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Aristides Azevedo Pacheco Leão (August 3, 1914 in Rio de Janeiro – December 14, 1993 in São Paulo) was a Brazilian neurophysiologist, researcher and university professor. Leão discovered and described the spreading depression, which also became known as "the Leão wave". This depression is a reaction in the cerebral cortex that can be induced by touch or electric shock, although, more significantly, it occurs spontaneously in migraine and to some extent in epilepsy. It occurs not only in the brain, but in other neural structures. Leão was president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences between 1967 and 1981 and defended scientists persecuted by the military dictatoship, besides having created scientific publications and having closed important scientific collaborations of the academy. Elected president emeritus of the institution, the academy's library now bears his name. He was awarded the Grand Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit and was a full member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. Biography Leão was born on August 3, 1914, into a traditional family in Rio de Janeiro, the youngest of seven siblings. He never met his father, Manoel Pacheco Leão, who died shortly before Leão was born. His mother, the painter Francisca Azevedo Leão, raised the children alone, with the help of her brother-in-law, the biologist and director of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Antônio Pacheco Leão, who assisted in the children's education. While living in a large house in the Laranjeiras neighborhood, the family was also helped by a British nanny of whom no records exist. Leão entered the São Paulo School of Medicine in 1932 at the age of 18. However, he contracted tuberculosis in his second year and had to suspend his studies for two years, while being treated in Belo Horizonte. When he recovered, he decided that he would like to work in scientific research and moved to the United States in 1941, where he was admitted to the graduate research program at Harvard Medical School. He received his master's degree in 1942 and his doctorate of science in 1943. Career In 1943, he became an adjunct researcher at Harvard's Department of Anatomy, where he identified the phenomenon of spreading depression, and although he had the opportunity to work in the United States, he preferred to return to Brazil in 1944, at the age of 32. Upon his return, he was appointed Specialized Technician of the Chair of Biological Physics (1945) at the National School of Medicine of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He was invited by Carlos Chagas Filho, to join the new Biophysics Institute, which was still being organized. His colleagues included Gustavo de Oliveira Castro. Romualdo José do Carmo and , He continued his research into cortical spreading depression. The instruments in his laboratory in Brazil were salvaged discards, but they were so carefully restored that they were always ready for use. Despite discouraging practical limitations, he did not abandon his work and so published his first article in Brazil. His first article on spreading depression, 'Spreading depression of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex,' the phenomenon was given the eponym of his name and called Leão's spreading depression. Leão was director of the institute from 1966 to 1970 and emeritus head of the neurobiology department from 1984 to 1993. He became an associate of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (1948) and a full member in 1951, and was its vice-president (1955-1957/1965-1967) and president for seven consecutive terms (1967-1981). He was a member of the Deliberative Council at CNPq (1960–74) and then its scientific advisor (1975–84). During the Brazilian military dictatorship, as President of the ABC, he also defended the Revista Brasileira de Biologia (Brazilian Journal of Biology) after its editors were arrested by the regime. While president he also encouraged scientific cooperation between Brazil and other countries. After the cesium leak in Goiânia, in 1988, he became the president of the newly created State Commission of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety. Between 1985 and 1991 he participated in the Planning and Science and Technology Secretariats of the Presidency of the Republic, as member and president of the Special Followup Group (GEA) of the Scientific Development Support Program (PADCT). After his mandatory retirement, he was named Laboratory Head Emeritus of the Department of Neurobiology of the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, where he remained for nine more years as a CNPq research fellow. Leão's Wave Aristides Leão discovered the phenomenon while working on his thesis at Harvard in 1944. He named the phenomenon "spreading depression", but it became known as "the Leão's wave". The true causes of this depression are not known, but it can be induced by electric shocks. The description of this illness helped in the diagnosis of other diseases such as epilepsy. According to Leão's later investigations, it occurs not only in the brain, but also in other neural structures. His research on spreading depression is still widely cited within the medical literature and the spreading depression, in the case of brain damage, can be reversed provided that the blood flow is restored quickly. However, there is no guarantee that the neurons may survive. History of Discovery The earliest origin of what has come to be known as spreading depression dates back to 1906, when Sir. William Richard Gowers, in a lecture on epilepsy, noted that “a peculiar spreading disturbance of the nerve structures is evident” and that lasts for several minutes, something that was confirmed and described by Aristides Leão in this way: While working on his PhD thesis at Harvard under the supervision of Hallowell Davis, Leão aimed to study "experimental "epilepsy". To perform the experiment he opened anesthetized rabbit skulls and placed a row of silver electrodes in contact with the cortical surface, with two serving for stimulation. However, instead of a seizure-like discharge, the stimulation was followed by a flattening of the brain waves in a kind of domino effect, which recovered in the same way. questions whether the ease with which this phenomenon can be caused did not cause other researchers to have observed it before Leão and dismissed it as an "annoying interruption of work" and goes on to say that this phenomenon intrigued him and became the main topic of Aristides' work, with his first article demonstrating the basic characteristics that have been confirmed by other researchers. In a following article he described how blood vessels behave during the event. The third article in focus by , made after Leão's return to Rio de Janeiro, deals with the slow voltage change that accompanies the phenomenon and the complete cerebral ischemia. Over the years other articles on the subject have been done, but it is still not understood why the spreading depression occurs. Awards The researcher is also remembered for his outstanding performance as president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences between 1967 and 1981. His contribution to science earned him important scientific awards, such as the Einstein Award in 1961; the in 1973 and the Moinho Santista Award (now the Bunge Foundation Award), in 1974 and 1977. He also received posthumous tribute from the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, whose library today bears his name, being elected president emeritus of this institution on December 20, 1993. Death Leão died on December 14, 1993, in São Paulo, at the age of 79, due to respiratory failure. He was buried in Rio de Janeiro, in the family grave. Legacy According to Rodrigo Polito at Uol, Leão is the author of one of the most cited physiology articles in the world and dedicated his life to the development of science in his native country. Carlos Chagas Filho described him as "...one of the greatest scientists I knew, he was extremely simple and cultured, a great stimulator of research among young people and an exceptional professor of general and comparative physiology..." who left a great number of disciples in Brazil and abroad, besides having had a great influence on the projection of the Institute of Biophysics as an institution of excellence abroad. In 2002 it was demonstrated that depolarization occurs in human brains and in 2018, the article "Terminal spreading depolarization and electrical silence in death of human cerebral cortex", published in Annals of Neurology, for the first time revealed that the spreading depression described by Leão occurs in the human brain after the end of cardiac activity. In a possible coincidence, co-author Jed Hartings discovered that the series Star Trek: The Next Generation had laid out this process in general form in the episode Skin of Evil in much the same way as the 2018 research, which leads co-researcher Jens Dreier to believe that the scriptwriters may have borrowed from similar research (or even Leão's). Personal life Leão enjoyed sport fishing, classical composers, Brazilian popular music and being considered by his colleagues as having a "prodigious culture", his ornithology collection surpassed that of the National Museum, although he considered himself an amateur in the field. In doing so, he also developed as a naturalist and had in Charles Darwin his main reference. He also behaved as a humble person, despite his academic position and achievements. considers Aristides to be the father of bioacoustics in Brazil. Scientific papers See also Neuroscience Migraine Headache References Note Bibliography (Internet Archive) External links 1914 births 1993 deaths 20th-century Brazilian scientists Neurophysiologists 20th-century Brazilian physicians Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil) University of São Paulo alumni Harvard Medical School alumni Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences Academic staff of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Deaths from respiratory failure Brazilian neuroscientists Academics from Rio de Janeiro (city) Scientists from Rio de Janeiro (city) People associated with Federal University of Rio de Janeiro	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristides%20Le%C3%A3o
At the 1932 Summer Olympics, seven fencing events were contested. Medal summary Men's events Women's events Medal table Participating nations A total of 108 fencers (91 men, 17 women) from 16 nations competed at the Los Angeles Games: Cuba had fencers entered, but none competed. References 1932 Summer Olympics events 1932 1932 in fencing International fencing competitions hosted by the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing%20at%20the%201932%20Summer%20Olympics
Amtosaurus (; "Amtgai lizard") is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur based on a fragmentary skull collected from the Upper Cretaceous Bayan Shireh Formation (Cenomanian to Santonian) of Mongolia and originally believed to represent an ankylosaurid. Hadrosaurid affinities have also been suggested. However, per Parish and Barrett, this specimen is too fragmentary to be reliably classified beyond an indeterminate ornithischian. A second species assigned to the genus, A. archibaldi, has become the basis of a valid ankylosaurid taxon, Bissektipelta. References Ornithischian genera Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Cenomanian life Santonian life Fossils of Mongolia Fossil taxa described in 1978 Nomina dubia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtosaurus
The practice of induced abortion—the deliberate termination of a pregnancy—has been known since ancient times. Various methods have been used to perform or attempt abortion, including the administration of abortifacient herbs, the use of sharpened implements, the application of abdominal pressure, and other techniques. The term abortion, or more precisely spontaneous abortion, is sometimes used to refer to a naturally occurring condition that ends a pregnancy, that is, to what is popularly called a miscarriage. But in what follows the term abortion will always refer to an induced abortion. Abortion laws and their enforcement have fluctuated through various eras. In much of the Western world during the 20th century, abortion-rights movements were successful in having abortion bans repealed. While abortion remains legal in most of the West, this legality is regularly challenged by anti-abortion groups. The Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin is recognized as the first modern country to legalize induced elective abortion care. In the twentieth century China used induced abortion as part of a "one-child policy" birth control campaign in an effort to slow population growth. Premodern era The Vedic and smrti laws of India reflected a concern with preserving the male seed of the three upper castes; and the religious courts imposed various penances for the woman or excommunication for a priest who provided an abortion. Part of the epic Ramayana describes abortion performed by barber surgeons. The only evidence of the death penalty being mandated for abortion in the ancient laws is found in Assyrian Law, in the Code of Assura, c. 1075 BCE; and this is imposed only on a woman who procures an abortion against her husband's wishes. The first recorded evidence of induced abortion is from the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus in 1550 BCE. Many of the methods employed in early cultures were non-surgical. Physical activities such as strenuous labor, climbing, paddling, weightlifting, or diving were a common technique. Others included the use of irritant leaves, fasting, bloodletting, pouring hot water onto the abdomen, and lying on a heated coconut shell. In virtually all cultures, abortion techniques developed through observation, adaptation of obstetrical methods, and transculturation. Physical means of inducing abortion, including battery, exercise, and tightening the girdle were still often used as late as the Early Modern Period among English women. Archaeological discoveries indicate early surgical attempts at the extraction of a fetus; however, such methods are not believed to have been common, given the infrequency with which they are mentioned in ancient medical texts. An 8th-century Sanskrit text instructs women wishing to induce an abortion to sit over a pot of steam or stewed onions. The technique of massage abortion, involving the application of pressure to the pregnant abdomen, has been practiced in Southeast Asia for centuries. One of the bas reliefs decorating the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, dated , depicts a demon performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the underworld. Japanese documents show records of induced abortion from as early as the 12th century. It became much more prevalent during the Edo period, especially among the peasant class, who were hit hardest by the recurrent famines and high taxation of the age. Statues of the Boddhisattva Jizo, erected in memory of an abortion, miscarriage, stillbirth, or young childhood death, began appearing at least as early as 1710 at a temple in Yokohama (see religion and abortion). The native Māori people of New Zealand colonisation terminated pregnancies via miscarriage-inducing drugs, ceremonial methods, and girding of the abdomen with a restrictive belt. Another source claims that the Māori people did not practice abortion, for fear of Makutu, but did attempt abortion through the artificial induction of premature labor. Greco-Roman world Much of what is known about the methods and practice of abortion in Greek and Roman history comes from early classical texts. Abortion, as a gynecological procedure, was primarily the province of women who were either midwives or well-informed laypeople. In his Theaetetus, Plato mentions a midwife's ability to induce abortion in the early stages of pregnancy. It is thought unlikely that abortion was punished in Ancient Greece. A fragment attributed to the poet Lysias "suggests that abortion was a crime in Athens against the husband, if his wife was pregnant when he died, since his unborn child could have claimed the estate." The ancient Greeks relied upon the herb silphium as an abortifacient and contraceptive. The plant, as the chief export of Cyrene, was driven to extinction; it is suggested that it might have possessed the same abortive properties, as some of its closest extant relatives in the family Apiaceae. Silphium was so central to the Cyrenian economy that most of its coins were embossed with an image of the plant. Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) cited the refined oil of common rue as a potent abortifacient. Serenus Sammonicus wrote of a concoction which consisted of rue, egg, and dill. Soranus, Dioscorides, Oribasius also detailed this application of the plant. Modern scientific studies have confirmed that rue indeed contains three abortive compounds. Birthwort, a herb used to ease childbirth, was also used to induce abortion. Galen included it in a potion formula in de Antidotis, while Dioscorides said it could be administered by mouth, or in the form of a vaginal pessary also containing pepper and myrrh. The Greek playwright Aristophanes noted the abortifacient property of pennyroyal in 421 BCE, through a humorous reference in his comedy, Peace. Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE), the Greek physician, would advise a prostitute who became pregnant to jump up and down, touching her buttocks with her heels at each leap, so as to induce miscarriage. Other writings attributed to him describe instruments fashioned to dilate the cervix and curette inside of the uterus. Soranus, a 2nd-century Greek physician, prescribed diuretics, emmenagogues, enemas, fasting, and bloodletting as safe abortion methods, although he advised against the use of sharp instruments to induce miscarriage, due to the risk of organ perforation. He also advised women wishing to abort their pregnancies to engage in energetic walking, carrying heavy objects, riding animals, and jumping so that the woman's heels were to touch her buttocks with each jump, which he described as the "Lacedaemonian Leap". He also offered a number of recipes for herbal baths, rubs, and pessaries. In De Materia Medica Libri Quinque, the Greek pharmacologist Dioscorides listed the ingredients of a draught called "abortion wine"– hellebore, squirting cucumber, and scammony– but failed to provide the precise manner in which it was to be prepared. Hellebore, in particular, is known to be abortifacient. Tertullian, a 2nd- and 3rd-century Christian theologian, described surgical implements which were used in a procedure similar to the modern dilation and evacuation. One tool had a "nicely adjusted flexible frame" used for dilation, an "annular blade" used to curette, and a "blunted or covered hook" used for extraction. The other was a "copper needle or spike". He attributed ownership of such items to Hippocrates, Asclepiades, Erasistratus, Herophilus, and Soranus. Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a 1st-century Roman encyclopedist, offered an extremely detailed account of a procedure to extract an already-dead fetus in his only surviving work, De Medicina. In Book 9 of Refutation of all Heresies, Hippolytus of Rome, another Christian theologian of the 3rd century, wrote of women tightly binding themselves around the middle so as to "expel what was being conceived". Natural abortifacients Botanical preparations reputed to be abortifacient were common in classical literature and folk medicine. Such folk remedies, however, varied in effectiveness and were not without the risk of adverse effects. Some of the herbs used at times to terminate pregnancy are poisonous. A list of plants which cause abortion was provided in De viribus herbarum, an 11th-century herbal written in the form of a poem, the authorship of which is incorrectly attributed to Aemilius Macer. Among them were rue, Italian catnip, savory, sage, soapwort, cyperus, white and black hellebore, and pennyroyal. Physicians in the Islamic world during the medieval period documented the use of abortifacients, commenting on their effectiveness and prevalence. Colonial Americans were advised to use careful measurements in a recipe by Benjamin Franklin for an abortifacient. He used the recipe as an example in a book he published to teach mathematics and many useful skills, and calls the recipe a solution to "the misfortune" of an unwanted pregnancy for "unmarry'd women". Franklin was following a tradition that had existed in England and Europe. King's American Dispensatory of 1898 recommended a mixture of brewer's yeast and pennyroyal tea as "a safe and certain abortive". Pennyroyal has been known to cause complications when used as an abortifacient. In 1978 a pregnant woman from Colorado died after consuming 2 tablespoonfuls of pennyroyal essential oil which is known to be toxic. In 1994 a pregnant woman, unaware of an ectopic pregnancy that needed immediate medical care, drank a tea containing pennyroyal extract to induce abortion without medical help. She later died as a result of the untreated ectopic pregnancy, mistaking the symptoms for the abortifacient working. For thousands of years, tansy has been taken in early pregnancy to restore menstruation. It was first documented as an emmenagogue in St. Hildegard of Bingen's De simplicis medicinae. A variety of juniper, known as savin, was mentioned frequently in European writings. In one case in England, a rector from Essex was said to have procured it for a woman he had impregnated in 1574; in another, a man advised his pregnant girlfriend to use black hellebore and savin be boiled together and drunk in milk, or else chopped madder boiled in beer. Other substances reputed to have been used by the English include Spanish fly, opium, watercress seed, iron sulphate, and iron chloride. Another mixture, not abortifacient, but rather intended to relieve missed abortion, contained dittany, hyssop, and hot water. The root of worm fern, called "prostitute root" in French, was used in France and Germany; it was also recommended by a Greek physician in the 1st century. In German folk medicine, there was also an abortifacient tea, which included marjoram, thyme, parsley, and lavender. Other preparations of unspecified origin included crushed ants, the saliva of camels, and the tail hairs of black-tailed deer dissolved in the fat of bears. Attitudes towards abortion The Stoics believed the fetus to be plantlike in nature, and not an animal until the moment of birth, when it finally breathed air. They therefore found abortion morally acceptable. Aristotle wrote that, "[T]he line between lawful and unlawful abortion will be marked by the fact of having sensation and being alive." Before that point was reached, Aristotle did not regard abortion as the killing of something human. Aristotle considered the embryo to gain a human soul at 40 days if male and 90 days if female; before that, it had vegetable and animal souls. The Oath, ascribed to Hippocrates, forbade the use of pessaries to induce abortion. Modern scholarship suggests that pessaries were banned because they were reported to cause vaginal ulcers. This specific prohibition has been interpreted by some medical scholars as prohibiting abortion in a broader sense than by pessary. One such interpretation was by Scribonius Largus, a Roman medical writer: "Hippocrates, who founded our profession, laid the foundation for our discipline by an oath in which it was proscribed not to give a pregnant woman a kind of medicine that expels the embryo or fetus." Other medical scholars disagree, believing that Hippocrates sought to discourage physicians from trying dangerous methods to abort a fetus. This may be born out by the fact that the oath originally also prohibited surgery (at the time, it was far more dangerous, and surgeons were a separate profession from physicians). Soranus acknowledges two parties among physicians: those who would not perform abortions, citing the Hippocratic Oath, and the other party, his own. Soranus recommended abortion in cases involving health complications as well as emotional immaturity, and provided detailed suggestions in his work Gynecology. Punishment for abortion in the Roman Republic was generally inflicted as a violation of the father's right to dispose of his offspring. Because of the influence of Stoicism, which did not view the fetus as a person, the Romans did not punish abortion as homicide. Although abortion was commonly accepted in Rome, around 211 AD emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla banned abortion as infringing on parental rights; temporary exile was the punishment. The 3rd-century legal compilation Pauli sententiae (attributed to Julius Paulus Prudentissimus) wrote: "Those who give an abortifacient or a love potion, and do not do this deceitfully, nevertheless, [because] this sets a bad example, the humiliores [those of a lower status, e.g., freed slaves] will be banned to a mine, and the honestiores [those of higher status, e.g., patricians] will be banned to an island after having forfeited (part of) their property, and if on account of that a woman or man perishes, then they [Pharr: the giver] will receive the death penalty." This seems to refer more to the killing of the woman who takes the abortifacient rather than to the killing of the fetus itself. The Roman jurist Ulpian wrote in the Digest: "An unborn child is considered being born, as far as it concerns his profits." Despite this, abortion continued to be practiced "with little or no sense of shame". Christianity Exodus 21:22 describes a situation in which two men fight and injure a pregnant woman, causing her unborn child to leave her womb. The Masoretic text uses the Hebrew term "veyats'u yeladeha" (וְיָצְאוּ יְלָדֶיהָ) to refer to the child coming out; different English versions translate this term either as a "premature birth" or as a "miscarriage". The Spanish translation published by the Sociedad Biblica Catolica Internacional (SOBICAIN) uses the term "aborto", clearly indicating the demise of the fetus. If no additional harm follows, then the perpetrator must pay a fine. Only if there is additional harm must the perpetrator be punished with equal harm (i.e. eye for an eye). Commentators such as Bruce Waltke have presented this verse as evidence that God does not value a fetus as a human being, and/or evidence that a fetus has no soul. C. Everett Koop disagreed with this interpretation. Another Old Testament passage that has been used to argue for divine approval of abortion is Numbers 5:11-31, which describes the test of an unfaithful wife. If a man is suspicious of his wife's fidelity, he would take her to the high priest. The priest would make a substance for the woman to drink made from water and "dust from the tabernacle floor". If she had been unfaithful "her abdomen will swell and her womb will miscarry, and she will become a curse." If she was innocent the drink had no effect. The early Christian work called the Didache (before 100 AD) says: "do not murder a child by abortion or kill a new-born infant." Tertullian, a 2nd- and 3rd-century Christian theologian argued that abortion should be performed only in cases in which abnormal positioning of the fetus in the womb would endanger the life of the pregnant woman. Saint Augustine, in Enchiridion, makes passing mention of surgical procedures being performed to remove fetuses which have died in utero. Saint Augustine believed that abortion of a fetus animatus, a fetus with human limbs and shape, was murder. However, his beliefs on earlier-stage abortion were similar to Aristotle's, though he could neither deny nor affirm whether such partially formed fetuses would be resurrected as full people at the time of the Second Coming. "Now who is there that is not rather disposed to think that unformed abortions perish, like seeds that have never fructified?" "And therefore the following question may be very carefully inquired into and discussed by learned men, though I do not know whether it is in man's power to resolve it: At what time the infant begins to live in the womb: whether life exists in a latent form before it manifests itself in the motions of the living being. To deny that the young who are cut out limb by limb from the womb, lest if they were left there dead the mother should die too, have never been alive, seems too audacious." The Leges Henrici Primi, written c. 1115, prescribes compensation for a woman or her relatives if another person causes her to miscarry, and prescribes penance (3 years if the abortion occurs before quickening, 7 years after quickening) if the pregnant woman aborts her pregnancy; the latter punishment applied only to women whose abortion resulted from a desire to conceal illicit sex. "Quickening", a term often used interchangeably with "ensoulment" or "animation", was associated with the first movement of the fetus in utero. This movement is generally felt by women sometime in the third to fifth month of pregnancy. Midwives who performed abortions were accused of committing witchcraft in Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches), published in 1487 as a witch-hunting manual in Germany. Currently, the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches oppose abortion from conception. Evangelical Protestant and some mainline Protestant churches oppose abortion in varying degrees, while other mainline Protestant churches favoralso in varying degreespermitting the practice. In Judaism From a Jewish perspective from biblical times, abortion is considered from a social perspective more than from a theological perspective. The mother's life is considered as a priority. Modern era Criminalization 19th-century medicine saw tremendous advances in the fields of surgery, anaesthesia, and sanitation. Social attitudes towards abortion shifted in the context of a backlash against the women's rights movement. Abortion had previously been widely practiced and legal under common law in early pregnancy (until quickening), and it was not until the 19th century that the English-speaking world passed laws against abortion at all stages of pregnancy. There were a number of factors that contributed to this shift in opinion about abortion in the early 19th century. In the United States, where physicians were the leading advocates of abortion criminalization laws, some of them argued that advances in medical knowledge showed that quickening was neither more nor less crucial in the process of gestation than any other step, and thus if one opposes abortion after quickening, one should oppose it before quickening as well. Practical reasons also influenced the medical field to impose anti-abortion laws. For one, abortion providers tended to be untrained and not members of medical societies. In an age where the leading doctors in the nation were attempting to standardize the medical profession, these "irregulars" were considered a nuisance to public health. The "irregulars" were also disliked by the more formalized medical profession because they were competition, and often cheap competition. Though the physicians' campaign against abortion began in the early 1800s, little change was made in the United States until after the Civil War. The English law on abortion was first codified in legislation under sections 1 and 2 of Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803. The Bill was proposed by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough to clarify the law relating to abortion and was the first law to explicitly outlaw it. The Act provided that it was an offence for any person to perform or cause an abortion. The punishment for performing or attempting to perform a post quickening abortion was the death penalty (section 1) and otherwise was transportation for fourteen years (section 2). In the 19th-century United States, there was little regulation of abortion, in the tradition of English common law, pre quickening abortions were considered at most a misdemeanor. These cases proved difficult to prosecute as the testimony of the mother was usually the only means to determine when quickening had occurred. The law was amended in 1828 and 1837 – the latter removed the distinction between women who were quick with child (late pregnancy) and those who were not. It also eliminated the death penalty as a possible punishment. The latter half of the 19th century saw abortion become increasingly punished. One writer justified this by claiming that the number of abortions among married women had increased markedly since 1840. The Offences against the Person Act 1861 created a new preparatory offence of procuring poison or instruments with intent to procure abortion. During the 1860s however abortion services were available in New York, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Louisville, Cleveland, Chicago and Indianapolis; with estimates of one abortion for every 4 live births. Anti-abortion statutes began to appear in the United States from the 1820s. A Connecticut law in 1821 targeted apothecaries who sold poisons to women for purposes of abortion, and New York made post-quickening abortions a felony and pre-quickening abortions a misdemeanor in 1829. Criminalization accelerated from the late 1860s, through the efforts of concerned legislators, doctors, and the American Medical Association. In 1873, the Comstock Law prohibited any methods of production or publication of information pertaining to the procurement of abortion, the prevention of conception, and the prevention of venereal disease, even to students of medicine. By 1909, the penalty for violating these laws became a $5000 fine and up to five years imprisonment. By 1910, nearly every state had anti-abortion laws; these were unevenly enforced at best. In contrast, in France social perceptions of abortion started to change. In the first half of the 19th century, abortion was viewed as the last resort for pregnant but unwed women. As writers began to write about abortion in terms of family planning for married women, the practice of abortion was reconceptualized as a logical solution to unwanted pregnancies resulting from ineffectual contraceptives. The formulation of abortion as a form of family planning for married women was made "thinkable" because both medical and non-medical practitioners agreed on the relative safety of the procedure. 19th and 20th century abortion methods In New York, surgical abortion in 1800s carried a death rate of 30% regardless of hospital setting, and the American Medical Association launched an anti-abortion campaign that resulted in abortion becoming the exclusive domain of doctors. A paper published in 1870 on the abortion services to be found in Syracuse, New York, concluded that the method most often practiced there during this time was to flush inside of the uterus with injected water. The article's author, Ely Van de Warkle, claimed this procedure was affordable even to a maid, as a man in town offered it for $10 on an installment plan. Other prices which 19th-century abortion providers are reported to have charged were much more steep. In Britain, it could cost from 10 to 50 guineas, or 5% of the yearly income of a lower middle class household. From 1870 there was a steady decline in fertility in England, linked by some commentators not to a rise in the use of artificial contraception but to more traditional methods such as withdrawal and abstinence. This was linked to changes in the perception of the relative costs of childrearing. Of course, women did find themselves with unwanted pregnancies. Abortifacients were discreetly advertised and there was a considerable body of folklore about methods of inducing miscarriages. Amongst working-class women violent purgatives were popular, pennyroyal, aloes and turpentine were all used. Other methods to induce miscarriage were very hot baths and gin, extreme exertion, a controlled fall down a flight of stairs, or veterinary medicines. So-called 'backstreet' abortionists were fairly common, although their bloody efforts could be fatal. Estimates of the number of illegal abortions performed in England varied widely: by one estimate, 100,000 women made efforts to procure a miscarriage in 1914, usually by drugs. A rash of unexplained miscarriages in Sheffield, England were attributed to lead poisoning caused by the metal pipes which fed the city's water supply. Soon, women began using diachylon, a substance with a high concentration of lead, as an abortifacient. In 1898, a woman confessed to having used diachylon to induce a miscarriage. The use of diachylon became prevalent in the English Midlands up until World War I. Criminal investigation of an abortionist in Calgary, Alberta in 1894 revealed through chemical analysis that the concoction he had supplied to a man seeking an abortifacient contained Spanish fly. Dr. Evelyn Fisher wrote of how women living in a mining town in Wales during the 1920s used candles intended for Roman Catholic ceremonies to dilate the cervix in an effort to self-induce abortion. Similarly, the use of candles and other objects, such as glass rods, penholders, curling irons, spoons, sticks, knives, and catheters was reported during the 19th century in the United States. Women of Jewish descent in Lower East Side, Manhattan are said to have carried the ancient Indian practice of sitting over a pot of steam into the early 20th century. Some commentators maintained that abortion remained a dangerous procedure into the early 20th century, more dangerous than childbirth until about 1930. But others have said that in the 19th century early abortions under the hygienic conditions in which midwives usually worked were relatively safe. In addition, some authors have written that, despite improved medical procedures, the period from the 1930s until legalization also saw more zealous enforcement of anti-abortion laws, and concomitantly an increasing control of abortion providers by organized crime. Advertising for abortifacients and abortion services Despite bans enacted on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, access to abortion continued, as the disguised advertisement of abortion services, abortion-inducing devices, and abortifacient medicines in the Victorian era would seem to suggest. Apparent print ads of this nature were found in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. A British Medical Journal writer who replied to newspaper ads peddling relief to women who were "temporarily indisposed" in 1868 found that over half of them were in fact promoting abortion. A few examples of surreptitiously marketed abortifacients include "Farrer's Catholic Pills", "Hardy's Woman's Friend", "Dr. Peter's French Renovating Pills", "Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound", and "Madame Drunette's Lunar Pills". Patent medicines which claimed to treat "female complaints" often contained such ingredients as pennyroyal, tansy, and savin. Abortifacient products were sold under the promise of "restor[ing] female regularity" and "removing from the system every impurity". In the vernacular of such advertising, "irregularity", "obstruction", "menstrual suppression", and "delayed period" were understood to be euphemistic references to the state of pregnancy. As such, some abortifacients were marketed as menstrual regulatives. Beecham's Pills were marketed primarily as a laxative from 1842. They were invented by Thomas Beecham from St Helens, Lancashire, England. The pills were a combination of aloe, ginger, and soap, with some other more minor ingredients. The popularity of the pills produced a wide range of testimonials that were used in advertising. The poet William Topaz McGonagall wrote a poem advertising the pills, giving his recommendation in verse. Beecham's expenditure on advertising went from £22,000 to £95,000 in the 1880s. An 1897 advertisement in the Christian Herald edition for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee said: "Worth a guinea a box. Beecham's Pills for all bilious and nervous disorders such as Sick Headache, Constipation, Weak Stomach, Impaired Digestion, Disordered Liver and Female Ailments. The sale is now 6 million boxes per annum." The text was printed alongside a picture of a young woman at a beach and was captioned "What are the wild waves saying? Try Beecham's Pills." "Old Dr. Gordon's Pearls of Health", produced by a drug company in Montreal, "cure[d] all suppressions and irregularities" if "used monthly". However, a few ads explicitly warned against the use of their product by women who were expecting, or listed miscarriage as its inevitable side effect. The copy for "Dr. Peter's French Renovating Pills" advised, "... pregnant females should not use them, as they invariably produce a miscarriage ...", and both "Dr. Monroe's French Periodical Pills" and "Dr. Melveau's Portuguese Female Pills" were "sure to produce a miscarriage". F.E. Karn, a man from Toronto, in 1901 cautioned women who thought themselves pregnant not to use the pills he advertised as "Friar's French Female Regulator" because they would "speedily restore menstrual secretions." Historian Ann Hibner Koblitz comments that "Nineteenth-century customers would have understood this 'warning' exactly as the sellers intended: as an advertisement for an abortifacient preparation." In the mid 1930s abortifacients drugs were marketed in the United States to women by various companies under various names such as Molex Pills and Cote Pills. Since birth control devices and abortifacients were illegal to market and sell at the time, they were offered to women who were "delayed". The recommended dosage constituted seven grains of ergotin a day. These pills generally contained ingredients such as ergotin, aloes, Black Hellebore. The efficacy and safety of these pills are unknown. In 1940 the FTC deemed them unsafe and ineffective and demanded that these companies cease and desist selling these products. A well-known example of a Victorian-era abortionist was Madame Restell, or Ann Lohman, who over a forty-year period illicitly provided both surgical abortion and abortifacient pills in the northern United States. She began her business in New York during the 1830s, and, by the 1840s, had expanded to include franchises in Boston and Philadelphia. It is estimated that by 1870 her annual expenditure on advertising alone was $60,000. Because of her reputation, Restellism became a synonym for abortion. One ad for Restell's medical services, printed in the New York Sun, promised that she could offer the "strictest confidence on complaints incidental to the female frame" and that her "experience and knowledge in the treatment of cases of female irregularity, [was] such as to require but a few days to effect a perfect cure". Another, addressed to married women, asked the question, "Is it desirable, then, for parents to increase their families, regardless of consequences to themselves, or the well-being of their offspring, when a simple, easy, healthy, and certain remedy is within our control?" Advertisements for the "Female Monthly Regulating Pills" she also sold vowed to resolve "all cases of suppression, irregularity, or stoppage of the menses, however obdurate". Madame Restell was an object of criticism in both the respectable and penny presses. She was first arrested in 1841, but, it was her final arrest by Anthony Comstock which led to her suicide on the day of her trial April 1, 1878. Such advertising aroused criticisms of quackery and immorality. The safety of many nostrums was suspect and the efficacy of others non-existent. Horace Greeley, in a New York Herald editorial written in 1871, denounced abortion and its promotion as the "infamous and unfortunately common crime– so common that it affords a lucrative support to a regular guild of professional murderers, so safe that its perpetrators advertise their calling in the newspapers". Although the paper in which Greeley wrote accepted such advertisements, others, such as the New York Tribune, refused to print them. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to obtain a Doctor of Medicine in the United States, also lamented how such ads led to the contemporary synonymity of "female physician" with "abortionist". Turning point in abortion legislation Abortifacient advertising was highly effective in the United States, though apparently less so across the Atlantic. Contemporary estimates of mid-19th century abortion rates in the United States suggest between 20% and 25% of all pregnancies in the United States during that era ended in abortion. This era also saw a marked shift in those who were obtaining abortions. Before the start of the 19th century, most abortions were sought by unmarried women who had become pregnant out of wedlock. But, out of 54 abortion cases published in American medical journals between 1839 and 1880, over half were sought by married women, and of the married women well over 60 percent already had at least one child. In the post-Civil War era, much of the blame was placed on the burgeoning women's rights movement. Many feminists of the era were opposed to abortion.<ref name="Schiff">Schiff, Stacy. "Desperately Seeking Susan". October 13, 2006 The New York Times'.' Retrieved February 5, 2009.</ref> In The Revolution, operated by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, an anonymous contributor signing "A" wrote in 1869 about the subject, arguing that instead of merely attempting to pass a law against abortion, the root cause must also be addressed. Simply passing an anti-abortion law would, the writer stated, "be only mowing off the top of the noxious weed, while the root remains. [...] No matter what the motive, love of ease, or a desire to save from suffering the unborn innocent, the woman is awfully guilty who commits the deed. It will burden her conscience in life, it will burden her soul in death; But oh! thrice guilty is he who drove her to the desperation which impelled her to the crime."Federer, William. American Minute, page 81 (Amerisearch 2003). To many feminists of this era, abortion was regarded as an undesirable necessity forced upon women by thoughtless men. Even the "free love" wing of the feminist movement refused to advocate abortion and treated the practice as an example of the hideous extremes to which modern marriage was driving women. Marital rape and the seduction of unmarried women were societal ills which feminists believed caused the need to abort, as men did not respect women's right to abstinence. Socialist feminists tended to be more sympathetic to the need for abortion options for the poor, and indeed socialist feminist doctors, such as Marie Equi, Madeleine Pelletier, and William J. Robinson, themselves performed low-cost or free abortions for poor women. Abortion law reform campaign The movement to liberalize abortion laws emerged in the 1920s and '30s as part of rising feminist activism that had already resulted in victories in the area of birth control. Campaigners including Marie Stopes in England and Margaret Sanger in the US had succeeded in bringing the issue into the open, and birth control clinics were established which offered family planning advice and contraceptive methods to women in need. In 1929, the Infant Life Preservation Act was passed in Britain, which amended the law (Offences against the Person Act 1861) so that an abortion carried out in good faith, for the sole purpose of preserving the life of the mother, would not be an offence. Stella Browne was a leading birth control campaigner, who increasingly began to venture into the more contentious issue of abortion in the 1930s. Browne's beliefs were heavily influenced by the work of Havelock Ellis, Edward Carpenter and other sexologists. She came to strongly believe that working women should have the choice to become pregnant and to terminate their pregnancy while they worked in the horrible circumstances surrounding a pregnant woman who was still required to do hard labour during her pregnancy. In this case she argued that doctors should give free information about birth control to women who wanted to know about it. This would give women agency over their own circumstances and allow them to decide whether they wanted to be mothers or not. In the late 1920s Browne began a speaking tour around England, providing information about her beliefs on the need for accessibility of information about birth control for women, women's health problems, problems related to puberty and sex education and high maternal morbidity rates among other topics. These talks urged women to take matters of their sexuality and their health into their own hands. She became increasingly interested in her view of the woman's right to terminate their pregnancies, and in 1929 she brought forward her lecture "The Right to Abortion" in front of the World Sexual Reform Congress in London. In 1931 Browne began to develop her argument for women's right to decide to have an abortion. She again began touring, giving lectures on abortion and the negative consequences that followed if women were unable to terminate pregnancies of their own choosing such as: suicide, injury, permanent invalidism, madness and blood-poisoning. Another prominent feminist to influence abortion law was Emily Stowe. In the 19th century she was one of the first doctors to be tried for attempting an abortion procedure in Canada. Other prominent feminists, including Frida Laski, Dora Russell, Joan Malleson and Janet Chance began to champion this cause – the cause broke dramatically into the mainstream in July 1932 when the British Medical Association council formed a committee to discuss making changes to the laws on abortion. On 17 February 1936, Janet Chance, Alice Jenkins and Joan Malleson established the Abortion Law Reform Association as the first advocacy organisation for abortion liberalization. The association promoted access to abortion in the United Kingdom and campaigned for the elimination of legal obstacles. In its first year ALRA recruited 35 members, and by 1939 had almost 400 members. The ALRA was very active between 1936 and 1939 sending speakers around the country to talk about Labour and Equal Citizenship and attempted, though most often unsuccessfully, to have letters and articles published in newspapers. They became the most popular when a member of the ALRA's Medico-Legal Committee received the case of a fourteen-year-old girl who had been raped, and received a termination of this pregnancy from Dr. Joan Malleson, a progenitor of the ALRA. This case gained a lot of publicity. However, once the war began, the case was tucked away and the cause again lost its importance to the public. In 1938, Joan Malleson precipitated one of the most influential cases in British abortion law when she referred a pregnant fourteen-year-old rape victim to gynaecologist Aleck Bourne. He performed an abortion, then illegal, and was put on trial on charges of procuring abortion. Bourne was eventually acquitted in Rex v Bourne as his actions were "an example of disinterested conduct in consonance with the highest traditions of the profession". This court case set a precedent that doctors could not be prosecuted for performing an abortion in cases where pregnancy would probably cause "mental and physical wreck". Finally, the Birkett Committee, established in 1937 by the British government "to inquire into the prevalence of abortion, and the law relating thereto", recommended a change to abortion laws two years later. The intervention of World War II meant that all plans were shelved. Another prominent figure in the reform of abortion laws was Dr. Morgentaler. Although born in Poland he made a name for himself in Canada, opening multiple illegal abortion clinics in Toronto, Ontario. Liberalization of abortion law Canada Prior to 1969, abortion was considered a crime for which the maximum punishment was life imprisonment for the doctor performing the abortion and two years imprisonment for the woman receiving the abortion. Abortion remained illegal until 1988, when the Supreme Court of Canada overruled the criminal punishments for abortion. Abortion remains a hotly debated topic. As of 2008 in Canada only 1-2% of abortions were pharmaceutically induced. After much controversy, starting in 2017 abortion pills could be used legally in Canada. Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the first government to legalize abortion and make it available on request, often for no cost.Alexandre Avdeev, Alain Blum, and Irina Troitskaya. "The History of Abortion Statistics in Russia and the USSR from 1900 to 1991". Population (English Edition) 7, (1995), 42. The Soviet government hoped to provide access to abortion in a safe environment performed by a trained doctor instead of babki. While this campaign was extremely effective in the urban areas (as much as 75% of abortions in Moscow were performed in hospitals by 1925), it had much less effect on rural regions where there was neither access to doctors, transportation, or both and where women relied on traditional medicine. In the countryside in particular, women continued to see babki, midwives, hairdressers, nurses, and others for the procedure after abortion was legalized in the Soviet Union. From 1936 until 1955 the Soviet Union made abortion illegal (except for medically recommended cases) again, stemming largely from Joseph Stalin's worries about population growth. Stalin wanted to encourage population growth, as well as place a stronger emphasis on the importance of the family unit to communism. Spain During the Spanish Civil War, on 25 December 1936, in Catalonia, free abortion was legalized during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy with a decree signed by Josep Tarradellas, First Minister of the Government of Catalonia, and published on 9 January 1937 (Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya, núm.9).Cataluña tuvo durante la República la ley del aborto más progresista de Europa, El País, 13/2/1983 Great Britain In Britain, the Abortion Law Reform Association continued its campaigning after the War, and this, combined with broad social changes brought the issue of abortion back into the political arena in the 1960s. President of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists John Peel chaired the committee advising the British Government on what became the 1967 Abortion Act. On the grounds of reducing the amount of disease and death associated with illegal abortion, the Abortion Act allowed for legal abortion on a number of grounds, including to prevent grave permanent injury to the woman's physical or mental health, to avoid injury to the physical or mental health of the woman or her existing child(ren) if the pregnancy was still under 28 weeks, or if the child was likely to be severely physically or mentally handicapped. The free provision of abortions was provided through the National Health Service. United States In America an abortion reform movement emerged in the 1960s. In 1963, the Society for Humane Abortion was formed, providing women with information on how to obtain and perform abortions. In 1964 Gerri Santoro of Connecticut died trying to obtain an illegal abortion and her photo became the symbol of the abortion rights movement. Some women's rights activist groups developed their own skills to provide abortions to women who could not obtain them elsewhere. As an example, in Chicago, a group known as "Jane" operated a floating abortion clinic throughout much of the 1960s. Women seeking the procedure would call a designated number and be given instructions on how to find "Jane". In the late 1960s, a number of organizations were formed to mobilize opinion both against and for the legalization of abortion. The forerunner of the NARAL Pro-Choice America was formed in 1969 to oppose restrictions on abortion and expand access to abortion. In late 1973 NARAL became the National Abortion Rights Action League. The American Medical Association, the American Bar Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the California Medical Association, the California Bar Association, and numerous other groups announced support behind new laws that would protect doctors from criminal prosecution if they performed abortions under rigid hospital controls. In 1967, Colorado became the first state to decriminalize a doctor performing an abortion in cases of rape, incest, or in which pregnancy would lead to permanent physical disability of the woman. A bipartisan majority in the California legislature supported a new law introduced by Democratic state senator Anthony Beilenson, the "Therapeutic Abortion Act". Catholic clergy were strongly opposed but Catholic lay people were divided and non-Catholics strongly supported the proposal. Governor Ronald Reagan consulted with his father-in-law, a prominent surgeon who supported the law. He also consulted with James Cardinal McIntyre, the Catholic archbishop of Los Angeles. The archbishop strongly opposed any legalization of abortion and he convinced Reagan to announce he would veto the proposed law since the draft allowed abortions in the case of birth defects. The legislature dropped that provision and Reagan signed the law, which decriminalized abortions when done to protect the health of the mother.Lou Cannon, Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio: History as Told through the Collection of the Ronald Reagan Library and Museum (2001) p. 51. The expectation was that abortions would not become more numerous but would become much safer under hospital conditions. In 1968 the first full year under the new law there were 5,018 abortions in California. The numbers grew exponentially and stabilized at about 100,000 annually by the 1970s. 99.2% of California women who applied for an abortion were granted one. One out of every three pregnancies was ended by illegal abortion. The key factor was the sudden emergence of a woman's movement that introduced a very new idea—women had a basic right to control their bodies and could choose to have an abortion or not. Reagan by 1980 found his support among anti-abortion religious groups and said he was too new as governor to make a wise decision. In 1970, Hawaii became the first state to legalize abortions on the request of the woman, and New York repealed its 1830 law and allowed abortions up to the 24th week of pregnancy. Similar laws were soon passed in Alaska and Washington. A law in Washington, D.C., which allowed abortion to protect the life or health of the woman, was challenged in the Supreme Court in 1971 in United States v. Vuitch. The court upheld the law, deeming that "health" meant "psychological and physical well-being", essentially allowing abortion in Washington, DC. By the end of 1972, 13 states had a law similar to that of Colorado, while Mississippi allowed abortion in cases of rape or incest only and Alabama and Massachusetts allowed abortions only in cases where the woman's physical health was endangered. The landmark judicial ruling of the Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade ruled that a Texas statute forbidding abortion except when necessary to save the life of the mother was unconstitutional. The immediate result was that all state laws to the contrary were null. The Court arrived at its decision by concluding that the issue of abortion and abortion rights falls under the right to privacy. The Court held that a right to privacy existed and included the right to have an abortion. The court found that a mother had a right to abortion until viability, a point to be determined by the abortion doctor. After viability a woman can obtain an abortion for health reasons, which the Court defined broadly to include psychological well-being. From the 1970s, and the spread of second-wave feminism, abortion and reproductive rights became unifying issues among various women's rights groups in Canada, the United States, the Netherlands, Britain, Norway, France, Germany, and Italy. On June 24, 2022, Roe v. Wade was overturned by the Supreme Court in a 6-3 decision. The ruling was part of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, a decision of the Supreme Court that also overturned Planned Parenthood v. Casey, another case of the Supreme Court regarding abortion. Development of contemporary abortion methods Although prototypes of the modern curette are referred to in ancient texts, the instrument which is used today was initially designed in France in 1723, but was not applied specifically to a gynecological purpose until 1842. Dilation and curettage has been practiced since the late 19th century. The 20th century saw improvements in abortion technology, increasing its safety, and reducing its side-effects. Vacuum devices, first described by the Scottish obstetrician James Young Simpson in the 19th century, allowed for the development of suction-aspiration abortion. The process was improved by the Russian doctor S. G. Bykov in 1927, where the method was used during its period of liberal abortion laws from 1920 to 1936. The technology was also used in China and Japan before being introduced to Britain and the United States in the 1960s. The invention of the Karman cannula, a flexible plastic cannula which replaced earlier metal models in the 1970s, reduced the occurrence of perforation and made suction-aspiration methods possible under local anesthesia. In 1971, Lorraine Rothman and Carol Downer, founding members of the feminist self-help movement, invented the Del-Em, a safe, cheap suction device that made it possible for people with minimal training to perform early abortions called menstrual extraction. During the mid-1990s in the United States the medical community showed renewed interest in manual vacuum aspiration as a method of early surgical abortion. This resurgence is due to technological advances that permit early pregnancy detection (as soon as a week after conception) and a growing popular demand for safe, effective early abortion options, both surgical and medical. An innovator in the development of early surgical abortion services is Jerry Edwards, a physician, who developed a protocol in which women are offered an abortion using a handheld vacuum syringe as soon as a positive pregnancy test is received. This protocol also allows the early detection of an ectopic pregnancy. Intact dilation and extraction was developed by Dr. James McMahon in 1983. It resembles a procedure used in the 19th century to save a woman's life in cases of obstructed labor, in which the fetal skull was first punctured with a perforator, then crushed and extracted with a forceps-like instrument, known as a cranioclast. In 1980, researchers at Roussel Uclaf in France developed mifepristone, a chemical compound which works as an abortifacient by blocking hormone action. It was first marketed in France under the trade name Mifegyne in 1988. In July 2015 Canada approved mifepristone in combination with misoprostol (under the name Mifegymiso). Abortion around the world At various times abortion has been banned or restricted in countries around the world. Multiple scholars have noticed that in many cases, this has caused women to seek dangerous, illegal abortions underground or inspired trips abroad for "reproductive tourism".Kligman, Gail. The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998. Half of the world's current deaths due to unsafe abortions occur in Asia. Other authors have written that illegality has not always meant that abortions were unsafe. In the U.S. during the 19th century, early abortions under the hygienic conditions in which midwives usually worked were relatively safe. China In the early 1950s, the Chinese government made abortion illegal, with punishments for those who received or performed illegal abortions written into the law. These restrictions were seen as the government's way of emphasizing the importance of population growth. As the decade went on, the laws were relaxed with the intent of reducing the number of deaths and lifelong injuries women sustained due to illegal abortions, as well as serving as a form of population control when used in conjunction with birth control. In the early 1980s, the state implemented a form of family planning which used abortion as a "back-up method"; and in 2005, there has been legislation trying to curb sex-selective abortion. As of 2009, although China had the highest number of abortions in the world, Russia had the highest rate in the world. India India enforced the Indian Penal Code from 1860 to 1971, criminalizing abortion and punishing both the practitioners and the women who sought out the procedure. As a result, women died in an attempt to obtain illegal abortions from unqualified midwives and "doctors". Abortion was made legal under specific circumstances in 1971, but as scholar S. Chandrasekhar notes, lower class women still find themselves at a greater risk of injury or death as a result of a botched abortion. Iran In 2023 state reported 500000 abortions performed in the year against 1.5 million births. Japan Japan is known today worldwide for its acceptance of abortion.Norgren, Tiana. Abortion before Birth Control: The Politics of Reproduction in Postwar Japan Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. It is estimated that two-thirds of Japanese women have an abortion by age forty, partially due to former government restrictions on contraceptive pills on 'public hygiene grounds'. The Eugenics Protection Law of 1948 made elective abortion care legal up to twenty-two weeks' gestation so long as the woman's health was endangered; in 1949, this law was extended to consider the risk the child's birth would place on a woman's economic welfare. Originally, each case would have to be approved by a local eugenics council, but this was removed from the law in 1952, making the decision a private one between a woman and her physician. In 1964, the creation of the conservative right-wing nationalist political lobbying group called Seicho-no-Ie brought about a strong opposition to the abortion laws. This campaign reached its peak strength in the early 1980s, but ultimately failed in 1983. Romania In 1957, Romania legalized abortion, but in 1966, after a decline in the national birthrate, Nicolae Ceauşescu approved Decree 770, which criminalized abortion and encouraged childbirth. As a result of this decree, women in want of abortion turned to illegal procedures that caused the deaths of over 9,000 women and left unwanted children abandoned in orphanages. Abortion remained illegal until 1989, when the decree was overturned. Thailand There was intense public debate throughout the 1980s and 1990s over legal abortion reform. These debates portrayed abortion as un-Buddhist and anti-religious; abortion opponents ultimately labeled it as a form of Western corruption that was inherently anti-Thai and threatened the integrity of the nation. Despite this, in 2006, abortions became legal in cases of rape or foetal impairment. Mental health also became a factor in determining the legality of an abortion procedure. The strict regulations involved in qualifying for a legal abortion, however, cause approximately 300,000 women a year to seek illegal avenues according to scholar Andrea Whittaker, with the poorest undergoing the most dangerous of procedures. See also Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute George Lotrell Timanus Aleck Bourne Henry Katz Emily Stowe Henry Morgentaler References Further reading Lewis, Margaret Brannan. Infanticide and abortion in early modern Germany'' (Routledge, 2016). External links Text of the Roe v Wade decision from Findlaw Human reproduction Abortion	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20abortion
