to be able to work with Press Gazette to celebrate the best of British journalism," despite the fact that his brother Will Lewis, deputy editor of The Daily Telegraph, is boycotting the awards.
Category shortlists
The following lists the shortlists published February 26, 2006.
(Winner in bold)
(Blue numbered boxes to the right of the nominations contain external links to relevant web pages)
National Newspaper of the Year
The Guardian
The Independent
News of the World
The Observer
The Times
Reporter of the Year
Oliver Harvey (The Sun)
Felicity Lawrence (The Guardian)
Stephen Moyes (Daily Mirror)
Andrew Norfolk (The Times)
Nicholas Timmins (Financial Times)
Foreign Reporter of the Year
Ghaith Abdul-Ahad (The Guardian)
Patrick Cockburn (The Independent)
Hala Jaber (The Sunday Times)
Richard Lloyd Parry (The Times)
Jonathan Watts (The Guardian)
Scoop of the Year
Francis Elliott (Independent on Sunday) "Blunkett broke Rules"
Jamie Pyatt (The Sun) "Harry the Nazi"
Robert Jobson (Freelance/Evening Standard) "Charles & Camilla to wed"
Stephen Moyes (Daily Mirror) "Cocaine Kate"
Michael Smith (The Sunday Times) "Blair - War leak"
Columnist of the Year
Jeremy Clarkson (The Sunday Times)
Anatole Kaletsky (The Times)
Lucy Kellaway (Financial Times)
George Monbiot (The Guardian)
Jane Moore (The Sun)
Tony Parsons (Daily Mirror)
Political Journalist of the Year
Francis Elliott (Independent on Sunday)
Daniel Finkelstein (The Times)
Alice Miles (The Times)
Andrew Rawnsley (The Observer)
Philip Stephens (Financial Times)
Feature Writer of the Year
Bryan Appleyard (The Sunday Times magazine)
Adrian Levy / Cathy Scott Clarke (The Guardian)
Malcolm Macalister Hall (The Independent)
Stefanie Marsh (The Times)
Michael Tierney (The Herald)
Interviewer of the Year
Lynn Barber (The Observer)
Emma Brockes (The Guardian)
Robert Chalmers (Independent on Sunday)
Rachel Cooke (The Observer)
Deborah Ross (The Independent)
Janice Turner (The Times)
Specialist Writer of the Year
Steve Connor (The Independent)
John Cornwell (The Sunday Times)
Richard Girling (The Sunday Times)
Tom Newton Dunn (The Sun)
Michael Smith (The Sunday Times)
Critic of the Year
Charlie Brooker (The Guardian)
AA Gill (The Sunday Times)
Ian Hyland (News of the World)
Waldemar Januszczak (The Sunday Times)
Jay Rayner (The Observer)
Sports Journalist of the Year
Rob Beasley (News of the World)
Oliver Holt (Daily Mirror)
Jamie Jackson (The Observer)
Paul Kimmage (The Sunday Times)
James Lawton (The Independent)
Young Journalist of the Year
Lucy Bannerman (The Herald)
Steve Bloomfield (Independent on Sunday)
Gemma Calvert (News of the World)
Giles Hattersley (The Sunday Times)
Katharine Hibbert (The Sunday Times)
Team of the Year
The Art Newspaper (Sheikh Saud - biggest art collector)
Daily Mirror (7/7 team)
The Guardian (Attack on London)
The Independent (7/7 team)
The Sun (7/7 team)
The Sunday Times (Nature's time bomb - Asian tsunami)
Business & Finance Journalist of the Year
John Gapper (Financial Times)
Ian Griffiths (The Guardian)
Michael Harrison (The Independent)
Hamish McRae (The Independent)
Patience Wheatcroft (The Times)
Supplement of the Year
How to Spend It (Financial Times)
Observer Food Monthly (The Observer) Celebs (Sunday Mirror)
Culture (The Sunday Times)
Times Magazine (The Times)
Front Page of the Year
Cocaine Kate (Daily Mirror)
Best on his Deathbed (News of the World)
The Final Farewell (The Observer)
Harry the Nazi (The Sun)
7/7 (The Times)
Photographer of the Year
Martin Argles (The Guardian)
Charlie Bibby (Financial Times)
Brian Griffin (The Sunday Times Magazine)
Sean Smith (The Guardian)
Edmond Terakopian (Freelance)
Sports Photographer of the Year
David Ashdown
Marc Aspland (The Times)
Tom Jenkins (The Guardian)
Colin Mearns (The Herald)
Hugh Routledge (The Sunday Times)
Cartoonist of the Year
Peter Brookes (The Times)
Dave Brown (The Independent)
Nick Newman (The Sunday Times)
Ingram Pinn (Financial Times)
Gerald Scarfe (The Sunday Times)
Showbusiness Writer of the Year
Jane Atkinson (News of the World)
Anthony Barnes (Independent on Sunday)
Caroline Hedley (Daily Mirror)
Victoria Newton''' (The Sun)
Rav Singh (News of the World)
Phil Taylor (News of the World)
The Hugh Cudlipp Award
The following shortlist for the Cudlipp Award was later.
Making Poverty History - A Year in Rwanda (Daily Mirror)
Charles & Camilla to Wed (Evening Standard)
London Bombings (News of the World)
What about the Victims? (News of the World)
Animal Cruelty (The Sun)
One Last Chance (The Sun)
References
External links
British Press Awards website
List of past winners
The Press Awards
2006 awards in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Press%20Awards%202006 |
James Baron (born June 8, 1973) is a former arena football defensive lineman in the Arena Football League. He was the Arena Football League Players Association's (AFLPA) president as well.
In his career, Baron has played for the Detroit Lions, the Nashville Kats, the Chicago Bears, and the Chicago Rush. He was one of only two players to play in all 80 games with the original Nashville Kats franchise, including ten postseason contests, quarterback Andy Kelly being the other. He also had a streak of 131 consecutive games played (including playoffs), which came to an end when he missed the first two games of the 2005 season with a foot injury. He also is the Kats' franchise leader in sacks with 34. He also holds team records for sacks in one season with 7.0.
High school and college
Baron attended Donald E Gavit Jr./Sr. High School in Hammond, Indiana where he participated in wrestling and football. As a junior at Gavit High, he was a 1990 Junior Olympic champion in Greco-Roman wrestling. He was also an All-State selection in football his senior season. He graduated in 1991.
College career
Baron attended Iowa Central Community College and Triton Junior College in Illinois, each for one year, prior to transferring to Virginia Tech for his junior year. While at Virginia Tech, he was named the most-improved defensive player before his junior season. He played ten games during the 1994 season, recording 41 tackles, five for losses and five sacks. He recorded three sacks against Arkansas State in his first game as a Hokie. He also played in a loss to Tennessee in the 1994 Gator Bowl. He also had 30 quarterback pressures, three tackles for loss and two sacks in 1995. As a senior, he started six games at defensive tackle and recorded 52 tackles, helping lead the Hokies to the Big East title and a win over Texas in the 1996 Sugar Bowl. He recorded a career-high 13 tackles and blocked a field goal in a win over Cincinnati. He also returned a fumble 46 yards for a touchdown in a win over Temple. He was also a Liberal arts major.
Professional career
1990s
Baron went unselected in the 1996 NFL Draft, however he was signed by the Detroit Lions, and spent time in their training camp.
After not being able to make a teams roster in 1996, he signed with the Nashville Kats of the Arena Football League. As a rookie in 1997, he recorded six sacks and five more tackles for loss, as well as being named First-team All-Arena.
He recorded 23 total tackles, and also recorded five receptions, all but one for touchdowns. He caught his first-ever touchdown pass and recorded a sack and a tackle for loss on defense in home win over the New York Dragons. He recorded four tackles and a sack in loss to the Texas Terror. He recorded two sacks and a five-yard touchdown reception in a win over the Anaheim Piranhas. He led the Kats with seven tackles, two for losses, and a sack against the Milwaukee Mustangs. In the playoffs, he recorded a 15-yard touchdown reception and a tackle in a first-round loss to the Tampa Bay Storm.
After the AFL season was over, Baron signed with the Chicago Bears in October 1998, where he spent the season on the practice squad. In 1998, Baron was selected as a First-team All-Arena selection and the league's Lineman of the Year, in addition to chosen as the teams' Ironman of the Year. He had 14 tackles, four sacks, numerous quarterback hurries, five batted down passes, two forced fumbles and one fumble recovery for the season. He recorded five receptions on the season, three of which went for touchdowns, as the team's starting tight end, totaling 44 yards receiving. He blocked on the offensive line, helping to allow only five sacks all season, the second best total in the league. He caught his first pass of the season on the road against the Dragons, a two-yard touchdown pass from Andy Kelly. He caused two fumbles and had a sack in a home win over the Florida Bobcats.
In April 1999, Baron requested his release from the Bears to join the Kats for the 1999 season. In 1999, Baron was chosen as the Arena Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award winner after posting 11 tackles, five sacks, five batted down passes, a recovered fumble and a forced fumble. He recorded numerous quarterback hurries and knockdowns while drawing double coverage for most of the season. He was selected as a First team All-Arena lineman and named to the AFL All-Ironman team. He was selected as the Kats' co-Ironman of the Year, sharing the award with Darryl Hammond. Baron had nine receptions for 88 yards and a touchdown as a tight end on offense.
2000s
In 2000, Baron was a Second-team All-Arena selection, recording 13 tackles and 3.5 sacks along with three batted-down passes, a forced fumble and a fumble recovery on defense. He also had five receptions for 35 yards and two for touchdowns, on the season. He was named the Kats' Ironman of the Year. He also blocked one field goal attempt on the season. He recorded a career-high 2.5 sacks and earned Ironman of the Game honors in a win over the Bobcats. Baron had one of the best outings of his career, in an ArenaBowl XIV loss at Orlando, including a leaping 28-yard touchdown catch and run, two sacks and tackle for loss. He was named the Ironman of the Game and also had an apparent interception return for a touchdown overturned when he was ruled to have Predators' quarterback Connell Maynor in the grasp before the ball was thrown. In 2001, Baron earned AFL Lineman of the Year honors for the second time after recording 11 tackles and six sacks. Earned First-team All-Arena honors and was a finalist for the Defensive Player of the Year and Ironman of the Year awards. He blocked a field goal attempt at home against Los Angeles, recovering it in the end zone for a touchdown. Baron's best overall game of the season came on the road against the Los Angeles Avengers, when he recorded 2.5 sacks, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, a tackle, and a career-high four receptions for 14 yards, including an 11-yard touchdown reception. He was also the recipient of the Hero Award, which is given by the league to honor a player for his off-the-field contributions to his local community. At the 2001 ArenaBowl he was named to the AFL's 15th Anniversary All-Time team. After the 2001 season, the Nashville Kats folded and moved to Georgia and became the Georgia Force, and Baron left the team and signed with the Chicago Rush. In 2002, Baron was named First-team All-Arena after recording 18 tackles and three sacks in his first season with the Rush. The tackle total was his highest total since his rookie season. He was a finalist for the AFL Lineman of the Year award. He recorded his second career interception in his Rush debut on the road against the Indiana Firebirds. He recorded his first sack with the Rush against the Dragons, also recording his only touchdown reception of the season, in the game, a two-yard touchdown. Had one of his best games of the season against the Dallas Desperados, recording 2.5 tackles, two sacks and a forced fumble.
In 2003, Baron recorded 14 tackles and four sacks in 16 games. He also recorded three fumble recoveries, which tied for second-best in the league. He had the first blocked field goal attempt in Chicago Rush history in Dallas, the fourth blocked field goal attempt of his career. He recorded his fourth sack of the season on the road against the Carolina Cobras, also blocking an extra point that Cornelius Bonner returned for two points. He caught his only pass of the season for an 11-yard gain against the Arizona Rattlers. In 2004, he recorded 15 tackles and three sacks in 16 games. He also forced four fumbles and recovered one. He recorded a season-high 3.5 tackles, including one for loss, in Indiana. He played in his 116th career regular-season game in the season-finale against the Colorado Crush. On September 27, 2004, Baron became the restart Nashville Kats' first official player after he was traded from Chicago in exchange for three picks in the 2004 AFL Expansion Draft and a selection in the 2004 AFL Player Dispersal draft. In 2005, he, played in 14 games and totaled 11 tackles, four tackles for loss, three sacks, a broken up pass, a forced fumble and a fumble recovery. He also had one safety. He missed the first two games of the season with a foot injury, missing his first game after 131 consecutive games played in season opener on the road against the Columbus Destroyers.
In 2006, he recorded 16.5 tackles and three sacks in 16 games. He also had three tackles-for-loss, one forced fumble and two fumble recoveries. In 2007, he played in 12 games and recorded 10 tackles, 3.5 sacks, five passes-batted-down, and two blocked field goal attempts. After the season, he re-signed with the Rush after the Kats closed after a disappointing season. In 2008, he played in 13 games and recorded 13 tackles, five sacks, six passes-batted-down, and one blocked field goal attempt. He was released by the Rush on September 3, 2008.
Outside football
Outside the AFL, Baron is very active in the community, working with many organizations in the Nashville and Chicago areas. He works with the YMCA and Boys and Girls Clubs in middle Tennessee. During the 2001 season, he donated $10,000 to the YMCA Urban Services program. He was recognized by the AFL for his participation in the YMCA's Li’l Sisters/Buffalo Soldiers program. He sponsored the Chicago Rush Team Zone at each home game during his three seasons in Chicago, paying for the tickets and bus transportation from Hammond, Indiana for various youth groups. He also serves as a volunteer and fundraiser for the Preston Taylor Center in Nashville, a center for at-risk youth that is co-operated by the YMCA and the Girls and Boys Club.
Personal
Baron currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee during the off-season. He is the president of Everyday Entertainment.
References
"BARON BACK IN RUSH BLUE"
1973 births
Living people
Players of American football from Chicago
American football defensive linemen
Virginia Tech Hokies football players
Nashville Kats players
Chicago Rush players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Baron |
Kicker (stylized in all lowercase) is Germany's leading sports magazine, focused primarily on football. The magazine was founded in 1920 by German football pioneer Walther Bensemann and is published twice weekly, usually Monday and Thursday. Each edition sells around 80,000 copies. Kicker is a founding member of European Sports Media, an association of football publications.
Kicker annually awards the most prolific scorer of the Bundesliga with the Kicker Torjägerkanone () award. It is equivalent to the Pichichi Trophy in Spanish football.
The magazine also publishes an almanac, the Kicker Fußball-Almanach. It was first published from 1937 to 1942, and then continuously from 1959 to date. They also publish a yearbook (Kicker Fußball-Jahrbuch).
History
Kicker was first issued in July 1920 in Konstanz, Germany. The magazine's headquarters were originally in Stuttgart before relocating to Nuremberg in 1926. During World War II, the magazine merged with the publication Fußball, and was eventually discontinued in fall 1944. After the war, the magazine was again published (under the name Sport) by the newly incorporated Olympia-Verlag publishing company. Former chief editor Friedebert Becker again began publishing Kicker in 1951, and for a number of years, both Kicker and Sport appeared at the same time. In 1966, Kicker was sold to Axel Springer AG. In 1968, Olympia-Verlag in Nuremberg acquired Kicker and merged it with Sportmagazin, which had been published twice weekly since 1952. The first issue of the newly founded Kicker-Sportmagazin was released on 7 October 1968. Beside the two weekly publications, Kicker provides a digital edition since 2012. The online version of kicker.de offers a broad live ticker for over 80 different international leagues. The magazine has three apps in the iTunes store.
Magazine
The modern version of Kicker covers a number of sporting competitions and events, including:
The German Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga, 3. Liga, and Regionalliga
The German DFB-Pokal
The Germany national team and Germany women's national football team
The German Women's Bundesliga
Various European leagues and competitions, including the Premier League, La Liga, Serie A, and Ligue 1
Various international football leagues
Formula One racing
The Olympic Games
eSports and competitive video gaming
Various other sporting events, depending on on-going competitions
Kicker Sportmagazin Club of the Century
In 1998, Kicker published a list of the best football clubs of the 20th century. The list was based on the opinions of former players and managers (Giovanni Trapattoni, Johan Cruyff, Udo Lattek, Just Fontaine etc.). Each of them could name their choice for the five greatest teams and provide arguments in support thereof. Not all them stuck to the allotted number of picks. For example, Johan Cruyff picked three teams instead - Ajax, Milan and Dynamo Kyiv.
Each club's trophies and Ballon d'Or winners are shown up until 1999
Greatest Clubs (1863–2014)
In 2014, the magazine created a new list of the best clubs in history. This time it was formed based on the opinions of the magazine's editors. The list was based on criteria as the clubs' history, achievements at international stage, titles won and the career of its own players. In the Top 10, three teams represented Germany.
References
External links
Association football magazines
Sports magazines published in Germany
Football mass media in Germany
Magazines established in 1920
Mass media in Nuremberg
Magazines published in Stuttgart
Biweekly magazines published in Germany
German-language magazines
German news websites
1920 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker%20%28magazine%29 |
Bowling is a sports video game published in 1979 by Atari, Inc. for the Atari VCS (later renamed the Atari 2600). It was programmed by Larry Kaplan who left Atari to co-found Activision the same year. The game is an interpretation of the sport bowling, playable by one or two players.
Gameplay
In all six variations, games last for 10 frames, or turns. At the start of each frame, the current player is given two chances to roll a bowling ball down an alley in an attempt to knock down as many of the ten bowling pins as possible. The bowler (on the left side of the screen) may move up and down his end of the alley to aim before releasing the ball. In four of the game's six variations, the ball can be steered before it hits the pins. Knocking down every pin on the first shot is a strike, while knocking every pin down in both shots is a spare. The player's score is determined by the number of pins knocked down in all 10 frames, as well as the number of strikes and spares acquired.
Variations
Odd-numbered variants are one player games, while two players alternate on frames in even-numbered games.
Games 1/2: The bowling ball can be moved in one direction after being thrown.
Games 3/4: The bowling ball can be moved up and down after being thrown.
Games 5/6: The ball moves straight and cannot be moved.
Reception
Bowling was reviewed by Video magazine in its "Arcade Alley" column where it was praised as "an enjoyable version of a sport that is perfectly suited to the video arcade format". The reviewers singled out the graphics (including the automatic frame-by-frame scoring and "deft" character animation) as "one of the game's best points".
See also
List of Atari 2600 games
References
External links
Bowling at Atari Mania
1979 video games
Atari games
Atari 2600 games
Bowling video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling%20%281979%20video%20game%29 |
USNS Sirius (T-AFS 8) was a Sirius-class combat stores ship of the United States Navy, named for Sirius , the brightest star visible from Earth other than the Sun.
Sirius was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson for the Royal Navy. Laid down in 1965, she was launched in 1966 from Wallsend as RFA Lyness with the pennant A339 serving in the British Royal Fleet Auxiliary.
On 15 November 1980, the ship was acquired by charter by the United States Military Sealift Command. She was transferred to the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command in 1981.
Sirius was deactivated and struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 2005 and given to the U.S. Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD), then assigned to Texas Maritime Academy under an agreement that it can be activated by MARAD at any time. During the fall of 2005, the Sirius served in New Orleans for Katrina relief, from 10 September until 29 November and at Lake Charles, LA for Rita relief until 2 March. Because of its extended relief effort the Sirius was unable to undergo a refit in 2006 to adapt its new role as a training vessel and comply with U.S. Coast Guard safety standards. Because the Sirius had not undergone a refit, it could not be formally commissioned as the USTS Texas Clipper III nor could it be used for summer training cruises. In the winter of 2009 the US Coast Guard ruled that the Sirius was unfit for training and was prepared for decommissioning while the school looked for a new training ship. On 25 June 2009, the Sirius was returned to the U.S. Maritime Administration.
Sirius was scrapped at Brownsville on 30 May 2014.
Honors and awards
The USNS Sirius is authorized the following awards:
Citations
References
Ships built on the River Tyne
1966 ships
Sirius-class combat stores ships
Ness-class combat stores ships
Ships built by Swan Hunter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS%20Sirius |
Schopfloch is a municipality in the district of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It is located in the northern part of the Black Forest (Schwarzwald).
Schopfloch consists of three communities: Schopfloch, Oberiflingen and Unteriflingen.
