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Campylodoniscus is a genus of titanosaur sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Argentina.
The type species was first named and described by Friedrich von Huene in 1929 as Campylodon ameghinoi, the genus name meaning 'bent tooth', from Greek καμπυλος, 'bent' or 'curved' (as of a bow) and ὀδών meaning 'tooth'. The specific name honours Florentino Ameghino. In 1961 H. Haubold and O. Kuhn noted that the name was pre-occupied by a fish and renamed the genus into Campylodoniscus, the diminutive.
The fossil remains of Campylodoniscus were found in the Bajo Barreal Formation and consist of a single jaw bone, the maxilla, holding seven teeth.
Campylodoniscus dates to the Cenomanian (95 Ma). It is sometimes estimated as being around twenty meters in length.
Campylodoniscus is probably a member of the Titanosauria. Some researchers consider it a nomen dubium.
Notes
External links
Campylodoniscus Site
Sauropods
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
Nomina dubia
Cretaceous Argentina
Fossil taxa described in 1961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylodoniscus |
"Pallas Athena" is a song written by David Bowie in 1993 for the album Black Tie White Noise. A live version of the song was recorded and released in 1997 during Bowie's Earthling Tour.
Background
The name is taken from the Greek goddess, Athena, the goddess of wisdom, who is famously depicted in Athenian statues and on coins in the form of Pallas Athena. Hence, the name of the song is a suggestion of religion and icons and sets the mood for a dark piece concerning the power that religion has over man.
The lyrics are rather sparse, but the phrase beginning the piece, "God is on top of it, that's all," delivered as though from an African-American preacher, is ominous and intimidating, accompanied with the sound of strings delivering a sorrowful melody. The piece develops into a techno dance piece, using string sounds to hold the ominous mood while overlaid atop bass and drums. David Bowie's saxophone playing is amplified into a scream-like sound, which solos, along with Lester Bowie on trumpet. A lyric, "We are, we are, we are, we are praying," is repeated through the close of the song in a somber, monk-like fashion. Ultimately, the song restates Bowie's interest in how man relates with God.
Bowie used to play a drum'n'bass version of the song during his 1997 Earthling Tour, and a live version recorded at Paradiso, Holland 10 June 1997 was released as a single under the name Tao Jones Index, a very limited edition only available on 12" vinyl.
It was announced in March 2010 that a digital download EP would be made available in June 2010.
Track listing
All tracks are written by David Bowie.
12": Arista / MEAT 1 (UK)
"Pallas Athena" (Don't Stop Praying Remix No 2) - 7:24
"Pallas Athena" (Don't Stop Praying Remix) - 5:36
"Pallas Athena" (Gone Midnight Mix) - 4:21
UK 1993 promo
All mixes were untitled in the original release, with the titles provided on later reissues
All remixes by Jack Dangers, Don't Stop Praying Remix No 2 and Gone Midnight Mix were not released elsewhere at the time
12": Arista / 74321 51254 1 (UK)
"Pallas Athena (live)" - 8:18
"V-2 Schneider (live)" - 6:45
Both tracks recorded live at Paradiso, Amsterdam 10 June 1997
Limited edition - 2,000 copies printed
2010 Digital Download EP
"Pallas Athena (Album Version)" - 4:40
"Pallas Athena (Don't Stop Praying Remix)" - 5:38
"Pallas Athena (Don't Stop Praying Remix No. 2)" - 7.24
"Pallas Athena (Gone Midnight mix)" - 4.20
Other releases
The "Don't Stop Praying Remix" and album version of "Pallas Athena" appeared on the single "Jump They Say" (April 1993), and the "Don't Stop Praying Remix No 2" was released as a bonus track on the Japanese CD version of Black Tie White Noise, as well as the tenth anniversary edition in multiple territories. The "Gone Midnight" remix also appears on the 2003 re-release of the Sound + Vision box set.
The live version, mixed by Mark Plati, was released on the single "Seven Years in Tibet" in August 1997, on the EP Earthling in the City (November 1997), and the 2003 re-release of the Sound + Vision box set.
The album version was remastered and released in 2021 as part of the box set Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001).
References
David Bowie songs
1993 songs
1997 singles
Songs critical of religion
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Nile Rodgers
Bertelsmann Music Group singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%20Athena%20%28song%29 |
Cardiodon (meaning "heart tooth", in reference to the shape) was a herbivorous genus of sauropod dinosaur, based on a tooth from the late Bathonian-age Middle Jurassic Forest Marble Formation of Wiltshire, England. Historically, it is very obscure and usually referred to Cetiosaurus, but recent analyses suggest that it is a distinct genus, and possibly related to Turiasaurus. Cardiodon was the first sauropod genus named.
History and taxonomy
Richard Owen named the genus for a now-lost tooth, part of the collection of naturalist Joseph Chaning Pearce, found near Bradford-on-Avon, but did not assign it a specific name at the time. The generic name is derived from Greek καρδία, kardia, "heart", and ὀδών, odon, "tooth", in reference to its heart-shaped profile. A few years later, in 1844, he added the specific name rugulosus, meaning "wrinkled" in Latin. Cardiodon was the first sauropod given a formal name to, though Owen was at the time completely unaware of the sauropod nature of the find.
Within a few decades, he and others were viewing Cardiodon as a possible synonym of his most well-known sauropod genus, Cetiosaurus. Richard Lydekker formalized this view in a roundabout way in 1890, by assigning Cetiosaurus oxoniensis to Cardiodon on the basis of teeth from Oxfordshire associated with a skeleton of C. oxoniensis. He also added a second tooth (BMNH R1527) from the Great Oolite near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. More typically, Cardiodon has been assigned to Cetiosaurus, sometimes as a separate species Cetiosaurus rugulosus, in spite of its priority.
In 2003, Paul Upchurch and John Martin, reviewing Cetiosaurus, found that there is little evidence to assign the C. oxoniensis teeth to the skeleton, and the "C. oxoniensis" teeth differ from the Cardiodon teeth (Cardiodon teeth are convex facing the tongue); therefore, they supported Cardiodon being retained as its own genus. Upchurch et al. (2004) repeated this assessment, and found that though the teeth have no known autapomorphies, they are those of a eusauropod. More recently, Royo-Torres et al. (2006), in their description of Turiasaurus, pointed out Cardiodon as a possible relative to their new, giant sauropod, placing it in the Turiasauria. Earlier, Cardiodon had been usually assigned to the Cetiosauridae or a Cardiodontidae of its own.
Description
The original tooth shows, as far as can be deduced from the surviving illustrations, the rare combination of being spatulate and having a convex inner side, though the convexity is slight. Its crown is short and wide, slightly curving to the inside. The outer side is strongly convexly curved from the front to the rear. On this side a shallow groove is present, running parallel to the rear edge. The crown tapers towards its tip. The edges have no denticles. The enamel shows the little wrinkles to which the specific name refers.
Paleobiology
As a sauropod, Cardiodon would have been a large, quadrupedal herbivore, but because of the scanty remains, much more cannot be said.
References
External links
Darren Naish's reaction to Turiasaurus
Turiasauria
Bathonian life
Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe
Jurassic England
Fossils of England
Fossil taxa described in 1841
Taxa named by Richard Owen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiodon |
John Joshua Webb (February 14, 1847 – April 12, 1882) was a noted lawman turned gunfighter and outlaw of the American Old West.
Early life
Webb was born February 14, 1847, in Keokuk County, Iowa, the seventh of twelve children born to William Webb Jr and Innocent Blue Brown Webb. Webb moved about often in his youth. The family moved to Nebraska in 1862, and later to Osage City, Kansas. Webb headed west on his own in 1871, working as a buffalo hunter and miner along the way.
Gunfighter
Webb drifted to Dodge City, Kansas, where he came into contact with several notable personalities of the old west, including Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson. While there, he took part as a member of several posses and served as a deputy. By January 1878, Bat Masterson was the newly appointed sheriff of Ford County. Masterson deputized Webb and two others, Kinch Riley and Dave "Prairie Dog" Morrow, to track down outlaws who had robbed a train.
One of those outlaws was "Arkansas Dave" Rudabaugh. The deputies caught up with the outlaws and, during the arrest, Rudabaugh went for his gun but was overwhelmed by Webb and disarmed. Rudabaugh informed on his cohorts, and they received prison sentences, whereas he was later released.
In September 1878, exaggerated reports of Cheyenne raids on the populace prompted the government to send firearms to Dodge City to be used for self-defense by the citizens. Army Lt. Colonel William Henry Lewis selected Webb, Bill Tilghman, and others to serve as Army scouts.
In 1879, Webb was selected to serve as a hired gun by Bat Masterson during the fight for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway during the Railroad Wars in Royal Gorge Colorado. He moved on from there to Las Vegas, New Mexico, joining Dave Mather, Doc Holliday and others. Shortly after arriving there, he partnered with Doc Holliday in running a saloon, where Doc spent most of his time gambling.
In 1880, Webb was appointed town marshal of Las Vegas, New Mexico. Soon afterwards he was made a member of the Dodge City Gang, led by Justice of the Peace Hoodoo Brown. The gang participated in several train and stage coach robberies and were alleged to have taken part in lynchings and murders.
Arrest for murder, jailbreak
On March 2, 1880, Webb and a deputy entered the Goodlet and Roberts Saloon in Las Vegas, where they observed a man named Michael Killiher, armed with a holstered pistol. When ordered to relinquish the pistol, Killiher refused. He then drew his pistol, but Webb quickly drew his own pistol and shot Killiher three times, twice in the chest and once in the head, killing him. Although seemingly justified, rumors quickly spread that JOP Hyman Niell had information that Killiher (a freightor by trade) had in his possession $1,900, and he had sent Webb to take it from him.
Whether this was true was never verified, but Webb was arrested for the shooting. He was shortly afterwards convicted of murder and sentenced to hang. It was likely that the general dislike of the Dodge City Gang weighed more on his conviction than his actual guilt in this particular instance. However, on April 30, 1880, Dave Rudabaugh and a man named John Allen burst into the jail to free Webb. The jailbreak was unsuccessful, but Rudabaugh shot and killed the jailer, Antonio Lino Valdez. Rudabaugh escaped capture but was later arrested, while working with Billy the Kid, on December 23, 1880. Webb's sentence was later commuted to life in prison, and he and Rudabaugh were held together in prison.
Determined to escape, Rudabaugh, Webb and two other men named Thomas Duffy and H. S. Wilson, attempted to shoot their way out again on September 19, 1881, but again they were unsuccessful, and Duffy was killed by lawmen. Two months later, Rudabaugh, Webb and five others chipped rocks from the jail wall and successfully escaped.
Rudabaugh and Webb fled to Texas, then on to Mexico, where they separated. Rudabaugh was killed shortly afterwards. Webb drifted, changing his name to "Samuel King" and working for the railroad, eventually moving to Winslow, Arkansas, where he died of smallpox on April 12, 1882.
References
Bibliography
DeMattos, Jack. "Gunfighters of the Real West: John Joshua Webb." Real West, April 1981.
Snell, Joseph W. "Wretched Webb." Frontier Times, March 1973.
Outlaws of the American Old West
Deaths from smallpox
1847 births
1882 deaths
Lawmen of the American Old West
Infectious disease deaths in Arkansas
Gunslingers of the American Old West
People from Keokuk County, Iowa
People from Osage City, Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Joshua%20Webb |
Charles Leiper Grigg (May 11, 1868 – April 16, 1940) was the inventor of 7 Up, originally known as Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda. He invented the drink in October 1929. Grigg became acquainted with the carbonated beverage business after moving to St. Louis, Missouri. Prior to inventing 7 Up, Grigg had created an orange soft drink named "Whistle" for the Vess Soda Company. It is still made and sold in St. Louis.
History
Charles Leiper Grigg was born in 1868 in Prices Branch, Missouri to Charles L. S. Grigg (1822–1883) and Mary Elizabeth Leiper Grigg (1839–1890). At the age of 22, Grigg moved to St. Louis and began working in the advertising field in which he was introduced to the carbonated beverage business through the various agencies he was partnered.
By 1919, Charles Leiper Grigg was working as a salesman for a manufacturing company owned by Vess Jonea. It was there that Grigg invented and marketed his first soft drink called "Whistle". The success of the drink led to his promotion to the position of sales and marketing manager, however, eventually he and Voss came to loggerheads and Grigg left the company, leaving Whistle behind. He eventually settled at the Warner Jenkinson Company developing flavoring agents for soft drinks.
It was at this time that Grigg invented then his second soft drink, an orange-flavored beverage with 14% sugar named "Howdy". He partnered with financier Edmund G. Ridgway and lawyer Frank Gladney and formed the Howdy Company. Based on the quality of the product and supported by Ridgway's financing, the company grew quickly, adding bottling companies anxious to sell the drink.
Personal life
Grigg was married to Lucy E. Alexander Grigg. Lucy and Charles had several children. He died on April 16, 1940, in St. Louis.
References
1868 births
1940 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Drink company founders
Keurig Dr Pepper people
People from St. Louis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Leiper%20Grigg |
Lee Anderson Grant (born 27 January 1983) is an English football coach and former professional footballer, who is a first-team coach at EFL Championship side Ipswich Town.
As a player, he was a goalkeeper and began his professional career with Derby County, making his Football League debut in September 2002. Grant spent five seasons with Derby, during which time he went out on loan to Burnley and Oldham Athletic. He joined Sheffield Wednesday in July 2007 and established himself as first-choice goalkeeper, playing in 136 consecutive matches. He moved to Burnley in July 2010, where he made 126 appearances in three seasons, before returning to Derby County in May 2013. Grant joined Stoke City in August 2016, initially on loan, before a permanent transfer in January 2017. He spent two seasons at Stoke before moving to Manchester United in July 2018 where he remained before retiring in at the end of the 2021–22 season.
Career
Derby County
Grant began his career at Watford in 1998 but did not make any appearances and joined Derby County as a trainee in 2000. He made his debut for the Rams in the 2002–03 season in a First Division game against Burnley on 7 September 2002, replacing the injured Andy Oakes. He went on to win the club's Young Player of the Year award at the end of the season after playing a total of 30 games. By the end of the season, Grant had established himself as a regular in the England youth set-up, and joined the under-21 team for a training session in Sardinia prior to the European Championship qualifying games against Serbia & Montenegro and Slovakia in June 2003.
Grant finally made his debut for England under-21s on 9 September 2003 after Chris Kirkland injured himself during the pre-match warm-up prior to the European Championship qualifier against Portugal, and went on to make a further three appearances for the youth side. Meanwhile, a string of good performances for Derby following another injury to Andy Oakes earned him a three-and-a-half-year contract extension on 29 January 2004. Grant was voted into fourth place in the fan's Player of the Year award at the end of the 2003–04 season.
Derby's young 'keeper Lee Camp was given a chance during the 2004–05 pre-season after a highly successful loan spell at Queens Park Rangers the previous season. Camp impressed in the game and as a result Grant found himself on the bench at the start of the season despite his recent good form. The move led to press reports that Grant was surplus to requirements at Pride Park, however manager George Burley dismissed the story as "total speculation with no basis in fact". Around the same time, Grant also found himself ousted from the England under-21 squad by Camp.
Grant would have to wait until 19 October to make his first appearance of the season for Derby, when he replaced Lee Camp in goal following Camp's sending-off against Wolves. Grant went on to start the following match against Burnley whilst Camp served a suspension for the red card, but would not play another first team game for the remainder of the season. Lee Camp sympathised with Grant at the time, saying: "It's tough for Granty and I would be frustrated in his situation. He came in for the Burnley game and did nothing wrong but I think I've done enough this season to warrant my place in the side". Grant's woes were added to when he suffered a wrist injury in training in March 2005. The injury was followed by a shoulder problem the following month which required surgery and kept the goalkeeper out of action for several months.
Grant was given a chance by new Derby boss Phil Brown during the 2005–06 pre-season, but was again relegated to the bench by the start of the season. He played his first game of the season on 24 August 2005 as Derby crashed out of the League Cup at the hands of Grimsby Town. Another injury followed a fortnight later when Grant fractured his metatarsal during training, and was out of action for another two weeks.
Loan to Burnley
After playing just three games in 18 months, Grant was allowed to join Championship club Burnley on a one-month loan on 15 November 2005 as cover for the suspended Brian Jensen. Grant went straight into the team and made his debut for Burnley against Leicester City on 19 November, but despite a one-month extension to the loan, Grant failed to force Jensen out as first-choice 'keeper and did not play again for the first team before returning to Derby. Grant returned to his parent club on 14 January 2006 with Burnley manager Steve Cotterill claiming that the club were unable to continue to pay his high wages and that "he may go on loan somewhere else where he will play all the time".
Loan to Oldham Athletic
On 31 January 2006 he was loaned by Derby to League One team Oldham Athletic on a deal until the end of the season. Oldham manager Ronnie Moore revealed at the time that he feared that the deal would collapse after being agreed by Phil Brown following Brown's sacking as Derby manager on 30 January, however Derby honoured the deal which had already been agreed and the transfer was completed. The deal forced Lance Cronin out of the club as Oldham were unable to pay the wages of three senior goalkeepers. Grant made his debut for the Lactics in the 1–0 home defeat to Port Vale on 4 February 2006. He quickly established himself as first-choice goalkeeper and went on to make a total of sixteen league appearances for Oldham. In March 2006 Moore revealed that he was looking at making Grant's transfer permanent, but despite the player stating that he would like to make the switch permanent, no offer was made following Moore departing Oldham on 1 June 2006.