Mininova was a website offering BitTorrent downloads. Mininova was once one of the largest sites offering torrents of copyrighted material, but in November 2009, following legal action in the Dutch courts, the site operators deleted all torrent files uploaded by regular users including torrents that enabled users to download copyrighted material. On April 4, 2017, Mininova shut down, saying that it had been running at a loss "for some years". Site history The site was based in the Netherlands and was launched in January 2005 as a successor to Suprnova.org, which went offline at the end of 2004 following legal difficulties. In April 2007, Mininova B.V. (the company running Mininova.org) won a domain dispute about the domain mininova.com, which had been exploited by a phisher. The word ‘mininova’ ranked 9 on Google's list of most queried terms in 2006. In May 2008, Mininova indicated that there had been over 5 billion downloads via the site. Mininova also ran a video sharing site, called Snotr. Legal action In May 2009, the Dutch copyright enforcement organization BREIN started a civil procedure against Mininova demanding that Mininova filter torrent files pointing to copyrighted works. During the proceedings, Mininova stated that it was not feasible for the site to identify such files, but said that it would remove torrent files that BREIN identified as infringing copyright. On May 6, 2009, Mininova began a trial of a content recognition system, which was intended to remove any torrents that were flagged as infringing copyright. On August 26, 2009, the court in Utrecht ruled that Mininova should remove all torrent files pointing to copyrighted material within three months or face damages of up to 5 million €. On November 26, 2009, Mininova announced that it could not find a foolproof filtering system against copyrighted content, and limited its platform to Content Distribution torrents only, in compliance with the ruling of the Utrecht court. This resulted in more than 99.3% of the torrents on the site being removed. As a consequence, the website traffic dropped by 66% in a few days, and daily downloads fell down to 4% of the previous total. According to Alexa Internet, the daily traffic rank in the USA dropped from within the top 100 ranked sites in early November 2009 to below 1000 on January 30, 2010. Mininova appealed against the court ruling, and in December 2010 reported that a settlement had been reached under which Mininova paid BREIN an undisclosed amount of money, ending the lawsuit. See also Comparison of BitTorrent sites Copyright infringement LimeWire References External links Internet properties established in 2005 Defunct BitTorrent websites Dutch websites Internet properties disestablished in 2017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininova
Chittagong Medical University (commonly referred as CMU) is a public medical research university situated in Fauzdarhat in Chittagong District of Bangladesh. It was established in 2016. History In the 2016, the law of establishing Chittagong Medical University was enacted in 17th of the law. Then all the procedures for establishing medical universities started. On 17 May 2017, the recruitment process of VC officially started. In the continuation of his (017-18-18) academic year, MBBS students are admitted under Chittagong Medical University. These students were earlier admitted under Chittagong University. List of vice-chancellors Md. Ismile Khan Faculties 1. Faculty of Medicine, Present Dean- Professor Dr. Shahena Akter 2. Faculty of Nursing & IHT (Institute of Health Technology), Present Dean- Prof. Dr. Mohammed Monowar-Ul-Haque References Universities and colleges in Chittagong Universities and colleges established in 2017 2017 establishments in Bangladesh Public Medical University of Bangladesh Medical universities in Bangladesh	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong%20Medical%20University
Anodontosaurus is an extinct genus of ankylosaurid dinosaurs within the subfamily Ankylosaurinae. It is known from the entire span of the Late Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation (mid Late Campanian to "middle" Maastrichtian stage, about 72.8-67 Ma ago) of southern Alberta, Canada. It contains two species, A. lambei and A. inceptus. Discovery Anodontosaurus was named by Charles Mortram Sternberg in 1928, based on holotype CMN 8530, a partially preserved skeleton including the skull, half ring, armor and other postcranial remains. The badly crushed skeleton was collected by Sternberg in 1916 from a Canadian Museum of Nature quarry, 8 miles southwest of Morrin. It was collected from the upper part of the Lower Horseshoe Canyon Formation (unit 2), dating to the latest Campanian to the earliest Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period, about 71-70.2 million years ago. The generic name means "toothless lizard" in Ancient Greek. It was inspired by the fact that compression damage to the specimen had removed the teeth, at the same time shifting various flat round elements below the skull and on top of the left lower jaw, misleading Sternberg into assuming that large "trituration plates" had replaced the normal dentition. The specific name, lambei, honours Lawrence Morris Lambe, the Canadian geologist and palaeontologist from the Geological Survey of Canada where the holotype was reposited. In 1986 Coombs examined specimen AMNH 5266, at the time by him referred to Euoplocephalus, and determined that it was a juvenile. It consists of five vertebral centra, a neural arch, one dorsal and two sacral ribs, the right ischium, the complete right hindlimb, the right pes, an incomplete left pes, and various other fragments. AMNH 5266 was discovered in 1912 at Red Deer River and was collected by Barnum Brown with assistance from Peter Kaisen, George Olsen, and Charles M Sternberg in the sediments from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Description Anodontosaurus was a medium-sized ankylosaurid, measuring up to in length and in body mass. It was a quadrupedal, ground-dwelling herbivore. Like other ankylosaurs, Anodontosaurus has armor on a majority of the dorsal surfaces of its body. It has a wide, pointed tail club at the end of its armored tail. The skull features postocular caputegulae, which are small polygonal plates of bone that are present on the cranium and are situated to the immediate rear of the eye. Coombs supported the assertion that specimen AMNH 5266 represented a juvenile by citing that the vertebral centra were not fused to their neural arches, and that sacral ribs were likewise not fused to vertebrae and to the ilium. Other morphological characters supporting that this is a juvenile specimen include (a) long bones that feature smooth surfaces, which are not marked by the rugosities characteristic of adult bone; (b) the head of the femur is less spherical in shape and is clearly delimited from the adjacent part of the femoral shaft; (c) the distal ends of the tibia and the fibula are not fused to the astragalus and the calcaneum; and (d) the ungual phalanx of the manus is not widest at the proximal articular end as is observed in adults. Classification In 1971, Walter Coombs concluded that there was only one species of ankylosaurid during the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous of North America. He synonymised the species Anodontosaurus lambei, Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus, and Scolosaurus cutleri with Euoplocephalus tutus. The synonymisation of Anodontosaurus lambei and Euoplocephalus tutus was generally accepted and thus CMN 8530 was assigned to E. tutus. However, following the redescription of Dyoplosaurus as a valid genus by Arbour et al. (2009), In an abstract presented at the SVP 2010 conference, Victoria Arbour considered Anodontosaurus distinct from Euoplocephalus in distinctive skull and cervical half ring ornamentation, as well as tail club morphology, including the presence of pointed, triangular knob osteoderms in Anodontosaurus. She therefore reassigned all Horseshoe Canyon Formation ankylosaurine specimens previously referred to Euoplocephalus to Anodontosaurus. The validity of Anodontosaurus was formalized in three studies. The first, published by Paul Penkalski and William T. Blows in 2013, re-validated Scolosaurus as well. The second study, by Penkalski (2013), named and described Oohkotokia from Montana on the basis of remains that were originally thought to be referable to Euoplocephalus. Penkalski (2013) performed a small phylogenetic analysis of some ankylosaurine specimens. The only Anodontosaurus specimen that was included in this analysis was its holotype. Anodontosaurus was placed in a polytomy with the holotype of Euoplocephalus and some specimens that are referred to it, while Oohkotokia was placed in a clade with Dyoplosaurus, and specimens that are thought to represent either Dyoplosaurus or Scolosaurus. In a study based on the results of her 2010 SVP abstract, Arbour along with Philip Currie formalized the revalidation of Anodontosaurus, and one specimen from the Dinosaur Park Formation, TMP 1997.132.1, was referred to Anodontosaurus extending the stratigraphic range of the genus back a few million years. The DPF specimen, however, was later made the holotype of a new species, A. inceptus. The following cladogram is based on a 2015 phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosaurinae conducted by Arbour and Currie: See also Timeline of ankylosaur research 2018 in paleontology References Ankylosaurids Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America Fossil taxa described in 1929 Taxa named by Charles Mortram Sternberg Paleontology in Alberta Campanian genus first appearances Maastrichtian genus extinctions Ornithischian genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodontosaurus
Pestivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Flaviviridae. Viruses in the genus Pestivirus infect mammals, including members of the family Bovidae (which includes cattle, sheep, and goats) and the family Suidae (which includes various species of swine). There are 11 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: hemorrhagic syndromes, abortion, and fatal mucosal disease. Structure Viruses in Pestivirus are enveloped, with spherical geometries. Their diameter is around 50 nm. Genomes are linear and not segmented, around 12kb in length. Lifecycle Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E2 to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The main viral replication process happens in host cytoplasm. Replication follows the positive strand RNA virus replication model. An IRES RNA element at the 5'-nontranslated region (NTR) of the viral genome recruits viral and cellular translation factors to initiate viral protein translation. Viral proteins are first translated as polyprotein, and then processed into individual structure and non-structure proteins by both viral and host proteases. The virus exits the host cell by budding. Mammals serve as the natural hosts.When infected, the host sheds viruses in almost all body secretions including saliva, nasal discharge, milk, and feaces. Vertical transmission (viruses crossing the placenta and infecting the fetus) are also common. Genome Pestivirus viruses have a single strand of positive-sense RNA (i.e. RNA which can be directly translated into viral proteins) that is around 12.5 kilobases (kb) long (equal to the length of 12,500 nucleotides), but due to recombination events has been observed up to 16.5 kilobases in length. Sometimes, virions (individual virus particles) contain sections of an animal's genome that have been duplicated, though this is not normally the case. Although lacking Poly-A tail at the 3' end of the genome, it contains stem-loop regions that might be involved in viral translation and replication. The genome contains RNA to encode both structural and nonstructural proteins. The molecular biology of pestiviruses shares many similarities and peculiarities with the human hepaciviruses. Genome organisation and translation strategy are highly similar for the members of both genera. For BVDV, frequently nonhomologous RNA recombination events lead to the appearance of genetically distinct viruses that are lethal to the host. Transmission and prevention Pestivirus A is widespread in Australia, mainly in cattle. Some adult cattle are immune to the disease, while others are lifelong carriers. If a foetus becomes infected within the first three to four months of gestation, then it will fail to develop antibodies towards the virus. In these cases, the animals often die before birth or shortly after. It is spread very easily among feedlot cattle as nasal secretions and close contact spread the disease, and animals with infected mucous membranes give off millions of particles of BVDV a day. Symptoms of Pestivirus infection include diarrhoea, respiratory problems, and bleeding disorders. Pestivirus A vaccines exist and the correct vaccine strain should be given, depending on the herd's location and the endemic strain in that region. This vaccination must be given regularly to maintain immunity. Vaccines There are 120 registered BVD vaccine products currently used around the world, mainly in North and South America. These are conventional modified live virus (MLV) or inactivated/killed virus vaccines. In pregnant animals live vaccines pose significant risk of vertical transmission of vaccine virus that can occasionally result in complications for calves. Most of the harm done by BVDV is to unborn calves and depends on the timing of infection. Vaccination has not proved to be effective for Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), as the presence of BVD has not lessened since the vaccine has been developed. Animals who are affected by the virus during early fetal development may become persistently infected (PI) and lack an immune response to BVD. These animal’s presence in herds and them shedding virus can infect other animals in the herd before vaccination is possible. PI animals do not produce antibodies and are the main source of infection for herds, so culling is necessary to eradicate infection sources. Vaccines are not able to prevent fetal infections, so this poses a huge source of infection for cattle herds. Another reason for the inefficiency of the BVD vaccine is because of failure to vaccinate whole areas, rather than just individual herds. Border Disease, which affects lambs, is also caused by Pestivirus, but has no vaccine at this time. Marker vaccines are beneficial tools for the eradication of animal diseases in regions with a high prevalence of the designated disease. The chimeric CP7_E2alf used to see how altered cell tropism affects pigs may not only serve as a tool for a better understanding of Pestivirus attachment, entry, and assembly, but also represent modified live CSFV "marker vaccines." Structural and non-structural proteins Genomic RNA of pestiviruses is translated into a large polyprotein that is divided into several proteins. It has a single big open reading frame (ORF) that can encode roughly 4000 amino acids and a positive-sense ssRNA genome. Among the structural proteins that are N terminal in this polyprotein are three glycoproteins, which are referred to as E0, E1, and E2 depending on the order in which they end up appearing in the polyprotein. The nucleocapsid protein C and the three envelope glycoproteins Erns, E1, and E2 are the virion's structural components. Beginning with a nascent cleavage between the precursor ErnsE1E2 and the capsid protein, glycoprotein processing is then carried out by cleavage at the C-terminal end of E2. After being split into ErnsE1 and E2, ErnsE1 is then transformed into Erns and E1. A host signal peptidase located in the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen catalyzes the cleavage between Erns and E1, as well as that between E1 and E2 (ER). A new type of signal peptidase cleavage site is identified in an RNA virus polyprotein. The most important structural protein is E2, which regulates cell tropism by interacting with cell surface receptors and inducing responses from cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and neutralizing antibodies. E2 is a type I transmembrane protein and has a mass of 55 kDa. All three glycoproteins aid in the attachment of the virus and its entry into target cells. Viral entry and contagiousness require heterodimeric E1-E2 molecules. E1 is categorized as a type I transmembrane protein and has a mass of 33 kDa. Of the three glycoproteins, the functions of E1 are the least developed and least understood. A virus's glycoproteins must perform a variety of tasks throughout its life cycle in order for the virus to successfully infect cells or animals, multiply, and then leave the affected cells. These activities can be broken down into the three mutually exclusive categories of interacting with hosts to sustain itself throughout the animal population, interacting with cells to infect and replicate, and connecting with other viral proteins to form viable virions. Although it lacks a hydrophobic anchor sequence, the structural glycoprotein E(rns) of pestiviruses has been found to be connected to the virion and to membranes in infected cells via its COOH terminus. Erns, an envelope glycoprotein, was recently recognized as an RNase. RNases have a variety of biological effects. They have been proven to be immunosuppressive, neurotoxic, and antihelminthic. Erns severely reduced the protein synthesis of various kinds of lymphocytes without causing cell membrane damage. Symptoms of pestivirus infections include leukopenia and immunosuppression. In the pathogenesis of pestiviruses, ERNS is crucial. A pestivirus envelope glycoprotein called ERNS is crucial for virus attachment and cell infection. Erns lacks a transmembrane domain, unlike the other two envelope proteins E1 and E2, and a significant amount is secreted into the medium of infected. Erns's C-terminus serves as a membrane anchor, a retention/secretion signal, a binding site for cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a signal peptidase cleavage site, and more. Erns has a mass of 44–48 kDa. The protein is also present in some pure pestivirus virions, which begs the crucial and fascinating question of how it attaches to the pestivirus envelope. Virus-neutralizing antibodies primarily target the pestivirus E2 glycoproteins, which also function in receptor binding and host range limiting. At the moment where pestiviruses enter cells, their host specificity is probably influenced by the sequence and structure of E2. Enveloped viruses have created a variety of crafty invasion methods. For cell attachment and membrane fusion to occur, one or more viral envelope glycoproteins are required. In contrast to pestiviruses and hepacivirus, which both have two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, members of the Flaviviridae family, such as flaviviruses, only have one glycoprotein, E, in their envelope. Although E2 participates in cell attachment, it is not yet known which protein causes membrane fusion. The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is what causes bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2), Border disease virus (BDV), and Classical swine fever (CSF) virus are the four recognized species in the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Although progress has been made in recent decades in identifying the activities of the BVDV NSPs, research on the virus still mostly focuses on its structural protein. Understanding BVDV non-structural proteins would assist researchers to better comprehend viral replication and the molecular basis of viral persistent infection. Eight non-structural proteins (NSPs) are encoded by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (i.e., Npro, p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B). A single open reading frame is encoded by a singular, single-stranded, positive-stranded RNA of 12.3–16.5 kb in the BVDV (ORF). The coding sequence is NH2, and the ORF can be split into various parts to encode polyproteins. –Npro (p20) (p20) –C (p14) (p14) -Erns/E0(gp48), -E1(gp25), -E2(gp53), -p7, NS2(p54), -NS3(p80), -NS4A(p10), -NS4B(p30), -NS5A(p58), -NS5B(p75), -COOH. Individually or collectively, these proteins are involved in viral replication, transcription, and translation. Npro (p20), a protein specific to pestivirus with a molecular weight of roughly 20 kDa, is the first protein generated from the N-terminus of the viral polyprotein. BVDV Npro is a hydrophilic outer membrane protein that primarily consists of beta-sheets and random curling. It lacks a signal peptide. Npro is also a self-protease that can catalyze the breakdown of developing polyproteins to create the BVDV C protein. Infected animals have innate immune suppression as a result of BVDV Npro's capacity to control the generation or inhibition of type I interferon (IFN-I) and alter the virus' ability to replicate. A 6-7 kDa polypeptide generated from E2 called viral protein p7 has two domains. The other domain, which is present throughout infection in the cell as free p7 or E2-p7, is released by signal peptidase interpretation and is found at the C-terminus of E2 without being cleaved. However, because p7 was not found in BVDV particles, it was categorized as a non-structural protein. Although BVDV p7 can aid in the production of contagious BVDV particles and encourage virus release, the exact mechanisms behind these actions are still unknown. With 450 amino acids, NS2 (p54) is a cysteine protease. A shared domain of the C-terminal protease structure and a hydrophobic N-terminal half-anchored protein membrane make up this structure. NS2-NS3 cleavage is mediated by the self-protease in NS2, which may effectively cleave into NS2 and NS3 in the early stages of infection, and the degree of NS2-NS3 cleavage controls BVDV from RNA replication to morphological alterations. Additionally, when the BVDV virus infects a cell, the cell chaperone DNAJC14 joins forces with the viral NS2-NS3 to facilitate the activation of the NS2 protease and the release of NS3, which facilitates the production of virions. As a target antigen for ELISA BVDV detection, NS3 is a multifunctional protein with serine protease activity, helicase activity, and nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) activity. Although it plays a significant role in the BVDV replicase and controls the viral RNAs ability to replicate, NS3 has little impact on the assembly of the virus. Only in the NS3/NS4A complex can the NS3 protease reach peak activity, after which the C-terminus of NS3 cleaves all downstream proteins. The replication of viral RNA will be hampered by the inactivation of the NS3 protease, helicase, and NTPase. Normal detection limits for the NS2-NS3 (p125) protein in Ncp and Cp BVDV-infected cells are 120 kDa. The cleavage of NS2-NS3 is connected to the replication of the virus in the early stages of virus infection. A complex known as NS2-NS3/NS4A (NS2-3/4A) is created when NS4A joins with uncleaved NS2-NS3 (NS2-3) or NS3/NS4A. It can be utilized to support RNA replication and virus assembly as the fundamental element of virus particles. In the NS3/NS4A serine protease complex, NS4A functions as a protease cofactor, engaging with NS3 to catalyze the cleavage of downstream proteins NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B. In particle assembly, NS2 and NS3 can replace uncut NS2-NS3 molecules, but the precise mechanism is still unknown. A 35 kDa hydrophobic protein with NTPase activity called NS4B (p30) is involved in the replication of the BVDV genome. Due to interactions between the viral Npro, Erns, and NS4B and the host immune signaling pathways, BVDV can bypass the host immune response and cause persistent infection in cattle by blocking their innate immune responses. The primary target for the diagnosis of diseases, the creation of vaccines, and the management of infections is NS4B. After viral infection, NS4B can trigger humoral and cellular immune responses thanks to its highly conserved epitopes. NS5B (p75), which features a functional motif typical of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is roughly 77 kDa in size (RdRp). It primarily participates in the process of virus-infected cell membrane rearrangement and catalyzes the creation of viral RNA. The C-terminus of the BVDV polyprotein is where the NS5A (p58) and NS5B (p75) are separated. Infected cells typically contain NS5A (p58) as a single protein or as an uncleaved NS5A-NS5B complex. A hydrophilic, phosphorylated protein with a molecular weight of 58 kDa called NS5A is a part of the viral replicase. Although NS5B has a significant impact on RNA replication, its lack of specificity may have an impact on the design of viral replicase. A number of issues, including the pathogenic mechanism, the regulation of virus replication, and the interaction between p7, NS4B, NS5A, and other NSP, remain unresolved. Species Pestivirus A or Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), causes Bovine viral diarrhea and Mucosal disease Pestivirus B or Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 or (BVDV-2), causes Bovine viral diarrhea and Mucosal disease Pestivirus C or Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), causes Classical swine fever Pestivirus D or Border disease virus (BDV), causes Border disease Pestivirus E or pronghorn pestivirus Pestivirus F or Bungowannah virus Pestivirus G or giraffe pestivirus Pestivirus H or Hobi-like pestivirus Pestivirus I or Aydin-like pestivirus Pestivirus J or rat pestivirus Pestivirus K or atypical porcine pestivirus (Dongyang pangolin virus, DYPV) See also List of viruses Virology Animal virology References External links The 7th ESVV Pestivirus Symposium —Uppsala, Sweden 2008 Animal viruses Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Flaviviridae Viralzone: Pestivirus ICTV Virus genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestivirus
SportsBeat is a regular segment on ESPN Radio that provides a concise (2 minute) overview of the sports world. Hosted by Dari Nowkhah, it airs Monday through Friday in the afternoons, specifically at the bottom of the hour (:57-:00 minutes), The segment includes Nowkhah's opinions on relevant sports topics, separated by a commercial break in the :58 minute. It features an insightful capsule of the major breaking news of the day and a preview of the night ahead. It is heard on over 472 plus affiliates across the United States and Canada. On January 1, 2004, Tirico assumed the role as voice of ESPN Radio's weekday afternoon drivetime SportsBeat segments, the five-minute daily mainstay of the network since Brent Musburger launched ESPN Radio with the inaugural SportsBeat on January 1, 1992. Tirico is one of the most respected play-by-play men in the country as he has experience as the lead play-by-play man of ESPN's Monday Night Football and also calls NBA games for the network as well as formally served as an anchor on ESPN's signature show SportsCenter. After Mike Tirico left ESPN in 2016, Dari Nowkhah, who filled in for Mike Tirico on SportsBeat in the past, became the permanent host of the ESPN Radio SportsBeat. Television series SportsBeat (or ABC SportsBeat, its official title) was previously a television series that was hosted by Howard Cosell on ABC. SportsBeat, which ran from 1983–1985, won three Emmy Awards. ABC SportsBeat was a precursor of sorts to sports magazine shows like ESPN's Outside the Lines and HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. SportsBeat likewise featured penetrating, in-depth interviews. References External links ESPN Show page ESPN Radio American sports radio programs ESPN Radio programs American Broadcasting Company original programming 1983 American television series debuts 1985 American television series endings ABC Sports 1980s American television news shows	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsBeat
Dyoplosaurus (meaning “double-armoured lizard”) is a monospecific genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur from Alberta that lived during the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian, ~76.5–75 Ma) in what is now the Dinosaur Park Formation. Dyoplosaurus represents a close relative of Scolosaurus and Anodontosaurus, two ankylosaurids known from the Horseshoe Canyon and Dinosaur Park Formation. Discovery and naming The holotype specimen was obtained in 1919 from the bottom ten metres of the Dinosaur Park Formation by Levi Sternberg, near what is now the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada. The holotype specimen, ROM 784, consists of a partial skull roof, mandible fragments with teeth, osteoderms, skin impressions, articulated post-thoracic vertebrae, partial thoracic ribs, a partial ilium, both ischia, tail club, associated radius, metacarpal, femur, tibia, fibula, and pes. The holotype is currently housed at the Royal Ontario Museum. Two specimens were referred to Dyoplosaurus, ROM 7761 and UA 47273, and both consist of partial tail clubs. The generic name, Dyoplosaurus, is derived from the Greek words “dyo” (double), “hoplon” (weapon, shield, armour) and “sauros” (lizard). The specific name, acutosquameus, is derived from the Latin words “acutus” (sharp) and “squama” (scale). In 1956, Evgeny Maleev named a second species of Dyoplosaurus: D. giganteus. The species was based on the very large specimen PIN 551/29, which consists of a series of caudal vertebrae, metatarsals, phalanges and osteoderms including tail club knob from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. The species was diagnosed based on the short anterior caudal vertebrae; large chevrons that were fused to the caudal vertebrae; low, long distal caudal vertebrae; short, wide metatarsals; thick, hoofed-shaped unguals; sharp, thin-walled osteoderms with numerous pits and channels on the external surface. However, a 2014 study by Arbour and colleagues considered that the holotype lacked diagnostic traits, as such traits are present in all ankylosaurines, and considered the species to be a nomen dubium. Description Dyoplosaurus has an estimated body length of and body mass of . All referred specimens represent almost fully mature individuals. Dyoplosaurus can be distinguished from all other ankylosaurids in having sacral ribs that are anterolaterally-directed, triangular unguals in dorsal view and a tail club knob that is longer than wide. It differs from Scolosaurus in having a proportionately shorter postacetabular process of the ilium and triangular osteoderms on the lateral sides of the anterior portion of the tail. Dyoplosaurus also differs from Euoplocephalus in the pelvis as it has anterolaterally projecting, ventrally directed sacral transverse processes on the third sacral vertebra, forming a butterfly-like arrangement of the sacral fenestrae, and in having ischia that articulate with the ilia at right angles. The holotype specimen of Dyoplosaurus preserves ossified tendons on the tail club. The tail club preserves three series of tendons on the dorsolateral sides of the handle, and four on the distal, ventral side of the tail. These tendons are more readily grouped into two sets on the dorsolateral sides. Arbour, 2009 conducted a study to determine the impact force of ankylosaurids and used ROM 784. Arbour found that Dyoplosaurus could generate an impact force of 797–1127 N and a more realistic tensions of 571 N, an impact force that isn’t enough to puncture bone. This is mainly due to the knob being smaller in comparison to that of other ankylosaurids. The small size of the tail club of suggests that ankylosaurid knobs were not primarily used as defensive weapons, as a weapon that is not functional until very late in life would probably not have a selective advantage over a weapon that is of use earlier in life. The holotype specimen preserves remnants of fossilized skin and osteoderms on the left side. These skin impressions are punctuated by a nearly unbroken mosaic of small (0.50–1.0 cm), sub-angular to subrounded osteoderms. The skin imperssions on the right side have been lost via erosion. Classification In 1971, Walter Coombs synonymized Dyoplosaurus, along with Scolosaurus and Anodontosaurus, into Euoplocephalus as one of the four mandibles assigned to Dyoplosaurus was identical to those of other Euoplocephalus specimens, but did not offer any other characteristics to support the synonymization. However, a re-description of Dyoplosaurus published in 2009 by Victoria Arbour, Michael Burns and Robin Sissons considered it as a valid taxon and proposed that the synonymy was due to the fragmentary nature of the holotype and other referred specimens of Euoplocephalus. Thompson et al., 2011 confirmed its separation and recovered it as sister taxon to Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus. A cladistic analysis conducted by Arbour and Currie, 2015 recovered Dyoplosaurus as sister taxon to a clade containing Ankylosaurus, Euoplocephalus, Anodontosaurus and Scolosaurus, while an analysis conducted by Arbour and Evans, 2017 recovered it as sister taxon to Zuul. A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Arbour & Evans, 2017 is reproduced below. The results of an earlier analysis by Arbour & Currie, 2015 is reproduced below. Paleoenvironment The holotype specimen of Dyoplosaurus was recovered from the base of the Dinosaur Park Formation, which dates to the middle Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. The lower Dinosaur Park Formation consist primarily of dryland habitats with modified channel-fills that experienced impeded drainage in the lower horizons and were subject to frequent flooding while more distal reaches of the floodplain, flooding was less frequent. Dyoplosaurus would have coexisted with the ankylosaurs Edmontonia, Euoplocephalus, and Scolosaurus, the ceratopsid Chasmosaurus, the hadrosaurids Corythosaurus, Gryposaurus and Parasaurolophus, the tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus, the dromaeosaurid Hesperonychus, the troodontid Latenivenatrix, and the caenagnathids Caenagnathus and Chirostenotes. See also Timeline of ankylosaur research References Ankylosaurids Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America Fossil taxa described in 1924 Taxa named by William Parks Dinosaur Park fauna Paleontology in Alberta Campanian genus first appearances Campanian genus extinctions Ornithischian genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyoplosaurus
Blind Idiot God is the debut album by Blind Idiot God, released in 1987 through SST Records. Produced by Martin Bisi, the album was released on CD, cassette and vinyl record. The album showcased the band's eclectic tastes for punk rock, heavy metal, dub, free jazz, and classical music. It was critically well-received and attracted the attention of John Zorn, Alex Winter and Henry Rollins, who all became devoted admirers of the group. Recording English electro and dub music producer Adrian Sherwood was originally considered to helm production duties on Blind Idiot God. Instead, the band met Brooklyn-based producer Martin Bisi, who had collaborated with a plethora of New York-based acts and shared the band's eclectic tastes. It was recorded during the months of January and February 1987 at Bisi's B.C. Studios located in Brooklyn, New York. Music Brian Olewnick describes the music in his review of the album for allmusic: "Often they begin with anthemic lines, precisely and forcefully etched by Andy Hawkins' guitar, backed by the supple, powerful drumming of Ted Epstein. But, midway through, the melodies tend to be twisted and pulled like taffy, elongating into mutant forms only hinted at previously. This creates a marvelous tension, as one is never certain how a given song will resolve." Critical reception Critic Brian Olewnick lauded Blind Idiot God, giving it four and a half out of five stars and saying "the listener feels buffeted about, as if inside a roaring engine at 30,000 feet." Option described the band as sounding "as much like jazz-based ensembles like Bill Laswell's Last Exit and Zorn's Spy Vs. project trying to dip into hardcore as they do like angry young boy thrash." Electronic Musician praised the virtuosity of the players and said "jazz, heavy metal, reggae, art music - B.I.G. has elements of all of these, yet establishes their very own recipe." Track listing Personnel Adapted from the Blind Idiot God liner notes. Blind Idiot God Ted Epstein – drums Andy Hawkins – electric guitar Gabriel Katz – bass guitar Production and additional personnel Martin Bisi – production, mixing Blind Idiot God – production, mixing John Golden – mastering Phoebe Love – photography Miles Rutlin – illustrations, design Release history References External links 1987 debut albums Blind Idiot God albums Albums produced by Martin Bisi SST Records albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20Idiot%20God%20%28album%29
Anoplosaurus (meaning "unarmored or unarmed lizard") is an extinct genus of herbivorous nodosaurid dinosaur, from the late Albian-age Lower Cretaceous Cambridge Greensand of Cambridgeshire, England. It has in the past been classified with either the armored dinosaurs or the ornithopods, but current thought has been in agreement with the "armored dinosaur" interpretation, placing it in the Ankylosauria. History Harry Govier Seeley named this genus in 1879 for a disarticulated partial postcranial skeleton that had been uncovered at Reach, Cambridgeshire, composed of a left dentary fragment, numerous vertebrae from the neck, back, and sacrum, parts of the pectoral girdle, humerus fragments, part of the left femur, left tibia, foot bones, ribs, and other fragments. He regarded it as possibly juvenile, due to its small size, with a length of about five feet. The type species is Anoplosaurus curtonotus. The generic name, derived from the Greek hoplo~, a word element used in combinations, with the meaning of "armed", refers to the fact no armour plates had been discovered. The specific name is derived from Latin curtus, "short", and Greek νῶτον, noton, "back". A second species, Anoplosaurus major, "the larger one", was named by Seeley in 1879 for a neck vertebra and three partial caudal vertebrae he removed from the material previously referred to Acanthopholis stereocercus, from the same formation as the type species. This species now appears to be chimeric, the neck vertebra coming from an ankylosaur, the caudals from an indeterminate iguanodont. Although Seeley assigned Anoplosaurus to a general Dinosauria, he understood its possible affinities with Scelidosaurus or Polacanthus, as shown by the genus name, and other workers began to see it as an armored dinosaur. In 1902, Baron Franz Nopcsa referred both species to Acanthopholis, creating a Acanthopholis curtonotus and a Acanthopholis major. In 1923 Nopcsa suggested that, while some of the remains belonged to Acanthopholis, other remains, which he removed from that genus, belonged to a camptosaurid. This suggestion led to considerable confusion, with some authors beginning to classify Anoplosaurus under the Camptosauridae, a practice that was continued over several decades (with modifications as iguanodontian taxonomy changed over the years). In 1964, Oskar Kuhn renamed Syngonosaurus macrocercus Seeley 1879 into Anoplosaurus macrocercus. In 1969, Rodney Steel renamed Eucercosaurus tanyspondylus Seeley 1879 into Anoplosaurus tanyspondylus. Both Syngonosaurus and Eucercosaurus are today seen as nomina dubia and these last two Anoplosaurus species are hereby equally invalid. In 1998, Xabier Pereda-Suberbiola and Paul Barrett reexamined the material of Anoplosaurus curtonotus. They wrote that it all belonged to a "primitive" or basal member of the Nodosauridae, the lack of armor possibly due to the young age of the animal at death. The basal position would be indicated by the long tooth row and the low sacral vertebrae count. Seeley had never indicated a holotype among the syntype series. Pereda-Superbiola & Barrett therefore selected specimen SMC B55731, a right scapula piece, as the lectotype. Its ankylosaurian affinities would be proven by a high acromion process. The other nodosaurid fossils found at Reach, specimens SMC B55670 - 55742, were assigned as paralectotypes. Pereda-Superbiola & Barrett considered it possible that the discovery had in fact not been made in the Cambridge Green Sand but in the, also Albian, Upper Gault Clay, because the skeletal elements seemed to have belonged to a single individual which might preclude a provenance from the very reworked marine Green Sand deposits. Anoplosaurus curtonotus was by them considered a possibly valid taxon. Reviews since then have followed this interpretation of the genus as an armored dinosaur belonging to the Ankylosauria. Palaeobiology As a possible nodosaurid, Anoplosaurus would have been a quadrupedal, low-slung herbivore, with armour on its body for protection. See also Timeline of ankylosaur research References Nodosaurids Albian life Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe Cretaceous England Fossils of England Fossil taxa described in 1879 Taxa named by Harry Seeley Ornithischian genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoplosaurus
Charles D'Amico High School , also known as Albion High School , is a secondary school located in Albion, New York which educates students in grades nine through twelve. The school is named for longtime principal Charles C. D'Amico. The high school operates under what is known as a "block schedule", where students schedule four courses every semester in 20 week blocks. Each blocked class is 85 minutes of instruction, and four minute "between class" breaks. Also, with classes such as band, chorus, yearbook, and newspaper journalism, meet every other day instead of every day. Students who decide to take college courses are able to choose between GCC (Genesee Community College) and SUNY Brockport to earn college credit. For students whom want to take AP classes, there are currently 7 classes available. Along with higher education courses, internships are also available to students who qualify. Niagara-Orleans BOCES is also jointed with the school offering students hands on courses in a trade of their choice. As a requirement, students must complete 30 hours of community service and finish an MST (Math, Science, Technology) project to graduate. For AP students, a service-learning project is required for each class. This project involves the incorporation of the class and acquired skills in hope to better the community. These projects are popular with middle and high schools, and is becoming an important aspect of Albion's classes. Clubs and sports are important aspects of student life at this public school. Two main clubs are the FFA and the National Honor Society. Some other clubs include drama, Marching band, Chess, masterminds, and youth court. Men's and Women's sports include football, cheerleading, volleyball, soccer, wrestling, basketball, swimming, baseball, track and softball have always been a driving part of Albion high as well. Many of the teams have been consistent league champions. Also, these teams are known to consistently earn high academic awards as well. The school is very well known for its football rivalry with Medina. References External links 1878 establishments in New York (state) Educational institutions established in 1878 Public high schools in New York (state) Schools in Orleans County, New York	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20D%27Amico%20High%20School
Anthodon (meaning "flower tooth") is an extinct genus of pareiasaurid parareptile from the Permian period of South Africa and Tanzania. History In 1845, amateur geologists William Guybon Atherstone and Andrew Geddes Bain discovered several fossils near Dassieklip, Cape Province, in the Bushman's River Valley. This was the first dinosaur find in Africa and in the Southern Hemisphere. In 1849 and 1853, Bain sent some of the fossils to palaeontologist Richard Owen for identification. Among them was an upper jaw Bain referred to as the "Cape Iguanodon", so the site was named "Iguanodonhoek". Atherstone published a short paper about the discovery in 1857, but lamented in 1871 that it had thus far received no attention in London. In 1876 Owen named a series of specimens from the collection Anthodon serrarius, basing the generic name on the resemblance of the teeth to a flower. The partial holotype skull BMNH 47337, the left jaw BMNH 47338, the matrix BMNH 47338 including bone fragments and impressions of the anterior skull, and the vertebrae BMNH 47337a were all assigned to Anthodon. In 1882, Othniel Charles Marsh assigned Anthodon to Stegosauridae based on BMNH 47338, and in 1890, Richard Lydekker found that although Anthodon was a pareiasaur, its teeth were similar to those of the Stegosauridae. Lydekker in 1890 also corrected a mistake of Owen, who had incorrectly summarised all the material as coming from a single locality, whereas there was separate material from two clearly distinct localities. Richard Owen, who described Anthodon, thought it was a dinosaur because dinosaurian skull material from the Early Cretaceous had become associated with the Permian material. The dinosaur material was later separated out by Robert Broom in 1912 and was renamed as the stegosaurid Paranthodon by Franz Nopcsa in 1929. A possible second species, A. minusculus, was named by Sidney Haughton in 1932 based on remains found in the Cistecephalus other zone of the Usili Formation in Tanzania. Later authors have suggested that A. minusculus may have been the same animal as A. serratus. Pareiasaurus parvus (Haughton, 1913) and Propappus parvus (Haughton, 1913) were also synonymised with Anthodon serrarius. The holotype of both species was SAM 2351, a pelvis discovered near Dunedin, Western Cape, South Africa. Description Anthodon combines the primitive feature of interpterygoid fenestrae with an advanced feature of turtle-like armor. It was about in length, and weighed around . Small dermal ossicles covered the body, while the pattern of armor plates on the back reminiscent of a turtle shell. The tail was further shortened relative to less derived forms. Some other forms are characterized by having smooth skulls and armor on the dorsal midline. Skull The skull was small, and the cheekbones unornamented as in other pareiasaurids. The skull is 30 cm in length and quite lightly built. The cheekbones form very large quadratojugal "horns" that extend downwards to a great degree, but with a smooth unornamented surface. The mandible has ventral protrusions (further "horns"). The postparietals are fused and, along with the tabulars, located on the skull roof, as in more primitive diadectomorphs. There are 11 to 14 pairs of overlapping teeth, of small and uniform size, each with 8 to 15 cusps, giving them, as with all pareiasaurs, a leaf-like or flower like appearance, hence the generic name "flower tooth". References External links Elginiidae and Pumiliopareiasauria at Palaeos Pareiasaurs Permian reptiles of Africa Lopingian life Changhsingian life Taxa named by Richard Owen Fossil taxa described in 1876 Prehistoric reptile genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthodon%20%28reptile%29
Graham Francis Lee (born 11 December 1953) is an Australian musician and record producer, best known as the steel guitar player of the 1980s band The Triffids, where he was nicknamed 'Evil Graham Lee'. He was born and grew up in Kenilworth, Queensland, and graduated as a Primary School Teacher in Brisbane. Lee left Brisbane in 1980 and went travelling around Asia and Europe for three years. He moved back to Australia in 1983 and settled in Sydney where he met The Triffids. They'd heard his dobro work on Eric Bogle's first album which contained the legendary track, "And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda", and invited him to guest on a demo they were recording at the Sydney Opera House - a recording subsequently released as Lawson Square Infirmary. The Triffids then returned to London but Lee stayed in Sydney and took up the pedal steel guitar. Work was scarce for everybody but occasionally something good came up - one session was for a young Melbourne singer songwriter called Paul Kelly who was making a record called 'Post'. He also played on the John Kennedy singles Forget / The End of the Affair (Waterfront Records, Sept 1984) and Miracle (In Marrickville) / Two People (Waterfront Records, March 1985). When The Triffids returned to Sydney early in 1985, they asked Lee to join them full-time. Before the year was out the band moved back to London and this time Lee went too. For nearly five years they enjoyed success in Europe and released a number of records which are recognised as Australian classics - Born Sandy Devotional, The Black Swan and Calenture. However, life in London, the constant touring, and the incomprehensible nature of the record business eventually wore the band down and at the end of 1989 they decided to move back to Australia for a break, which became permanent and the band dissolved. In 1990 Lee moved to Melbourne and took a room upstairs at the Standard Hotel, in Fitzroy the pub owned by Steve Miller (The Moodists), his old tour manager. Miller, in partnership with Dave Walsh (the brother of Chris Miller, the bass player for the Moodists) establishing an independent record label, W.Minc Records (Walsh Miller Incorporated) in 1994. During the first few years, after the break-up of The Triffids, Lee was happy to book the bands at the pub and stay focused on music. He produced three of the first four W.Minc records and worked as a session player or a hired hand in various bands, including John Kennedy, The KLF, Blackeyed Susans, The Paradise Vendors, Truckasaurus (with Lisa Miller), David Chesworth, Essendon Airport, GB3, and All India Radio. It wasn't until he was back in Europe, on tour with David McComb's solo outfit, The Red Ponies, that he decided he really wanted to get involved with W.Minc. In 1996 he officially joined the W.Minc Records as the label manager and since then he and Miller have guided the label together. Lee also currently runs an official website for The Triffids and in June 2006 (in conjunction with the re-issue of Born Sandy Devotional) joined the other members of The Triffids to play three live performances, two concerts in Hasselt, Belgium and one in Amsterdam, Netherlands. References External links The Triffid's official website Evil Graham Lee's pedal steel website Evil Graham Lee's guitar forum website Australian guitarists The KLF Musicians from Melbourne 1953 births Living people Pedal steel guitarists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Lee%20%28musician%29
Eugene James Martin (July 24, 1938 – January 1, 2005) was an African-American visual artist. Art Eugene J. Martin's art is best known for his imaginative, complex mixed media collages on paper, his often gently humorous pencil and pen and ink drawings, and his paintings on paper and canvas that may incorporate whimsical allusions to animal, machine and structural imagery among areas of "pure", constructed, biomorphic, or disciplined lyrical abstraction. Martin called many of his works straddling both abstraction and representation "satirical abstracts". He did not create sculptures. Life Eugene James Martin was born on Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. His parents were Margaret Helen Dove and James Walter Martin, an itinerant Jazz musician. After his mother died in 1942 giving birth to Jerry Martin, the two brothers were placed in foster care in Washington, D.C. As a child, Eugene ran away on several occasions, was placed in reform school at six years of age, and eventually spent the remainder of his childhood on a farm in Clarksburg, Maryland, where his foster parents were Franie and Madessa Snowdon. On the farm he drew realistic portraits and nature scenes, and also played upright bass, thunder bass, and slide trombone in the local rhythm & blues band The Nu-tones. After attending Clarksburg Elementary, and Lincoln High and Carver High in Rockville, Maryland, Martin pondered whether to become a full-time musician or visual artist. He briefly attended the Navy for the opportunity to receive an art education, but instead was honorably discharged. After attending the Corcoran School of Art from 1960–1963, Eugene James Martin became a professional fine arts painter, considering artistic integrity his only guide. He did not adhere to only a single art movement, remaining an individualist throughout his life. His art defies categorization. While spending most of his life in Washington, D.C., Martin briefly lived in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, from 1990–1994, returned to Washington, D.C., and in 1996 moved to Lafayette, Louisiana, with his wife, Suzanne Fredericq, a biologist, whom he married in 1988. In December 2001 he suffered simultaneously a brain hemorrhage and stroke while in Belgium. After undergoing physical therapy in Lafayette, Louisiana, he resumed painting and continued creating art until his death there. Gallery Collections Eugene Martin's works of art can be found in numerous private art collections throughout the world, and are included in the permanent collection of the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia, the Ogden Museum of Southern Art, New Orleans; the Alexandria Museum of Art, Louisiana; the Stowitts Museum & Library in Pacific Grove, California; the Munich Museum of Modern Art; the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York; the Mobile Museum of Art, Alabama; the Walter O. Evans Collection of African American Art in Savannah, Georgia; the Paul R. Jones Collection of African American Art at the University of Delaware; the Walter Anderson Museum of Art in Ocean Springs, Mississippi; the Louisiana State University Museum of Art in the Shaw Center for the Arts in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the Masur Museum of Art in Monroe, Louisiana; the Sheldon Museum of Art in Lincoln, Nebraska; and the Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art in Biloxi, Mississippi The U.S. copyright representative for Eugene James Martin is the Artists Rights Society. The Estate of Eugene James Martin is represented by Guido Maus, Maus Contemporary in Birmingham, AL, and by Galerie Zlotowski in Paris, France. References An exhibit "Beyond Black" featuring Ed Clark, Eugene Martin and John T. Scott opened at the LSU Museum of Art, Shaw Center for the Arts, Baton Rouge, LA on Jan. 28-May 8, 2011. External links Eugene Martin's web site Videoclips highlighting the art of Eugene Martin Eugene James Martin collection in ARTstor Artsy Institutional Partner: Works by the Eugene James Martin Estate in the Permanent Collection of Select Museums Eugene James Martin is represented by Maus Contemporary Eugene James Martin is represented by Galerie Zlotowski in Paris, France 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters African-American painters 1938 births 2005 deaths Painters from Washington, D.C. Artists from Louisiana George Washington University Corcoran School alumni American collage artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20J.%20Martin