References
Freudenstadt (district)
Württemberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schopfloch |
See also
Florida
List of municipalities in Florida
List of former municipalities in Florida
List of counties in Florida
List of census-designated places in Florida
References
USGS Fips55 database | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20places%20in%20Florida%3A%20S |
Sir Clive Haydn Martin, (born 20 March 1935) is a British businessman who was Lord Mayor of London from 1999 to 2000.
Martin was born in London to Thomas Stanley and Dorothy Gladys Martin. He was educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire, Haileybury and the London College of Printing. He completed National Service in the Royal Engineers, was commissioned and appointed OBE. He served in and commanded the Honourable Artillery Company earning the Territorial Decoration, and was appointed in 1999 Honorary Colonel of 135 Independent Topographic Squadron RE (Volunteers). In 1985, Martin was elected as Alderman to the City of London, and served as Sheriff of the City of London in 1996 and Lord Mayor of London for 1999–2000. He has also served as Vice-Chair of the City of London Magistrates Court.
Martin is an active English Freemason, who served from 2006 to 2007 in the very senior post of Junior Grand Warden of the United Grand Lodge of England. He was initiated in 'British Lodge' No 8 in 1984 and served as Master in the 'Lodge of Assistance' No 2773.
He is Chairman of MPG Ltd., a graphics communications business. In 2009, he was given an honorary doctorate by the University of the Arts London, and is listed as an alumnus of the London College of Communication.
References
1935 births
Living people
Businesspeople from London
People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Deputy Lieutenants
Royal Engineers officers
Honourable Artillery Company officers
Sheriffs of the City of London
20th-century lord mayors of London
20th-century English politicians
21st-century lord mayors of London
21st-century English politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive%20Martin |
Queen of Peace High School may refer to:
Queen of Peace High School (Illinois), in Burbank, Illinois
Queen of Peace High School (New Jersey), in North Arlington, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20of%20Peace%20High%20School |
Lord Altrie is a title in the Peerage of Scotland that was created on 29 July 1587 for Robert Keith. On his death, about 1593, it was inherited by his nephew George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, and remained united with that title, until its forfeiture in 1715 by George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal.
Lords Altrie (1587)
Robert Keith, 1st Lord Altrie (died ca. 1593)
George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal and 2nd Lord Altrie (ca. 1553–1623)
For further Lords: see Earl Marischal
References
Forfeited lordships of Parliament
Noble titles created in 1587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Altrie |
Christopher Camuto is an American nature writer, scholar and poet. He is the author of three books focused on the southern Appalachians--A Fly Fisherman's Blue Ridge (Henry Holt, 1990), Another Country: Journeying Toward the Cherokee Mountains (Henry Holt, 1997), Hunting from Home: A Year Afield in the Blue Ridge (W. W. Norton, 2003) and of Time and Tide in Acadia: Seasons on Mount Desert Island (W. W. Norton, 2009). He worked under the editorship of William Strachan at Henry Holt and of Amy Cherry at Norton.
His second book, Another Country, is perhaps his most complex, interweaving historical accounts of the southern Appalachians, reflections on the Cherokee language and its relationship to the landscape, and an account of efforts to reintroduce the endangered red wolf into Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Since 1995 Camuto has been the book review columnist for Gray's Sporting Journal, where he comments six times a year on sporting literature and art. Since 1998 he had written the quarterly "Watersheds" column, which he created, for Trout Unlimited's Trout. He was the book review columnist for Audubon from 1999 to 2002 and has written for a wide range of periodicals devoted to nature and the environment, including American Rivers, Audubon, The Boston Globe, Chesapeake Bay Journal, Field & Stream, Flyfishing, Fly Fisherman, Gray's Sporting Journal, Sewanee Review, Sierra, Sports Afield, Trout, Weber Studies in the Environment, and Wilderness.
Camuto's work has been anthologized in a number of books devoted to distinguished nature writing, including The Gift of Trout (Lyons and Burford, 1996), The Height of Our Mountains: Nature Writing from Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains and Shenandoah Valley (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), In Praise of Wild Trout (The Lyons Press, 1998), The Woods Stretched for Miles: Contemporary Southern Nature Writing (The University of Georgia Press, 1999), Uncommon Wealth: Essays on Virginia's Wild Places (Falcon Press, 1999), The Greatest Fishing Stories Ever Told (The Lyons Press, 2000), Into the Backing (The Lyons Press, 2001), Elemental South: Earth, Air, Fire and Water (The University of Georgia Press, 2004), Bartram's Living Legacy (Mercer University Press, 2010), and Afield: American Writers on Bird Dogs (Skyhorse Press, 2010). He wrote the introduction for the West Virginia University Press reprint, published in 2011, of Julia Davis' 1945 The Shenandoah, one of the titles in the celebrated Rivers of America series (1937-1974).
In the 1990s, Camuto was instrumental in publicizing the acidification of southern Appalachian headwater streams, most notably in an extended feature in the Winter 1991 Trout: "Dropping Acid in the Southern Appalachians: A Wild Trout Resource at Considerable Risk." During the 1980s and 1990s, he worked, as a writer and activist, on the controversies surrounding management of public forest lands in the southeast, especially the protection, preservation and restoration of coldwater streams and the preservation of roadless areas on national forest land. He is associated with the Southern Nature Project (www.southernnature.org), has done work on behalf of American Rivers, the Izaak Walton League, The Nature Conservancy, the Sierra Club, the Southern Appalachian Forest Coalition, Trout Unlimited, The Wilderness Society, and other environmental organizations. In the 1970s, he worked on behalf of migrant and seasonal farmworkers on the eastern shore of Virginia.
A native New Yorker and a long-time resident of Virginia (the Eastern Shore, Albemarle and Rockbridge counties), Camuto currently lives at Wolftree Farm in Union County, Pennsylvania, a hard-used but biologically diverse 78-acre woodland he acquired in 2005 and which has become an eco-restoration project in progress. Located near the foot of Buffalo Mountain, between state-owned forest land and private farmland, the property is an instructive example of the condition of private woodlands in central Pennsylvania. Despite its name, Wolftree Farm is for the most part re-grown woodland rather than tillable land, its succession toward mature woods having been defeated repeatedly by select (high-grade) logging in past decades. Working on his own, Camuto is striving to mitigate the effects of this logging, inroads of invasive species, and ill-conceived white and red pine plantings from the 1960s. He is trying to encourage a naturally diverse mix of native hardwoods—walnut, oak, hickory, black cherry—along with a healthy understory of native shrubs. Despite its problems, the property is diverse in birdlife (over a hundred species) and wildlife (including black bear, wild turkey, ruffed grouse). Camuto hopes to establish the property as a nature preserve. He has established a modest homestead on land he cleared, including a cedar log house he partly built himself near the abandoned home site of one James Glover (1824-1898), grandson of John Glover, Sr., an eighteenth-century Irish immigrant to America and an early (1772) white settler in what became Hartley Township, Pennsylvania. This homestead and woodland are now the center of Camuto's new work in nonfiction, fiction and poetry, including Works and Days: Notes on a Woodland Farm (nonfiction), A Hunter's Book of Hours (poetry), Sympathy for the Settler (poetry), Amygdala: Stories (fiction) and A Dream of Darwin (prose/poetry).
In recent years, Camuto has also been exploring his ancestral roots in Italy and the Mediterranean world. He is at work on a book of essays about his grandparents' connections to the Italian landscape—in Sicily (Bronte), in Basilicata (Melfi, Potenza, San Costantino Albanese) and Como—and a volume of poetry, Learning to Travel, about travel related to Magna Graecia, pre-Socratic philosophy, and classical Western literature, all of which are strong influences on his life, writing and teaching. He maintains close ties to the relations of his paternal grandmother, Delores Scutari, who live in Potenza, Senise and San Costantino Albanese, one of Basilicata's Arberesche mountain villages. Through his maternal grandmother, Mary Bocchetta Zanini, he is related to Vittore Bocchetta—Italian sculptor, painter, scholar and anti-Fascist resistance fighter in World War II.
Bibliography
(2007). "Christopher Camuto." Bucknell.edu. Retrieved September 11.
(2003). "Getting in Touch With Woodland Heritage." The New York Times. September 12.
Washabaugh, William and Catherine Washabaugh (2000). Deep Trout: Angling in Popular Culture. New York: Berg.
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Camuto |
David Staniforth (born 5 April 1976 in Durban) is a field hockey goalkeeper from South Africa, who was a member of the national squad that finished tenth at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. The goalie plays for a provincial team called KwaZulu Natal Raiders.
Staniforth was named South African Hockey's Male Personality of the Year for 2002. He made the match-winning save from Belgian player, Jean-Philippe Brulé's flick in a penalty shoot-out to decide the final Olympic qualifying place for the 2004 Athens Games. Staniforth was substituted into the game specifically for the penalty shoot-out after the game had ended at 2-2 and the golden goal period remained scoreless.
He played for English side Fareham Hockey Club, in Hampshire and coaches the University of Southampton's male and female hockey teams.
He coaches Australian National keepers while based out of Western Australia, 2022
International senior tournaments
2001 – Champions Challenge, Kuala Lumpur (2nd)
2002 – World Cup, Kuala Lumpur (13th)
2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester (4th)
2003 – All-Africa Games, Abuja (2nd)
2003 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg (3rd)
2004 – Olympic Qualifier, Madrid (7th)
2004 – Summer Olympics, Athens (10th)
2005 – Champions Challenge, Alexandria (5th)
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
South African male field hockey players
Male field hockey goalkeepers
Olympic field hockey players for South Africa
South African field hockey coaches
Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games competitors for South Africa
Sportspeople from Durban
Expatriate field hockey players
Railway Union field hockey players
South African expatriate sportspeople in Ireland
South African expatriate sportspeople in England
Competitors at the 2003 All-Africa Games
African Games competitors for South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Staniforth%20%28field%20hockey%29 |
In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics, the algebraic structure group with operators or Ω-group can be viewed as a group with a set Ω that operates on the elements of the group in a special way.
Groups with operators were extensively studied by Emmy Noether and her school in the 1920s. She employed the concept in her original formulation of the three Noether isomorphism theorems.
Definition
A group with operators can be defined as a group together with an action of a set on :
that is distributive relative to the group law:
For each , the application is then an endomorphism of G. From this, it results that a Ω-group can also be viewed as a group G with an indexed family of endomorphisms of G.
is called the operator domain. The associate endomorphisms are called the homotheties of G.
Given two groups G, H with same operator domain , a homomorphism of groups with operators is a group homomorphism satisfying
for all and
A subgroup S of G is called a stable subgroup, -subgroup or -invariant subgroup if it respects the homotheties, that is
for all and
Category-theoretic remarks
In category theory, a group with operators can be defined as an object of a functor category GrpM where M is a monoid (i.e. a category with one object) and Grp denotes the category of groups. This definition is equivalent to the previous one, provided is a monoid (otherwise we may expand it to include the identity and all compositions).
A morphism in this category is a natural transformation between two functors (i.e., two groups with operators sharing same operator domain M). Again we recover the definition above of a homomorphism of groups with operators (with f the component of the natural transformation).
A group with operators is also a mapping
where is the set of group endomorphisms of G.
Examples
Given any group G, (G, ∅) is trivially a group with operators
Given a module M over a ring R, R acts by scalar multiplication on the underlying abelian group of M, so (M, R) is a group with operators.
As a special case of the above, every vector space over a field k is a group with operators (V, k).
Applications
The Jordan–Hölder theorem also holds in the context of operator groups. The requirement that a group have a composition series is analogous to that of compactness in topology, and can sometimes be too strong a requirement. It is natural to talk about "compactness relative to a set", i.e. talk about composition series where each (normal) subgroup is an operator-subgroup relative to the operator set X, of the group in question.
See also
Group action
Notes
References
Group actions (mathematics)
Universal algebra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20with%20operators |
Christopher Ward Norman (born 25 October 1950) is an English soft rock singer. Norman was the original lead singer of the English rock band Smokie, (1964–1986), who found success in Europe in the 1970s. "Stumblin' In", a 1978 duet with Suzi Quatro, was a big US hit.
Life and career
With the advent of rock and roll, Norman acquired his first guitar at the age of seven. His early musical influences were Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Otis Redding, and Lonnie Donegan.
In these early years, Norman's parents moved around the country a lot, which resulted in him going to nine different schools, and living in various locations around England, such as Redcar, Luton, Kimpton, and Nottingham. By 1962, however, the family had moved back to Norman's mother's home city of Bradford. Approaching his twelfth birthday, Norman started at St. Bede's Grammar School, where he was to meet Alan Silson and Terry Uttley, future members of Smokie.
As teenagers, influenced by the new era of groups such as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones and then folk singer, Bob Dylan, Norman and Silson began meeting up and spent nearly all their spare time learning new songs on their guitars. They managed to persuade Uttley to join them and, along with a drummer friend called Ron Kelly, they formed their first band. The Yen, Essence, and Long Side Down were just some of a variety of names they called themselves before settling on "The Elizabethans". When Ron Kelly left the group in 1973, an old friend called Pete Spencer was asked to take over on the drums, and the group, which was to become Smokie, was complete.
In 1970, Norman married his wife Linda, and they have five children together. Since 1986, they have resided on the Isle of Man.
Between 1974 and the early 1980s, Smokie enjoyed success touring all over the world, but the strain and pressure of constantly being away from home and family was beginning to tell on Norman. By the early 1980s he decided to spend more time writing and working in the studio. Norman and Spencer now worked together on songs for other artists including hits for Kevin Keegan ("Head Over Heels in Love", a No. 31 UK hit), and the England football team song "This Time (We'll Get It Right)". He also worked with Agnetha Fältskog (on her solo album), Racey (co-writer of "Baby It's You"), Donovan (backing vocals on Donovan), and Heavy Metal Kids.
In 1978, Norman recorded a duet with Suzi Quatro, "Stumblin' In", which made No. 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and sold over one million copies.
Norman's solo career took off in 1986 with the song, "Midnight Lady", which was a hit throughout Europe holding the number one spot in Germany for six weeks (where it sold 900,000 copies). Further success followed by the songs "Some Hearts Are Diamonds", "No Arms Can Ever Hold You", "Broken Heroes", "Fearless Hearts", "Sarah" and "Baby I Miss You". In 1994, Norman was honoured by CMT Europe as their 'International Video Star of the Year'.
In 2004, he took part in the Comeback Show on the German TV station ProSieben and he performed "Stumblin' In" as a duet with C. C. Catch. In the final episode of the show, he was joined by Smokie for the final song.
On 2 June 2007, Norman performed at the Peel Bay Festival, Isle of Man.
Discography
Rock Away Your Teardrops (1982)
Some Hearts Are Diamonds (1986)
Different Shades (1987)
Break the Ice (1989)
Interchange (1991)
The Growing Years (1992)
The Album (1994)
Reflections (1995)
Into the Night (1997)
Christmas Together (1997)
Full Circle (2000)
Breathe Me In (2001)
Handmade (2003)
Break Away (2004)
Million Miles (2006)
Close Up (2007)
Time Traveller (2011)
There and Back (2013)
Crossover (2015)
Don't Knock the Rock (2017)
Just a Man (2021)
Industry awards
|-
|1986
|"Midnight Lady"
| Goldene Europa Comeback des Jahres
|
|-
|1986
|Best Male Singer
| Bravo Otto - Best Male Singer (Bronze)
|
|-
|1986
|Himself
|Löwe von Radio Luxembourg Silver Award
|
|-
|1986
|Male Singer
|Gold Hammerschlumpf - Pop/Rocky
|
|-
|1994
|"Jealous Heart"
| CMT Europe International Video Star of the Year
|
|-
|2001
|Himself
|Gala zur Verleihung des Internationalen Schlagerpreises
|
|-
|2004
|Himself
|Radio Regenbogen Award
|
|-
Billboard Year End Charts 1979.
Cashbox Year End Awards 1979.
Record World Year End Awards 1979
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
20th-century English singers
21st-century English singers
English male singers
English rock singers
English pop singers
English rock guitarists
English male songwriters
British soft rock musicians
Rhythm guitarists
Musicians from Bradford
People from Redcar
Hansa Records artists
Sony BMG artists
Rak Records artists
Polydor Records artists
20th-century British guitarists
21st-century British guitarists
English male guitarists
20th-century British male singers
21st-century British male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Norman |
One 2 Ka 4 is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Shashilal K. Nair. The film stars Shah Rukh Khan, Juhi Chawla, and Jackie Shroff. The score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. This film is now owned by Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment.
Plot
The film begins by introducing friends and co-workers Senior Superintendent of Police Officer Javed Abbas and Assistant Commissioner of Police Officer Arun Verma, who are both Special Task Force officers and partners. Javed is a widower who is bringing up his 4 children with love and effort while Arun is his carefree, hotheaded, albeit well-meaning subordinate and brother-like friend. Arun doesn't like Javed's four children, just like he doesn't like any child, nor do the four children like him.
KKV is a local drug lord that the entire police department have always been desperate to catch. Unfortunately, due to KKV's broad connection in the police department, nobody ever manages to find any solid proof against him.
With the help of an informer, police catch KKV's group red handed while he is dealing drugs. After he is caught, someone replaces the drugs detained from KKV with sugar, causing him to be released, making it very clear that someone in the police department is working for him. The Police Commissioner is eager to find the traitor.
Geeta is Javed's friend. Once she meets Arun, she falls in love with him at first sight, but Arun shows no special interest in her and always avoids her.
While on a subsequent drug raid, Javed is shot dead by an unknown assailant. Before the mission, Javed wrote a letter to Arun, asking Arun to take care of his four kids if he does not survive. As Javed's best friend, in spite of not liking kids, Arun decides to adopt Javed's children, instead of sending them to an orphanage. Arun also seeks help and refuge in Geeta, so that she can help him take care of the children. As their relationship develops and time goes on, Arun begins to develop feelings for her and he begins opening up to the children. Arun's life soon becomes difficult as his salary is not enough to support so many people.
In a visit to KKV's club to threaten him, Arun unexpectedly finds that Geeta is a dancer at that club. Arun becomes angry with Geeta, not only because he thinks being a bar dancer is a filthy job, but also because he thinks Geeta has been cheating him by pretending to be decent. When he returns home later, he confronts Geeta and questions her, but the children all say that Geeta was with them the whole day and never once left, leaving Arun to believe that the bar dancer is another person that simply looks like Geeta.
Under the pressure of his living situation, Arun robs KKV. He steals a large amount of drug money from KKV, knowing it's dirty money, and buys a big house for his family. Arun gets caught and arrested almost immediately, not for the robbery, but instead for illegal drug possession. He is charged with being KKV's spy as police identify that the drugs found in his house belong to KKV. Obviously, Arun is being framed by someone, as he never stole any drugs, but he does not know who framed him. During his court hearing, Geeta also testifies against Arun, however, not as his fiancee, but as a secret police officer who worked at KKV's bar—confirming that she was the bar dancer Arun saw—and the witness of Arun's robbery. Arun is therefore suspended from duty until further trial.
Arun now does not believe anyone anymore; he decides to find the killer of Javed and the spy for KKV on his own. At his house, he questions a police officer whom he believes to be corrupted. The officer admits he is a spy for KKV, but follows the order of JD, another police officer. He also says he does not know who killed Javed, but JD does. Arun kills him and heads for JD's house.
On his way to JD's house, Arun calls Geeta for help, who was with the Police Commissioner when answering the phone call. With the permission of the Commissioner, Geeta joins Arun to question JD, only to find JD was killed right before they arrive. They believe the Police Commissioner is the spy as he is the only third person that knows they are heading for JD.
Arun rushes to the Police Commissioner's house and thrashes him, but the latter denies being a spy for KKV. Geeta goes to CBI Chief's house to report the situation, who is the superior of the Police Commissioner, but she finds KKV is in the Chief's house with him; she immediately realizes that the Chief is the real spy as he might have known of the original plan from the Commissioner. The Chief and KKV try to kill Geeta, but she manages to escape.