Return from loans
Grant was again given a chance during the 2006–07 pre-season, and Derby manager Billy Davies awarded him with a starting place for the club's second league game of the season against Stoke City on 8 August 2006. However, the arrival of Stephen Bywater on 12 August 2006 further limited Grant's first team opportunities. Following Bywater picking up a thigh injury and Camp's loan move to Norwich City, Grant was able to string together six appearances in September and October 2006, but after Bywater's return to fitness he was again left out of the team until his final appearance for Derby against Ipswich Town on 14 April 2007 when he came on a substitute after Bywater had been shown a red card. Bywater was handed a one-match ban, however Lee Camp was recalled from his loan and took his place in the following match. Grant's contract expired on 2 July 2007 and an extension was not offered by Derby.
Sheffield Wednesday
Grant signed a three-year contract with Championship club Sheffield Wednesday on 2 July 2007, joining at the same time as another young 'keeper, Robert Burch. Despite goalkeeping coach Billy Mercer stating that there would be "no number one or number two", Grant was given the number one shirt and, despite some poor early form, established himself as first-choice goalkeeper.
Grant was praised by Brian Laws after the Queens Park Rangers game on 24 November 2007 after making a string of excellent saves, with the manager stating "It was a performance which gives encouragement to everybody and shows what a good goalkeeper Lee Grant can be." Laws again heaped praise on his goalkeeper on 1 January 2008, claiming that he has "probably been the most outstanding keeper in the league in terms of current form." Grant played an integral part in maintaining Sheffield Wednesday's Championship status during the 2007–08 campaign with many excellent performances including a crucial and memorable save on the final day against Norwich City at Hillsborough. In the 2008–09 campaign, Grant won PFA Fans' Championship player of the Month on top of being Wednesdays' current player of the year. In the second Steel City derby of the season Grant pulled off another memorable save from Billy Sharp holding onto Wednesdays' 2–1 lead and complete their first League double over the Blades for 95 years.
Burnley
On 27 July 2010, Grant returned to Burnley for a fee of around £1 million, after three earlier bids failed. He linked up with his former Sheffield Wednesday manager Brian Laws as backup to Brian Jensen. Grant played 130 times for Burnley in a three-year spell and won the fans' player of the season award in 2012–13.
Return to Derby County
On 7 May 2013, it was confirmed the Grant would return to Derby County on a three-year contract after his contract with Burnley expired on 1 July 2013. Grant went into the 2013–14 season as the first-choice goalkeeper and has played every minute of every league and cup game so far this season. He made his first appearance for Derby in over six years in a 1–1 draw at home to Blackburn Rovers on 4 August and kept his first clean sheet of the season two days later, pulling off several saves as Derby beat Oldham Athletic 1–0 in the first round of the League Cup. In the following game, he made an important late save to ensure the club's first league victory of the season, in a 2–1 win at Brighton & Hove Albion.
He made another good save in a 3–0 win at Yeovil Town on 24 August and kept his third clean sheet of the season in a 5–0 win over Brentford on 27 August but was at fault for a goal in Derby's 2–2 draw at Bolton Wanderers on 17 September. He made a string of saves and denied Darius Henderson from the penalty spot during The Rams match against fierce rivals Nottingham Forest on 28 September, but could not stop 10-man Derby from losing 1–0. He recorded back-to-back clean sheets on 9 and 23 November, in a 3–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday and a 1–0 win at AFC Bournemouth, respectively. His sixth clean sheet of the season came in a 2–0 win against Charlton Athletic on 14 December.
Grant conceded four goals as Derby lost 4–1 to rivals Leicester City on 10 January, but was powerless to stop them and made several good saves to keep the score down. In the following game, a 1–0 win against Brighton & Hove Albion, Grant made a "stunning" reaction save to deny Matthew Upson's header from a corner and made a great late save to prevent Leonardo Ulloa from equalising. Grant's form drew praise from Derby's goalkeeping coach Eric Steele, who lauded Grant's concentration and said that Grant "will be delighted with his performance and he was part of a [defence] that kept us in the game."
Stoke City
On 31 August 2016, Grant joined Premier League club Stoke City on a six-month loan to provide cover for the injured Jack Butland. On 24 September, he made his Premier League debut at the age of 33 in a 1–1 home draw against West Bromwich Albion. Grant then put in a man of the match performance against Manchester United on 2 October 2016 as Stoke earned their first point at Old Trafford since 1980. Grant then kept back-to-back clean sheets in wins over Sunderland and Hull City earning praise from Stoke chairman Peter Coates.
On 4 January 2017, after impressing during his loan spell with six clean sheets in 15 league appearances in the 2016–17 season, Grant joined Stoke City on a two-and-a-half-year deal for a fee of £1.3 million. Grant retained his place in the team until Butland returned from injury in April 2017. Grant played 30 times in 2016–17 as Stoke finished in 13th position and his performances earned him the player of the year award. Grant was second-choice to Jack Butland in 2017–18, playing five times as Stoke were relegated to the EFL Championship.
Manchester United
Grant signed for Premier League club Manchester United on 3 July 2018 on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be £1.5 million. He was assigned the number 13 shirt. Grant made his debut for Manchester United on 25 September 2018, as a substitute for Juan Mata, after Sergio Romero was sent off, in an EFL Cup tie against Derby County, United lost 8–7 on penalties following a 2–2 draw.
He made his first start for the club, and his European debut, on 28 November 2019 in a 2–1 loss away to Astana in the UEFA Europa League.
On 5 March 2020, Grant signed a contract extension with Manchester United until the end of the 2020–21 season. On 2 July 2021, he signed another contract extension with the club until the end of the 2021–22 season. He retired in May 2022.
Coaching career
On 26 May 2022, after announcing his retirement from playing, Grant was appointed first-team coach at Ipswich Town.
Personal life
Born in England, Grant is of Jamaican descent.
Career statistics
HonoursManchester UnitedUEFA Europa League runner-up: 2020–21Individual'
Derby County Young Player of the Year: 2002–03
Sheffield Wednesday Player of the Year: 2009–10
Burnley Player of the Year: 2012–13
Stoke City Player of the Year: 2016–17
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Hemel Hempstead
English men's footballers
English sportspeople of Jamaican descent
Men's association football goalkeepers
Derby County F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Association football coaches
Ipswich Town F.C. non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Grant%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201983%29 |
Accompanying Hurricane Katrina's catastrophic coastal impacts was a moderate tornado outbreak spawned by the cyclone's outer bands. The event spanned August 26–31, 2005, with 57 tornadoes touching down across 8 states. One person died and numerous communities suffered damage of varying degrees from central Mississippi to Pennsylvania, with Georgia sustaining record monetary damage for the month of August. Due to extreme devastation in coastal areas of Louisiana and Mississippi, multiple tornadoes may have been overlooked—overshadowed by the effects of storm surge and large-scale wind—and thus the full extent of the hurricane's tornado outbreak is uncertain. Furthermore, an indeterminate number of waterspouts likely formed throughout the life cycle of Hurricane Katrina.
The outbreak began with an isolated F2 over the Florida Keys on August 26; no tornadoes were recorded the following day as the storm traversed the Gulf of Mexico. Four weak tornadoes were observed on August 28 as the hurricane approached land, each causing little damage. Coincident with Katrina's landfall, activity began in earnest on August 29 with numerous tornadoes touching down across Gulf Coast states. Georgia suffered the greatest impact on this day, with multiple F1 and F2 tornadoes causing significant damage; one person died in Carroll County, marking the first known instance of a tornado-related death in the state during August. A record 18 tornadoes touched down across Georgia on August 29, far exceeding the previous daily record of just 2 tornadoes for the month throughout the state. Activity diminished over the subsequent two days as the former hurricane moved northward. Several more tornadoes touched down across the Mid-Atlantic states before the cessation of the outbreak just after midnight local time on August 31.
Background
Hurricane Katrina began as a tropical depression on August 23 near the Bahamas. Moving northwest, the intensifying system was named Katrina the next day; it proceeded to make landfall on the southern tip of Florida as a minimal hurricane, causing extensive damage. In crossing Florida, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm; however, the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico allowed it to rapidly intensify to the seventh-strongest Atlantic hurricane on record. Afterward, Katrina made landfall as a Category 3 near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana on August 29, and once more near the Mississippi–Louisiana border. Katrina progressed northward through the Central United States and finally dissipated on August 31 near the Great Lakes, when it was absorbed by a cold front. Throughout its path, Katrina was responsible for $125 billion in damage and 1,245–1,836 fatalities. These ranked it as the costliest natural disaster in United States' history and the deadliest since a hurricane in 1928.
Small-scale, transient supercells embedded within the outer bands of the hurricane produced numerous tornadoes throughout its path. Unlike supercells over the Great Plains, these storms last no more than a few hours and are often training. Most of the tornadoes occurred in the hurricane's right-front quadrant, where strong low-level wind shear, high moisture content, and low convective available potential energy combined to produce locally favorable tornadic conditions. A study in 2008 conducted through the American Geophysical Union found that the majority of Katrina-related supercells developed inland over the Gulf Coast rather than offshore, a finding contrary to multiple studies of prior tropical cyclones.
Daily statistics
List of tornadoes
See also
Hurricane Katrina effects by region
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of tornadoes spawned by tropical cyclones
Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
Notes
References
External links
Storm Storm summary by NWS Jackson, Mississippi
Tornado outbreak summary for Georgia by NWS Peachtree City, Georgia
Tornado
F2 tornadoes
Tornadoes of 2005
Tornadoes in Alabama
Tornadoes in Florida
Tornadoes in Georgia (U.S. state)
Tornadoes in Mississippi
Tornadoes in North Carolina
Tornadoes in Ohio
Tornadoes in Pennsylvania
Tornadoes in Virginia
August 2005 events in the United States
Katrina tornado outbreak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane%20Katrina%20tornado%20outbreak |
Camarasaurus lewisi is a species of sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the United States. It was named by James A. Jensen in 1988. C. lewisi was originally placed in its own genus, Cathetosaurus, but in 1996 it was reclassified as a species of Camarasaurus; most researchers since have considered it to be one of the four valid species of Camarasaurus. Two unpublished studies have since argued that the genus Cathetosaurus should be reinstated, whereas two other studies have argued that C. lewisi may be a junior synonym of another species of Camarasaurus.
Description
C. lewisi is the smallest species assigned to Camarasaurus; despite representing a very old individual, the holotype specimen is roughly 26% smaller than C. supremus, with a humerus long. The possible C. lewisi specimen SMA 0002 also represents a fully mature individual, but is exceptionally small, with a humerus only long. It is possible that the size difference reflects sexual dimorphism. Frank Seebacher estimated the length of C. lewisi as and mass as 11.7 tonnes, whereas Gregory S. Paul estimated the length of C. lewisi as and mass as 10 tonnes.
C. lewisi was relatively long-necked compared to most specimens of Camarasaurus.
In 1996, six traits were indicated distinguishing C. lewisi from other species. The bifurcated vertebrae of the neck and back have a narrow but deep cleft incising the tops of the neural spines, resulting in a V-shaped transverse profile instead of the U-shaped profile typical of Camarasaurus species. The bifurcation continues to the sacrum, instead of ending in the middle of the back as is typical of Camarasaurus. The first sacral vertebra is more strongly "sacralised" and the fifth, last, sacral vertebra is less strongly sacralised than typical in Camarasaurus. The costal plate of the sacrum is more strongly developed than typical of Camarasaurus, even compared to very old individuals of these. The ilium is rotated to the front and below, relative to the longitudinal axis of the sacrum. In the rear chevrons the rear facets make a steep angle of 60° with the horizontal plane while the front facets are placed horizontally. However, several of these characteristics may reflect the old age of the specimen, rather than distinctive characteristics of the species. It would then be a "ontogimorph". Mateus and Tschopp proposed three diagnostic characteristics for C. lewisi present in the holotype: the pelvis is rotated anteriorly, such that the pubis projects posteroventrally, and the ischium projects posteriorly (1), lateroventrally projecting spurs in the neural spines of the last dorsals (2); and posterior cervical and anterior dorsal diapophyses bearing an anterior projection lateral to the prezygapophyses (3).
The pelvis of C. lewisi is rotated forward relative to the sacrum, such that the preacetabular process of the ilium is oriented to point 20° below the axis of the sacrum. Jensen regarded this as one of the most distinctive characteristics of the taxon, and both McIntosh et al. and Mateus and Tschopp included it in their list of diagnostic characteristics for the taxon. However, the condition in other species of Camarasaurus is not entirely clear. In 1921, Osborn and Mook reconstructed the pelvis of C. supremus without the rotation. The condition is unclear in C. grandis, due to the lack of articulated pelves, but the disarticulated ilium of one specimen appears it would not exhibit such a strongly rotated condition. Specimens of C. lentus exhibit a rotated pelvis, but the precise angle is difficult to confirm due to distortion of the bones and may be less than in C. lewisi.
The holotype of C. lewisi lacks a skull, but based on the specimen SMA 0002, which may belong to the species, the skull possesses several diagnostic characteristics: frontals with anterior midline projection into the nasals (1); trapezoidal supraoccipital (more expanded dorsally than ventrally) (2); lateral spur on the dorsal part of the lacrimal (3); fenestrated pterygoid (4); and the large pineal foramen between the frontals (5).
The specimen SMA 0002, which may belong to C. lewisi, has unusual proportions. It has an exceptionally large skull, which is roughly 58% the length of the femur, leading to it being described as "bobbleheaded". Nearly all sauropodomorphs have a skull less than 50% of the length of the femur, but several Camarasaurus specimens of varying species possess such "bobbleheaded" proportions, which may be due to individual variation or sexual dimorphism. The limbs are shorter in proportion to the body, particularly due to especially short lower limb elements, such that it has been described as "dachshund reminiscent". The ribs are long, extending below knee level. Due to the length of the ribs and the rotation of the pelvis, the taxon would have had an atypically large gut volume.
History of study
The holotype specimen of C. lewisi was discovered in 1967 by Vivian and Daniel Jones in Pit 1 of the Dominguez/Jones Quarry, near the confluence of the Little Dominguez Creek and the Big Dominguez Creek. They warned James A. Jensen, the preparator of the Brigham Young University who collected the find. The specimen was found in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, in Mesa County, Colorado. Jensen named and described it as a new genus and species, Cathetosaurus lewisi, in 1988. The genus name means "perpendicular lizard" (from ), in reference to Jensen's hypothesis that the animal was adept at rearing onto its hind legs. The specific name honors Jensen's mentor Arnold David Lewis, the preparator of the Harvard Museum of Natural History.
Classification
When Jensen first named C. lewisi, he assigned it to a new genus of camarasaurid, Cathetosaurus. In 1996, John S. McIntosh and colleagues synonymized Cathetosaurus with Camarasaurus, noting that most of the differences proposed by Jensen pertained to the maturity of the specimen, but retained C. lewisi as a distinct species; this assignment was followed by later reviews of sauropod taxonomy. In 2005, Takehito Ikejiri noted that C. lewisi did not clearly differ from C. grandis, with which it was contemporary, and therefore may be synonymous with it. Two unpublished studies, presented at the 2013 and 2014 annual meetings of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology by Octávio Mateus and Emanuel Tschopp, reevaluated the taxonomy of Camarasaurus and concluded that Cathetosaurus should be regarded as a separate genus from Camarasaurus after all, though subsequent papers by Tschopp have included C. lewisi within Camarasaurus without comment, or expressed uncertainty over whether C. lewisi belonged to Camarasaurus or Cathetosaurus. In 2017, Cary Woodruff and John Foster argued that most of the putative distinguishing traits of C. lewisi were indicative of old age, suggesting that C. lewisi may be based on an old individual of another Camarasaurus species. Most researchers consider C. lewisi to be one of the four valid species of Camarasaurus.
Specimens
The holotype and only definite specimen of C. lewisi is BYU 9047, a mostly complete specimen representing an old individual. It consists of a partial skeleton lacking the skull, the still present occiput probably not having been collected due its poor quality. It contains the vertebral column from the first neck vertebra onwards to the forty-third tail vertebra; neck ribs; twenty dorsal ribs; twenty-six chevrons; the right forelimb; the left pelvis and the right ischium. According to Michael P. Taylor, as of 2022, the holotype of C. lewisi was one of only nine described sauropod specimens to preserve all of the cervical vertebrae, though not all the vertebrae are well-preserved.
An unpublished study by Octávio Mateus and Emanuel Tschopp referred a second specimen, SMA 0002, to the species, but subsequent study has regarded the specimen as belonging to an indeterminate species of Camarasaurus. The precise affinities of SMA 0002 remain uncertain; it is the geologically oldest Camarasaurus specimen and, despite representing a mature individual, is much smaller than most adult Camarasaurus specimens and may represent a distinct small species. Another unpublished study by Tschopp, Mateus, and colleagues found a third specimen, GMNH-PV 101, to form a clade with SMA 0002 and the C. lewisi holotype. GMNH-PV 101 had originally been described as a specimen of Camarasaurus grandis.
Footnotes
References
Macronarians
Fossil taxa described in 1988
Taxa named by James A. Jensen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarasaurus%20lewisi |
The Zombies is the debut American studio album by English pop rock band the Zombies, released in January 1965 by Parrot Records. After the success of the double-sided hit single "She's Not There" b/w "You Make Me Feel Good" reached #2 on the U.S. charts in the fall of 1964, Parrot quickly released this LP in 1965 (PA 61001). The dozen tracks were taken from material the Zombies cut for their UK debut album, Begin Here. Also included are "It's Alright With Me" and "Sometimes" from their self-titled EP. The album also included their 2nd hit single "Tell Her No".