The Panama national baseball team (Spanish: Selección de béisbol de Panamá) is the baseball team that represents Panama at an international level. Along with Nicaragua, they are considered to be the best baseball team in Central America, and one of the best in Latin America. Panama has medalled at multiple international tournaments at both junior and senior levels throughout the sport's history, including one silver medal and two bronze medals at the Baseball World Cup. They are currently the 14th ranked baseball team in the world. Results and fixtures The following is a list of professional baseball match results currently active in the latest version of the WBSC World Rankings, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled. Legend 2019 2022 2023 Current roster International Tournaments 2006 Panama was placed in Pool C of the inaugural World Baseball Classic, playing at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in Puerto Rico. In their opening game, they fell to hosts, 2-1, before losing to Cuba, 8-6, in extra innings. They concluded play with a 10-0, 7-inning loss to Netherlands, failing to get a hit off Dutch pitcher Shairon Martis. 2009 Panama once again was sent to Puerto Rico for the 2009 World Baseball Classic, this time as part of the double-elimination Pool D. They opened their campaign with a 7-0 defeat to Puerto Rico, setting up an elimination game against the Dominican Republic, which they lost 9-0. Having failed to score a single run, Panama finished in 15th place overall, just ahead of South Africa. 2013 After finishing last in their pool for the 2009 Classic, Panama was forced to qualify for the 2013 edition. They were selected as the host for Qualifier 3 and were favored to qualify. However, they were upset by Brazil, 3-2, in their opener. After defeating Nicaragua and Colombia in elimination matches, they faced off with Brazil again. Despite having multiple Major League Baseball players to Brazil's one, Panama fell again, 1-0, and missed the 2013 World Baseball Classic. 2017 Panama was again forced to qualify for the 2017 edition. They were selected as the host for Qualifier 3. After defeating France in their opener they fell to Colombia. After defeating France again, they set up a rematch with Colombia but lost the elimination game after Colombia's Dilson Herrera hit a late homer. 2023 Baseball World Cup Silver : 2003 Bronze : 1945, 2005 Central American Games Gold : , Silver : 1977, 2013, 2017 Intercontinental Cup Bronze : 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games Silver : , , 2002 Bronze : 1930, 1959, 1982 U-15 Baseball World Cup Silver : : 4th U-23 Baseball World Cup 2016: 4th 2021: 5th Bolivarian Games Gold : 2001, 2009, 2013 Silver : 1981, 1985, 1989, 2017 Bronze : 1951, 1961, 1965, 1970, 1973 History Towns including Colón and Panama City in the Canal Zone had one or more clubs in which British West Indian middling classes played cricket. Cricket became a prime symbol of what Afro-Caribbeans knew made them “Britishers.” As decolonization progressed, the popularity of baseball increased in Panama. The similarity in skills required for cricket and baseball meant that an athlete who primarily practiced one sport could also excel in the other. Oscar Levy was a baseball player who had left Panama in 1920 for the United States. In 1928 the Panama Tribune reported on the success of “famous local pitcher” Chick Levy as a “hero in Cuba.” References External links Connor, Joe, Welcome to Panama. ESPN (MLB), January 17, 2006. Retrieved 2009-12-16. Baseball National baseball teams Baseball in Panama	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama%20national%20baseball%20team
Paranthodon ( ) is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur that lived in what is now South Africa during the Early Cretaceous, between 139 and 131 million years ago. Discovered in 1845, it was one of the first stegosaurians found. Its only remains, a partial skull, isolated teeth, and fragments of vertebrae, were found in the Kirkwood Formation. British paleontologist Richard Owen initially identified the fragments as those of the pareiasaur Anthodon. After remaining untouched for years in the British Museum of Natural History, the partial skull was identified by South African paleontologist Robert Broom as belonging to a different genus; he named the specimen Palaeoscincus africanus. Several years later, Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa, unaware of Broom's new name, similarly concluded that it represented a new taxon, and named it Paranthodon owenii. Since Nopcsa's species name was assigned after Broom's, and Broom did not assign a new genus, both names are now synonyms of the current binomial, Paranthodon africanus. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek para (near) with the genus name Anthodon, to represent the initial referral of the remains. In identifying the remains as those of Palaeoscincus, Broom initially classified Paranthodon as an ankylosaurian, a statement backed by the research of Coombs in the 1970s. In 1929, Nopcsa identified the taxon as a stegosaurid, with which most modern studies agree. In 1981, the genus was reviewed with modern taxonomic techniques, and found to be a valid genus of stegosaurid. A 2018 review of Paranthodon could only identify one distinguishing feature, and while that study still referred it to Stegosauria based on similarity and multiple phylogenetic analyses, no diagnostic features of the group could be identified in Paranthodon. History of discovery In 1845, amateur geologists William Guybon Atherstone and Andrew Geddes Bain discovered several fossils near Dassieklip, Cape Province, in the Bushman's River Valley. This was the first dinosaur find in Africa and in the Southern Hemisphere. In 1849 and 1853, Bain sent some of the fossils to palaeontologist Richard Owen for identification. Among them was an upper jaw Bain referred to as the "Cape Iguanodon", so the site was named "Iguanodonhoek". Atherstone published a short paper about the discovery in 1857, but lamented in 1871 that it had thus far received no attention in London. In 1876 Owen named a series of specimens from the collection Anthodon serrarius, basing the generic name on the resemblance of the teeth to a flower. The partial holotype skull BMNH 47337, the left jaw BMNH 47338, the matrix BMNH 47338 including bone fragments and impressions of the anterior skull, and the vertebrae BMNH 47337a were all assigned to Anthodon. In 1882, Othniel Charles Marsh assigned Anthodon to Stegosauridae based on BMNH 47338, and in 1890, Richard Lydekker found that although Anthodon was a pareiasaur, its teeth were similar to those of the Stegosauridae. Lydekker in 1890 also corrected a mistake of Owen, who had incorrectly summarised all the material as coming from a single locality, whereas there was separate material from two clearly distinct localities. In 1909, Robert Broom visited the collection of the British Museum of Natural History. He concluded that Owen had mixed the partial distorted skull, teeth, and a mandible of a pareiasaur and a partial upper jaw of a dinosaur, BMNH 47338, which were from two different species. Broom kept the name Anthodon for the pareiasaur, but identified the other fossil as a member of the genus Palaeoscincus, naming the new species Palaeoscincus africanus in 1912. He found that the anatomy of the teeth were quite different, even though they resembled each other, as well as those of Stegosaurus. In 1929, Franz Nopcsa, unaware of Broom's previous publication, provided a second novel name as D. M. S. Watson believed that the jaw should be differentiated from Anthodon. Nopcsa named the species Paranthodon Owenii, with the generic name derived from the Latin para, meaning "similar", "near", or "beside", and Anthodon, and specific name honouring Owen. Following modern conventions, the specific name was later emended to owenii. Both names were brought into the current nomenclature by Walter P. Coombs in his 1971 dissertation as the new combination Paranthodon africanus, as the name Paranthodon was the first new generic name for the fossils and africanus was the first new specific name. This makes Paranthodon africanus the proper name for the taxon previously known as Palaeoscincus africanus and Paranthodon owenii. Material The holotype of Paranthodon, BMNH 47338, was found in a layer of the Kirkwood Formation that has been dated between the Berriasian and early Valanginian ages. It consists of the back of the snout, containing the maxilla with teeth, the posterior caudodorsal ramus of the premaxilla, part of the nasals, and some isolated teeth probably from the lower jaw. One additional specimen was assigned to it based on the dentition, BMNH (now NHMUK) R4992, including only isolated teeth sharing the same morphology as those from the holotype. Some bones that were unidentified by Galton & Coombs (1981) were described as a fragment of a vertebra in 2018 by Raven & Maidment. The teeth do not bear any autapomorphies of Paranthodon, and were referred to an indeterminate stegosaurid in 2008. The teeth were identified in 2018 as also lacking any distinct stegosaurian features, and were thus designated as Thyreophora indeterminate. The Mugher Mudstone of Ethiopia was screened in the 1990s by the University of California Museum of Paleontology, and in it were discovered multiple dinosaur teeth, pertaining to many groups of taxa. The locality has been described as "the largest and most complete record of dinosaur fossils from a Late Jurassic African locality outside of Tendaguru". Two of the partial teeth discovered were referred to Paranthodon by Lee Hall and Mark Goodwin in 2011. The reasons for the referral to Paranthodon were not discussed. Description Paranthodon was a small relative of larger stegosaurids such as Stegosaurus. Thomas R. Holtz Jr. estimated that the animal was long and weighed between . The snout is elongated, though not extremely so, and convex on top. The back of the premaxilla is long and broad, and the external nares are large. The teeth have a prominent primary ridge. The fossilised nasal and maxillary bones are relatively complete, and an incomplete premaxilla is also preserved. The partial snout resembles Stegosaurus in its large posterior premaxillary process and the extension of the palate. Stegosaurus was the only stegosaurid known from adequate cranial material to compare with Paranthodon during the 1981 review of the taxon, and even though their resemblance is great, tooth morphology is very distinguishing among the stegosaurians. For example, cranial material is known from Stegosaurus, Paranthodon, Kentrosaurus, and Tuojiangosaurus, and the tooth morphology differs in all of them. The premaxilla of Paranthodon is incomplete, but the anterior process is sinuous and curves ventrally. This is similar to in Miragaia, Huayangosaurus, the ankylosaur Silvisaurus, and Heterodontosaurus, but unlike in Chungkingosaurus, Stegosaurus, Edmontonia and Lesothosaurus. The premaxilla also lacks any teeth, like in every stegosaur except Huayangosaurus where the premaxilla is preserved. Like in Huayangosaurus but not Stegosaurus or Hesperosaurus, the nasal fenestra faces anterolaterally, being visible from the front and sides. The naris is longer than wide like in other stegosaurs, and also has a smooth internal surface, so it was most likely a simple passage. The maxilla is roughly triangular, as in most other thyreophorans. The tooth row is horizontal in lateral view, and in ventral view it is sinuous. Stegosaurus and Huayangosaurus possess a straight tooth row in ventral view, although Scelidosaurus and Jiangjunosaurus do not. The maxilla of Paranthodon preserves the tooth row, and shows that there is little to no overhang. This differs from ankylosaurians, where there is a large overhang of the maxilla. As with Stegosaurus and Silvisaurus, there is a diastema (gap in the tooth row) on the maxilla in front of the tooth row. The posterior maxilla is incomplete so no information is known about the jugal or lacrimal contact. Paranthodon has an elongate, dorsally convex nasal, like in most other stegosaurs. There are thickened ridges along the sides of the nasals. The preserved portion of the nasal does not contact the premaxilla or maxilla. Thirteen teeth are preserved in Paranthodon, but as they extend to the back of the maxilla there were possibly more in life. The teeth are symmetrical as in stegosaurs except Chungkingosaurus. Along the base of the tooth crown there is a swelling (cingulum), which is seen in all other known stegosaurid teeth except Huayangosaurus. The teeth have a middle ridge, with five fewer prominent ridges on either side. This is similar to the size ridges seen on Kentrosaurus. Like all stegosaurians, the denticles on the teeth are rounded at the tips, in contrast to ankylosaurians. Also, like Huayangosaurus, but unlike Kentrosaurus and Stegosaurus, Paranthodon possesses a prominent buccal margination (a ridge beside the tooth row). Paranthodon teeth preserve wear, but wear is absent on most teeth, similar to Huayangosaurus, meaning it is likely that Paranthodon lacked occlusion between teeth. As only two fragments of a vertebra are known, few anatomical details can be observed. The right transverse process and prezygapophysis are preserved. The vertebra is possibly a middle dorsal, based on the angle of the transverse process and the orientation of the prezygapophysis. Similar to Stegosaurus and Chungkingosaurus mid-dorsals, the transverse process is angled about 60º dorsally. Unlike in all other stegosaurs except Stegosaurus, the prezygapophysis faces dorsally. Classification Currently, Paranthodon is classified as a stegosaur related to Stegosaurus, Tuojiangosaurus, and Loricatosaurus. Initially, when Broom assigned the name Palaeoscincus africanus to the Paranthodon fossils, he classified them as an ankylosaurian. This classification was later changed by Nopcsa, who found that Paranthodon best resembled a stegosaurid (before the group was truly defined). Coombs (1978) did not follow Nopcsa's classification, keeping Paranthodon as an ankylosaurian, like Broom, although he only classified it as Ankylosauria incertae sedis. A subsequent review by Galton and Coombs in 1981 instead confirmed Nopcsa's interpretation, redescribing Paranthodon as a stegosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous. Paranthodon was distinguished from other stegosaurs by a long, wide, posterior process of the premaxilla, teeth in the maxilla with a very large cingulum, and large ridges on the tooth crowns. Not all of these features were considered valid in a 2008 review of Stegosauria, with the only autapomorphy found being the possession of a partial second bony palate on the maxilla. Multiple phylogenetic analyses have placed Paranthodon in Stegosauria, and often in Stegosauridae. A 2010 analysis including nearly all species of stegosaurians found that Paranthodon was outside Stegosauridae, and in a polytomy with Tuojiangosaurus, Huayangosaurus, Chungkingosaurus, Jiangjunosaurus, and Gigantspinosaurus. When the latter two genera were removed, Paranthodon grouped with Tuojiangosaurus just outside Stegosauridae, and Huayangosaurus grouped with Chungkingosaurus in Huayangosauridae. An elaboration upon this analysis was published in 2017 by Susannah Maidment and Thomas Raven, and it resolved relationships within Stegosauria much more. All taxa were remained included, and Paranthodon grouped with Tuojiangosaurus, Huayangosaurus and Chunkingosaurus as the most basal true stegosaurians. The position of Alcovasaurus was uncertain, and further work could change the result. Below is the analysis. Other analyses have found Paranthodon closely related to Tuojiangosaurus, Loricatosaurus, and Kentrosaurus within Stegosaurinae. Even though phylogenetic analyses recognise Paranthodon as a stegosaurid, the type material bears no synapomorphies of Stegosauria. The material is likely of stegosaurian nature, and phylogenies by many authors have found it to be within the group. Paleoecology The Kirkwood Formation is in South Africa, and many fossils of different species and genera have been discovered in it, with Paranthodon being the first uncovered. The formation is of a Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age, with the oldest deposits from the Tithonian, about 145.5 million years ago, and the youngest rocks being from the Valanginian, about 130 million years ago. The specific vertebrate-bearing portion of the formation is approximately level with the upper region of the Sundays River Formation, which has been dated to 139 to 131 mya based on microfossils. A large variety of different animal groups have been found in the formation, including dinosaurs, at least two different sphenodontian tuataras, multiple teleost fishes, a few crocodylians, some frog specimens, and also turtles. A large amount of the material of the Kirkwood formation only includes isolated teeth or partial and fragmentary pieces of bone. Dinosaurs of the formation include a basal tetanuran, the primitive ornithomimosaurian Nqwebasaurus, the sauropod Algoasaurus, a potential titanosaurian, many ornithischians, a genus of ornithopod Iyuku, and a "hypsilophodontid" (the family Hypsilophodontidae is no longer considered to be a natural grouping). Multiple additional sauropod taxa have been discovered, including a basal eusauropod, a brachiosaurid, a dicraeosaurid and a derived diplodocid. If the referral of teeth from Ethiopia to Paranthodon is correct, then the taxon's geographic range is extended significantly. The Mugher locality is approximately 151 million years old, about 14 million older than has previously been suggested for Paranthodon, as well as across both southern and eastern Africa. The fauna in the Mugher locality differ from elsewhere of the same time and place in Africa. While the Tendaguru has abundant stegosaurs, sauropods, ornithopods and theropods, the Mugher Mudstone preserves the stegosaur Paranthodon, a hypsilophodontid ornithopod, a probable sauropod, and theropods related to Allosauridae and Dromaeosauridae. References See also Timeline of stegosaur research Stegosaurs Ornithischian genera Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Africa Cretaceous South Africa Fossils of South Africa Fossil taxa described in 1929 Taxa named by Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás Ornithischians of Africa Cretaceous thyreophorans	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthodon
James Horst Brunnerman Bell (Dr J. H. B. Bell) (1896–1975) was arguably the leading Scots mountaineer in the period prior to World War II, going on to edit the SMC Journal for an unequalled 24 years from 1936 to 1959. He put up many serious routes on Ben Nevis and around, and tutored among others the younger W. H. Murray. His "Scottish Climb" is still well regarded. One of his first "ascents" was "Long Climb" (Bell & J. D. B. Wilson, June 1940), a 1400-ft Severe on the Orion Face of Ben Nevis - it is reputedly the longest in the UK. Bell trained as an industrial chemist (DSc, Edinburgh, 1932), and so (according to Murray) regarded food only as "fuel", mixing many courses together when preparing for a day on the hill. Bell was always keen to train others, and did several of his new routes with women climbers, including his wife Pat. He published A Progress in Mountaineering in 1950. Bell also revised the guidebook for the Island of Skye (originally produced by Steeple, Barlow & MacRobert in 1931) in 1954. References Bell, J. H. B. Bell (1950), A Progress in Mountaineering, Oliver & Boyd Brown, Hamish (editor) Bell's Scottish Climbs, Gollanz - an edited version of Bell's work. The Long Climb is described by Malcolm Slesser in Classic Rock: Wilson, K, (1978), Classic Rock, Granada The Island of Skye by E.W. Steeple, G. Barlow & G. MacRobert & J.H.B. Bell. 1954 3rd edition Scottish mountain climbers 1896 births 1975 deaths Scottish chemists Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Scottish educators Scottish non-fiction writers 20th-century Scottish educators 20th-century Scottish writers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20H.%20B.%20Bell
Aragosaurus (meaning "Aragon lizard") was a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous period of Galve, province of Teruel, in the autonomous territory of Aragón, Spain. It was deposited in the Villar del Arzobispo Formation. Aragosaurus was a large, quadrupedal plant-eating (herbivorous) dinosaur, which lived during the early Berriasian, about 145-140 million years ago. It was about in length and about 25 tonnes in weight. Like other sauropods, it had a long neck, a long powerful tail, a small head and a bulky body. It was broadly similar to Camarasaurus. It is represented by a partial skeleton, which was found in Spain and was named by Sanz, Buscalioni, Casanovi and Santafe in 1987. The type species is A. ischiaticus. Like Camarasaurus, Aragosaurus probably had a short, compact skull and a moderately long neck. The teeth were large and wide, and would have been useful for slicing through the leaves and branches of tall conifer trees. The forelimbs were only a little shorter than the hind limbs, and the tail was long and muscular. References Macronarians Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe Berriasian genera Fossils of Spain Fossil taxa described in 1987 Cretaceous Spain	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragosaurus
The SS Constitution was an ocean liner owned by American Export Lines, sister ship of the SS Independence. Both were constructed in the United States and made their maiden voyages in 1951. History Commissioned in 1951, she started her long career sailing on the New York City-Genoa-Naples-Gibraltar route to Europe. Following service on American Export's "Sunlane" cruise to Europe in the 1950s and 1960s the two ships sailed for American Hawaii Cruises and American Global Line for many years in the 1980s and 1990s; as U.S. ships with U.S. crews meeting the criteria of the Passenger Services Act they were able to cruise the Islands without sailing to a foreign port. SS Constitution was retired in 1995; while under tow to be scrapped, the liner sank north of the Hawaiian Islands on November 17, 1997. The exact location of the wreck has yet to be discovered. In popular culture SS Constitution was featured in several episodes of the situation comedy I Love Lucy starring Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, starting with episode, "Bon Voyage," aired January 16, 1956. Lucy Ricardo missed the ship and had to be ferried by air by a then-novel helicopter. American movie actress Grace Kelly sailed aboard SS Constitution from New York to Monaco for her wedding to Prince Rainier in 1956. SS Constitution was featured in the 1957 film, An Affair to Remember starring Cary Grant and Deborah Kerr. Former President Harry S. Truman and his wife Bess sailed back to New York from Europe on the Constitution in the summer of 1958. The ship was also featured in the beginning and end of an episode of the Naked City TV series titled "No Naked Ladies in Front of Giovanni's House!" aired April 17, 1963. The ship also featured prominently in the Magnum, P.I. television series episode titled "All Thieves on Deck" aired January 30, 1986. References External links History and photos of Constitution and Independence Photo page for Magnum, P.I. episode "All Thieves on Deck" First-hand travel experience near the end of Constitution's career Type P3 ships Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts 1950 ships Passenger ships of the United States Ocean liners Maritime incidents in 1997 Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean Cruise ships of the United States Ships of American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Constitution
Klara Ivanovna Guseva (; 8 March 1937 in Tambov Oblast – 12 May 2019) was a Russian speed skater. After her marriage, she was also known as Klara Nesterova (). Born in the Russian SFSR, Klara Guseva competed for the Soviet Union. She trained at Spartak in Ryazan. She won a silver medal at the Soviet Allround Championships in 1960 and participated one month later in the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley. These were the first Winter Olympics where speed skating for women was on the programme. Guseva participated in the 500 m and finished 6th. The next day, she finished 4th on the 1,500 m. The day after that, she started in the first pair on the 1,000 m and skated a new Olympic record time of 1:34.1. Nobody was able to beat that time and Guseva was Olympic Champion on the 1,000 m, ahead of silver medallist Helga Haase, who had become the first female Olympic Champion in speed skating when she won the 500 m two days earlier. After that, Guseva participated in the World Allround Championships once, the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, and a few more Soviet Allround Championships, but she did not win any more medals. Guseva died in a car accident on 12 May 2019 in Moscow. Notes References External links Klara Guseva at SkateResults.com Soviet Championships results 1937 births 2019 deaths Russian female speed skaters Soviet female speed skaters Speed skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics Speed skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union Olympic medalists in speed skating Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union Spartak (sports society) sportspeople	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klara%20Guseva
Aristosuchus is a genus of small coelurosaurian dinosaur whose name was derived from the Greek ἄριστος (meaning bravest, best, noblest) and σουχος (the Ancient Greek corruption of the name of the Egyptian crocodile-headed god Sobek). It shared many characteristics with birds. Discovery The type species, Aristosuchus pusillus, was described in 1876 by Richard Owen and named Poekilopleuron pusillus. The specific epithet means "small" in Latin. Harry Govier Seeley (1839–1909) gave it the name Aristosuchus in 1887. It was found in the Wealden Group dating to the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) in England, on the Isle of Wight, i.e. from about 125 million years ago. Description Aristosuchus was a bipedal, meat-eating (carnivorous) theropod dinosaur. This predator is thought to have been about and is estimated to have weighed about . According to Gregory S. Paul, its weight was . The femur of Aristosuchus has a wing-like anterior trochanter and a markedly reduced fourth trochanter. Classification Aristosuchus was originally named as a new species of Poekilopleuron, P. pusillus, from the Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. Woodward and Sherborn (1890) regarded Aristosuchus pusillus as being based on the same specimen that Reverend William D. Fox named Calamospondylus oweni in 1866, and many authors followed suit (some regarding C. oweni as a nomen nudum). However, Naish (1999, 2002) showed that Calamospondylus was based on a different specimen than the Aristosuchus holotype based on letters of correspondence between Richard Owen and Reverend Fox as well as discrepancies in the original description. Naish (1999, 2002) placed Aristosuchus in Compsognathidae. Aristosuchus is known from holotype NHMUK R.178: a sacrum, a pubis, a femur and a few vertebrae. Two ungual phalanges were found nearby, which may have been from the same animal and would suggest long claws. References Further reading Compsognathids Barremian genera Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe Cretaceous England Fossils of England Fossil taxa described in 1876 Taxa named by Harry Seeley	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristosuchus
CSS Louisiana was a casemate ironclad of the Confederate States Navy built to aid in defending the lower Mississippi River from invasion by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She took part in one major action of the war, the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and when that ended disastrously for the Confederacy, she was destroyed by her crew. Construction Louisiana was laid down in mid-October 1861 by E.C. Murray in a new shipyard just north of New Orleans. The ship had two paddlewheels and two screws, each driven by its own engine. The paddlewheels were mounted one abaft the other in a center well. The screws were not intended for propulsion, but were to aid the two rudders in steering in the confined waters and unpredictable currents of the Mississippi. The engines were taken from steamer Ingomar, but two months were needed for their transfer. The casemate extended her full length, less 25 feet at each end. It was covered by T-rail iron in two courses, while its top was encompassed by sheet iron bulwarks nearly four feet high. Construction was delayed by several circumstances. First was the lack of materials, particularly iron. Always in short supply in the Confederacy, its procurement was made even more difficult by the blockade and by Army demands on the overstrained railroads of the South. The blockade also negated efforts to bring in needed light oak from Florida, forcing the builders to find alternative sources. Labor troubles led to a strike that lost about a week. Even more time was lost to demands of the local militia, which called out the workers for drills, including parades. Competition for skilled workmen with the builders of , an ironclad being built in an adjacent shipyard by Nelson and Asa Tift, also slowed down construction, until Murray and the Tifts agreed to let Louisiana have first call on the labor force; Mississippi would go forward only when work on Louisiana was halted for some other reason. She was not ready to launch until 6 February 1862, nearly four months after the keel was laid. In battle Shortly after Louisiana was launched, the Federal West Gulf Blockading Squadron, under Flag Officer (later Admiral) David G. Farragut had moved into the lower Mississippi River, threatening the Confederate-held Forts Jackson and St. Philip, about 120 kilometers or 75 miles below New Orleans. A portion of the squadron, a division of mortar boats led by Commander (later Admiral) David Dixon Porter, had on 16 April 1862 taken position downstream, and on 18 April they began their bombardment. Brigadier General Johnson K. Duncan, commanding the forts, and his immediate superior officer, Major General Mansfield Lovell, importuned Commander William C. Whittle, in charge of Confederate naval forces in the vicinity, to bring the ship down to the forts, even though she was not yet complete, and for that reason was still in the hands of her builders. Whittle yielded to their pleas, and on 20 April commissioned the vessel in the CS Navy, with Commander Charles F. McIntosh commanding. At this time, the main engines of Louisiana had been installed, but those for the screws, needed for steering, had not. Furthermore, the main engines were found to be inadequate; even at dangerously high boiler pressure, she could barely make headway against the river current. Unable to move on her own, she had to be towed down to the forts, with workmen still aboard. There she was tied to the left bank (near, the north side of the river) a short distance above Fort St. Philip. This did not completely mollify General Duncan, who wanted the ship to be positioned below the forts, but Commander Whittle would not risk his vessel, with unarmored deck, against the plunging fire of the Union mortars. She remained at this position throughout the ensuing battle. In assessing the battle-readiness of the ship, the engines are not alone in deserving attention. Many of her gun carriages were found to be either too high or too low, and had to be modified. Because the workmen and their tools occupied much of the gun deck, the gun crews were unable to practice. In addition, the crew was incomplete, as a result of the hasty commissioning; to handle the guns, soldiers had to be transferred from the forts. After nearly a week of bombardment, Farragut concluded that it was ineffective, so he moved his fleet past the forts on the night of 24 April. Because of her position on the river bank, Louisiana could use neither her stern guns nor those on her port side. The magnitude of her contribution to the ensuing firefight between the forts and the Federal fleet is not known; General Duncan stated that she may have fired as few as twelve shots. On the other hand, testimony from her enemies indicates that she exchanged shots with at least one attacking ship, (misidentified as in the Confederate reports). Three shots from Louisiana went all the way through the Federal vessel, while the return broadside bounced harmlessly off the Rebel's armor. Indeed, the armor was effective; only three men were killed on Louisiana, all of them in exposed positions. One of them was her captain, Commander McIntosh. Destruction Once the Federal fleet had passed out of range, Louisiana had no further part in the action. Her fate was henceforth tied to that of the forts, which prepared for an expected attack by the Union army accompanying the fleet, led by Major General Benjamin Butler. However, on the night of 28 April, the enlisted men in Fort Jackson mutinied and forced the surrender of both forts to Commander Porter. The naval officers on Louisiana were not consulted at any time during the negotiations between Porter and General Duncan, so they considered themselves not bound to respect the truce declared by the two sides. While discussions of terms were going on, they decided not to let their ship fall into enemy hands. Louisiana was set afire, and her crew went ashore. The flames soon parted the lines that held her to the bank, and she drifted down the river. When she was nearly abreast of Fort St. Philip, the fire reached her magazine, and she blew up with a blast that killed a soldier there. Assessment Perhaps to counter charges that the Confederate Navy was responsible, by its inaction, for the failure of the forts to turn back Farragut's fleet, Commander John K. Mitchell, second in command under Commodore Whittle, pointed out several shortcomings of Louisiana, any one of which would have seriously compromised her fighting ability. 1. The arrangement of the paddlewheels meant that the after wheel was always in the wash of the other, with the result that its power was wasted. 2. The wash also created an eddy at the rudders, making it impossible to steer. 3. The gun ports were too small to allow either elevation or traverse. Consequently, she would have to fight at close range, and furthermore her guns covered only 40 degrees of azimuth. 4. The gun deck was uninhabitable in summer, particularly when the boilers were in use. Today The wreckage of the Louisiana lays at the bottom of the Mississippi River. In November 1981, it was magnetically located by NUMA. The official website of the search is here. See also Bibliography of American Civil War naval history Notes Abbreviations used in these notes: ORN I (Official records, navies, series I): Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. References Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, 27 vols.; Series II, 3 vols. Government Printing Office, 1894 - 1922. Scharf, J. Thomas, History of the Confederate States Navy from its organization to the surrender of its last vessel, etc.. Rogers and Sherwood, 1887; reprint, Random House, 1996. . External links Hunt For the Lost Confederate Fleet U.S. Naval Historical Center Official Website 1862 ships Ironclad warships of the Confederate States Navy Louisiana in the American Civil War Louisiana-related ships Naval magazine explosions Maritime incidents in April 1862 Ships built in New Orleans Shipwrecks of the Mississippi River Shipwrecks of the American Civil War	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS%20Louisiana
Chatchai Plengpanich (; born January 17, 1960) is a Thai film and television actor. He has appeared in many lakorns (Thai soap operas) and feature films. Biography Chatchai was born in Kanchanaburi Province. Having a police officer as a father meant that the family relocated around Thailand constantly throughout his childhood. He attended a prestigious boarding school in Nakhon Pathom (King's College), where he found his passion for rugby. He became widely known for playing the role of Tee Yai, a real robber in the late '70s. Tee Yai's story was adapted into a TV drama in same name on Channel 5 in 1985. He met his wife, Sinjai Plengpanich, on a movie set, in which they played the lead characters. They had many chance encounters during the next four years and decided to date each other. A year later, they decided to get married. They have three children. Awards and nominations Winner, best actor, Hit Man File, Bangkok Critics Assembly, 2005 Winner, best actor, Necromancer, Thailand National Film Awards, 2005 Nominee, best actor, Hit Man File, Thailand National Film Awards, 2005 Trivia Shares the same nickname with wife. Both are called Nok (translated as bird in English) Has been credited on many sites as a voice actor in the film Over the Hedge, for an unnamed character. Despite this, he is not listed under any position in the official credits, nor is his voice recognized anywhere in the film. Why he is being referenced to the film is unknown at this time. Partial filmography Actor Films Vow of Death (Phii mai jim fun) (2007) King Naresuan (2007) Jom kha mung wej (Necromancer) (2005) Sum muepuen (Hit Man File) (2005) Zee-Oui (2004) Taloompuk (2002) The Legend of Suriyothai (2001) Fah (1998) Salween (1994) Tawipob (1990) Song for Chao Phraya (1990) Raya (1981) Drama TVB Split Second (爭分奪秒) (2004) - Hong Kong Cantonese TVB television series with Sririta Jensen as "Sam" Lakorns Nuer Mek 2 (2012) - with Sinjai Plengpanich Tawan Deard (2011) - with Sinjai Plengpanich Koung Jak Rai Dok Bua (2007) Sapai Part-time (2006) Jao Sao Prissana (1999) - with Anne Thongprasom Reun Mayura (1997) - with Kathaleeya McIntosh Rom Chat (1995) - with Sinjai Plengpanich Nai Fun (1992) - with Sinjai Plengpanich Si Paen Din (1991) - with Jintara Sukkapat Prissana (1987) - with Lalita Panyopas Sai Lohit (1986) Tee Yai (1985) Rai Sanae-ha (1985) Condominium (1984) Director Tawan Deard (2011) Khun Chai Ronapee (2012) Kum mun sanya (1993) Jaiphisut (TBD) Producer Awards and nominations External links Official site 1960 births Living people Chatchai Plengpanich Chatchai Plengpanich Chatchai Plengpanich Chatchai Plengpanich Chatchai Plengpanich	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatchai%20Plengpanich
"Take Your Daughter To Work Day" is the eighteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's twenty-fourth episode overall. It was written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Victor Nelli, Jr. It first aired on March 16, 2006, on NBC. The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson, Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson, Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer, and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Take Your Daughter to Work Day results in four children spending the day at the office—Toby Flenderson's (Paul Lieberstein) daughter Sasha, Stanley Hudson's (Leslie David Baker) daughter Melissa, Kevin Malone's (Brian Baumgartner) fiancée's daughter Abby, and Meredith Palmer's (Kate Flannery) son Jake. Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) tries to befriend at least one child and ends up doing so by befriending Jake. Melissa develops a crush on Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), Michael Scott (Steve Carell) develops a friendship with Sasha, and tries to impress the children by claiming he was a child star, and Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) struggles to show secret girlfriend Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) that he can be stern with Jake. "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" was one of the last episodes filmed for the season. Due to the presence of actual children on the set, all of the main cast members had to tone down their behavior, making sure that no one cursed or told inappropriate jokes. The installment received largely positive reviews from television critics. "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" received a Nielsen rating of 4.2 and was seen by 8.8 million viewers. Plot Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is frustrated that Take Your Daughter to Work Day will force him to tone down his office antics. Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) and Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker) bring their daughters, Sasha (Delaney Ruth Farrell) and Melissa (Jazz Raycole) respectively, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) brings his fiancée's daughter, Abby (Haley Daniels), and Meredith Palmer (Kate Flannery) brings her son, Jake (Spencer Daniels). Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) is determined to befriend one child by the end of the day. She tries with Abby, who instead takes a liking to Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). Jim enlists Abby in helping him make sales, Sasha walks into Michael's office and plays with his toys, and after he jokes she becomes quite fond of him. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) begins to read one of his childhood horror stories to the children, but Michael enters and insists that he stop upsetting the kids. Michael shows the children and the office a video of him as a child (Jake Kalender) during an appearance on a kid's show, where he revealed his dream was to "get married and have 100 kids, so I can have 100 friends, and no one can say 'no' to being my friend." He retreats into his office when he realizes that he never came close to that dream. Toby talks to Michael, who decides to start online dating (with the user name "Little Kid Lover"). After being tormented by Jake all day, Dwight upsets him with a childish insult, which quietly pleases Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey). Pam wins over Jake with the paper shredder. Jim leaves the office early to go on a date, to Pam's chagrin. Michael and Dwight end the party by singing "Teach Your Children". Production "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" was written by Mindy Kaling, who portrayed Kelly Kapoor on the series. The episode was directed by Victor Nelli Jr., making it his second directoral credit after the earlier episode "The Carpet". The episode was one of the last installments filmed for the season. In addition, the episode took five days to film. Each day, over twelve hours was devoted to filming. The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson, Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson, Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer, and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott. Jenna Fischer noted that, due to the presence of actual children on the set, "everyone had to be on their best behavior", meaning that there was no "cursing and no dirty jokes allowed". She later said that "we aren't a 'G-rated' bunch by nature." Fischer later joked that "candy is one of my weaknesses", but she was able to get through the filming of the episode without eating any of it. She explained that during the filming of the earlier second season episodes "Halloween" and "Valentine's Day", she had eaten a majority of the candy the crew put on her desk. The second season DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include the Party Planning Committee squabbling over what food to serve, Stanley complaining that his daughter is spoiled, Dwight discovering an eraser in his coffee courtesy of Jake, and Jim giving Abby an official certificate of appreciation. Cultural references Pam notes that by putting out candy to lure in children, she is acting just like the witch in the fairy tale "Hansel and Gretel". Michael complains about having to censor himself with children around; he compares himself to Eddie Murphy in his movie Raw and notes "they" want to make him into Murphy in Daddy Day Care. Michael, Jim, and Dwight get into an argument about superheroes. Michael claims that he is like Superman defending Gotham City. Both Jim and Dwight correct him, and he says that he is more like Aquaman. Jim and Abby discuss the book From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler and talk whether they would want to spend a night in the Metropolitan Museum of Art or an aquarium. Sasha asks Phyllis if she is Mother Goose. Dwight later reads the short story "Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher" from Heinrich Hoffmann's 1845 book Struwwelpeter. Michael later refers to it as a book that Dwight's "Nazi war-criminal" grandmother read to him. This starts a short discussion about Nazis. Michael argues that Dunder Mifflin is better than Office Depot with the children. He later shows them his performance on Fundle Bundle, a parody of "those crappy little local kids' shows that used to fill time on Saturday mornings before there were such things as infomercials". Michael and Dwight end the party by performing Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young's "Teach Your Children". In an episode of the Office Ladies podcast, it was revealed that "Fundle Bundle" was based on a show called "The Land Of Hatchy Milatchy" which aired in Scranton in the 1980s. Reception "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" originally aired on NBC on March 16, 2006. The episode received a 4.2 rating/11 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 4.2 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 11 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode was viewed by 8.8 million viewers, and retained 93 percent of its lead-in My Name is Earl audience. The episode received largely positive reviews from critics. Francis Rizzo III of DVD Talk called the scene where the office realizes Michael's loneliness "absolutely one of the saddest moments I've seen in recent memory" and noted that "you can't help but feel for him". M. Giant of Television Without Pity gave the episode an "A". Brendan Babish of DVD Verdict called the entry "another great episode" for the series and awarded it an "A−". He noted that by bringing the supporting characters' kids into the office "hilarity ensues". Babish applauded the lack of an arching plot, allowing "Michael's faux pas" to take center stage. Michael Sciannamea of AOLTV called "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" the "best episode yet this season" and noted that "the writers will be hard-pressed to come up with a better story than this one." Sciannamea called "the transformation of Michael's indifference over the kids to one of acceptance and pure enjoyment of having them around" as the "most interesting aspect of the episode". He also called Dwight and Michael's sing-along near the end "the single funniest moment of the season". References External links "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" at NBC.com 2006 American television episodes The Office (American season 2) episodes Television episodes written by Mindy Kaling	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20Your%20Daughter%20to%20Work%20Day%20%28The%20Office%29
Calamospondylus (meaning "quill vertebrae") is a genus of theropod dinosaur. It lived during the Early Cretaceous and its fossils were found on the Isle of Wight in southern England. The type species is C. oweni. Discovery and naming The holotype was collected by William Darwin Fox in 1865 and Calamospondylus oweni was described anonymously by amateur paleontologist William D. Fox in 1866 on the basis of a sacrum and associated pelvic elements found on the Isle of Wight in the layers of the Wessex Formation. Several authors (e.g. Woodward & Sherborn 1890; Swinton 1936; Steel 1970) regarded Calamospondylus as a nomen nudum for Aristosuchus and therefore based on the same specimen as the Aristosuchus holotype. However, as noted by Naish (2002), size discrepancies between the holotypes of Calamospondylus oweni and Aristosuchus pusillus as well as letters of correspondence between Richard Owen and Reverend William Fox demonstrate that C. oweni is based on a different specimen than Aristosuchus. A second species, Calamospondylus foxi, was named by Lydekker (1889) and was moved to a separate genus, Calamosaurus, by Lydekker (1891). More remains have since been found, including fragmentary vertebrae collected by Kai Bailey in 2014 and specimen NHMUK R.186, a tibia. Both specimens are on display at the Dinosaur Expeditions, Conservation and Palaeoart Centre near Brighstone, Isle of Wight. Specimen NHMUK R.186 NHMUK R.186 was discovered by William D. Fox in 1865 or 1866 and was first assigned to Hypsilophodon foxii by Lydekker (1888). Lydekker (1891) moved NHMUK R.186 to Aristosuchus pusillis, and Galton (1973) agreed with this classification. Welles & Long (1974) referred it to the Ornithomimidae, while Norman (1990), Kirkland et al. (1998) and Long and Molnar (1998) referred NHMUK R.186 to Coelurosauria. Galton and Molnar (2005) noted the similarities of NHMUK R.186 to the holotype of Coelurus fragilis, and Allain et al. (2014) agreed with the palcement of NHMUK R.186 within Coelurosauria. Naish et al. (2001) tentatively referred the tibia to Calamosaurus foxi, and NHMUK R.186 has since been moved to Calamospondylus oweni. Description As a possible oviraptorosaurian, Calamospondylus would have been a small, agile, bipedal carnivore. Naish et al. (2001) estimate the living animal would have been around long. See also Aristosuchus References Prehistoric coelurosaurs Barremian life Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe Cretaceous England Fossils of England Fossil taxa described in 1866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamospondylus
Mymensingh Medical College (MMC; ), formerly Lytton Medical School, is a public medical college and hospital in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The institute was established in 1924 during the British Raj under the former name. Brigadier General Md. Golam Kibria is the present director of the medical college hospital. History During the later part of British Raj, it was felt that what was then Campbell Medical School of Calcutta and Mitford Medical School of Dhaka were unable to cater the needs of the growing population. As a result, in 1924 the Earl of Lytton, then-governor of Bengal, established the school in Mymensingh unde the name "Lytton Medical School". As a four-year college for the Licentiate of Medical Faculty (LMF). This course of LMF continued till 1962, when the undergraduate course length was increased to five years under Dhaka University and the school was renamed as Mymensingh Medical College. Journal Mymensingh Medical Journal, which is Index Medicus/MEDLINE listed, is the official journal of Mymensingh Medical College. Notable alumni Tandi Dorji, Foreign Minister of Bhutan Kamrul Hasan Khan, Vice-Chancellor of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (2015–2018) Mehdi Hasan Khan, software developer AKMA Muqtadir, ophthalmologist, recipient of Independence Day Award in 2020 Taslima Nasrin, exiled writer Lotay Tshering, Prime Minister of Bhutan Image gallery See also List of medical colleges in Bangladesh References External links MMC website (http://mmc.gov.bd/) Mymensingh Medical College on Facebook Medical colleges in Bangladesh Hospitals in Bangladesh Universities and colleges established in 1924 1924 establishments in British India	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh%20Medical%20College
Fana Mokoena (born 13 May 1971) is a South African actor and political activist, he served as a Member of Parliament, first as a delegate to the National Council of Provinces representing his home province Free State from May 2014 until August 2016; then later as a full member of the National Assembly of South Africa between August 2016 and October 2020. Mokoena is a founding member of the Economic Freedom Fighters party and served on the party's central command team. Early life and education Fana Mokoena was born on 13 May 1971 in Kroonstad, Free State, South Africa. He was raised in Kroonstad and later schooled in Johannesburg by his mother and stepfather, along with his three siblings. His last three years of high school were spent at Woodmead School, which was the first fully multi-racial school in the country, where his love of the arts began. He studied Theatre and Performance at the University of Cape Town and later qualified in Media Studies. Acting career He started his acting career as a full member of the Playhouse Theatre company in 1993, and in 1994 he made his television debut in the South African TV film The Line. Mokoena played a small role in the thriller Dangerous Ground in 1997. In 1999 played Thula in the popular South African television drama series Yizo Yizo. In 2004, he portrayed the Rwandan general Augustin Bizimungu in the film Hotel Rwanda. In 2006, he played the role of Jaws Bengu in the South African series The LAB, a role which he played until 2009. In 2008, he appeared in a small role in the series Silent Witness. He played the role of Capt. James Sikobi in the South African drama A Small Town Called Descent in 2010. In 2011, he appeared in the action biography film adaptation of Machine Gun Preacher in the role of John Garang alongside Gerard Butler. In 2012, he played a small role in the thriller Safe House with Denzel Washington. Mokoena appeared alongside Brad Pitt in the role of Thierry Umutoni in the zombie blockbuster World War Z in 2013. He also portrayed the anti-apartheid fighter Govan Mbeki in the film Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom with Idris Elba. Accolades and awards Mokoena has received several accolades in the entertainment industry, both in his home country and internationally, including Best Actor Award at the South African Film and Television Awards SAFTA for his role in The LAB; and Best Actor in Supporting Role at the African Movie Academy Awards AMAA in Lagos, Nigeria for his role in Man On Ground Personal life In 1976 Fana Mokoena's mother, Arcillia Mekodi Mokoena was detained and held in solitary confinement by the Apartheid regime for political activism She was incarcerated for inciting a student protest at a school in Kroonstad where she was a teacher, a protest action effected in solidarity with the 1976 Soweto Student uprising which saw scores of students being massacred by the Apartheid regime. This as violent protests broke out around the country against the oppressive use of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction, plus a host of other concerns. Mokoena*s mother was also physically and emotionally tortured, which.has left her scarred, but she is well and living in QwaQwa. Mokoena's mother is a political veteran in her own right and her son, Fana Mokoena took after her in political activism. Mokoena is the eldest brother to the late Karabelo Israel Mokoena, Tlotlisang Dipallo Charity Pigou (née Mokoena) and Mamello Blessings Relebohile Mokoena. Mokoena's stepfather Elias Bhuti Mokoena is late and so is his mother's eldest sister, Khasiane Alrina Ntloko whom he regarded as his mother too because she raised him while his real mother was incarcerated, and later had to study and work elsewhere. Mokoena fondly referred to Khasiane as "Mada". Politics Mokoena was initially a member of the African National Congress. He later left the party, because he believed it was corrupt. He then became a Founding Member of the Economic Freedom Fighters, where he now serves a member of the party's Central Command Team. Between 2014 and 2016, he was a member of the National Council of Provinces, the upper house of the Parliament of South Africa. In 2016, he was appointed as a member of the lower house of parliament, the National Assembly, as a member from Free State. Mokoena won a second term in the 2019 general election, with the Economic Freedom Fighters almost doubling their number of seats. Mokoena resigned from the National Assembly with effect from 16 October 2020 but remained in the EFF's Central Command Team as a member of the War Council, the party's operational authority. He has returned to the Film and Television industry as a writer and producer. His company Praise Poet Pictures is working on several international productions. After 8 years hiatus from the entertainment industry due to his engagements in politics, Mokoena has returned to the small screen in a popular South African soapie Scandal! in a lead role as Vukile Kubheka which has thrust him back into the entertainment centre-stage. Filmography 52 Regent East (1993) as Lead The Line (1994) as Tebogo Inside (1996) as Prisoner (voice) Dangerous Ground (1997) as Youth Generations (1999) as Dr. Mandla Sithole Jump the Gun (1999) as Man in shacks In My Country (2004) as Mandla (uncredited) Hotel Rwanda (2004) as General Bizimungu Cuppen (2006) as Madoda The LAB (2006–2009, South African TV series) as Jaws Bengu Silent Witness (2008) as Katembula Wild at Heart (2008-2010, TV Series) as Mr Ekotto A Small Town Called Descent (2010) as Captain James Sikobi State of Violence (2010) as Bobedi Hopeville (2010) as Mogapi Khobane Machine Gun Preacher (2011) as John Garang Man on Ground (2011) as Timothi Inside Story (2011) as Goodwill Safe House (2012) as Officer in charge World War Z (2013) as Thierry Umutoni Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom (2013) as Govan Mbeki Cold Harbour (2013) as Specialist The Call (2015) as Sibongiseni The Book of Negroes (2015) as Allasane Scandal! (2021) as Vukile Kubheka References External links The stuff soaps are made of, Mail & Guardian, 31 May 2002 TVSA Actor Profile 1971 births Living people People from Kroonstad South African Sotho people South African male film actors South African male television actors Best Supporting Actor Africa Movie Academy Award winners Economic Freedom Fighters politicians University of Cape Town alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fana%20Mokoena
Montpezat-de-Quercy (, literally Montpezat of Quercy; ) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne département in the Occitanie région in southern France. Montpezat-de-Quercy is situated north of Montauban. The commune has been listed as a protected town, mainly thanks to its 14th-century church, which contains tapestries from the sixteenth century relating the life of St Martin. Demographics See also Communes of the Tarn-et-Garonne department References External links Site of Montpezat-de-Quercy Communes of Tarn-et-Garonne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpezat-de-Quercy
Knocknacarry ( ; – referring to a weir diverted off the River Dun which operated a watermill) is a hamlet and townland (of 155 acres) about 1 kilometre west of Cushendun and 17 kilometres south-east of Ballycastle in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the historic barony of Glenarm Lower and the civil parish of Layd. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 138 people. It is within the Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council area. Knocknacarry lies within the Antrim Coast and Glens Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, designated in 1988. St. Ciaran's Primary School, which also serves the village of Cushendun and the wider local area, is in Knocknacarry. The river bed of the River Dun at Knocknacarry Bridge, north of Knocknacarry, is of scientific interest in the field of mineralogy and an example of Cushendun Granite. References NI Neighbourhood Information System External links Photo: Entering the village of Knocknacarry from the south-west A selection of photographs of Knocknacarry over the last century See also List of villages in Northern Ireland Barmeen (a townland near Knocknacarry) Villages in County Antrim Civil parish of Layd Townlands of County Antrim	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocknacarry
Arstanosaurus (meaning "Arstan lizard" after the Arstan well) is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Santonian-Campanian-age Upper Cretaceous Bostobe Formation, Kazakhstan. It has had a confusing history, being considered both a hadrosaurid and a ceratopsid, or both at the same time (chimeric). History The genus was based on a partial left maxilla (holotype AAIZ 1/1 or IZ AN KSSR 1/1), with the lower end of a left femur (AAIZ 1/2) possibly referable. Both were found at Akkurgan-Boltyk near Qyzylorda and were named and described as Arstanosaurus akkurganensis in 1982. This is not much material for naming a new genus, and it was largely ignored until the mid-1990s, when the hypothesis that it was really a ceratopsid appeared. Shortly thereafter, a new revision appeared that showed that the characteristics listed as unusual for Arstanosaurus were really based on perspective, and that the maxilla was from an animal like Bactrosaurus, albeit indeterminate (a dubious name). The femur was uninformative. It was regarded as an indeterminate hadrosaurid in the most recent review. Diagnostic hadrosauroid remains from the same area have in 2012 been named as Batyrosaurus. A hadrosauroid from the Bayan Shireh Formation (informally called "Gadolosaurus") has at times been identified as Arstanosaurus, but is clearly a distinct genus. Paleobiology As a hadrosaurid, Arstanosaurus would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with sets of ever-replacing teeth stacked on each other. See also Timeline of hadrosaur research References Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Hadrosaurs Fossil taxa described in 1982 Ornithischian genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arstanosaurus
Countess Amalia Katharina of Waldeck (8 August 1640 – 4 January 1697), née Countess of , was a German noblewoman, poet and composer. Early life She was born in Arolsen to Count Philipp Theodor von Waldeck-Eisenberg and his wife, Countess Marie Magdalene of Nassau-Siegen. In 1664, she married George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach, the son of George Albert I, Count of Erbach-Schönberg. Poet and composer She published a number of Pietist poems and songs in Hildburghausen in 1692. They were meant for private household devotion. There were 67 poems, some of which had simple melodies and a figured bass. Issue She and her husband had sixteen children: Henriette (27 September 1665 – 28 September 1665). Henriette Juliane (15 October 1666 – 27 February 1684). Philipp Louis, Count of Erbach-Erbach (10 June 1669 – 17 June 1720). Charles Albert Louis (16 June 1670 – k.a. Dapfing a.d.Donau, 18 August 1704). George Albert (born and died 1 July 1671). Amalie Katharina (13 May 1672 – 18 June 1676). Frederick Charles (19 April 1673 – 20 April 1673). A son (born and died 16 September 1674). Wilhelmine Sophie (16 February 1675 – 20 August 1675). Magdalena Charlotte (6 February 1676 – 3 December 1676). Wilhelm Louis (21 March 1677 – 19 February 1678). Amalie Katharina (born and died 18 February 1678). Fredericka Charlotte (19 April 1679 – 21 April 1679). Frederick Charles, Count of Erbach-Limpurg (21 May 1680 – 20 February 1731). Ernest (23 September 1681 – 2 March 1684). Sophia Albertine (30 July 1683 – 4 September 1742), married on 4 February 1704 to Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. References Walter Blankenburg. "Amalia Catharina", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed March 5, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Notes External links 1640 births 1697 deaths German classical composers German Baroque composers German women composers People from Bad Arolsen People from Waldeck (state) House of Waldeck 17th-century classical composers German women classical composers Countesses in Germany 17th-century German composers 17th-century women composers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess%20Amalia%20Katharina%20of%20Waldeck
Michael Ouweleen (born 1967) is an American television executive and screenwriter. He is the current president of The Cartoon Network, Inc. (CNI), the operating company of Cartoon Network (which includes the Cartoonito and ACME Night blocks), Adult Swim (which includes the Toonami block), and Boomerang. Previously, he was best known as a creative, co-creating the animated television series Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law and the show's spin-off, Birdgirl, and is the executive producer of the television film Re-Animated. He was a long-time creative director at Cartoon Network since 1996, and ran content development and oversaw programming for the network in the mid-2000s. Ouweleen is married with three sons. In 2014, Ouweleen was named CMO of CNI. He was then promoted in November 27, 2019 as the interim president of CNI in addition to Turner Classic Movies, due to the departure of Christina Miller. His stint as interim president of CNI ended on July 1, 2020 with the appointment of Tom Ascheim permanently to the position, and Ouweleen took the presidency of Adult Swim. In May 2022, following the Warner Bros. Discovery merger close, Tom Ascheim departed CNI, and the companies under CNI (Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, and Boomerang) were moved into Warner Bros. Discovery Networks U.S., with Ouweleen regaining oversight of CNI after one year and ten months. He has also gained the role of president for Discovery Family. In June 2023, Ouweleen gained the Business side of TCM, following another wave of layoffs at the Television part of Warner Bros. Discovery including the General Manager and President, Pola Changnon. See also List of Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episodes References External links Living people 1968 births 21st-century American businesspeople American television writers American male television writers Cartoon Network executives Cartoon Network Studios people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Ouweleen
Jacob ben Joseph Reischer (Bechofen) (1661–1733) was an Austrian rabbi and halakhist. Biography Jacob Reischer was born in Prague. He was the son of Rabbi Joseph Reischer, author of Giv'ot 'Olam, and a pupil of R. Simon Spira of Prague. Reischer married Spira's granddaughter, the daughter of his son Benjamin Wolf. Rabbinic career Reischer was dayyan at Prague, whence he was called to the rabbinate of Rzeszów in Galicia, deriving his name Reischer from that city, which is known as Reische among the Jews. He was subsequently called to the rabbinate of Ansbach, and then occupied a similar position at Worms, from 1713 to 1719, when he went to Metz, officiating there until his death in February 1733. He is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Metz. Published works Minḥat Ya'aḳov (Prague, 1689 et seq.), commentary on the Torat ha-Ḥaṭṭat of Moses Isserles, with many refutations and amplifications Torat ha-Shelamim, commentary on the Yoreh De'ah, Hilkot "Niddah", and on the Ḳonṭres ha-Sefeḳot of Shabbethai ha-Kohen, with an appendix containing eighteen responsa on various subjects (printed as the second part of the Minḥat Ya'aḳob, ib. 1689 et seq.) Ḥoḳ Ya'aḳov, commentary on Oraḥ Ḥayyim, Hilkot "Pesaḥ", first printed with the Shulhan Aruk, Oraḥ Ḥayyim (Dessau, 1696) Solet le-Minḥah, supplements to the Minḥat Ya'aḳov and the Torat ha-Shelamim, first printed with the Ḥoḳ Ya'aḳov (ib. 1696) Iyyun Ya'aḳov (Wilmersdorf, 1729), commentary on the En Ya'aḳov Shevut Ya'aḳov, responsa and decisions in three parts (Halle, 1709), with the appendix Pe'er Ya'aḳov, containing novellæ on the treatises Berakot, Baba Ḳamma, and Giṭṭin (Offenbach, 1719), treatises on the rules miggo and sefeḳ sefeḳa (Metz, 1789), containing also his Lo Hibbiṭ Awen be-Ya'aḳob, a reply to the attacks of contemporary rabbis upon his Minḥat Ya'aḳob and Torat ha-Shelamim References The Life and Works of Rabbi Jacob Reischer, by Rabbi Rudolph J Adler (Thesis, Dissertation; New York: Yeshiva University, 1960) Abstract: "In the following pages an endeavor will be made to write a biography of Jacob Reischer based upon his works and many writings of his contemporaries. Correspondence with official record keepers and historians from the cities in which our rabbi flourished has helped to make this account more complete." Its bibliography: Eliakim Carmoly, in Jost's Annalen, 1840, p. 96; Julius Fürst, Bibl. Jud. iii. 148-149: Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, s.v. Jacob Back; Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cols. 1248–1250; Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, pp. 575–576. 1661 births 1733 deaths 17th-century Austrian rabbis Austrian Orthodox rabbis Rabbis from Prague 17th-century Bohemian rabbis 18th-century Polish–Lithuanian rabbis Rabbis from Metz	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20ben%20Joseph%20Reischer
Asiaceratops (meaning "Asian horned face") is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur. It lived during the Early-Late Cretaceous. The type species, A. salsopaludalis is known from Uzbekistan, while A. sulcidens is known from China and Mongolia. Discovery and naming The type species, Asiaceratops salsopaludalis, was formally described by Lev Nesov, L.F. Kaznyshkina and Gennadiy Olegovich Cherepanov in 1989. The generic name combines a reference to Asia with ~ceratops, "horned face". The specific name means "of the salt marsh" in Latin. In the same publication Microceratops sulcidens Bohlin 1953 was renamed into a second species of Asiaceratops: Asiaceratops sulcidens. The holotype of Asiaceratops salsopaludalis, CCMGE 9/12457, was found in Uzbekistan in a layer of the Khodzhakul Formation dating from the early Cenomanian, about ninety-nine million years old. It consists of a part of a left maxilla. Some other fragments were in 1989 referred to the species, among them teeth and a phalanx. In 1995 Nesov referred more material, from three Uzbek sites, mostly skull elements and a partial humerus, of individuals of different ages. A second species, A. sulcidens, was created to house Microceratus sulcidens. It is known from remains discovered in Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)-aged rocks located in China (Xinminpu Group) and Mongolia and the holotype of A. sulcidens, no inventory number given, consists of two teeth, centra, an incomplete tibia, tarsals and left pes. Asiaceratops has often been considered a nomen dubium, in view of the limited holotype material. A basicranium tentatively referred to Asiaceratops may show diagnostic characters of the taxon. Classification Asiaceratops belonged to the Ceratopsia (the name is Greek for "horned faces"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period, which ended roughly 66 million years ago. All ceratopsians became extinct at the end of this era. In 1995 Nesov assigned Asiaceratops to an Asiaceratopsinae of its own. Recent cladistic analyses indicated, despite the presumed status as a nomen dubium, a basal position in the Leptoceratopsidae. Diet Asiaceratops, like all ceratopsians, was a herbivore. During the Cretaceous, flowering plants were "geographically limited on the landscape", and so it is likely that this dinosaur fed on the predominant plants of the era: ferns, cycads, and conifers. It would have used its sharp ceratopsian beak to bite off the leaves or needles. See also Timeline of ceratopsian research References Leptoceratopsids Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Fossil taxa described in 1989 Ornithischian genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiaceratops
The 1998 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 66th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 6 and 7 June 1998. Schedule Events for the 24 Hours of Le Mans began on 2 May with technical inspections, before initial pre-qualifying on 3 May. The race week began on Monday 1 June with renewed technical inspections. Entries 1998 saw a significant increase in manufacturer involvement. Porsche and Mercedes-Benz remained, with upgraded cars in both GT1 and LMP. Toyota sent three of their new, extremely fast GT-One racing cars, while BMW, in association with WilliamsF1, launched the new BMW V12 LM. Nissan sent 4 of their new R390 GT1s. The United States was also represented properly with a two car team from Panoz, with Ford powered Esperante GTR-1s, and factory-backed Chrysler Viper GTS-R in the GT2 class entered by Oreca. Automatic invitations Automatic entry to the 1998 24 Hours of Le Mans was granted to teams that had performed well in the previous year's 24 Hours of Le Mans, as well as the 1997 season of the FIA GT Championship and the Le Mans Autumn Cup. Entries with a blue background were granted entries, but did not accept their invitations. 1. Joest Racing forfeited their automatic inclusion by racing under the works Porsche team (car number 7). Scrutineering A total of 63 entries, including those already automatically qualified, were presented for scrutineering on Saturday, May 2. 61 cars passed the scrutineering checks, but two entries - the #37 Newcastle United Lister Storm and the #59 Pilbeam Racing Designs Lotus Esprit, were denied on technical grounds. With no time to effect the necessary changes both entries would be unable to take part in pre-qualifying for the race. Pre-qualifying Pre-qualifying for the 1998 24 Hours of Le Mans took place on Sunday, May 3. The entries were divided into two groups of qualifiers where the slowest entries in each class would be eliminated and thus not qualify for the race. A total of 49 starting slots were available for the entered cars, including those already automatically pre-qualified, and were divided on a session- and class-basis. The pre-qualifying results were as follows: Morning session (7:30 a.m. - 1:30 p.m.) It was an expectedly tight session for the GT1 cars, with 7 strong entries competing for 5 slots on the grid. In the end it was the unfortunate Larbre and Zakspeed entries that were out of luck despite trying hard with in the case of number 38 spectacular moments. Slowest of all in GT1 was the GTC McLaren with the Mercedes (which had a stop on the Mulsanne at 12:30, reason unknown) splitting the two non pre-qualifiers. In LMP1 8 entries battled for 6 slots on the grid, with the Moretti Ferrari setting the fastest time. The non-qualifiers were the number 17 Kremer K8 (4:02) and the WR (3:56) which suffered a spin into the gravel trap at the Dunlop curve early in the session. Slowest of the LMP1 cars was the already-qualified Courage #24. The GT2 group consisted of 11 entries competing for 8 slots. The lone LMP2 entry to the race, the #22 Debora, had been grouped into this category in the absence of any other competition. The predicted Oreca Viper benefit, 4.3 seconds clear of the fastest 911 GT2. The non-qualifiers were two 911 GT2's and the Helem PRV V6. Note: Pink background denotes non-qualifiers, green background denotes entries automatically pre-qualified. Afternoon session (2:30 p.m. - 8:30 p.m.) The afternoon session saw the final 9 GT1 entries competing for the remaining 7 slots on the grid. Fastest overall and in GT1 was the number 26 Porsche in the hands of Allan McNish after a titanic battle with Martin Brundle's Toyota in the closing hour, the difference ending up at only 0.09 seconds. The two who go no further in GT1 for this session were Hybrid Panoz and the second Zakspeed Porsche (meaning neither Zakspeed entry made it through to the race). The two Nissans (one TWR, one Nova) and the 'conventional' Panoz made it comfortably, despite the #33 Nova Nissan spinning into a gravel trap after only 10 minutes of the session, later resuming with the spare rear bodywork from one of the TWR cars. In LMP1 there were 9 entries competing for 7 slots. Again a Ferrari was fastest, as the JB Ferrari beat the factory BMW and Porsche entries with 0.4 and 2.7 seconds respectively. The second Kremer K8 scraped home ahead of the Konrad K8 by 0.08 seconds and thus made the race. The other prototype not to progress was the other WR which never managed to set a competitive laptime. GT2 was again dominated by the Oreca Vipers. 8 of the 10 entries would make it through, with the two non-qualifiers being the second Cirtek Mustang and the third Roock Racing 911 GT2. Note: Pink background denotes non-qualifiers, green background denotes entries automatically pre-qualified. Reserve entries The entries which failed to pre-qualify were placed on a reserve list, in case an entry from the list of 48 withdrew prior to the event. These entries were allowed to join the race entry list based on the fastest pre-qualifying times from the same group and class as the withdrawn entry. Before the race, two LMGT2 entries from the first pre-qualifying session were withdrawn. First to be withdrawn was the lone Cirtek Mustang which had qualified, which promoted the #65 Roock Racing 911 GT2 into the race. Secondly Viper Team Oreca, which had a total of four Vipers qualified for the race including their automatic entry, withdrew Viper #52. This promoted the #58 RJ Racing Helem into the race. Qualifying Of the 48 cars entered for the race 47 would take part in practice and qualifying. The Helem V6, which had been promoted following the withdrawal of the #52 Viper, ultimately failed race week scrutineering checks because of non-complying structural differences between the road car and the competition one entered in the 24 Hours. After barely scraping through on a reserve entry the car would thus not be allowed to take any further part in race proceedings. Qualifying took place over a combined four sessions held on Wednesday and Thursday evening, with the fastest times set at any time across all sessions determining the starting grid for the race. Qualifying results Class leaders are in bold. Race Porsche won the race as the faster cars from Mercedes, BMW and Toyota retired with mechanical difficulties and accident damage. The remaining Nissans and outdated McLarens were unable to match the pace of the upgraded 911 GT1s. Following this race, Porsche went into a sabbatical, rumored to be part of a plan to allow Porsche's partner Audi to develop their own sportscar without competition from within the alliance. Porsche would return to Le Mans in 2014; they would eventually win the 2015 race. The GT2 class win by the Chrysler Viper GTS-R was the first GT class win for an American made car since the Shelby Daytona Coupe won in 1964. Official results Statistics Pole Position - #35 AMG-Mercedes - 3:35.544 (Bernd Schneider) Fastest Lap - #28 Toyota Motorsport - 3:41.809 (Martin Brundle) Distance - 4783.78 km Average Speed - 199.324 km/h Highest Trap Speed — Toyota GT-One - 345 km/h (practice) References Le Mans 24 Hours of Le Mans 24 Hours of Le Mans races	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%2024%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans
Godlike may refer to: Divine, having the characteristics of a deity Godlike (Natas album), 2002 Godlike (Thy Art Is Murder album), 2023 Godlike (role-playing game), an alternate history World War II era superhero role-playing game "Godlike" (song), a 1990 song by KMFDM See also	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godlike
Albion Senior High School was a secondary school located in Albion, Michigan which served students in grades 9–12. It was a part of Albion Public Schools. As of 2006, the school principal was Ms. Debra Swartz. Albion was known for its traditionally strong boys basketball and track and field programs. The school board announced on June 11, 2013, that all Albion High School students would be attending Marshall High School starting in the fall of 2013. The decision was made to close Albion Senior High School because of a $1.1 million deficit. The local school board decided to re-purpose the school's infrastructure as the district's only elementary school; the school board said that this would result in a saving of $900,000. References External links Albion Public Schools webpage Albion High School: Class of 1905, Morning Star newspaper. June 12, 2005, p. 2. Albion Senior High School at schoolsineachstate.com Public high schools in Michigan Albion, Michigan Schools in Calhoun County, Michigan 2013 disestablishments in Michigan Former high schools in Michigan Defunct schools in Michigan 1967 establishments in Michigan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion%20High%20School%20%28Michigan%29
Lindsay Frimodt (born March 28, 1981) is an American fashion model and fashion designer. She appeared in the annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in 2002 and 2003. Life and career Lindsay Frimodt was born on March 28, 1981, in Sacramento, California. Her advertisement campaigns include Donna Karan, Michael Kors, Giorgio Armani, Narciso Rodriguez, Zac Posen, Jill Stuart and Calvin Klein. She has appeared in the pages of Harper's Bazaar, Elle, Marie Claire, and Vogue. Frimodt has appeared on the cover of Russia's Harper's Bazaar, France's Bira, Italy's Vogue's Beauty Supplement and US' Planet and City. She walked the runway for Victoria's Secret's annual fashion show in 2002 and 2003. She was featured in Justin Timberlake's music video for "I'm Lovin' It" and Amr Diab's video for "Lealy Nahary". She also works as a fashion designer and teamed up with Superbright to create an augmented reality for her "Lindsay’s Designs" during the fashion week in 2016.The audience at the fashion show used mobile devices to run the application in order to get a whole new perspective on the models and clothes. Personal life In 2011, she began dating actor Seann William Scott and the couple became engaged in March 2012. In January 2013, media outlets reported that the engagement had ended and the two had split as friends. Filmography References External links 1981 births Living people Female models from California 21st-century American women	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay%20Frimodt
Asiatosaurus (meaning "Asian lizard") is an extinct genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur which lived during the Early Cretaceous in Mongolia and China. The type species is known only from teeth, making it difficult to rely on information until more specimens are found to expand our knowledge, and another species is known, also based on scant remains; both are now classified as nomina dubia. The type species, A. mongoliensis, was described by Osborn, in 1924, based on AMNH 6264, a broken tooth from the Öösh Formation of Övörkhangai Province, Mongolia. It was the first sauropod genus named from East-Asia. A. kwangshiensis, the second species, was described by Hou, Yeh and Zhao, in 1975 based on IVPP V4794, a tooth, three cervical vertebrae and multiple ribs from the Xinlong Formation of Guangxi, China. The genus was classified within Brachiosauridae by Hou et al. in 1975, and considered a euhelopodid by Poropat et al. in 2022. References Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Sauropods Fossil taxa described in 1924 Taxa named by Henry Fairfield Osborn Paleontology in Guangxi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatosaurus
The ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex is a multi-purpose sports complex located at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida, United States, near Orlando. The complex allows families to combine tournaments and competition with a visit to vacation destinations in the area. The complex includes nine venues and hosts numerous professional and amateur sporting events throughout the year. In reference to the weekly ABC Sports television show, Wide World of Sports (Disney bought ABC in 1996), the complex was originally known as Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex from 1997 until 2010, when it was rebranded with the name of the Disney-owned ESPN. The complex is a part of the sports tourism emerging market. The complex is mainly used for AAU tournaments; however, many prominent professional sporting events have taken place here, including the 2020 NBA Bubble, MLS is Back Tournament, 2016 Invictus Games, Pro Bowl skills competition from 2017 to 2020, 1997 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, and Atlanta Braves spring training from 1997 to 2019 among other events. The complex hosted the 2022 Special Olympics USA Games. The Tampa Bay Rays are currently using the complex for 2023 spring training, due to Charlotte Sports Park having been heavily damaged by Hurricane Ian. History Disney built the US$100 million facility on former wetlands under the direction of Disney Vice President Reggie Williams. Construction started in July 1995. The complex was built to publicize Walt Disney World, fill hotel rooms, grow sponsorship revenue, and build Walt Disney World's position as a sports destination. Disney-branded The venue opened on March 28, 1997, with an exhibition baseball game between the Atlanta Braves and the Cincinnati Reds. On April 21–27, the main tennis courts hosted the U.S. Men's Clay Court Tennis Championships. A grand opening was held May 15, 1997. The initial build out consisted of nine venues with a 10th, the Olympic velodrome, expected in the third quarter 1997. Initial tenants were Braves & its rookie team, the Harlem Globetrotters, NFL Experience, the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, Amateur Athletic Union, Official All Star Café and Northeastern University's Center for the Study of Sport in Society.:2 Disney bid for the Florida state high school football finals for 1997 but lost to Gainesville. In June 1999, the complex made a deal with the Florida High School Activities Association to host the state prep volleyball championships at the Disney Fieldhouse for three years. USA Trampoline and Tumbling Championships was held at the complex the weekend of June 7, 1997. A former baseball umpire and an architect alleged that they approached The Walt Disney Company in 1987 with plans for a sports complex, and that Wide World of Sports, which opened 10 years later, was heavily based on their designs. Disney claimed that, while the designs had some similarities, the complex was also similar to numerous other sporting facilities, and the concept of a sports park was too generic for any one group to claim ownership. The two men, represented in part by noted attorney Johnnie Cochran, sued Disney in Orange County civil court. In August 2000, a jury returned a verdict for the plaintiffs with damages in the amount of $240 million, a fraction of the $1.5 billion sought. Disney appealed the judgment, and settled out of court in September 2002 for undisclosed terms. With Planet Hollywood just out of bankruptcy, Disney offered to purchase its All Star Café located here in February 2000 and acquired the lease in March 2000. It became What's Next? Cafe in 2007 before being rebranded as ESPN Wide World of Sports Grill in 2010. In August 2004, 20 acres of additional fields, four baseball diamonds with other multi-use fields, were added under the name of Hess Sports Fields. Plans for a 100 lane bowling stadium with restaurant was announced for the complex by Disney officials in May 2008. This stadium would be built and operated by a third party and was supposed to completed in 18 months. About 13 United States Bowling Congress tournaments were expected for the facility. ESPN-branded During an ESPN the Weekend kick off event on February 25, 2010, the complex was rebranded as the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex. It received a massive upgrade, having installed HD video scoreboards at several venues, a new complex-wide audio system, and a broadcast production facility. New venues and activities at the complex included the PlayStation Pavilion and Custom Tee Center by Champion. Prior to the rebranding in 2007, Disney announced a 450-acre Flamingo Crossings hotel-and-retail development. It would be located near the area for complex visitors and budget-minded Disney World visitors. Shelved due to economic downturn, the project was revived with the 2013 sale of the property to first phase developer JL Properties Inc. of Alaska. An October 16, 2014, groundbreaking took place for the first phase, consisting of two Marriott International brand hotels which opened in January 2016. In 2008 and 2009, the Disney Channel Games were held at the complex. From May 9–11, 2014, a WNBA pre-season tournament consisting of four teams was held alongside an AAU girls basketball tournament at the complex, with the Minnesota Lynx winning the tournament over the Chicago Sky 76–69. While the Citrus Bowl was under repairs, the Orlando City Soccer Club played its 2014 home games at the complex. In July 2015, it was announced that the 2016 Invictus Games would be held at the complex. The Invictus Games were held from May 8 to 12, 2016. Prince Harry, Michelle Obama, and Morgan Freeman all spoke at the Opening and Closing ceremony. Over 500 service members were in attendance, along with other notable public figures, including former United States President George W. Bush and Second Lady Jill Biden. In early January 2018, The Arena opened at the complex as its third indoor multi-purpose sports and entertainment arena. Also that month, United States Specialty Sports Association left for the Space Coast Complex in Viera, Florida ending its use of ESPN's complex. Since 2017, the Complex is host of the NFL Pro Bowl activities prior to the game. Besides having open practices for fans, ESPN broadcasts the Pro Bowl Skills Showdown, a series of head-to-head competitions between the players. According to event organizers, over the last four years, the Pro Bowl and festivities surrounding it have generated an estimated $100-million economic impact for Central Florida. In March 2019, it was announced that Wide World of Sports would host the 2022 Special Olympics USA Games. Use as a bubble during the COVID-19 pandemic In May 2020, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, there were reports that both Major League Soccer and the NBA were in talks with Disney to host the teams to have their respective seasons in the complex. It was then confirmed that the complex would host both leagues. The 2020 Major League Soccer season held the MLS is Back Tournament, which had three regular season matches for each of the 26 teams as well as a bracket tournament to determine a berth into the 2021 CONCACAF Champions League (for a total of 54 matches), from July 8 to August 11. On August 11, 2020, the Portland Timbers defeated Orlando City SC 2-1 to win the tournament. Meanwhile, the 2019–20 NBA season was concluded at the AdventHealth Arena, HP Field House, and the Visa Athletic Center. 22 teams were invited: the 16 teams in playoff position at the time of the season being put on hold due to the pandemic, including the host Orlando Magic, and the six teams within six games of the eighth and final playoff spot in either conference. The three chosen arenas hosted scrimmages, eight regular season games for each team invited to the NBA Bubble starting July 30, a play-in mini-series, and the entirety of the NBA Playoffs and Finals. On October 11, 2020, the Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Miami Heat 106-93 to win the best-of-7 series 4-2. In 2021, the NBA G League reached an agreement to host the 2020–21 season exclusively at the complex. On March 11, 2021, the Lakeland Magic defeated the Delaware Blue Coats 97-78 to win the championship. Venues The Stadium at the ESPN Wide World of Sports A 7,500 seat baseball stadium built in 1997 also has 2,000 more lawn seating. One of the original components of Wide World of Sports, it was formerly known as Champion Stadium, Cracker Jack Stadium and The Ballpark at Disney's Wide World of Sports. It was the spring training home of the Atlanta Braves from 1997 to 2019, and the recurring home for the Gulf Coast Braves. The Braves initially announced that 2017 would be their final year in the complex, but their departure would be delayed to 2019. In 2020, the Atlanta Braves officially moved their spring training site to CoolToday Park located in North Port, FL after 21 years in the ESPN complex. The stadium has hosted two regular season Major League Baseball series in 2007 and 2008 featuring the Tampa Bay Rays as the home team. State Farm Field House A 5,000-seat multi-purpose arena, formerly the Milk House, Disney Fieldhouse and HP Field House, sponsored by State Farm It hosts the ESPN Events Invitational college basketball tournament annually. The State Farm Field House has with stadium style seating with the highest row off the floor. It also features a smaller gymnasium behind the main arena with retractable seating. It was formerly sponsored by the California Milk Processor Board, progenitors of the famous Got Milk? campaign. Beginning in 2018, the arena hosts the Jr. NBA Global Championship, a tournament that features both boys' and girls' teams divided into national and international regions (and is thus similar in setup to the Little League World Series). It also hosted the first-ever NBA play-in game between the Portland Trail Blazers and the Memphis Grizzlies in 2020 bubble basketball. Visa Athletic Center First announced in March 2007, the complex's 10th anniversary year, the Visa Athletic Center (formerly Jostens Center) is a arena (36% smaller than the HP Field House without the stadium seating) that opened in the fall of 2008. The center features six college-size basketball courts, twelve volleyball courts, or two roller hockey rinks. Its seating capacity is 1,200. AdventHealth Arena AdventHealth Arena opened in early January 2018 as the third indoor multi-purpose sports and entertainment arena at the complex. While multipurpose, the venue was designed for cheer and dance events. Its first event was the UCA and UDA College Cheerleading and Dance Team National Championship, January 12 to the 14, 2018. It has 8,000 seats in standard arena configuration, and features a flexible configuration that can accommodate six regulation-sized basketball or volleyball courts. AdventHealth Arena hosted the Eastern and Western Conference Finals of the 2020 NBA Playoffs, along with the 2020 NBA Finals. Marathon Sports Fields Marathon Sports Fields, presented by Marathon Petroleum, consists of twelve fields, the Baseball Quadraplex, Softball Quadraplex and four multiple purpose fields. One of the fields has 500 permanent seats, and another has 1,000 permanent seats, expandable to up to 3,000 with additional grandstands. Field 17, the field with the larger grandstands, hosts the Walt Disney World Pro Soccer Classic, an annual eight-team preseason soccer tournament featuring Major League Soccer teams. The complex hosted the USL Pro Orlando City Soccer Club during the 2014 season. The team had additional seating added for a total of 5,200 seats. Complexes Baseball Quadraplex Consisting of four professional baseball fields and one practice infield, the quadraplex also includes batting tunnels, pitching mounds, hitting tunnels, masters pitching machines, and ten bullpens. All fields are equipped for night play. Softball Diamondplex The first venue to be completed at the facility, it consists of six fields used for softball and youth baseball. Organized with four fields in circle and two adjacent. Tennis Complex A 1,000 to 8,500 seat tennis complex with 10-clay courts with center court stadium and was one of the original nine venues. Track and Field Complex A 500-seat competition facility for track and field events, designed to International Association of Athletics Federations specifications. This venue was one of the original nine venues. nine lane track three shot put rings two discus/hammer rings a javelin runway two high jump areas two horizontal jump runways two pole vault runways wooded cross-country course Programs and events Disney created a third of its events while bidding for other tournaments or attracting long term partners such as the Amateur Athletic Union. As of 2006, the union hosted at the complex 30 to 35 tournaments a year. The United States Specialty Sports Association had reserved six weekends at the complex. Disney also hosted more than 180 events involving more than 30 sports at the complex since 2006. In recent years, the complex has been utilized in wide ranges from many youth and collegiate sports activities to even providing alternative measures for some professional sports leagues to complete their seasons in some safer environments. Some of these following programs and events have taken place in various areas at the complex over the years. Disney Spring Training (1997–present) takes place from mid-February to mid-April in which high school and college teams practice during their spring break at the facility. Until 2005, the program accommodated teams primarily in track and field, lacrosse, and softball. Pop Warner Super Bowl (1997–present) takes place in December where the top teams in the nation and internationally of youth football have the Pop Warner championships held in the complex. Thousands of players and families come to the event, with ESPN even broadcasting part of these games live on national television. Disney Soccer Showcase (2000–present) a top youth soccer tournament Sunshine Showdown, a women's baseball tournament not to be confused with the Florida–Florida State college rivalry The resumption of the 2019–20 NBA season (July 30 – October 11, 2020): Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Basketball Association's 2019–20 season was suspended in March 2020. On June 4, after competing with Las Vegas for hosting rights, the NBA approved a plan to restart the season on July 30 in the NBA Bubble with all games to be played at the AdventHealth Arena (previously named The Arena), the HP Field House, and the Visa Athletic Center with 22 of the league's 30 teams being invited – the 16 clubs that were in playoff position at the time and the six teams (five in the Western Conference, one in the Eastern Conference) within six games of one (primarily a Seed 8 spot). Under this plan, the 22 teams played eight regular-season "seeding" games. A possible play-in tournament for the eighth seed in each conference would then be held if the ninth seed finished the regular season within four games of the eighth seed, which did happen in the Western Conference between the Portland Trail Blazers and the Memphis Grizzlies, ending with Portland overtaking Memphis' initial playoff spot after one game played under it. The NBA Playoffs and Finals were then set to proceed as normal inside the bubble, and the season was successfully completed after the Los Angeles Lakers were victorious over the Miami Heat in six games. Prior to the season officially resuming, the teams also played scrimmages at the venues with 10-minute quarters from July 22 to 28. During the resumption of the season, as part of the bubble format to combat the spread of the virus, the teams were based on the Walt Disney World resort grounds at Disney's Yacht Club Resort, Disney's Grand Floridian Resort and Spa, and the Gran Destino Tower at Disney's Coronado Springs Resort based on seeding, with the teams with the worst records staying at Disney's Yacht Club Resort and those with the best records (including the Lakers and Heat) staying at Disney's Coronado Springs Resort. No players staying at the bubble during that time were infected with COVID-19, though a select few NBA players did violate their quarantine rules at the time and games were briefly paused after the shooting of Jacob Blake came to light. The MLS is Back Tournament (July 8 – August 11, 2020): Major League Soccer's 2020 season was also suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, though its season had just begun with each team first playing in only two games in late February and early March. On June 4, 2020, MLS and the MLS Players Association came to an agreement that included a tournament at the sports complex during the summer of 2020 to help restart their season. The tournament started in the group stage on July 8, entered the knockout stage on July 25 and ended in the final on August 11 with the Portland Timbers beating host Orlando City 2–1. They then officially continued the rest of their 2020 Major League Soccer season, including the 2020 Cup Playoffs, soon afterward. The entire, truncated 2020–21 NBA G League season (February 10 – March 11, 2021): With the 2019–20 NBA G League season cancelled due to the continuing COVID-19 pandemic combined with the National Basketball Association having their next season be played from December 2020 to July 2021, the NBA G League decided they had to do their season under a more truncated format, similar to the 2020 NBA Bubble. While initial plans had the G League's Bubble setting take place in Atlanta, the G League decided to host their entire season on the same grounds the NBA played in during their previous season. To help cover for expenses this season, each participating G League team's parent team had to contribute around $400,000-$500,000 in order for them to stay at the nearby resorts, as well as provide daily medical care, food, and COVID-19 tests. For this season, only 17 of the G League's 28 teams at the time, as well as the newly implemented NBA G League Ignite farm team, were able to compete in a regular season that lasted only 15 games long from February 10 to March 6 before entering a single elimination playoff format lasting from March 8–11. All games aired during that period of time were broadcast onto either ESPN2, ESPNU, or ESPN+. The season ended with the host #6 seed Lakeland Magic upsetting the #4 seed Delaware Blue Coats 97–78 in the championship match. Prior tenants Orlando City Soccer Club (2014) References External links Baseball venues in Florida Buildings and structures in Osceola County, Florida Cross country running courses in Florida Defunct NBA G League venues ESPN Former Major League Soccer stadiums Former National Basketball Association venues Rugby league stadiums in the United States Rugby league in Florida Sports venues in Greater Orlando Tourist attractions in Osceola County, Florida Disney sports Walt Disney World Wide World of Sports (American TV series) 1997 establishments in Florida Sports venues completed in 1997 USL Championship stadiums Sports complexes in Florida Sports in Osceola County, Florida	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN%20Wide%20World%20of%20Sports%20Complex
Mallow railway station is an Irish station on the Dublin-Cork railway line, Mallow-Tralee railway line and Cork Suburban Rail (Cork Kent, Cobh and Midleton). Facilities Mallow's main station building is located on the south side of the railway tracks, nearest to the town, and is constructed from the grey stone typical of many Irish stations. It houses the booking office, administration accommodation and other facilities. There is a covered footbridge at the south-west end which enables passengers to reach the two other platforms, which are all through platforms. It is the transfer station for passengers changing onto the Mallow–Tralee line. The station was acclaimed as Iarnród Éireann's best overall station in 2004. Location The station is located in Annabella, just outside Mallow, in north County Cork. It is situated just north of the junction between the lines from Cork and Tralee. It is two miles from Cork Racecourse. History The station opened on 17 March 1849. It was built and operated by the Great Southern and Western Railway. Until March 1967 Mallow was also the Junction of a line which ran to Waterford via Fermoy, Lismore and Dungarvan. Connections Passengers can travel from Mallow to Limerick Junction to reach Limerick, Ennis, Athenry, Oranmore and Galway along the Western Rail Corridor. There are also trains from Limerick Junction via Clonmel to Waterford. Rail Air Links Passengers can travel direct to Farranfore for Kerry Airport. Passengers can travel via Limerick Junction and Limerick for a bus connection to Shannon Airport. References External links Irish Rail Mallow Station Website Iarnród Éireann stations in County Cork Railway stations in County Cork Mallow, County Cork 1849 establishments in Ireland Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland opened in 1849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallow%20railway%20station
Jean Baptiste François Carteaux (31 January 1751 – 12 April 1813) was a French painter who became a General in the French Revolutionary Army. He is notable chiefly for being the young Napoleon Bonaparte's commander at the siege of Toulon in 1793. History Born in 1751, Carteaux followed the career of a painter, producing several works including a portrait of King Louis XVI on horseback. Following the French Revolution, he became a General and given a command of the Army of the Alps, despite the fact he had achieved no military training. Soon after his arrival, Carteaux was given the task of defeating a force of royalist Provençal rebels. On 16 July 1793 he succeeded in defeating the small rebel force. In early August 1793, Carteaux was ordered to Marseille where he was given command of the efforts to recapture the vital port of Toulon. The citizens of Toulon had not only openly rebelled, but had granted the British and Spanish fleets access to the harbour. On 25 August Carteaux began the siege of Toulon. Carteaux handled the siege ineptly, concentrating his efforts on the relatively unimportant town of Ollioules. During these battles, Carteaux's artillery commander, Elzéar Auguste Cousin de Dommartin, was severely wounded and the Army was left with no capable artillery commander. Despite this, Carteaux focused his efforts on the construction of a battery in a gully near Ollioules, which he imagined would be able to bring fire to bear on the Anglo-Neapolitan ships. Once the battery was completed, it became apparent that the harbour was beyond its range. On 8 September a 6,000 man detachment from the Armée d'Italie under the command of Jean François Cornu de La Poype arrived to the east of Toulon and began operations independently of Carteaux' force. Seeing the lack of progress of Carteaux and the ineptitude of his artillery, the officials from the Committee of Public Safety, Augustin Robespierre and Antoine Christophe Saliceti designated the young Artillery captain Napoleon Bonaparte as Carteaux new artillery commander. With the backing of the all-powerful Robespierre and Saliceti, the dynamic Bonaparte quickly devised a plan for the capture of forts l'Eguillette and Balaguier. Bonaparte correctly surmised that the capture of these would allow accurate fire to be brought to bear on the Anglo-Neapolitan fleet and force it to abandon Toulon. Carteaux was not convinced and ordered a half-hearted attack under the command of Henri François Delaborde. This attack not only failed, it also brought the importance of the position to the attention of the Anglo-Neapolitans, who immediately began strengthening their positions. Following this dismal failure, Carteaux allowed Bonaparte to begin construction of several batteries with which to bombard the newly reinforced Anglo-Neapolitan fortresses. Bonaparte virtually took control of the operation, despite Carteaux's protests that the army was his command. Late in October, Napoleon sent a letter to the Convention, complaining about the quality of his superiors, calling them a bunch of fools. As a result, Carteaux was relieved of his command on 11 November 1793 and for a while was imprisoned. He was replaced in rapid succession by La Poype and François Amédée Doppet who were then replaced by Jacques François Dugommier. Despite his imprisonment, Carteaux survived the Reign of Terror and was later sent to fight in the War in the Vendée. When Bonaparte was elected First Consul, he appointed Carteaux as Administrator of the Loterie Royale de France. Carteaux died in 1813. References 1751 births 1813 deaths French generals Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars 18th-century French painters French male painters French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars People from Haute-Saône 18th-century French male artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Fran%C3%A7ois%20Carteaux
Jovovich–Hawk was a clothing line created by models Milla Jovovich and Carmen Hawk in 2003. The atelier was based in Los Angeles, with pieces sold at Fred Segal in Los Angeles, Harvey Nichols, and over 50 stores around the world. Vogue magazine praised the line for its "girl-about-town cult status most designers spend years trying to achieve." Jovovich–Hawk had an annual turnover of $210 million. In the September 2008 issue of Lucky magazine, Jovovich announced that Jovovich–Hawk had ceased operations. History 2003–2005 Jovovich–Hawk was established by Jovovich and Hawk in 2003. The two met over 13 years earlier as young models. Both women are adamant that the collections were for all ages and sizes, at times using Jovovich's mother as a size model. The collection was inspired by strong women, with a feminine vintage edge. Jovovich explained to the Taipei Times, "For us, it's about strong women or making women feel strong." Jovovich and Hawk managed all aspects of the clothing line from manufacturing to distribution. For one of their first collections, the two had sewn the clothes themselves and before 2005 did not hire others to sew for them. The line's first collection, which amounted to eight pieces, caught the eye of John Eshaya, women's creative director for Ron Herman at Fred Segal. The pieces were sold exclusively at its stores; the line almost instantly sold out. The line's second season was equally, if not more successful, with Fred Segal re-ordering its stock midway through the season. 2006 For the 2006 spring collection, each piece had a name that paid homage to art, literature or film. The dress worn for the CS (California Style) photo shoot was known as the "Carly", after Carly Simon. There was also the "Vivian", a white lace minidress inspired by illustrations of early 20th century artist Henry Darger, and a floral piece named "Sissy", which Jovovich dubbed "a Carrie prom dress" after Sissy Spacek's role in the horror film Carrie. In April, Jovovich and Hawk launched the Jovovich–Hawk clothing range at Harvey Nichols in London. In November, the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) and US Vogue nominated Jovovich–Hawk as for the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund Award. The award was founded three years ago and underwritten by Vogue, Barneys New York, Coach, Juicy Couture, Kellwood Company, Nordstrom and Theory, with additional support from Gucci. The winner would receive $200,000 as well as a year of industry guidance and support. Jovovich–Hawk was nominated as a finalist, with Doo-Ri Chung taking the top prize. 2007–2008 In 2007, Jovovich–Hawk participated in FashionWeekLive, a tour produced by IMG Fashion that also included collections by Anne Klein and Badgley Mischka. Jovovich–Hawk also teamed together with Mango to create a limited edition special collection for Spring 2007. The Jovovich–Hawk for MNG collection would feature 10 dresses with a 1960s theme. In Jovovich's film, Resident Evil: Extinction, the costume she wore is a Jovovich–Hawk design. The shorts Alice, her character, wears are a variation on the "Alice Star" Shorts from the Spring 2007 collection. For the Fall 2007 collection, titled Le Petit Mort, the two drew inspiration from "everything from very classic Irving Penn to a Versailles whore in an alley in Paris." In August 2007, Jovovich–Hawk participated with other designers to create a limited edition T-shirt for "Fashion Gives Back", Glamour's initiative to help benefit the "Malaria No More" organization. For every T-shirt sold, "Malaria No More" would donate bed nets to women in Tanzania. In early September, Jovovich-Hawk participated in the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week in New York City to showcase their Spring 2008 line. It was announced in late 2007 that Jovovich and Hawk signed a deal to design a diffusion collection for Target's Go International campaigns, following in the footsteps of Luella, Paul & Joe and Proenza Schouler. In the winter of 2007, Jovovich and Hawk shot a TV commercial for the collection in Los Angeles which was then shown during the New York Mercedes Benz Fall '08 Fashion Week in February 2008. The collection debuted on March 2, 2008. Ceasing of operations Jovovich–Hawk ceased operations as of mid-2008. Jovovich explained that the business folded because of increased demands on both her and Hawk's time, and because the business simply grew too big for them. "It was actually really amazing when we were very private and doing everything in-house, sewing all the clothes in-house, but as soon as the orders got too big and we had to outsource, it was disaster with production companies and factories. I mean, we just couldn't handle it," Jovovich said. "We were two artist girls who didn't have our business together." Jovovich further explained, "I'm an artist. I'm not someone who can deal with shipping rates and taxes." She considers their Target line the final farewell to the public. "We were like, all right, let's end on a high note." Jovovich plans to design again on a smaller scale in the future. References External links Jovovich-Hawk at Milla Jovovich's official website Jovovich-Hawk at MySpace 2003 establishments in California 2008 disestablishments in California American companies established in 2003 American companies disestablished in 2008 Clothing brands of the United States Clothing companies based in Los Angeles Clothing companies established in 2003 Defunct manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovovich%E2%80%93Hawk
Interstate 95 (I-95) is an Interstate Highway on the east coast of the United States, connecting Florida to Maine. Within the state of New Hampshire, it serves the Seacoast Region and is a toll road named the Blue Star Turnpike or New Hampshire Turnpike. The turnpike is maintained by the New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) Bureau of Turnpikes and has a single toll plaza near Hampton. The Blue Star Turnpike begins near the Massachusetts state line in the town of Seabrook and travels north through Hampton and its neighboring municipalities. It then continues around Portsmouth and crosses the Piscataqua River Bridge at the Maine state line, where it becomes the Maine Turnpike. New Hampshire's portion of I-95 is the shortest of any state that the Interstate passes through; the highway is the main thoroughfare between urban areas in Massachusetts and points in Maine. Construction of the turnpike was approved in 1947 and began a year later in an effort to bypass congestion on U.S. Route 1 (US 1), the main seacoast highway. It opened to traffic on June 24, 1950, and was later designated as part of I-95 in 1957. The northernmost section in Portsmouth, connecting to the Maine Turnpike, was left incomplete until the Piscataqua River Bridge opened in 1972. Route description I-95 crosses into New Hampshire in the town of Seabrook, north of Salisbury, Massachusetts. The crossing includes a pair of welcome centers for the respective states and a southbound ramp serving a connector to Massachusetts Route 286. The highway then intersects New Hampshire Route 107 (NH 107), which serves Seabrook and the Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant, at exit 1. The freeway continues as a toll road, named the Blue Star Turnpike and commonly known as the New Hampshire Turnpike, and parallels U.S. Route 1 (US 1) through the inland areas of southeastern New Hampshire's Seacoast Region. In Hampton Falls, I-95 crosses over NH 84 and NH 88 without connecting interchanges; it then serves a pair of state-run liquor stores operated by the New Hampshire Liquor Commission. The northbound Hampton outlet is considered the state's flagship store, with annual sales of $33.5 million, and largely serves out-of-state customers. The turnpike passes through the town of Hampton, where it crosses under NH 27 and reaches its sole toll plaza at exit 2. The exit includes an interchange with NH 101, which provides connections from the turnpike to Exeter and Manchester. I-95 then continues northeast through the towns of North Hampton and Greenland and crosses over several highways before reaching its next interchange. The turnpike enters the city of Portsmouth and intersects NH 33 near the city's international airport. After passing Portsmouth Regional Hospital, I-95 intersects the Spaulding Turnpike (US 4/NH 16) and U.S. Route 1 Bypass (US 1 Byp.) via ramps to the Portsmouth Circle. The freeway travels through the residential neighborhoods of western Portsmouth and intersects Market Street before crossing over the Piscataqua River Bridge into Maine, where it becomes the Maine Turnpike. The New Hampshire section of the highway is long, the shortest of any state on I-95, which traverses the entire U.S. East Coast from Florida to Maine. It is entirely located within Rockingham County and is generally eight lanes wide. The New Hampshire Department of Transportation, which maintains the highway through its Bureau of Turnpikes, measures traffic volumes at various points that are expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic. Traffic volumes on I-95 within the state in 2015 ranged from a minimum of 63,000 vehicles southwest of Portsmouth to a maximum of 98,000 vehicles near the Spaulding Turnpike. The corridor is also served by several private intercity bus operators and public transit systems, including the Cooperative Alliance for Seacoast Transportation. During the summer months, the highway peaks at 125,000 daily vehicles and becomes routinely congested as weekend vacationers from the Greater Boston area travel to destinations in New Hampshire and Maine. History Predecessors The earliest roads traversing New Hampshire's Seacoast were constructed in the 17th century to connect Hampton to the Massachusetts Colony. They were later upgraded in the 18th century for stagecoach service and replaced by a toll road named "The Turnpike" that operated from 1810 to 1826. The toll road was purchased by the towns of Hampton and Hampton Falls in 1826 and renamed "Lafayette Road" for the Marquis de Lafayette in 1830. These roads were later acquired by the state government to form a modern highway system for automobiles and were incorporated into a single highway, which was assigned the designation of NH 1 in 1909. NH 1 was succeeded by US 1 in 1926, which was established as part of a national numbered highway system. The highway was paved from 1929 to 1931 and later upgraded with traffic signals to handle increased use. Heavy congestion on US 1, particularly tourists from Massachusetts traveling to destinations in New Hampshire and Maine, led to proposals in the 1930s for a bypass that would connect with a new bridge over the Piscataqua River near Portsmouth. The US 1 Bypass was opened in 1940 as a divided highway with grade separation and traveled around Portsmouth, connecting to Maine via a new lift bridge. The highway and bridge cost $3 million to construct (equivalent to $ in ) and were partially funded by the federal government as a New Deal project. Turnpike construction A modern turnpike through the Seacoast Region was proposed in the early 1940s as part of a New England regional network that would connect with the Maine Turnpike, which had been announced in 1941 and opened in 1947. Several seacoast towns voiced their opposition, due to fears that traffic would bypass New Hampshire's beaches, and instead favored widening US 1. The state legislature established the New Hampshire Turnpike Authority in 1947 to oversee construction of a turnpike with four lanes and a limited number of exits. It would be funded with a $7.5 million (equivalent to $ in ) bond issue that would be retired by 1977. The state government formally approved the construction of the turnpike in February 1948, setting up a tollway commission to purchase and condemn land for right-of-way. Among the affected landowners was then-Governor Charles M. Dale, who opted to donate part of his North Hampton farm instead of accepting a payment from the state government. A $5.25 million (equivalent to $ in ) bid from a Connecticut-based construction firm was accepted in October 1948 and construction on the turnpike began the following month. Early construction was slowed by a temporary injunction requested by the New Hampshire Gas and Electric Company to allow for the relocation of utility poles in the highway's right-of-way. State highway engineer Daniel Dickenson resigned from his position in August 1949, following an investigation ordered by governor Sherman Adams into the awarding of a design contract for the turnpike project. Dickenson received payments from a former business associate, Charles Morse, who was an associate with the engineering firm that designed portions of the tollway for an inflated price. Morse was fired from his position later that month by Frank Merrill, the new state highway commissioner and former U.S. Army general. Amid the investigations, the state legislature approved an additional $280,000 in contingency funds (equivalent to $ in ) that would also be used to expand an interchange on the existing US 1 Bypass. Major work on the toll road's main elements, including 14 overpasses, three bridges, and an traffic circle in Portsmouth, was mostly completed by December 1949. The turnpike would comprise four lanes on a macadam asphalt surface with granite curbs, shoulders, and a grass median. The project also included a provisional interchange near Hampton to connect with a future expressway serving Exeter (now NH 101). An additional spur route connecting the south end of the highway to US 1 in Salisbury, Massachusetts, was constructed by the Massachusetts Department of Public Works. The Blue Star Turnpike was dedicated on June 24, 1950, by Governor Adams and local officials in a ceremony attended by 5,000 people. It was immediately opened to traffic for a day of toll-free use and carried 12,416 vehicles on its first day. The initial toll was 10 to 15 cents for automobiles (equivalent to $ to $ in ) and 20 to 50 cents for trucks (equivalent to $ to $ in ), and the speed limit was set at . The turnpike had no services and was monitored by state police and highway workers, offering free vehicle towing and tire changes. It cost $7.4 million to construct (equivalent to $ in ), resulting in a $400,000 surplus (equivalent to $ in ) that was returned to the state government by the turnpike authority. Business owners in seacoast towns along US 1 reported major losses in sales following the turnpike's opening as 60 percent of traffic bypassed various towns. Traffic on US 1 later recovered to its original volume by the end of 1951. Connections and extension The Blue Star Turnpike was one of several toll roads grandfathered into the Interstate Highway System and designated as part of I-95 in 1957. The designation also included the Maine Turnpike to the north as well as a new freeway bypassing US 1 in northeastern Massachusetts that opened in September 1954 and connected Boston to the Blue Star Turnpike near Seabrook. The northern end at the Portsmouth Traffic Circle had an indirect connection to the Maine Turnpike, but was modified to include ramps to the new Spaulding Turnpike when it opened in August 1957. The Hampton interchange was expanded in 1963 to connect with the Exeter–Hampton Expressway (now part of NH 101). The US 1 Bypass, which bridged the disconnected sections of I-95 between the north end of the turnpike and the south end of the Maine Turnpike in Kittery, was an expressway with partial grade separation that did not meet Interstate Highway standards. Its crossing over the Piscataqua River, the Maine–New Hampshire Interstate Bridge, was also a movable lift bridge that caused delays for motorists, especially during busy holiday weekends. A high-level, six-lane bridge over the Piscataqua River, connecting with extensions of I-95 through Portsmouth and Kittery, was proposed in the early 1960s to complete the missing link in the freeway. A competing plan to twin the existing Maine–New Hampshire Interstate Bridge was submitted by the Maine government, but was determined to be more costly due to land required for its approaches, which were already occupied by buildings. Following a four-year debate, the New Hampshire state legislature approved designs for the high-level bridge in early 1965 despite some opposition from Portsmouth residents. A concurrent bill had been passed by Maine in 1963 but rejected by New Hampshire. Construction of the Piscataqua River Bridge began in February 1968 and cost $50 million (equivalent to $ in ). It opened on November 1, 1972, completing the missing link between the sections of I-95 in New Hampshire and Maine. The project also included an expanded interchange with the Spaulding Turnpike, allowing traffic to bypass the Portsmouth Traffic Circle, and a new interchange at Market Street in an area marked for urban renewal. On June 24, 1970, four construction workers on the bridge fell to their deaths when a platform gave way on the Maine approach. Later history Traffic volumes on the turnpike grew to an average of over 12,700 vehicles per day by 1962, prompting state officials to propose an expansion. Plans for the new Piscataqua River Bridge had already included a wider approach, while the south end at the Massachusetts state line was rebuilt as an eight-lane highway in 1968. A 1969 report to the state legislature recommended the addition of four lanes to the existing turnpike and reconstruction of the Hampton toll plaza at a cost of $3 million (equivalent to $ in ). The widening of the New Hampshire Turnpike to eight lanes began in early 1973 and required the acquisition of 271 properties and the rebuilding of several bridges. During construction, several major holiday backups—some as long as —plagued the turnpike. The Hampton toll plaza was relocated north and expanded in February 1977, coinciding with the completion of the widening project. Toll collection was temporarily suspended from 1979 until 1981 to encourage motorists to switch from the congested NH 101. The New Hampshire Liquor Commission opened its southbound Hampton store on the turnpike in 1981, which was followed by the northbound outlet in 1992. Another expansion of the Hampton toll plaza was completed in May 1991 and was followed by the addition of a reversible lane at the toll plaza in July 1995. Further expansions were completed in 1997 and 2002. The turnpike has been used for several tolling experiments by NHDOT, including automatic tolling from 1995 to 1996 and one-way tolling from 2003 to 2004. The Hampton toll plaza was expanded again in June 2010 with the opening of open road tolling lanes that could read E-ZPass transponders. It was the first facility in New England to support open road tolling. The existing tollbooths at the plaza were demolished to make way for the lanes and relocated tollbooths. The project cost $17.8 million to construct (equivalent to $ in ) and implement and resulted in 50 percent of users during the Memorial Day weekend test period using the open road tolling lanes. Tolls The Blue Star Turnpike is the shortest of three toll roads maintained by the NHDOT Bureau of Turnpikes. The Hampton toll plaza at exit 2 is the sole toll collection point on the turnpike and is the largest facility of its kind in New Hampshire. Its main plaza has six booths and two open road lanes in each direction for vehicles with E-ZPass transponders. The interchange also includes an auxiliary toll plaza, named the Hampton Side Toll Plaza, for traffic traveling to and from NH 101 with four lanes in each direction—two reserved for E-ZPass use and two with cash booths. , two-axle vehicles using the turnpike are charged $2 in cash fare or $1.40 with an E-ZPass at the main Hampton toll plaza. Two-axle vehicles using the side toll plaza connected to NH 101 are charged $0.75 in cash or $0.53 with an E-ZPass. Traffic using other sections of the turnpike that exclude exit 2 are not required to pay a toll. In fiscal year 2019, a total of 41.6 million transactions were made at the Blue Star Turnpike's toll plazas, generating $67.6 million in revenue. Exit list Exit numbers are sequential. References External links Steve Anderson's BostonRoads.com: New Hampshire Turnpike (I-95) New Hampshire 95 095 95 Transportation in Rockingham County, New Hampshire	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%2095%20in%20New%20Hampshire