Geeta visits Arun and the Commissioner and tells them her findings about the Chief. The Commissioner is shocked to know of this information, and tells the pair that the Chief is planning to leave the country very soon. Geeta and Arun quickly arrive at the airport to stop the Chief from leaving. During a gunfight at the airport, KKV kills the Chief while taking him hostage. Inspector Sawant kills KKV and gets killed by Arun. Sawant also reveals himself as the killer of Javed as he was always belittled by the latter and upset that Javed got all the credits and honors despite Sawant's hard work and dedication. After taking Sawant down and saving the day, Arun is later praised by his department, gets his job back, reunites with the children (who now love him for his character arc), and marries Geeta.
Cast
Shah Rukh Khan as Assistant Commissioner of Police Officer Arun Verma
Juhi Chawla as Geeta Chaudhury
Jackie Shroff as Senior Superintendent of Police Officer Javed Abbas
Nirmal Pandey as Krishan Kant Virmani (KKV)
Dilip Joshi as Champak
Rajendranath Zutshi as Sawant
Akash Khurana as Police Commissioner Akash Khurana
Keith Stevenson as CBI Chief
Sahila Chadha as Bipasha
Suresh Chatwal as Inspector Rajendra
Madhur Mittal as Michael
Fatima Sana Shaikh
M. Rehman Naushad Ali as Broker
Jack Gaud as Shetty
Bharat Dabholkar as J.D.
Soundtrack
A. R. Rahman composed the soundtrack of the film, and lyrics were written by Majrooh Sultanpuri and Mehboob.
Reception
Box office
The film grossed in India and $565,000 (2.62 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of , against its budget. It had a worldwide opening weekend of , and grossed in its first week. It is the 21st-highest-grossing film of 2001 worldwide.
India
It opened on Friday, 30 March 2001, across 260 screens, and earned nett on its opening day. It grossed nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of nett. The film earned a total of nett, and was declared "Below Average" by Box Office India. It is the 20th-highest-grossing film of 2001 in India.
Overseas
It had an opening weekend of $275,000 (1.27 crore) and went on to gross $375,000 (1.74 crore) in its first week. The film earned a total of $565,000 (2.62 crore) at the end of its theatrical run. Overseas, It is the 12th-highest-grossing film of 2001.
Critical response
Taran Adarsh of IndiaFM gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, writing "On the whole, ONE 2 KA 4 is handicapped by a weak script, despite plus factors it has to its credit (SRK's presence, A.R. Rahman's music, vibrant action). The film has precious little to offer in terms of substance, which will curtail its prospects to a major extent. Disappointing!" Nidhi Taparia of Rediff.com wrote: "Burdened by a sloppy screenplay and script, Shah Rukh looks jaded and very bored. The cop role just doesn't cut any new slack. For an actor of his calibre, one wonders what forces were at work here for him to actually sign on for the film.
Juhi in her sexy moll avatar could give any of the teenaged starlets a run for their money and is understated and just hits the right note. But her village belle get-up, now that's something I'd rather not delve into. Suffice to say that here's an instant recipe for headache. As for the rest of the cast, the less said the better. One 2 Ka 4 has no punches to pull."
References
External links
2001 films
2000s Hindi-language films
Films scored by A. R. Rahman
Indian action thriller films
2001 action thriller films
Films shot in Malaysia
Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%202%20Ka%204 |
Anthony J. Pope (March 22, 1947 – February 11, 2004), also known as "Anthony Mozdy," was an American voice actor. He is best remembered for voicing Goofy for eleven years. He also worked on the first two DVDs of LeapFrog, voicing Mr. Websley and Professor Quigley on The Letter Factory and Talking Words Factory (2003).
Early life
Anthony J. Pope was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 22, 1947 to Thomas and Katherine Pope (née Mozdy).
Career
After graduating from college, Pope moved to Los Angeles, California in 1973 were he officially began his career as a voice actor. His mentor was Daws Butler who was best known as the voice of Yogi Bear and Huckleberry Hound. He was known for providing the voice of Furby in English and five other languages. He was also the voice of Goofy for eleven years garnering seventeen Gold and Platinum records. His voice is prominent at Disneyland on several rides, as well as in the JumpStart products by Knowledge Adventure.
Personal life
Pope married actress Patricia Lentz in 1984, together they have three children. They remained married until his death in 2004.
Death
He died on February 11, 2004, from complications of leg surgery at the age of 56 in Burbank, California. He was buried at Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery. He was survived by his wife and three children, his daughter Marcella Lentz-Pope is an actress.
Filmography
Film
The Adventures of Pinocchio (1978) – Candlewick / Boy
Hurray for Betty Boop (1980) – Coffee Shoppe Boss / "Indy 500" Announcer / Mirror, Ringmaster (voice)
The Little Fox (1981) – Karak (voice)
Back to the Future (1985) – 1985 Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited)
Invasion Earth: The Aliens Are Here (1988) – Alien (voice)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) – Goofy / Zeke "Big Bad" Wolf (voice)
Spaced Invaders (1990) – Lieutenant Giggywig (voice)
Watchers II (1990) – Outsider (voice)
Armour of God 2: Operation Condor (1991) – (voice)
Frozen Assets (1992) – (voice)
Cats Don't Dance (1997) – Alligator (voice)
The King and I (1999) – Burmese Emissary (voice)
The Prince of Light (2000) – Vishwarmitra
Metropolis – Shunsaku Ban (voice)
Dak mo mai sing (2001) – (voice)
Shu shan zheng zhuan (2001) – (voice)
Marco Polo: Return to Xanadu (2001) – Babu / Foo-Ling / Reginald the Seagull (voice)
Muhammad: The Last Prophet (2002) – Salman (voice)
Anime
The Adventures of Pinocchio (1971) – Lucignolo / Boy at Puppet Theatre
Galaxy Express 999 (1979) – Unspecified Role (New World Pictures Dub)
Mobile Suit Gundam (Movie) (1981) – General Revil
Mobile Suit Gundam II: Soldiers of Sorrow (1981) – General Revil
Mobile Suit Gundam III: Encounters in Space (1982) – General Revil
Wings of Honneamize (1987) – Majaho / Tekatta
Akira (1988) – Colonel Shikishima / Mr. Nezu / Yamagata (as Anthony Mozdy)
Hello Kitty's Paradise (1999, TV Series) – Papa
Mobile Suit Gundam F91 (1991) – Leslie Arno
Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama (1992) – Sage Vishvamitra
Apocalypse Zero (1996) – Oboro Hagakure
Black Jack: The Movie (1996)
Fake (1996) – Chief / Jaco
Rurouni Kenshin (1996–1999, TV Series) – Kaishu Katsu
Sun faa sau si (1998) – Boss / Sushi Chef / Movie Actor 1 / Zombies
Vampire Princess Miyu (1998, TV Series) – Tonbi
The Adventures of Mini-Goddess (1998–2003, TV Series) – Gan-chan
The Big O (1999, TV Series) – Gisang
Dinozaurs (2000, TV Series)
Samurai Girl: Real Bout High School (2001, TV Series) – Master Tessai Onizuka
S-CRY-ed (2001, TV Series) – Chief
Cyborg 009 (2002, TV Series) – Commander / Dr.Herschel
Digimon Tamers (2002, TV Series) – Zhuqiaomon
Ai Yori Aoshi (2002, TV Series) – Fish Vendor / Kaoru's Grandfather
Mao-chan (2002, TV Series) – Sorajirou Tsukishima
Heat Guy J (2002, TV Series) – Mauro (1st Voice "replaced by Steve Kramer after his death")
Animation
Spider-Man (1981, TV Series) – Boris
Pole Position (1984, TV Series)
The Jetsons (1985, TV Series)
Care Bears (1985–1988, DiC series, only in "Forest of Misfortune/The Magic Mirror") – Frostbite
The Transformers (1986–1987, TV Series) – A3 / Wreck-Gar
Sport Goofy in Soccermania (1987) – Sport Goofy
Tom & Jerry Kids Show (1990–1994, TV Series)
Droopy, Master Detective (1993–1994, TV Series)
SWAT Kats (1993, TV Series) – Enforcer Sergeant
Creepy Crawlers (1994–1995, TV Series) – Professor Googengrime
What a Cartoon! (1995–1997, Episodes: "Look Out Below" and "George and Junior's Christmas Spectacular") – Junior
I Am Weasel (1997, TV Series) – Boy / Cousteau
101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997, TV Series) – Danny
If You Love Me... Show Me! (1999, Short) – Father Time / Commercial Voice C / Paul's Father
House of Mouse (2001–2003, TV Series) – Geppetto
LeapFrog (2003-2004, TV Series) – Mr. Websley / Professor Quigley (as Anthony Mozdy)
Video games
Sam & Max Hit the Road (1993) – Mad Scientist / Flint Paper / Conroy Bumpus / Various characters
JumpStart Kindergarten (1994) – Mr. Hopsalot
Ace Ventura: The Case of the Serial Shaver (1994) – Shickadance
JumpStart 1st Grade (1995) – Frankie
JumpStart Adventures 4th Grade: Haunted Island (1996) – Flap
JumpStart Adventures 3rd Grade: Mystery Mountain (1996) - Professor Sparks
JumpStart 2nd Grade (1996) – Edison
JumpStart 1st Grade Math (1997) – Frankie
JumpStart Kindergarten Reading (1998) – Mr. Hopsalot
JumpStart Math (1998) – Edison
Disney's Villains' Revenge (1999) – Out
Diablo II (2000) – Elzix, Guard
JumpStart 1st Grade Reading (2000) – Frankie
Kingdom Hearts (2002) – Geppetto
Monopoly Party (2002) – Mr. Monopoly
Other
Disney Discovery Series (1984–1987, read-along recordings) – Goofy (recurring) and Ludwig Von Drake ("Colors and Shapes")
Teddy Ruxpin (1986, read-along recordings) – Newton Gimmick, L.B. the Bounder
Robbery on the Overland Express: A Whoodunit Mickey Mystery (1993, Disney's Storyteller Series) – Heinrich Schniffengraul
The Lion King: The Brightest Star (1994) – Cheetah (read-along cassette story recording)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000, Disney's Storyteller Series) – Narrator
Furby (1998) – Voice of the Furby toy
References
External links
1947 births
2004 deaths
American male voice actors
American male video game actors
Male actors from Cleveland
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Audiobook narrators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Pope |
Denzil Dolley (born 22 July 1977 in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape) is a field hockey player from South Africa, who was a member of the national squad that finished tenth at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. He played for the University of Port Elizabeth and a provincial team called KwaZulu Natal Raiders. He has previously played for Holcombe Hockey Club - based in Rochester, Kent - in the UK National League, as well as coaching Sanderstead Hockey Club. He is now the 1st XI player/coach at Woking Hockey Club - based in Surrey.
International senior tournaments
2001 – Champions Challenge, Kuala Lumpur (2nd)
2002 – World Cup, Kuala Lumpur (13th)
2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester (4th)
2003 – All-Africa Games, Abuja (2nd)
2004 – Summer Olympics, Athens (10th)
2006 – World Cup, Mönchengladbach (12th)
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
South African male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for South Africa
South African field hockey coaches
Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
2002 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Field hockey players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players
Sportspeople from Port Elizabeth
Commonwealth Games competitors for South Africa
Holcombe Hockey Club players
South African expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate field hockey players
African Games silver medalists for South Africa
Competitors at the 2003 All-Africa Games
African Games medalists in field hockey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzil%20Dolley |
Split is a 1989 film directed by Chris Shaw and starring Timothy Dwight and Joan Bechtel. The film was notable for its early use of CGI. It was the final film appearance of Gene Evans.
Plot
A big brother-like leader from another dimension known as the Director controls our every move while letting us believe that we have free will. Starker is a homeless man for whom no records exist so he is able to elude the Director and his Agency. He attempts to counter the oppressive message and is forced to go into hiding with a round disc that he believes is the gateway to a greater humanity.
Cast
Timothy Dwight as Starker
Joan Bechtel as The waitress
John Flynn as The artist
Chris Shaw as The Director
Reception
Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called Split "a timeless political-religious parable".
References
External links
1989 films
1989 science fiction films
1989 directorial debut films
Films about mass surveillance
1980s English-language films
American science fiction films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20%281989%20film%29 |
Andrew Fleming Green, Baron Green of Deddington, KCMG (born 6 August 1941) is a former British diplomat. He is the founding president of MigrationWatch UK, an organisation arguing for lower immigration to the United Kingdom. He has also held a number of positions with voluntary organisations.
Background and education
Lord Green was educated at Haileybury before going up to Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read Natural Sciences and Economics. He then took a three-year Short Service Commission in the Royal Green Jackets.
Career
Diplomatic career
On joining the Diplomatic Service in 1965, he studied Arabic in Lebanon. Thereafter, he spent half his career in the Middle East where he served in six posts. The remainder of his service was divided between London, Paris, and Washington DC. He was HM Ambassador in Syria (1991–94) and then Director for the Middle East at the Foreign Office, before serving for four and a half years as ambassador in Saudi Arabia.
MigrationWatch UK
After his retirement in June 2000, Lord Green went on to co-found MigrationWatch UK together with David Coleman, Professor of Demography at Oxford University. He was chairman from its establishment in December 2001 until July 2021 when he became president and the chairmanship was taken up by Alp Mehmet.
Other work
He chaired Medical Aid for Palestinians (a British charity seeking to improve health care for Palestinians both in Palestine and in refugee camps) for three years. He was for 12 years a board member of Christian Solidarity Worldwide (a human rights organisation which speaks for Christians and others around the world who are suffering persecution for their religious beliefs).
He was the co-chair of the lobbying group British Syrian Society, founded by President Assad's father in law Fawaz Akhras, until his resignation in 2011. He was re-appointed as Director of the Society in 2018.
Awards
He was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Companion (CMG) in the 1991 Birthday Honours and was promoted as a Knight Commander (KCMG) in the 1998 Birthday Honours.
On 21 October 2014 it was announced that Sir Andrew Green was to be created a life peer on David Cameron's personal recommendation for Green's "proven record of public service." He was duly raised to the peerage as Baron Green of Deddington, in the County of Oxfordshire on 28 November 2014. Lord Green sits on the cross benches in the House of Lords.
References
External links
Debrett's People of Today
MigrationWatch UK website
www.gov.uk
Independent profile
1941 births
Living people
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Saudi Arabia
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Syria
Immigration to the United Kingdom
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Royal Green Jackets officers
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Crossbench life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
20th-century British diplomats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Green%2C%20Baron%20Green%20of%20Deddington |
In abstract algebra, the total quotient ring or total ring of fractions is a construction that generalizes the notion of the field of fractions of an integral domain to commutative rings R that may have zero divisors. The construction embeds R in a larger ring, giving every non-zero-divisor of R an inverse in the larger ring. If the homomorphism from R to the new ring is to be injective, no further elements can be given an inverse.
Definition
Let be a commutative ring and let be the set of elements which are not zero divisors in ; then is a multiplicatively closed set. Hence we may localize the ring at the set to obtain the total quotient ring .
If is a domain, then and the total quotient ring is the same as the field of fractions. This justifies the notation , which is sometimes used for the field of fractions as well, since there is no ambiguity in the case of a domain.
Since in the construction contains no zero divisors, the natural map is injective, so the total quotient ring is an extension of .
Examples
For a product ring , the total quotient ring is the product of total quotient rings . In particular, if A and B are integral domains, it is the product of quotient fields.
For the ring of holomorphic functions on an open set D of complex numbers, the total quotient ring is the ring of meromorphic functions on D, even if D is not connected.
In an Artinian ring, all elements are units or zero divisors. Hence the set of non-zero-divisors is the group of units of the ring, , and so . But since all these elements already have inverses, .
In a commutative von Neumann regular ring R, the same thing happens. Suppose a in R is not a zero divisor. Then in a von Neumann regular ring a = axa for some x in R, giving the equation a(xa − 1) = 0. Since a is not a zero divisor, xa = 1, showing a is a unit. Here again, .
In algebraic geometry one considers a sheaf of total quotient rings on a scheme, and this may be used to give the definition of a Cartier divisor.
The total ring of fractions of a reduced ring
Proof: Every element of Q(A) is either a unit or a zero divisor. Thus, any proper ideal I of Q(A) is contained in the set of zero divisors of Q(A); that set equals the union of the minimal prime ideals since Q(A) is reduced. By prime avoidance, I must be contained in some . Hence, the ideals are maximal ideals of Q(A). Also, their intersection is zero. Thus, by the Chinese remainder theorem applied to Q(A),
.
Let S be the multiplicatively closed set of non-zero-divisors of A. By exactness of localization,
,
which is already a field and so must be .
Generalization
If is a commutative ring and is any multiplicatively closed set in , the localization can still be constructed, but the ring homomorphism from to might fail to be injective. For example, if , then is the trivial ring.
Citations
References
Commutative algebra
Ring theory
de:Lokalisierung_(Algebra)#Totalquotientenring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20ring%20of%20fractions |
Sangju Civic Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Sangju, South Korea. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 15,042 spectators.
References
External links
Sangju Stadium Introduction Page
World Stadiums
Football venues in South Korea
Multi-purpose stadiums in South Korea
Sports venues in North Gyeongsang Province
Sports venues completed in 1992
1992 establishments in South Korea
K League 1 stadiums
K League 2 stadiums
Gimcheon Sangmu FC
20th-century architecture in South Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangju%20Civic%20Stadium |
The Central Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in central Vanuatu.
Languages
Clark (2009)
Clark (2009) provides the following classification of the Central Vanuatu languages, divided into geographic areas. Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are in italics. Clark's Central Vanuatu branch is wider in scope, including not only the Shepherd–Efate languages, but also the Malakula and Ambrym–Paama–Epi languages.
Central Vanuatu
Malakula languages
Northeast Malakula (Uripiv), Vao, Vovo; Mpotovoro
Dirak, Malua Bay
V’ënen Taut, Tape
Larevat, Neve’ei, Naman
Navava, Nevwervwer
Unua-Pangkumu
Banam Bay, Aulua
Lendamboi; Nasarian
Axamb, Avok, Maskelynes, Port Sandwich
Sinesip, Naha’ai; Ninde
Ambrym–Paama–Epi area
Ambrym Island: North Ambrym, West Ambrym, South Ambrym
Paama Island: Southeast Ambrym, Paamese
Epi Island: Lewo, Lamen, Bierebo, Baki
Epi Island: Mkir, Bieria
Shepherd–Efate area
Shepherd Islands: Nakanamanga (Nguna); Namakir
Efate Island: South Efate
François (2015)
The following list of 19 Central Vanuatu languages (excluding the Malakula languages) is from François (2015:18–21).
Additionally, the extinct Sowa language was formerly spoken in central Vanuatu.
References
.
Southern Oceanic languages
Languages of Vanuatu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Vanuatu%20languages |
Interceltic Festival may refer to:
Festival Interceltique de Lorient, Brittany, France
Interceltic Festival of Avilés, Asturias, Spain
Interceltic Festival of Morrazo, Moaña, Galicia, Spain
See also
Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World, Galicia, Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceltic%20Festival |
Happy Flowers was an American musical group, formed in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1983 by two members of the Landlords, John Beers ("Mr. Horribly Charred Infant", drums, vocals) and Charlie Kramer ("Mr. Anus", guitar, vocals), both students at the University of Virginia. This duo combines improvisational noise punk guitar and drums with lyrics often written in the first person from the perspective of a child, with childlike intonation and grammar. Their humorous songs are mainly about freak childhood accidents and common childhood gripes.
History
The Landlords were an early hardcore punk band from Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. The band, consisting of four students from the University of Virginia, was formed at around October 1983. A month after the Landlords formed, the band began to break off into a number of other bands which included the Happy Flowers When Beers and Kramer concentrated on their Happy Flowers work, Landlords bassist Eddie Jetlag continued his association with them by writing sleevenotes for their releases. The Landlords continued for a few years after Happy Flowers started.
Happy Flowers' first song, "Mom, I Gave the Cat Some Acid", was released during the summer of 1984 as a part of the compilation album called Brain of Stone. This was followed the same year by the band's first two EPs. The band received a wider audience with the albums My Skin Covers My Body (1987) and I Crush Bozo (1988), both released by Homestead Records. The 1990 album Lasterday I Was Been Bad featured drummer Scott Pickering on half of the tracks. In March 2000, the band went on a four-date tour, the band's first tour in nearly ten years. In February 2004, the band reunited in Charlottesville, Virginia for a 20th anniversary performance, a limited-edition DVD from which is available from Lost Frog Productions. In March 2006, the band reunited again and played at the South by Southwest music festival in Austin, Texas.