Reception
In his retrospective review of the release, critic Lindsay Planer for AllMusic wrote "The Zombies' obvious appreciation for adeptly crafted melodies and rich vocal harmonies likewise made them favorites of pop fans as well as more discerning listeners."
Track listing
Personnel
The Zombies
Colin Blunstone - lead vocals and backing vocals, tambourine
Chris White - bass and backing vocals
Paul Atkinson - electric guitar
Rod Argent - lead vocals and backing vocals, electric piano and organ
Hugh Grundy - drums
References
Zombies, The
Zombies, The
Parrot Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Zombies%20%28album%29 |
The 1996 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 48th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 25th modern-era NASCAR Cup series. The season had been started on February 18 at Daytona International Speedway, and ended on November 10 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. The season would be remembered for Terry Labonte pulling off a massive upset and winning his second Winston Cup Championship over teammate Jeff Gordon.
Pontiac’s struggles in 1995 carried over to 1996, scoring just one win in the Dura Lube 500 with Bobby Hamilton. Hamilton was also the only Pontiac driver to finish in the top ten in points standings, placing ninth.
Teams and drivers
Complete schedule
Limited schedule
Schedule
Races
Busch Clash
The Busch Clash is the exhibition race that honors the drivers who won a pole in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series the previous year. Dale Jarrett won his first Busch Clash. Rick Mast won the random draw for the pole.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
4-Sterling Marlin
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
25-Ken Schrader
10-Ricky Rudd
6-Mark Martin
94-Bill Elliott
24-Jeff Gordon
16-Ted Musgrave
Gatorade Twin 125s
The Gatorade Twin 125s, qualifying races for the Daytona 500, were held on February 15.
Race one top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt
4-Sterling Marlin
5-Terry Labonte
88-Dale Jarrett
15-Wally Dallenbach Jr.
21-Michael Waltrip
22-Ward Burton
6-Mark Martin
90-Mike Wallace
23-Jimmy Spencer
Marlin passed Earnhardt on the opening lap but Earnhardt repassed and led the last 22 laps.
Bobby Labonte flipped over on the backstretch after being tagged by Brett Bodine.
Race two top ten results
28-Ernie Irvan
25-Ken Schrader
37-John Andretti
24-Jeff Gordon
10-Ricky Rudd
75-Morgan Shepherd
98-Jeremy Mayfield
99-Jeff Burton
27-Elton Sawyer
16-Ted Musgrave
Irvan led wire-to-wire with Schrader alongside in the final lap.
Daytona 500
Top ten results:
88-Dale Jarrett
3-Dale Earnhardt
25-Ken Schrader
6-Mark Martin
99-Jeff Burton
15-Wally Dallenbach Jr.
16-Ted Musgrave
94-Bill Elliott
10-Ricky Rudd
21-Michael Waltrip
This was Dale Jarrett's second career Daytona 500 victory. He also won the 1996 Busch Clash. Both of those victories saw Dale Earnhardt finish second to Jarrett.
When the white flag was displayed, play-by-play analyst Ken Squier gave the privileges to color analyst Ned Jarrett so he can call the final lap solo and lead his son on to the victory, as he did in 1993.
Goodwrench Service 400
The Goodwrench Service 400 was held on February 25 at North Carolina Speedway. The #5 of Terry Labonte won the pole.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt
88-Dale Jarrett
41-Ricky Craven
10-Ricky Rudd
29-Steve Grissom
4-Sterling Marlin
81-Kenny Wallace
12-Derrike Cope, 1 lap down
87-Joe Nemechek, 1 lap down
1-Rick Mast, 2 laps down
On lap 343 Earnhardt and Bobby Hamilton had traded the lead three times in the previous three laps when Earnhardt punted Hamilton in Turn Four; Hamilton scraped the wall and later crashed because of damage from the earlier scrape.
Failed to qualify: 27-Elton Sawyer, 78-Randy MacDonald, 93-Gary Bradberry, 63-Dick Trickle
Pontiac Excitement 400
The Pontiac Excitement 400 was run on March 3 at Richmond International Raceway. Terry Labonte won the pole.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
88-Dale Jarrett
16-Ted Musgrave
99-Jeff Burton
6-Mark Martin
43-Bobby Hamilton
2-Rusty Wallace
5-Terry Labonte
10-Ricky Rudd
94-Bill Elliott
Failed to qualify: 78-Randy MacDonald, 02-Robbie Faggart, 19-Dick Trickle
Coming into this race, Terry Labonte had led the most laps at Daytona and Rockingham but was 30th in the points standings, while Jeff Gordon was 43rd. After this race they were 17th and 27th, respectively.
Purolator 500
The Purolator 500 was run on March 10 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. The No. 30 of Johnny Benson won the pole, but crashed in Happy Hour, forcing him to a backup car (and to the back of the field for the start).
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
24-Jeff Gordon
28-Ernie Irvan
98-Jeremy Mayfield
25-Ken Schrader
23-Jimmy Spencer, 1 lap down
10-Ricky Rudd, 1 lap down
21-Michael Waltrip, 1 lap down
94-Bill Elliott, 1 lap down
Failed to qualify: 65-Steve Seligman, 78-Randy MacDonald, 99-Jeff Burton
Jeff Burton failing to qualify sparked a lot of controversy, as he was 2nd in the points standings going into this race. Provisionals for the first 4 races defaulted from 1995 driver and owner points, and he missed the field due to the 99 car being a new team. As a result, he fell from 2nd to 14th in the standings and never found his way back into the top 10 in points the rest of the season.
This race would be the last victory for Dale Earnhardt until the 1998 Daytona 500.
TranSouth Financial 400
The TranSouth Financial 400 was run on March 24 at Darlington Raceway. Ward Burton won the pole.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
18-Bobby Labonte
41-Ricky Craven
2-Rusty Wallace
5-Terry Labonte
6-Mark Martin
16-Ted Musgrave
75-Morgan Shepherd, 1 lap down
10-Ricky Rudd, 1 lap down
99-Jeff Burton, 1 lap down
Failed to qualify: 95-Chuck Bown, 78-Randy MacDonald, 02-Robbie Faggart, 32-Jimmy Hensley
Food City 500
The Food City 500 was run on March 31 at Bristol International Raceway. Mark Martin won the pole. The race was shortened to 342 laps due to rain.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
5-Terry Labonte
6-Mark Martin
3-Dale Earnhardt
2-Rusty Wallace
88-Dale Jarrett
18-Bobby Labonte, 1 lap down
19-Dick Trickle, 1 lap down
41-Ricky Craven, 1 lap down
21-Michael Waltrip, 2 laps down
Failed to qualify: 90-Mike Wallace, 37-John Andretti, 30-Johnny Benson, 71-Dave Marcis, 77-Bobby Hillin Jr., 95-Chuck Bown
There were 3 red flags during the race. Prior to the first red flag, Bill Elliott crashed on lap 321 prior to the caution for rain. After the race resumed following a 1-hour rain delay, Darrell Waltrip crashed and spilled fuel, which caused another stoppage on lap 335. Moments after the race resumed, more rain came down. With dusk settling in, the rain continued and the race was stopped.
Final race at this track under the name Bristol International Raceway.
First Union 400
The First Union 400 was run on April 14 at North Wilkesboro Speedway. Terry Labonte won the pole.
Top ten results
5-Terry Labonte
24-Jeff Gordon
3-Dale Earnhardt
33-Robert Pressley
4-Sterling Marlin
28-Ernie Irvan, 1 lap down
41-Ricky Craven, 1 lap down
43-Bobby Hamilton, 2 laps down
25-Ken Schrader, 2 laps down
18-Bobby Labonte, 2 laps down
Failed to qualify: 71-Dave Marcis, 78-Randy MacDonald, 90-Mike Wallace, 22-Ward Burton, 77-Bobby Hillin Jr.
This was the first race run at North Wilkesboro following the passing of track president Enoch Staley, which threw the track's NASCAR future into doubt.
Terry Labonte tied Richard Petty's record streak of 513 consecutive Winston Cup Series starts. Labonte's car carried a special silver "Ironman" paint scheme for this race and the following weekend at Martinsville.
Goody's Headache Powder 500
The Goody's Headache Powder 500 was run on April 21 at Martinsville Speedway. The #41 of Ricky Craven won the pole.
Top ten results
2-Rusty Wallace
28-Ernie Irvan
24-Jeff Gordon
98-Jeremy Mayfield
3-Dale Earnhardt
43-Bobby Hamilton, 1 lap down
25-Ken Schrader, 2 laps down
18-Bobby Labonte, 2 laps down
16-Ted Musgrave, 2 laps down
4-Sterling Marlin, 2 laps down
Failed to qualify: 78-Randy MacDonald, 27-Elton Sawyer, 29-Steve Grissom, 19-Dick Trickle, 77-Bobby Hillin Jr., 15-Wally Dallenbach Jr., 22-Ward Burton
Terry Labonte, by starting this race, broke the record for most consecutive starts with his 514th consecutive start. The previous record, 513, was held by Richard Petty. A special "Iron Man" paint scheme was used to commemorate this feat.
Winston Select 500
The Winston Select 500 was run on April 28 at Talladega Superspeedway. Ernie Irvan won the pole.
Top 10 results
4-Sterling Marlin
88-Dale Jarrett
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
21-Michael Waltrip
29-Steve Grissom
33-Robert Pressley
16-Ted Musgrave
37-John Andretti
30-Johnny Benson
Failed to qualify: 73-Phil Barkdoll, 65-Steve Seligman, 77-Bobby Hillin Jr., 0-Delma Cowart, 97-Chad Little
Controversy developed before the race; after winning the pole, Ernie Irvan's Ford was taken to a flatbed-mounted chassis dynamometer and "driven" by Gary Nelson to check horsepower; the engine was over-revved and subsequently damaged beyond repair. Sterling Marlin's Chevrolet was supposed to be tested as well but the chassis dyno failed to produce a horsepower figure and the test was scrapped. Several reporters in the garage area questioned Nelson on the test and crew chief Larry McReynolds got into a heated dispute with Nelson over the test. Irvan struggled in the race and reacted after the Ricky Craven crash where he was buried in midpack, "It's all a result of what happened on Friday when (NASCAR) blew our motor up."
Two major accidents marred the race: Bill Elliott suffered a broken femur after going airborne and landing driver side-first in a single-car crash on lap 77. Then, "The Big One" hit on lap 130, collecting 14 cars and sending the #41 of Ricky Craven flying into the catch fence and nearly over it. The race was red-flagged for clean-up on lap 131 because Craven's car had completely destroyed the catch fence in turn two. Bob Jenkins, ESPN's lap-by-lap announcer, was so shocked by the crash that he said "Oh shit!" over the raw satellite feed when Craven's car was flipping. Craven sustained compression fractures in his back and a concussion, injuries that derailed what had been a successful 1996 campaign. Fourth in points going into the race, Craven fell to twentieth by season’s end.
Sterling Marlin won by passing the entire field on three separate occasions after pit stops.
Save Mart Supermarkets 300
The Save Mart Supermarkets 300 was run on May 5 at Sears Point Raceway. Terry Labonte won the pole.
Top ten results
2-Rusty Wallace
6-Mark Martin
15-Wally Dallenbach Jr.
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
24-Jeff Gordon
10-Ricky Rudd
25-Ken Schrader
18-Bobby Labonte
22-Ward Burton
Failed to qualify: 07-Geoff Bodine, 45-Chad Little, 20-Mark Krogh, 03-Joe Bean, 58-Wayne Jacks, 02-Bill McAnally, 07W-Lance Hooper (Note: Bodine replaced Dave Rezendes in the No. 7 in the race)
Tommy Kendall and Ron Hornaday Jr. served as relief drivers for Bill Elliott and Ricky Craven respectively for this race.
The Winston Select
The Winston is the 2nd exhibition race run each year at Charlotte Motor Speedway. Jimmy Spencer won the Winston Select Open, while Lake Speed, Hut Stricklin, Jeff Burton and Michael Waltrip transferred into the race by finishing in the top 5. Jeff Gordon won the pole.
Top ten results
21-Michael Waltrip
2-Rusty Wallace
3-Dale Earnhardt
6-Mark Martin
5-Terry Labonte
10-Ricky Rudd
28-Ernie Irvan
24-Jeff Gordon
88-Dale Jarrett
4-Sterling Marlin
Harry Gant came out of retirement for this race to sub for Bill Elliott who was recovering from the injuries he suffered at Talladega in April.
Coca-Cola 600
The Coca-Cola 600 was run on May 26 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. Jeff Gordon won the pole.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
24-Jeff Gordon
25-Ken Schrader, 1 lap down
4-Sterling Marlin, 1 lap down
6-Mark Martin, 1 lap down
21-Michael Waltrip, 1 lap down
28-Ernie Irvan, 2 laps down
7-Geoff Bodine, 2 laps down
Failed to qualify: 78-Randy MacDonald, 63-Ed Berrier, 26-Hermie Sadler, 49-Mark Gibson, 02-Robbie Faggart, 0-Delma Cowart, 57-Steve Seligman
Johnny Benson was knocked unconscious briefly when his Pontiac hit the turn two wall then slid into the path of Ricky Craven, who blasted through the rear deck of his car at full speed.
Miller 500 (Dover)
The Miller 500 was run on June 2 at Dover Downs International Speedway. Jeff Gordon won the pole.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
5-Terry Labonte
3-Dale Earnhardt
28-Ernie Irvan
18-Bobby Labonte, 1 lap down
23-Jimmy Spencer, 1 lap down
2-Rusty Wallace, 1 lap down
10-Ricky Rudd, 1 lap down
99-Jeff Burton, 1 lap down
25-Ken Schrader, 1 lap down
No DNQ
UAW-GM Teamwork 500
The UAW-GM Teamwork 500 was run on June 16 at Pocono Raceway. Jeff Gordon won the pole.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
10-Ricky Rudd
7-Geoff Bodine
6-Mark Martin
43-Bobby Hamilton
75-Morgan Shepherd
5-Terry Labonte
23-Jimmy Spencer
99-Jeff Burton
94-Todd Bodine*
Failed to qualify: 71-Dave Marcis
Todd Bodine was subbing for Bill Elliott, who was still recovering from his broken femur at Talladega.
It was the first race at Pocono since the track was repaved; the lead changed two to three times a lap on some ten separate laps during the race's first half, primarily between Gordon, Hut Stricklin, and Derrike Cope.
Miller 400 (Michigan)
The Miller 400 was run on June 23 at Michigan Speedway. The #43 of Bobby Hamilton won the pole.
Top ten results
2-Rusty Wallace
5-Terry Labonte
4-Sterling Marlin
23-Jimmy Spencer
28-Ernie Irvan
24-Jeff Gordon
6-Mark Martin
16-Ted Musgrave
3-Dale Earnhardt
88-Dale Jarrett
No DNQ
Pepsi 400
The Pepsi 400 was run on July 6 at Daytona International Speedway. Jeff Gordon started on the pole. The race was shortened to 117 laps due to rain.
Top ten results
4-Sterling Marlin
5-Terry Labonte
24-Jeff Gordon
3-Dale Earnhardt
28-Ernie Irvan
88-Dale Jarrett
21-Michael Waltrip
25-Ken Schrader
11-Brett Bodine
23-Jimmy Spencer
Failed to qualify: 57-Steve Seligman
Bill Elliott returned in this race from his broken femur suffered back at Talladega.
Morning rain delayed the start for 3 hours. After only 117 of 160 laps, the race was red-flagged and ended for rain once again.
Jiffy Lube 300
The Jiffy Lube 300 was run on July 14 at New Hampshire International Speedway. The #41 of Ricky Craven won the pole.
Top ten results
28-Ernie Irvan
88-Dale Jarrett
10-Ricky Rudd
99-Jeff Burton
33-Robert Pressley
5-Terry Labonte
2-Rusty Wallace
25-Ken Schrader
30-Johnny Benson
21-Michael Waltrip
Failed to qualify: 19-Loy Allen Jr.
This was Ernie Irvan's 1st victory since his comeback from his near-fatal injuries at Michigan in 1994.
Miller 500 (Pocono)
The Miller 500 was run on July 21 at Pocono Raceway. Mark Martin won the pole.
Top ten results
2-Rusty Wallace
10-Ricky Rudd
88-Dale Jarrett
28-Ernie Irvan
30-Johnny Benson
4-Sterling Marlin
24-Jeff Gordon
9-Lake Speed
6-Mark Martin
12-Derrike Cope
No DNQ
DieHard 500
The DieHard 500 was run on July 28 at Talladega Superspeedway. The #98 of Jeremy Mayfield won the pole. The race was shortened to 129 laps due to darkness.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
88-Dale Jarrett
6-Mark Martin
28-Ernie Irvan
23-Jimmy Spencer
7-Geoff Bodine
99-Jeff Burton
18-Bobby Labonte
17-Darrell Waltrip
2-Rusty Wallace
Failed to qualify: 97-Chad Little
The race started late due to rain delays, and was marred by "The Big One" on lap 117 that injured Dale Earnhardt after he, Ernie Irvan and Sterling Marlin got together, sending Earnhardt and Marlin head-on into the tri-oval wall at approximately 200 miles per hour. Earnhardt flipped onto his roof and collected 11 other cars. Earnhardt took a hit to the roof from Robert Pressley's #33 and another big hit from Derrike Cope's #12. Earnhardt suffered a broken collarbone and sternum in the crash. Marlin suffered several contusions from the hard impact. Due to darkness caused by the rain delay and red flag, the race was shortened to 129 laps.