2RN is the trading name of RTÉ Transmission Network DAC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Raidió Teilifís Éireann, formerly trading as RTÉNL, which runs Ireland's principal digital terrestrial television and radio broadcast networks. In December 2002 it became an incorporated company and subsidiary of RTÉ, it was previously a division within RTÉ. It operates 12 main TV and radio transmitter sites and many smaller relays and transposers, which carry television and/or radio. It also provides site hosting for mobile telephone operators, the emergency services, wireless broadband and other private mobile communications service providers. In April 2013 a repositioning was carried out to provide "arm's length" broadcast transmission services to all national TV and radio broadcasters. The repositioning renamed and rebranded RTÉNL to 2RN (the name comes from the original Irish Radio service known as 2RN. A new board of directors was appointed with an independent chairman and its headquarters was located in Tallaght, across the city from its owner's campus at Donnybrook in Dublin. Carried content Saorview is carried from all 64 TV transmitter sites. The 4 PSB FM radio stations RTÉ Radio 1, RTÉ 2fm, RTÉ lyric fm and RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta are carried, although not all on every transmitter or relay,. The longwave radio transmitter (closed 2023) had carried RTÉ Radio 1 only on the 252 kHz frequency, with some alternative (to FM) content (Religious services and Sports - now digital only). Commercial radio broadcaster Today FM is also carried on most main sites as well as many relays and many Independent Local Radio stations use the local 2RN transmission site. Digital upgrades Television: Saorview, Saorsat 2rn having built and commissioned the new digital infrastructure, is also the body responsible for day-to-day running and operating the platform providing 98% population coverage at ASO in October 2012. Broadcasting is done via DVB-T, using MPEG-4 video compression and MPEG 1 Layer II audio compression. Saorsat will cover the remaining 2% not covered by DTT due to terrain issues using narrowband Ka satellite from June 2011. For more on these see Saorview article RTÉ (via 2RN) are licensed by Comreg to operate and maintain 2 Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) multiplexes (or muxes) on the Saorview Digital terrestrial television service. Both muxes are operational. Radio A trial DAB service was operated in three main urban areas (Dublin, Cork & Limerick) and the north-east of the country, from 4 transmitters on Multiplex 12C to approx 56% of the population. RTÉ ceased DAB transmissions on 31 March 2021. The Clarkestown LW transmitter was equipped for, and had been used to carry trial Digital Radio Mondiale transmissions in the past, but there are no public plans to resume this. Transmission sites Main sites for DTT and FM radio Cairn Hill, County Longford Clermont Carn, County Louth Holywell Hill, County Donegal Kippure, County Wicklow Maghera, County Clare Mount Leinster, County Carlow Mullaghanish, County Cork Spur Hill, County Cork Three Rock, County Dublin Truskmore, County Sligo Relay transmitters Achill Island, County Mayo - DTT, FM radio Arranmore Island, County Donegal - DTT, FM radio Arklow, County Wicklow - DTT Athlone town, County Westmeath - FM radio, Ballybofey, County Donegal - DTT, FM radio, Ballydavid, County Kerry, - FM radio Bandon, County Cork - DTT Bantry, County Cork - DTT, FM radio, Cahir, County Tipperary- DTT Cahirciveen, County Kerry - DTT, FM radio Casla, County Galway - DTT, FM radio Castlebar, County Mayo - DTT, FM radio Castletownbere, County Cork - DTT, FM radio Clifden, County Galway - DTT, FM radio Clonakilty, County Cork - DTT Clonmany, County Donegal - DTT Clonmel, County Waterford - DTT, FM Radio Collins Barracks (Cork), County Cork - DTT, FM radio Crosshaven, County Cork - DTT, FM radio Dingle, County Kerry - DTT Dooncarton (Iorras), County Mayo- DTT Drimoleague, County Cork - DTT Dungarvan, County Waterford - DTT, FM radio Ennistymon, County Clare - DTT Falcarragh, County Donegal - DTT Ferrypoint, County Waterford (serves Youghal) - DTT Fanad, County Donegal - DTT, FM radio Fermoy, County Cork - DTT, FM radio Forth Mountain, County Wexford, - DTT Gallow's Hill, County Waterford (site serves Waterford city) - DTT, FM radio Glanmire, County Cork - DTT Glencolmcille, County Donegal - DTT Glendalough, County Wicklow - DTT Glenties, County Donegal - DTT Gorey, County Wexford - DTT Greenore, County Louth - DTT Greystones, County Wicklow - DTT, FM radio Kilduff, County Tipperary - DTT, FM radio (carries RTÉ Radio 1 only on 90.2) Killaloe, County Clare - DTT Kilmacthomas, County Waterford - DTT Knockanore, County Kerry - DTT, FM radio Knockmoyle, (Slieve Mish) County Kerry - DTT, FM radio Kinsale, County Cork - DTT, FM radio Lahinch, County Clare - FM radio Leap, County Cork - DTT Letterkenny, County Donegal - DTT Maamclassach, County Kerry'' - DTT, FM radio Magheroarty, County Donegal - DTT, FM radio Malin Head, County Donegal - DTT, FM radio Mitchelstown, County Cork - DTT Monaghan, County Monaghan - DTT, FM radio Mount Gabriel, County Cork - DTT Moville, County Donegal - DTT, FM radio Rosscarbery, County Cork - DTT Suir Valley, County Kilkenny - DTT, FM radio Timoleague, County Cork - DTT Tonabrocky, County Galway - DTT Woodcock Hill, County Clare - DTT, FM radio Carslville South, County Cork - DTT, FM Transmitters no longer active These sites are (in some cases) either completely decommissioned or still in use for telecommunications operators. Abbeyfeale, County Limerick - UHF television Aghavannagh, County Wicklow - UHF television Annagry, County Donegal - UHF television Annascaul, County Kerry - UHF television Araglin, County Cork - UHF television Arthurstown, County Wexford - UHF television Ashford, County Wicklow - UHF television Ashleam, County Mayo - UHF television Athlone (Moydrum), County Westmeath Telecommunications. Was MW radio Avoca, County Wicklow A - UHF television Avoca, County Wicklow B - UHF television Ballinastoe, County Wicklow - UHF television Ballineen, County Cork - UHF television Ballingeary, County Cork - UHF television Ballinglen, County Wicklow - UHF television Ballintrillick, County Sligo - UHF television Ballyandreen, County Cork - UHF television Ballymacarbry, County Waterford - UHF television Ballynakilly, County Kerry - UHF television Ballyporeen, County Tipperary - UHF television Ballinure, County Cork - Telecommunications only. Was MW radio. Bealanabrack, County Galway - UHF television Belgooley, County Cork - UHF television Ben Gorm, County Mayo - UHF television Blarney, County Cork - UHF television Bonane, County Kerry - UHF television Briska, County Mayo - UHF television Brittas Bay, County Wicklow - UHF television Broadford, County Clare - UHF television Clarkstown, County Meath - LW Radio Corrnamona, County Galway - UHF television Crossbarry, County Cork - UHF television Donnybrook, Dublin, County Dublin - VHF television, FM radio (pre-Three Rock) Droumgarriff, County Cork - UHF television Dromanassig, County Kerry - UHF television Dunquin, County Kerry - UHF television Dunmanway, County Cork - UHF television Failmore, County Galway - UHF television Glenbeigh, County Kerry - UHF television Glencar, County Kerry - UHF television Headford, County Kerry - UHF television Inchigeelagh, County Cork - UHF television Inistioge, County Kilkenny - UHF television Kells Bay, County Kerry - UHF television Kilkee, County Clare - UHF television Killeagh, County Cork - UHF television Kilmacomma, County Tipperary - UHF television Lauragh, County Kerry - UHF television Listowel, County Kerry - UHF television Lomanaugh, County Kerry - UHF television Maam, County Galway - UHF television Macroom, County Cork - UHF television Monasootagh, County Wexford - UHF television Morley's Bridge, County Kerry - UHF television Mountainstage, County Kerry - UHF television Mulranny, County Mayo - UHF television Nire Valley, County Waterford - UHF television Passage West, site located at Marino, near Cobh County Cork - UHF television Termon, County Donegal - UHF television Tinahealy, County Wicklow - UHF television Tomriland, County Wicklow - UHF television Toomes Bridge, County Cork - UHF television Tracton, County Cork - UHF television Tullamore, County Offaly - MW Radio Westport, County Mayo - UHF television Woodenbridge, County Wicklow - UHF television Youghal (south), site at The Strand, Youghal town, County Cork - UHF television References External links Department of Communications Digital Television DTT Network - Saorview Network Limited	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2RN%20%28RT%C3%89%20Networks%29
Kevin Rubio (born December 20, 1967) is an American filmmaker who is best known for his Star Wars parody film Troops. Education and early career Rubio studied theater and photography throughout his high school years in California, and made his directorial debut at the age of 17 with a stage adaptation of Robert Redford’s Ordinary People. He spent the next two years directing musical theater in such productions as You’re a Good Man Charlie Brown and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dream Coat, earning several awards for these productions. From 1984 - 1988, he apprenticed in the field of lighting, set design, and directing under George Costa, director of the San Jose Civic Light Opera House. In 1988, Rubio attended Long Beach State University with a major in film. He almost graduated in 1991 and spent the next three years doing various production jobs. Film career In 1992, Rubio wrote and directed Re-Animation, an animated Frankenstein short that attracted the attention of the Fox Kids Network. Based on the strength of the short, Rubio was hired to design animated characters for their Saturday morning line-up, and eventually headed up their cel animation art department. In 1996, Rubio produced his first feature film, the low-budget Movies ‘til Dawn, but his biggest success to date came in 1997 with the internet release of Troops, a Star Wars/COPS parody that has been credited with starting the Internet short film craze. The film was later recognized by Lucasfilm with the Pioneer Award at the 2002 Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards. Rubio has made a living since as a freelance writer and award-winning promotion producer, and has written comic books for Dark Horse's successful Star Wars Tales line. In 2001, Lucasfilm asked Rubio to create a two-part original comedic story for the Star Wars comic line, and he delivered "Tag and Bink Are Dead", which has gone on to critical and financial success. His compilation trade paperback: "Tag and Bink Were Here" was named one of the top trade paperback books of 2006 by The American Library Association. His list of writer/director credits includes a pilot presentation for the Sci-Fi Channel (Alien Hunter - a sort of Crocodile Hunter in space), Colossor (a pilot for MTV), Action Man for Fox Kids, and Storm Watch, a pilot for the USA Network. In 2006, Rubio was inducted into the 501st Legion as an honorary member during the 501st dinner at Comic Con International in San Diego. In 2007, Rubio was contracted by G4 to help integrate Attack of the Show with an online webcam from the site Stickam. He can be seen on the aots webcam talking to fans. In 2015, Rubio released a Star Wars fan film titled Ackbar's Eleven. Personal life Kevin lives in Los Angeles and is working on his series "Abyss" for Red 5 Comics as well as working on the Star Wars: The Clone Wars television series and other projects for television and film. Screenwriting credits Television MP4orce (2006) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) Zevo-3 (2011) Power Rangers Samurai (2012) Ben 10: Omniverse (2012-2014) Green Lantern: The Animated Series (2013) Avengers Assemble (2015) Thunderbirds Are Go (2015) Justice League Action Shorts (2017) Films Movies ‘til Dawn (1996) Troops (1997) Bibliography Dark Horse Comics Tag and Bink Are Dead #1-2 (2001) The Return of Tag and Bink: Special Edition (2006) Tag and Bink: Revenge of the Clone Menace (2006) Red 5 Comics Abyss vol.1 #1-4 (2007-2008) Abyss: Family Issues #1-4 (2011) References External links Living people American film directors 1967 births	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Rubio
The Lansing Board of Water & Light is a publicly owned, municipal utility that provides electricity and water to the residents of the cities of Lansing and East Lansing, Michigan, and the surrounding townships of Delta, Delhi, Meridian and DeWitt. The Lansing Board of Water & Light also provides steam and chilled water services within the City of Lansing. History The Lansing Board of Water & Light is a municipal utility, owned by the citizens of Lansing, Michigan. The utility's roots go back to 1885, when Lansing citizens approved a $100,000 bond issue to build a water system to provide for drinking water and fire protection. Electricity was added to its list of utility services in 1892, and steam heat in 1919. System Information The Lansing Board of Water & Light has an electric generating capacity of 510 megawatts. The BWL's transmission line voltage is 138,000 volts. The BWL's distribution voltages are 13,200/7,620Y, 8,320/4,800Y and 4,160/2,400Y. The Lansing Board of Water & Light pumps an average of approximately 24 million gallons per day (MGD) from two conditioning plants through approximately of water main. Maximum daily demand is on the order of 33 MGD, while the maximum hourly demand rate can be on the order of 42 MGD. Raw water is obtained exclusively by pumping from 124 wells located throughout the Lansing area. All system pressure is generated via pumping; the Lansing Board of Water & Light does not maintain any elevated water storage tanks. Water Utility The Lansing Board of Water & Light obtains all raw water from a series of wells located throughout the city of Lansing, making it one of the few public utilities for large cities that provides water exclusively from wells. The city sits atop, and draws its water from, the Saginaw Aquifer, a natural, but limited, underground reservoir , and in size. The raw water is pumped directly to two conditioning plants: the John Dye plant located in downtown Lansing and the Wise Road plant located on the southwest side of the city. At these plants, water hardness is reduced from approximately 411 parts per million (ppm) to about 85 ppm. The finished water is then chlorinated and fluorinated, and sent to storage prior to distribution. At the John Dye conditioning plant, two pumping stations draw finished water from three ground level storage facilities and pump to the distribution system. The Dye pump station, pumps water to the north towards Dewitt Township, Bath Township, and Watertown Township, to the west to Delta Township, and to the local distribution system. The Cedar Street pump station provides supplemental pumping capacity during periods of high demand. The Wise Road conditioning plants similarly pumps water directly into the distribution system, and generally feeds portions of Windsor Township, Delhi Township, and Alaiedon Township. The Lansing Board of Water & Light retail customers consist of residential, commercial and industrial customers within the service areas, totaling approximately 56,000 customers. Approximately 48,000 of these customers are residential, 7,000 commercial, while the remaining customers consist of industrial customers. In addition, the Lansing Board of Water & Light sells water on a wholesale basis to the local distribution systems in Delta Township and Meridian Township. Electric Utility BWL's largest power plant is the Otto E. Eckert Station, and was named after the utility's general manager from 1927 to 1966. The coal-fired generating station is located in downtown Lansing on the Grand River, adjacent to General Motors' Grand River Assembly Plant and the now-demolished Lansing Car Assembly Plant. Begun in 1922 and completed the following year, the power station has undergone numerous expansions and additions since, with the addition of the three chimneys in 1981. The station has a generating capacity of 351 megawatts, produced by burning coal from Wyoming's Powder River Basin. This plant has three smokestacks, the tallest self-supporting structures in south central Michigan. These stacks are visible from fifteen miles (24 km) on a clear day. The stacks are known locally by the names of Wynken, Blynken, and Nod, after the fishermen in a poem of the same name by Eugene Field. It was announced in December 2017 that the plant decommissioning has been accelerated, and is now scheduled to go offline in 2020. The BWL's secondary generating plant is the Claud R. Erickson Station, named after general manager of the utility from 1966 to 1972. The plant located in Delta Township on Canal Road just south of Mt. Hope Road. This plant, built in 1973, is coal-fired and has a single generating unit with a capacity of 159 megawatts and is connected to the power grid by three 138,000 volt lines. The LBWL announced in December 2017 that they would be replacing Erickson Station with a $500 million natural gas-fired power plant capable of generating 250 megawatts to be completed by 2021. As an eventual replacement for the aging Eckert Station, the utility began operating the REO Town Cogeneration Plant on July 1, 2013. The eight-story, cogeneration facility located on Washington Avenue in Lansing's REO Town district has a capacity of 100 megawatts, and burns natural gas to generate electricity and steam. It also includes the utility's headquarters and a restored Grand Trunk Western Railroad depot, which is used as the boardroom for the utility and as meeting space. To achieve the state-mandated 10% renewable energy requirement, the company has built or acquired power through purchase agreements from several new sources. They contracted for 19.2MW from eight new wind turbines at the Beebe Wind Farm in Gratiot County. Lansing Board of Water and Light owns the 0.5MW Moores Park hydroelectric plant on the Grand River and the 0.16MW Cedar Street Solar Array. It also purchases power from the Tower/Kleber Hydro plant near Cheboygan and the Granger Landfill Energy plant. Lansing Board of Water & Light has issued a request for proposals for 20MW of additional solar power. During periods of high demand, the Lansing Board of Water and Light purchases electricity from MISO. The BWL has two 138KV interconnections (Davis-Oneida line and the Davis-Enterprise line) with Consumers Energy/METC from its substation on Jolly Road just east of Pennsylvania Ave on Lansing's south side. The utility also owns a portion of Detroit Edison's Belle River Power Plant near St. Clair, Michigan. The utility's power plant inventory once included the 25 megawatt Ottawa Street Station on the Grand River in downtown Lansing. This steam and electrical plant operated from its completion in 1940 until 1992, when it was decommissioned as a power station, with steam and electrical production transferred to the Eckert Station. The station was put back into partial usage as a water chiller plant for the utility in 2001 to cool downtown buildings. In late 2007, LBWL sold the mostly vacant station to Accident Fund Insurance Company, which was renovated into their headquarters. At the end of December of that year, in preparation for the renovation, the iconic smokestack portion of the building was taken down. See also List of public utilities References External links Lansing Board of Water and Light Official site Companies based in Lansing, Michigan Municipal electric utilities of the United States Water companies of the United States Public utilities of the United States 1885 establishments in Michigan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing%20Board%20of%20Water%20%26%20Light
Sir Noël Vansittart Bowater, 2nd Baronet (25 December 1892 – 22 January 1984) was the 626th Lord Mayor of London from 1953 to 1954. Career He was the eldest son of Sir Frank Bowater, 1st Baronet and his wife, Ethel Anita ( Fryar), and educated at Rugby School, Rugby, Warwickshire. He fought in the First World War between 1914 and 1919, being awarded the Military Cross in 1917. After the war, he was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Polar Star of Sweden, decorated with the award of the Order of Menelik II of Ethiopia, and invested as a Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ). Bowater Paper Corporation Bowater became a vice-chairman of Bowater Paper Corporation. Lord Mayor of London He succeeded his father to the title of 2nd Baronet Bowater, of Friston, Suffolk (U.K., 1939) on 10 November 1947 and held the office of Sheriff of the City of London in 1948 and Lord Mayor of London in 1953. The following year he was invested as a Knight Grand Cross (GBE) of the Order of the British Empire and became Master of the Worshipful Company of Vintners. He also held the office of Lord Lieutenant of the City of London. Marriage and issue On 1 February 1921, he married Constance Bett (died 27 May 1993), daughter of David Gordon Bett, of Woodbridge, Suffolk, and they had three children. Bowater died on 22 January 1984. He was succeeded by his son, Euan, as the third baronet. References Sources Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, pages 456 and 457. 1892 births 1984 deaths People educated at Rugby School Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire Knights of Justice of the Order of St John 20th-century lord mayors of London 20th-century English politicians British Army personnel of World War I Royal Artillery officers Recipients of the Military Cross Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl%20Bowater
Atlantosaurus (meaning "Atlas lizard") is a dubious genus of sauropod dinosaur. It contains a single species, Atlantosaurus montanus, from the upper Morrison Formation of Colorado, United States. Atlantosaurus was the first sauropod to be described during the infamous 19th century Bone Wars, during which scientific methodology suffered in favor of pursuit of academic acclaim. History The type specimen, YPM 1835, found by Arthur Lakes in Lakes Quarry Number 1 in the Morrison Formation of Colorado, United States, was named and described by Othniel Charles Marsh, Professor of Paleontology at Yale University (then called Yale College), in July 1877 as Titanosaurus montanus. Marsh soon learned that the name Titanosaurus had already been used earlier that year by Richard Lydekker to describe a different sauropod from India, so he renamed it Atlantosaurus montanus. Marsh estimated the length of the animal at twenty-four metres, "if built like a crocodile". The skeletal remains discovered, two or three posterior sacral vertebrae connected to the ilia, were initially distinguished by their immense size and by the pleurocoels (air-filled pockets) in the vertebrae. However, since the time of its discovery, these features have been found to be widespread among sauropods, making it nearly impossible to distinguish the two known vertebrae of Atlantosaurus from those of its relatives. Since it is unclear whether or not Atlantosaurus montanus actually represents a distinct species, it is considered a nomen dubium ("dubious name"), though some researchers have considered it a likely synonym of Apatosaurus ajax. In 1878, Marsh named a second species, Atlantosaurus immanis, "the immense one", based on holotype YPM 1840, a nearly complete postcranial skeleton, also found by Lakes, in Quarry Number 10. Marsh estimated its length at thirty-five metres from a presumed thighbone length of 2.5 metres. Later the femur length was determined at 1.95 metres. "A." immanis was in 2015 identified as a dubious member of the Apatosaurinae separate from Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus, but did not examine its relationship with Atlantosaurus montanus. References External links Diplodocoids Late Jurassic dinosaurs of North America Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation Nomina dubia Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh Paleontology in Colorado Fossil taxa described in 1877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantosaurus
Onara may refer to: Onara, Tombolo, Italy "Onara" (song), the theme song of the South Korean television drama Dae Jang Geum Onara (book), a Japanese children's book published in 1978 Onara Peninsula, a peninsula to the east of Luzhin Bay in Magadan Oblast, Russia Ōnara Stop, former name of Tatsuokajō Station, a train station in Saku, Nagano, Japan Onara, a fictional continent in the Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting Arcanis See also Oh Na-ra (born 1977), South Korean actress	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onara%20%28disambiguation%29
Austrosaurus (; ) was an extinct genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Allaru Formation, from the early Cretaceous (112-105 million years ago) of Central-Western Queensland in Australia. Discovery and species The holotype, QM F2361 (consisting of three blocks containing primitive and badly weathered vertebrae and rib fragments, with a further 5 large blocks and at least 10 smaller ones later assigned to the holotype as well), was discovered by Mr. H.B. Wade on Clutha Station near Maxwelton in north Queensland in 1932, who alerted the station manager H. Mackillop, who showed his brother who sent them to the Queensland Museum. Austrosaurus was described by Heber Longman in 1933. Paleobiology Originally it was thought that sauropods spent time near or in water to relieve weight from their legs. However, this theory is now rejected and it is believed that Austrosaurus like all sauropods lived on dry land. Fossil finds suggest a height of approximately 3.9 metres at the hip and 4.1 metres at the shoulder, which would have given it an almost level back. Gregory S. Paul estimated its body size at in length and in body mass. Classification Initially, Austrosaurus was considered a cetiosaurid, like Patagosaurus or Shunosaurus. Hocknull et al. (2009) described the new sauropod Wintonotitan from material that originally assigned to Austrosaurus by Coombs and Molnar in 1981. Hocknull suggested that Austrosaurus mckillopi differed only slightly from the QMF 7292, the holotype of Wintonotitan wattsii, and should be considered a nomen dubium. Recently, Poropat et al. (2017) reported additional sauropod material from the Austrosaurus type locality and assigned them to the Austrosaurus holotype, finding the genus to be a valid titanosauriform tentatively assignable to Somphospondyli. References Further reading External links Australian Sauropods Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum, Winton, Qld Dann'S Dinosaur Info: Austrosaurus Titanosaurs Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia Paleontology in Queensland Fossil taxa described in 1933 Taxa named by Albert Heber Longman Sauropods of Australia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrosaurus
At the 1936 Summer Olympics, seven fencing events were contested, six for men and one for women. Medal summary Men's events Women's events Medal table Participating nations A total of 311 fencers (270 men and 41 women) from 29 nations competed at the Berlin Games: References 1936 Summer Olympics events 1936 1936 in fencing International fencing competitions hosted by Germany	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing%20at%20the%201936%20Summer%20Olympics
Avipes (meaning "bird foot") is a genus of extinct archosaurs represented by the single species Avipes dillstedtianus, which lived during the middle Triassic period. The only known fossil specimen, a partial foot (metatarsals), was found in Bedheim, Thuringia, Germany, in deposits of Lettenkohlensandstein (a form of sandstone). Avipes was named in 1932 by Huene. Although originally classified as a coelurosaur or a ceratosaur, a new study of the fossil specimen found that it was too incomplete to assign to a group more specific than Archosauria, and so it was regarded as indeterminate by Rauhut and Hungerbuhler in 2000. References Information on Avipes Nomina dubia Middle Triassic reptiles of Europe Middle Triassic archosaurs Prehistoric reptile genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avipes
Azendohsaurus is an extinct genus of herbivorous archosauromorph reptile from roughly the late Middle to early Late Triassic Period of Morocco and Madagascar. The type species, Azendohsaurus laaroussii, was described and named by Jean-Michel Dutuit in 1972 based on partial jaw fragments and some teeth from Morocco. A second species from Madagascar, A. madagaskarensis, was first described in 2010 by John J. Flynn and colleagues from a multitude of specimens representing almost the entire skeleton. The generic name "Azendoh lizard" is for the village of Azendoh, a local village near where it was first discovered in the Atlas Mountains. It was a bulky quadruped that unlike other early archosauromorphs had a relatively short tail and robust limbs that were held in an odd mix of sprawled hind limbs and raised forelimbs. It had a long neck and a proportionately small head with remarkably sauropod-like jaws and teeth. Azendohsaurus used to be classified as a herbivorous dinosaur, at first as an ornithischian but more often as a "prosauropod" sauropodomorph. This was based only on its jaws and teeth, which share derived features typically found in herbivorous dinosaurs. The complete skeletal material from Madagascar, however, revealed more basal characteristics ancestral to Archosauromorpha and that Azendohsaurus was not a dinosaur at all. Instead, Azendohsaurus was actually a more primitive archosauromorph that had convergently evolved many features of the jaws and skeleton shared with the later giant sauropod dinosaurs. It was found to be a member of a newly recognised group of specialised, mostly herbivorous archosauromorphs that was named the Allokotosauria. It is also the namesake and typifier of its own family of allokotosaurs, the Azendohsauridae; initially the only member, the family now includes other similar allokotosaurs, such as the larger, horned azendohsaurid Shringasaurus from India. Several other groups of archosauromorphs also adapted to herbivory in the Triassic, sometimes with dinosaur-like teeth that also caused confusion in their classification. Azendohsaurus is notable, however, for also convergently evolving a similar body shape to sauropodomorphs in addition to its jaws and teeth. Azendohsaurus and sauropodomorphs likely independently evolved to fill a similar ecological niche as long-necked, relatively high browsing herbivores in their environments. However, Azendohsaurus predates the large Late Triassic sauropodomorphs it resembles by several million years, and did not evolve similar body plans under the same environmental conditions. It may then have been one of the first herbivores to fill the high-browsing role that only large sauropodomorphs were thought to occupy during the Triassic, expanding the known ecological diversity of herbivorous archosauromorphs outside of dinosaurs in the Triassic Period. Azendohsaurus is also significant as it may be one of the earliest endothermic archosauromorphs known, and suggests that a warm-blooded metabolism was ancestral to the later archosaurs, including the dinosaurs. Description Azendohsaurus was a stocky mid-sized reptile estimated to be roughly long. It had a small, box-shaped head with a short snout on a long neck that was raised above the shoulders. The body was broad, with a barrel-shaped chest and shoulders much taller than the hips, together with an unusually short tail. Its posture was semi-sprawled, with sprawling hind limbs and slightly elevated forelimbs. The limbs themselves are relatively short and particularly robust, with digits that are shorter and stouter compared to other early archosauromorphs, each with notably large, curved claws on all four feet. Superficially its appearance is comparable to that of sauropodomorph dinosaurs, along with various details of its skeleton, suggesting Azendohsaurus converged on similar traits for a relatively high-browsing, herbivorous lifestyle. A. laaroussii is poorly known compared to A. madagaskarensis, and the two species are only known to differ in minor details of the jaw bones and teeth. Additional skeletal material of A. laaroussii has been reported from the type locality of the original skull fragments, but have yet to be formally described as of 2015. Skull The skull of A. madagaskarensis is almost completely known, and is robustly built with a short and boxy shape and a deep snout. The premaxillae are gently curved at the front of the upper jaw, forming a blunt, round snout tip, while the lower jaws have a deep, down-turned tip like those of sauropods. The bony nostrils are fused into a single (confluent) opening that faces forwards at the front of the snout, similar to those of rhynchosaurs. The skull has a number of traits convergent with sauropodomorphs, including the downward curving dentary, a robust dorsal process of the maxilla, and several features of the teeth. The process on the maxilla usually indicates the presence of an antorbital fenestra in archosauriforms, but in Azendohsaurus this space is occupied by the lacrimal bone in front of the eyes. This is a unique arrangement unknown in other Triassic archosauromorphs, except for the related Shringasaurus. The orbits are almost entirely occupied by the large sclerotic rings, suggesting large eyes. The lower temporal fenestra is open at the bottom, separating the jugal and the quadratojugal bones (a primitive trait for archosauromorphs). Also like other early archosauromorphs, Azendohsaurus has a small (3–5 mm across) parietal foramen ("third eye") on the roof of the skull. The lower jaw is especially convergent with those of sauropodomorphs, with an articular joint where the jaw hinges positioned below the level of the tooth row and downward curving dentaries, as well as the similarly shaped teeth. These features are variously found in other herbivorous Triassic archosauromorphs, but this combination is only known in Azendohsaurus and sauropodomorphs. The teeth are all roughly leaf-shaped (lanceolate) with expanded crowns and bulbous bases that are fused to the jaw bones (ankylothecodont). However, the upper and lower teeth are distinctly heterodont, and can be readily distinguished from each other. The upper teeth are relatively short and broad at their base, with 4–6 denticles on each surface, similar to ornithischians; the lower teeth are almost twice as tall and have twice as many denticles, more closely resembling the teeth of sauropodomorphs. The four premaxillary teeth are the longest teeth in the upper jaw, and are more recurved back in shape than the rest. The palate is unusually covered in numerous fully developed palatal teeth, with up to four sets on the pterygoid and additional rows on the palatine and vomers. Mature Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis have at least 44 pairs of palatal teeth, in addition to the 4 teeth in each premaxilla and 11–13 in the maxilla each, along with a maximum of 17 teeth in the dentary. Palatal teeth are not uncommon in herbivorous reptiles, but in Azendohsaurus they are almost identical in shape to those along the jaw margins, but a bit stouter. Other archosauromorphs with palatal teeth have a much simpler palatal dentition of small, domed teeth. Teraterpeton is the only other archosauromorph with similarly well developed palatal teeth. The only described material of A. laaroussii are dentaries, maxillae, a premaxilla and several teeth. They broadly resemble A. madagaskarensis in general form but with a few distinguishing differences. The tooth count of A. laaroussii is higher, with 15–16 teeth in the maxilla compared to the 11–13 of A. madagaskarensis. The teeth of A. laaroussii are also taller than those of A. madagaskarensis and have more closely packed denticles. Further distinguishing the two species is the presence of a prominent keel on the inside surface of the maxilla. This keel runs the whole length of the maxilla in A. laaroussii, but is only found along the back half of it in A. madagaskarensis. Any other possible differences between the two species cannot be determined without rest of the skull and skeleton. Skeleton All the known post-cranial information for the skeleton of Azendohsaurus comes from A. madagaskarensis. Much of the vertebral column is known in Azendohsaurus, and although incomplete, it is estimated to have 24 presacral vertebrae (including the atlas and axis). The sacrum of the hips has only two vertebrae, and the full number of caudal vertebrae in the tail is unknown, but it is estimated to be only around 45–55 (low for an archosaur). The cervical vertebrae change shape down the neck, beginning as characteristically elongated with long and low neural spines, and getting progressively shorter in length towards the base of the neck, but with increasingly taller and narrower neural spines. This shortening is seen in the necks of other allokotosaurs like Trilophosaurus, but is not found in other long-necked archosauromorphs (e.g. the middle cervicals are the longest in tanystropheids). The neck would have been held raised up above the body, indicated by the inclined angle of the zygapophyses that connect each vertebra, as well as the front zygapophyses of each vertebra being higher than those at the back. The neck was also likely held in a gentle arc, based on an articulated set of cervicals in this position. The dorsal vertebrae of the back generally resemble the last cervicals, with tall, vertical neural spines. These vertebrae also decrease in length down the back, but less dramatically than in the neck. The last dorsal is unique, however, as it has a neural spine angled forward. Of the two sacrals, the first vertebra is larger and more robust, with a tall neural spines over its rear half. Both sacrals have large ribs completely fused to the vertebrae that articulate with the ilia (see below). The caudal vertebrae resemble the other vertebrae, but with backward inclined neural spines. The length of the caudals and the height of the neural spines gradually decreases down the tail, unlike some other archosauromorphs where the vertebrae elongate towards the tip. This implies that the tail was short and not tapering, but the very tip of the tail is unknown. They consistently have chevron facets from the 3rd or 4th vertebrae down to the last known caudals in the series. The cervical ribs are long and thin, becoming more robust and tapered as they move down the neck. Some of the cervical ribs from bottom half of the neck have a slight facet on the inside surface at their tips that may have held the tip of the preceding rib, forming a rigid cervical rib series (also suggested for the long necked Tanystropheus) that would stiffen the neck. The trunk ribs are long and curve outwards, indicating Azendohsaurus had a broad and deep barrel-shaped chest. The length and curvature of the ribs decreases down the spine, and the last rib is short, fused completely to the final dorsal vertebra, and points directly outwards to the sides. Only a single set of gastralia is known for Azendohsaurus, and their very delicate build and rarity compared to other bones suggests that it did not have a well developed basket of gastralia under the belly like some other archosauromorphs (e.g. Proterosuchus). Limbs and girdles The forelimbs and shoulders (pectoral girdle) of Azendohsaurus are well developed and robust. The scapula (shoulder blade) is long, about twice as tall as it is wide, matching the length and curvature of the ribs to accommodate the deep chest. The blade is concave on each side with a slightly expanded tip that is pointed at the back. The interclavicle is large and robust, and shares with Trilophosaurus and some rhynchosaurs a long "paddle-like" posterior process that is flattened and expanded towards the tip. It also has a unique forward-pointing process, a feature it shares only with Protorosaurus and some early diapsids (most other archosauromorphs have a notch instead). The coracoids are large and rounded, articulating with the scapula to form the glenoid (shoulder socket). The glenoid faces laterally, typical of sprawling reptiles, however, the scapular portion is directed slightly backwards, which could indicate the humerus was held in a more raised posture. The humerus itself is large and broadly expanded at both ends, leaving a relatively narrow "waisted" mid-shaft, with a very well developed deltopectoral crest. The radius is similarly stocky with slightly expanded ends, while the ulna is greatly expanded at both ends, though to a lesser extent distally. The hips (pelvic girdle) are not as deep as the shoulders, with the three hip bones being roughly equal in size. The ilium is tall and curved along the top surface, with a short rounded process at the front and a longer tapering process behind it. The pubis points down and slightly forwards, and only has a slightly thickened expansion (boot) at the tip. The ischium is relatively short, shorter than the ilium, and roughly triangular in shape with straight edges and a rounded rear tip. The articulation surfaces between each ischia are unusually expanded compared to other archosauromorphs. All three contribute to forming a deep, rounded acetabulum (hip socket). Unlike the open socket of dinosaurs, the internal wall of the acetabulum in Azendohsaurus is solid bone. The large sacral ribs articulate with the ilium so that it is held almost vertically, although their slight downward angle would have deflected the hip socket to face not only out away from the body but also down by about 10° to 25° from vertical. The femur is long and vaguely S-shaped, with a slightly expanded head that is not turned inwards, unlike those of dinosaurs, indicating it was not held upright. The femur is also twisted along its shaft so that the faces of the head and the knee are offset from each other by about ~75°. The tibia is roughly 75% the length of the femur, slightly bowed out, and is very robust compared those of other archosauromorphs except for the largest rhynchosaurs. The fibula by contrast is slender and more prominently twisted along its length. The extremities of Azendohsaurus are well represented in the fossils, including both a complete hand (manus) and foot (pes) each in articulation. All of the carpals and tarsal bones are well ossified and distinct, and the complicated tarsus is made up of nine bones. The metacarpals in the hand are notable as they diverge in a smooth arc, with the length of the digits almost symmetrical around the long third digit as well as relatively non-diverged first and fifth digits. This contrasts with the hands of other reptiles where first and fifth digits are spread out from each other and the fourth digit is the longest. The metatarsals and digits of the foot also diverge in a smooth arc, but unlike the hand they are not symmetrical, with a long fourth toe and a short, hooked fifth digit. All the digits of the hands and feet are unusually short for an archosauromorph, contrasting with the related Trilophosaurus. The claws (or unguals) are all very large, narrow and sharply recurved, and are significantly larger than the preceding finger bone they were attached to. The digits and claws share features with those of dromaeosaurid and troodontid maniraptorans, as well as other reptiles such as the turtle Proganochelys. These shared traits are associated with well developed flexor tendons, and it is suggested to be an adaptation for withstanding forces involved in digging. History of Discovery A. laaroussii Early discoveries The first fossils of Azendohsaurus laaroussii were discovered in a northern part the Timezgadiouine Formation in Morocco, which is found within the Argana Basin of the High Atlas. The fossil beds consist of sandstones and red clay mudstones, and were excavated by Jean-Michel Dutuit between 1962 and 1969. The fossils of A. laaroussii are known from only a single layer within the formation, in an outcrop numbered XVI by Dutuit at the base of the T5 (or Irohalene) member. The T5 member has traditionally been roughly dated to the early Late Triassic in age using vertebrate biostratigraphy based on the presence of the phytosaur "Paleorhinus" magnoculus, as part of the Carnian dated '"Palaeorhinus" biochron', although this method of correlating and dating global Triassic sequences may be inaccurate and the date for the T5 member remains uncertain. The first fossils consisted of only a partial tooth-bearing dentary fragment and some associated teeth. This material was discovered by J. M. Dutuit in 1965 and described in 1972, who believed it to belong to a herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur, as well as one of the oldest dinosaurs yet discovered. He named the genus "Azendoh lizard", after the nearby Azendoh village located only 1.5 km to the west of where the fossils were discovered. The specific name, A. laaroussii, is in honour of Laaroussi, the name of a technician from the Moroccan geological mapping service who first discovered the site where Azendohsaurus was found. Dutuit's description of Azendohsaurus as an ornithischian was soon challenged by palaeontologist Richard Thulborn two years later in 1974, who was the first to suggest that Azendohsaurus was a "prosauropod" instead. The same conclusion was made by José Boneparte after examining the material himself in 1976. This re-identification was favoured by researchers in subsequent publications, and it was variously referred to the "prosauropod" families Anchisauridae and Thecodontosauridae without further explanation. Dutuit himself even agreed that Azendohsaurus was likely to be a "prosauropod" in 1983, although not long before in 1981 he had briefly regarded it as a "pre-ornithischian". In 1985, palaeontologist Peter Galton suggested that Dutuit's original "Azandohsaurus " material included the jaw of a "prosauropod" and the tooth of a fabrosaurid ornithischian (a now defunct grouping of early ornithischians), based on the differences in the shape of the teeth. This suggestion was refuted by François-Xavier Gauffre in 1993 when he re-described the material, as well describing additional jaw bones and teeth including two maxillae. He correctly concluded that the material belonged to a single taxon, but assigned the genus to "Prosauropoda" incertae sedis based again on the characteristics of the jaws and teeth. However, he could not determine its position within "Prosauropoda" due to the ambiguous distribution of these traits in early herbivorous dinosaurs, as well as a lack of any comparable Triassic reptiles, so he referred it to incertae sedis. His assessment was accepted by many other researchers in the years following up until the description of the new material from the Madagascan species. Later finds to present New material from the type locality of A. laaroussii, including parts of the post-cranial skeleton, was reported on in 2002 at the annual conference of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology by Nour-Eddine Jalil and Fabien Knoll. The additional material included presacral vertebrae, limb bones and limb girdles. The material was disarticulated, and was only attributable to A. laaroussii due to its association with recognised fragments of the skull and jaws. The post-cranial material was recognised as non-dinosaurian, but still believed to be an ornithodiran archosaur related to dinosaurs. If correctly associated with the jaws and teeth, this indicated Azendohsaurus was not closely related to any herbivorous dinosaurs, despite their similarities. Similarly, teeth from other purported Triassic ornithischians were later found to belong to previously unrecognised herbivorous reptiles, such as the pseudosuchian Revueltosaurus, highlighting the possibility for mistaken identities in other purported herbivorous Triassic dinosaurs, including Azendohsaurus. The new post cranial material from A. laaroussii was described as part of a Ph.D thesis by Khaldoune in 2014, but as of 2019 this thesis has not yet been published and the material remains officially undescribed in published literature. However, it has now more confidently been referred to A. laaroussii after the description of the Madagascan material, and was found to share at least two diagnostic post cranial traits with the Madagascan species. All the material from A. laaroussii, including the holotype and unpublished post crania, is housed at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France. A. madagaskarensis Initial discoveries In 1997 through to 1999, fossils of a new archosauromorph were discovered by an international expedition in southwestern Madagascar and were recovered over the following decade. The fossils were found in a single bone bed, referred to as M-28, that was only tens of centimetres thick across a 100 metre stretch of outcrop exposed as an uplifted river terrace not far from the east bank of the Malio River, just outside of the Isalo National Park, north-west of the town of Ranohira and to the east of Sakahara. The locality was from the base of the Middle–Late Triassic Makay Formation, also referred to as Isalo II, a part of the Isalo "Group" in the Morondava Basin. Previously, the formation had been believed to be Early to Middle Jurassic in age, although the earlier discovery of the rhynchosaur Isalorhynchus had revised that estimate to the Middle Triassic. The tetrapod fossils recovered in the 1997–99 expedition confirmed the Isalo II was Triassic in age, but instead suggested a younger Carnian age. The age of the formation has also been correlated to the Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone (AZ) from the Santa Maria Formation in South America based on the shared genera of traversodontid cynodonts, with a similar late Ladinian or early Carnian age. The Santacruzodon AZ has been more reliably dated through radioisotope U—Pb dating, suggesting a maximum depositional age of 237 ±1.5 million years in the early Carnian. The bone bed contained material from almost "a dozen" individuals of varying ages and size, all from a single species. The material was very well preserved, generally preserving the three-dimensional shape of the bones with very little crushing or distortion in some of the specimens. Based on the state of preservation, some of the bones were believed to have been buried rapidly while others were exposed for longer on the surface, where they were weathered, cracked and possibly trampled on before burial. As with A. laaroussii, the teeth and jaws were the first material to be recovered and described from the bone bed. These were initially mistaken to belong two different species based on the difference in tooth shape in the upper and lower jaws, but one of them was recognised as closely resembling A. laaroussii, sharing a keel on the inside surface of the maxilla and expanded, leaf-shaped teeth, among other features. Like A. laaroussii, both of these supposed species were also misidentified as "prosauropods"; a species of Azendohsaurus or a related taxon and another, more typical "prosauropod". Further discoveries of associated material clarified that all the jaw material and the rest of the skeletons were from a single, new species of Azendohsaurus. Reinterpretation Even preliminary examination of the rest of the skull and skeleton from the Madagascan species confirmed that Azendohsaurus was not a dinosaur, and was instead an aberrant herbivorous archosauromorph that was only distantly related to dinosaurs, let alone sauropodomorphs. A description of the cranial material was published first in May, 2010 by John J. Flynn and colleagues, who also officially named and diagnosed it as a new species of Azendohsaurus, Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis, named for its country of origin. This was also the first time Azendohsaurus was determined to be a non-dinosaur in the published literature. In December, 2015, the rest of the skeleton of A. madagaskarensis was formally described and published by Sterling J. Nesbitt and colleagues, providing the first detailed examination of the full anatomy of Azendohsaurus from the now almost completely known skeleton. In addition to comparing its anatomy, they were also able to analyse its evolutionary relationships to other Triassic reptiles in a phylogenetic context for the first time. The preservation of the material was described as "generally excellent" by Nesbitt and colleagues, and the amount of overlapping material made it easier to determine the original morphology from distorted and broken bones. Much of the material was found disarticulated and sometimes isolated, but a number of specific parts of the body were found articulated in life position, including sections of the neck, back, hands and feet. Most of the material was similarly sized, with a range of about 25% between the smallest and largest specimens, although the significance of this is not understood and it could be related to ontogeny, individual variation or sexual dimorphism. The well preserved nature of much of the material also allowed for reinterpretations of parts of the skeleton of other archosauromorphs, such as the hand of Trilophosaurus. The hands of other archosauromorphs are often poorly known, and so their preservation in Azendohsaurus is considered important for understanding their evolution in early archosauromorphs. All the specimens of A. madagaskarensis are permanently housed in both the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar (including the holotype) and at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois, including casts of some of the original specimens. Classification Initial attempts Azendohsaurus was first misidentified as an ornithischian dinosaur by Dutuit, based on shared characteristics of its teeth such as the leaf-like shape and the number of denticles. It was later believed to be a sauropodomorph instead by other researchers, assigned to the defunct infraorder "Prosauropoda" (then believed to be a distinct monophyletic group related to sauropods, now known to be a paraphyletic grade) based on the morphology of its lower jaw, maxilla and teeth, such as the downward curving dentary and absence of a predentary bone, one of the characteristic traits of ornithischians. These misidentifications were caused by the convergence in jaw and tooth shape between it and the herbivorous dinosaurs while its true phylogenetic relationships could not be realised due to the absence of other bones of the skull and skeleton. The non-dinosaurian identity of Azendohsaurus was first hinted at after the discovery of additional skeletal material recovered from the type locality. This was based on the presence of traits such as a solid hip socket (acetabulum), and a proximal fourth trochanter on the femur that also lacked an inward-facing head, which are typical of dinosaur skeletons. While evidently