Line-up
Mr. Horribly Charred Infant (vocals, instruments, non-instruments)
Mr. Anus (vocals, instruments, non-instruments)
Discography
Landlords discography
It's a Teenage House Party With The Landlords LP (1984), Catch Trout
Our Favorite Songs! EP (1987), Catch Trout
Fitzgerald's Paris LP (2016), Feel It Records
Happy Flowers albums
My Skin Covers My Body (1987), Homestead
I Crush Bozo (1988), Homestead
Oof (1989), Homestead
Lasterday I Was Been Bad (1990), Homestead
Compilations
Making the Bunny Pay (1987), Catch Trout - compilation of first two EPs
Too Many Bunnies, (Not Enough Mittens) (1989), Homestead
Flowers on 45: The Homestead Singles (1992), Homestead
Happy Flowers singles and EPs
Songs for Children 7-inch EP (1984), Catch Trout
Now We Are Six 7-inch EP (1986), Catch Trout
"They Cleaned My Cut Out With a Wire Brush" (1988), Homestead
"BB Gun" (1989), Homestead
"Call Me Pudge" (1990), Homestead
The Peel Sessions 7-inch EP (1991), Homestead
Videography
20th Anniversary Show (DVD, 2006)
References
External links
Happy Flowers entry at Monocular Times
American noise rock music groups
Homestead Records artists
Punk rock groups from Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy%20Flowers |
Prince Ivane Andronikashvili (), also known as Knyaz Ivan Malkhazovich Andronnikov () (1798 – November 19, 1868) was a Georgian nobleman and general in the Imperial Russian service.
He was born in Qudaghlo in the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti to Prince Malkhaz Andronikashvili and Princess Mariam Bagrationi. (In 1801, the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti became part of the Russian Empire.) His mother, Princess Mariam Bagrationi, was the sister of the last Imeretian king Solomon II. He himself was married to Princess Nino Imeretinsky, granddaughter of King David II of Imereti.
When Andronikashvili turned nineteen, he was enrolled in the St Petersburg Cavalry Regiment of the Leib Guard. Seven years later he was transferred to the Nizhny Novgorod cavalry regiment with the rank of major. When the Russo-Persian war broke out in 1826 Andronikashvili became heavily involved in many decisive battles. He served later in the Caucasus during the wars with Persia (1826-1829) and Turkey (1828-1829). He was promoted Major General in 1841 and appointed Governor General of Tiflis in 1849. He took part in the Caucasian War and led an expedition against the rebellious Ossetes in 1840 and 1850.
The Crimean War was the apex of Andronikashvili’s military career. On November 14, 1853, he defeated Ali Pasha's army of 20,000 men at Akhaltsikhe with as few as 5,000 soldiers, mostly irregular Georgian cavalrymen. He achieved another victory against considerable odds over Selim Pasha’s 36,000 troops at the Choloki River with the force of 13,000. Prince Andronikashvili was promoted to General of Cavalry just a few months before his death in 1868.
Honours and awards
Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class (1826),
Order of St. Anna, 2nd class (1827)
Order of St. George, 4th class (1830) and 3rd class (1853)
Order of St. Stanislaus 1st class (1847)
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1854)
See also
Andronikashvili
References
External links
Russian Biographical Dictionary
1798 births
1868 deaths
Nobility of Georgia (country)
Military personnel from Georgia (country)
Russian military personnel of the Crimean War
Imperial Russian Army generals
Georgian generals in the Imperial Russian Army
Georgian generals with the rank "General of the Cavalry" (Imperial Russia)
Generals from Georgia (country)
Ivane
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Russian military personnel of the Caucasian War
People of the Russo-Persian Wars
People of the Caucasian War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivane%20Andronikashvili |
Thun District is one of the 26 administrative districts in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. Its capital is the municipality of Thun.
From 1 January 2010, the district lost its administrative power while being replaced by the new and enlarged Thun (administrative district), whose administrative centre remained Thun.
Since 2010, it remains therefore a fully recognised district under the law and the Constitution (Art.3 al.2) of the Canton of Berne.
The district has an area of 285 km2 and consists of 27 municipalities:
References
Former districts of the canton of Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thun%20District |
Mambaí is a city in eastern Goiás state, Brazil. It is the easternmost city in that state.
History
The settlement began in the 19th century when settlers from the state of Bahia came looking for rubber produced by the mangabeira tree. The village that appeared took the name Riachão. After the building of a chapel and the passing of muleteers heading to Bahia the settlement began to grow. Soon the name was changed to Mambaí and it became a district of the municipality of Posse. The origin of the name is unknown. In 1958 it was dismembered from Posse and became an autonomous municipality.
Geography
Mambaí is one of the most isolated cities in the state of Goiás. It lies in the Vão do Paranã statistical micro-region less than 20 kilometers from the border with the state of Bahia. It is 61 kilometers to the main interstate highway, the BR-020, which links Brasília to Salvador. It is 250 kilometers to Brasília. The distance to the state capital of Goiânia is 512 kilometers. Municipal boundaries are with Posse, Buritinópolis, Damianópolis, and the state of Bahia. Highway connections from Goiânia are made by taking BR-153 / Anápolis / Alexânia / BR-060 / Planaltina / Formosa / BR-020 / Simolândia / GO-236.
Demographics
The population decreased 8.37.% from 1991 to 1996 and continued the decline from 1996 to 2000 with -4.02.%. In 1980 the population was 5,125 so in twenty-five years the increase has been negligible.
Economy
The economy was mainly based on agriculture, with extensive cattle raising occupying most of the territory. Most inhabitants were employed in small retail units, government jobs, and modest industrial transformation units. There were no banking institutions reporting in August 2007.
The cattle herd was small compared to other municipalities in the state. In 2006 there were 7,900 head. The number of milk cows—480—was one of the smallest in the state. The main agricultural products in planted area were corn, sugarcane, beans, manioc, and rice.
Motor vehicles: 328 (automobiles and pickup trucks)
Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 20
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 392
Total area: 27,399 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 62 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 1,047 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 15,174 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 97,327 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 1,200
Cattle herd: 7,900
Main crop: rice and corn with 320 hectares each
Health and education
In 2006 there were 6 schools and 01 hospital with 18 beds.
The infant mortality rate was 34.8 in 1,000 live births in 2000.
The adult literacy rate was 75% in 2000, the lowest in the state.
In 2000 Mambaí was ranked 234 out of 242 municipalities in the state of Goiás on the United Nations Human Development Index with a score of 0.647. Nationally it was ranked 3,816 out of 5,507 municipalities.
Tourism
Places to visit
1.Cachoeira do Funil
Hiking Trails
Amazingly, you can stroll through the cave beneath the falls. You may even rappel from the top of the waterfall and use a pendulum to swing under the water. There are wonderful places to take a pleasant bath and get a water massage above the waterfall. A lovely location to spend an hour. You may take a beautiful stroll through a lovely forest to get to the falls, but you can also enter the cave, which involves some work, especially climbing down to reach the entrance. A good headlight is essential in the cave. One of the pleasures of our vacation to Mamba was this visit.I definitely recommend it, and the view of the fall from the cave is worth the effort.
2.Caverna Lapa do Penhasco
Caverns & Caves
Fantastic location for recharging energy! I advise wearing light clothing and sneakers for the moderate to strenuous trail. For extremely young children up to roughly 8 years old, I believe it to be a risky ride. a river that is running, a water crossing, and many stones. Absolutely worth it!
3.Cachoeira do Alemão
Waterfalls
You must down a very steep slope to reach this waterfall, but once you do, you'll want to remain. The waterfall is really attractive, and the pleasant water temperature helps to relieve stress and fatigue. Don't pass it up!
4.Trilha Itaguassu
Hiking Trails
You can get a sense of Mamba's natural richness by walking this trail. The uphill and downhill path is extremely lovely as it passes beneath some really large trees. The highlight was traversing the cave, cut by a river, to continue our journey, as shown on the photo. There are places to rest and go swimming, and the water was incredibly clear. The cave and the surrounding area have some gorgeous and intriguing rock formations. Due to the variety of shapes, vegetation, and colours, the trail continues through a labyrinth of rocks that is also quite attractive. The entire trail is a half-day and requires some work, but it is worthwhile because of the stunning scenery and enjoyable swimming spots. You do require a map!
5.Caverna Claraboia
Caverns & Caves
If you visit Mambai, don't miss it. The cave is just stunning! We have the option of rappelling down to enter the cave through a hole in the ceiling. I done that, and I suggest doing it!
Gypsy Community
There is a small gypsy community living in the area, which was the study of a linguist, Fábio José Dantas Melo, from the University of Brasília. Professor Melo carried out a study on the dialect spoken by these Gypsies.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Transporte
Municipalities in Goiás
Populated places established in 1958
1958 establishments in Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamba%C3%AD |
The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan from a screenplay co-written with his brother Jonathan. Based on the DC Comics superhero Batman, it is the sequel to Batman Begins (2005) and the second installment in The Dark Knight Trilogy. The plot follows the vigilante Batman, police lieutenant James Gordon, and district attorney Harvey Dent, who form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City. Their efforts are derailed by the Joker, an anarchistic mastermind who seeks to test how far the Batman will go to save the city from chaos. The ensemble cast includes Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Heath Ledger, Gary Oldman, Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gyllenhaal, and Morgan Freeman.
Warner Bros. Pictures prioritized a sequel following the successful reinvention of the Batman film series with Batman Begins. Christopher and Batman Begins co-writer David S. Goyer developed the story elements, making Dent the central protagonist caught up in the battle between the Batman and the Joker. In writing the screenplay, the Nolans were influenced by 1980s Batman comics and crime drama films, and sought to continue Batman Begins heightened sense of realism. From April to November 2007, filming took place with a $185million budget in Chicago and Hong Kong, and on sets in England. The Dark Knight was the first major motion picture to be filmed with high-resolution IMAX cameras. Christopher avoided using computer-generated imagery unless necessary, insisting on practical stunts such as flipping an 18-wheel truck and blowing up a factory.
The Dark Knight was marketed with an innovative interactive viral campaign that initially focused on countering criticism of Ledger's casting by those who believed he was a poor choice to portray the Joker. Ledger died from an accidental prescription drug overdose in January 2008, leading to widespread interest from the press and public regarding his performance. When it was released in July, The Dark Knight received acclaim for its mature tone and themes, visual style, and performances—particularly that of Ledger, who received many posthumous awards including Academy, BAFTA, and Golden Globe awards for Best Supporting Actor, making The Dark Knight the first comic-book film to receive major industry awards. It broke several box-office records and became the highest-grossing 2008 film, the fourth-highest-grossing film of its time, and the highest-grossing superhero film.
Since its release, The Dark Knight has been assessed as one of the greatest superhero films ever made, one of the best movies of the 2000s, and one of the best films ever made. It is considered the "blueprint" for many modern superhero films, particularly for its rejection of a typical comic-book movie style in favor of a crime film that features comic-book characters. Many filmmakers sought to repeat its success by emulating its gritty, realistic tone to varying degrees of success. The Dark Knight has been analyzed for its themes of terrorism and the limitations of morality and ethics. The United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2020. A sequel, The Dark Knight Rises, concluded The Dark Knight trilogy in 2012.
Plot
A gang of masked criminals robs a mafia-owned bank in Gotham City, betraying and killing each other until the sole survivor, the Joker, reveals himself as the mastermind and escapes with the money. The vigilante Batman, district attorney Harvey Dent, and police lieutenant Jim Gordon ally to eliminate Gotham's organized crime. The Batman's true identity, the billionaire Bruce Wayne, publicly supports Dent as Gotham's legitimate protector, as Wayne believes Dent's success will allow the Batman to retire, allowing him to romantically pursue his childhood friend Rachel Dawes, despite her relationship with Dent.
Gotham's mafia bosses gather to discuss protecting their organizations from the Joker, the police, and the Batman. The Joker interrupts the meeting and offers to kill the Batman for half of the fortune their accountant, Lau, concealed before fleeing to Hong Kong to avoid extradition. With the help of Wayne Enterprises CEO Lucius Fox, the Batman finds Lau in Hong Kong and returns him to the custody of Gotham police. His testimony enables Dent to apprehend the crime families. The bosses accept the Joker's offer, and he kills high-profile targets involved in the trial, including the judge and police commissioner. Although Gordon saves the mayor, the Joker threatens that his attacks will continue until the Batman reveals his identity. He targets Dent at a fundraising dinner and throws Rachel out of a window, but Batman rescues her.
Wayne struggles to understand the Joker's motives, but his butler Alfred Pennyworth says "some men just want to watch the world burn." Dent claims he is the Batman to lure out the Joker, who attacks the police convoy transporting him. The Batman and Gordon apprehend the Joker, and Gordon is promoted to commissioner. At the police station, the Batman interrogates the Joker, who says he finds the Batman entertaining and has no intention of killing him. Having deduced the Batman's feelings for Rachel, the Joker reveals she and Dent are being held separately in buildings rigged to explode. The Batman races to save Rachel while Gordon and the other officers go after Dent, but they discover the Joker gave their positions in reverse. Rachel is killed in the explosion, while Dent's face is severely burned on one side. The Joker escapes custody, extracts the fortune's location from Lau, and burns all of it, killing Lau in the process.
Wayne Enterprises accountant Coleman Reese deduces the Batman's identity and attempts to expose it, but the Joker threatens to blow up a hospital unless Reese is killed. While the police evacuate hospitals and Gordon struggles to keep Reese alive, the Joker meets with a disillusioned Dent, persuading him to take the law into his own hands and avenge Rachel. Dent defers his decision-making to his half-scarred, two-headed coin, killing the corrupt officers and the mafia involved in Rachel's death. As panic grips the city, the Joker reveals two evacuation ferries, one carrying civilians and the other prisoners, are rigged to explode at midnight unless one group sacrifices the other. To the Joker's disbelief, the passengers refuse to kill one another. The Batman subdues the Joker but refuses to kill him. Before the police arrest the Joker, he says although the Batman proved incorruptible, his plan to corrupt Dent has succeeded.
Dent takes Gordon's family hostage, blaming his negligence for Rachel's death. He flips his coin to decide their fates, but the Batman tackles him to save Gordon's son, and Dent falls to his death. Believing Dent is the hero the city needs and the truth of his corruption will harm Gotham, the Batman takes the blame for his death and actions and persuades Gordon to conceal the truth. Pennyworth burns an undelivered message to Wayne from Rachel, who said she chose Dent, and Fox destroys the invasive surveillance network that helped the Batman find the Joker. The city mourns Dent as a hero, and the police launch a manhunt for the Batman.
Cast
Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman: A wealthy socialite who as a child was traumatized by his parents' murder. Wayne secretly operates as the heroic vigilante Batman.
Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth: Wayne's father-figure, trusted butler, and confidant
Heath Ledger as the Joker: A criminal mastermind and anarchist who is determined to sow chaos and corruption throughout Gotham
Gary Oldman as James Gordon: One of the few honest officers in the Gotham City Police Department (GCPD) who assists the Batman's war on crime
Aaron Eckhart as Harvey Dent / Two-Face: Gotham's noble district attorney-turned-violent vigilante
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel Dawes: Gotham's assistant district attorney and Wayne's childhood friend, who is divided between her feelings for him and for Dent.
Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox: Wayne Enterprises' CEO who supplies technology and equipment for the Batman's campaign
Additionally, Eric Roberts, Michael Jai White, and Ritchie Coster appear as crime bosses Sal Maroni, Gambol, and the Chechen, respectively; while Chin Han portrays Lau, a Chinese criminal banker. The GCPD cast includes Colin McFarlane as commissioner Gillian B. Loeb, Keith Szarabajka and Ron Dean as detectives Stephens and Wuertz, Monique Gabriela Curnen as rookie detective Anna Ramirez and Philip Bulcock as Murphy.
The cast also features Joshua Harto as Wayne Enterprises employee Coleman Reese, Anthony Michael Hall as news reporter Mike Engel, Néstor Carbonell as mayor Anthony Garcia, William Fichtner as a bank manager, Nydia Rodriguez Terracina as Judge Surrillo, Tom "Tiny" Lister Jr. as a prisoner, Beatrice Rosen as Wayne's Russian ballerina date, and David Dastmalchian as the Joker's paranoid schizophrenic henchman Thomas Schiff. Melinda McGraw, Nathan Gamble, and Hannah Gunn portray Gordon's wife Barbara, his son James Jr., and his daughter, respectively. The Dark Knight features several cameo appearances from Cillian Murphy, who reprises his role as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow from Batman Begins; musical performer Matt Skiba; as well as United States Senator and life-long Batman fan Patrick Leahy, who has appeared in or voiced characters in other Batman media.
Production
Development
Following the critical and financial success of Batman Begins (2005), the film studio Warner Bros. Pictures prioritized a sequel. Although Batman Begins ends with a scene in which Batman is presented with a joker playing card, teasing the introduction of his archenemy, the Joker, Christopher Nolan did not intend to make a sequel and was unsure Batman Begins would be successful enough to warrant one. Christopher, alongside his wife and longtime producer Emma Thomas, had never worked on a sequel film but he and co-writer David Goyer discussed ideas for a sequel during filming. Goyer developed an outline for two sequels, but Christopher remained unsure how to continue the Batman Begins narrative while keeping it consistent and relevant, though he was interested in utilizing the Joker in Begins grounded, realistic style. Discussions between Warner Bros. Pictures and Christopher began shortly after Batman Beginss theatrical release, and development began following the production of Christopher's The Prestige (2006).
Writing
Goyer and Christopher collaborated for three months to develop The Dark Knight core plot points. They wanted to explore the theme of escalation and the idea that the Batman's extraordinary efforts to combat common crimes would lead to an opposing escalation by criminals, attracting the Joker, who uses terrorism as a weapon. The joker playing card scene in Batman Begins was intended to convey the fallacy of the Batman's belief his war on crime would be temporary. Goyer and Christopher did not intentionally include real-world parallels to terrorism, the war on terror, and laws enacted to combat terrorists by the United States government because they believed making overtly political statements would detract from the story. They wanted it to resonate with and reflect contemporary audiences. Christopher described The Dark Knight as representative of his own "fear of anarchy" and Joker represents "somebody who wants to just tear down the world around him."
Although he was a fan of Batman (1989), starring Jack Nicholson as the Joker, Goyer did not consider Nicholson's portrayal scary and wanted The Dark Knights Joker to be an unknowable, already-formed character, similar to the shark in Jaws (1975), without a "cliché" origin story. Christopher and Goyer did not give their Joker an origin story or a narrative arc, believing it made the character scarier; Christopher described their film as the "rise of the Joker". They felt the threat of cinematic villains such as Hannibal Lecter and Darth Vader had been undermined by subsequent films depicting their origins.
With Christopher's help, his brother Jonathan spent six months developing the story into a draft screenplay. After submitting the draft to Warner Bros., Jonathan spent a further two months refining it until Christopher had finished directing The Prestige. The pair collaborated on the final script over the next six months during pre-production for The Dark Knight. Jonathan found the "poignant" ending the script's most interesting aspect; it had always depicted the Batman fleeing from police but was changed from him leaping across rooftops to escaping on the Batpod, his motorcycle-like vehicle. The dialogue Jonathan considered most important, "you either die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain", came late in development. Influenced by films such as The Godfather (1972) and Heat (1995), and maintaining Batman Begins tone, their finished script bore more resemblance to a crime drama than a traditional superhero film.
Comic-book influences included writer Frank Miller's 1980s works, which portray characters in a serious tone, and the limited series Batman: The Long Halloween (1996–1997), which explores the relationship between the Batman, Dent, and Gordon. Dent was written as The Dark Knight central character, serving as the center of the battle between the Batman, who believes Dent is the hero the city needs, and the Joker, who wants to prove even the most righteous people can be corrupted. Christopher said the title refers to Dent as much as the Batman. He considered Dent as having a duality similar to the Batman's, providing interesting dramatic potential.