CBS moved away from its live coverage of the race during the rain delay in order to show the final round of the Senior PGA Tour Ameritech Senior Open. The race aired flag to flag on tape delay the following week (August 4). This is the most recent time a NASCAR points race was televised on tape delay.
The final time that Talladega's second race was run in July, which was run since the inaugural running. For the 1997 schedule, the race was moved to October where temperatures would be cooler and the weather more suitable. Today, the race remains in the October slot on the schedule.
Brickyard 400
The Brickyard 400 was run on August 3 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The #24 of Jeff Gordon won the pole.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
28-Ernie Irvan
5-Terry Labonte
6-Mark Martin
75-Morgan Shepherd
10-Ricky Rudd
2-Rusty Wallace
30-Johnny Benson
1-Rick Mast
94-Bill Elliott
Failed to qualify: 91-Ron Barfield Jr., 27-Jason Keller, 78-Randy MacDonald, 46-Stacy Compton, 02-Robbie Faggart, 50-A. J. Foyt, 57-Steve Seligman, 44-Jeff Purvis, 19-Loy Allen Jr., 49-Erik Smith, 63-Mike Wallace
Jarrett took the lead for good when he passed his teammate Irvan in the south chute with 7 laps to go. The race ended under caution when Robert Pressley crashed in turn 4 with 2 laps left.
Dale Earnhardt had to be relieved by Mike Skinner as a result of the injuries Earnhardt suffered the previous week at Talladega. Skinner took over the car during the first caution and drove the car to a 15th place finish.
A violent crash occurred on lap 38 when Kyle Petty blew his right front tire and hit the turn 4 wall. Petty drifted into the path of Sterling Marlin, who hit Petty on the driver's side. Petty's car bounced into the wall again, just in front of Mark Martin who barely managed to get by, then sped across the track and hard into the inside barrier. Petty escaped with minor injuries.
During the weekend, a fight erupted in the garage area between Ernie Irvan and Sterling Marlin and some crewmen from Morgan-McClure Motorsports over the crash at Talladega the previous weekend. Some of Marlin's crew had posted signs in the garage area deriding Irvan and mocking his eyesight.
The Bud at The Glen
The Bud at The Glen was run on August 11 at Watkins Glen International. Dale Earnhardt won the pole with a new track record of 120.733 mph while driving with the injuries suffered 2 weeks earlier. When asked what he thought of the lap, he was quoted as saying "It hurt so good." 1994 NASCAR Busch Series Champion David Green was standing by to relieve Earnhardt during the race, but Earnhardt decided to drive the full race eventually finishing 6th.
Top ten results
7-Geoff Bodine
5-Terry Labonte
6-Mark Martin
24-Jeff Gordon
18-Bobby Labonte
3-Dale Earnhardt
21-Michael Waltrip
87-Joe Nemechek
75-Morgan Shepherd
15-Wally Dallenbach Jr.
Failed to qualify: 34-Mike McLaughlin
Geoff Bodine from nearby Chemung broke a 55-race winless streak, dating back to October 2 in the 1994 Tyson Holly Farms 400. It was an emotional and very popular victory for Bodine, following a 2-year struggle with his competitiveness and his personal life.
This was the last win for Geoff Bodine.
This was the last pole position for Dale Earnhardt.
Geoff Bodine had won by short pitting - stopping before he needed fuel and tires so that he could stay out and improve track position when everyone else went to the pits.
As of 2022, this is the last time that car number 7 went to victory lane.
In addition to David Green; Dorsey Schroeder replaced an injured Bill Elliott in Elliott's #94 car (Elliott would serve as a guest commentator on ESPN's coverage until lap 54) and Todd Bodine, the youngest brother of eventual race winner Geoff, ended up relieving Kyle Petty after Petty was unable to continue due to the effects of his own injuries from the Brickyard 400 a week prior.
GM Goodwrench Dealer 400
The GM Goodwrench Dealer 400 was run on August 18 at Michigan Speedway. Jeff Burton won the pole.
Top ten results
88-Dale Jarrett
6-Mark Martin
5-Terry Labonte
28-Ernie Irvan
24-Jeff Gordon
18-Bobby Labonte
30-Johnny Benson
10-Ricky Rudd
99-Jeff Burton
23-Jimmy Spencer
Failed to qualify: 14-Ron Hornaday Jr., 27-Elton Sawyer
Goody's Headache Powder 500 (Bristol)
The Goody's Headache Powder 500 was run on August 24 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Mark Martin won the pole.
Top ten results
2-Rusty Wallace
24-Jeff Gordon
6-Mark Martin
88-Dale Jarrett
5-Terry Labonte
21-Michael Waltrip
23-Jimmy Spencer
22-Ward Burton
10-Ricky Rudd
43-Bobby Hamilton
Failed to qualify: 77-Bobby Hillin Jr.
Mountain Dew Southern 500
The Mountain Dew Southern 500 was run on September 1 at Darlington Raceway. Dale Jarrett won the pole and had the chance to win the Winston Million if he won the race. Jarrett lost his chance at the bonus after hitting oil early in the race.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
8-Hut Stricklin
6-Mark Martin
25-Ken Schrader, 1 lap down
37-John Andretti, 1 lap down
18-Bobby Labonte, 1 lap down
28-Ernie Irvan, 1 lap down
4-Sterling Marlin, 1 lap down
94-Bill Elliott, 1 lap down
9-Lake Speed, 1 lap down
Failed to qualify: 78-Randy MacDonald, 87-Joe Nemechek, 40-Jay Sauter, 02-Robbie Faggart
Hut Stricklin led the most laps in the race and was in position for his first career Winston Cup victory in his 217th start, but Jeff Gordon started to reel him in. After a long battle, Gordon passed Stricklin for the lead on the backstretch on lap 353 and proceeded to win by over 5 seconds.
Miller 400 (Richmond)
The Miller 400 was run on September 7 at Richmond International Raceway. Mark Martin won the pole.
Top ten results
28-Ernie Irvan
24-Jeff Gordon
99-Jeff Burton
88-Dale Jarrett
5-Terry Labonte
2-Rusty Wallace
43-Bobby Hamilton
12-Derrike Cope
6-Mark Martin
30-Johnny Benson
Failed to qualify: 46-Stacy Compton, 40-Jay Sauter, 95-Gary Bradberry
A driver change happened during the week after Darlington. Kranefuss-Haas Racing's No. 37 and Cale Yarborough Motorsports' No. 98 switched drivers. So John Andretti moved to the No. 98 and Jeremy Mayfield moved to the No. 37.
MBNA 500
The MBNA 500 was run on September 15 at Dover Downs International Speedway. Bobby Labonte won the pole.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
2-Rusty Wallace
88-Dale Jarrett
18-Bobby Labonte
6-Mark Martin
1-Rick Mast
22-Ward Burton
42-Kyle Petty
21-Michael Waltrip
43-Bobby Hamilton
Failed to qualify: 49-Eric Smith
On lap 456, a wreck involving the #23 of Jimmy Spencer, the #16 of Ted Musgrave, the #11 of Brett Bodine and the #15 of Wally Dallenbach Jr. occurred on the front straight. Spencer blamed Dallenbach for the wreck, and after the cars rolled to a stop, Spencer got out of his car, ran over to Dallenbach's, and tried to punch Wally through the window net. Spencer had to be restrained by a Winston Cup official.
Another fight occurred in the garage area when Derrike Cope crashed and was assaulted by crew chief Larry McReynolds over an earlier wreck that eliminated Ernie Irvan.
As the cars stopped on pit road after the race a third fight occurred as Kyle Petty and Michael Waltrip got into an argument.
Hanes 500
The Hanes 500 was run on September 22 at Martinsville Speedway. Bobby Hamilton won the pole.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
5-Terry Labonte
43-Bobby Hamilton
1-Rick Mast
98-John Andretti
75-Morgan Shepherd
7-Geoff Bodine
42-Kyle Petty
6-Mark Martin, 1 lap down
81-Kenny Wallace, 1 lap down
Failed to qualify: 12-Derrike Cope, 11-Brett Bodine, 29-Chad Little, 22-Ward Burton, 78-Billy Standridge, 95-Gary Bradberry
This is the fastest Martinsville race in NASCAR history, with an average speed of 82.223 mph.
Tyson Holly Farms 400
The Tyson Holly Farms 400 was run on September 29 at North Wilkesboro Speedway. Ted Musgrave won the pole.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
3-Dale Earnhardt
88-Dale Jarrett
99-Jeff Burton
5-Terry Labonte
1-Rick Mast
10-Ricky Rudd
43-Bobby Hamilton
6-Mark Martin
2-Rusty Wallace
Failed to qualify: 22-Ward Burton, 90-Dick Trickle, 95-Gary Bradberry
This was the final NASCAR race at North Wilkesboro Speedway until 2023, which closed down after the race. It was the only track other than Martinsville that NASCAR had been running at since NASCAR's first full season in 1949.
10th and final win of 1996 for Jeff Gordon.
Jeff Gordon became the 1st driver since Rusty Wallace in 1993 to score 10 victories in a single season.
This was the final race until New Hampshire in September 2007 that had every car running at the finish.
Only 37 cars started this race. It was the last Cup Series race in which fewer than 40 cars started until the 2016 Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500, the second race after NASCAR reduced field sizes in the Cup Series from 43 to 40. A total of 39 cars entered that race.
UAW-GM Quality 500
The UAW-GM Quality 500 was run on October 6 at Charlotte Motor Speedway. The #18 of Bobby Labonte won the pole.
Top ten results
5-Terry Labonte
6-Mark Martin
88-Dale Jarrett
4-Sterling Marlin
41-Ricky Craven
3-Dale Earnhardt
22-Ward Burton
2-Rusty Wallace
21-Michael Waltrip
94-Bill Elliott
Ernie Irvan escaped serious injury in a savage melee when he spun in turn two, clipped Robby Gordon, then slid into the path of John Andretti, who annihilated the nose of Irvan's Ford while Gordon hit the inside concrete wall and dislodged it.
With Terry Labonte winning the race, and Jeff Gordon finishing 31st, Gordon went from a 111 point lead to a 1 point lead over Labonte.
Final time in his career that Terry Labonte won multiple races in a season.
Failed to qualify: 87-Joe Nemechek, 95-Gary Bradberry, 71-Dave Marcis, 02-Robbie Faggart, 0-Delma Cowart
AC Delco 400
The AC Delco 400 was run on October 20 at North Carolina Motor Speedway. Dale Jarrett won the pole.
Top ten results
10-Ricky Rudd
88-Dale Jarrett
5-Terry Labonte
28-Ernie Irvan
99-Jeff Burton
18-Bobby Labonte
6-Mark Martin
2-Rusty Wallace
3-Dale Earnhardt
23-Jimmy Spencer
Failed to qualify: 60-Ed Berrier, 79-Norm Benning, 82-Terry Byers
Terry Labonte finished 3rd, and Jeff Gordon would finish 12th. Labonte gained 33 points on Gordon in this race. With that points gain, Labonte would become the new point leader by 32 points over Gordon, and he would hold on to the point lead for the rest of the season.
Dura Lube 500
The Dura Lube 500 was run on October 27 at Phoenix International Raceway. Bobby Labonte won the pole.
Top ten results
43-Bobby Hamilton
6-Mark Martin
5-Terry Labonte
16-Ted Musgrave
24-Jeff Gordon
7-Geoff Bodine
28-Ernie Irvan
88-Dale Jarrett
18-Bobby Labonte
17-Darrell Waltrip
Failed to qualify: 20-Mark Krogh, 00-Scott Gaylord, 35-Larry Gunselman, 38-Rich Woodland, 03-Joe Bean, 02-Bill McAnnally
This was Bobby Hamilton's first career Winston Cup Series win, and the first for the Petty Enterprises team since 1983 (it was the first for the No. 43 car since 1984 when Richard Petty won driving for Mike Curb).
NAPA 500
The NAPA 500 was run on November 10 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Bobby Labonte won the pole.
Top ten results
18-Bobby Labonte
88-Dale Jarrett
24-Jeff Gordon
3-Dale Earnhardt
5-Terry Labonte
43-Bobby Hamilton
6-Mark Martin
10-Ricky Rudd
99-Jeff Burton
2-Rusty Wallace
Failed to qualify: 12-Derrike Cope, 37-Jeremy Mayfield, 90-Dick Trickle, 81-Kenny Wallace, 27-Ron Barfield Jr., 42-Kyle Petty
This race was most remembered by both of the Labonte brothers having reasons to celebrate. Bobby would win the race, and Terry would win the series championship, and together, both brothers would take a victory lap around the race track. As of 2022, this would be the only time in NASCAR history that in the season finale, one brother would win the race, and the other brother would win the championship.
This was Terry Labonte's second championship. His first one came 12 years earlier in 1984, making this the longest time span between 1st and 2nd championships for any driver in NASCAR history.
All 3 championship contenders (Terry Labonte, Jeff Gordon, and Dale Jarrett) started the race in the top 5 (Gordon 2nd, Labonte 3rd, and Jarrett 5th), and they all finished in the top 5 (Jarrett 2nd, Gordon 3rd, and Labonte 5th). Labonte won the title by 37 points over Gordon, and 89 points over Jarrett.
Terry Labonte's 2 wins gave him the championship over Jeff Gordon's 10 wins. Even though Gordon scored the most wins of 1996, he lacked consistency in the final stretch of the season. Labonte's consistency in the last 4 races of the season was better than Gordon's. Labonte won the title by 37 points. This would be the 3rd and final time in Bob Latford's Winston Cup points system that a driver winning 10 or more races in a season failed to win the championship due to lack of consistency. The 1st time was in 1985 when Bill Elliott won 11 races but lost the title to Darrell Waltrip, who had 3 wins, due to lack of consistency in the final stretch of the season. Waltrip won the title by 101 points. The 2nd time was in 1993 when Rusty Wallace won 10 races, but lost the title to Dale Earnhardt, who had 6 wins, also due to lack of consistency in the final stretch of the season. Earnhardt won the title by 80 points.
Terry Labonte would join the late Alan Kulwicki and win the championship by winning only 2 races in a season. Only Matt Kenseth, who won one race in 2003, has won fewer races while winning a championship.
Ross Perot Jr. was the grand marshal for this race.
Bobby Labonte's victory was also the last victory for Joe Gibbs Racing fielding Chevrolets until 2003, as the following season would see the team switch to the Pontiac Grand Prix.
NASCAR Suzuka Thunder Special
The NASCAR Suzuka Thunder Special was a non-points exhibition race ran on November 23 at Suzuka Circuit - East Circuit. Rusty Wallace won the pole. This was the first ever NASCAR race in Japan.
Top ten results
2-Rusty Wallace
3-Dale Earnhardt
24-Jeff Gordon
5-Terry Labonte
15-Wally Dallenbach Jr.
30-Johnny Benson
77-Bobby Hillin Jr.
31-Mike Skinner
61-Rick Carelli
38-Butch Gilliland
NASCAR legend Elmo Langley was intended to drive the pace car for this race, but suffered a massive heart attack 2 days prior in the pace car when trying to get familiar with the course. Langley was 68 when he died in a nearby hospital.
Results and standings
Drivers' championship
(key) Bold – Pole position awarded by time. Italics – Pole position set by owner's points standings. * – Most laps led.
Owners' championship
(key) Bold - Pole position awarded by time. Italics - Pole position set by owner's points standings. * – Most laps led.
Rookie of the Year
Johnny Benson was the only rookie to make a full-time run in the 1996 season, making him the 1996 Rookie of the Year. Benson ended the year with one top 5, six top 10s, and one pole. Randy MacDonald and Stacy Compton made attempts at the award as well, but did not run enough times to catch Benson.
See also
1996 NASCAR Busch Series
1996 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series
References
External links
Winston Cup Standings and Statistics for 1996
NASCAR Cup Series seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20NASCAR%20Winston%20Cup%20Series |
Esteban Sánchez Herrero (26 April 1934 – 3 February 1997) was a Spanish pianist. Born in the town of Orellana la Vieja in Badajoz in the province of Extremadura, Sánchez studied with his grandfather, Joaquin Sánchez Ruiz, choirmaster in the cathedral. He went to the Real Conservatorio (Royal Conservatory) in Madrid and studied piano with Julia Parody. He perfected his technique under Carlo Zecchi in Rome and Alfred Cortot in Paris. Sánchez won numerous major international awards, including the Ferruccio Busoni in Bolzano, the Alfredo Casella in Naples, and the Dinu Lipatti Medal from the Harriet Cohen Foundation. In 1954, at the age of 20, he released "Impressions of Spain" by Joaquin Turina on Capitol Records. He returned home in 1978 to teach at the Badajoz Conservatoire.
Between 1968 and 1974 he made a series of recordings in Barcelona, with producer Antonio Armet, of Beethoven, Fauré, Albéniz, and Turina. In 1976 he recorded an album of solo piano music by Manuel de Falla at Abbey Road Studios in London. These recordings have been issued on CD by the Spanish label Ensayo, and the complete Albéniz recordings have been reissued in a budget box set by Brilliant Classics. The recording of Albéniz's Iberia has been critically acclaimed and has been favorably compared to the recordings of Alicia de Larrocha by professional reviewers.
Sánchez remains little known outside Spain, but Cortot called him "a musical genius," and Daniel Barenboim asked "How is this possible? How can Spain have hidden away a performer of this class?"