not a dinosaur, it was tentatively interpreted as an ornithodiran archosaur, still closely related to dinosaurs. The discovery of more complete material from Madagascar prompted the first formal classification Azendohsaurus as non-dinosaurian by Flynn and colleagues in 2010 through a detailed description of its cranial anatomy and were able to clarify its relationships further. They instead recognised it to be a more basal archosauromorph, far removed dinosaurs and closely related to but outside of the clade of Archosauriformes. As well as the derived, sauropodomorph-like features, the skull also had numerous primitive traits for archosauromorphs, including an open-bottomed lower temporal fenestra, extensive palatal teeth, a pineal foramen and no external mandibular or antorbital fenestrae. However, its exact relationships still remained unknown beyond a position as an indeterminate non-archosauriform archosauromorph. Recognition of Allokotosauria Azendohsaurus was included in a phylogenetic analysis of Triassic archosauromorphs for the first time in 2015 by Nesbitt and colleagues, utilising all of the new information from the skull and skeleton and a broad sample of various Triassic archosauromorph species, where it was recovered as closely related to other enigmatic herbivorous Triassic reptiles such as Trilophosaurus and Teraterpeton. This newly recognised grouping of archosauromorphs was named Allokotosauria, meaning "strange reptiles", for the unusual qualities of the reptiles that belonged to the group. Azendohsaurus was found to be the sister taxon of the family Trilophosauridae, and was recognised as the sole member of its own family, the Azendohsauridae, due its distinctiveness even amongst other allokotosaurs. A similar result was recovered by another large analysis of archosauromorph phylogeny in 2016 by Martín D. Ezcurra, who found a monophyletic Allokotosauria containing Azendohsaurus and Trilophosaurus. Allokotosaurs are recognised as often having specialised jaws and teeth, as well as sharing a number of synapomorphies that include several reversals to more plesiomorphic (ancestral) traits of archosauromorphs, as well as at least two derived traits. The clade is considered to be well supported in these analyses. However, although closely related, the craniodental characteristics of allokotosaurs vary dramatically, and among them Azendohsaurus was characterised by having laterally compressed, serrated teeth present throughout the length of the jaws (unlike the 'beaked' jaws of trilophosaurids). Azendohsaurus broadly shares with other azendohsaurids features such as confluent nares, leaf-shaped teeth and a long neck, but Azendohsaurus itself is distinguished by the distinctive groove on the inside surface of the maxilla and tooth crowns that are expanded above the base. In 2017, another large allokotosaur was described from the Middle Triassic of India by Saradee Sengupta and colleagues, named Shringasaurus indicus. Shringasaurus was very similar to Azendohsaurus, and they were found to be closely related, supporting the existence of Azendohsauridae as a distinct family from the trilophosaurids. The same analysis also recovered Pamelaria, another long necked archosauromorph from India, as a basal azendohsaurid. Similarities between Pamelaria and Azendohsaurus had been noted by Nesbitt and colleagues in 2015, including confluent nares, serrated teeth and low cervical spines, but their analysis favoured a position in Allokotosauria basal to azendohsaurids. The 2017 analysis also confirmed the close relationship between A. laaroussii and A. madagaskarensis within Azendohsauridae, strengthening their shared referral to the genus Azendohsaurus. A 2018 analysis of Triassic archosauromorphs failed to recover Allokotosauria, but still recovered both species of Azendohsaurus within a clade of azendohsaurids. The cladogram below follows the results of Sengupta and colleagues in 2017: A 2022 phylogenetic analysis supported a monophyletic Allokotosauria and confirmed that Azendohsaurus was a sister taxon of Shringasaurus, and that the clade consisting of the two genera was in turn most closely related to Malerisaurus and Pamelaria. Evolutionary significance The number of convergent traits shared between Azendohsaurus and sauropodomorph dinosaurs is remarkably high, especially as all the shared features are interpreted as being homoplastic, meaning that they evolved completely independently of each other. Some of the shared adaptations of the skeleton between Azendohsaurus and sauropodomorphs were previously considered to be unique to sauropodomorphs. However, the convergent evolution of these traits in Azendohsaurus as adaptations towards a herbivorous lifestyle show that they may be more broadly distributed amongst Triassic archosauromorphs, and do not necessarily indicate a close relationship to sauropodomorphs in fossil taxa. The pattern of convergences in Azendohsaurus is unusual, as they appear to have arisen in only the front half of the animal, while the sprawling back legs and short tail of Azendohsaurus are characteristically primitive of earlier archosauromorphs, very unlike the columnar hind limbs and long tail of sauropodomorphs. This further highlights the non-uniform distribution and acquisition of typically sauropodomorph traits in other herbivorous archosauromorphs. The age of Azendohsaurus is also significant, as it was roughly coeval with the earliest known sauropodomorphs from Carnian South America, such as the lightweight, bipedal Saturnalia. However, Azendohsaurus resembles the later Norian sauropodomorphs more closely, both in general anatomy and its larger body size. This suggests that azendohsaurids had been the first reptiles to evolve as high browsing herbivores in Triassic ecosystems, prior to the evolution of the larger sauropodomorphs, which had previously been assumed to have been the first high browsing herbivores. It also indicates that the convergence between Azendohsaurus and sauropodomorphs did not occur under the same environmental circumstances, as Azendohsaurus was part of an initial wave of herbivory in archosauromorphs (along with rhynchosaurs, silesaurids and cynodonts) and large sauropodomorphs in a second wave (along with herbivorous pseudosuchians). Azendohsaurus also demonstrates that archosauromorphs were occupying roles as large herbivores in Triassic ecosystems earlier in their evolutionary history than had been assumed. These roles were previously thought to be dominated by large synapsids such as dicynodonts prior to the radiation of archosaurs in the Late Triassic, but Azendohsaurus suggests that earlier archosauromorphs were also capable of competing with synapsid herbivores. Palaeobiology Feeding and diet The leaf-shaped teeth of Azendohsaurus are clearly suited for a herbivorous lifestyle, and microwear—marks left on the tooth surface during feeding—on the teeth of A. madagaskarensis suggest they were used for browsing on vegetation that was not especially tough or woody, preferring softer (but firm) vegetation. The microwear patterns also show that it used a simple up-and-down motion of the jaw, and did not use complex jaw movement to chew its food like ornithischian dinosaurs or contemporary cynodonts. This microwear has not yet been observed on the teeth of A. laaroussii, but it is unknown if this is a genuine feature relating to a difference in diet and feeding habits between the two species or if it is just a feature of preservation. The fully developed palatal teeth suggest that it was using them for feeding in a specialised manner. However, no functional studies have been performed on the palatal teeth so it is unknown exactly what they were used for, although their similar shape to the marginal teeth suggests they were used for processing similar food. A pterygoid from a younger individual of A. madagaskarensis has fewer rows of palatal teeth that are smaller in size than those of the larger, mature individuals, indicating that Azendohsaurus increased both the number and size of its palatal teeth as it grew into adulthood. Younger individuals also had fewer dentary teeth than adults, although the difference was much less extreme compared to the palatal teeth (16 compared to the 17 of mature specimens). Body posture The body posture inferred for Azendohsaurus is a mixture of sprawled and semi-sprawled. The hind limbs have been interpreted as being completely sprawled outwards from the body, with its femur held straight out and the lower leg bent 90° beneath it at the knee, like a lizard. The forelimbs and shoulder girdle, however, suggest that the front of the body was held more upright than the hind quarters, with a partly downward directed shoulder socket and a humerus more suited for being held partially erect, and was similar in shape to those of sauropodomorphs. This unusual combination suggests that Azendohsaurus stood with its front end raised up off from the ground, which combined with its long, arched neck and small head, allowed it to browse relatively high off the ground, unlike contemporary low-browsing rhynchosaurs and cynodonts. Adapting to high-browsing could possibly explain the convergence between Azendohsaurus and sauropodomorphs, acquiring similar traits of the neck, forelimbs and spine to perform in similar niches. However, the more sprawling posture of Azendohsaurus probably inhibited high-browsing like that of the fully erect sauropodomorphs. Palaeopathology Despite the multitude of specimens present in the bone bed that was examined, only a single pathology has been recorded in A. madagaskarensis. Specimen UA 7-16-99-620, one of the three preserved interclavicles, had been malformed so that the long posterior process had been sharply bent to the right, compared to the normal straight posterior processes of the other two interclavicles. Metabolism and growth In 2019, thin slices were cut from the humerus, femur and tibia of specimens attributed to A. laaroussii for histological examination of the microscopic bone structure to try and determine the rate of growth in Azendohsaurus. The vascular density (the density of blood vessels in the bone tissue) in all three limb bones was found to be comparable to those of fast-growing birds and mammals, and the types of bone tissue identified—particularly energy-consuming fibrolamellar bone tissue—were interpreted as indicating a high resting metabolic rate that was in the range of living birds and mammals. It was inferred then that, like birds and mammals, Azendohsaurus would also likewise have been endothermic, or "warm-blooded". High resting metabolic rates similar to those of Azendohsaurus had been identified in other more derived archosauromorphs (such as Prolacerta), and analyses suggested that endothermy may then have been ancestrally present in archosauromorphs as far back as their common ancestor with allokotosaurs. This suggests that Azendohsaurus may then have been ancestrally endothermic. By contrast, the related allokotosaur Trilophosaurus was previously found to not have any fibrolamellar bone tissue in its limb bones and so was inferred to have grown slowly. Palaeoecology Although the two species of Azendohsaurus are known from disparate locations in North Africa and Madagascar, during the Middle to Late Triassic these regions were connected as part of the supercontinent Pangaea. Because of this, the two regions share broadly similar faunas, as well as sharing some with other regions of the globe at the time. For example, the cynodonts in Madagascar are similar to those also found in South America, and the Moroccan temnospondyls may be related to those found in eastern North America. The climate was hot and dry at this time, but with evidence suggesting higher levels of rainfall during the Carnian, interrupting the increasing aridity trend and creating wetter environments around the globe. Timezgadiouine Formation, Morocco Other reptiles from the base of the Irohalene (T5) member of the Timezgadiouine Formation contemporaneous with A. laaroussii include the phytosaur Arganarhinus, the predatory rauisuchid Arganasuchus, the herbivorous silesaurid Diodorus, a paratypothoracisine aetosaur, and procolophonid parareptiles, as well as the stahleckeriid dicynodont Moghreberia, a synapsid. Temnospondyl amphibians are represented by several genera of metoposauroids, including the metoposaurids Arganasaurus and Dutuitosaurus, and the latiscopid Almasaurus. Fish are also known from the T5 member, including various ray-finned actinopterygians such as the locally endemic Dipteronotus gibbosus and Mauritanichthys, as well as other perleidiform and redfieldiiform fishes, alongside lobe-finned actinistians and lungfish such as Asiatoceratodus. The T5 member is composed of cyclical layers of bioturbated mudstone and sandstone deposited in a broad, semi-humid basin. It has been interpreted as a system of brackish permanent lakes and sandbars, or alternatively sandy meandering rivers on a muddy floodplain. The fluvial or lacustrine sediments of the T5 member contrast with the playa sediments of the preceding T4 member, suggesting that it was deposited during an interval of increased rainfall. Numerous tracks and trackways from various animals are preserved, typically those of animals known from fossil remains such as phytosaurs, pseudosuchians, dinosauromorphs and basal archosauromorphs. The tracks also appear to indicate the presence of large to very-large dinosauromorphs or paracrocodylomorphs that are currently not yet known from skeletal remains. Additional traces mark the presence of burrowing invertebrates, bivalves, and clam shrimps. Makay Formation, Madagascar In Madagascar, Azendohsaurus co-existed with the hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur Isalorhynchus, the herbivorous traversodontid cynodonts Dadadon and Menadon, and the predatory chiniquodontid cynodont Chiniquodon kalanoro, as well as an undescribed kannemeyeriiform dicynodont, a sphenodontian reptile, a procolophonid parareptile, the diminutive lagerpetid Kongonaphon, various other undescribed dinosauromorphs, and an "enigmatic archosaur" of uncertain classification. The faunal composition of the Isalo II is believed to represent a Middle Triassic Ladinian aged assemblage, existing prior to the appearance of dinosaurs and associated Late Triassic faunas, particularly aetosaurs and phytosaurs that are absent from the formation, and also inferred from the dominance of traversodonts in the fauna. However, this age assessment remains uncertain, and the formation is possibly from the younger early Late Triassic during the Carnian, as has been proposed for the T5 member of the Argana Formation. Fossils of A. madagaskarensis have been exclusively recovered from a deposit of fine grained red mudstone, while other fossil bearing localities in the formation consist of medium grained channel sands, possibly reflecting a habitat preference in the ecosystem distinct from other animals or unique behavioural trait. The absence of any other species in the bone bed may also support this. However, this speculation cannot be confirmed, and it could instead be attributed to preservation bias. Possible niche partitioning in diet, though, is supported by differences in the tooth microwear of A. madagaskarensis and the contemporary traversodont Dadadon. Dadadon was inferred to be capable of feeding on tough, hardy vegetation by using complex chewing, in contrast to the simpler dentition and processing of Azendohsaurus, which was better suited for eating leaves. This may also be supported by its more elevated body posture and long neck. References Allokotosaurs Prehistoric reptile genera Middle Triassic reptiles of Africa Late Triassic reptiles of Africa Fossils of Morocco Fossils of Madagascar Triassic Madagascar Fossil taxa described in 1972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azendohsaurus
"Nite Flights" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Scott Walker under his given name Scott Engel. It was first recorded and released by Walker's pop group The Walker Brothers as the title track of their final album, 1978's Nite Flights. Personnel John Walker and Scott Walker - Vocals Dave MacRae - Keyboards Frank Gibson - Drums Mo Foster and Scott Walker - Basses The Walker Brothers - Arrangements Dave MacRae - Orchestrations and Conductor Scott Walker and Dave MacRae - Producer Dennis Weinreich - Recording Scott Walker, Dave MacRae and Dennis Weinreich - Mixing David Bowie version "Nite Flights" was first covered by the English musician David Bowie in 1993 for his album Black Tie White Noise. Along with all the other songs on Black Tie White Noise, this version uses heavy electronic sounds, including electronic drums and multiple synthesizers. Bowie remarked that he was introduced to Scott Walker when he dated one of Walker's ex-girlfriends. Reportedly, she enjoyed Walker's music more than Bowie's, and played Walker's albums constantly. A live performance of the song from a 1995 show during Bowie's Outside Tour was included on the release Ouvrez le Chien (Live Dallas 95) (2020). Versions Album version - 4:30 Moodswings Back to Basics Remix – 10:01 The Fatima Mansions cover "Nite Flights" was recorded by the art rock group The Fatima Mansions in 1994 for their album Lost in the Former West. It was also released as a single on UK Radioactive/Kitchenware the same year. The single also included a remix of the song by The Blood Of The Lamb titled "It's So Cold.... I Think". Track listing Other sources Black Tie White Noise Limited Edition DVD (2004) The Trouser Press References 1978 songs 1994 singles The Walker Brothers songs David Bowie songs The Fatima Mansions songs Songs written by Scott Walker (singer) GTO Records singles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nite%20Flights%20%28song%29
"Maximum Carnage" is a 14-part comic book crossover published in Marvel Comics' Spider-Man family of titles in 1993. It featured Spider-Man, Venom, and a host of other superheroes teaming up to face Venom's murderous offspring Carnage and his team of supervillains. Plot Since the alien symbiote to which he was bonded was destroyed during his capture, Cletus Kasady is presumed powerless and jailed at Ravencroft Asylum. However, the symbiote mutated his blood before its destruction, enabling Kasady to generate a copy of the symbiote and break out. During his escape, Kasady—again calling himself Carnage—frees fellow inmate Shriek. Over the course of their ensuing killing spree through New York City, they recruit Doppelganger, Demogoblin, and Carrion. Carnage dubs himself their "father", but in fact, they all despise Carnage and stay with the group out of devotion to Shriek. As the death toll increases, Spider-Man, Venom, Captain America, the Black Cat, Nightwatch, Cloak and Dagger, Iron Fist, Deathlok, Morbius the Living Vampire, and Firestar all join the cause of stopping them, but the heroes are polarized between Venom's desire to stop Carnage at all costs and Spider-Man's refusal to use violent methods, and Spider-Man ultimately abandons Venom to Carnage's mercies. In addition, Shriek uses her psychic powers to turn the populace of New York City into a bloodthirsty rabble, allowing the killers to continue their rampage with impunity. Carnage finally turns on the rest of his gang, and, in the ensuing battle, Shriek is distracted from using her psychic power. Taking advantage of the lull, the heroes acquire a device from Rand Corporation which projects feelings of love and hopes into the villains, overwhelming them. Carnage flees, faking his death by covering a victim in a mock symbiote costume, and the others are captured. Once the heroes are dispersed, Carnage ambushes Venom. The device has left Carnage frantic and confused, and Venom pounds him relentlessly before tackling him into an electrical generator. Carnage is knocked senseless and left to be incarcerated. Publications Original printing Part 1: Spider-Man Unlimited #1 Part 2: Web of Spider-Man #101 Part 3: The Amazing Spider-Man #378 Part 4: Spider-Man #35 Part 5: The Spectacular Spider-Man #201 Part 6: Web of Spider-Man #102 Part 7: The Amazing Spider-Man #379 Part 8: Spider-Man #36 Part 9: The Spectacular Spider-Man #202 Part 10: Web of Spider-Man #103 Part 11: The Amazing Spider-Man #380 Part 12: Spider-Man #37 Part 13: The Spectacular Spider-Man #203 Part 14: Spider-Man Unlimited #2 Collected editions In other media Film Maximum Carnage, as well as the 1994 Spider-Man animated series story arc The Venom Saga (1996), serves as the primary inspiration for the 2021 film Venom: Let There Be Carnage. Video games This storyline served as the basis for LJN's 1994 video game Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage, which was released for the Genesis and the Super NES video game platforms. Pinball The wizard mode of Zen Studios' virtual pinball adaptation of the Marvel Comics character Venom is named after the comic book storyline, representing Spider-Man, Venom, Captain America, Deathlok and Dagger's efforts to defeat Carnage. Toys An action figure line was released by Toy Biz to capitalize on the crossover's success. The line featured Spider-Man, Venom, and Carnage. Theme park During Halloween Horror Nights 12 at Universal Orlando's Islands of Adventure, Marvel Super Hero Island was converted into a scarezone based on the story arc, and a full haunted house called Maximum Carnage was created. In this version, Carnage has killed all of the Marvel superheroes that came after him, resulting in criminal gangs running the streets. Certain items gave the island the appearance that famous superheroes fought (and lost) on the scenery, resulting in their death. References External links Maximum Carnage at the Marvel Universe Comics by David Michelinie Comics by J. M. DeMatteis Mass murder in fiction	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20Carnage
The Letter ( or Jod mai rak, literally "love letter") is a 2004 romance-drama film directed by Pa-oon Chantarasiri. It is a remake of Pyeon ji, a 1997 South Korean film by director Lee Jung-gook. Plot Dew (Anne Thongprasom) is a young computer programmer who meets Ton (Attaporn Teemakorn) in Chiang Mai during her distant cousin's funeral. They immediately become attracted to each other and start to date each other over the phone. Back in Bangkok on Valentine's Day, Dew refuses to accompany her best friend, Ked, on a blind date because she is anxiously waiting for Ton's phone call. The consequence of this breaks Dew's heart as her friend is murdered by the blind date. Dew immediately leaves for Chiang Mai and finds comfort in Ton. The two start a serious relationship and marry soon after. However, their newfound happiness is cut short when Ton dies of a brain tumor. Dew is again left alone. Before leaving for Bangkok, she receives a mysterious letter, seemingly from her dead husband. As it turns out, Ton had written a series of letters prior to his death and arranged for them to be sent after his death to his widow. The letters help Dew through her grief. She finally is able to live without the love of her life and continues to live in Chiang Mai with their son, born after the death of his father. Production and release The Letter was the last film produced by Duangkamol Limcharoen before she died on December 8, 2003, at age thirty-nine. Director Pa-oon Chantarasiri, making her first feature film, agreed to take on the project, as a favor to her producer-friend. Starring popular Thai soap opera actress Anne Thongprasom, the film was a hit at the local box office. Facial tissues were handed out in front of cinemas for free in anticipation of the audiences' reactions to the final scenes. "It's an effective melodrama, a movie of well-executed cliches and retro sensibilities," wrote Bangkok Post film critic King Rithdee. "But only Anne's performance—especially her ability to switch on a fountain of tears—conceals the insubstantial nature of the film's build-up and its banal, I-love-you-forever kind of dialogue. Don't forget to bring a handkerchief. Or better still, a towel." Variety critic Russell Edwards called the film "slow-moving" and "glossy." "[It] doesn't just tug on the heartstrings but uses them to drop anchor in a sea of schmaltz." Festivals and awards Anne Thongprasom won for Best Actress at the Thailand National Film Association Awards. The film also won for Best Original Song, "Mai Mee Chai Mai," by Chartchai Pongprapapan. The Letter was screened at the 2004 Pusan International Film Festival. References External links 2004 films Thai-language films Remakes of South Korean films 2000s romance films Films shot in Chiang Mai Thai romance films 2004 directorial debut films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Letter%20%282004%20film%29
Barsboldia (meaning "of Barsbold", a well-known Mongolian paleontologist) is a genus of large hadrosaurid dinosaur from the early Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation of Ömnogöv', Mongolia. It is known from a partial vertebral column, partial pelvis, and some ribs. Discovery In 1970, a Polish-Mongolian expedition near the Nemegt found the skeleton of an ornithopod and first assigned it to Saurolophus angustirostris. However, two Polish paleontologists, Teresa Maryańska and Halszka Osmólska, came to the conclusion that it was a lambeosaurine that had to represent a separate species. They named and described Barsboldia sicinskii based on the holotype specimen ZPAL MgD-1/110. The genus name honors the Mongolian paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold, while the species name honors Wojciech Siciński, the technician at the Warsaw Paleobiological Institute who prepared the skeleton. The holotype specimen, found in a layer of the Nemegt Formation dating to the early Maastrichtian, consisted of a partial skeleton consisting of nine back vertebrae, nine hip vertebrae, fifteen tail vertebrae, a left ilium, parts of the left and right pubis, several ribs, and a few fragments of the hind limbs, with the backbone largely articulated. The anterior and posteriormost portions of the skeleton were lost due to erosion. Description Barsboldia was a large hadrosaur, previously measured in length and in body mass. In 2011, the tibial length was measured at , rivalling that of Shantungosaurus measured at and that of Magnapaulia measured at ; this indicates that Barsboldia could have possibly reached within the range of in total body length. The most distinctive features of Barsboldia are found in the neural spines. These are very tall, particularly over the hips, and were described as second only to those of Hypacrosaurus altispinus and the tips of those found in the first few vertebrae of the tail are club-shaped, possibly a sign of old age. Phylogeny Maryańska and Osmólska described their new genus as a lambeosaurine (or hollow-crested duckbill), the first from the Nemegt Formation, although it lacked a skull. However, the sacrum has a keel along the bottom, a possible lambeosaurine feature, and the bones closely resemble those of Hypacrosaurus. With only one partial skeleton known, and no skull, the genus has been considered dubious or a possible lambeosaurine of uncertain placement. A newer study published in 2011 suggests that Barsboldia is actually a valid saurolophine. The following cladogram was recovered in the 2011 phylogenetic analysis of Hadrosauroidea by Prieto-Márquez (the relationships within Lambeosaurinae and between basal hadrosauroids aren't shown). Paleobiology As a hadrosaurid, Barsboldia would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and was furnished with hundreds of continually-replaced teeth. If it was a lambeosaurine, it would have had a hollow crest formed out of expanded skull bones containing the nasal passages, with a function relating to identification by sight and sound. See also Timeline of hadrosaur research References Saurolophines Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Maastrichtian life Nemegt fauna Fossil taxa described in 1981 Taxa named by Teresa Maryańska Taxa named by Halszka Osmólska Ornithischian genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsboldia
Marcel Gatsinzi () (9 January 1948 – 7 March 2023) was a Rwandan soldier and politician, who was Minister of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs from 2010 to 2013. Gatsinzi also served as Rwanda's Minister of Defence from 2002 to 2010. An ethnic Hutu from Butare, Gatsinzi was a member of the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), which was the national army prior to the takeover of Rwanda by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Biography Gatsinzi was born in Kigali on 9 January 1948. He started his formal education at Collège Saint-André in Nyamirambo, Kigali, where he graduated with a diploma in 1968. His military career began at the Kigali Military Academy in the same year, and he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 31 March 1970. Gatsinzi pursued his military career courses in Belgium at Heverlee (Louvain) in the School of Logistics in 1971 and in Brussels at the Royal High Institute of Defence from 1974 to 1976. Beside the military assignments in the Rwandan Army, Colonel Gatsinzi served in the OAU Neutral Military Observer Group set by the Organization of African Unity. That OAU NMOG was meant to monitor the cease fire during the period of the negotiations between the Government and the RPF during the Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994). He also participated in the negotiations process. During the genocide, from 6 to 17 April 1994 he served as Army Chief of Staff of the FAR. Because he advocated a more moderate approach and opposed expansion of the genocide, Gatsinzi was removed from the post and was replaced by Augustin Bizimungu. Afterwards he was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to negotiate with the RPF and "other duties that did not involve direct command of troops". After the genocide Because of his resistance to the genocide and willingness to negotiate with the RPF, he was integrated into the Rwandan Patriotic Army shortly after their taking power. He was appointed chief of staff of the gendarmerie in 1997. Gatsinzi held various political and military appointments with the following as his main career highlights: Deputy Chief of Staff of Rwanda Patriotic Army from 1995–1997 Chief of Staff of the National Gendarmerie from 1997–2000 Secretary General of the National Security Service from 2000 to 2002 Minister of Defence on 15 November 2002 Re-appointed Minister of Defence on 19 October 2003 till 10 April 2010 Minister of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs from 2010 to 2013 Gatsinzi held a series of honorific military medal awards. Gatsinzi was appointed Minister of Defence on 15 November 2002, succeeding Brig.-Gen. Emmanuel Habyarimana. Gatsinzi died on 7 March 2023, at the age of 75. References 1948 births 2023 deaths Government ministers of Rwanda Rwandan generals Defence ministers of Rwanda Hutu people People from Butare	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Gatsinzi
Begin Here is the debut studio album by the English rock band the Zombies, released in April 1965 by Decca Records. The American version (titled The Zombies) repeated many of the tracks from it, but, as was common at the time, deleted some and substituted others. The 1999 CD reissue on Big Beat expands the track line-up substantially with the addition of three songs from the band's 1965 UK EP The Zombies and alternative versions of "Sticks and Stones" and "It's Alright with Me", as well as demos of "I Know She Will" and "I'll Keep Trying". The demos of these last two tunes do not have the overdubs on the versions available on other albums. The song "The Way I Feel Inside" was used in director Wes Anderson's film The Life Aquatic and is included in the film soundtrack. It was also covered by Taron Egerton for the animated film Sing. Additionally, the song "She's Not There" as covered by Santana appears in Renny Harlin's film The Long Kiss Goodnight. The song "Can't Nobody Love You" was used in the opening of a season 4 episode of the HBO series Girls. Reception In his retrospective review of the release, critic Mark Deming for AllMusic wrote "Given the wealth of fine original tunes that the Zombies released on various non-LP singles and EPs during this period, it's a shame that so much of Begin Here was given over to covers; it's still a fine album and certainly better than what most of their peers had to offer in 1965, but what could have been an achievement on a par with the Kinks' Face to Face or the Beatles' Rubber Soul ended up being something quite good instead of an unqualified triumph." Track listing Personnel The Zombies Colin Blunstone - lead vocals, tambourine, guitar Rod Argent - keyboards, backing and lead vocals, harmonica on "Work 'n' Play" and "I Got My Mojo Working" Paul Atkinson - guitar Chris White - bass, backing vocals Hugh Grundy - drums Additional personnel Ken Jones - piano on "Work 'n' Play", tambourine on "I Remember When I Loved Her" Dezo Hoffmann - cover photography References The Zombies albums 1965 debut albums Decca Records albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begin%20Here
California High School (commonly referred to as Cal High) is one of two public high schools located in San Ramon, California, United States (Dougherty Valley High School is the other). It is one of four high schools in the San Ramon Valley Unified School District and serves students from the western portion of San Ramon and the unincorporated area of Norris Canyon. Its mascot is the grizzly bear. As of the 2014–15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,639 students and 107.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 24.5:1. There were 78 students (3.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 39 (1.5% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch. Cal High's athletic rivals are Monte Vista High School and San Ramon Valley High School in Danville, and De La Salle High School in [[Concord, California\|Concord Campus Cal has an all-weather track and an aquatic center, including a multi-use athletic stadium and fields (football, soccer, lacrosse, and track and field). Outside, there are six tennis courts, four baseball/softball fields including one baseball field and one softball field intended for games, and an indoor gym and stadium. In 2004, a two-story, ten-classroom building was completed and was designated the World Language building. In 2006, the school added a new main building (67 classrooms on 3 stories) and a new library. In 2007, the school completed a new careers and technology building, student quad, and counseling building. In 2008, the new fine arts building was completed. In March 2010, a second gymnasium was completed on the site of outdoor basketball courts, called the Event Center. In April 2010, a new theater, which was under renovation for three years, opened. It has nine classrooms and is fully fitted with a video production studio and sound room, and an art gallery to display student work. Cal high has a large student and faculty parking area, though demand exceeds available space. In light of this, many of the streets around the school are permit parking zones. Cal High also has a recently renovated weight room, equipped with lifting machines and 12 fully stocked Olympic weightlifting cages used mainly by the football team and weightlifting class. Twelve years of construction were concluded with the installation of SunPower solar panels over the back parking lot in the summer of 2011. Schedule Unlike other schools in the district, Cal High operates on a block schedule. Classes are 100 minutes long, with the exception of Wednesday, when classes are 90 minutes long. The base schedule consists of six 100-minute periods; students have three classes per school day. Odd-numbered classes are on one day and even numbered classes the next. Some students opt to add an extra 50-minute "B-period" class to their schedule. B-period classes meet on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday for 59 minutes At the end of the second full period of the day, from 8:30 to 10:10, students have a designated "tutorial" period during which they can read, study, collaborate on work, or get help from teachers. There is no tutorial on Wednesday, since the day is shorter. Awards and recognition During the 2006–07 school year, California High School was recognized with the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive. Cal High's student-run monthly newspaper is The Californian. The first school newspaper, The Bear Facts, was started in 1973. California High School was ranked No. 250 in the top 500 US high schools by Newsweek in 2011, placing it within the top 1.5% of the over 18,000 high schools in the United States. In 2005, Cal High was a California Distinguished School. In 2020, the California High School National History Bowl Team won 2nd place. They subsequently won 4th place in 2021. Notable people Alumni David Bingham (2008) – Major League Soccer player for San Jose Earthquakes Colby Buzzell (1995) – Author of multiple books and well-distributed magazine articles Chuck Cary (1978) Professional baseball player David Klech (2006) American track and field athlete Sandy LaBeaux (1978) – professional football player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Houston Gamblers Chris Verhulst (1984) – NFL Professional Football Player Houston Oilers (1988–1989), Denver Broncos (1990) Andrew Wiedeman (2007) – professional soccer player Ryan Wright (2018) – NFL Professional Football player, punter Sam Shapira (2010) - Dropout Faculty Tony Sanchez – Head football coach from 2004 to 2008. Went on to coach the Bishop Gorman High School (Nevada) and University of Nevada, Las Vegas football programs. Sanchez turned around California High "from doormat status to a berth in the North Coast Section finals," according to ESPN. Gallery References External links Cal High website High schools in Contra Costa County, California Public high schools in California San Ramon, California Educational institutions established in 1973 1973 establishments in California	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20High%20School%20%28San%20Ramon%2C%20California%29
Garrya congdonii, the chaparral silktassel or Congdon silktassel, a fairly common evergreen shrub native to the northern California Coast Ranges, is one of a small biological family of approximately twenty known species in the family Garryaceae, most of which are Garrya. While the female and male sexual organs of Congdon silktassel are on separate plants, the pendant male catkins are much more showy. This plant is reasonably attractive and neat enough in its growing habit to be appealing as a landscape species. It is stocked commonly at commercial plant nurseries. All Garrya are associated with warm temperate regions of North America. Description Congdon silktassel has a multi-furcate trunk branching structure yielding an almost spherical form. The height can attain four meters, but more commonly averages two to three meters in the wild. Congdon silktassel, as all the genus Garrya, have opposite leaves that have a tough leathery feel, glossy green on top, but paler, slightly furry and duller on the underside. The dioecious flowers are concentrated in inflorescences which cascade downward as aments of approximately three to five centimeters in length. While the Congdon silktassel manifests separate male and female plants, the pendant male catkins are much more evident, up to 25 centimeters long; those of the female are shorter and silver-grey. Although the flowers bloom in late January and February, dried bracts remain on the tree well into summer as light gray decorations. The plant has smooth dark bark, dark-greenish when young, but with age the bark roughens. New twigs are green and moderately stout. For pistillate flowers, above each small bract there is a solitary flower inside the inflorescence. This plant produces tiny dark seeds that can become airborne as small fluffy wind-blown cotton. The ripened purple to black fruit of about seven millimeters in diameter has a hard desiccated shell, but is somewhat fleshy on the interior. In the case of stamenate inflorescences, there are a total of four stamens per flower; moreover, above each bract pair there is a triplet of flowers. The unique characteristics of Congdon silktassel are its leathery convex green (with a very slight yellowish tinge) leaves with wavy leaf margins, coupled with dense individual hairs on the leaf undersides that are scarcely distinguishable with a hand lens. Its leaf blades are six to eight centimeters in length, and has petioles which range in length from six to twelve millimeters. For identification purposes, Congdon silktassel has leaf hairs that are distinguishable with a hand lens, and both leaf blades and petioles are about two thirds the size of those on Coast silktassel. Habitat Congdon silktassel is found in several plant communities, principally in drier inner California Coast Ranges no more than 20 miles from the Pacific Ocean; the main associations are Coastal chaparral, mixed evergreen forest (near a chaparral area) and northern coastal sage scrub. This plant can tolerate moderately heavy clay soils and serpentine areas, but likes soils pH to lie in the range of six to eight. An example of serpentine soils habitat is in The Cedars of Sonoma County, California. This plant is rather resistant to being grazed by deer or rabbits, and is hardy to cold temperatures of about 15 degrees Fahrenheit. Congdon silktassel is moderately drought-tolerant, but is more luxuriant with rainfall of about 22 inches per annum. Differences with other Garrya species Congdon silktassel is usually found at elevations above 200 meters. This species is usually found within the mountains of the inner Coast Ranges, such as Mount Hamilton ranging north to the inner Coast Range in Sonoma County, which is where the specimen photographed herein was found. Coast silktassel (Garrya elliptica) is most closely related species. Coast silktassel has similar wavy undulated entire leaf margins with somewhat darker glossier leaves, and the leaf topsides are more waxy and not quite so leathery as Congdon. The whitish hairs on the leaf underside of Coast silktassel are not readily visible with a hand lens as for Congdon silktassel. Coast silktassel is most commonly seen growing as individual plants rather than in groves, and can be found in the Montara Mountain range, San Bruno Mountain, and outer Coast Ranges in Marin County such as Mount Tamalpais. Both Fremont silktassel (Garrya fremontii) and Ashy silktassel (Garrya flavescens) have similar fruit characteristics, but have a flat leaf margin. Fremont silktassel has yellow-green leaves and fruits that are almost lacking in hairs. Fremont silktassel is found from the Mount Hamilton area and Loma Prieta area ranging north to Marin County (for example, on Mount Tamalpais. Ashy silktassel (Garrya flavescens pallida) has grayish leaves and is reported to occur in the Alameda County hills. Plants of the World Online treats Congdon silktassel as a synonym of ashy silktassel (Garrya flavescens). See also Joseph Whipple Congdon References Garryales Endemic flora of California Natural history of the California Coast Ranges Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area Garden plants of North America Drought-tolerant plants Flora without expected TNC conservation status	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrya%20congdonii
Bellusaurus (meaning "Beautiful lizard", from Vulgar Latin bellus 'beautiful' (masculine form) and Ancient Greek sauros 'lizard') was a small short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) which measured about long. Its fossils were found in Shishugou Formation rocks in the northeastern Junggar Basin in China. Discovery and naming The type and only known species is Bellusaurus sui, formally described by Dong Zhiming in 1991. The remains of Bellusaurus were found in the Shishugou Formation in the northeastern Junggar Basin in China. Seventeen individuals were found in a single quarry, suggesting that a herd had been killed in a flash flood. Some features suggest they may have all been juveniles. Bellusaurus sui was derived from the Latin bellus meaning small, delicate, and beautiful, as these sauropods were small and lightly built. The specific name, sui, was named in honor of Senior Preparator Youling Sui, a notable restorer of dinosaur remains. Bellusaurus was the last restoration undertaken by Mr. Sui. Fossil record Bellusaurus sui is known from a large amount of disarticulated material of juvenile individuals. Description The length of Bellusaurus has been estimated to be , although this is based on juvenile individuals. Classification Bellusaurus was originally placed in the Brachiosauridae by Dong. More recent phylogenetic analyses have recovered Bellusaurus outside Neosauropoda or near the base of Macronaria. In 2023, a study proposed that Bellusaurus is a mamenchisaurid. References External links Bellusaurus in the Dino Directory Macronarians Jurassic China Fossils of China Paleontology in Xinjiang Fossil taxa described in 1990 Taxa named by Dong Zhiming Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellusaurus
Georg Anton Benda (; 30 June 17226 November 1795) was a composer, violinist and Kapellmeister of the classical period from the Kingdom of Bohemia. Biography Born into a family of notable musicians in Old Benatek (today Benátky nad Jizerou), Bohemia, he studied at the Piarist Gymnasium (grammar school) in Kosmanos and at the Jesuit Gymnasium in Gitschin from 1735 to 1742. Benda was 19 when Frederick the Great bestowed upon him in 1741 the position of second violinist in the chapel of Berlin. The following year Benda was summoned to Potsdam as a composer and arranger for his older brother Franz, himself an illustrious composer and violinist. Seven years later, in 1749, he entered the service of the Duke of Gotha as Kapellmeister, where he constantly cultivated his talents for composition, specializing in religious music. A stipend from the duke allowed Benda to take a study trip to Italy in 1764. He returned to Gotha in 1766, and devoted himself to composition. In all, he wrote about ten operas, several operettas, and the melodramas , Medea and . In 1778 he resigned his position and visited Hamburg, Vienna and other cities, and finally settled at the little hamlet of Köstritz. Benda's most important contribution lies in the development of the German melodramas, a form of musical stage entertainment which influenced Mozart. In 1774, the Swiss-born director Abel Seyler's theatrical company arrived in Gotha, and Seyler commissioned Benda to write several successful melodramas, including Ariadne auf Naxos, Medea and Pygmalion. Ariadne auf Naxos is generally considered his best work. At its debut in 1775, the opera received enthusiastic reviews in Germany and afterwards, in the whole of Europe, with music critics calling attention to its originality, sweetness, and ingenious execution. Besides that he wrote many instrumental pieces including many sinfonias, keyboard sonatas, keyboard concertos, violin concertos and a smaller number of trio sonatas, violin sonatas and flute sonatas. Benda also wrote music for masonic rituals. Benda died in Köstritz, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, at the age of 73, leaving his son, Friedrich Ludwig Benda (1752–1796), who briefly carried on the family musical tradition, serving as a music director in Hamburg and later in Mecklenburg, before finally becoming the concertmaster in Königsberg. He died less than a year after his father. Benda's Harpsichord Concerto in C was featured in Apple Computer's 1989 Knowledge Navigator concept video. Operas (libretto by Giovanni Andrea Galletti, opera seria, 1765, Gotha) (libretto by Galletti, Intermezzo, 1766, Gotha) (Intermezzo, 1766, Gotha) (libretto by , melodrama, 1775, Gotha) () (libretto by Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter, Singspiel, 1775, Gotha) Medea (libretto by Gotter, melodrama, 1775, Leipzig) Walder (libretto by Gotter, Singspiel, 1776, Gotha) (libretto by Gotter, Singspiel, 1776, Gotha) (libretto by Gotter, Singspiel, 1778, Gotha) Pygmalion (libretto by Gotter, melodrama, 1779, Vienna) , revised as Almansor und Nadine (1791), (unknown librettist, melodrama, 1779, Vienna) (libretto by Gotter, Singspiel, 1787, Mannheim) References Further reading "4. Georg (Anton) Benda" by John D. Drake, Thomas Bauman, Zdeňka Pilková, chapter 4 of "Benda family" in Grove Music Online "1. Georg (Anton) Benda" by Thomas Bauman, chapter 1 of "Benda family (opera)" in Grove Music Online External links List of operas, italianopera.org 1722 births 1795 deaths 18th-century Bohemian musicians 18th-century classical composers 18th-century German composers 18th-century male musicians 18th-century musicians Composers of masonic music Czech Classical-period composers Czech male classical composers Czech opera composers German male classical composers German opera composers Male opera composers People from Benátky nad Jizerou Seyler theatrical company	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Benda
is a Japanese manga series created by Kaishaku. The series was adapted into a 32-episode anime series and one specially released OVA episode by TNK. Seasons 1 and 2 were broadcast in Japan on Kids Station between 2002 and 2004. The anime series was released on DVD in Japan between 2002 and 2006. All episodes and the OVA special were dubbed in English and initially released on single DVD volumes in North America by ADV Films from 2006 to 2007. Plot summary On a world where aliens are commonplace, Kazuto Tokino decides on his own to run his grandfather's bathhouse despite the protests from his parents. Kazuto however lacks a lot of the skills needed to make such a venture successful and must get by on a sunny disposition. That alone might have made things hard enough for him, but an alien princess named Valkyrie destroys the bathhouse, and in the process mortally wounds Kazuto. However, she is able to save his life with a magical kiss, but that kiss costs her half of her soul and transforms her into an 8-year-old child, though when Valkyrie and Kazuto kiss, their souls connect allowing her to temporarily assume her adult form and wield the Key of Time, a powerful sword-shaped artifact. Princess Valkyrie is then stranded on Earth, unable to look after herself as the entire solar system is out searching for her. Over time, Kazuto and Valkyrie fall in love with each other. Manga The manga series was published in Japan by Square Enix in the magazine Monthly Shōnen Gangan beginning in 2002 and continuing for eleven volumes, ending in 2007. This series was created by the manga group Kaishaku, the group also known for creating Steel Angel Kurumi. The series was also published by Media Factory as four volumes under the light novel label MF Bunko J. No English translation of this manga series was ever officially released and this manga series was never licensed for publication outside Japan. Anime The anime series was directed by Shigeru Ueda for Media Factory Inc. and the first season ran for 12 episodes. Since then there has been a two-episode OVA, a 12-episode Season 2, an 8-episode Season 3. Season 2 was directed by Nobuhiro Takagi and Season 3 by Yoshihiro Takamoto. ADV Films originally licensed UFO Ultramaiden for North American release and oversaw the English translation and production on all TV and OVA episodes of the series. Documents posted on the Harris County court website for a lawsuit filed on April 17, 2008 by A.D. Vision, Inc. indicate that all or some part of the UFO Ultramaiden series' were licensed for $21,335. On July 4, 2008, Funimation Entertainment announced that UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie OVA seasons 3 was included with over thirty other ADV anime titles whose North American rights were transferred to Funimation Entertainment. North American DVD releases All episodes of the anime series were dubbed and released in North America on DVD by ADV Films between 2006 and 2007. Three DVD "volumes" were released periodically for each of the first two seasons. Each "volume" is a single DVD that contained four episodes each for the first two seasons. Two DVD "volumes" were released for season 3 with each "volume" containing three episodes on each DVD. The two additional episodes of season 3 were released in a single DVD "volume". In 2009, a DVD collection containing all episodes of seasons 1 and 2, and the OVA special, was released by ADV Films. Also in 2009, a DVD collection containing all episodes from seasons 3 (eight episodes) was released by FUNimation. UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie (TV) DVD volume 1 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Bedlam, Bathhouse & Beyond, episodes 1-4, release date: 2006-03-07 DVD volume 2 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Crash Course in Craziness!, episodes 5-8, release date: 2006-05-09 DVD volume 3 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Pirates, Princess, Proposal, episodes 9-12, release date: 2006-07-04 UFO Princess Valkyrie: SPECIAL - Bridal Training (OVA) DVD SPECIAL UFO Princess Valkyrie: SPECIAL - Bridal Training, two episodes, release date: 2006-09-05 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie: December Nocturne (TV) DVD volume 1 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Washing Up & Wigging Out, episodes 1-4, release date: 2006-11-14 DVD volume 2 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Songs from the Dark Side, episodes 5-8, release date: 2007-01-09 DVD volume 3 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Toast That Ghost, episodes 9-12, release date: 2007-03-06 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie: Bride of Celestial Souls' Day (OAV) DVD volume 1 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Sacred Stones & Perky Pervert, episodes 1-3, release date: 2007-05-01 DVD volume 2 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Time Trippin' Terror & Wedding Woes, episodes 4-6, release date: 2007-07-03 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie: Banquet of Time, Dreams, and Galaxies (OAV) DVD volume 1 UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie: Banquet of Time, Dreams, and Galaxies, episodes 1-2, release date: 2007-09-04 UFO Ultramaiden DVD collections Season 1 DVD Collection (Thinpak) (DVD), episodes 1-12 of season 1, release date: 2007-06-26 Valkyrie 2 - DVD Collection (Thinpak) (DVD 1-3), episodes 1-12 of season 2 and the two Bridal Training OVA episodes, release date: 2008-03-04 Seasons 1 & 2 Collection (DVD), episodes 1-12 of season 1 and episodes 1-12 of season 2, release date: 2009-04-28 Valkyrie - Seasons 3 & 4 Collection (DVD), OVA episodes 1-6 of Season 3 and OVA episodes 1-2 of Season 4, release date: 2009-08-11 Valkyrie Box Seasons 3 & 4 S.A.V.E. Collection (DVD), OVA episodes 1-6 of Season 3 and OVA episodes 1-2 of Season 4, release date: 2010-06-01 Seasons 1-2 (DVD 1-5), episodes 1-12 of season 1, episodes 1-12 of season 2, and the two Bridal Training OVA episodes. release date: 2012-09-11 Reception All versions of the anime releases have been extensively reviewed, beginning with an undated prerelease fansub review. The reviews range from "D−" for the story which was mainly aimed at the subtle predator themes relating to Kazuto and Valkyrie's relationship, to "B" for the art and music. The first DVD volume released in North America by ADV Films was titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Bedlam, Bathhouse & Beyond and included episodes 1 through 4 of the first season of UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie. A preview version of this DVD volume was reviewed by Mike Dungan the popular media blog Mania.com and given a grade of "B−". The released version of this DVD volume was later reviewed by Chris Beveridge for Mania.com and given an overall grade of "C+". Theron Martin reviewed this volume for the Anime News Network with grades from "D−" (story) to "B" (music). The second DVD volume titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Crash Course in Craziness! included episodes 5 through 8 of the first season of UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C". The third DVD volume titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie - Pirates, Princess, Proposal included episodes 9 through 12 of the first season of UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C". The OVA DVD volume titled DVD SPECIAL UFO Princess Valkyrie: SPECIAL - Bridal Training included a recap episode and the OVA episode associated with the first season of UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C+". The first DVD volume titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 2 - Washing Up & Wigging Out included episodes 1 through 4 of the second season UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 2 : December Nocturne. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C". The second DVD volume titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 2 - Songs from the Dark Side included episodes 5 through 8 of the second season UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 2 : December Nocturne. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C". The third DVD volume titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 2 - Toast That Ghost included episodes 8 through 12 of the second season UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 2 : December Nocturne. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C". Carl Kimlinger reviewed this volume for the Anime News Network with grades from "D" (story) to "C+" (art & music). The first DVD volume titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 3 - Sacred Stones & Perky Pervert included episodes 1 through 3 of the third season UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 3: Bride of Celestial Souls' Day. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "B". Carl Kimlinger also reviewed this volume with grades from "D" (story) to "B" (art). The second DVD volume titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 3 - Time Trippin' Terror & Wedding Woes included episodes 4 through 6 of the third season UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 3: Bride of Celestial Souls' Day. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C+". Carl Kimlinger also reviewed this volume with grades from "C−" (story) to "B" (art). The DVD volume titled UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 4: Banquet of Time, Dreams, and Galaxies included episodes 1 and 2 of the fourth season UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 4: Banquet of Time, Dreams, and Galaxies. This DVD volume was also reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C". An article on the series, as well as reviews by Kevin Gifford on several of the volumes, appeared in the North American version of Newtype magazine. The volumes were later gathered and released in collections for the entire season and subsequently further gathered into collections of multiple seasons. Although the combined collections were released at prices considerably reduced from the original individual volume releases this did not result in more favorable reviews, ranging from "C" to "C+" overall. The first season DVD collection includes episodes 1 through 12 of UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie. This DVD collection was reviewed by Paul Gaudette for Mania.com and given an overall grade of "C". The second season DVD collection includes episodes 1 through 12 of UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie 2. This DVD collection was also reviewed by Paul Gaudette and given an overall grade of "C+". The first and second seasons plus the OVA were released as UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie Complete Collection. This DVD collection was reviewed by Erica Friedman for Mania.com and given an overall grade of "C". The third and fourth OVA season (8 episodes) were released by FUNimation as UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie Season 3/4 Collection. This DVD collection was reviewed by Chris Beveridge and given an overall grade of "C". Streaming In 2009 ADV Films announced that this series would be posted online for streaming. The Anime Network online video streaming web page lists the first and second TV seasons and the OVA special. As of 2013, the pages have icons, titles and summary for all of the episodes but no media is available to play. Video download of all episodes is available from iTunes Store and Amazon.com. In 2010 FUNimation posted online video streaming access to all eight episodes from OVA seasons 3 and 4. References External links Official Tokinoyu: UFO Princess Valkyrie 2002 anime television series debuts 2003 anime television series debuts 2006 anime OVAs ADV Films Action anime and manga Comedy anime and manga Funimation Gangan Comics manga MF Bunko J Catgirls Magical girl anime and manga Square Enix franchises TNK (company) Shōnen manga	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO%20Ultramaiden%20Valkyrie