Focusing on Dent meant Bruce Wayne / Batman was written as a generally static character who did not undergo drastic character development. Christopher found writing the Joker the easiest aspect of the script. The Nolans identified the traits common to his media incarnations and were influenced by the character's comic-book appearances as well as the villain Dr. Mabuse from the films of Fritz Lang. Writer Alan Moore's graphic novel, Batman: The Killing Joke (1988), did not influence the main narrative but Christopher believed his interpretation of the Joker as someone partially driven to prove anyone can become like him when pushed far enough helped the Nolans give purpose to an "inherently purposeless" character. The Joker was written as a purely evil psychopath and anarchist who lacks reason, logic, and fear, and could test the moral and ethical limits of the Batman, Dent, and Gordon. Christopher and Jonathan later realized they had inadvertently written their version similarly to Joker's first appearance in Batman #1 (1940). The final scene, in which the Joker states he and the Batman are destined to battle forever, was not intended to tease a sequel but to convey the diametrically opposed pair were in an endless conflict because they will not kill each other.
Casting
Describing how his character had evolved from Batman Begins, Christian Bale said Wayne had changed from a young, naive, and angry man seeking purpose to a hero who is burdened by the realization his war against crime is seemingly endless. Because the new Batsuit allowed him to be more agile, Bale did not increase his muscle mass as much as he had for Batman Begins. Christopher had deliberately obscured combat in the previous film because it was intended to portray the Batman from the criminals' point of view. The improved Batsuit design let him show more of Bale's Keysi-fighting method training.
Christopher was aware Nicholson's popular portrayal of the Joker would invite comparisons to his version, and wanted an actor who could cope with the associated scrutiny. Ledger's casting in August 2006 was criticized by some industry professionals and members of the public who considered him inappropriate for the role; executive producer Charles Roven said Ledger was the only person seriously considered, and that Batman Begins positive reception would help alleviate any concerns. Christopher was confident in the casting because discussions between himself and Ledger had demonstrated they shared similar ideas regarding the Joker's portrayal. Ledger said he had some trepidation in succeeding Nicholson in the role but that the challenge excited him. He described his interpretation as a "psychopathic, mass-murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy", and avoided humanizing him. He was influenced by Alex from the crime film A Clockwork Orange (1971), and British musicians Johnny Rotten and Sid Vicious.
Ledger spent about a month secluding himself in a hotel room while reading relevant comic books. He developed the character's voice by mixing a high-pitch and low-pitch, which was inspired by ventriloquist performances. His fighting style was designed to appear improvised and erratic. Ledger spent a further four months creating a "Joker diary" containing images and elements he believed would resonate with his character, such as finding the disease AIDS humorous. Describing his performance, Ledger said: "It's the most fun I've had with a character and probably will ever have... It was an exhausting process. At the end of the day, I couldn't move. I couldn't talk. I was absolutely wrecked." In a November 2007 interview, Ledger said when committing himself to any role, he had difficulty sleeping because he could not relax his mind, and often slept only two hours a night during filming.
Christopher wanted to cast an actor with an all-American "heroic presence" for Harvey Dent, something he likened to Robert Redford but with an undercurrent of anger or darkness. Josh Lucas, Ryan Phillippe, and Mark Ruffalo were considered, as well as Matt Damon, who could not commit due to scheduling conflicts. According to Christopher, Eckhart had the all-American charm and "aura ... of a good man pushed too far". Eckhart found portraying conflicted characters to be interesting; he said the difference between Dent and the Batman is the distance they are willing to go for their causes, and that after Dent's corruption he remains a crime fighter but he takes this to an extreme because he dislikes the restrictions of the law. Eckhart's performance was influenced by the Kennedy family, particularly Robert F. Kennedy, who fought organized crime with a similarly idealistic view of the law. During discussions on the portrayal of Dent's transformation into Two-Face, Eckhart and Christopher agreed to ignore Tommy Lee Jones's "colorful" portrayal in Batman Forever (1995), in which the character has pink hair and wears a split designer suit, in favor of a more realistic, slightly burnt, neutral-toned suit.
Describing his role as GCPD sergeant James Gordon, Oldman said Gordon is the "moral center" of The Dark Knight, an honest and incorruptible character struggling with the limits of his morality. Maggie Gyllenhaal replaced Katie Holmes as Rachel Dawes, as Holmes chose to star in the crime comedy Mad Money (2008) instead. Gyllenhaal approached Rachel as a new character and did not reference Holmes's previous performance. Christopher described Rachel as the emotional connection between Wayne and Dent, ultimately serving as a further personal loss to fuel Wayne's character. Gyllenhaal collaborated with Christopher on the character's depiction because she wanted Rachel to be important and meaningful in her relatively minor role. Musician Dwight Yoakam turned down a role as the bank manager or a corrupt police officer because he was recording his album Dwight Sings Buck (2007).
Pre-production
In October 2006, location scouting for Gotham City took place in the UK in Liverpool, Glasgow, London, and parts of Yorkshire, and in several cities in the U.S. Christopher chose Chicago because he liked the area and believed it offered interesting architectural features without being as recognizable as locations in better-known cities such as New York City. Chicagoan authorities had been supportive during filming of Batman Begins, allowing the production to shut stretches of roads, freeways, and bridges. Christopher wanted to exchange the more natural, scenic settings of Batman Begins such as the Himalayas and caverns for a modern, structured environment the Joker could disassemble. Production designer Nathan Crowley said the clean, neat lines of Chicagoan architecture enhanced the urban-crime drama they wanted to make, and that the Batman had helped improve the city. The destruction of Wayne Manor in Batman Begins provided an opportunity to move Wayne to a modern, sparse penthouse, reflecting his loneliness. Sets were still used for some interiors such as the Bat Bunker, the replacement for the Batcave, on the outskirts of the city. The production team considered placing it in the penthouse basement but believed it was too unrealistic a solution.
Much of The Dark Knight was filmed using Panavision's Panaflex Millennium XL and Platinum cameras but Christopher wanted to film about 40 minutes with IMAX cameras, a high-resolution technology using 70 mm film rather than the more-commonly used format 35 mm; the finished film includes 15–20% IMAX footage, running for about 28 minutes. This made it the first major motion picture to use IMAX technology, which was generally employed for documentaries. Warner Bros. was reluctant to endorse the use of the technology because the cameras were large and unwieldy, and purchasing and processing the film stock cost up to four times as much as typical 35 mm film. Christopher said cameras that could be used on Mount Everest could be used for The Dark Knight, and had cinematographer Wally Pfister and his crew begin training to use the equipment in January 2007 to test its feasibility. Christopher particularly wanted to film the bank heist prologue in IMAX to immediately convey the difference in scope between The Dark Knight and Batman Begins.
Filming in Chicago
Principal photography began on April 18, 2007, in Chicago on a $185million budget. For The Dark Knight, Pfister chose to combine the "rust-style" visuals of Batman Begins with the "dusk"-like color scheme of The Prestige (cobalt blues, greens, blacks, and whites), in part to address over-dark scenes in Batman Begins. To avoid attention, filming in Chicago took place under the working title Rory's First Kiss but the production's true nature was quickly uncovered by media publications. The Joker's homemade videos were filmed and mainly directed by Ledger. Caine said he forgot his lines during a scene involving one video because of Ledger's "stunning" performance.
The first scene filmed was the bank heist, which was shot in the Old Chicago Main Post Office over five days. It was scheduled early to test the IMAX procedure, allowing it to be refilmed with traditional cameras if needed, and it was intended to be publicly released as part of the marketing campaign. Pfister described it as a week of patience and learning because of the four-day wait for the IMAX footage to be processed. Filming moved to England throughout May, returning to Chicago in June.
Filming took place in the lobby of One Illinois Center, which served as Wayne's penthouse apartment; bookcases were built to hide the elevators. A floor of Two Illinois Center was decorated for Wayne's fundraiser. The crew was described as excited as this scene depicted the first meeting between the Batman and the Joker. The windows in both settings were covered in green screen material, allowing Gotham City visuals to be added later. In July, three weeks were spent filming the truck chase scene, mainly on Wacker Drive, a multi-level street that had to be closed overnight. During filming, Christopher added a set-piece of a SWAT van crashing through a concrete barricade. The sequence continued on LaSalle Street, which was also used for the GCPD funeral procession, for a practical truck-flip stunt and helicopter sequence. Additional segments were filmed on Monroe Street and Randolph Street, and at Randolph Street Station.
Navy Pier, along the shore of Lake Michigan, served as Gotham Harbor in a climactic ferry scene. Scouts spent over a month searching for suitable vessels but were unsuccessful, so construction coordinator Joe Ondrejko and his team built ferry facades atop barges. The entire sequence was filmed in one day and involved 800 extras, who were moved through makeup and clothing departments in shifts. Exterior footage of the Gotham Prewitt Building, the site of the Batman's and the Joker's final confrontation, was filmed at the in-construction Trump International Hotel and Tower. The owners refused permission to film a stunt in which the Batman suspends a SWAT team from the building, so this was filmed from the fortieth floor of a separate building site. A former Brach's candy factory on Cicero Avenue scheduled for demolition was used to film the Gotham General Hospital explosion in August 2007. Filming in Chicago concluded on September 1, ending with scenes of Wayne driving and crashing his car, before the production returned to England.
The Dark Knight includes Chicago locations such as Lake Michigan, which doubled as the Caribbean Sea where Wayne boards a seaplane; Richard J. Daley Center (Wayne Enterprises exteriors and a courtroom); The Berghoff restaurant (GCPD arresting mobsters); Twin Anchors restaurant; the Sound Bar; McCormick Place (Wayne Enterprises interiors); and Chicago Theatre. 330 North Wabash served as offices used by Dent, mayor Garcia, and commissioner Loeb; and its thirteenth floor appears as Wayne Enterprises' boardroom; Pfister enhanced its large, panoramic windows and natural light with an glass table and reflective bulbs. A Randolph Street parking garage is where the Batman captures Scarecrow and Batman impersonators. Christopher wanted several Rottweiler dogs in the scene but locating a dog-handler willing to simultaneously manage several dogs was difficult. A scene of the Batman surveying the city from a rooftop edge was filmed atop Willis Tower, Chicago's tallest building. Stuntman Buster Reeves was due to double as the Batman, but Bale persuaded the filmmakers to let him perform the scene himself. The thirteen weeks of filming in Chicago was estimated to have generated $45million for the city's economy and thousands of local jobs.
Filming in England and Hong Kong
Many interior locations for The Dark Knight were filmed on sets at Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire, and Cardington Airfield, Bedfordshire; these locations include the Bat Bunker, which took six weeks to build in a Cardington hangar. The Bat Bunker was based on 1960s Chicago building designs, and was integrated into existing concrete floor, and used the long, tall ceiling to create a broad perspective. The tall hangar was unsuitable for suspending the bunker roof, and an encompassing gantry was built to hold it and the lighting. After moving from Chicago in May, scenes filmed in the UK also include Criterion Restaurant, where Rachel, Dent, and Wayne share dinner, and a Gotham News scene that was filmed at the University of Westminster. The GCPD headquarters was rebuilt in the Farmiloe Building. During the interrogation scene, Ledger asked Bale to actually hit him, and although he declined, Ledger cracked and dented the walls by throwing himself around.
After returning to England in the middle of September, scenes were filmed for the ferry, hospital, and Gotham Prewitt building interiors. By mid-October, interior and exterior scenes of Rachel being held hostage surrounded by barrels of gasoline were filmed at Battersea Power Station. To avoid damaging the power station, a listed building, a false wall was built in front of it and lined with explosives. Nearby residents contacted emergency services believing the explosion was a terrorist attack. Filming in England concluded at the end of October with a variety of green-screen shots for the truck-chase sequence, and shots of Rachel being thrown from a window were filmed on a set at Cardington.
The final nine days of production took place in Hong Kong and included aerial footage from atop the International Finance Centre, as well as filming at Central to Mid-Levels escalator, The Center, Central, The Peninsula Hong Kong, and Queen's Road; and a stunt involving the Batman catching an in-flight C-130 aircraft. Despite extensive rehearsals of Reeves jumping from the McClurg Building in Chicago, a planned stunt to depict the Batman leaping from one Hong Kong skyscraper to another was canceled because local authorities refused permission for helicopter use; Pfister described the officials as a "nightmare". Christopher disputed a report that said a scene of the Batman leaping into Victoria Harbour was canceled because of pollution concerns, saying it was a script decision. The 127-day shoot concluded on November 15, on time and under budget.
Post-production
Editing was underway in January 2008 when Ledger, aged 28, died from an accidental overdose of a prescription drug. A rumor his commitment to his performance as the Joker had affected his mental state circulated, but this was later refuted. Christopher said editing the film became "tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day [during editing]... but the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish". Because Christopher preferred to capture sound while filming rather than re-recording dialogue in post-production, Ledger's work had been completed before his death, and Christopher did not modify the Joker's narrative in response. Christopher added a dedication to Ledger and stuntman Conway Wickliffe, who died during rehearsals for a Tumbler (Batmobile) stunt.
Alongside lead editor Lee Smith, Christopher took an "aggressive editorial approach" to editing The Dark Knight to achieve its 152-minute running time. Christopher said no scenes were deleted because he believed every scene was essential, and that unnecessary material had been cut before filming. The Nolans had difficulties refining the script to reduce the running time but after removing so much material they believed it had become incomprehensible, they had added more scenes.
Special effects and design
Unlike the design process of Batman Begins, which was restrained by a need to represent Batman iconography, audience acceptance of its realistic setting gave The Dark Knight more design freedom. Chris Corbould, the film's special effects supervisor, oversaw the 700 effect shots Double Negative and Framestore produced; there were relatively few effects compared to equivalent films because Christopher only used computer-generated imaging where practical effects would not suffice. Production designer Nathan Crowley designed the Batpod (Batcycle) because Christopher did not want to extensively re-use the Tumbler. Corbould's team built the Batpod, which is based on a prototype Crowley and Christopher built by combining different commercial model components. The unwieldy, wide-tired vehicle could only be ridden by stuntman Jean Pierre Goy after months of training. The Gotham General Hospital explosion was not in the script but added during filming because Corbould believed it could be done.
Hemming, Crowley, Christopher, and Jamie Rama re-designed the Batsuit to make it more comfortable and flexible, developing a costume made from a stretchy material covered in over 100 urethane armor pieces. Sculptor Julian Murray developed Dent's burnt-facial design, which is based on Christopher's request for a skeletal appearance. Murray went through designs that were "too real and more horrifying" before settling on a more "fanciful" and detailed but less-repulsive version. Hemming designed Joker's overall appearance, which he based on fashion-and-music celebrities to create a modern and trendy look. Influence also came from the 1953 painting Study after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X by Francis Bacon—suggested by Christopher—and the character's comic-book appearances. The outfit consists of a purple coat, a green vest, an antique shirt, and a thin, 1960s-style tie that Ledger suggested. Prosthetics supervisor Conor O'Sullivan created Joker's scars, which he partly based on a scarred delivery man he met, and used his own technique to create and apply the supple, skin-like prosthesis. John Caglione Jr designed Joker's "organic" makeup to look as though it had been worn for days; this idea was partly based on more of Bacon's works. Caglione Jr used a theatrical makeup technique for the application; he instructed Ledger to scrunch up his face so different cracks and textures were created once the makeup was applied and Ledger relaxed. Ledger always applied the lipstick himself, believing it was essential to his characterization.
Music
Composers James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer, who had also worked on Batman Begins, scored The Dark Knight because Christopher believed it was important to bridge the musical-narrative gap between the films. The score was recorded at Air Studios, London. Howard and Zimmer composed the score without seeing the film because Christopher wanted them to be influenced by the characters and story rather than fitting specific on-screen elements. Howard and Zimmer separated their duties by character; Howard focused on Dent and Zimmer focused on the Batman and the Joker. Zimmer did not consider the Batman to be strictly noble and wrote the theme to not seem "super". Howard wrote about ten minutes of music for Dent, wanting to portray him as an American who represents hope, but undergoes an emotional extreme and moral corruption. He used brass instruments for both moral ends but warped the sound as Dent is corrupted.
Zimmer wanted to use a single note for the Joker's theme; he said, "imagine one note that starts off slightly agitated and then goes to serious aggravation and finally rips your head off at the end". He could not make it work, however, and used two notes with alternating tempos and a "punk" influence. The theme was influenced by electronic music innovators Kraftwerk and Zimmer's work with rock band The Damned. He wanted to convey elements of the Joker's corrosion, recklessness, and "otherworldliness" by combining electronic and orchestral music, and modifying almost every note after recording to emulate sounds including thunder and razors. He attempted to develop original sounds with synthesizers, trying to create an "offputting" result by instructing musicians to start with a single note and gradually shift to the second over a three-minute period; the musicians found this difficult because it was the opposite of their training. It took several months to achieve Zimmer's desired result. Following Ledger's death, Zimmer considered discarding the theme for a more traditional one but he and Howard believed they should honor Ledger's performance.
Release
Marketing and anti-piracy
The Dark Knights marketing campaign was developed by alternate reality game (ARG) development company 42 Entertainment. Christopher wanted the team to focus on countering the negative reaction to Ledger's casting and controlling the revelation of the Joker's appearance. Influenced by the script and the comic books The Killing Joke, The Long Halloween, and Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth (1989), 42 Entertainment paced the ARG over annual events, although Warner Bros. rejected their ideas to use Jokerized Santas at Christmas, coffins filled with chattering teeth on Mother's Day (mocking Wayne's late mother), and Batman actors on rooftops due to safety concerns.
The ARG began in May 2007 with campaign posters for Dent and Joker playing cards bearing the phrase "I believe in Harvey Dent" were hidden inside comic books at stores around the U.S. This led people to a website where they could submit their e-mail addresses to reveal a pixel of a concealed Joker image; about 97,000 e-mail addresses and 20 hours were required to reveal the image in full, which was well received. At the San Diego Comic-Con, 42 Entertainment modified 11,000 one-dollar bills with the Joker's image and the phrase "Why So Serious?" that led finders to a location. 42 Entertainment's initial plan to throw the bills from a balcony was canceled due to safety concerns, so the bills were covertly distributed to attendees. Although the event was expected to attract a few thousand people, 650,000 arrived and participated in activities that included calling a number taken from a plane flying overhead and wearing Joker makeup to commit disruptive acts with actors. Globally, fans photographed letters on signs to form a ransom note. A U.S.-centric effort involved people recovering cellphones made by Nokia—a brand partner to the film—from a cake, which led to an early screening of the film's bank-heist prologue before its public release in December. Ledger's appearance in the prologue was well-received and positively changed the discourse around his casting.
Following Ledger's death, the campaign continued unchanged with a focus on Dent's election, which was influenced by the ongoing 2008 United States presidential election. Warner Bros. was concerned public knowledge of Dent's character was poor; the campaign included signs, stickers, and "Dentmobiles" visiting U.S. cities to raise his profile. The campaign concluded in July with displays of the Bat-Signal in Chicago and New York City that were eventually defaced by the Joker. Industry professionals considered the campaign innovative and successful.
Warner Bros. dedicated six months to anti-piracy methods; the film industry lost an estimated $6.1billion to piracy in 2005. Delivery methods of film reels were randomized and copies had a chain of custody to track who had access. Some theater staff were given night-vision goggles to identify people recording The Dark Knight, and one person was caught in Kansas City. Warner Bros. considered its strategy a success, delaying the appearance of the first "poorly-lit" camcorder version until 38–48 hours after its earliest global release in Australia.
Context
Compared to 2007's $9.7billion box-office take, in 2008, lower revenues were expected due to the large number of comedies competing against each other and the release of films with dark tones, such as The Dark Knight, during a period of rising living costs and election fatigue in the U.S. Fewer sequels, which generally performed well, were scheduled and only four—The Dark Knight, The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull—were predicted to be blockbusters. Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was the only film expected to easily earn over $300million.
The Dark Knight was expected to sell well based on high audience anticipation, positive pre-release reviews, and a record $3.5million in IMAX pre-sales. Predictions placed its opening-weekend take above that of Iron Mans $102.1million but below that of Spider-Man 3s (2007) record $151.1million. Analysts said its success would be influenced by the lengthy running time that limited the number of screenings per day, and counter-programming from the romantic comedy Mamma Mia!—which surveyed well with women—and the family comedy Space Chimps. There was also a perceived limit on financial success for Batman films; the 1989 installment remained the franchise's highest-grossing release. The Dark Knights premiere took place on July 14, in IMAX in New York City. A block in Broadway was closed for the event, which included a live performance of the film score by Howard and Zimmer. The Hollywood Reporter said Ledger received several ovations, and that during the after-party, Warner Bros. executives struggled to maintain a balance between celebrating the successful response and commemorating Ledger.