Sources
Spanish Wikipedia
Enrique Franco, "Esteban Sánchez: like a flame," liner notes, Albéniz recordings, Brilliant Classics
ClassicsToday.com
References
1934 births
1997 deaths
Spanish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
People from Badajoz
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Spanish musicians
20th-century Spanish male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban%20S%C3%A1nchez |
Ronald John Holland (born 1947 in Auckland, New Zealand) is a yacht designer, who came to prominence in the 1970s with his successful racing designs, and is now best known for his superyachts such as Mirabella V and Ethereal. He is now based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Background
Holland started competitive sailing at the age of eight and was apprenticed as a boatbuilder in Auckland, where he built his first design, the 26' sloop White Rabbit in 1966. He was educated at St Paul's College, Auckland
In the USA
While working in Florida, he designed the 24' Eygthene, which won the 1973 Quarter Ton Cup. (The name of the boat was a pun on the New Zealand pronunciation of the word 'eighteen': quarter-ton yachts are rated at 18-feet under the IOR rating rule). The success of Eygthene led to a commission to design a One-ton class yacht for Irish businessman Hugh Coveney. Golden Apple enabled Holland to set up as independent designer, and he relocated to County Cork in Ireland.
In the Republic of Ireland
In 1974 he designed, and Killian Bushe built Golden Shamrock, his 30' design for the Half Ton Cup in la Rochelle. This was followed in 1975 By Golden Leprechaun another variation of the Half-ton Class. The Shamrocks went into production in Cork. One of these boats, Silver Shamrock, built lightly by Killian Bushe at South Coast Boatyard and steered by Harold Cudmore won the 1976 Half-ton Cup in Trieste, Italy.
This was followed by Silver Shamrock III in 1977 which was built in cold moulded spruce for the Half Ton Cup in Sydney Australia. The boat should have won the Half Ton Cup, but lost her mast in the last race. A later design along the same theme was called the Shamrock Silver Jubilee or Nicholson Half Tonner. Probably the best known of these yachts is Grimalkin, which took part in the Fastnet Race of 1979, and became the subject of a book entitled "Left for Dead: The Untold Story of the Tragic 1979 Fastnet Disaster". Although Grimalkin was abandoned at sea, she was later salvaged afloat and still sails.
Meanwhile, Holland's Nicholson 33 design, for the English boatbuilder Camper & Nicholson, had begun production and one of these, Golden Delicious, won the 1975 Fastnet Race. This remarkable feat was repeated in the 2005 Fastnet when "Iromiguy", another Nicholson 33, took the trophy as overall winner.
Other remarkable boat designs include Big Apple, Regardless, Golden Apple of the Sun and Silver Apple of the Moon.
Further commissions followed, including a new Morning Cloud for the former British Prime Minister Edward Heath. Holland's designs featured prominently in the 1977 and 1979 Admiral's Cup series of races in Cowes.
His 40-footer Imp won the 1977 Fastnet Race. This led to commissions for the 80-foot Maxi Class yachts Kialoa and Condor and for a series of designs for Finnish yachtbuilder Nautor's series of Swan yachts between 1979 and 1990. The Freedom 39 PH, a pilothouse cat-schooner with freestanding masts was also commissioned by Freedom Yachts and began production in 1982. A Holland 30, Screw Loose, won the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race in 1979.
Condor, the Maxi Class yacht built in 1981, still sails as a passenger boat in Australia's Whitsunday Islands. In 1982, Nolan Bushnell (founder of Atari), commissioned "Charley" - a 67-foot sloop, designed by Ron Holland using the same design thesis as "Kialoa". "Charley" went on to win Line-Honors in the 1983 Trans-Pacific Yacht Race and other Pacific racing events. In 1983, Peter Blake engaged Holland to design his next Whitbread Around the World Race yacht, Lion New Zealand, a 78-foot maxi, which claimed line honours in the 1984 Sydney to Hobart as well as second on line in the 1985-86 Whitbread.
'NCB Ireland' was the Irish entry in the Volvo Ocean Race. Although built and launched with great fanfare, she did not perform as well as expected or as well as the more adventurous designs from the southern hemisphere sporting a Mizzen rig.
The 103-foot Whirlwind, launched in 1986, was Holland's largest design to date and one of the first of a new breed of superyacht - large yachts which used new technologies to provide strong sailing performance without requiring a large crew.
The 247-foot Mirabella V, launched in 2003, was not only Holland's largest design, but also the largest ever single-masted sailing yacht.
In Vancouver, Canada
Ron Holland currently resides in Vancouver, Canada where he continues work at his yacht design studio. In 2018 Ron Holland published his memoir, titled "All The Oceans, Designing by the seat of my pants".
Ron Holland received the Lifetime Achievement Award in Cortina Italy, where Boat International Media held the Design and Innovation Awards in January 2019.
Designs
11 Meter
Aloha 30
Bombardier 7.6
Cal 9.2
Ericson 36
Ericson 33
Eygthene - One of Ron Holland's first designs, launched in 1973. This design brought attention to the young designer after winning the 1973 Quarter Ton Cup. The name is a play on the New Zealand (accent) pronunciation of 18. Production boats built in Florida by Kiwi Boats were named Kiwi 24.
Finn Express 64
Freedom 39 PH
Rush 31
Rush Royale 31
References
Bibliography
External links
Ron Holland Design
1947 births
People from Auckland
New Zealand yacht designers
America's Cup yacht designers
Living people
Sportspeople from Kinsale
People educated at St Paul's College, Auckland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Holland |
Carole Pateman FBA FAcSS FLSW (born 11 December 1940) is a feminist and political theorist. She is known as a critic of liberal democracy and has been a member of the British Academy since 2007.
Biography
Pateman was born in Maresfield, Sussex, England. Educated at Lewes County Grammar School for Girls, she left at age 16. She entered Ruskin College, Oxford in 1963 studying economics, politics, history and sociology, achieving a distinction. She won a place at Lady Margaret Hall to read PPE, staying on to earn a DPhil.
In 1972, she became lecturer in political theory at the University of Sydney. Since 1990, Professor Pateman has taught in the Department of Political Science at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), where she is now Distinguished Professor Emeritus. Professor Pateman served as (the first woman) President of the International Political Science Association (1991–1994). In 2007, she was named a Fellow of the British Academy. She served as president of the American Political Science Association in 2010–2011. She is also an Honorary Professor for the Cardiff University School of European Studies.
She gave the Faculty Research Lecture at UCLA in 2001, and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the British Academy and the UK Academy of Social Sciences. She holds honorary degrees from the Australian National University, the National University of Ireland, and Helsinki University.
Awards
Pateman was a Guggenheim Fellow 1993–1994.
Since 1994 Pateman has been a Member of the International Advisory Board of the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences.
In 2012 she was awarded the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science.
In 2013, she earned the Special Recognition Award by the UK Political Studies Association.
In April 2015, she was elected as a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.
The Australian Political Science Association (APSA) awards the Carole Pateman prize biennially for the best book published on the topic of gender and politics.
Bibliography
Books
Pateman, Carole (1988). The Sexual Contract. Cambridge: Polity in association with Blackwell.
Edited books
Original printed in 1986.
Chapters in books
Journal articles
Videos
The Equivalent of the Right to Land, Life, and Liberty? Democracy and the Idea of a Basic Income (Link)
See also
Feminism in the United Kingdom
Universal basic income in the United Kingdom
References
Further reading
External links
Carole Pateman Papers - Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University
1940 births
British feminists
British political philosophers
Living people
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Fellows of the British Academy
Presidents of the International Political Science Association
Universal basic income in the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Alumni of the University of Oxford | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole%20Pateman |
Teinurosaurus (meaning "extended tail lizard") is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur. Teinurosaurus lived during the Late Jurassic in what is now France. The type species is Teinurosaurus sauvagei. It's been estimated to be 11.4 m (37.4 ft) in length and 3.6 tonnes (~4 short tons) in weight.
Discovery and taxonomy
The holotype was discovered in 1897. Also in 1897, French paleontologist Henri-Émile Sauvage referred a tail vertebra from the Tithonian Mont-Lambert Formation of France, catalogued in the collection of the Musée Géologique du Boulonnais at Boulogne-sur-Mer in France, to Iguanodon prestwichii (now Cumnoria prestwichii), a herbivorous iguanodont.
In 1928 Baron Franz Nopcsa recognised the fossil to be the vertebra of a theropod not an ornithopod. He decided to name it as the genus Teinurosaurus. The name is derived from Greek teinein, "to stretch", and oura, "tail", referring to the elongated form. However, by a mistake of the printer, the footnote in which the new name was mentioned was not placed at the end of the section referring to the fossil but adjacent to a citation of Saurornithoides Osborn 1924, giving the false impression Nopcsa intended to rename the latter genus. After having discovered the typographical error, Nopcsa in 1929 added an addendum to the article, correcting the mistake.
In 1932 German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene again named the fossil, giving it the species name Caudocoelus sauvagei. "Caudocoelus" means "hollow tail" in Latin. The specific epithet honours Sauvage. The name Teinurosaurus was largely forgotten or not even understood to be a synonym of Caudocoelus, until in 1969 John Ostrom revealed its priority. Ostrom also pointed out that Nopcsa had not provided a specific name. In 1978 George Olshevsky was the first to combine the two names, making Teinurosaurus sauvagei (von Huene 1932) Olshevsky 1978 vide Nopcsa 1928 emend. 1929 a valid species name.
The holotype (originally catalogued MGB 500 now BHN2R 240) is a distal caudal vertebra, 152 millimetres long. A number of authors (e.g. Lapparent 1967; Galton 1982) believed that the holotype was destroyed in World War II, but the specimen is still extant, as noted by Buffetaut et al. (1991).
Teinurosaurus was considered by von Huene to be a member Coeluridae, but is now generally seen as a nomen dubium at Averostra incertae sedis.
References
Prehistoric theropods
Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Europe
Fossils of France
Fossil taxa described in 1928
Taxa named by Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás
Nomina dubia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teinurosaurus |
Sujith Bijjahalli Somasundar (born 2 December 1972) is an Indian former cricketer who played domestic cricket for Karnataka and played two One Day Internationals for India in 1996.
Early domestic career
Somasundar got his chance on the basis of some fine performances in the domestic circuit with Karnataka. A gutsy batsman, Somasundar made his first appearance for Karnataka in the 1990–91 season of the Ranji Trophy. He played his first game against Maharashtra in February 1991 alongside another debutante and future India teammate Rahul Dravid. He made scores of 29 and 27 not out in the two innings. He played only one game in the following season, against Tamil Nadu, and returned figures of 3/15 in five overs. When no chances came his way to assure himself a permanent spot in the Karnataka side, Somasundar was backed by former India cricketer Gundappa Viswanath, who was impressed by the former while they played for City Cricketers, a local club. Viswanath's pushing his case and the retirement of Carlton Saldanha, an opening batsman for Karnataka, created a place in the side for Somasundar again.
He flowered in 1994–95 when, pushed to open the batting, he responded immediately by scoring a century against Goa. Somasundar was a key member for Karnataka during the 1995–96 Ranji Trophy season. He hit two centuries and five half centuries to play a leading role in Karnataka's triumph in the Ranji Trophy. In the final, he made 99 and 53. He aggregated 803 runs at 61.76 for the season.
International call-up
After impressive performances in the domestic tournaments, Somasundar was called up to the Indian national team for the Titan Cup, a triangular One Day International (ODI) series that also featured South Africa and Australia. He made his debut against South Africa in the first game at Hyderabad. He only managed to score 9, before being run out by Daryll Cullinan. His next ODI would be his last; playing against Australia at his home ground, Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore, Somasundar was dismissed by paceman Glenn McGrath for 7. He was subsequently dropped from the side and was replaced by Navjot Singh Sidhu for the rest of the games.
Later domestic career
Rejected by the national selectors, Somasundar continued to be in good form and in the 1997-98 season, aggregated 629 runs. This was followed by a fine performance the next year when he helped Karnataka to another Ranji Trophy triumph by scoring 529 runs. In the 1998 final against Uttar Pradesh, Somasundar scored a fine 68. During the 1990s, He was part of a Karnataka setup that contributed many players to the Indian team like Anil Kumble, Javagal Srinath, Rahul Dravid, Venkatesh Prasad, David Johnson, Dodda Ganesh and Sunil Joshi.
In 2002, playing for Kerala, he scored his highest first class score of 222 against Tripura. He scored over 1000 runs that season which was the highest aggregate by any batsmen that year. He turned out for Saurashtra in the final years of his career and retired in 2007.
From November 2006 till May 2012, Sujith Somasundar worked as a Behavioural Expert & a Leadership Training Consultant for Wipro Technologies and was responsible for transforming the performance of their Business leaders and managers. From June 2012 till March 2014, he was associated with Kerala Cricket Association as a head coach. In the first year as their Coach, Kerala performed exceptionally well by being the Runners-up in both the Vijay Hazare Trophy(50 Overs Format) & the Ghulam Ahmed Trophy (20 Overs Format) conducted by the BCCI. He is also a part-time sports psychologist having trained under Dr. Patrick Cohn, a recognized sports psychologist in the United States.
References
External links
Karnataka cricketers
Kerala cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Saurashtra cricketers
1972 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujith%20Somasunder |
Return to Oz is a 1964 animated television special produced by Crawley Films for Videocraft International. It first aired on 9 February 1964 in the United States on NBC's The General Electric Fantasy Hour block, then later aired on syndication from 1965 to the 1990s and on the Disney Channel in 1995. It was directed by F. R. Crawley, Thomas Glynn and Larry Roemer from a teleplay by Romeo Muller, who later wrote Dorothy in the Land of Oz. This was the first special produced by Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass of Rankin/Bass Productions (the soon-to-be renamed Videocraft International).
Crawley Films also produced the earlier 1961 animated series Tales of the Wizard of Oz and brought similar artistic character renditions to the special. There is also a 1985 live-action Disney film of the same name.
In the special, Dorothy and Toto arrived back at Oz, after they received a letter from one of her Oz friends wanting her back, only to later be warned by a good witch, Glinda, regarding the Wicked Witch of the West, who has been restored back to life, and cast the dark spell by erasing her friends' abilities and kidnapping the Wizard of Oz for her revenge plot on Dorothy to steal away her magic silver slippers. So along with the assist of her Oz pals, Dorothy and Toto must journey to foil and rid Oz of the Wicked Witch for good.
Plot
The plot is virtually a retelling of the storyline of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz; however, as this is a sequel to the animated series Tales of the Wizard of Oz, in which Dorothy and the gang went through an entirely different series of adventures, this adventure is new to them all. All of Dorothy's friends become trapped in the situations they were in when she first met them, meaning that they all must visit the Wizard as they did in the pilot for the TV series. Dorothy receives a letter from the Scarecrow, called Socrates in the special, as in the series, telling her that everyone is happy with the gifts the Wizard gave them and that they miss her very much. She goes to find her magic Silver Shoes and is instantly taken back to Oz again by another Kansas twister, this time not by house, but an apple tree. Once she arrives there, she is greeted by the Munchkins in Munchkinville. Glinda arrives to tell her that the previously melted Wicked Witch of the West has become reconstituted and is wreaking havoc again, having taken Socrates' diploma and burned it, destroyed the heart of the Tin Woodman, called Rusty, by turning herself into a Tin Woman, and dropping him into a pond where he rusted over again. She has also stolen the medal that belonged to the Cowardly Lion, called Dandy, and turned it into a daisy, and is planning to get Dorothy's silver shoes again.
Dorothy sets off to find her friends, without knowing the Wicked Witch is watching them in her Crystal Ball. She finds and oils Rusty who has rusted after the Witch tricked him. They find Socrates in a cornfield on a pole scaring crows again and get him down. They find Dandy crying, and after some unexpectedly cruel bullying from Socrates and Rusty, they cheer him up. After the four friends are reunited, they arrive at the Emerald City, only to be tricked by the Witch, who has captured the Wizard and taken over as the ruler of Oz. The Wizard, who in this continuity is not an Omaha huckster but an Ozite born and bred and the elected ruler of Oz, tells them to destroy her again and he will give them what they want. She arrives back at her castle just before Dorothy and her friends, but before they arrive she sends flying alligators to kill them. Socrates' quick thinking saves them as they hide under his straw (a method employed in more than one of the Oz books). Rusty saves them from a lightning bolt by sacrificing himself, which kills him, despite his being made of tin. Dorothy asks Glinda if she will help and a glowing ball brings him back to life. They arrive and are trapped by the Witch. She grabs Dorothy and tries to take her silver slippers. The gang (including the Wizard himself) tries to get her back from the Witch, who gives her and Dandy the slippers. Dorothy, who is being held upside-down from the window, tells Dandy that he will turn to stone if he takes them, but he takes them anyway without being turned to stone. The Witch takes them only to be turned into stone, crumble, and fall apart. The gang returns to the Emerald City, only to find out that the Wizard is, after all, a humbug, unable as he always was to return Dorothy home. Glinda appears to tell Dorothy the reason that her friends didn't turn to stone, because they had brains, a heart, and courage. She also explains that the Witch was cruel and heartless, brainless enough to think that evil could conquer good and cowardly in that she used slaves and suppressed others. Dorothy wishes to go back, and instantly, a Kansas twister whisks her and Toto back home to Aunt Em and Uncle Henry again.