Cornelis Verdonck (1563 – 5 July 1625) was a Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. He was one of the last members of the Franco-Flemish school of polyphony, and was a notable composer of madrigals in a style that blended both Italian and native Netherlandish idioms. Life Verdonck was born in Turnhout. From his earliest years, he was in the household of Cornelis Pruenen, senator and treasurer of Antwerp; in addition he was a choirboy at Antwerp Cathedral until about the age of 9. In 1572 he went to Spain to be part of the choir of Philip II in Madrid, where he stayed until his voice broke in early 1580, at which time he returned to the Netherlands to study in Antwerp with Séverin Cornet, and possibly with Hubert Waelrant as well. His earliest works, published along with those of Cornet, date from this period. In 1584 Verdonck returned to Spain, once again singing in the choir of Philip II, staying there until 1598 or 1599, after which he again returned to Antwerp. Also in 1599 he participated in the elaborate entry procession of the newly married Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella into Antwerp, writing a motet (Prome, novas) for the occasion: it was performed by a six-member boys' choir mounted on the back of an elephant, which rode along with the Archduke and Archduchess (accounts differ as to whether it was a real or artificial animal). It is the only known motet composed for performance on an elephant. Most likely Verdonck remained in the Netherlands until his death in 1625. He held a prebend at Eindhoven until 1622, and seems to have been in the service of wealthy burghers for all of his life except for his sojourn in Spain. One of his employers was Johannes Carolus de Cordes, the nephew of his original patron, as evidenced by the dedication of a book of madrigals Verdonck published in 1603. Music and influence Verdonck was a late representative of the Italian madrigal style in northern Europe, and was unusual in that he wrote madrigals in Italian without ever going to Italy. Stylistically he was relatively conservative, shunning the innovations of the early Baroque around 1600, including monody and the basso continuo, preferring instead to work in the polyphonic vocal style of the late 16th century. In the preface to a 1599 collection of madrigals, he wrote scathingly of the decline of musical standards in his native land, which had once been the musical center of Europe: "whether these sweet harmonies have been interrupted by the tempests of Mars, who has too long been master of these provinces, or whether music has ceased to be esteemed by those who, filled with confusion ..., cannot value what is full of agreement and harmony." Most of Verdonck's surviving output consists of secular music, and he wrote both French chansons and Italian madrigals. Some of the chansons are for unusually large groups of voices (for example, his publication Poésies françaises de divers autheurs mises en musique par C. Verdonck of 1599 is for 10 independent voices), and the texture of his music is mostly contrapuntal, with sometimes lively syncopation. One of his madrigals, Donna belle e gentile, fitted with English words (as "Lady your look so gentle"), appeared in the 1588 Musica transalpina collection by Nicholas Yonge which inaugurated the madrigal vogue in England. Verdonck also wrote sacred music; his output includes several motets and a Magnificat, which are scored for four, five, or six voices. The Magnificat (1585, for five voices) survives in the original copper engraving. Notes References and further reading R. B. Lenaerts: Cornelis Verdonck, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. External links 1563 births 1625 deaths Belgian classical composers Belgian male classical composers Flemish composers 16th-century Franco-Flemish composers People from Turnhout Renaissance composers 17th-century Franco-Flemish composers 17th-century male musicians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis%20Verdonck
Betasuchus is a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived during the Late Cretaceous Period. Betasuchus is, besides Orthomerus, the only dinosaur genus named from remains found in the Netherlands and the only non-avian theropod found in the Maastrichtian Beds. Discovery Its fossil, holotype BMNH 42997 (now NHM R 42997), a part of a right femur, 312 mm long, was found in the Netherlands near Maastricht, and originally described as a new species of Megalosaurus in 1883 by Harry Seeley: M. bredai, honouring the late Dutch biologist and geologist Jacob Gijsbertus Samuël van Breda, a director of the Teylers Museum, who had collected the fossil at some time between 1820 and 1860 from the chalkstone quarry at the St Pietersberg. Van Breda did not excavate the remains himself but bought them from quarry workers who in this period dug stone from tunnels at several levels in the mountain; it is therefore impossible to determine the exact temporal horizon, apart from a general Maastrichtian; however all dinosaurian material from the formation that could be dated, stems from the latest Maastrichtian, 67-66 million years old. Only the top part of the femur has been conserved; of the distal end about eight centimetres are missing as the bone was cleanly cut in two when the chalk block containing it was sawed out. Other saw cuts damaged the head of the thigh bone. The fossil was part of his personal collection, not the museum's, and sold to the British Museum of Natural History after his death in 1867. In 1892 Belgian/Dutch/German paleontologist Johan Casimir Ubaghs referred some teeth — probably of mosasaurs — to M. bredai. Megalosaurus bredai was in 1883 the first terrestrial vertebrate named from Maastrichtian layers. A re-evaluation of the fossil by Friedrich von Huene in 1926, however, showed that it came from a genus distinct from Megalosaurus — which in the nineteenth and early twentieth century was a "wastebin taxon" where many unrelated carnivorous dinosaurs were lumped together. Von Huene thought that the fossil actually belonged to an ornithomimosaur, and gave it the provisional designation "Ornithomimidorum [sic] genus b" (in Latin: genus b of the ornithomimids), being the second of two Megalosaurus species he was reallocating to Ornithomimidae, the first being M. lonzeensis as "Ornithomimidorum genus a". "Ornithomimidorum" is sometimes mistakenly listed as a dinosaur genus name. Von Huene referred to this designation when he formally renamed M. bredai in 1932, calling it Betasuchus (or "B crocodile" in Greek). In 2017 its length was estimated to be 4 meters (13 feet). Phylogeny Betasuchus is known only from a single incomplete femur, so its exact relationships with other theropods have been difficult to determine. In 1972 Dale Russell confirmed Von Huene's opinion that Betasuchus was an ornithomimosaurid, but also considered the name a nomen vanum: a failed emendation. Some workers in reference to the material still use M. bredai instead of Betasuchus. David Norman in 1990 listed Megalosaurus bredai as a nomen dubium. Jean le Loeuff and Eric Buffetaut in 1991 concluded it was a small abelisaurid, close to Tarascosaurus and that it was distinct enough not to consider it a nomen dubium: they mentioned a more narrow femoral neck, a lack of orientation of the femoral head towards the front, the lack of an opening, or foramen, under the lesser trochanter and that the anterior face is narrower. Furthermore, at the lower end the beginnings of an anterointernal crest are visible, seeming to be homologous to the supracondylar crest of the femur of Carnotaurus. They rejected the placement within Ornithomimidae, partly because of the much higher position of the fourth trochanter on the back of the femur. In 1997 Betasuchus was concluded by Carpenter, Russell and Baird to be related to Dryptosaurus, a tyrannosauroid. In 2004 Tykoski and Rowe placed Tarascosaurus within the Abelisauroidea. See also Timeline of ceratosaur research Footnotes References Seeley (1883). "On the dinosaurs from the Maastricht beds." Q. J. Geol. Soc. London, 39: 246-253. Ubaghs, C. 1892. "Sur l'origine des vallées du Limbourg hollandais". Extract Mém. Soc. belge Géol. VI; pp. 150–169 C. Ubaghs, "Le Megalosaurus dans la craie supérieure du Limbourg", Bull. Soc. belge Géol. Paléont. Hydrol. 6 (1893) 26–29. Von Huene, F. (1926). "The carnivorous Saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations, principally in Europe". Revista del Museo de La Plata 29:35-167 Von Huene (1932). "Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte." Monogr. Geol. Palaeontol. (Pt. I and II, Ser. I) 4, 1-361. Russell, D.A. (1972). "Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 9: 375–402 Norman, D.B., Problematic Theropoda: "Coelurosaurs" in D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, H. Osmólska (eds), The Dinosauria, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1990, Ch. 13 Jean le Loeuff and Eric Buffetaut (1991). "Tarascosaurus salluvicus nov. gen., nov. sp.,dinosaure théropode du Crétacé supérieur du Sud de la France". Geobios, Volume 24, Issue 5, 1991, Pages 585-594 J. le Loeuff, "Les vertébrés continentaux du Crétacé supérieur d’Europe: paléoécologie, biostratigraphie et paléobiogéographie", Mém. Sci. Terre, Paris 92 (3) (1992) 1–273 K. Carpenter, D. Russell, D. Baird, R. Denton, "Redescription of the holotype of Dryptosaurus aquilungis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey", J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 17 (1997) 561–573 D.B. Weishampel, E.W.A. Mulder, R.W. Dortangs, J.W.M. Jagt, C.-M. Jianu, M.M.M. Kuypers, H.H.G. Peeters, A.S. Schulp, "Dinosaur remains from the type Maastrichtian: an update", Geol. Mijnb. 75 (1999) 357–365 John W.M. Jagt, Eric W.A. Mulder, Anne S. Schulp, Rudi W. Dortangs, René H.B. Fraaije, 2003, "Dinosaurs from the Maastrichtian-type area (southeastern Netherlands, northeastern Belgium)", Palevol 2 (2003) 67–76 Tykoski, R.S. and Rowe, T., (2004), "Ceratosauria". In: D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria, second edition, pp. 47–70, University of California Press, Berkeley External links Betasuchus from The Theropod Database Abelisaurs Maastrichtian life Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe Fossils of the Netherlands Fossil taxa described in 1932 Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betasuchus
, Op. 16, is an opera in one act by Alexander von Zemlinsky composed in 1915–16 to a libretto adapted by the composer from a German translation by of Oscar Wilde's unfinished play A Florentine Tragedy. Performance history The opera was premiered at the Staatsoper Stuttgart on 30 January 1917 under the direction of Max von Schillings. Further productions followed in Prague, Vienna and Graz the same year. The work was also staged in Leipzig (1922), Aachen (1924), Schwerin (1925), and Freiburg im Breisgau (1927). The last production during Zemlinsky's lifetime was in Brno in 1928. It lasts under one hour and is generally paired with another work when performed. The score is published by Universal Edition Vienna. Roles Instrumentation 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 3 oboes (3rd doubling English horn), 3 clarinets in B flat/A (3rd doubling E flat clarinet), bass clarinet, 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon); 6 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, bass tuba; timpani, percussion (cymbals, bass drum, side drum, triangle, tambourine, tam-tam, sleigh bells, xylophone, glockenspiel), harp, celesta, mandoline; strings Synopsis Place: Simone's residence in Florence Time: 16th-century Simone, a Florentine merchant, suspects that he is being cuckolded by Prince Guido whom he discovers at home with his wife Bianca on returning from a business trip. He sells Guido a robe and offers the prince everything that he has in his house; Guido chooses Bianca. Simone takes Bianca to her room and asks her to spin, which she refuses to do. After he leaves, Bianca declares that she hates her husband and wishes him dead. Overhearing this, Simone reflects further on adultery and death. He leaves Guido and Bianca alone together and the two lovers express their devotion. When Guido is about to go home, Simone challenges him to a fight, first with swords, then with daggers, before Simone finally overcomes Guido and strangles him. Bianca, admiring her husband's strength, rushes to embrace him and the two are reconciled as the curtain falls. Recordings [Conductor/Bianca/Guido/Simone] Friedrich Pleyer/Sigune Von Osten/Werner Götz/Heinz Jürgen Demitz, Fonit Cetra (1980, live at La Fenice) Gerd Albrecht/Doris Soffel/Kenneth Riegel/Guillermo Sarabia, Schwann (1984) Riccardo Chailly/Iris Vermillion/Heinz Kruse/Albert Dohmen, Decca (1996) James Conlon/Deborah Voigt/David Kuebler/Donnie Ray Albert, EMI (1997, live in Cologne) Armin Jordan/Iris Vermillion/Victor Lutsiuk/Albert Dohmen, Naive (2004) Vladimir Jurowski/Heike Wessels/Sergey Skorokhodov/Albert Dohmen, LPO (2014) Bertrand de Billy/Heidi Brunner/Charles Reid/Wolfgang Koch, Capriccio (2018) References Notes Sources Batta, András (2000), Opera – Komponisten, Werke, Interpreten (Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Dutch translation) Clayton, Alfred (1992), "Florentinische Tragödie, Eine" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) External links Operas by Alexander Zemlinsky 1917 operas Operas set in Florence One-act operas German-language operas Operas based on works by Oscar Wilde Operas Operas based on plays	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eine%20florentinische%20Trag%C3%B6die
Karl Wilhelm Georg August von Einem genannt von Rothmaler (1 January 1853 – 7 April 1934) was the commander of the German 3rd Army during the First World War and served as the Prussian Minister of War responsible for much of the German military buildup prior to the outbreak of the war. Life and career Born in Herzberg am Harz, Einem served in the Prussian army for much of his life when he was appointed Minister of War in 1903. During his six years of service, Einem oversaw the reorganization of the German army building much of the military's heavy armament in preparation for modern warfare, specifically the introduction of the machine gun and modern heavy artillery. In 1909, Einem was appointed commander of VII Corps serving under the command of Gen. Karl von Bülow's 2nd Army later taking part in the First Battle of the Marne soon after German entry into World War I in August 1914. Assigned to France, Einem succeeded Gen. Max von Hausen as commander of the Third Army in September 1914. Successfully repulsing the French Champagne-Marne offensive from February–March and September–November 1915 respectively, Einem would take part in all three Battles of the Aisne and would hold Gen. Anthoine's 4th Army (under Gen. Philippe Petain's Center Army Group) during the Second Battle of the Aisne as part of the Nivelle Offensive from 16 April to 15 May 1917. Einem's right wing units would also participate in Gen. Erich Ludendorff's Champagne-Marne offensive on 15–17 July 1918 supporting the east flank of the German 1st Army. After suffering severe casualties in battle with Gen. John J. Pershing's Allied Expeditionary Force from 26 September to 11 November in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, he was forced to retreat northward shortly before the war's end. On 10 November 1918, only one day before the declaration of the Armistice, command of Prince Wilhelm's Army Group German Crown Prince fell to Einem who would oversee Germany's demobilization. Retiring from the army in 1919, Einem lived in retirement until his death in Mülheim on 7 April 1934. Awards and decorations Order of the Black Eagle with Chain Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd class with Oak Leaves and Crown Order of the Crown, 2nd class with Star (Prussia) Star of the Commanders of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords Knight of Justice of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg) Iron Cross (1870), 2nd class on black ribbon Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Pour le Mérite (16 March 1915), Oak Leaves added on 17 October 1916 Grand Cross with Crown of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous (8 September 1905) Commander First Class of the Military Order of St. Henry (15 October 1918) References Buchan, John. History of the Great War, 5 vols., Boston, 1922. External links Karl Einem at FirstWorldWar.com WWI Biographical Dictionary: Karl von Einem 1853 births 1934 deaths People from Herzberg am Harz People from the Harz People from the Province of Brandenburg German untitled nobility German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War German Army generals of World War I Colonel generals of Prussia People from the Kingdom of Hanover Prussian politicians Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 2nd class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class 19th-century Prussian military personnel Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Military personnel from Lower Saxony	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20von%20Einem
Sir Thomas Vansittart Bowater, 1st Baronet, (29 October 1862 – 28 March 1938) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as Lord Mayor of London from 1913 to 1914 and as one of the city's Members of Parliament (MPs) from 1924 to 1938. Career Bowater was the son of William Vansittart Bowater and his wife, Eliza Jane née Davey. On 8 June 1887, he married Emily Margaret Spencer and they later had six children. From 1905 to 1906, he was a Sheriff of the City of London. In 1906, he was knighted by King Edward VII. Bowater was subsequently elected as Lord Mayor of London in 1913 and on finishing this post a year later, he was created Baronet Bowater, of Hill Crest in the Borough of Croydon. His wife died in 1924 and a year later he married Alice Mary Hoskins. Bowater was later one of two MPs for the City of London from 1924 to 1938. He also held the office of Deputy Lieutenant (DL). Honours and awards During his life Bowater received several national and foreign honours: Knight Bachelor Honorary Colonel of the 10th Royal Fusiliers Baronet Bowater, of Hill Crest, Croydon Commander of the Order of Leopold of Belgium Officer of the Order of the Crown of Belgium Commander 1st Class of the Order of Dannebrog of Denmark Commander of the Legion of Honour of France Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece Knight 1st Class of the Order of St. Olaf of Norway References External links 1862 births 1938 deaths Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Deputy Lieutenants in England 20th-century lord mayors of London 20th-century English politicians Sheriffs of the City of London UK MPs 1924–1929 UK MPs 1929–1931 UK MPs 1931–1935 UK MPs 1935–1945 Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the City of London People from Cheetham Hill	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vansittart%20Bowater
Charleville railway station is a station on the Cork to Dublin Railway line in Ireland. It is located a mile outside the town of Charleville, mostly in North County Cork, Ireland though the border with County Limerick, Ireland crosses the track alignment diagonally, towards the northern end of the platforms. It is a small station with three through platforms, though the third is rarely used. Although there was a commuter service to Charleville for numerous years, it was discontinued in 2004 due to low take-up. In December 2005, services were further reduced to the station. In particular, the 21:00 services from Heuston to Cork no longer stop there. The station opened on 19 March 1849 and was closed for goods traffic on 6 September 1976. Until March 1967 Charleville was also the junction for the Cork Direct Line, the shorter route between Limerick and Cork which left the[Limerick to Foynes line at Patrickswell. References External links Irish Rail Charleville station website Iarnród Éireann stations in County Cork Railway stations in County Cork 1849 establishments in Ireland Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland opened in 1849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleville%20railway%20station
Blikanasaurus is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the late Triassic of South Africa. The generic name Blikanasaurus is derived from Greek, meaning "lizard from Blikana". The species name cromptoni is taken from the surname of A.W. “Fuzz” Crompton, an American paleontologist who led numerous field expeditions in Elliot Formation outcrop localities in South Africa. Blikanasaurus is only known from partial hindlimb bones that were recovered from the lower Elliot Formation (LEF) in the Eastern Cape. History of discovery Blikanasaurus was first discovered by a partial hindlimb (epipodium and pes) found in the lower Elliot Formation (LEF) at the foot of Blikana mountain in Herschel, Eastern Cape of South Africa in . In the early 2000s, a second specimen - consisting of only a right metatarsal - was recovered from lower Elliot Formation deposits on the farm, Damplaats, in Ladybrand of the eastern Free State. A possible ilium that has been attributed to Blikanasaurus was found recently, although its attribution to Blikanasaurus remains to be confirmed. Description As the two known Blikanasaurus specimens are extremely incomplete, very little is understood of this sauropodomorph taxon. The only information that has been deduced is from the bones of its hindlimb anatomy, which are heavily built. This suggests that Blikanasaurus was thickly set and robust. Classification Due to its robust build, Blikanasaurus is hypothesized to have been an obligate quadruped, unlike what is characteristic of more basal sauropodomorphs. Due to this feature, Blikanasaurus was thought initially to be a basal sauropod. Blikanasaurus is now considered to be a basal sauropodomorph; however, due to the lack of complete specimens, little remains known about this enigmatic taxon. Some paleontologists claimed a case to group Blikanasaurus within the family Blikanasauridae, a family named by Galton and van Heerden in 1985, however, this family has not been formally accepted due to it lacking definitive taxa. The cladogram below displays the currently accepted systematics between Blikanasaurus and other sauropodomorphs. References Sauropods Norian life Rhaetian life Late Triassic dinosaurs of Africa Triassic South Africa Fossils of South Africa Fossil taxa described in 1985	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blikanasaurus
The Indira Gandhi Canal (originally, Rajasthan Canal) is the longest canal in India. It starts at the Harike Barrage near Harike, a few kilometers downriver from the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in Punjab state, and ends in irrigation facilities in the Thar Desert in the northwest of Rajasthan state. Previously known as the Rajasthan Canal, it was renamed the Indira Gandhi Canal on 2 November 1984 following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The canal consists of the Rajasthan feeder canal with the first in Punjab and Haryana state and a further in Rajasthan. This is followed by the of the Rajasthan main canal, which is entirely within Rajasthan. The canal enters Haryana from Punjab near Lohgarh and runs through the western part of the Sirsa district before entering Rajasthan near Kharakhera village in the Tibbi tehsil of the Hanumangarh district. It traverses seven districts of Rajasthan: Barmer, Bikaner, Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sriganganagar. The main canal is long, which is 1458 RD (reduced distance). From 1458 RD, a long branch starts, known as the Sagar Mal Gopa Branch or the SMGS. From the end point of SMGS, another 92-kilometer-long sub-branch starts, the last of the Baba Ramdev sub-branch. It ends near Gunjangarh village in Jaisalmer district. Design and construction The idea of bringing the waters from the Himalayan Rivers flowing through Punjab and into Pakistan was conceived by hydraulic engineer Kanwar Sain in the late 1940s. Sain estimated that of desert land in Bikaner and the northwest corner of Jaisalmer could be irrigated by the stored waters of Punjab rivers. In 1960, the Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan, which gave India the right to use the water from three rivers: the Satluj, Beas and Ravi. The proposed Rajasthan Canal envisioned use of of water. The initial plan was to build the canal in two stages. Stage I consisted of a feeder canal from Harike barrage, Firozpur, Punjab to Masitawali (Hanumangarh) with the main canal of from Masitawali (Hanumangarh) to Pugal, (Bikaner) in Rajasthan. Stage I also included constructing a distributary canal system of about in length. Stage II involved constructing a long main canal from Pugal (Bikaner) to Mohangarh (Jaisalmer) along with a distributary canal network of . The main canal was planned to be wide at the top and wide at the bottom with a water depth of . It was scheduled to be completed by 1971. The canal faced severe financial constraints, neglect and corruption. In 1970 the plan was revised and it was decided that the entire canal would be lined with concrete tiles. Five more lift schemes were added and the flow command of Stage II was increased by . With increased requirements, the total length of main, feeder and distribution canals was about . Stage I was completed in 1983 around 20 years behind the completion schedule. Effect on the region After the construction of the Indira Gandhi Canal, irrigation facilities were available over an area of in Jaisalmer district and in Barmer district. Irrigation had already been provided in an area of in Jaisalmer district. Mustard, cotton, and wheat now grow in this semi-arid northwestern region, replacing the soil there previously. However, many dispute the success of this canal in arid regions and question whether it has achieved its goals. References Sources Anon. 1998. Statistical Abstract Rajasthan. Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Rajasthan, Jaipur. Balak Ram, 1999. Report on Wastelands in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan. CAZRI, Jodhpur. Karimkoshteh, M. H. 1995. Greening the Desert (Agro-Economic impact of IG canal). Renaissance Publication, New Delhi. Kavadia, P.S. 1991. Problem of waterlogging in Indira Gandhi Nahar Project and outline of Action Plan to tackle it. Singh, S. and Kar, A. 1997. Desertification Control - In the arid ecosystem of India for sustainable development. Agro-Botanical Publishers, Bikaner. Burdak, L. R. 1982. Recent advances in Desert Afforestation, Dehradun. Canals in Punjab, India Interbasin transfer Canals in Rajasthan Irrigation canals 1983 establishments in Rajasthan Canals opened in 1983	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira%20Gandhi%20Canal
National Corndog Day is a celebration concerning basketball, the corn dog (A corn dog is usually a hot dog sausage coated in a thick layer of cornmeal batter), Tater Tots, and American beer that occurs in March of every year on the first Saturday of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship. History National Corndog Day was inaugurated in 1992 in Corvallis, Oregon by Brady Sahnow and Henry Otley. The first celebration was informal and involved only corndogs and basketball. In subsequent years, National Corndog day was expanded to include tater tots and beer and gradually spread to other cities. The celebration currently is sponsored by Foster Farms, a Livingston, California-based poultry producer, PBR, a US Midwest-based beer company, and Jones Soda. Operations for National Corndog Day currently are governed by a board of directors consisting of event hosts (or "city captains") based in various cities in the United States. By 2007, parties celebrating National Corndog Day occurred at 113 locations in more than 30 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and Australia. In 2008 participation increased to nearly 5, 000 parties on five continents, including one at McMurdo Station in Antarctica. In 2009 participation fell back to the trend line from the 2008 peak, with nearly 400 on March 21, 2009. National Corndog Day 2009 took place on Saturday, March 21st, 2009. That same year, musical artist and contest winner, Ben Brennan, wrote and performed the National Corndog Day theme song. On March 16, 2012, Oregon Governor John A. Kitzhaber issued a Proclamation declaring March 17, 2012 to be National Corndog Day. See also Corn dog Hot dog List of food days Notes References Mary Ann Albright, "Corndog Buffs Have Their Day," Corvallis Gazette-Times (Corvallis, Oregon), March 16, 2007, Top Story, Pg. 1. Ricardo Baca, "Why I adore the lowly corn dog", Denver Post (Denver, CO), March 15, 2006, Sec. Food and Dining, . Staff, "Don't wait for the state fair to come back; make your own corn dogs", Anchorage Daily News, October 1, 2003, Sec. Life, Pg. D2. Su-Jin Yim, "Every Corndog Has Its (URP) Day", The Oregonian (Portland, OR), March 16, 2002, Sec. Living, Pg. CO1. In Tidbits, The Gothamist, March 17, 2006 . External links Official National Corndog Day Website WGN Radio coverage of the 15th annual National Corndog Day celebration Hot dogs Unofficial observances Recurring events established in 1992 March observances Observances about food and drink	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Corndog%20Day
The Grand Divisions are three geographic regions in the U.S. state of Tennessee, each constituting roughly one-third of the state's land area, that are geographically, culturally, legally, and economically distinct. The Grand Divisions are legally recognized in the state constitution and state law and are represented on the flag of Tennessee by the flag's three prominent stars. The Grand Divisions, East, Middle, and West Tennessee, are sometimes referred to as "three states of Tennessee" or "the three Tennessees". Definitions The three Grand Divisions, East, Middle, and West Tennessee, are formally defined in state law at Tennessee Code Annotated Title 4, Chapter 1, Part 2 ("Grand Divisions and State Capital") as the "eastern, middle, and western" Grand Divisions of the state. The law lists the counties in each region. The boundary between East Tennessee and Middle Tennessee is on the Cumberland Plateau, which was a major barrier to travel and commerce during much of the state's early history. The boundary is close to the line between the Eastern and Central time zones. All but three counties of East Tennessee (Bledsoe, Cumberland, and Marion) are in the Eastern Time Zone, while Middle and West Tennessee are entirely in the Central Time Zone. The reach of the Tennessee River that flows northward to Kentucky from Mississippi and Alabama demarcates the boundary between Middle and West Tennessee starting from the northern border of Hardin County, which is bisected by the Tennessee River but is located wholly in West Tennessee. The assignments of counties can be changed by the state legislature, but few changes to the boundaries between the Grand Divisions have been made since the earliest legal reference to them, in The Acts of Tennessee 1835-1836, Chapter 3, "An Act to establish a Supreme Court in pursuance of the 2nd sec., art. 6, of the Constitution of the United States". The most recent adjustment to the boundaries of the Grand Divisions occurred in 1965, when Perry County was shifted from West Tennessee to Middle Tennessee. Earlier in the 20th century, there were definitional changes that shifted the assignments of Marion, Sequatchie, and Cumberland Counties between East and Middle Tennessee (Sequatchie moved from East to Middle Tennessee; Marion and Cumberland counties moved from Middle to East Tennessee). Statistics Characteristics The three regions are geographically and culturally distinct. East Tennessee's landscape is dominated by the Appalachian mountain chain, including the Great Smoky Mountains on the eastern border of the state, the ridge-and-valley region where East Tennessee's principal cities (Knoxville, Chattanooga, and the Tri-Cities) are located, and the rugged Cumberland Mountains. East and Middle Tennessee are separated along the Cumberland Plateau. Middle Tennessee, which includes the state's capital city of Nashville, is dominated by rolling hills and fertile stream valleys. West Tennessee, located between the Tennessee and the Mississippi Rivers, is the lowest-lying of the three Grand Divisions. It is part of the Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic region, characterized by relatively flat topography. Except for the Memphis metropolitan area, land use in this region is mostly agricultural. Historically, cotton was West Tennessee's dominant crop. The physiographic and economic differences between the three regions resulted in major divisions within Tennessee in the Civil War. The plantation agricultural system associated with cotton production meant that slavery was very important to the economy of West Tennessee, where voters strongly supported secession. Support for secession was not as strong in Middle Tennessee, where plantation agriculture was present but less important. In mountainous East Tennessee, where plantation agriculture was largely absent and slavery was not economically important, voters strongly opposed secession. Although the entire state seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy, East Tennessee remained an area of pro-Union sentiment and activity throughout the Civil War and afterward. The Republican Party dominated politics in the region. Before and during the Civil War, there was a movement in East Tennessee to counter-secede from the Confederacy and re-join the Union as the State of Nickajack, together with other Union-friendly Southern areas, such as North Alabama. Partly because of West Tennessee's history of slavery, it has had a higher concentration of African Americans in the population. In the census in 2000, West Tennessee's population was found to be 37% black, while in Middle and East Tennessee, black people made up 12% and 6% of their respective populations. Legal significance The Tennessee State Constitution mandates that no more than two of the five justices on the state's supreme court can be from any one Grand Division. The court must also meet regularly in each division in the cities of Jackson in West Tennessee, Nashville in Middle Tennessee, and Knoxville in East Tennessee. Similar rules apply to some other state institutions. For example: The former Tennessee Public Service Commission was required to consist of three commissioners, including one commissioner from each Grand Division, although the commissioners were elected in statewide elections. State law requires that the ten-member Tennessee Textbook Commission, which consists mainly of professional educators, must include three members who do not work in education — one from each of the three Grand Divisions. State law requires a particular number of appellate judges be from each Grand Division. Symbolic representations In describing his design for the Tennessee state flag, which was adopted in 1905, LeRoy Reeves wrote, "The three stars are of pure white, representing the three grand divisions of the state." He explained the placement of the stars inside a blue circle as symbolic of "three bound together in one—an indissoluble trinity." The state formerly featured the Grand Divisions in tourism promotions. In the 1960s, billboards at the state's borders greeted visitors with the words, "Welcome to the Three States of Tennessee". The slogan was abandoned during the governorship of Winfield Dunn (who was from Memphis, but as a Republican got his strongest vote from East Tennessee), due to concerns that it might encourage sectionalism. 2002 State commemorative quarter The Tennessee commemorative quarter issued by the U.S. Mint in 2002 was designed to honor the musical heritage of the three grand divisions, each of which is strongly associated with a particular style of music. East Tennessee is known for Appalachian bluegrass, Middle Tennessee for country music and the Grand Ole Opry, and West Tennessee for the Delta blues. Below a trio of stars that represent the three grand divisions, the quarter depicts a guitar for the country music of Nashville and Middle Tennessee, a fiddle and a book of music for the bluegrass tradition of East Tennessee, and a trumpet for the blues music of Memphis and the Mississippi Delta (part of West Tennessee). See also Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition by John R. Finger References External links Basic Geography Part Four: Grand Divisions, Tennessee History for Kids	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Divisions%20of%20Tennessee
Borogovia is a troodontid theropod dinosaur genus which lived during the Late Cretaceous Period, in what is now Mongolia. In 1971, a Polish-Mongolian expedition discovered the remains of a small theropod at the Altan Ula IV site, in the Nemegt Basin of Ömnögovĭ province. In 1982, upon describing Hulsanpes perlei, the find was reported by Halszka Osmólska and considered by her to be a possible specimen of Saurornithoides. Later she concluded that it represented a species new to science. In 1987, Osmólska named and described the type species Borogovia gracilicrus. The generic name is derived from the fantasy avian creatures known as 'borogoves' in the Lewis Carroll poem "Jabberwocky", in Through the Looking-Glass. The specific name is a combination of Latin gracilis, "lightly built", and crus, "shin", in reference to the elegant build of the lower leg. The holotype specimen, ZPAL MgD-I/174, was found in the Nemegt Formation, dating from the early Maastrichtian. It consists of two lower legs of a single individual, including fragments of both tibiotarsi, the undersides of both metatarsi and the second, third and fourth toes of each foot. The tibiotarsi have an estimated length of twenty-eight centimetres. Borogovia is about two meters (6 feet) long, weighing some twenty kilograms (forty-five pounds). The tibiotarsus is very elongated. The third toe is narrow. The second phalanx of the second toe is short. The claw of the second toe is short and relatively flat. Osmólska claimed that the second toe could not be hyperextended, and suggested that it had regained a weight-bearing function, compensating for the weakness of the third toe. In 2021, Andrea Cau and Daniel Madzia have called this the "falchiporan condition". Borogovia was assigned by Osmólska to the Troodontidae in 1987. See also Timeline of troodontid research References Troodontids Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Fossil taxa described in 1987 Taxa named by Halszka Osmólska Nemegt fauna	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borogovia
Bothriospondylus ("excavated vertebra") is a dubious genus of neosauropod sauropod dinosaur. It lived during the Late Jurassic in England, and the type and only species is B. suffosus. Discovery and naming The type species, Bothriospondylus suffossus, was described by Richard Owen in 1875. The specific epithet suffossus means "undermined" in Latin, a reference to the fact that pleurocoels had hollowed out the sides of the vertebra. It is often incorrectly spelled as "suffosus". Owen based the species on holotype NHMUK R.44592-5, a set of four dorsal vertebrae found in Wiltshire in stratum from the Kimmeridgian, the Kimmeridge Clay. Also three unfused sacral vertebrae were referred. At the same time Owen named three other species of Bothriospondylus. B. robustus was based on NHMUK R.22428, a dorsal from the same location. B. elongatus was based on a vertebra from Sussex, NHMUK R.2239, an original syntype of Ornithopsis hulkei. Finally, Bothriospondylus magnus was a new name for another syntype of Ornithopsis hulkei Seeley 1870, the present lectotype NHMUK 28632. Owen himself in an addendum to the same publication renamed B. robustus to Marmarospondylus robustus. Friedrich von Huene in 1908 referred the material to Pelorosaurus and in 1922 made B. suffossus into a Ornithopsis suffossa because the latter generic name has priority. More complete material from Madagascar was named by Richard Lydekker as a fifth species, Bothriospondylus madagascariensis. Franz Nopcsa in 1902 assigned to Bothriospondylus a vertebra from Argentina that later would be renamed Nopcsaspondylus. A skeleton from France was assigned to Bothriospondylus madagascariensis, but has been described as a new genus and species of brachiosaurid, Vouivria. In 1986 José Fernando Bonaparte moved material from "B." sp. into its own genus, Lapparentosaurus. The material, sometimes referred to B. madagascariensis, was separated into a few dorsal vertebrae to be the new lectotype of Lapparentosaurus. A revision in 2010 by Philip Mannion concluded that Bothriospondylus is a nomen dubium. However, "Bothriospondylus" madagascariensis was treated as valid and distinct from other Middle Jurassic sauropods from Madagascar. It was named Narindasaurus thevenini by Royo-Torres et al. in 2020. Classification Bothriospondylus has over the years been assigned to many groups — even in a Bothriospondylidae of its own — with Brachiosauridae lately being the most popular designation. However, the sparse and eroded material shows no synapomorphies of the Brachiosauridae and cannot be further determined than a very general Neosauropoda. Current species Only the type species of Bothriospondylus can be referred, because of the dubious nature of the genus. Bothriospondylus suffossus Owen, 1875 (type species) = Ornithopsis suffosa (Owen, 1875) von Huene, 1922 Reassigned species Several species have been referred to Bothriospondylus over its existence, with nearly all being reassigned to a new genus. Bothriospondylus robustus Owen, 1875 renamed Marmarospondylus (Owen, 1875) Owen, 1875 Bothriospondylus elongatus Owen, 1875 non Bothriospondylus Bothriospondylus magnus Owen, 1875 objective synonym of Ornithopsis hulkei Seeley, 1870 Bothriospondylus madagascariensis Lydekker, 1895 renamed Vouivria (Mannion, Allain & Moine, 2017) "Bothriospondylus madagascariensis" Lydekker, 1895 removed from species and named Lapparentosaurus Bonaparte, 1986 "Bothriospondylus" Lydekker, 1895 "Bothriospondylus" madagascariensis Lydekker, 1895 NHM R2598 NHM R2596–2615, R16588, R16589 Isalo III Formation, Madagascar, Middle Jurassic, Non neosauropod-eusauropod distinct from Lapparentosaurus. Named Narindasaurus Royo-Torres et al., 2020 References Further reading Nopcsa, F. 1902. Notizen uber Cretacischen Dinosaurier. Pt. 3. Wirbel eines sudamerikanischen Sauropoden. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 3, 108–114. Thevenin, A. 1907. Pale´ontologie de Madagascar. Annales de Pale´ontologie, 2, 121–136. Thulborn, R. A. 1973. Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Memo´ria dos Servic¸os Geolo´gicos de Portugal (Nuova Se´ria), 22, 89–134. Macronarians Kimmeridgian genera Late Jurassic sauropods Sauropods of Europe Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe Jurassic England Fossils of England Fossil taxa described in 1875 Taxa named by Richard Owen Nomina dubia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothriospondylus
Brachyceratops ('short horned face') is a dubious genus of ceratopsian dinosaur known only from partial juvenile specimens dating to the late Cretaceous Period of Montana, United States. Brachyceratops has historically been known from juvenile remains, with one specimen having since been re-classified as Rubeosaurus ovatus. History of discovery Brachyceratops montanensis, the type species, was first discovered in the Two Medicine Formation (Campanian, about 74 million years old) on a Blackfoot Indian Reservation in Teton County in north-central Montana. The original find was made on August 1913 by C. W. Gilmore and his assistant John Floyd Strayer and was named and shortly described by Gilmore one year later. The generic name is derived from , brachys, "short", , keras, "horn" and , ops, "face", in reference to the short snout. The specific name refers to the provenance from Montana. All that was found were incomplete and jumbled remains of five juvenile individuals of about 1.5 m (5 feet) in length. It has been speculated that these juveniles may have been nest mates that stayed together after hatching. The holotype specimen is USNM 7951, a partial skull. The paratypes are USNM 7952, a snout, USNM 7953, a partial skeleton with skull and USNM 7957, a foot. The material is disarticulated but the preservation is excellent. In 1917 Gilmore published a monograph on Brachyceratops in which a reconstruction of the skeleton as a whole was given. In 1939 Gilmore referred a larger subadult specimen, USNM 14765, to Brachyceratops. All specimens are currently part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C., where a skeletal restoration is mounted. As Brachyceratops is known only from the remains of five juveniles — plus the subadult that Gilmore found about a mile from the original specimens —, it was long considered likely that these represented the immature forms of known centrosaurine ceratopsians, with Monoclonius often suggested as the likeliest candidate. By 2011 however, several studies had shown that the single specimen which was adult enough to be compared with related species, USNM 14765, represented the juvenile form of the later-named Rubeosaurus. Description Among the five original specimens parts of three skulls were discovered, detached from their owner's body and fragmented. Despite this, the skull showed that the animal had only small bumps over the eyes rather than full-grown horns like in the more famous ceratopsians such as Triceratops. The nasal horn was thick and low, while its neck frill was moderately large. Unfortunately the specimens were incomplete so it cannot be determined if there were parietal openings in the frill like some other ceratopsians possessed. Classification Brachyceratops belonged to the Centrosaurinae, but its exact placement has been difficult to discover because it is known only from juvenile specimens. In 1997, Scott Sampson and colleagues re-examined Brachyceratops and noted that it is almost certainly the juvenile form of an already known centrosaurine dinosaur. However, because many features that distinguish ceratopsians from each other do not appear until adulthood, exactly which centrosaurine remained unknown, and Sampson et al. classified Brachyceratops as a nomen dubium, or dubious name. In 2007, Michael J. Ryan and colleagues suggested that Brachyceratops was possibly the juvenile form of Styracosaurus ovatus, which has since been reclassified as Rubeosaurus. A 2011 study supported this idea for the most mature specimen of Brachyceratops, USNM 14765, which shows one unique newly evolved feature (apomorphy) in common with Rubeosaurus to the exclusion of other centrosaurines. However, the same study suggested that because the holotype specimen of Brachyceratops is too incomplete and juvenile to preserve any determinable apomorphies, Brachyceratops must be considered a nomen dubium, and cannot be a senior synonym of Rubeosaurus. Paleoecology Dinosaurs that lived alongside Stellasaurus include the basal ornithopod Orodromeus, hadrosaurids (such as Hypacrosaurus, Maiasaura, and Prosaurolophus), the centrosaurines Stellasaurus and Einiosaurus, the ankylosaurs Edmontonia and Euoplocephalus, the tyrannosaurid Daspletosaurus (which appears to have been a specialist of preying on ceratopsians), as well as the smaller theropods Bambiraptor, Chirostenotes, Troodon, and Avisaurus. See also Timeline of ceratopsian research References Centrosaurines Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America Nomina dubia Fossil taxa described in 1914 Paleontology in Montana Taxa named by Charles W. Gilmore Campanian genus first appearances Campanian genus extinctions Ornithischian genera	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachyceratops
Peace Magazine is a Canadian magazine on disarmament and peacebuilding issues, published by Canadian Disarmanent Information Service (CANDIS). History and profile Peace Magazine was launched in 1985 as a continuation of an earlier CANDIS publication, The Peace Calendar, which appeared monthly between February 1983 and January 1985. Originally a simple listings sheet for Toronto-area peace events, The Peace Calendar had expanded into a 12-page tabloid with articles and analysis in addition to Canada-wide listings in the period immediately before the Peace Magazine launch. The magazine published monthly from March to December 1985; bimonthly from January–February 1986 to May–June 1999; and quarterly since July–September 1999. There has been formal and informal cooperation with other Canadian and international peace organizations throughout the magazine's history; from 1993 to 2006 the magazine included a section produced in collaboration with Science for Peace. Peace Magazine was one of the first Canadian magazines to be produced with desktop publishing software. Its website has been online since 1997, includes a full set of archives from 1983 to the end of the preceding calendar year. The magazine has had a strong editorial emphasis on democracy, human rights, and the technical aspects of disarmament. Its writers are roughly equally distributed between activists and academics, with considerable overlap between these two spheres. The editor is retired sociologist and peace activist Metta Spencer. References External links Peace Magazine homepage Anti-war works Political magazines published in Canada Magazines established in 1985 Pacifism in Canada 1985 establishments in Ontario Magazines published in Toronto	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace%20Magazine
Rennes School of Business formerly École Supérieure de Commerce de Rennes is a French business school located in Rennes, the capital of Brittany, founded in 1990 by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Rennes. ESC Rennes is a Grande École. History ESC Rennes, founded in 1990, is a research-based business school based in Rennes, Brittany, France. Based on its student body and faculty composition, Rennes School of Business is the most internationally attended Grande École de Commerce in France : 55% of the students on campus and 95% of the faculty members (90 nationalities) come from outside France. A great majority of the courses are taught in English. 1990 - École Supérieure de Commerce de Rennes (ESC Rennes) founded. 1996 - ESC Rennes joins European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD) 1998 - ESC Rennes joins Conférence des Grandes Écoles 2004 - Master of Science program introduced 2007 - School renamed ESC Rennes School of Business 2004 - Bachelor program introduced 2010 - School opens a second campus in Rennes 2012 - AACSB accreditation 2013 - AMBA accreditation 2014 - EQUIS accreditation. ESC Rennes joins the 1% of business schools with the Triple Crown. 2016 - School renamed Rennes School of Business 2017 - Open a residence campus for international students 2019 - Creation of the Chair of Geopolitics 2020 - Creation of the Chair in Cyber Risk Governance 2021 - New campus opens in Paris Rankings Programmes A key feature of the Rennes School of Business is its commitment to providing and growing a range of specialist Masters' programmes. Rennes School of business offers Masters of Science (MSc) and Master of Arts degrees also for holders of non-French bachelors. International Bachelor Program in Management Master of Arts in International Business Master in Management (Programme Grande École) 15 Masters of Science: 1. MSc in Global Business Management 2. MSc in International Accounting, Management Control & Auditing 3. MSc in Creative Project Management, Culture & Design 4. MSc in International Negotiation & Business Development 5. MSc in Data and Business Analytics 6. MSc in Strategic & Digital Marketing 7. MSc in Financial Data Intelligence 8. MSc in International Finance (EPAS accredited) 9. MSc in Geopolitics & Business 10. MSc in International Luxury & Brand Management 11. MSc in Sports & Tourism Management 12. MSc in Supply Chain Management 13. MSc in Innovation & Entrepreneurship (partnership with Institut national des sciences appliquées) 14. MSc in International Human Resource Management 15. MSc in Sustainable Management & Eco-innovation PhD (full-time programs in Rennes, France, in cooperation with University College Dublin and the University of Amsterdam) Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) (part-time program for executives in China, Brazil and France). This programme is organized in cooperation with the School of Economics and Management at Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications in China and (as a pre-DBA) with Fundação Getulio Vargas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MBA Part-time programme MBA with 6 majors: Advanced Finance; Corporate social responsibility; Innovation & entrepreneurship; Agrofood business; Digital marketing; Supply Chain Management. Research Research programs Rennes offers the following research programs: MPhil and PhD (full-time programs in Rennes, France, in cooperation with University College Dublin and the University of Amsterdam) Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) (part-time program for executives in China, Brazil and France) The Global DBA program is organized in cooperation with the School of Economics and Management at Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications in China and (as a pre-DBA) with Fundação Getulio Vargas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Research Centers Rennes School of Business has 4 research centers carrying out academic research in partnership with companies. Center for Responsible Business Center of Technology and Innovation Management Center of Research in Supply Chain and Operations Management Center of Financial Market & Corporate Outcomes Students In 2020, 55% of the 5,000 students are international. International dimension 95% professors and 55% of students of non-French origin 90 nationalities represented on the campus 100% of courses taught in English in the programmes 15 MSc programmes are also taught entirely in English Alumni Association The Association was founded by a group of ESC Rennes alumni. The association works in close partnership with Rennes School of Business and international companies to provide services to the global Rennes School of Business alumni community. The alumni network totalizes about 24,000 members in 100 countries. References External links Rennes SB Business schools in France Educational institutions established in 1990 Education in Rennes Universities and colleges in Rennes 1990 establishments in France	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESC%20Rennes%20School%20of%20Business
Slow Life may refer to: In culture: Slow Living, living in a more balanced, meaningful, and life-affirming way Slow movement (culture), a global cultural movement that emphasizes a thoughtful, slower pace in a variety of social areas In music: "Slow Life", a 2004 EP by Super Furry Animals "Slow Life", a song by Grizzly Bear (band) "Slow Life", a song by Jolin Tsai from Butterfly In writing: "Slow Life" (novelette), a science fiction story by Michael Stanwick	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow%20Life%20%28disambiguation%29
At the 1948 Summer Olympics, seven fencing events were contested, six for men and one for women. Medal summary Men's events Women's events Medal table Participating nations A total of 294 fencers (255 men and 39 women) from 30 nations competed at the London Games: References 1948 Summer Olympics events 1948 1948 in fencing International fencing competitions hosted by the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing%20at%20the%201948%20Summer%20Olympics
Emmet Montgomery Reily (October 21, 1866 – October 31, 1954), sometimes E. Mont Reily, was a Texas and, later, Missouri politician who served a number of local offices, especially in Fort Worth and Kansas City. He was active in the Republican Party. He was later appointed as the governor of Puerto Rico by President Warren G. Harding. Missouri/Texas career Reily was born in Sedalia, Missouri, but moved to Fort Worth, Texas as a teenager where he worked both in the newspaper and real estate businesses. During this time, he first became active in local politics and was appointed as the chairman of the Republican City Committee (which he served on for eight years) and the Republican County Committee, as well as being twice nominated for County Clerk. (However, he never won that office.) In 1892, Reily went to Kansas City and was appointed as the Secretary to the Mayor for two terms. Following that, he returned to private life, but was subsequently appointed as Chief Deputy to the County Assessor. In 1902, he was appointed as the Assistant Postmaster for Kansas City. In 1901, Reily founded the Roosevelt Club, which had a stated goal of nominating Vice President Theodore Roosevelt for President in the 1904 elections. The group was disbanded when Roosevelt became president after the assassination of William McKinley in September of that year. As a newspaper editor in Kansas City, Reily was said to be the first prominent figure to endorse Warren G. Harding for the office of President of the United States. When Harding was elected president in 1920, he is said to have sought an appointive office to which he could nominate Reily as a reward for his loyalty, without giving him too much power or presence in Washington. Puerto Rico On July 30, 1921, President Harding nominated Reily as Governor of Puerto Rico. During his time in office, he was a strong supporter of "Americanism", the introduction of some aspects of mainland United States culture and their advancement over native Puerto Rican culture. During his inauguration address, he insisted that the United States flag ("Old Glory") should be the only flag used over the island. Additionally, he placed several mainland politicians in prominent positions in the Puerto Rican government. Although Reily was a strong proponent of "Americanism", he reportedly saw Spanish culture—such as that of Texas, Florida, and California—to be part of this culture. During his term as governor, Spanish Renaissance Revival became the "official" architectural style of the territory for public buildings and the new Puerto Rico Capitol Building was erected in that style. During his time in office, Reily advocated reducing the use of Spanish in schools in favor of teaching exclusively in English. Reily was an extremely unpopular governor. A common nickname for him, given by the Puerto Rican populace, was "Moncho Reyes", a name closely resembling Reily's and giving the impression ("Moncho" being a common countryside nickname for the name "Ramón") that Reily was an uncivilized hick. He became involved in disputes with numerous political factions in Puerto Rico, some of which called for his removal from office. Reily reported, in a letter to Harding, that he had received death threats. He was also the subject of corruption allegations and an investigation by Puerto Rican local officials. Under pressure to leave office, and suffering from an illness he had contracted during a return visit to the continental United States, Reily resigned as governor in March 1923. He was succeeded by U.S. Representative Horace Mann Towner, the Chairman of the House Committee on Insular Affairs, which had jurisdiction over Puerto Rico. A collection of original correspondence between Reily and President Harding is archived in the Manuscripts Division of the New York Public Library. References The Architecture of Power by Enrique Vivoni-Farage, a history of architecture in Puerto Rico Men Who Are Making Kansas City (1902) by George Creel & John Slavens, now in the public domain Puerto Rico on WorldStatesmen.org Political Graveyard: Reily to Remsen NEW GOVERNOR TAKES OFFICE IN PORTO RICO; E. Mont Reily Brings Cheers When He Says Old Glory Is Only Flag for Island. New York Times. New York, N.Y.: Jul 31, 1921. pg. 8, 1 pgs PORTO RICANS DEMAND REMOVAL OF GOV. REILY; Representatives of New York Colony Call Harding's Appointee Unfair to Independence Party. ENGLISH IN PORTO RICO.; Governor Asked That It Be Taught Equally With Spanish. J.R. HULL, A.W. BAAR, F. SMITH., JAMES V. CHALMERS., et al. New York Times. New York, N.Y.: Sep 27, 1921. pg. 15, 1 pgs 1866 births 1954 deaths People from Sedalia, Missouri Texas Republicans Missouri Republicans Missouri local politicians Texas local politicians Governors of Puerto Rico Politicians from Fort Worth, Texas Republican Party (Puerto Rico) politicians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmet%20Montgomery%20Reily
Veritas Christian Academy is a private, Christian school in Fletcher, North Carolina. All grades Pre-K to 12th grade are included on one main campus. In 2018 the school had 320 students and 33.4 teachers on a full-time-equivalents (FTE) basis; a teacher-student ratio of 9.6. Of these, 290 or 90.6% were white. References Christian schools in North Carolina Classical Christian schools Nondenominational Christian schools in the United States Private high schools in North Carolina Private middle schools in North Carolina Private elementary schools in North Carolina Schools in Henderson County, North Carolina	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veritas%20Christian%20Academy