Box office
On July 18, 2008, The Dark Knight was widely released in the U.S. and Canada in a record 4,366 theaters on an estimated 9,200 screens. It earned $158.4million during the weekend, a per-theater average of $36,282, breaking Spider-Man 3s record and making it the number-one film ahead of Mamma Mia! ($27.8million) and Hancock ($14million) in its third weekend. It set further records for the highest-grossing single-day ($67.2million on the Friday), Sunday ($43.6million), midnight opening ($18.5million, from 3,000 midnight screenings), and IMAX opening ($6.3million from about 94 locations), as well as the second-highest-grossing Saturday ($47.7million) behind Spider-Man 3, and contributed to the highest-grossing weekend on record ($253.6million). The film benefited from repeat viewings by younger audiences and had broad appeal, with 52% of the audience being male and an equal number of those under 25 years old, and those of 25 or older.
The Dark Knight broke more records, including for the highest-grossing opening week ($238.6million), and for three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-day cumulative grosses, including the highest-grossing non-holiday Monday ($24.5million) and non-opening Tuesday ($20.9million, as well as the second-highest-grossing non-opening Wednesday ($18.4million), behind Transformers ($29.1million). It retained the number-one position in its second weekend with a total gross of $75.2million, ahead of the debuting Step Brothers ($31million), giving it the highest-grossing second weekend. It retained the number-one position in its third ($42.7million) and fourth ($26.1million) weekends, before falling to second place in its fifth, with a gross of $16.4million, behind the debuting Tropic Thunder ($25.8million). The Dark Knight remained in the top-ten highest-grossing films for ten weeks, and became the film to surpass $400million soonest (18 days) and $500million (45 days). The film was playing in fewer than 100 theaters when it received a 300-theater relaunch in late January 2009 to raise its profile during nominations for the 81st Academy Awards. This raised its total box office to $533.3million before it left theaters on March 5 after 33 weeks, making it the highest-grossing comic-book, superhero, and Batman film; the highest-grossing film of 2008; and the second-highest-grossing film ever (unadjusted for inflation), behind the 1997 romantic drama Titanic ($600.8million).
The Dark Knight was released in Australia and Taiwan on Wednesday, July 16, 2008, and opened in twenty markets by the weekend. It earned about $40million combined, making it second to Hancock ($44.8million), which was playing in nearly four times as many countries. The Dark Knight was available in sixty-two countries by the end of August, although Warner Bros. decided not to release it in China, blaming "a number of pre-release conditions... as well as cultural sensitivities to some elements of the film". The Dark Knight earned about $469.7million outside the U.S. and Canada, its highest grosses coming from the United Kingdom ($89.1million), Australia ($39.9million), Germany ($29.7million), France ($27.5million), Mexico ($25million), South Korea ($24.7million), and Brazil ($20.2million). This made it the second-highest-grossing film of the year behind Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
The film had grossed $997 million worldwide by January 2009. Its reissue in the run-up to the Oscars enabled the film to exceed $1billion in February, and it ultimately earned $1.003billion. It was the first superhero film to gross over $1billion, the highest-grossing film of 2008 worldwide, the fourth film to earn more than $1billion, and the fourth-highest-grossing film of its time behind Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ($1.066billion), The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ($1.119billion), and Titanic ($1.842billion). rereleases have further raised its box-office take to $1.006 billion.
Reception
Critical response
The Dark Knight received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a approval rating from the aggregated reviews of critics, with an average score of . The consensus reads; "Dark, complex and unforgettable, The Dark Knight succeeds not just as an entertaining comic book film, but as a richly thrilling crime saga." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.
Several publications called The Dark Knight the best comic-book hero adaptation ever made. Roger Ebert said it, alongside Iron Man, had redefined the potential of superhero films by combining comic-book tropes with real world events. Some appreciated its complex moral tale about the effects of vigilantism and terrorism on contemporary society. Emanuel Levy and Manohla Dargis praised the depiction of the characters as possessing both positive and negative aspects, such as the Batman's efforts to end crime provoking unintended consequences and a greater response from criminals; Dargis believed The Dark Knights exploration of chaos, fear, and death, following the September 11 attacks in 2001, represented "that American movies have entered a new era of ambivalence when it comes to their heroes or maybe just superness." Others criticized the dark, grim, intense, and self-serious tone as lacking any elements of fun or fantasy. David Denby said The Dark Knight was a product of a "time of terror", but focused on embracing and unleashing it while cynically setting up a sequel. Stephanie Zacharek and David Edelstein criticized a perceived lack of visual storytelling in favor of exposition, and aspects of the plot being difficult to follow amid the fast pace and loud score. Christopher's action direction was criticized, especially during fight scenes where it could be difficult to see things clearly, although the prologue bank heist was praised as among the film's best.
Ledger's performance received near-unanimous praise with the caveat that his death made the role both highly anticipated and difficult to watch. Dargis, among others, described Ledger as realizing the Joker so convincingly, intensely, and viscerally it made the audience forget about the actor behind the makeup. The Village Voice wrote the performance would have made Ledger a legend even if he had lived. Other reviews said Ledger outshone Nicholson's "magnificent" performance with macabre humor and malevolence. Reviews generally agreed the Joker was the best-written character, and that Ledger commanded scenes from the entire cast to create one of the most mesmerizing cinematic villains. Zacharek, however, lamented that the performance was not in service of a better film.
Bale's reception was mixed; his performance was considered to be alternately "captivating" or serviceable, but ultimately uninteresting and undermined by portraying an immovable and generally unchanged character who delivers the Batman's dialogue in a hoarse, unvarying tone. Eckhart's performance was generally well received; reviewers praised his portrayal of Dent as charismatic, and the character's subsequent transformation into a sad, bitter "monster", although Variety considered his subplot the film's weakest. Stephen Hunter said the Dent character was underwritten and that Eckhart was incapable of portraying the role as intended. Several reviewers regarded Gyllenhaal as an improvement over Holmes, although others said they found difficulty caring about the character and that Gyllenhaal, while more talented than her predecessor, was miscast. Peter Travers praised Oldman's skill in making a virtuous character interesting and he, among others, described Caine's and Freeman's performances as "effortless". Ebert surmised the entire cast provided "powerful" performances that engage the audience, such that "we're surprised how deeply the drama affects us".
Accolades
The Dark Knight appeared on several lists recognizing the best films of 2008, including those compiled by Ebert, The Hollywood Reporter, and the American Film Institute. At the 13th Satellite Awards, The Dark Knight received one award for Sound Editing or Mixing (Richard King, Lora Hirschberg, Gary Rizzo). A further four wins came at the 35th People's Choice Awards: Favorite Movie, Favorite Cast, Favorite Action Movie, and Favorite On-Screen Match-Up (Bale and Ledger), as well as Best Action Movie and Best Supporting Actor (Ledger) at the 14th Critics' Choice Awards. Howard and Zimmer were recognized for Best Motion Picture Score at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards. Ledger won the film's only awards at the 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards, 62nd British Academy Film Awards, and 66th Golden Globe Awards, for Best Supporting Actor. At the 14th Empire Awards, The Dark Knight received awards for Best Film, Best Director (Christopher Nolan), and Best Actor (Bale). Ledger received the award for Best Villain at the 2009 MTV Movie Awards, and at the 35th Saturn Awards, The Dark Knight won awards for Best Action or Adventure Film, Best Supporting Actor (Ledger), Best Writing (Christopher and Jonathan Nolan), Best Music (Howard and Zimmer), and Best Special Effects (Corbould, Nick Davis, Paul J. Franklin, Timothy Webber).
Before The Dark Knights release, film industry discourse focused on Ledger potentially earning an Academy Award nomination at the 81st Academy Awards in 2009, making him only the seventh person to be nominated posthumously, and if the decision would be influenced by his passing or performance. Genre films such as those based on comic books were also generally ignored by Academy voters. Even so, Ledger was considered a favorite to earn the award based on praise from critic groups and his posthumous Golden Globe award. Ledger won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, making him only the second performer to win an award posthumously (after Peter Finch in 1977), and The Dark Knight the first comic book adaptation to win an academy acting award. The Dark Knight also won an award for Best Sound Editing (King), and received six nominations for Best Art Direction (Crowley and Peter Lando), Best Cinematography (Pfister), Best Film Editing (Smith), Best Makeup (Caglione Jr. and O'Sullivan), Best Sound Mixing (Hirschberg, Rizzo, and Ed Novick), and Best Visual Effects (Davis, Corbould, Webber, and Franklin).
Despite the success of The Dark Knight, the lack of a Best Picture nomination was criticized and described as a "snub" by some publications. The response was seen as the culmination of several years of criticism toward the academy ignoring high-performing, broadly popular films. The backlash was such that, for the 82nd Academy Awards awards in 2010, the academy increased the limit for Best Picture nominees from five to ten, a change known as "The Dark Knight Rule". It allowed for more broadly popular but "respected" films to be nominated, including District 9, The Blind Side, Avatar, and Up, the first animated film to be nominated in two decades. This change is seen as responsible for the first Best Picture nomination of a comic book adaptation, Black Panther (2018). Even so, The Hollywood Reporter argued the academy mistook the appeals to recognize important, "generation-defining" genre films with just nominating more films.
Other releases
Home media
The Dark Knight was released on DVD and Blu-ray in December 2008. The release has a slipcover box-art that revealed a "Jokerized" version underneath, and contains featurettes on the Batman's equipment, the psychology used in the film, six episodes of the fictional news program Gotham Tonight, and a gallery of concept art, posters, and Joker cards. The Blu-ray disc version additionally offers interactive elements describing the production of some scenes. A separate, limited-edition Blu-ray disc set came with a Batpod figurine. The Dark Knight sold 3million copies across both formats on its launch day in the U.S., Canada, and the UK; Blu-ray discs comprised about 25–30% of the sales—around 600,000 units. The film was released at the beginning of the Blu-ray disc format; it was considered a success, breaking Iron Mans record of 250,000 units sold and indicating the format was growing in popularity. In 2011, it also became the first major-studio film to be released for rent via digital distribution on Facebook. A 4K resolution remaster, which was overseen by Christopher, was released in December 2017 as a set containing a 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray disc, and digital download, as well as special features from earlier releases.
Merchandise and spin-offs
Merchandise for The Dark Knight includes statuettes, action figures, radio-controlled Tumbler and Batpod models, costumes, sets of Batarangs, a limited-edition Grappling Launcher replica, board games, puzzles, clothing, and a special-edition UNO card game. A novelization written by Dennis O'Neil was released in 2008.
A direct-to-DVD animated film, Batman: Gotham Knight, was released in July 2008. Executive produced by Bruce Timm and Nolan's wife Emma Thomas, with Goyer as one of the writers, it includes veteran Batman voice actor Kevin Conroy reprising his role. Originally there was interest in bringing Bale and other actors from the live-action films to voice their respective characters, but it was not possible due to scheduling conflicts. Gotham Knight presents six vignettes, each of which are animated in a different artistic style, set between the events of Batman Begins and The Dark Knight.
A video game adaptation, Batman: The Dark Knight, was canceled due to development problems. The Dark Knight Coaster, an indoor roller coaster, opened in May 2008 at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Costing $7.5million, the long attraction places riders in an imitation of Wayne Central Station in Gotham City as they move through areas that are vandalized or controlled by the Joker.
Themes and analysis
Terrorism and escalation
A central theme of The Dark Knight is escalation, particularly the rise of the Joker in response to the Batman's vigilantism. The Batman's vigilante operation arms him with high-tech military equipment against common criminals, and the Joker is the inevitable response and escalation of lawlessness to counter the Batman. Critic Siddhant Adlakha considered the Joker an analog for countries such as Iraq, Somalia, and Lebanon, which were targeted by U.S. military campaigns and responded with escalation using terrorism. The Batman also inspires copycat vigilantes, further escalating lawlessness. Film studies professor Todd McGowan said the Batman asserts authority over these copycats, telling them to stop because they do not have the same defensive equipment as himself, reaffirming his self-given authority to act as a vigilante.
The film has been analyzed as an analog for the war on terror, the militaristic campaign the U.S. launched following the September 11 attacks. The scene in which the Batman stands in the ruins of a destroyed building, having failed to prevent the Joker's plot, is reminiscent of the World Trade Center site after September 11. According to historian Stephen Prince, The Dark Knight is about the consequences of civil and government authorities abandoning rules in the fight against terrorism. Several publications criticized The Dark Knight for a perceived endorsement of "necessary evils" such as torture and rendition. Author Andrew Klavan said the Batman is a stand-in for then-U.S. president George W. Bush and justified the breaching of "boundaries of civil rights to deal with an emergency, certain that [the Batman] will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past". Klavan's interpretation was criticized by some publications that considered The Dark Knight anti-war, proposing society must not abandon the rule of law to combat lawlessness or risk creating the conditions for escalation. This is exemplified in the covert alliance formed between the Batman, Dent, and Gordon, leading to Rachel's death and Dent's corruption. Writer Benjamin Kerstein said both viewpoints are valid, and that "The Dark Knight is a perfect mirror of the society which is watching it: a society so divided on the issues of terror and how to fight it that, for the first time in decades, an American mainstream no longer exists".
The Batman and Dent resort to torture or enhanced interrogation to stop the Joker but he remains immune to their efforts because he has a strong belief in his goals. When Dent ineffectually attempts to torture Joker's henchman, the Batman does not condemn the act, only being concerned about public perception if people discover the truth. This conveys the protagonists' gradual abandonment of their principles when faced with an extreme foe. The Joker meets Dent in a hospital to explain how expected atrocities, such as the deaths of several soldiers, and societal failings are tolerated but when norms are unexpectedly disrupted, people panic and descend into chaos. Although the Joker wears disguising makeup, he is not hiding behind a mask and is the same person with or without makeup. He lacks any identity or origin, representing the uncertainty, unknowability, and fear of terrorism, although he does not follow any political ideology. Dent represents the fulfillment of American idealism, a noble person who can work within the confines of the law and allow the Batman to retire, but the fear and chaos embodied by the Joker taints that idealism and corrupts Dent absolutely.
In The Dark Knights final act, the Batman employs an invasive surveillance network by co-opting the phones of Gotham's citizens to locate the Joker, violating their privacy. Adlakha described this act as a "militaristic fantasy", in which a significant violation of civil liberties is required through the means of advanced technology to capture a dangerous terrorist, reminiscent of the 2001 Patriot Act. Lucius Fox threatens to stop helping the Batman in response, believing he has crossed an ethical boundary, and although the Batman agrees these violations are unacceptable and destroys the technology, the film demonstrates he could not have stopped the Joker in time without it.
Morality and ethics
The Dark Knight focuses on the moral and ethical battles faced by the central characters, and the compromises they make to defeat the Joker under extraordinary circumstances. Roger Ebert said the Joker forces impossible ethical decisions on each character to test the limits of their morality. The Batman represents order to the Joker's chaos and is brought to his own limit but avoids completely compromising himself. Dent represents goodness and hope; he is the city's "white knight" who is "pure" of intent and can operate within the law. Dent is motivated to do good because he identifies himself as good, not through trauma like the Batman, and has faith in the legal system. Adlakha wrote Dent is framed as a religious icon, his campaign slogan being "I believe in Harvey Dent", and his eventual death leaves his arms spread wide like Jesus on the Cross. Eckhart described Dent as someone who loves the law but feels constrained by it and his inability to do what he believes is right because the rules he must follow do not allow it. Dent's desire to work outside the law is seen in his support of the Batman's vigilantism to accomplish what he cannot.
Dent's corruption suggests he is a proxy for those looking for hope because he is as fallible and susceptible to darkness as anyone else. This can be seen in his use of a two-headed coin to make decisions involving others, eliminating the risk of chance by controlling the outcome in his favor, indicating losing is not an acceptable outcome for him. Once Dent experiences a significant traumatic event in the loss of Rachel and his own disfigurement, he quickly abandons his noble former self to seek his own form of justice. His coin is scarred on one side, introducing the risk of chance, and he submits himself to it completely. According to English professor Daniel Boscaljon, Dent is not broken; he believes in a different form of justice in a seemingly unjust world, flipping a coin because it is "Unbiased. Unprejudiced. Fair."
The Joker represents an ideological deviancy; he does not seek personal gain and causes chaos for its own sake, setting a towering pile of cash ablaze to prove "everything burns". Unlike the Batman, the Joker is the same with or without makeup, having no identity to conceal and nothing to lose. Boscaljon wrote the residents and criminals believe in a form of order and rules that must be obeyed; the Joker deliberately upends this belief because he has no rules or limitations. The character can be considered an example of Friedrich Nietzsche's "Superman", who exists outside definitions such as good and evil, and follows his own indomitable will. The film, however, leaves open the option to dismiss his insights because his chaos ultimately leads to death and injustice. Christopher described the Joker as an unadulterated evil, and professor Charles Bellinger considered him a satanic figure who repels people from goodness and tempts them with things they supposedly lack, such as forcing the Batman to choose between saving Dent—who is best for the city—and Rachel, who is best for Wayne. The Joker aims to corrupt Dent to prove anyone, even symbols, can be broken. In their desperation, Dent and the Batman are forced to question their own limitations. As the Joker states to the Batman:
The ferry scene can be seen as the Joker's true defeat, demonstrating he is wrong about the residents turning on each other in an extreme scenario. According to writer David Chen, this demonstrates, individually, people cannot responsibly handle power but by sharing the responsibility, there is hope for a compassionate outcome. Although the Batman holds to his morals and does not kill the Joker, he is forced to break his code by pushing Dent to his death to save an innocent person. The Batman chooses to become a symbol of criminality by taking the blame for Dent's crimes and preserving him as a symbol of good, maintaining the hope of Gotham's residents. Critic David Crow wrote the Batman's true test is not defeating the Joker but saving Dent, a task at which he fails. The Batman makes his own Christ-like sacrifice, taking on Dent's sins to preserve the city.
Although The Dark Knight presents this as a heroic act, this "noble lie" is used to conceal and manipulate the truth for what a minority determines is the greater good. McGowan considered the act heroic because the Batman's sacrifice will leave him hunted and despised without recognition, indicating he has learned from the Joker the established norms must sometimes be broken. According to professor Martin Fradley, among others, the Batman's "noble lie" and Gordon's support of it is a cynical endorsement of deception and totalitarianism. Wayne's butler Alfred also commits a noble lie, concealing Rachel's choice of Dent over Wayne to spare him the pain of her rejection.
Legacy
Cultural influence
The Dark Knight is considered an influential and often-imitated work that redefined the superhero/comic-book film genre, and filmmaking in general. In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected The Dark Knight to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Before The Dark Knight, superhero films closely emulated their comic-book source material, and though the genre had seen significant successes such as Superman (1978), Batman (1989), X-Men (2000), and Spider-Man (2002), they were often considered disposable entertainment that did not garner much industry respect. A 2018 retrospective by The Hollywood Reporter said The Dark Knight taught filmmakers "comic book characters are malleable. They are able to be grounded or fantastic, able to be prestigious or pure blockbuster entertainment, to be dark and gritty or light, to be character-driven or action-packed, or any variation in-between."
The Dark Knight is considered a blueprint for the modern superhero film that productions either attempt to closely emulate or deliberately counter. Its financial, critical, and cultural successes legitimized the genre with film studios at a time when recent films, such as Daredevil, Hulk (both 2003), Fantastic Four (2005), and Superman Returns (2006) had failed to meet expectations. The genre became a focus of annual studio strategies rather than a relatively niche project, and a surge of comic-book adaptations followed, in part because of their broad franchising potential. In 2008, Ebert wrote; "[The Dark Knight], and to a lesser degree Iron Man, redefine the possibilities of the 'comic-book movie. The Atlantic wrote Iron Mans legacy in launching the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) could not have happened without the financial and critical success of The Dark Knight, which made comic book adaptations a central focus of film studios.