Characters
The following characters appear in the special, with associated voice actors:
Dandy Lion (Cowardly Lion) and The Wizard of Oz – Carl Banas
Dorothy Gale – Susan Conway
Dorothy Gale (singing) – Susan Morse (not to be confused with the film editor of the same name)
Glinda, the Good Witch of the North – Peggi Loder
Rusty the Tin Man (Tin Woodman) and The Wicked Witch of the West – Larry D. Mann
Socrates the Strawman (Scarecrow) – Alfie Scopp
Toto – Stan Francis
Production
Return to Oz was produced as a 90-minute successor to the Tales of the Wizard of Oz series, although edited to fit an hour-long time slot for NBC's broadcast. The screenplay originated from New York while the voice track was recorded in Toronto at RCA Victor studios. The animation consisted of 140,000 images drawn by 40 staff members at the Crawley studios in Canada.
Video/DVD
Return to Oz was released on VHS in the late 1980s by Prism Entertainment. It was released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Classic Media in March 2006. It had previously been available for syndication, and a few local stations picked it up.
See also
List of American films of 1964
Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz – other adaptations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
References
External links
The Enchanted World of Rankin/Bass
1960s American animated films
1960s animated television specials
1964 in animation
Television series based on The Wizard of Oz
Animated films based on The Wizard of Oz
1964 television specials
1964 in American television
1960s American television specials
1964 animated films
NBC television specials
Rankin/Bass Productions television specials
Television shows written by Romeo Muller
Canadian animated television films
1964 films
1960s Canadian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20to%20Oz%20%28TV%20special%29 |
Thurles railway station serves the town of Thurles in County Tipperary in Ireland. The station is on the Dublin–Cork Main line, and is situated from . It has two through platforms and one terminating platform.
An average of 17 trains each day between and serve Thurles station.
History
The Great Southern and Western Railway opened the station on 13 March 1848. The station was designed by Sancton Wood.
On 5 August that year William Smith O'Brien was arrested on the station while waiting for a train after an unsuccessful insurrection in Ballingarry in South Tipperary. There is a plaque at the station commemorating the event.
In 1880 the Southern Railway of Ireland opened between Thurles and on the Waterford and Limerick Railway (W&LR), making Thurles a junction. Following failure to pay a debt the Board of Works took over the line with operations handed to the W&LR until that was absorbed by the GS&WR in 1901.
On 9 December 1921, Old IRA members were being released during the Irish War of Independence. As internees reached Thurles railway station, a bomb was thrown at the train. Vol. Declan Hurton was injured and later died of his wounds.
CIÉ withdrew passenger services from the Thurles – Clonmel line in 1963 and closed the line to freight in 1967.
Thurles station has three times won the Irish Rail Best Intercity Station prize.
Buses
A Local Link bus stops at Thurles Railway Station. Timetable is 391 – (T42) Thurles to Limerick via Newport & UL
See also
List of railway stations in Ireland
References
Bibliography
External links
Iarnród Éireann stations in County Tipperary
Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland opened in 1848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurles%20railway%20station |
Mark Richard Acres (born November 15, 1962) is an American former professional basketball player who spent most of his career in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was a 6'11", power forward/center.
Acres attended Palos Verdes High School in Palos Verdes Estates, California, and was selected as a Parade All-American and played in the 1981 McDonald's All-American Game. Acres played college basketball for the Oral Roberts Golden Eagles under his father Dick, and alongside his brother Jeff. He was selected as the Midwestern City Conference Player of the Year as a sophomore in 1983.
Acres was selected in the second round of the 1985 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks. The Mavericks trialled Acres during summer camp but convinced him to play professionally in Europe for development. He was signed by the Boston Celtics as a free agent after two seasons in Europe. Acres was selected by the Orlando Magic in the 1989 NBA expansion draft.
Acres was inducted into the Oral Roberts University Athletics Hall of Fame in 2003.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| align="left" | 1987–88
| align="left" | Boston
| 79 || 5 || 14.6 || .532 || .000 || .640 || 3.4 || .5 || .4 || .3 || 3.6
|-
| align="left" | 1988–89
| align="left" | Boston
| 62 || 0 || 10.2 || .482 || 1.000 || .542 || 2.4 || .3 || .3 || .1 || 2.2
|-
| align="left" | 1989–90
| align="left" | Orlando
| 80 || 50 || 21.1 || .484 || .750 || .692 || 5.4 || .8 || .5 || .3 || 4.5
|-
| align="left" | 1990–91
| align="left" | Orlando
| 68 || 0 || 19.3 || .509 || .333 || .653 || 5.3 || .4 || .4 || .4 || 4.2
|-
| align="left" | 1991–92
| align="left" | Orlando
| 68 || 6 || 13.6 || .517 || .333 || .761 || 3.7 || .3 || .4 || .2 || 3.1
|-
| align="left" | 1992–93
| align="left" | Houston
| 6 || 0 || 3.8 || .222 || .500 || .500 || 1.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 1.0
|-
| align="left" | 1992–93
| align="left" | Washington
| 12 || 7 || 20.5 || .600 || .000 || .714 || 5.1 || .4 || .3 || .5 || 4.8
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 375 || 68 || 16.0 || .506 || .538 || .665 || 4.1 || .5 || .4 || .3 || 3.6
|}
Playoffs
|-
| align="left" | 1987–88
| align="left" | Boston
| 17 || – || 9.3 || .538 || .000 || .500 || 2.1 || .1 || .1 || .1 || 2.2
|-
| align="left" | 1988–89
| align="left" | Boston
| 2 || – || 1.0 || .000 || .000 || .000 || .5 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 19 || – || 8.4 || .519 || .000 || .500 || 1.9 || .1 || .1 || .1 || 1.9
|}
Personal life
Acres is a Christian and was encouraged to attend Oral Roberts University by his parents for its "Christian atmosphere."
References
See also
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 2000 points and 1000 rebounds
External links
College statistics
1962 births
Living people
American Christians
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Portugal
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Inglewood, California
Boston Celtics players
Centers (basketball)
Dallas Mavericks draft picks
Houston Rockets players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Oral Roberts Golden Eagles men's basketball players
Orlando Magic expansion draft picks
Orlando Magic players
Pallacanestro Varese players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Power forwards (basketball)
S.L. Benfica basketball players
Washington Bullets players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Acres |
Mozaic is a two-player abstract strategy board game, in which players try to score points by placing colored glass gemstones onto a game board to form square patterns. The game was designed by Martin H. Samuel. It was originally produced by Games Above Board, Sunnywood, Inc., of Hong Kong, then licensed and published through Sterling Games in 2003. Giseh Verlag launched the game in Germany at Essen Spiel in 2006. An Axiom-powered electronic version of Mozaic was programmed for the PC platform by Greg Schmidt in 2010.
Gameplay
The Mozaic game board has 64 tiles (8 x 8 squares) with a score-keeping "ladder" on either end. Players may choose between either amber or cobalt gems, which are picked to construct their point-scoring squares. Players take turns drawing gems from a bag, one at a time, and place them on any empty tile on the board. 4 points are scored when four gems of the same color are placed to form a square. Existing squares may be built upon and expanded, and several point-scoring combinations may be completed at one time with a single gem. During the game, players keep score on their side of the board with an extra gem of their color. The game is over when the last gemstone is placed, all the tiles are covered, and only the four exception gems remain in the bag. The player with the most points wins the game.
In addition to the cobalt and amber gems, Mozaic also offers four "exception" gemstones that, when drawn, allow for certain actions:
Rubies cause the player to skip their turn.
Sapphires allow the player to slide any gem diagonally to an empty adjacent tile.
Onyx allow the player to take two turns.
Diamonds allow the player to remove any gem from the board and replace it in the bag.
Exception gemstones are always returned to the bag after a turn.
References
External links
Games Above Board
Mozaic at Boardgamegeek
Board games introduced in 2003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaic |
Return to Oz is:
Return to Oz, 1985 film
Return to Oz (TV special), 1964 animated television special
"Return to Oz", 2004 song from the Scissor Sisters album Scissor Sisters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20to%20Oz%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The otuhaka (: row-of-dancemovements) is a traditional Tongan group dance with prominent Samoan influence wherein the performers are seated and make gestures with their arms only, with some accentuation from head and body.
Originally the otuhaka was performed by older, chiefly ladies only, who were supposed to be too old to stand. Very often a otuhaka was followed by an ula performed by their (standing) daughters or any young, chiefly ladies. In another respect, the 'Otuhaka was believed to be performed early in the morning to wake the King in a peaceful and subtle way. The performers sat crosslegged on the ground in a half circle with the guest of honour (the chief to whom they wanted to give homage) at the centre. Like the māuluulu part of the performance is on the beat of the music only, part of it is with additional singing of a chorus. The music by tradition, consists of beating with sticks on the tafua, bamboos, which are rolled up in a mat, just to keep the beat.
Nowadays the otuhaka can be performed by men and women of any rank, but as dance it is decidedly less popular than its successor the māuluulu, as the words and the dance movements are prescribed by tradition. Yet every dance master who is conducting this dance has a different version which he will claim is the right one from ancient times. The people from Lapaha may have the strongest claim, as they are the guardians of the Tui Tonga traditions.
Lyrics
The words of the several verses are largely archaic and since they are derived from Samoan origin some are not well understood by their Tongan performers. Several older parts seem to have to do with seafaring. A few example verses.
A quite recent example, in modern Tongan:
A verse in old Samoan, expressing grief about the death of the spiritual king of Tonga:
A verse in old Samoan. For Tongans Anilai and Siulafata may be names of unknown persons, but in Sāluafata harbour on Upolu was an important stopover in ancient times:
A verse in modern Samoan, a quite recent addition as it talks about the annexation of Tutuila by the Americans (sailors= US Navy) in 1900:
References
Tonga history association conference; 1993
Tongan culture
Dances of Tonga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBotuhaka |
Ceratops (meaning "horn face") is a dubious genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur which lived during the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been found in the Judith River Formation in Montana. Although poorly known, Ceratops is important in the history of dinosaurs, since it is the type genus for which both the Ceratopsia and the Ceratopsidae have been named.
History
The first remains referred to Ceratops — an occipital condyle and a pair of horn cores — were found by John Bell Hatcher (1861–1904) in the late summer of 1888 near the Cow Creek in Blaine County in the uppermost Judith River Formation of Montana. Hatcher was at the time employed by Professor Othniel Charles Marsh who the same year named the find as the type species Ceratops montanus. The generic name was derived from Greek κέρας, keras, "horn", and ὤψ, ops, "face". The specific name referred to Montana. Marsh originally believed the animal to be similar to Stegosaurus, but with two horns on the back of its head, a body length of twenty-five to thirty feet, horizontal plates on its back and bipedal. According to Marsh it would have "represented a very strange appearance". In his illustration of the horn pair, purportedly showing them from behind, Marsh had switched their position and rotated their outside to the rear to make them point inwards.
The holotype, USNM 2411, was found in a layer dating from the Campanian. It consists, apart from the occipital condyle, of two supraorbital horn cores of about twenty-two centimetres length. The right horn is attached to a part of the prefrontal. Marsh later referred two squamosals to the species, specimens USNM 4802 and USNM 2415. These however are more likely centrosaurine; they have also been referred to Avaceratops.
In 1906 Richard Swann Lull noted that the name Ceratops had been preoccupied by a bird, Ceratops Rafinesque 1815, but also that this had been an undescribed nomen nudum, causing the name to have been still available in 1888. He nevertheless provisionally proposed a replacement name: Proceratops. This is thus a junior synonym of Ceratops.
Already in the early twentieth century new finds made it increasingly difficult to distinguish the limited remains of Ceratops from several other related forms. Today, Ceratops is considered a nomen dubium. However, from time to time claims are made about discoveries that, also taking into regard their provenance, might have a provable connection with the Ceratops holotype.
In 1995, David Trexler and F.G. Sweeney noted that complete material from a bonebed that had been found in Montana could enable Ceratops to be reexamined. The site, known as the Mansfield Bonebed, belongs to the same stratigraphic level as the one that yielded the original Ceratops remains. It had initially been interpreted as containing Styracosaurus, but what earlier authors considered the frill spikes of Styracosaurus turned out to be chasmosaurine orbital horns. Trexler and Sweeney pointed out that these horns closely resembled those of Ceratops, and could allow the genus to be rescued as a valid name. The ceratopsids in the bonebed were later referred to the genus Albertaceratops, and later re-classified in their own genus, Medusaceratops.
In 1999, Paul Penkalski and Peter Dodson concluded that Ceratops, despite being a nomen dubium because the material is too meager, appeared closely related to Avaceratops which may even be a juvenile Ceratops; there is not enough material to prove it.
Later species
In 1889 Marsh named a second species of Ceratops: Ceratops horridus. This would almost immediately in a subsequent article be renamed into Triceratops horridus. Ceratops horridus is thus the type species of Triceratops. In the same article Marsh renamed Bison alticornis, his misidentification of ceratopsid material for a giant bovid, into Ceratops alticornis. In 1890 Marsh renamed Hadrosaurus paucidens into Ceratops paucidens; but the original assessment of Hatcher that this represented hadrosaurid material is probably correct.
In 1905 Hatcher renamed three Monoclonius species into Ceratops species: Monoclonius recurvicornis Cope 1889 became Ceratops recurvicornis; Monoclonius belli Lambe 1902 was made Ceratops belli and Monoclonius canadensis Lambe 1902 was renamed Ceratops canadensis. C. canadensis later was made the separate genus Eoceratops, and C. belli was made the separate genus Chasmosaurus; in 1925 William King Gregory concluded that Ceratops and Chasmosaurus were identical, but this was rejected by most researchers.
In 2005, remarkably well preserved cranial and postcranial elements of a Judithian ceratopsian were discovered in Fergus County, Montana. Nicknamed "Judith", preliminary examination suggested a close affinity with C. montanus. The locality has been determined to be on or in close proximity to the stratigraphic layer of C. montanus, and not too many miles away. In 2016, the new animal was named Spiclypeus, and the authors stated that it may be identical to Ceratops, which they considered a nomen dubium, or a growth stage of Albertaceratops.
Species list
The naming history can be summarised in a species list.
Ceratops montanus Marsh 1888: nomen dubium; type species of Ceratops Marsh 1888; = Proceratops montanus (Marsh 1888) Lull 1906
Ceratops horridus Marsh 1889: = Triceratops horridus (Marsh 1889) Marsh 1889
Ceratops alticornis (Marsh 1887) Marsh 1889: nomen dubium; = Bison alticornis Marsh 1887, = Triceratops alticornis (Marsh 1887) Lull vide Hatcher, Marsh & Lull 1907
Ceratops paucidens (Marsh 1889) Marsh 1890: nomen dubium; = Hadrosaurus paucidens Marsh 1889; perhaps material of Lambeosaurus lambei
Ceratops belli (Lambe 1902) Hatcher vide Stanton & Hatcher 1905: = Monoclonius belli Lambe 1902; = Chasmosaurus belli (Lambe 1902) Lambe 1914
Ceratops canadensis (Lambe 1902) Hatcher vide Stanton & Hatcher 1905: = Monoclonius canadensis Lambe 1902; = Eoceratops canadensis (Lambe 1902) Lambe 1915
Ceratops recurvicornis (Cope 1889) Hatcher vide Stanton & Hatcher 1905: = Monoclonius recurvicornis Cope 1889
Classification
Ceratops was placed by Marsh in the Ceratopsidae in 1888. It thus belonged to the Ceratopsia, a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Late Cretaceous Period, which ended roughly 66 million years ago. In 1919 the group Ceratopsinae was named by Othenio Lothar Franz Anton Louis Abel, but this concept is problematic: Paul Sereno has defined it as equivalent to the Chasmosaurinae but other researchers limit it to Ceratops itself as its direct relationships are uncertain.
Diet
Ceratops, like all ceratopsians, was a herbivore biting off plant material with its beak and processing it with its tooth batteries.
See also
Timeline of ceratopsian research
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090531083004/http://www.dinosaurvalley.com/Visiting_Drumheller/Kids_Zone/Groups_of_Dinosaurs/index.php
Ceratopsids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Nomina dubia
Fossil taxa described in 1888
Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
Fossils of Montana
Campanian genera
Ornithischian genera
Cretaceous Montana
Ceratopsians of North America
Late Cretaceous ceratopsians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratops |
Biological naturalism is a theory about, among other things, the relationship between consciousness and body (i.e. brain), and hence an approach to the mind–body problem. It was first proposed by the philosopher John Searle in 1980 and is defined by two main theses: 1) all mental phenomena, ranging from pains, tickles, and itches to the most abstruse thoughts, are caused by lower-level neurobiological processes in the brain; and 2) mental phenomena are higher-level features of the brain.
This entails that the brain has the right causal powers to produce intentionality. However, Searle's biological naturalism does not entail that brains and only brains can cause consciousness. Searle is careful to point out that while it appears to be the case that certain brain functions are sufficient for producing conscious states, our current state of neurobiological knowledge prevents us from concluding that they are necessary for producing consciousness. In his own words:
"The fact that brain processes cause consciousness does not imply that only brains can be conscious. The brain is a biological machine, and we might build an artificial machine that was conscious; just as the heart is a machine, and we have built artificial hearts. Because we do not know exactly how the brain does it we are not yet in a position to know how to do it artificially." (Biological Naturalism, 2004)
Overview
Searle denies Cartesian dualism, the idea that the mind is a separate kind of substance to the body, as this contradicts our entire understanding of physics, and unlike Descartes, he does not bring God into the problem. Indeed, Searle denies any kind of dualism, the traditional alternative to monism, claiming the distinction is a mistake. He rejects the idea that because the mind is not objectively viewable, it does not fall under the rubric of physics.
Searle believes that consciousness "is a real part of the real world and it cannot be eliminated in favor of, or reduced to, something else" whether that something else is a neurological state of the brain or a computer program. He contends, for example, that the software known as Deep Blue knows nothing about chess. He also believes that consciousness is both a cause of events in the body and a response to events in the body.