Brachypodosaurus (meaning "short-footed lizard") is a dubious genus of dinosaur, possibly an ornithischian, from the Late Cretaceous Lameta Formation (Maastrichtian) in India. The only remains discovered so far for this animal consist of a single fossil bone, excavated at the Chota Simla Hill near Jabalpur. In 1934, geologist Dhirendra Kishore Chakravarti, of the Geological Museum of the Banaras Hindu University, considered it a humerus, of a stegosaurian. He named it as the type species Brachypodosaurus gravis. The generic name is derived from Greek βραχύς, brachys, "short", and πούς, pous, "foot". The specific name gravis means "heavy" in Latin. Chakravarti hereby became the first local scientist to name a dinosaur. The holotype is IM V9. The bone is over a foot long. Chakravarti based his identification of the element as a humerus on the presence of a large crest on the shaft, which he took for the deltopectoral crest. The status as a (dinosaurian) humerus is problematic. The bone is flat, has a crest on the other side of the shaft also, is not twisted around its longitudinal axis, is strongly constricted above and below the crests and lacks a clear caput or condyles. In any case, it lacks stegosaurian synapomorphies. On the assumption it might at least be some member of the Thyreophora, it has been considered a possible ankylosaurian, the ankylosaurs being a sister group of the Stegosauria that survived into the Late Cretaceous. Even then, however, it was considered a nomen dubium as so few remains of the animal have been found. In 2004, Matthew Lamanna e.a. considered it unlikely that any Ornithischia were present in the Maastrichtian of India. The other Late Cretaceous genus from India originally described as a stegosaur, Dravidosaurus, is also of dubious validity, potentially based on plesiosaurian remains. References Thyreophorans Late Cretaceous dinosaurs Dinosaurs of India and Madagascar Maastrichtian life Fossils of India Fossil taxa described in 1934 Nomina dubia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachypodosaurus
Bradycneme (meaning "ponderous leg") is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Sânpetru Formation of the Hațeg Basin, Transylvania, Romania. The genus contains a single species, Bradycneme draculae, known only from a partial right lower leg (specimen BMNH A1588), which its original describers believed came from a giant owl. History In 1975, Harrison and Walker described two "bradycnemids" from Romania: B. draculae and Heptasteornis andrewsi. These specimens had initially been assigned to the supposed pelecaniform bird Elopteryx nopcsai. The generic name, Bradycneme, comes from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "slow, ponderous" and (), meaning "leg", as the holotype, BMNH A1588, a wide distal tibiotarsus found by Maud Eleanora Seeley, would be very stout if the animal had been an owl, with a body height of about . The specific name, draculae, is derived from Romanian , meaning "the dragon," and refers to Dracula. Starting with Pierce Brodkorb, the specimens were soon compared to small theropod dinosaurs. Bradycneme, Elopteryx and Heptasteornis have been synonymized, split, and reassessed numerous times since then in part because of the fragmentary nature of the remains; there exist three proximal femora and three distal tibiotarsi, which may belong to one, two, or three species. Usually, at least one of them is considered to be a troodontid. In the most recent assessments, Bradycneme and Heptasteornis were found to be the same and most likely basal members of the Tetanurae in one study, but Darren Naish did not follow the synonymy and found Heptasteornis to be an alvarezsaurid, while classifying Bradycneme as an indeterminate maniraptoran. In a 2011 classification, Tom Holtz assigned Bradycneme to the Alvarezsauridae along with Heptasteornis. References Bibliography (1978): Catalogue of fossil birds, Part 5 (Passeriformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 23(3): 139–228. (1998): Small theropods from the Late Cretaceous of the Hateg Basin (western Romania) - an unexpected diversity at the top of the food chain. Oryctos 1: 87–104. (1975): The Bradycnemidae, a new family of owls from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania. Palaeontology 18(3): 563–570. PDF fulltext (1992): The first record of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Maastrichtian of southern Europe: palaeobiogeographical implications. Bulletin de la Société géologique de la France 163(3): 337–343. (2004): Heptasteornis was no ornithomimid, troodontid, dromaeosaurid or owl: the first alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Europe. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 7: 385–401. (1988): Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York, Simon & Schuster. (1991): The dinosaurs of Transylvania. National Geographic Research and Exploration 7(2): 196–215. PDF fulltext Alvarezsaurids Maastrichtian genera Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe Cretaceous Romania Fossils of Romania Hațeg fauna Fossil taxa described in 1975 Taxa named by Colin Harrison Taxa named by Cyril Walker	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradycneme
Godlike: Superhero Roleplaying in a World on Fire, 1936-1946 is an alternate history World War II era superhero role-playing game, created by Dennis Detwiller and Greg Stolze. Godlike was originally produced by Dennis Detwiller and John Scott Tynes of Pagan Publishing (though it was not actually a Pagan publication), and published by Hawthorn Hobgoblynn Press. It is currently published by Arc Dream Publishing. Godlike is the first game released using the One-Roll Engine (O.R.E.) gaming system, a dice pool system where matched die results determine success. Setting Godlike is set in an alternate history version of World War II where people known as Talents have developed unexplained powers. Godlike is a gritty superhero roleplaying game, where wearing spandex and other flashy outfits is a sure way to draw a sniper's bullet that most Talents would not survive. The Godlike core book contains a detailed section reviewing key events of World War II with special attention paid to events that differed due to the Talents involved in the war. System While it was not called the One-Roll Engine at time of print, Godlike introduces the dice pool rolling system where matching results on dice are formed into sets to help determine the outcome of an action in how successfully and swiftly the action is performed. The name One-Roll comes from the nature that one roll of the dice determines the initiative, success, location and damage of an action. Also included in the core book are rules for playing Godlike with an OGL d20 System. Supplements Supplements for the Godlike system include: Will To Power Intelligence Bulletin No. 2 Intelligence Bulletin No. 3 Donar's Hammer Saipan Black Devils Brigade The Courtyard of Hell See also Wild Talents Reviews Pyramid Pyramid InQuest Gamer #81 InQuest Gamer #88, August 2002 References Detwiller & Stolze Godlike: Superhero Roleplaying in a World on Fire, 1936-1946 (Hobgoblynn Press, 2001, ) Detwiller & Stolze Godlike: Superhero Roleplaying in a World on Fire, 1936-1946 (Arc Dream, 2002, ) External links Official site Historical role-playing games Superhero role-playing games Role-playing games about World War II alternate histories Role-playing games introduced in 2002 Campaign settings	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godlike%20%28role-playing%20game%29
Aquatica, formerly known as Aguamania, is a water park located in the city of Maracaibo, Venezuela. It is situated inside a public park of the city known locally as "La Vereda del Lago". It is one of only two water parks in Venezuela and the only water park in the west of the country. There are notable views from the park of the surrounding city. The park contains various facilities including swimming pools for infants, children, and adults. There are also tents, parasols, eating facilities, and gift shops. The pool contains a series of interactive games centered on the culture of the Caribbean, nine slides for younger children, a collection of small fountains. It has two body-slides and two raft-slides. The Catatumbo is one of the park's major attractions, it is effectively a slow river with a wave system and fountains. There are two passages through the river; one is intended to be relaxing while the other provides a more exciting experience. The main pool is a standard large swimming pool for adult guests, equipped with lifeguards. The mascot of Aguamania resembles an anthropoid fuzzy crocodile of the same height as the average adult human. References External links Amusement parks in Venezuela Buildings and structures in Maracaibo Tourist attractions in Zulia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguamania
A bus conductor (also referred to as a conductor or clippie) is a person (other than the driver) responsible for collecting fares from bus passengers. Bus conductors were a common feature of many bus services across Europe until the late 1970s and early 1980s. The main reason two-person crews were needed was that most towns and cities used double-decker buses for urban services. Until the 1960s, all double deck vehicles were built with front-mounted engines and a "half-cab" design, such as the AEC Routemaster bus built for London Transport. This layout totally separated the driver from the passenger saloons. The conductor communicated with the driver using a series of bell codes, such as two bells to start (the "ding-ding"). Conductors were also employed on single-deck buses and coaches. In remote areas where these buses served such as in rural Ireland, conductors also had the responsibility of handling mail and passengers' luggage between stops. Some of these buses would therefore be built with dedicated parcel sections or roof racks for the stowage of such items. Many half-cab double-deckers were boarded from an open platform at the rear, while others were equipped with a forward entrance and staircase and driver-operated doors. Each case required a conductor to collect fares and, especially on the rear-entrance design, supervise passenger loading and unloading. Some bus services in the late 1960s and early 1970s experimented with later-model forward entrance half-cab double-deckers—removing the conductor and having the driver sell tickets. The hope was to have the benefits of one-person operation without the cost of replacing vehicles that still had remaining service life. This idea was soon scrapped and the buses reverted to conventional conductor operation. History In the late-1950s, new double-decker bus designs appeared that provided higher capacity, with the engine compartment at the rear and the entrance door by the driver. From July 1966, UK transport regulations were changed to allow operation of urban double-deck buses by the driver only, who could now collect fares and supervise all passenger loading and unloading. Some municipal operators adopted rear-engine bus designs and "one-person operation" quickly, others more slowly. More conservative municipal operators continued to order new half-cab buses through the 1960s, but this type of vehicle ceased production in the UK by about 1970. This was accelerated by a UK Government grant that supported the purchase of "one person operated" vehicles, but was not available for purchase of traditional half-cab buses. In the 1970s in South Korea, bus conductors worked up to 19 hours a day, from 5:00 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. and the Labor Standards Act was not followed with hours worse than in the manufacturing industry. Through the 1970s, the proportion of urban bus routes operated with conductors declined, as older vehicles were steadily replaced with new buses equipped for one-person operation, and operators grappled with staff shortages, rapidly increasing costs and falling usage. Kingston upon Hull City Transport, an early pioneer in one-person operation following the introduction of ten AEC Reliance single-deckers in May 1958, became the first municipal bus operator in Britain to phase out conductors on their services in November 1972. Modern usage China Bus conductors still exist on some articulated buses in Beijing, such as Routes 1, 2, 5, 300, and 347. However, these bus conductors do not sell tickets, they mostly supervise fare collection from on-boarding passengers. Britain and Ireland By the early 1980s, bus conductors were largely obsolete in all cities except London and Dublin. Two-person crews continued to operate a number of bus routes in central London until late 2005, well beyond their demise in the rest of the United Kingdom. This reprieve for conductors was due to London Transport and its 1984 successor London Regional Transport's continued use of the Routemaster bus on some of the busiest routes in the most congested parts of central London. The Routemaster remained favoured due to its robustness and manoeuvrability, fast passenger loading/unloading capability and fast fare collection performed by a conductor instead of a driver. In Ireland, one-person operation was originally scheduled to commence on state-owned CIÉ's Dublin bus services in 1964. However, repeated protests from transport unions resulted in conductors being retained on all bus services through to the mid-1980s. The first one-person operated bus services in Dublin would commence 18 years later than planned on 9 March 1986 after CIÉ and the unions reached a settlement backed by the Labour Court in January 1986. CIÉ planned to convert three-quarters of its Dublin services to one-person operation within five years, however by 1987, workers at Clontarf bus garage would go on strike over the redeployment of 40 conductors from the garage. Conductors would be retained on Dublin Bus services as late as the mid-1990s, when the company introduced "autofare" one-person ticketing on services deemed to be at high risk for assaults on bus drivers and conductors. In May 1987, following the start-up of Solent Blue Line, conductor buses returned to Southampton, where services were run in competition against Southampton Citybus on speeding up journey times, using second-hand Bristol VRTs. In retaliation, Southampton Citybus brought in ex-London Routemasters with a crew of conductors, these arrangements lasting until autumn 1989. Though the majority of bus services in the London metropolis (and all routes outside the central area) have been operated by modern driver-only vehicles since the late 1980s, twenty regular routes retained Routemasters and their conductors. Between 2003 and 2005, all of these were progressively converted to low-floor modern vehicles and one-person operation. The process was largely driven by political views on disability accessibility and was encouraged, to some extent, by the increase in litigious passengers claiming injuries due to the Routemaster's open rear platform. There were also increasingly frequent robberies and attacks on conductors, who could find themselves working in an isolated and vulnerable environment. The last regular Routemaster-operated service was on route 159 from Marble Arch to Streatham. Conductor operation finally ceased on the 159 on 9 December 2005. However, heritage bus routes utilising the Routemaster were introduced that year, these numbered route 9H and 15H. Route 9H was withdrawn in 2014, whilst route 15H was withdrawn at the end of the 2019 season, after having been reduced to summer weekends only. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, there was a revival in conductor operation on buses in the UK with the development of the FTR routes in York, Leeds and Swansea. As of 2020 however, these have all been withdrawn. Conductors also returned to London in 2012 with the introduction of the New Routemaster. Some of the routes served by the New Routemaster did not have conductors, so the service were driver-only operated, in which the driver controlled the three doors of the bus. The role of the conductor was to ensure passengers validated their Oyster card as they board the bus and supervised passengers using the open platform. These have since all been removed and buses now run one-person operation with the open platform closed out of use. Stagecoach Strathtay used conductors on Tayway service 73 from Arbroath, Carnoustie and Monifieth to Ninewells Hospital. In September 2020, however, Stagecoach announced their intention to withdraw their final conductors from this service resulting in 31 redundancies. The operator attributes this to the COVID-19 pandemic and its resultant drive towards contactless payment. Quantock Motor Services in Somerset operates the service 400 'Exmoor Explorer' using crew-operated vintage open-top buses. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Qatar, and Sri Lanka In India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Qatar, and Sri Lanka bus conductors are almost always present inside the buses throughout the journey. They issue tickets, usually pre-printed or using electronic ticketing machines, help in crowd management or act as assistants to the drivers. Indian government bus conductors may communicate with the driver via a bell, whistle, walkie talkies, or by shouting, "right!" (Aa right in south India). Private bus conductors use whistles or just shout to the driver. It is also common practice for conductors to clap their hand firmly on the outside of the bus as a signal to the driver that all passengers have boarded and the bus is good to go. Indian actor Rajinikanth began acting in plays while working in the Bangalore Transport Service as a bus conductor. Mauritius Buses in Mauritius are operated with both a driver and a conductor. The bus conductor's job is mainly to collect money and hand out travel tickets to the passengers. References Bus terminology Transport occupations	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus%20conductor
Elopteryx is a genus of, perhaps troodontid, maniraptoran theropod dinosaur based on fragmentary fossils found in late Cretaceous Period rocks of Romania. The single species, Elopteryx nopcsai, is known only from very incomplete material, and therefore is considered a nomen dubium ("dubious name") by most paleontologists. History of discovery and naming Initial finds In the late nineteenth or early twentieth century, the famous Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás found near Sînpetru, in what is now the Romanian region of Transylvania, some bone fragments of a small theropod. These were acquired by the British Museum of Natural History. In 1913, curator Charles William Andrews named these as the type species Elopteryx nopcsai. The genus name Elopteryx is from Ancient Greek helos (ἕλος), "marsh" + pteryx (πτέρυξ), "wing". The specific name honors Nopcsa. Initially, Elopteryx was described from its holotype, a proximal left femur, specimen BMNH A1234. A second upper left thighbone fragment, BMNH A1235, was referred. A distal left tibiotarsus was also tentatively assigned to this taxon; it was initially classified with the same specimen number as the holotype and was found in close proximity, but may not be from the same individual (see below). This has since been relabeled and is now specimen BMNH A4359. The exact location and time of the discoveries are today unknown. The fossils date from the early-late Maastrichtian (Begudian) faunal stage, circa 71-66 million years ago, originating from the Sânpetru Formation of the Hațeg Island. The animal was by Andrews believed to be a pelecaniform seabird. In 1929 the Hungarian paleontologist Kálmán Lambrecht referred two more specimens: BMNH A PAL.1528 and BMNH A PAL.1588, respectively a left and a right tibiotarsus. In 1933 Lambrecht named a separate family Elopterygidae. The supposed family Elopterygidae was initially placed in the suborder Sulae – then still in the polyphyletic "Pelecaniformes" – in 1963 by Pierce Brodkorb in his fossil bird catalogue, and the Cenozoic genera Argillornis and Eostega were moved to it. These two are unequivocal derived neornith birds and the latter indeed seems to be an ancient sulid, whereas Argillornis has turned out to be referrable to the giant pseudotooth bird Dasornis which was almost certainly not very closely related to the Sulae. Reconstruction attempts of E. nopcsai like this are based on this presumed affiliation with gannets and cormorants. But more recent studies would result in radically different interpretations. Later finds In 1975, the distal tibiotarsi BMNH A1588 and BMNH A1528, together with BMNH A4359, were by Colin James Oliver Harrison and Cyril Alexander Walker removed from Elopteryx, redescribed as Bradycneme draculae and Heptasteornis andrewsi respectively, and used to establish a supposed family of gigantic two metre tall owls, the Bradycnemidae. In 1978 Brodkorb had changed his opinion after the supposed Elopteryx material was divided among three species in total, and was actually the first scholar in modern times to suggest that these Mesozoic bones were not of birds but of non-avian dinosaurs. In 1981, Dan Grigorescu and Eugen Kessler stated that Elopteryx was a non-avian coelurosaurian dinosaur. They also referred a supposed distal femur (FGGUB R.351) to Elopteryx, but this was eventually identified as a hadrosauroid distal metatarsal. In 1992, it was proposed by Jean Le Loeuff e.a. that Bradycneme and Heptasteornis should be synonymized with E. nopcsai again, and a femur (MDE-D203), an anterior dorsal vertebra (MDE-D01), a posterior sacral vertebra (MDE collection, unnumbered) and some dorsal rib fragments from the Jurassic Grès à Reptiles formation of France were described as an indeterminate species of Elopteryx; that study placed all this material in the Dromaeosauridae or a family or subfamily (Elopteryginae) very close to these. The vertebrae were in 1998 separated again and assigned to a new dromaeosaurid, Variraptor mechinorum. The French femur is similar in general appearance to the Elopteryx type but it differs in diagnostic traits, e.g. lacking a fourth trochanter. Also, neither the ribs nor the tibiotarsi can be compared to the type specimen of Elopteryx, there being no overlapping material. In 2005, by Kessler yet another (distal) femur piece, FGGUB R.1957, has been placed with Elopteryx on the basis of the bone texture. Phylogeny Modern interpretations have differed on the question whether the Bradycneme and Heptasteornis material should be included — they have meanwhile been synonymized and split from each other and Elopteryx many times — and what the exact affiliations of the material would be. Various solutions were proposed for this problem. During the eighties some researchers proposed Elopteryx were a member of the Troodontidae, without being able to support this with much empirical evidence. In 1998 Csiki & Grigorescu suggested that Elopteryx belonged to the Maniraptora, while Bradycneme had a more basal position in the Tetanurae. In 2004 Elopteryx was by Darren Naish and Gareth Dyke considered a eumaniraptoran incertae sedis, possibly either a non-ornithuromorphan pygostylian bird or a troodontid, while Bradycneme would be a maniraptor, and Heptasteornis (at least its holotype BMNH A4359) a member of the Alvarezsauridae. Thus E. nopcsai seems to be some sort of birdlike eumaniraptoran, but not related to modern birds. In 2005 Kessler however, reunited all the material in Elopteryx but considered it an alvarezsaurid. Later, in 2019, two studies have found it to be a bird once again, but a basal one; Hartman et al. recover it as a confuciusornithiform while Mayr et al. note similarities with Gargantuavis and Balaur, suggesting they form a clade native to the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. See also Timeline of troodontid research References Bibliography (1913): On some bird remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Transylvania. Geological Magazine 5: 193–196. (1963): Catalogue of fossil birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 7(4): 179–293. PDF fulltext (1978): Catalogue of fossil birds, Part 5 (Passeriformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences 23(3): 139–228. (1998): Small theropods from the Late Cretaceous of the Hateg Basin (western Romania) - an unexpected diversity at the top of the food chain. Oryctos 1: 87-104. (1975): The Bradycnemidae, a new family of owls from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania. Palaeontology 18(3): 563–570. PDF fulltext (1998): A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France. Oryctos 1: 105–112. (1992): The first record of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Maastrichtian of southern Europe: palaeobiogeographical implications. Bulletin de la Société géologique de la France 163(3): 337–343. (2008): A skull of the giant bony-toothed bird Dasornis (Aves: Pelagornithidae) from the Lower Eocene of the Isle of Sheppey. Palaeontology 51(5): 1107–1116. (HTML abstract) (2004): Heptasteornis was no ornithomimid, troodontid, dromaeosaurid or owl: the first alvarezsaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Europe. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 7: 385–401. (1988): Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York, Simon & Schuster. (1991): The dinosaurs of Transylvania. National Geographic Research and Exploration 7(2): 196–215. PDF fulltext Prehistoric maniraptorans Maastrichtian life Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe Cretaceous Romania Fossils of Romania Hațeg fauna Fossils of Serbia Fossil taxa described in 1913 Taxa named by Charles William Andrews Nomina dubia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elopteryx
Breviceratops (meaning "short horned face") is a genus of protoceratopsid dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now the Barun Goyot Formation, Mongolia. Discovery and naming The first fossils were discovered during the 1960s by the Polish expedition to the Nemegt Basin of Gobi Desert. The specimens were originally described by Teresa Maryańska and Halszka Osmólska in 1975 and named as a second species of Protoceratops, Protoceratops kozlowskii, the specific name honouring Polish paleontologist Roman Kozłowski. The holotype, ZPAL MgD-I/117, was found in the Khulsan locality of the Barun Goyot Formation dating from the Late Campanian. It consists of a partial juvenile postcranial skeleton with skull. Other specimens were referred from the Hermiin Tsav and Khulsan localities: MgD-I/116, a skull and lower jaws of a small juvenile; MgD-I/118, fragmentary postcrania and lower jaws of a juvenile; MgD-I/119, a dentary and three neural arches; MgD-I/20, two dentaries and loose teeth; MgD-I/21, a maxilla fragment with four teeth of a juvenile; and MgD-I/22, teeth. They were then renamed as a separate genus, Breviceratops, by Sergei Mikhailovich Kurzanov in 1990, the generic name combining the Latin brevis (meaning short), with a reference to the Ceratopsia. Kurzanov also referred an additional number of fossils from Hermiin Tsav, which is the type locality of Bagaceratops, a coeval protoceratopsid. The Hermiin Tsav material has been noted as closely resembling Bagaceratops, which has led to the proposal that Breviceratops is a juvenile stage and synonym of this protoceratopsid. However, the holotype from Khulsan has primitive premaxillary teeth, a feature inconsistent with the derived morphology of Bagaceratops. Most of these referred specimens have been re-identified as belonging to Bagaceratops, and Breviceratops is now restricted to the holotype, ZPAL MgD-I/116. Description Breviceratops had a skull combining primitive and derived traits, such as premaxillary teeth (also shared with Protoceratops andrewsi) and an antorbital fenestra (also shared with Bagaceratops), which is an opening of the located in front of the eye socket. This fenestra was distinct from Bagaceratops in that it was narrow to straight-shaped. The skull of Breviceratops ended in a moderatively pronounced neck frill formed by the and , a common trait among protoceratopsids and overall ceratopsians. Classification Breviceratops belonged to the Ceratopsia, a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous period. It has been assigned to the Protoceratopsidae in 2019 by Łukasz Czepiński, were Bagaceratops and Protoceratops appear to be close relatives. Below are the proposed relationships among Protoceratopsidae by Czepiński: See also Timeline of ceratopsian research References External links Ceratopsians Ornithischian genera Campanian genera Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia Fossil taxa described in 1990 Taxa named by Sergei Kurzanov Controversial dinosaur taxa Ceratopsians of Asia Late Cretaceous ceratopsians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviceratops
Caenagnathus ('recent jaw') is a genus of caenagnathid oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period (Campanian stage; ~75 million years ago). It is known from partial remains including lower jaws, a tail vertebra, hand bones, and hind limbs, all found in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Caenagnathus measured about long and weighed about . Description Caenagnathus was a large oviraptorosaurian, with some specimens suggesting it achieved sizes comparable to its relative Anzu. Like Anzu, it had a toothless lower beak that was shallower in depth than those of elmisaurines. It also shared with Anzu less gracile proportions than those of elmisaurines. Like all oviraptorosaurs, it would most likely have possessed a coat of feathers. Classification This dinosaur has a confusing history. In 1936, a set of jaws (CMN 8776) were found, and later given the name Caenagnathus, meaning 'recent jaw'; they were first thought to be those of a bird. In 1988, a specimen from storage since 1923 was discovered and studied. This fossil was used to link the discoveries of several fragmentary oviraptorosaur species into a single dinosaur, which was assigned to the genus Chirostenotes, originally named for a pair of hands that were long considered to come from the same animal as Caenagnathus. Since the first name applied to any of these remains was Chirostenotes, this was the only name recognized as valid for many years. However, Senter and Parrish (2005) doubted the synonymy of Caenagnathus with Chirostenotes, noting that the maxillary remains included in the Epichirostenotes holotype didn't overlap with CMN 8776. A cladistic analysis of Coelurosauria by Senter (2007) found Caenagnathus to fall basally within Caenagnathoidea, while Chirostenotes fell as a derived taxon related to Elmisaurus. The status and relationships of Caenagnathus to other caenagnathid oviraptorosaurians began to be resolved with the discovery of more complete specimens in 2014 and 2015. The description of Anzu wyliei in 2014 represented the first nearly complete caenagnathid, and helped to clarify the differences between the more fragmentary specimens. Phylogenetic analyses found Caenagnathus collinsi to be more closely related to Anzu than to Chirostenotes. A second species which had previously been referred to Caenagnathus, "Caenagnathus" sternbergi, was found to be the sister taxon to the grouping of Anzu and Caenagnathus in one 2014 analysis. In 2015, new fossil remains were found to belong to Caenagnathus collinsi. These appeared to be intermediate in size and anatomy between the smaller Chirostenotes and the larger Anzu, lending support to their hypothesized relationships. These bones can be distinguished from Chirostenotes and contemporary "Leptorhynchos" elegans by features of the limbs, specifically the hand and metatarsals. A new Chirostenotes specimen described by Funston and Currie (2020) preserving a mandible provides further evidence that Caenagnathus is a distinct genus from Chirostenotes despite both taxa being part of the Caenagnathidae. See also Timeline of oviraptorosaur research References Caenagnathids Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America Fossil taxa described in 1940 Taxa named by Charles Hazelius Sternberg Paleontology in Alberta Campanian genus first appearances Campanian genus extinctions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenagnathus
Goochland is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Goochland County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2010 census was 861. The community is also known as Goochland Courthouse or by an alternative spelling, Goochland Court House. It derives its name from the fact that the community is the location of the county's court house, while the county in turn is named for Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet, the royal lieutenant governor of Virginia from 1727 to 1749. Geography Goochland is located just south of the center of Goochland County and just north of the James River. U.S. Route 522 passes through the center of the community, leading north to Mineral and south to its southern terminus at U.S. Route 60 near Powhatan. Virginia Route 6 follows US 522 through the center of Goochland, but leads east to Richmond and west to Columbia. Interstate 64 passes to the northeast of Goochland, with access from Exit 159 at Gum Spring (US 522) and from Exit 167 at Oilville. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Goochland CDP has a total area of , of which are land and , or 1.18%, are water. Notable people Carl Gordon (1932–2010), actor best known for appearing on the Fox TV series Roc. John Hicks, catcher for MLB's Texas Rangers. Justin Verlander, Cy Young winning pitcher for MLB's Detroit Tigers and MLB's Houston Astros. In popular culture A fictionalized, larger version of Goochland is depicted in the "Escape from Goochland" episode of The Cleveland Show, as the home of Stoolbend's arch-rival high school. Goochland is featured in Season 7 Episode 15 of the X-Files, in which the child of a local Christian family is miraculously cured of cancer. Goochland is shown on a t-shirt worn by country musician Oliver Anthony in his video “Rich Men North of Richmond”. See also List of census-designated places in Virginia References External links Census-designated places in Goochland County, Virginia County seats in Virginia Census-designated places in Virginia Populated places on the James River (Virginia)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goochland%2C%20Virginia
Calamosaurus (meaning "reed lizard") was a genus of small theropod dinosaur from the Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, England. It is based on two cervical vertebrae (BMNH R901), collected by Reverend William Fox. History and taxonomy Richard Lydekker came across these bones when cataloguing the Fox collection and named them Calamospondylus foxi, noting their similarity to those of Coelurus. Unfortunately, Calamospondylus had already been coined in 1866 (ironically by Reverend Fox himself, the very man honored in Lydekker's species name). Lydekker renamed it in 1891 to its present title. He also at this time provisionally referred to it the right tibia NHMUK R.186, which was discovered by William D. Fox in 1865 or 1866 and was identified by Naish et al. (2001) as belonging to a basal coelurosaurian like a compsognathid, and has recently been referred to Ornithomimosauria by Allain et al. (2014). NHMUK R.186 has since been moved to Calamospondylus. Because of its sparse remains, it has received little attention. Often, it has been synonymized with Calamospondylus as part of a long, confusing taxonomic tangle, although there is no comparable material between the two genera. Modern reviews have regarded it as a dubious theropod, although potentially a valid coelurosaurian. In 2002 Paul Turner found a dorsal vertebra near Grange Chine on the Isle of Wight. An associated partial tibia and metatarsal fragment were subsequently discovered by Oliver Mattsson and referred to Calamosaurus. Another specimen referred to Calamosaurus was collected by local fossil hunter Kai Bailey in 2014. Both specimens are on display at the Dinosaur Expeditions, Conservation and Palaeoart Centre near Brighstone, Isle of Wight. A neck vertebra of a Calamosaurus was found near Chilton Chine on the Isle of Wight by local fossil hunter Dave Badman. The newly discovered vertebra has gone on display at the Dinosaur Isle Museum in Sandown, Isle of Wight. Specimen NHMUK R.186 NHMUK R.186 was discovered by William D. Fox in 1865 or 1866 and was first assigned to Hypsilophodon foxii by Lydekker (1888). Lydekker (1891) moved NHMUK R.186 to Aristosuchus pusillis, and Galton (1973) agreed with this classification. Welles & Long (1974) referred it to the Ornithomimidae, while Norman (1990), Kirkland et al. (1998) and Long and Molnar (1998) referred NHMUK R.186 to Coelurosauria. Galton and Molnar (2005) noted the similarities of NHMUK R.186 to the holotype of Coelurus fragilis, and Allain et al. (2014) agreed with the palcement of NHMUK R.186 within Coelurosauria. Naish et al. (2001) tentatively referred the tibia to Calamosaurus foxi, and NHMUK R.186 has since been moved to Calamospondylus oweni. Paleobiology As a possible basal coelurosaur, Calamosaurus would have been a small, agile, bipedal carnivore. Naish et al. (2001) estimate the living animal would have been around long, with a small head given the build of the neck vertebrae. References Prehistoric coelurosaurs Barremian life Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe Cretaceous England Fossils of England Fossil taxa described in 1891 Taxa named by Richard Lydekker	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamosaurus
The Page–Ladson archaeological and paleontological site (8JE591) is a deep sinkhole in the bed of the karstic Aucilla River (between Jefferson and Taylor counties in the Big Bend region of Florida) that has stratified deposits of late Pleistocene and early Holocene animal bones and human artifacts. The site was the first pre-Clovis site discovered in southeastern North America; radiocarbon evidence suggests that the site dates from 14,200 to 14,550 BP. These dates are roughly 1,000 to 1,500 years before the advent of the Clovis culture. Early dates for Page–Ladson challenge theories that humans quickly decimated large game populations in the area once they arrived. Prehistoric environment At the height of the last ice age (the Wisconsin glaciation), the sea level was up to 100 meters lower than at present. Much more land was above the water along the coast, which was extended much farther to the west. Most of Florida is a thick limestone platform, with typical Karst topography. As limestone is porous, salt water penetrates the lower part of the Florida platform, and fresh water floats on top of the salt water. With the lowered sea level of the ice age, the fresh water table in Florida also was lowered, leaving most of Florida much drier than it is at present. The only reliable sources of fresh water at elevations that are currently above sea level were sinkholes and the deeper parts of river beds. The Page–Ladson site was one of those watering holes, located in a ravine that is now the bed of the river. Before it was inundated by the Aucilla river, Page–Ladson was a sinkhole containing a small pond within it. Currently, Page–Ladson is about 60 m by 45 m wide and 10 m deep. The lower part of the Aucilla River (from the Cody Scarp to the Gulf of Mexico) crosses the Woodville Karst Plain, which consists of a thin layer of sand over limestone bedrock. Much of the flow of the Aucilla River has been captured by an underground drainage system created by karst processes. Sections of the river are entirely underground, surfacing for short stretches and then disappearing again. The Page-Ladson site is located in one of the above ground sections, known as Half-Mile Run (although it is closer to one mile long). Other sites on the Aucilla River also are yielding paleontological and archaeological finds, first as part of the long-running Aucilla River Prehistory Project, and, more recently, by the Aucilla Research Institiute (https://www.aucillaresearchinstitute.org/), the Center for the Study of the First Americans (https://liberalarts.tamu.edu/csfa/research/#page), and Florida State University (https://sites.google.com/view/jessi-j-halligan/research-projects). Aucilla River Prehistory Project Starting in 1959, Dick Ohmes and other scuba divers began retrieving artifacts and Pleistocene animal bones bearing butcher marks from the lower reaches of the Aucilla River. A team led by archaeologist James M. Dunbar and paleontologist S. David Webb began a survey of Half-Mile Run in 1983. A former U.S. Navy Seal, Buddy Page, showed them a site where he had found elephant bones. A test pit yielded elephant bones, bone tools, and chips from tool making. Radiocarbon dating of organic material from the pit yielded dates from 13,000 to 11,700 years Before Present. The owners of the land surrounding Half-Mile Run, the Ladson family, granted permission to the team to access and camp along Half-Mile Run. Therefore, the site was named Page–Ladson. From 1983 until 1997 Dunbar (then with the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research) and Webb (then with the Florida Museum of Natural History at University of Florida) led excavations, collectively termed the Aucilla River Prehistory Project (ARPP). Florida Museum of Natural History published an annual Aucilla River Times newsletter, as well as researchers reporting in scientific periodicals. As the project progressed, the team developed new methods of recording the stratigraphic placement of all material in an underwater environment. This excavation yielded eight lithic artifacts associated with mastodon butchering. This excavation dated the artifacts to approximately 14,400 BP, confirming that the Page–Ladson site was a Pre-Clovis site and the oldest site east of the Mississippi River. In 2012, archaeological excavation at Page–Ladson resumed, following Dunbar's discovery of the pre-Clovis component at the site, with the intention of finding the oldest dates for human remains and artifacts at the site. These excavations continued until 2014. This excavation yielded six lithic artifacts (bifaces and flakes) made from local coastal plain chert from layers dating before Clovis. This excavation dated the site to approximately 14,200 to 14,550 BP, reaffirming the earlier dating from the previous excavation. The 2012-2014 excavation was funded by the Center for the Study of First Americans and private grants; led by Jessi Halligan, James Dunbar, and Michael Waters; and included local support such as from Dunbar's Aucilla Research Institute and researchers from additional institutions such as Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Late Pleistocene animals and Paleoindians The lowest stratum in Page–Ladson dates to the late Pleistocene. It includes mastodon, mammoth, horse, ground sloth, palaeolama bones, and "straw mats" of chopped vegetation (leaves, bark, and wood) of relatively uniform length. The length of the chopped vegetation is consistent with the spacing between cusps on mastodon teeth, and the "straw mats" have been interpreted as equivalent to the layers of trampled elephant dung found around water holes in Africa. Elephant steroids have been identified in the "digesta" deposits at Page–Ladson and Latvis–Simpson (a 32,000-year-old mastodon site farther south in the Aucilla). Some of the bones from this level show apparently human-made cut marks, particularly a complete mastodon tusk. Ivory spear points (often called "foreshafts") are found more frequently in the Aucilla River than from any other sites in North America. Samples from the "straw mat" level have yielded radiocarbon dates from 13,130 +/- 200 to 11,770 +/- 90 years Before Present. The "straw mat" level is covered by a layer of mud that did not contain any bones of extinct animals. People of the early Archaic period In 1996 an Early Archaic Bolen habitation level was found. At least three hearths were identified along with various stone points, scrapers, adzes, and gouges that were found, as well as antler points used to press flakes off the stone tools. Three wooden stakes were found upright in the ground, and a cypress log that had been burned on the top side and hollowed out. Radiocarbon dating yielded dates approximately 10,000 years Before Present. The site was well preserved because it had been flooded by a rise in the river level within a hundred years after the site had been occupied. Evidence of Floridian human and mastodon coexistence Underwater archaeologists and other researchers reexamining the Page–Ladson site have shown that some Late Pleistocene human populations provisioned themselves with mastodons that were either butchered or scavenged 14,450 years ago (~14,550 cal yr B.P.) , about 2000 years before large mammal extinction. Prior to this determination, evidence of human scavenging or butchering of mastodons was deemed ambiguous. "The new discoveries at Page–Ladson show that people were living in the Gulf Coast area much earlier than believed, The stone tools and faunal remains at the site show that at 14,550 years ago, people knew how to find game, fresh water and material for making tools. These people were well-adapted to this environment. The site is a slam-dunk pre-Clovis site with unequivocal artifacts, clear stratigraphy and thorough dating" (Phys.org). See also List of fossil sites (with link directory) Little Salt Spring Notes References Report of the 1999 Field Operations - PaleoAucilla Prehistory Project - accessed November 30, 2011 Archaeological sites in Florida Natural history of Florida Paleontological sites of Florida Geography of Jefferson County, Florida Geography of Taylor County, Florida Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas Underwater archaeological sites 1959 in paleontology	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page%E2%80%93Ladson%20site
Parkland School District is a large public school district located in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. It serves North Whitehall Township, South Whitehall Township, Upper Macungie Township, and a part of western Allentown. The district also includes the South Whitehall villages of Cetronia, Dorneyville, Orefield, Scherersville, Walbert, and others. Parkland School District has one high school, Parkland High School, two middle schools, and nine elementary schools. As of the 2021–22 school year, the school district had a total enrollment of 9,676 students between its 12 schools, according to National Center for Education Statistics data. Parkland High School With 3,171 students in the 2021–2022 school year, Parkland High School is the largest high school in the Lehigh Valley. Middle schools The school district maintains two middle schools for grades six through eight: Orefield Middle School Orefield Middle School is located in Orefield, Pennsylvania on PA Route 309. It is the home of Parkland's football stadium and bus depot. The school serves the northern half of the district, primarily north of Tilghman Street. Orefield Middle School was founded in 1999. Its predecessor, Troxell Junior High School, was established when students in grades 7 to 9 were moved from Parkland High School due to overcrowding. When the new and current Parkland High School was constructed in 1999, the school was moved from Troxell to the old high school building and renamed Orefield Middle School to serve students in grades 6 to 8. During the first two terms in the new building, the facility was renovated to accommodate middle school instruction. In 2014, a rain garden was installed in a courtyard to aid in environmental education. Students at Orefield are assigned to teams of teachers that are instructors for core subjects. As of 2023, There are six teams for 6th grade, and three teams each for 7th and 8th grades. The school also has language, music, art, and technology classes. Orefield Middle School's 2014 performance profile indicated that the school has an academic score of 89.3. Springhouse Middle School Springhouse Middle School is located in Allentown, on Springhouse road just behind the Administration building. It serves the southern half of the district, primarily south of Tilghman Street. Springhouse Middle School was initially a Junior High School serving grades 7–9. However, when the new High School was constructed and Troxell Junior High School closed, Springhouse began serving grades 6–8. In 2006 the school underwent a renovation and expansion due to overcrowding (spurring from numerous new developments in Upper Macungie). The D-wing, auxiliary gymnasium, health class rooms, and a new dedicated band room were part of the expansion. Despite this, the school is again dealing with overcrowding and in 2016 had to recently cede some of its sending area to Orefield. Students at Springhouse are assigned to teams of teachers that are instructors for core subjects. As of 2023 There are nine teams for 6th grade, and three teams each for 7th and 8th grades. The school also has language, music, art, and technology classes. Springhouse Middle School's 2016 performance profile indicated that the school has an academic score of 81.14. In 2014, the school became famous for becoming the first-ever Science Olympiad team to make the national competition, where they won the DuPont Enterprise Excellence Award. Springhouse has made the national competition in 2015 and 2016 as well, winning numerous gold medals in various categories. Elementary schools The school district maintains nine elementary schools, including: Cetronia Elementary School Cetronia Elementary School is currently rated the fourth best school out of the entire school district. With three floors and three hallways, the school holds almost 500 students during the school year. Cetronia is the home of the "hedgehogs". The students are exposed to various extra activities, such as library, gym, music, and art. At grade 3, students are asked to choose an instrument to play throughout school until their graduation of high school. With cleanly kept playgrounds, a track, and a basketball court, the students are exposed to fresh air for 20 minutes of their day. They are also rewarded for good behavior with a STARS ticket in rare occasions. Those also lead to more rewards of playing video games with the principal and gift cards for various places. Fogelsville Elementary School Symbolized by a rosette encircled in a scalloped design on the front of the building, Fogelsville Elementary School was built in 1965. These seven separate rosettes, which are located both inside and outside the school, are mosaics set into the brickwork. According to Pennsylvania Dutch legend, the rosette repels “bad luck” and the scalloped design helps the students inside “sail smoothly” through life. Intended by its architects to reflect the historical roots of the school's community, the school was first called The Upper Macungie Elementary School and in 1970 renamed to Fogelsville Elementary School. When dedicated in 1965, the original building consisted of 13 classrooms, a library, a health room, and an activity building, which accommodated 411 students. Today, Fogelsville Elementary consists of 28 classrooms with an enrollment of 694 students, which presently is the largest of the eight elementary schools. Fred Jaindl Elementary School Named after Frederick J. Jaindl, a farmer and philanthropist, the school broke ground on March 29, 2009 and opened its doors in August 2010. The 20-acre site near Trexlertown accommodates approximately 600 students in grades K-5. Ironton Elementary School Ironton Elementary School was built in 1942. Kernsville Elementary School Built in the 1850s as a one-room schoolhouse, Kernsville is located on Orefield Road in Orefield, Pennsylvania. It is a mere mile away from Orefield Middle School, serving 396 students in the 2016–2017 school year. Kratzer Elementary School Named after Johannes Kratzer, a German immigrant and farmer who, near the turn of the 19th century and for the consideration of one dollar, donated a corner of his extensive family farm for the construction of a public schoolhouse. Later, when the Parkland School District was formed and unified, the original Kratzer schoolhouse served as the Parkland Community Center. The original building was torn down in the 1960s, but the modern building still retains the name of the original landowner, whose descendants still reside in Lehigh County. A portrait of Kratzer which hung inside the original building has been lost. There are approximately 400 students that attend Kratzer Elementary School. Schnecksville Elementary School Originally built in 1963, Schnecksville Elementary underwent major renovations in 2022. During these renovations, the older "upper floor" which contained administration, guidance offices, nurse's office, and the library was demolished and these functions were moved to the new wing along with some new rooms including a dedicated STEM activities room. This new wing, in the direction of route 309, will also contain the new main entrance, although students arriving via bus will continue to use the Sand Spring Rd. entrance near the cafeteria. Schnecksville Elementary is most notable for having once been the home of the "Blake" Shuttle: a Mack Trucks school bus converted into a small-scale mock up Space Shuttle and equipped with a wide variety of Space and Shuttle-related STEM activities. This included flight simulators where students could practice "flying" the Shuttle, programmable robotic arms, and a mock lunar landscape along with the "Mission Control" classroom. Elementary school students from all over Parkland school district regularly took field trips to visit the Blake and participate in the interactive learning experience. The program was retired in 2013, when the mastermind and creator behind this program, Robert Boehmer, retired. Since then, the Blake has been moved to Lehigh Valley airport on permanent display. References External links Parkland School District on Facebook Parkland School District on Twitter Parkland School District profile at Niche 1999 establishments in Pennsylvania School districts established in 1999 School districts in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkland%20School%20District
Camelotia (meaning "from Camelot") is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic in what is now England. Paleontologists are divided on which family it may belong to; in the past, Camelotia has generally been assigned to the prosauropods, but this group of primitive dinosaurs is in constant flux. The genus is now considered a member of the family Melanorosauridae, which includes the first true giant herbivorous dinosaurs. Discovery and species The type specimens, syntypes SAM 3449 and SAM 3450, were described and named in 1985 by Galton. They were collected from the Triassic-Jurassic Westbury Formation, dating to the latest Rhaetian-Lowermost Hettangian. The fossils includes the specimens "BMNH R2870-R2874", "R2876-R2878" (holotype), with vertebrae, ribs, and parts of the pubis, ischium and hind limb. The type species, C. borealis, was first described by Galton in 1985. Dinosaurs formerly known as Avalonianus and Gresslyosaurus turned out to be Camelotia. Description From the fragmentary remains of Camelotia, part of the skeleton can be reconstructed. Camelotia likely had a short neck supporting a fairly large skull with small eyes. Its jaws contained many small-to-medium-sized, serrated, leaf-shaped teeth. Its hands and feet had five digits each; the hands in particular were long and narrow, and bore a large claw. The forelimbs were longer than the hindlimbs, in contrast to the more derived sauropods. It has been calculated around long and to have weighed up to . References External links Archives of the dinosaur mailing list Melanorosauridae Rhaetian life Late Triassic dinosaurs of Europe Early Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe Jurassic England Fossils of England Fossil taxa described in 1985 Taxa named by Peter Galton	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelotia
The Zentralbahn is a Swiss railway company that owns and operates two connecting railway lines in Central Switzerland and the Bernese Oberland. It was created on January 1, 2005, with the acquisition of the independently owned Luzern–Stans–Engelberg line, and the Brünig line of the Swiss Federal Railways. The company has its headquarters in Stansstad. The railway owns the infrastructure of the long inter-regional Brünig line, which links Lucerne and Interlaken over the Brünig Pass, and the long Luzern–Stans–Engelberg line from Hergiswil, on the Brünig line some out of Lucerne, to Engelberg. Both lines are built to the , and use rack railway technology to climb their steepest gradients, although most of both lines uses conventional adhesion. The railway operates two hourly InterRegio express services, one between Lucerne and Interlaken, and one between Lucerne and Engelberg. It also operates two half-hourly services of the Lucerne S-Bahn, the S4 between Lucerne and Wolfenschiessen and the S5 between Lucerne and Giswil. During the rush hour, there are additional trains named S41, S44 and S55. At the Interlaken end of the line, an hourly Regio service is operated as far as Meiringen. Only the two InterRegio services traverse the company's rack sections and require rack equipped stock. History The two lines of the Zentralbahn have quite distinct histories. History of the Brünig line The Brünig line was constructed in incremental stages between 1888 and 1916. The first stages, over the Brünig Pass between Brienz and Alpnachstad were opened by the Jura–Bern–Lucerne Railway (JBL), who also extended the line from Alpnachstad to Lucerne, giving connections to the rest of the Swiss railway network. Subsequently, the JBL became part of the Jura–Simplon Railway (JS) in 1891, and the JS became part of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) in 1903. The SBB opened the last section of the line, from Brienz to Interlaken in 1916. As constructed, the line was operated by steam locomotives, and used the Riggenbach rack system to overcome gradients of up to 12% on the approaches to each side of the Brünig Pass. The line was electrified in 1941 and 1942, using the standard Swiss main line system of supplied by overhead line. The rack sections were retained. History of the Luzern–Stans–Engelberg line The major part of the line to Engelberg was constructed by Stansstad–Engelberg Railway (StEB) and opened in 1898. The line ran from Stansstad to Engelberg and, like the Brünig line in its early days, relied on steamship connections with the rest of the Swiss railway network. Unlike the Brünig line, the StEB line was electrified from its opening, using a three-phase alternating current overhead line supply. It also used the Riggenbach rack system on its final approaches to Engelberg, but with a very steep maximum gradient of 25%. In 1960 work started on connecting the Engelberg line to the Swiss railway network by constructing a new line between Stansstad and Hergiswil on the Brünig line. This involved constructing a bridge over the narrow Alpnachersee arm of Lake Lucerne, followed by the Lopper II tunnel, under a shoulder of Mount Pilatus. In order to allow Engelberg trains to run over the Brünig line into Lucerne, the whole railway was converted to the same electrical system (), and new rolling stock acquired. The line reopened in 1964, and the owning company changed its name to the Luzern–Stans–Engelberg Railway (LSE). For 40 years, the ownership structure of the two lines remained unchanged, with LSE owned trains running over SBB owned tracks between Hergiswil and Lucerne. However, in June 2004, the Swiss Federal Council empowered the SBB to transfer the Brünig line to the LSE with effect from January 2005. In return the LSE issued shares to the SBB, and as a result 2/3 of its shares are now owned by SBB. The LSE was subsequently renamed the Zentralbahn to reflect its much larger scale of operation. At the end of 2009, the Zentralbahn took over the operation of the (standard gauge) tracks of the Kriens-Luzern-Bahn between Lucerne and Horw. Most of these tracks were already laid in a dual gauge configuration with the metre gauge tracks of the Brünig line. Since the merger several major projects have been undertaken. In 2010, the Grafenort to Engelberg tunnel was constructed to replace the very steep final approach to Engelberg. Whilst still rack operated, the tunnel has a maximum gradient of 10.5% as opposed to 25%. In late 2012, a new tunnel route was opened between Kriens Mattenhof station and the approaches to Lucerne station, on the stretch of the Brünig line also used by Engelberg trains. The tunnel replaces a less direct surface alignment, allowing the abolition of several congested level crossings and the provision of double track. A new station, Lucerne Allmend/Messe, built within the tunnel, serves the Swissporarena. References External links Railway companies of Switzerland Railway companies established in 2005 Swiss companies established in 2005 Companies based in Nidwalden	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralbahn

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