Retrospective analysis has focused on the way studios, eager to replicate its performance, released tonally dark, gritty, and realistic films, or reboots of existing franchises, many of which failed critically or commercially. Some publications said studios took the wrong lessons from The Dark Knight, treating source material too seriously and mistaking a dark, gritty tone for narrative depth and intelligent writing. The MCU is seen as a successful continuation of what made The Dark Knight a success, combining genres and tones relevant to each respective film while treating the source material seriously, unlike the DC Extended Universe, which more closely emulated the tone of The Dark Knight but failed to replicate its success.
Directors including Sam Mendes (Skyfall, 2012), Ryan Coogler (Black Panther), and David Ayer (Suicide Squad, 2016), have cited it as an influence on their work, and Steven Spielberg listed it among his favorite films. The film has been referenced in a variety of media including television shows such as Robot Chicken, South Park, and The Simpsons. U.S. President Barack Obama used Joker to explain the growth of Islamic State (IS) military group, saying "... the gang leaders of Gotham are meeting... they were thugs, but there was a kind of order... the Joker comes in and lights the whole city on fire. [IS] is the Joker." Joker's appearance became a popular Halloween costume and also influenced the 2009 Barack Obama "Joker" poster.
Retrospective assessments
Since its release, The Dark Knight has been assessed as one of the greatest superhero films ever made, among the greatest films ever made, and one of the best sequel films. It is also considered among the best films of the 2000s, and in a 2010 poll of thirty-seven critics by Metacritic regarding the decade's top films, The Dark Knight received the eighth most mentions, appearing on 7 lists. In the 2010s, a poll of 177 film critics by the BBC in 2016 listed it as the 33rd-best film of the 21st century, and The Guardian placed it 98th on its own list. In 2020, Empire magazine named it third-best, behind The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) and Mad Max: Fury Road (2015). As of 2022, it remains the highest critically rated Batman film according to Rotten Tomatoes, and is often ranked as the best film featuring the character.
The Dark Knight remains popular with entertainment industry professionals, including directors, actors, critics, and stunt actors, being ranked 57th on The Hollywood Reporters poll of the best films ever made, 18th on Time Outs list of the best action films, and 96th on the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest American Films. The Dark Knight is included in the film-reference book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die, and film critics James Berardinelli and Barry Norman included it in their individual listings of the 100 greatest films of all time. In 2012, Total Film named it the sixth-most-accomplished film of the preceding fifteen years, and a 2020 article by Empire named The Dark Knight as one of the films that defined the previous three decades. In 2020, Time Out named it the seventy-second-best action movie ever made.
Ledger's Joker is considered one of the greatest cinematic villains; several publications placed his portrayal second only to Darth Vader. In 2017, The Hollywood Reporter named Ledger's Joker the second-best cinematic superhero performance ever, behind Hugh Jackman as Wolverine, and Collider listed him as the greatest villain of the 21st century. In 2022, Variety listed him as the best superhero film performance of the preceding 50 years (Eckhart appears at number 22). Entertainment Weekly wrote there had not been another villain as interesting or "perversely entertaining" as Joker, and Ledger's performance was considered so defining that future interpretations would be compared against it. Michael B. Jordan cited the character as an inspiration for his character Erik Killmonger in Black Panther. The "pencil trick" scene, in which Joker makes a pencil disappear by slamming a mobster's head on it, is considered an iconic scene and among the film's most famous. Similarly, the character's line "why so serious?" is among the film's most famous and oft-quoted pieces of dialog, alongside "everyone loses their minds," and Dent's line "you either die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain", as well as Pennyworth's line "some men just want to watch the world burn"; the lines also became popular internet memes.
The Dark Knight remains popular with audiences in publicly voted rankings. Over 17,000 people voted the film into the top ten of American Cinematographers "Best-Shot Film of 1998–2008" list, and listeners of BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra named it their eighth-favorite film. Readers of Empire have alternatively voted it the fifteenth (2008), third (2014), and the fourth-greatest film ever made (2020). The Dark Knight was also voted the greatest superhero movie by readers of Rolling Stone (2014), and as one of New Zealand's favorite films (2015).
Sequel
The Dark Knight was followed by The Dark Knight Rises (2012), the conclusion of The Dark Knight Trilogy. In the film, the Batman is forced out of his self-imposed retirement following the events of The Dark Knight; he allies with Selina Kyle / Catwoman to take on Bane, a physically imposing revolutionary allied with the League of Shadows that is featured in Batman Begins. The Dark Knight Rises was a financial success, surpassing the box-office take of The Dark Knight, and was generally well received by critics but proved more divisive with audiences.
Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
External links
(Warner Bros.)
(DC Comics)
2
2000s American films
2000s British films
2000s crime action films
2000s English-language films
2000s superhero films
2008 action thriller films
2008 crime drama films
2008 films
American action thriller films
American films about revenge
American crime drama films
American neo-noir films
American sequel films
American superhero films
BAFTA winners (films)
British action thriller films
British crime drama films
British sequel films
Films about bank robbery
Films about kidnapping in the United States
Films about organized crime in the United States
Films about security and surveillance
Films about ship hijackings
Films about terrorism
Films directed by Christopher Nolan
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films produced by Charles Roven
Films produced by Christopher Nolan
Films produced by Emma Thomas
Films scored by Hans Zimmer
Films scored by James Newton Howard
Films set in bunkers
Films set in Hong Kong
Films set on fictional islands
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot in Chicago
Films shot in Hong Kong
Films shot in London
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in the United Kingdom
Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Christopher Nolan
Films with screenplays by Jonathan Nolan
IMAX films
Legendary Pictures films
Live-action films based on DC Comics
Syncopy Inc. films
United States National Film Registry films
Warner Bros. films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dark%20Knight |
David William Lodge is an American voice actor who works for anime as well as animation and the video game community and is known for his voice work in the Power Rangers franchise. Two of his best-known voice roles there were as Villamax in Power Rangers Lost Galaxy and Loki in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue. In anime, he voiced Kenpachi Zaraki in Bleach and Jiraiya in Naruto. In animation, he provides the voice of Luxor in Tutenstein and Tenderheart Bear in the 2010s Care Bears cartoons. In video games, he voices a variety of roles, especially in World of Warcraft.
Filmography
Anime
Animation
Films
Video games
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male voice actors
American male video game actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Lodge%20%28voice%20actor%29 |
Áed mac Ainmuirech (born c.530 - died 598) was High King of the Northern Uí Néill. He belonged to the Cenél Conaill and was a distant cousin of Columba of Iona. He was the son of Ainmuire mac Sétnai (died 569), a previous possible high king. His mother was Bríg, daughter of Chobtaig, son of Ailill, son of Nath Í, son of Crimthann mac Énnai son of Énnae Cennsalach of the Uí Ceinnselaig dynasty from Leinster. He was born in 530 according to the Annals of Tigernach (596.2).
He came to power some decades after the death of the last old, pagan style high-king of Tara, Diarmait mac Cerbaill (d. 565), after a period in which it is not clear that the Uí Néill had a high-king, nor is it certain that his contemporaries would have acknowledged Áed as such. The high kingship of Ireland rotated between the Cenél nEógain and Cenél Conaill branches in the late 6th century. It is difficult to disentangle the reign of Áed from that of his older second cousin Báetán mac Ninneda (died 586). Various lengths are given to the reign of Áed in the kinglists all of which would put the start of his reign before the death of Báetán. Both kings are omitted from the Baile Chuinn, the earliest Irish king list of the late 7th century, but this was probably a partisan document. It is possible that Báetán was not actually high king but was given this position by the synthetic historians to explain away the rule of Báetán mac Cairill (died 581) of the Dal Fiatach of Ulster as high king. The kinglists only assign him a reign of one year. Whether Báetán was king of Tara or not, the real effective power among the northern Ui Neill was Áed mac Ainmuirech.
He is known to have met with Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata, in 575 at The Synod or Convention of Drumceat, to agree an alliance, presumably arranged by his cousin Columba. Áed and Áedán were both threatened by the activities of the Ulaid king, Báetán mac Cairill of the Dál Fiatach, and it served both interests that Dál Riata not be subjected to the ambitious Báetán. In this they succeeded. Áed may have become high king after this possibly in 576. It is also quite possible that this conference did not take place until circa 587 which is the date recorded in the Annals of Clonmacnoise. The death of Báetán mac Ninneda had occurred in 586 and the Annals of Ulster record two death dates for Báetán mac Cairill, one being in 587.
A challenge to the rule of Áed among the northern Ui Neill was launched by Colcu mac Domnaill of the Cenél nEógain branch. However they clashed at the Battle of Druim Meic Erce (Drumhirk, modern County Tyrone) in 580 and Colcu was slain. Then in 586, Báetán mac Ninneda was killed at Léim in Eich at the instigation of Colmán Bec (died 587), the southern Ui Neill king of Uisnech who was making a bid for the high kingship, and who may have made an earlier bid in 573. In 587 Áed ended this threat when Colman was slain at the battle of Belach Dathi.
Another challenge to Áed may have come from the direction of Ulster in the person of Fiachnae mac Báetáin (died 626) of the Dál nAraidi. At the royal conference at Druim Cett the affairs of Osraige had been discussed implying an influence by Áed over the affairs of Munster. In 597 Fiachnae won the Battle of Sliab Cua in the territory of Munster. Fiachnae had earlier won a battle over the Ciannachta of Brega in 594. There is a possibility that Fiachnae was a king of Tara in the 590's.
Áed came into conflict with Brandub mac Echach, King of Leinster from the Uí Cheinnselaig who was resisting Ui Neill encroachment. According to the saga tradition preserved in the Borúma Laigin (Cattle Tribute of Leinster), Brandub had killed Cummascach, the son of Áed for demanding the right to sleep with Brandub's wife during a royal tour. The annals record Brandub's killing of Áed's son Cummascach in 597 at Dún Buchat. However, at the battle of Dún Bolg (Dunboyke, modern County Wicklow) in 598, Áed was defeated and killed by Brandub.
Áed had close relations with his cousin Saint Columba. He may have commissioned a eulogy upon the saint's death and most likely granted the land for the monastery of Durrow. Áed was followed as king of the Northern Uí Néill by Colmán Rímid, son of Báetán mac Muirchertaig, of the Cenél nEógain. Áed's son Conall Cú mac Áedo (died 604) failed in a bid for the high kingship after his death but his sons Máel Cobo (died 615) and Domnall (died 642) were later high kings of the Northern Uí Néill.
Notes
References
Annals of Ulster at at University College Cork
Annals of Tigernach at at University College Cork
Adomnán, Life of St Columba, tr. & ed. Richard Sharpe. Penguin, London, 1995.
Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973.
Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2000), Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
Mac Niocaill, Gearoid (1972), Ireland before the Vikings, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
6th-century births
598 deaths
High Kings of Ireland
People from County Donegal
6th-century Irish monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ed%20mac%20Ainmuirech |
The Forgotten (French: L'oublié "the forgotten one") is a novel by Elie Wiesel, published in 1992 in French. It follows two men, Elhanan Rosenbaum, and his son Malkiel. Elhanan is suffering from an incurable disease that causes him to lose his memory slowly, something like amnesia. Elhanan tells Malkiel the story of his past before he forgets it all. Malkiel is compelled to go to the village in Romania where his father failed to stop a crime from occurring, a memory that continues to haunt him. Malkiel encounters the truth about his father and attempts to deal with the past.
References
1992 American novels
Novels set in Romania
French-language novels
Novels by Elie Wiesel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Forgotten%20%28Wiesel%20novel%29 |
Lausanne Collegiate School (; previously Lausanne School for Girls) is an independent, coeducational college-placement school in Memphis, Tennessee. With grades for pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade, the school has a sizable international population, with foreign nationals comprising of the student body, representing 68 different countries.
With a -year history beginning in 1926, the previously single-sex boarding school has become a co-educational day school with grades Pre-K12. An International Baccalaureate (IB) school since 2009, Lausanne adopted the program for all grades in 2018. In 2017 it partnered with Fujian's Xiamen #1 School to open another fully-IB school in Xiamen, China.
The international school has adopted contemporarily-new methods and attitudes throughout the years. The current campus has specially-designed playground equipment, supports several academic and athletic teams, and was a filming location for 1993's The Firm.
History
Originally a single-sex school, the Lausanne School for Girls first opened its doors in 1926. At its outset, the school was jointly managed by Emma DeSaussure Jett, Sophia Alexander Gardner, Bessie Statler, and Florence Goyer Taylor. The school was first located at 1649 Central Avenue, in a home previously called the "Cary House"; The Commercial Appeal called the building especially suited to schooling with the possibility of expanding it in the future. Lausanne began accepting both sexes of students for the 1966–67 academic year.
Boarding
Lausanne credited a Mrs. L. K. Thompson for the school's history of boarding students. Thompson, a "benefactress whose name was almost synonymous with the school", had friends in Little Rock, Arkansas, who wanted their children enrolled at Lausanne. After putting up the girls in her attic, similar demand led the school to construct a dormitory.
Lausanne's co-educational transition was also the heyday of its boarding program, whose numbers hovered around 100. The 1970s saw a decline in demand for boarding schools, and when Lausanne's number dropped, some dormitories were transformed into classrooms. By the 1990–91 academic year, Lausanne had 285 students and only 18 boarders—four of whom were from East Asia; in early 1992, it was the only girls' boarding program in Shelby County, Tennessee. Six months later, with only eight boarders, Lausanne ended its history of boarding; four seniors were diverted to private homes for their last year of school. Though it was estimated that 18 boarders would be financially sufficient to re-board students, Headmaster Elder was doubtful of the program's odds for resurrection.
Leadership
In July 1991, Lausanne headmaster Logan Malone resigned his position to join the Mid-South Foundation for Medical Care. For the 1991–92 academic year, board member Toni Watson served in Malone's stead while a full-time headmaster was headhunted. On July 1, 1992, New Orleans native George B. Elder (born ) took the top spot at Lausanne. Elder expressed interest in broadening awareness of Lausanne, shedding its "school for girls" image, and increasing enrollment. The Lausanne board of directors expressed excitement about Elder's experience (headmastering four previous schools), "his fund-raising ability, which is always a consideration for a private school; his attitude; his interest in athletics and the theater. He just has it all." Elder's first year at Lausanne saw 64% increased enrollment.
Academics
A private school in Memphis, Tennessee, Lausanne was the number one college placement school in Shelby County, Tennessee.
Specialty programming
International Baccalaureate
Lausanne has been an International Baccalaureate school since December 7, 2009.
Beginning in 2018, all Lausanne students from pre-kindergarten up began participating in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP), a curriculum where, instead of focusing on students regurgitating correct answers, "the teacher's role is about helping the students come up with the right question". Compared with college-level work, Lausanne's admissions director—Laura Trott—said that the IBDP is "not about just one class or checking off one box [...] It's really understanding that all those strong reading and writing skills tie in with all those mathematical skills and critical-thinking skills."
Meditation
Starting the 2012–13 academic year, middle school students aged 10–14 were offered the opportunity to meditate during their 10–15 minute recess break. Middle school head teacher Greg Graber started the program—called "mental recess"—to help students relieve stress, perform better on standardized tests, and disconnect from their mobile computing devices.
Admissions
Prospective students must take an exam and score within a certain percentage, and make it through an interview process. In 1992, annual tuition could run as high as .
Faculty and staff
Administration
Stuart McCathie is the tenth headmaster of Lausanne, having taken the position in July 2005. An English native, McCathie has a bachelor's degree in education from Lancaster University and a master's degree in school administration from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. , McCathie was the fifth-highest-paid private school administrator in Memphis, Tennessee with a salary of , according to the Memphis Business Journal.
Teachers
, Barry Gilmore taught English and international studies. A published author with Heinemann, Gilmore has written on engaging students in discussing English literature (How to Get Students Discussing Books—And Much More, January 2006), which was favorably-reviewed by the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy.
Student body
For the 2021–2022 academic year, Lausanne had 875 students enrolled (280 in the lower school, 230 in the middle school, and 365 in the upper school). Discounting parents, Lausanne students are from 68 different nations:
In summer 2006, Lausane developed its own house system for middle-schoolers; the sub-units were named Cottingham, Lendenwood, Massey, and Monmouth.
In 2020, arising from the widespread Black Lives Matter movement, concerns about inequity, and the 2020–21 United States racial unrest, Lausanne formed a task force with the purpose of creating an inclusive environment at the school. Lausanne, whose "student population was nearly 50% people of color — and among the highest percentages for a Memphis independent school", was spurred by alumni who felt the school wasn't doing enough to hire non-whites (who by February 2021 only amounted to 11% of the staff), and needed to only contract with similarly inclusive vendors.
Extracurriculars
Academic
Lausanne's National Science Bowl team won state in 2015, and came in second to Knoxville, Tennessee's Cedar Springs Homeschool in 2016.
Athletic
As of 1992, Lausanne fielded boys' athletic teams in basketball, golf, track and field, and tennis. The school also had several girls' teams.
American football
Capitalizing on its still-increasing numbers of male students, Lausanne started its American football program with the 1992–93 academic year. By July 29, 16 boys had already applied for the new team. The team won their seasons in 2013 and 2014, and made their inaugural visit to the playoffs in 2015, losing to state champ St. George's Independent School "in the Division 2-A quarterfinals to finish 8-4." In 2016, Lausanne had three players being scouted by the United States Military Academy and Naval Academy.
Campus
Lausanne's Memphis campus has of land, and its first buildings were built in the 1960s. In 2008, Lausanne was a recipient of an American Academy of Dermatology grant for the construction of "shade structures" to protect students from damaging ultraviolet radiation.
International Outdoor Discovery Center
When planning to replace an existing playground for its lower school students (pre-kindergarten through fourth grade) in the campus' front, Lausanne desired not only a globally-themed installation, but also an enhancement to the school's curb appeal. Lausanne contracted with Landscape Structures after that company best-translated Lausanne's themes into a real-world proposal. The final design was partly the contribution of the Lausanne graduating-class of 2024.
Groundbreaking happened in early summer 2015, and was finished by that August. Featuring replicas of Big Ben, the Eiffel Tower, and the Taj Mahal, the International Outdoor Discovery Center (IODC) has 14 different structures representing international locales laid out on a surface designed after a Rand McNally world map. Lausanne told the Memphis Business Journal that "the playground structures provide 61 individual play events with 95 themed custom elements, 70 of which are unique to the site at Lausanne".
Director of operations at Lausanne, Stewart Crais, praised the IODC after its opening, expecting the space to last at least 20 years. The playground replaced by the IODC was reinstalled at Promise Academy.
Xiamen, Fujian
After an "extensive search across the U.S." for schools using the IB Diploma Programme (IBDP), Fujian's Xiamen #1 School approached Lausanne in September 2014 about partnering to open another IBDP school in Xiamen, China. The partnership was facilitated by Lausanne's relationship with the Confucius Institute. According to Lausanne headmaster Stuart McCathie, #1 School] were looking for a school that had an international population, an enviable college placement record, the IB program and that was located in the U.S. And through that metric they found us". Facing a maximized enrollment, and looking for additional revenue streams, Lausanne agreed to the partnership.
Announced by Lausanne chairwoman Noma Anderson in 2016, the new "Xiamen #1 Lausanne International School" had a construction budget of US$50million (equivalent to about $M in ), was scheduled to open in August 2017, and is expected to eventually support 1200 students. Once open, the new international school would offer teacher and student exchange programs between the Memphis and Fujian institutions, as well as five- and seven-day boarding.
Legacy
Commencement speakers
1992:
Notable alumni
Miscellaneous
Several scenes of 1993's The Firm were filmed at Lausanne, which stood in for the private school at which character Abby McDeere teaches. Production crews fenced-off the school's playground prior to Christmas 1992, and semi-trailer trucks began arriving at West Massey Road on January 5. Actors Jeanne Tripplehorn and Gene Hackman were on-campus for shooting. Headmaster Elder asked for filming to take place during the academic year to allow for a school assembly with cast and crew; the film's producer agreed to meet with students and bring a cast member with him.
References
External links
1926 establishments in Tennessee
educational institutions established in 1926
International Baccalaureate schools in Tennessee
private schools in Tennessee
schools in Memphis, Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne%20Collegiate%20School |
The discography of Nirvana, an American rock band, consists of three studio albums, twenty-one singles, five live albums, two extended plays, four compilation albums, and three box sets.