On the other hand, Searle doesn't treat consciousness as a ghost in the machine. He treats it, rather, as a state of the brain. The causal interaction of mind and brain can be described thus in naturalistic terms: Events at the micro-level (perhaps at that of individual neurons) cause consciousness. Changes at the macro-level (the whole brain) constitute consciousness. Micro-changes cause and then are impacted by holistic changes, in much the same way that individual football players cause a team (as a whole) to win games, causing the individuals to gain confidence from the knowledge that they are part of a winning team.
He articulates this distinction by pointing out that the common philosophical term 'reducible' is ambiguous. Searle contends that consciousness is "causally reducible" to brain processes without being "ontologically reducible". He hopes that making this distinction will allow him to escape the traditional dilemma between reductive materialism and substance dualism; he affirms the essentially physical nature of the universe by asserting that consciousness is completely caused by and realized in the brain, but also doesn't deny what he takes to be the obvious facts that humans really are conscious, and that conscious states have an essentially first-person nature.
It can be tempting to see the theory as a kind of property dualism, since, in Searle's view, a person's mental properties are categorically different from his or her micro-physical properties. The latter have "third-person ontology" whereas the former have "first-person ontology." Micro-structure is accessible objectively by any number of people, as when several brain surgeons inspect a patient's cerebral hemispheres. But pain or desire or belief are accessible subjectively by the person who has the pain or desire or belief, and no one else has that mode of access. However, Searle holds mental properties to be a species of physical property—ones with first-person ontology. So this sets his view apart from a dualism of physical and non-physical properties. His mental properties are putatively physical.
Criticism
There have been several criticisms of Searle's idea of biological naturalism.
Jerry Fodor suggests that Searle gives us no account at all of exactly why he believes that a biochemistry like, or similar to, that of the human brain is indispensable for intentionality. Fodor thinks that it seems much more plausible to suppose that it is the way in which an organism (or any other system for that matter) is connected to its environment that is indispensable in the explanation of intentionality. It is easier to see "how the fact that my thought is causally connected to a tree might bear on its being a thought about a tree. But it's hard to imagine how the fact that (to put it crudely) my thought is made out of hydrocarbons could matter, except on the unlikely hypothesis that only hydrocarbons can be causally connected to trees in the way that brains are."
John Haugeland takes on the central notion of some set of special "right causal powers" that Searle attributes to the biochemistry of the human brain. He asks us to imagine a concrete situation in which the "right" causal powers are those that our neurons have to reciprocally stimulate one another. In this case, silicon-based alien life forms can be intelligent just in case they have these "right" causal powers; i.e. they possess neurons with synaptics connections that have the power to reciprocally stimulate each other. Then we can take any speaker of the Chinese language and cover his neurons in some sort of wrapper which prevents them from being influenced by neurotransmitters and, hence, from having the right causal powers. At this point, "Searle's demon" (an English speaking nanobot, perhaps) sees what is happening and intervenes: he sees through the covering and determines which neurons would have been stimulated and which not and proceeds to stimulate the appropriate neurons and shut down the others himself. The experimental subject's behavior is unaffected. He continues to speak perfect Chinese as before the operation but now the causal powers of his neurotransmitters have been replaced by someone who does not understand the Chinese language. The point is generalizable: for any causal powers, it will always be possible to hypothetically replace them with some sort of Searlian demon which will carry out the operations mechanically. His conclusion is that Searle's is necessarily a dualistic view of the nature of causal powers, "not intrinsically connected with the actual powers of physical objects."
Searle himself does not rule out the possibility for alternate arrangements of matter bringing forth consciousness other than biological brains. He also disputes that Biological naturalism is dualistic in nature in a brief essay entitled "Why I Am Not a Property Dualist".
See also
Chinese room
Direction of fit
Evolutionary ethics
Hylozoism
Qualia
References
John R. Searle, Biological Naturalism.
John R. Searle, Consciousness
John R. Searle, Why I Am Not a Property Dualist
John R. Searle, The Mystery of Consciousness (London: Granta Publications, 1998).
John R. Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind (Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994).
John R. Searle, Mind: A Brief Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
External links
Rafael E. Núñez, What Brain for God's-eye? Objectivism, Biological Naturalism and Searle
Physicalism
Theory of mind
Naturalism (philosophy)
Philosophy of biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20naturalism |
At the 1952 Summer Olympics, seven fencing events were contested, six for men and one for women.
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
Medal table
Participating nations
A total of 286 fencers (249 men and 37 women) from 32 nations competed at the Helsinki Games:
References
1952 Summer Olympics events
1952
1952 in fencing
Fencing competitions in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing%20at%20the%201952%20Summer%20Olympics |
"Changes: The Big Prom: The Sex Romp: The Season Finale", originally produced as and retitled on its Max release as "Changes: You Got A Prom Wit Dat?", and alternatively known simply as "Changes", or "Season Finale", is the season finale of the first season of the American animated television sitcom Clone High, written by series co-creators Phil Lord, Christopher Miller, and Bill Lawrence, and directed by Ted Collyer and Harold Harris. The episode premiered on Teletoon on March 2, 2003, on DVD release on September 20, 2005, and on Max on April 14, 2023. Following the cancellation of Clone High in mid-2003, "Changes" (the initial series finale) served as the final episode featuring Christa Miller as Cleo and Michael McDonald as Gandhi, with the pair being respectively recast and absent for the series' 2023 revival.
Serving as "a two-parter based around The Big Dance" with the preceding episode "Makeover, Makeover, Makeover: The Makeover Episode", the episode picks up as Abe asks out "J-"Cl" to the prom, Gandhi is forced to go stag, and on learning of his "Cloney Island" plan, the Board of Shadowy Figures come to Clone High High School to put an end to Principal Scudworth's plans once and for all. The finale had a generally positive reception when it premiered, although its two-decade status as a cliffhanger-ending series finale (prior to the series' 2023 revival) received some criticism.
Plot
The Narrator: "Tonight, on a very special Clone High… everything you thought was real comes down to this. Old questions will be answered, and new answers will be questioned, on an episode we call… "Changes"."
In the opening scene, immediately after the events of "Makeover, Makeover, Makeover: The Makeover Episode", the "J-"Cl" Abe was asking to prom is revealed to be Cleo. The next day, after failing to get a date, Gandhi forms a "prom posse" with all the other students unable to get dates, while in an attempt to make Abe jealous, Joan accepts JFK's invitation for her to go with prom with him. That night, Abe and JFK both come to pick up Cleo and Joan from their house, and Abe is breathtaken from Joan's appearance. On entering her and JFK's limo, Joan is displeased to find JFK has four other dates for the evening (the clones of Catherine the Great and the Bronte Sisters), although JFK is otherwise completely courteous and respectful towards her, having brought her a corsage.
Meanwhile, as Principal Scudworth prepares for the prom, planning to have himself be made prom king due to painful memories of always being beaten by John Stamos (who considers Scudworth his best friend) when they attended high school together, Mr. Butlertron reminds him that the Board of Shadowy Figures are planning on taking the clones away on prom night, which Scudworth ignores.
At the prom, as Abe is thinking on Joan's appearance, Cleo brings him to the meat locker to have sex as planned, only for him to repeatedly call her Joan instead, leading him to run out. After Abe tells Gandhi about his newfound feelings for Joan outside, he slaps him and tells him Joan had felt the same way all year, before unsuccessfully attempting to seduce the heartbroken Cleo himself, and becoming a couple with Marie Curie. As Scudworth is about to be crowned prom king, an arriving Stamos (invited by Scudworth) enters and is quickly crowned as such again by the student body; after Stamos offers him his crown, a frustrated Scudworth stabs him in the eye with it, which Stamos immediately forgives him for, frustrating Scudworth further.
Meanwhile, Joan and JFK (having left his other dates for her) bond over their emotions, telling her that he prefers her when she's being herself rather than with the "makeover" she got to attract Abe, pointing out that if he has bade taste in women. As the Shadowy Figure and his minions arrive, ready to take the clones away, Mr. Butlertron hurriedly takes his vacation time, while Stamos distracts the Shadowy Figure by saying the prom king needs to lead a conga line and tells Scudworth to lead everyone into the flash freezer room. After the conga line starts, Abe, Gandhi, Cleo, and Marie all run into each other, and are shocked to find Joan and JFK in a bed in the freezer, having just had sex. As the conga line floods into the room, Stamos activates the flash freezer as Scudworth escapes. As the clones are frozen, Abe chokes out his last sentence, interrupted by the freezing: "I love…" "J-"Cl" (once again), before the screen cuts to black with "To be continued…?!".
Production and release
Serving as "a two-parter based around The Big Dance" along with the preceding episode "Makeover, Makeover, Makeover: The Makeover Episode", the episode was written by series co-creators Phil Lord, Christopher Miller & Bill Lawrence, and directed by Ted Collyer and Harold Harris, premiering on Teletoon on November 2, 2002, and on MTV on January 20, 2003.
Reception
"Changes" received a generally positive critical reception, although its two-decade status as a cliffhanger series finale received some criticism. Caroline Framke of The A.V. Club lauded the episode for "seamlessly trad[ing] in some of its usual detached distance in favor of some real pathos", in particular for its depiction of the "love quadrangle" soap opera staple and the development of Joan's and JFK's relationship, describing their first date as "just a sweet, quiet scene between two unlikely friends that builds on a season’s worth of development in a completely satisfying way." Further, Framke described "the ending of “Season Finale” [a]s a heartbreaker. [While] Scudworth freezing everyone mid-epiphanies didn’t seem quite so cruel when they first wrote it[…] it’s undeniable that there’s something achingly sad about watching it now with the knowledge that the clones may never thaw out to "laugh and shiver and cry," or more likely trip and grope and snark, or whatever it is they wanted to do after the most important night of their lives (TM Abe). Watching “Season Finale” in retrospect means knowing that in the clones will likely be frozen in time forever—just like the weird little show that gave them life, however brief."
Jacob Oller of Paste Magazine described the series' ending as "the teen drama parody version of the cops coming in to break up a Monty Python sketch [in Monty Python and the Holy Grail…] the most cliffhangery cliffhanger, where there’s not just a freeze frame but a literal freeze that frames the whole cast—and its central relationship question [and] the real pain [being] its symbolism of unachieved potential[…] a hilariously on-the-nose nod to unfulfillment [of] a lame duck finale [that] put all its eggs into one hilariously doomed basket", further noting on the prospect of a revival that "even if it picks up directly where the original series left off—thawing the clones in the modern day, with them picking up their lives as if nothing has happened—it’ll be a bittersweet prize, simply because there are so few TV endings that simultaneously leave us wanting more while laughing at an unfortunately serendipitous punchline[…] so prescient and sarcastically self-referential about its own abrupt ending that its existence and possible revision are both frustrating and exciting."
Ranking the finale as the series' best episode, Sid Natividad of Game Rant described its "too many loose ends [that] were finally tied up" as a "tragedy", that while the series "still had its signature chaos, [the way] it ended [was] on a rather sad and somber note" for its characters in light of the then-lack of a second season. Ana Isis Cisneros of Collider meanwhile complimented the episode's depiction of "heightened emotions and big revelations[…] end[ing] with a bang as Prom night leads to shocking developments that result in a cliffhanger", similarly ranking it as the best episode of the series' first season, and a second season as being "well-deserved".
Revival
Following the 2003 cancellation of Clone High, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller stated in June 2014 that they had "considered" a film adaptation of the series picking up from where the events of "Changes" left, although their current contracts would make it "tricky" to have happen, with their 2018 film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse featuring a "Clone College" film starring Abe and JFK as a film within a film.
In July 2020, it was announced that a revival of the series was in the works at MTV Entertainment Studios, with creators Lord, Miller and Bill Lawrence returning; it was also revealed that original series writer Erica Rivinoja would serve as showrunner of the series, while also co-writing the pilot with Lord and Miller. On February 10, 2021, the series was ordered for two seasons by Max (then-HBO Max). On June 23, 2021, Christopher Miller revealed the title of the revival's first episode as "Let's Try This Again", picking up with the clones being unfrozen two decades after the events of "Changes". On October 29, 2022, Miller announced the revival would premiere in the first half of 2023. On November 2, 2022, Lord, Miller and new series art director Tara Billinger posted teasers of the show on their Twitter pages. On January 28, 2023, the unfinished first episode of the revival was leaked. On March 24, 2023, it was announced that while a majority of the original cast would be returning, the role of Cleo, originally voiced by white actress Christa Miller, would now be voiced by Mitra Jouhari, while Miller would be playing a new character, Candide Simpson. The character of Gandhi will not be returning due to the controversy the original series faced, making "Changes" the character's last appearance. The revival premiered on May 23, 2023.
References
External links
"Changes: You Got A Prom Wit Dat?" at MTV.com
"Changes: You Got A Prom Wit Dat?" at Paramount+
Clone High
Episodes
American television series finales
Television episodes about proms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changes%3A%20You%20Got%20A%20Prom%20Wit%20Dat%3F |
Chaoyangsaurus ("Chaoyang lizard") is a marginocephalian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. It has been dated to between 150.8 and 145.5 million years ago. Chaoyangsaurus belonged to the Ceratopsia (Greek for "horned faces"). Chaoyangsaurus, like all ceratopsians, was primarily a herbivore.
Discovery and naming
In 1976, the remains of Chaoyangsaurus were found by Cheng Zhengwu at Ershijiazi, in the Chaoyang area of Liaoning Province in northeastern China. The fossil was added to a travelling exhibition.
Unlike many other dinosaurs, Chaoyangsaurus had been discussed in a number of sources before its official publication. As a result of this, several different spellings of its name have come and gone as invalid nomina nuda ("naked names", names with no formal description behind them). The first name to see print was Chaoyoungosaurus, which appeared in the guidebook to a Japanese museum exhibit, and was the result of an incorrect transliteration from the Chinese into the Latin alphabet. Zhao Xijin in 1983 also used this spelling when he first discussed the species, again lacking a description so it is technically a nomen nudum. Two years later, Zhao again used this early spelling when he assigned a type specimen and species name, Chaoyoungosaurus liaosiensis.
According to Dong Zhiming in 1992, the name Chaoyoungosaurus had been officially described in a separate paper by Zhao and Cheng in 1983, but no cite for this paper was given, and later Cheng and Zhao themselves did not treat this name as valid, perhaps because the paper had not actually been published. Dong, in his 1992 book on Chinese dinosaur faunae, also emended the name to the "correct" spelling of Chaoyangosaurus (note the extra letter "o"). However, since this renaming was not accompanied by a formal description of the dinosaur, Chaoyangosaurus must be considered a nomen nudum also.
It was not until 1999 that the dinosaur finally received an official name. Paul Sereno in 1999 used the name Chaoyangsaurus in an overview of dinosaurian evolution. Once again, that name was a nomen nudum. However, in December of that year, Cheng, Zhao, and Xu Xing published an official description using the name Chaoyangsaurus youngi, and as the first name for this genus that is not a nomen nudum, it has official priority over all other spellings that have been used. The generic name refers to Chaoyang. The specific name honours the Chinese paleontologist Yang Zhongjian ("C. C. Young") as the founder of Chinese vertebrate paleontology.
The holotype, IGCAGS V371, has been found in a layer of the Tuchengzi Formation that was in 1999 dated to the late Tithonian. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull. It contains the lower part and braincase of the skull, the lower jaws, seven neck vertebrae, the right shoulder blade and the right humerus. It represents an adult individual. The fossil was prepared by Ding Jinzhao and Wang Haijun.
Description
In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated the length of Chaoyangsaurus at one metre, the weight at six kilogrammes.
The describing authors indicated some distinguishing traits. The boss on the jugal bone is only weakly developed and has a smooth surface. The convex quadratojugal bone overlaps the rear of the shaft of the quadrate bone. The quadrate lacks a wide side surface, not being expanded to the front. The rear lower edge of the quadrate is convex. The coronoid process of the lower jaw is low with a flat top. The planes of the side surface and the underside of the angular bone are separated by a ridge. The last five traits were considered autapomorphies.
The skull is fourteen centimetres long. Per side, the appending lower cutting edge of the rostral bone, in life probably covered by horn, bears four crenulations. More to the rear, there are two conical premaxillary teeth, jutting out to below. The transversely flattened maxillary teeth number eight or nine, while there are eleven dentary teeth in the lower jaw for a maximal total of forty-four teeth for the head as a whole. The cheek teeth are imbricated and vertically rather long. Both inner and outer sides are covered by enamel.
Phylogeny
In 1999, Chaoyangosaurus was placed in the Ceratopsia, in a basal position. There were doubts whether it was outside or inside the Neoceratopia.
In 2006, Zhao, et al defined a Chaoyangsauridae, as the most basal ceratopian clade.
See also
Timeline of ceratopsian research
References
Ceratopsians
Ornithischian genera
Tithonian genera
Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1999
Taxa named by Xu Xing
Taxa named by Zhao Xijin
Paleontology in Liaoning | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyangsaurus |
Templemore railway station is a mainline railway station situated 2 km from the town of Templemore, Ireland. The station is on the Dublin-Cork railway line.
Details
The station has two platforms, and is fully accessible to wheelchair users since the addition of lifts at each end of a footbridge.
The station is approximately 2 km from the Garda Síochána College (main police training centre for Ireland).
History
The station opened on 3 July 1848.