Nirvana was formed in 1987 by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic, with the position of drummer being filled by various musicians. The band released its debut album, Bleach, in 1989 on independent label Sub Pop. After being joined by final drummer Dave Grohl and signing to Geffen Records subsidiary DGC Records, the band released its second studio album, Nevermind, which became one of the best selling alternative albums of the 1990s and popularized the Seattle grunge movement and alternative music. The band's third album, In Utero, was also a commercial and critical success, though it did not match the sales precedent set by Nevermind—as the members of the band expected. Nirvana disbanded in 1994 after the death of Cobain; since then several posthumous releases have been issued from the band, which once resulted in a legal conflict between Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, and the surviving members of the band over the release of the song "You Know You're Right". In 2006, Love sold a significant share of the rights to Cobain's song catalog to Primary Wave Music Publishing. Since its debut, the band has sold 27.6 million albums in the United States alone, and over 75 million records worldwide.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Box sets
Extended plays
Singles
Retail singles
Notes
Promotional singles
Notes
Split singles
Notes
Other charted and certified songs
Music videos
Video albums
Notes
Other appearances
Unreleased songs
Courtney Love stated in May 2002 that she owned 109 unreleased tapes made by Cobain, with or without the other members of Nirvana. Of these songs, many were released on the 61 song box set With the Lights Out in 2004, with three "freshly unearthed" songs appearing on the compilation Sliver: The Best of the Box in 2005. More unreleased Nirvana tracks were released on the deluxe and super deluxe 20th anniversary editions of the Nevermind and In Utero albums in 2011 and 2013 respectively. Many more unreleased songs were released on Montage of Heck: The Home Recordings in 2015 which was the companion soundtrack to the film Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck. Brett Morgen stated that in Cobain's archive he discovered over 200 hours of audio on over 108 cassettes and that he thought the solo album "would be a nice complement to the film".
See also
Nirvana bootleg recordings
Foo Fighters discography
References
External links
Nirvana official page
Nirvana Live Guide
Live Nirvana
Discographies of American artists
Discography
Alternative rock discographies
Rock music group discographies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana%20discography |
Jordan's Castle (; Ulster Scots: Joardan's Kessel) is a castle situated in Ardglass, County Down, Northern Ireland. The tower house known as Jordan's Castle is a State Care Historic Monument sited in the townland of Ardglass, in the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council area, at grid ref: J5601 3713. It stands close to the junction of Kildare and Quay Streets in Ardglass and commands the harbour.
Features
The entrance is at the bottom of the north-west tower and leads to a spiral stairway to roof level. It is protected by a machicolation at that level.
The Dublin Penny Journal of 30 March 1833 describes Jordan's Castle as follows:
History
It was also extensively used for get-togethers of the wide circle of Irish Cultural revival artists and writers to whom Bigger was friend and patron. Following suggestions by Alice Stopford Green and the archivist Henry Egan Kenny, Bigger renamed the tower "Castle Seán' in honour of the two years when Shane O'Neill (Seán Ó Néill) controlled Ardglass, and they believed, re-fortified the tower following his defeat of the MacDonnells at Glentaisie in 1565. The contents have since been dispersed among the Ulster Museums general collections and the tower is no longer open to the public.
Ardglass had at least six castles and remains of four of them can still be seen: Ardglass Castle, Cowd Castle, Margaret's Castle and Jordan's Castle.
See also
Castles in Northern Ireland
References
External links
Environment and heritage Service – Jordan's Castle
Castles in County Down
Ruined castles in Northern Ireland
Ardglass
Northern Ireland Environment Agency properties
Tower houses in Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%27s%20Castle |
Peggy O'Neal is an American voice actress.
Career
O'Neal began acting in three episodes of seaQuest DSV, and went on to do ADR on Dawson's Creek, Dark Skies, Walker, Texas Ranger. Through acting classes taught by Susan Blu, O'Neal got in contact with Paul Di Franco, a casting agent for Saban Entertainment. O'Neal's roles at Saban Entertainment included Shinzo character Yakumo Tatsuro.
In addition to voice acting, O'Neal works as a part-time teacher for acting classes at Moorpark College.
Filmography
Anime
Film
Video games
Other dubbing
References
External links
American voice actresses
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20O%27Neal%20%28voice%20actress%29 |
Sitaram Kesri (15 November 1919 – 24 October 2000) was an Indian politician and parliamentarian. He became a union minister and served as President of the Indian National Congress from 1996 to 1998.
Political career
Pre-Independence Politics
Kesri became politically active at the age of 13, with his involvement in the Indian independence movement. Kesri was arrested for his political activities several times between 1930 and 1942. Kesri was a part of the famous Young Turks of Bihar Congress, during the independence movement along with Bindeshwari Dubey, Bhagwat Jha Azad, Chandrashekhar Singh, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Kedar Pandey and Abdul Ghafoor – all future Chief Ministers of Bihar.
Political Career in Independent India
Kesri was elected president of the Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee in 1973 and treasurer of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) in 1980.
Kesri was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Katihar Lok Sabha Constituency in 1967 as a candidate of Congress party. He represented Bihar in the Rajya Sabha for five terms between July 1971 and April 2000, being reelected in April 1974, July 1980, April 1988, and April 1994. He was Union Minister during the regimes of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and P.V. Narasimha Rao as Prime Minister of India.
Kesri served as treasurer of the Congress party for more than a decade. In addition, he was elected unanimously as President of the Congress Parliamentary Party on 3rd January 1997. After his exit from office in March 1998, he maintained a relatively low profile in politics. He was also denied party candidature for the Rajya Sabha once his last term ended in April 2000.
As the President of the Indian National Congress
After P.V. Narasimha Rao stepped down as president of the Congress in September 1996, Kesri was appointed as the new president of the Indian National Congress.
The following years were difficult for the Congress Party. Kesri's lack of popular support among the masses caused further damage to the party. Kesri's most controversial act was the sudden withdrawal of support to H.D. Deva Gowda's United Front government, which led to the fall of the government in April 1997. However, a compromise was reached and the United Front elected I.K. Gujral as the subsequent new leader with continued support from the Congress party.
In the first week of November 1997, part of the Jain Commission's report inquiring into the conspiracy angle of the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi was leaked to the press.
It was reported that the Jain Commission had indicted Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) for its ties with the LTTE, the organisation involved in the assassination of Gandhi.
The DMK was one of the constituents of the United Front that was in power at the center. Moreover, the party had three ministers on the council of ministers headed by Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral. The Congress demanded removal from the government the ministers belonging to the DMK.
Between 20 and 28 November 1997, an exchange of letters took place between Kesri and Prime Minister Gujral; however, the prime minister refused to meet the demands of the Congress. Finally, on 28 November 1997, Congress withdrew its support for the Gujral government. When no alternative government could be formed, the Lok Sabha was dissolved, paving the way for midterm elections.
The Congress did not adequately prepare for the midterm elections. A number of senior leaders of the party, such as Rangarajan Kumaramangalam, Aslam Sher Khan, and other leaders, openly expressed displeasure with Kesri's leadership and left the party.
After Sonia Gandhi decided to campaign for the party, she replaced Kesri as the main party campaigner. Sonia attracted huge crowds in her campaign rallies but did not win the election for the party.
Nevertheless, the Congress did maintain a respectable tally of 140 seats. During the election campaign, there were a series of bomb blasts in Coimbatore, where BJP President Lal Krishna Advani was scheduled to address an election rally. About 50 people were killed in the blasts.
After the blasts, Kesri made a statement that the bomb blasts were the handiwork of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and moreover, he had the proof of RSS involvement in the blasts. The RSS sued Kesri for defamation, but Kesri was granted bail by a city court in 1998.
After the electoral defeat, Kesri was stripped of his post in March 1998 by the Congress Working Committee. Sonia Gandhi was appointed president of the Congress party in his place. Kesri's removal from the Congress Working Committee is considered by some as a betrayal of the party constitution, considering how Pranab Mukherjee and others conspired to eliminate Kesri from the party for Sonia Gandhi.
Kesri, along with other members of the Working Committee including Tariq Anwar, was "roughed up" at Congress Party headquarters on 19 May 1999 by what has been described as an "angry mob" and "Congress goons", following the split in the Congress that led to the formation of the Nationalist Congress Party.
References
1919 births
2000 deaths
Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar
Presidents of the Indian National Congress
People from Patna district
India MPs 1967–1970
Rajya Sabha members from Bihar
Members of the Cabinet of India
Lok Sabha members from Bihar
People from Katihar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaram%20Kesri |
Roger Allers (born June 29, 1949) is an American film director, screenwriter, animator, storyboard artist, and playwright. He is best known for co-directing Disney's The Lion King (1994), the highest-grossing traditionally animated film of all time, and for writing the Broadway adaptation of the same name. He also directed Sony Pictures Animation's first feature-length animated film, Open Season (2006) and the animated adaptation of The Prophet.
Life and career
Early life
Born in Rye, New York, but raised in Scottsdale, Arizona, Allers became a fan of animation, at the age of five, after seeing Disney's Peter Pan (1953). Deciding that he wanted to pursue a career in animation, and even work alongside Walt Disney himself, a few years later, he sent off to Disneyland for a do-it-yourself animation kit. However, Allers, by then a high school student, grew discouraged about achieving his dream when he had heard of Disney's death in 1966.
Despite not getting the chance to meet Walt Disney, Allers still pressed on to receive a Fine Arts degree from Arizona State University. However, when he attended a class at Harvard University, he realized that his interest in animation had been revitalized. After receiving his degree in Fine Arts, he spent the next two years traveling and living in Greece. While there, he spent some time living in a cave, and eventually met Leslee, whom he later married. As a young adult, Allers accepted a job with Lisberger Studios, where he worked as an animator for projects such as Sesame Street, The Electric Company, Make a Wish, and various other commercials.
In 1978, he relocated to Los Angeles with Steven Lisberger to work on a feature film titled Animalympics (1980) to which he provided story work, character design and animation for the film. Three years later, Allers found work serving as part of the storyboard team for Tron, which was the first theatrical feature film he worked on. In 1980, Allers and his family moved to Toronto, Canada, where he worked for Nelvana Studios as an animator on a feature titled Rock & Rule (1983). Following a brief return to Los Angeles, Allers provided character design, preliminary animation, and story development for the Japanese-produced animated feature, Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1989). For the next two years, he resided in Tokyo to serve as an animation director overseeing the Japanese artists.
Disney
Returning to Los Angeles in 1985, he heard that Disney was looking for a storyboard artist to work on Oliver & Company (1988). When he applied for the job, Allers was asked to draw some sample character model sheets as a tryout, and worked on a portfolio. He was hired shortly thereafter. Since then, he served as a storyboard artist on The Little Mermaid (1989), The Prince and the Pauper (1990), and The Rescuers Down Under (1990). For Beauty and the Beast (1991), he was appointed as Head of Story, leading a team of story artists to illustrate sketches from Linda Woolverton's screenplay. When Beauty and the Beast was nearly finished, Allers joined the King of the Jungle project as a director alongside George Scribner. He temporarily left the project to help storyboard sequences for Aladdin (1992).
In October 1991, Allers rejoined King of the Jungle, in which he recruited Brenda Chapman, who would become the film's Head of Story. Afterwards, several of the lead crew members, including Allers, Scribner, Chapman, and production designer Chris Sanders, took a safari trip to Kenya, in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film. After six months of story development work, Scribner decided to leave the project, as he disagreed with the decision to turn the film into a musical, as Scribner's intention was to make a documentary-like film more focused on natural aspects. Following Scribner's departure, and dissatisfied with the original story, Allers along with Don Hahn, Sanders, Chapman, and Beauty and the Beast directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale conceived a new story outline for the film over the course of two days in February 1992. In April 1992, Rob Minkoff was added as a co-director, and the title was changed to The Lion King (1994).
Following the release of The Lion King (1994), Allers and writer Matthew Jacobs conceived the idea of Kingdom of the Sun, and development on the project went underway in 1994. Meanwhile, Disney Theatrical Group had begun production on the Broadway musical adaptation of The Lion King as they had done with Beauty and the Beast (1994). At first skeptical, Allers joined the Broadway production team, and together with Lion King co-screenwriter Irene Mecchi, they wrote the libretto. At the 52nd Tony Awards, both Allers and Mecchi were nominated for the Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical. The musical itself won the Tony Award for Best Musical.
After nearly four years on Kingdom of the Sun, Allers decided to leave the project due to creative differences with Mark Dindal and Peter Schneider, then-president of animation at Disney. Ultimately, the project was reworked into The Emperor's New Groove (2000), and Allers left to work on Lilo & Stitch (2002) as a story artist. In 2001, he was approached by Hahn to direct the short film, The Little Matchgirl (2006). The project underwent about two years of work, as it was planned to be attached with the proposed Fantasia 2006 film. It was however included as a bonus feature on The Little Mermaid Platinum Edition DVD. At the 79th Academy Awards, The Little Matchgirl was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.
Meanwhile, Allers pitched the Celtic folk ballad tale Tam Lin to Michael Eisner, who at the time was in a corporate struggle with Roy E. Disney. Once Eisner recognized the project was Disney's "baby", he declined to green-light the project.
Post-Disney
In May 2003, it was announced that Allers and Brenda Chapman would direct Tam Lin for Sony Pictures Animation. However, one year later, Allers was recruited as an additional director on Open Season (2006) alongside director Jill Culton and co-director Anthony Stacchi, and featuring the voice talents of Martin Lawrence and Ashton Kutcher.
In January 2012, it was announced that Allers will oversee the narrative structure, as well as supervise the production of an animated adaptation of The Prophet. In May 2014, a work-in-progress version of The Prophet (2014) was screened at the Cannes Film Festival, and was given a limited release in August 2015.
Personal life
Allers married Leslee Hackenson in 1977. In March 2020, Allers filed for divorce from Hackenson. They have a daughter, Leah, and a son, Aidan.
Filmography
References
External links
1949 births
20th-century American male artists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male artists
21st-century American male writers
American animated film directors
American art directors
American male screenwriters
American storyboard artists
Animators from Arizona
Animators from California
Animators from New York (state)
Animation screenwriters
Arizona State University alumni
Film directors from Arizona
Film directors from Los Angeles
Film directors from New York (state)
Living people
People from Rye, New York
People from Venice, Los Angeles
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Sony Pictures Animation people
Walt Disney Animation Studios people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Allers |
Barbara O'Brien (born April 18, 1950) was the 47th Lieutenant Governor of Colorado from 2007 to 2011. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She is currently serving her second 4-year term as an elected member of the board of Denver Public Schools.
Political career
Lieutenant Governor of Colorado
She was chosen as running mate by Bill Ritter, the Democratic candidate for Governor of Colorado in the 2006 election.
The Ritter/O'Brien ticket won with 57% of the vote.
As lieutenant governor she made education her signature issue.
Ritter chose not to run for re-election in 2010, and O'Brien also stepped down at the end of her term.
Prior to becoming lieutenant governor, she was a speechwriter and policy advisor for Governor Richard Lamm.
Denver School Board Director
Barbara O'Brien was elected as the at-large school director of the Denver Public Schools School Board on November 5, 2013, claiming 59.5% of the vote and winning over Michael Kiley and Joan Poston.
and was reelected in November 2017 to another term.
The Denver Post newspaper stated that candidates who promised reform won the majority of local school board elections across Colorado in the November 2013 off-year election, and that O'Brien, as well as her fellow winners for Denver School Board positions, were reform candidates.
Business career
, O'Brien was a senior fellow at the Piton Foundation, which uses its private funding to develop, manage, and incubate programs to create opportunities for lower-income families in Denver.
In 2013, O'Brien was named President of Get Smart Schools, a Denver-based public education reform group.
Personal
O'Brien is married to Richard O'Brien, and has two sons, Jared and Connor.
See also
List of female lieutenant governors in the United States
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Colorado
School board members in Colorado
People from Brawley, California
Women in Colorado politics
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20O%27Brien |
Liard River Corridor Provincial Park and Protected Area is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Part of the park is in the larger Muskwa-Kechika Management Area.
References
Liard Country
Provincial parks of British Columbia
2001 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liard%20River%20Corridor%20Provincial%20Park%20and%20Protected%20Area |
The Public School Boards' Association of Alberta (PSBAA) is a not-for-profit society, the members of which can be any public school jurisdiction, or First Nations Education Authority, in Alberta, Canada. The membership criteria for the Association requires a school jurisdiction which provides public education to affirm its support to the Objects of the Association.
Jurisdictions
Twenty-seven of forty-two public school jurisdictions in Alberta belong to the Association as of January, 2023. These jurisdictions are:
Aspen View Public Schools
Buffalo Trail Public Schools
Canadian Rockies Public Schools
Edmonton Public Schools
Fort McMurray Public School District
Golden Hills School Division
Grande Prairie Public School Division
Grande Yellowhead Public School Division
Grasslands Public Schools
High Prairie School Division
Lethbridge School Division
Medicine Hat Public School Division
Northern Gateway Public Schools
Northern Lights Public Schools
The Northland School Division
Parkland School Division
Peace River School Division
Peace Wapiti Public School Division
Pembina Hills School Division
Prairie Land Public School Division
Prairie Rose Public Schools
Red Deer Public Schools
St. Albert Public Schools
Sturgeon Public School Division
Wetaskiwin Regional Public Schools
Wild Rose School Division
Wolf Creek Public Schools
The main activities of the Association are: advocacy for public school education; leadership development programs for school trustees, system administrators, and citizen advocates for public school education; building and maintaining political relations with the provincial government and the provincial public service; and, research and the dissemination of findings significant to the improvement of public education.
The Association is host of the Public School Boards Council, a representative assembly for school jurisdictions in Alberta, at which assembly the jurisdictions speak about issues of concern to public school education, and do so without relying on the intermediary of a separate corporate entity.
History
The Public School Boards' Association of Alberta was founded in 1989, at a convention held in Edmonton, Alberta.
Presidents in order were:
Mr. Dick Mather, a trustee of the Edmonton Public School District (1989 - 1991)
Mr. Gordon Pearcy of Grande Prairie Public School District (1991 - 1992)
Ms. Deb Poffenroth, of Foothills School Division (1992 - 1994)
Ms. Anita Dent, of Peace River School Division (1994 - 1996)
Mr. Dick Chamney, of Buffalo Trail School Division (1996 - 1997)
Mr. Clyde Blackburn, of Grande Prairie Public School District (1997 - 1999)
Mr. Don Fleming, of Edmonton Public School District (1999 - 2000)
Ms. Carolyn Kaiser, of Foothills School Division (2000 - 2001)
Ms. Joan Trettler, of St. Albert Protestant Separate School District (2001 - 2005)
Mr. Don Fleming, of Edmonton Public School District (2005 - 2009)
Ms. Patty Dittrick, of Clearview School Division (2009 - 2013)
Ms. Arlene Hrynyk, of Northern Lights Public Schools (2013 - 2017)
Ms. Cathy Hogg of Prairie Rose School Division (2017 - 2021)
Mr. Dennis MacNeil of Aspen View Public School (2021 - present)
Executive Directors in order were:
Mr. David King (1990 - 2010)
Ms. Mary Lynne Campbell (2010 - 2018)
Mr. Brian Callaghan (2018 - 2020)
Mr. Troy Tait (2020 - present)
External links
The Public School Boards' Association of Alberta
Educational organizations based in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20School%20Boards%27%20Association%20of%20Alberta |
Margaret's Castle is a castle in Ardglass, County Down, Northern Ireland. It is a small Tower house probably built in the 15th century. Only two storeys still exist but there is evidence that it was at least three storeys high. It is vaulted above the ground floor with a rectangular tower with projecting turrets in the north west wall. The doorway between the turrets was protected by a murder-hole. A spiral stairway rises within the west turret.
The tower house known as Margaret's Castle is a Scheduled Historic Monument in the townland of Ardglass, in the Newry, Mourne and Down District Council area, at grid ref: J5603 3703.
Ardglass had at least six castles and remains of four of them can still be seen: Ardglass Castle, Cowd Castle, Margaret's Castle and Jordan's Castle.
See also
Castles in Northern Ireland
References
Castles in County Down
Ruined castles in Northern Ireland
Scheduled monuments in Northern Ireland
Ardglass | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%27s%20Castle |
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