See also
List of railway stations in Ireland
References
External links
Irish Rail Templemore Station Website
Templemore Station Car Parking information
Iarnród Éireann stations in County Tipperary
Templemore
Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland opened in 1848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templemore%20railway%20station |
Utpal Chatterjee (born 13 July 1964) is a former Indian cricketer. He was a left arm spinner and a low order batsman. He had his early education at the Shyambazar A.V School and Calcutta Boys' School in Kolkata, India.
He played domestic cricket for Bengal and played three One Day Internationals for India in 1995. He is the only cricketer ever from Bengal to have picked up more than 500 first class wickets.
He picked up 52 wickets in the ranji trophy' season of 1999–2000. He retired in 2004 with 504 first class Wicket's to his credit.
Since 4 September 2008, he has been the head coach of Bengal cricket team.
External links
Bengal cricketers
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
East Zone cricketers
1964 births
Living people
University of Calcutta alumni
Cricketers from Kolkata
Indian cricket coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utpal%20Chatterjee |
The Gamers is a 2002 film written and directed by Matt Vancil and produced by independent movie company Dead Gentlemen Productions. It is an affectionate spoof of role-playing games, and often shown at gaming conventions.
A sequel, The Gamers: Dorkness Rising, was released in 2008. A second sequel, The Gamers: Hands of Fate, was released in 2013.
Plot
The movie flips between following a group of gamers in a dorm immersed in a role-playing game, and their characters (played by the same actors) as they journey through a world of fantasy and wonder to defeat a being known as "The Shadow" and rescue a princess. The latter is theoretically a heroic quest, but while the game master attempts to foster in a narrative, the players tend to be more interested in their characters' tolerance for ale, trying to apply the sneak attack damage multiplier to siege weaponry, et cetera.
The movie both makes fun of gamer stereotypes and plays the discrepancy between an optimal RPG plot and the events of an actual RPG session for maximum absurdity. Characters attempting something dangerous freeze as dice clatter in the distance. The party thief picks the pocket of a bystander, then steals that bystander's pants—not because he wants the pants in any way, but solely to see if his skill statistics allow it. One character, while present, does not interact with the others for most of the game, as his player is absent. When an unlucky dice roll causes the death of one character, the other players' characters mourn him for a moment, and then immediately start squabbling over the items he was carrying. Characters spring to action, then keel over as their players forget and are reminded that the characters are asleep, players argue and make snack runs, and their game is frequently interrupted by a girl from the same dorm who demands they keep quiet so that she can study.
The Shadow is eventually defeated, after a long quest, and the characters find themselves in a strange tunnel. On the other side of the door, they hear voices—the voices of their players, who are narrating the action in the hallway outside. Bursting into the room (as dictated by the players), the characters slaughter the gamers, then begin picking over the room for treasure. They discover that their entire adventure has been documented by the "strange sorcerers" they have just slain via their character sheets. In the midst of these revelations, the "Princess" (the girl who needs to study and is constantly interrupted by the gamers' noise) bursts in and reads them the riot act, thinking their outfits to be mere costumes; after she leaves, the adventurers seem quite stunned that their beloved Princess has such a foul mouth and temper.
Sequels and spin-offs
A sequel, The Gamers: Dorkness Rising, was set to be released in 2006, but was delayed due to problems finding a distributor. It was eventually released in August 2008.
A second sequel, The Gamers: Hands of Fate, funded via Kickstarter was revealed in segments via YouTube and released in its entirety in 2013.
In 2013, Zombie Orpheus Entertainment in cooperation with Dead Gentlemen Productions and Lynnvander Inc produced two miniseries, Natural One and Humans & Households, set in the Gamers universe. Both series mirror the structure of The Gamers by showing both players of a roleplaying game and the fictitious characters they are playing.
Natural One features the characters Leo and Gary (the main characters in Dorkness Rising and Hands of Fate). The plot revolves around Monica, Gary's sister, who wants to marry her fiancé, Ryan. However, since Ryan is not a geek and an old agreement between Gary and Monica states that both of them may only marry geeks, Ryan has to prove his geekiness by beating a roleplaying game scenario before Gary gives his blessing to the wedding. The fictitious roleplaying game featured in the film is an homage to the popular cyberpunk roleplaying game Shadowrun.
Humans & Households (the title is a reference to Dungeons & Dragons) turns the concept of The Gamers on its head: Characters in the fantasy world of The Gamers play a roleplaying game set in our world.
In April 2015, a web series continuation of the plot of The Gamers was announced. It was intended to lead directly into the events of the next movie in the series and would chronicle exploits of the protagonists' characters who are now lost in the modern world. The project was be funded via Kickstarter, much like The Gamers: Hands of Fate. The first installment of the series dubbed The Shadow Menace was released in August 2017.
External links
Official site
References
2002 films
American fantasy comedy films
American independent films
2002 independent films
Films based on role-playing games
Works about fandom
American adventure comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gamers%20%28film%29 |
Lima Senior High School, the only high school in the Lima City Schools District, was established in 1955, in Lima, Ohio. There are approximately 1,500 students currently enrolled at Lima Senior.
Overview
Lima Senior remained in the same building for 49 years until a new building was constructed over two years and completed in 2004. The new Lima Senior High School building contained three small learning communities, consisting of the Performance Based School, the Progressive Academy, and the School of Multiple Intelligences. Each small school followed an instructional model of teaching core subjects of Ohio class requirements. As of the 2013-14 school year, Lima Senior High School has transitioned into a single institution, dissolving the three small schools. Spartan Stadium, home to the Lima Senior Spartans, is a registered historic building listed in the National Register on 2002-03-21.
In 1987, Lima Senior High School began formally recognizing the accomplishments of its alumni who had received local, state or national recognition for achievements in their occupational fields, made significant contributions to society, or performed meritorious service for our country by inducting them into the Lima Senior High School Distinguished Alumni Hall of Fame. In 1990 the Hall of Fame was opened up to all students in the Lima City School District and the name was changed to the Lima City Schools Distinguished Hall of Fame. There are currently 87 alumni honored in the Hall of Fame. Every four years, ten to fifteen outstanding alumni are inducted into the Hall of Fame during an induction ceremony and banquet. All Hall of Fame inductees have their portraits displayed in Lima Senior Highschool's cafeteria.
Lima Senior's mascot is the Spartan. They are members of the Three Rivers Athletic Conference. Sports consist of football, cross country, boys and girls soccer, volleyball, boys and girls basketball, wrestling, boys and girls swimming, indoor and outdoor track, baseball, boys and girls bowling, and boys and girls lacrosse.
Athletics
State championships
Baseball - 1964
Football – 1996
Athletic League Affiliations
Greater Miami Conference: 1980-2000
Independent: 2000-2003
Greater Buckeye Conference: 2003-2011
Three Rivers Athletic Conference: 2011–2023
Toledo City League: 2023- Present
Music
Lima Senior has maintained a full arts department in the high school. The music department has several musical ensembles, and students within those ensembles participate in honors choirs and bands annually. The high school has a marching band, symphonic band, concert band, pep band, and jazz band. The Orchestra Department has two orchestras, the Red Orchestra and a Gray Orchestra. The Choral Department includes the Masterworks Ensemble, the Men's Chorus, and the Women's Chorus. Other performing choirs are the Scarlet and Gray Show Choir, and The Spartanaires, the Spartets, and the Spartones. All groups in the music department are by audition only, at the discretion of the individual directors.
Notable alumni
Tom Barrington, Former NFL running back
Greg Simpson, McDonald's All-American Basketball Player
Phyllis Diller (Central High School Class of 1935), comedian and film actress
William Howard, NFL running back
Sue W. Kelly, U.S. Representative from 1995 to 2007
Bob King, Olympic athlete
Gary Moeller, former University of Michigan football coach
Jarrod Pughsley, NFL O-Linemen
Travis Walton, 2009 Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year, played in 2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship for Michigan State
William White, football Player, started in Super Bowl XXXIII for the Atlanta Falcons
Jeff Mullen, D-1 football coach
Charles Deitrick - Ohio Northern Football Star
Zavier Simpson - Ohio Mr. Basketball, NBA player
References
External links
High schools in Allen County, Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1955
School buildings completed in 1955
School buildings completed in 2004
Public high schools in Ohio
1955 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima%20Senior%20High%20School |
Wiggins Airways is an American cargo airline based in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States, operating from Manchester–Boston Regional Airport. It is a subsidiary of Ameriflight.
History
Wiggins Airways was founded in 1929, by E.W. Wiggins, operating out of Manchester, New Hampshire. Wiggins Airways was bought out by its employees in the creation of an Employee Share Ownership Plan in 1985. Wiggins currently employs over 160 people.
In December 2014, Ameriflight acquired Wiggins Airways (48 aircraft and 100 employees), which resulted in Ameriflight becoming the largest regional air cargo carrier in the world, with 218 aircraft in its fleet. Ameriflight elected not to continue to operate Wiggins' FBO and airline service departments, resulting in these departments being sold to Signature Flight Support.
Note: while Signature Flight Support operates fueling and deicing services to aircraft flying into Manchester Boston Regional Airport, Wiggins Airways does maintenance on their fleet, as well as servicing the airlines that serve the airport and general aviation aircraft.
Routes
Wiggins Airways flies across New England and other Northeast states from its base in Manchester utilizing a fleet of Beechcraft Model 99.
As well as flying for UPS, Wiggins Airways operates flights for FedEx utilizing Cessna 208 Caravan in the 208B Cargomaster configuration.
Fleet
Wiggins Airways operates a fleet of 33 aircraft. The majority of these aircraft operate as feeders for UPS Airlines and FedEx Express.
References
External links
Airlines established in 1929
Airlines based in New Hampshire
Cargo airlines of the United States
Companies based in Manchester, New Hampshire
1929 establishments in New Hampshire
American companies established in 1929
2014 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiggins%20Airways |
Mecatina pronounced (me-kuh-TEE-nuh) is an Innu word that means large mountain. It is also the name of two rivers (Big and Little), a school, and a municipality, on the Lower North Shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence of Quebec:
Gros-Mécatina, Quebec
Big Mecatina River
Little Mecatina River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecatina |
Sam Williams (born 9 June 1987) is an English footballer.
Career
Naturally a defensive midfielder before the start of the 2005–06 season, Williams took straight into the role of an attacker, after injuries to strikers. Although never having started a first team game for Aston Villa, Williams was a regular scorer for the clubs reserves.
Williams was sent on loan multiple times to gain first team experience, his first loan spell being at Wrexham where he scored on his debut against Wycombe Wanderers.
In November 2008, Williams spent a month on loan at League One side Colchester United, again scoring on his debut in a 1–0 victory over AFC Bournemouth.
In January 2009 he joined Walsall on another single month loan deal. He returned to Villa on 26 February due to a hip injury, although Saddlers boss Chris Hutchings refused to rule out Williams returning to the Bescot Stadium again.
Williams then joined Brentford on an initial one-month loan with a view to extend the deal. He came on as a substitute on his début against Barnet and missed a sitter, however 4 days later he came on again as a substitute and scored the goal in front on 10,672 fans which saw Brentford snatch a point in the 3–3 draw with Wycombe Wanderers. The loan was extended until the 2008–09 season on 25 March.
He joined Yeovil Town on 21 July 2009 on a two-year deal after impressing whilst on trial at the club. His first goal for the club was on 12 September in a 2 – 2 draw with Stockport.
He was informed by the club at the end of the season that he would not be awarded a new deal.
Williams joined Charlton Athletic on trial in July 2011 and scored in his uncompetitive debut against Welling United on 9 July 2011.
In August 2011 Williams signed for Dagenham & Redbridge. On 7 May 2013, he was released by the Daggers due to the expiry of his contract.
Career statistics
References
External links
Sam Williams's profile at the Yeovil site
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Greenwich
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Aston Villa F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
English Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Williams%20%28footballer%29 |
The Pregnant Women Support Act was created by the Democrats for Life of America and introduced into Congress by then Representative Lincoln Davis of Tennessee. The Senate companion bill was introduced by Senator Bob Casey of Pennsylvania. The package was included as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) as a grant program to states to support pregnant women and provide a choice to parent rather than abort their child.
It is, according to Democrats for Life, "a comprehensive package of federal legislation and policy proposals that will reduce the number of abortions... While both Democrats and Republicans talk about reducing the number of abortions, Democrats for Life of America offers real solutions to make this goal a reality. With bold new ideas, sound research and policy arguments, the Pregnant Women Support Act contains proven policy suggestions to dramatically reduce the number of abortions in America."
In their 2005 book, Take It Back: Our Party, Our Country, Our Future, Paul Begala and James Carville praise Democrats for Life their work. In the book they say the Act "is built around seventeen concrete policy proposals that would reduce the number of abortions.... We believe these proposals would do more to prevent abortions than all the speeches, all the marches and all the campaign ads the pro-lifers have used over the past 30 years." They go on to call it "both good politics and, we think, good policy."
References
United States proposed federal health legislation
Medicare and Medicaid (United States)
Proposed legislation of the 109th United States Congress
Proposed legislation of the 110th United States Congress
Proposed legislation of the 111th United States Congress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnant%20Women%20Support%20Act |
Avery Cardoza is an American author, professional gambler, and publisher. Cardoza is the owner of the Las Vegas-based Gambler's Book Shop / GBC Press.
References
1957 births
Living people
American poker players
American gambling writers
American male non-fiction writers
Vassar College alumni
American publishers (people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery%20Cardoza |
Manfred Stohl (born 7 July 1972, in Vienna) is an Austrian rally driver who debuted in the World Rally Championship in 1991. Stohl's co-driver is fellow Austrian Ilka Minor.
Career
Stohl ventured into rallying following the career path of his father Rudi Stohl. Stohl's first professional rally was the 1991 Rallye Côte d'Ivoire Bandama, driving an Audi 90 Quattro with Kay Gerlach as his co-driver. He took his first World Rally Championship points by finishing seventh in the same event the following year.
After several more privateer entries in the WRC, Stohl got a contract with Team Mitsubishi Ralliart Germany to compete in the FIA Cup for Drivers of Production Cars (now the Production World Rally Championship) driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. He finished third in the championship in 1997, second in 1998 and fourth in 1999, before winning the title in 2000 ahead of defending champion Gustavo Trelles.
Progressing from Group N production cars to World Rally Cars, Stohl took his first WRC points in ten years by driving his Peugeot 206 WRC to seventh place at the 2003 Wales Rally GB. In the 2004 season, driving mainly for the OMV World Rally Team, backed by Austrian oil company OMV, his best event result was sixth at the Acropolis Rally.
In 2005, Stohl continued with the OMV team now driving the Citroën Xsara WRC. He took his first podium finish with a surprise second place at the Cyprus Rally, behind Citroën Total factory driver Sébastien Loeb. In the season-ending Rally Australia, he took his second podium by finishing third. His results placed him ninth in the Drivers' World Championship.
In the 2006 season, with Henning Solberg as his team-mate, Stohl drove a Peugeot 307 WRC for the Bozian Racing-run OMV Peugeot Norway WRT. He took four podium places and finished a career-best fourth in the drivers' standings. He also became one of the few drivers to reach participation in 100 world rallies without winning one of them.
In 2007, Stohl returned to the wheel of a Xsara WRC for the OMV Kronos Citroën. After a disappointing season, in which he finished ninth in the championship and his best result was sixth place in both Mexico and Japan, OMV withdrew their support of Stohl. This left him without a full-time drive for the 2008 season. Stohl returned to WRC at 2012 Rally New Zealand, driving Ford Fiesta RS WRC for Brazil World Rally Team, replacing the regular driver Daniel Oliveira. He finished 10th in the rally.
Since disappearing from the WRC, Stohl has successfully run his own team, Stohl Racing. The team is currently responsible for developing and running Subaru Impreza WRX STi R4 cars in the Intercontinental Rally Challenge, with the crew of 2008 PWRC champion Andreas Aigner and Stohl's old partner, Ilka Minor. Meanwhile, Stohl -with a self-developed, petrol-powered Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX- is contesting the Austrian Rally Championship (ÖRM); in 2012, he finished third overall against strong opposition, and remained winless through the season.
Racing record
Complete WRC results
PWRC results
JWRC Results
Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results
Supercar
References
External links
RallyBase profile
eWRC profile
World Rally Archive profile
1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Vienna
Austrian rally drivers
World Rally Championship drivers
World Rallycross Championship drivers
Hyundai Motorsport drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Stohl |
Buckingham Friends School, an independent Quaker school in Lahaska, Pennsylvania was founded in 1794. The current Quaker Meetinghouse was built in 1768. An addition was put on in the 1930s, followed by the gymnasium in 1955 and the lower school building. Another addition was built in 2002/2003. In 2015, the Lower School was fully renovated. The school provides for grades K-8. Upper School curriculum includes: Advanced algebra, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, American History, Model Congress, English Language Arts, Sustainability Workshop, Art, World Religion, Biology, and Music.
The JEM program
The JEM (Joint Environmental Mission) program started in 1991. It is a foreign exchange program with an environmental theme. The exchange includes schools in St. Petersburg, Russia; Belgaum, India; Honolulu, Hawaii; Ngong Hills, Kenya; Melbourne, Australia; Nanchang, China; Montmorillon, France; and Rio Blanco, Amazon Rainforest, Ecuador. The first school partnership began with School #213 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Every 4–5 years a gathering of all JEM partner schools occurs to discuss one of the five environmental themes: Water, Soil, Light, Air, and peace. The last "Earth Summit" was held at Buckingham Friends School in April, 2013.
General information
Base Religion: Religious Society of Friends (Quaker)
Students: approx. 170
Grades: K-8
Classes Per Grade: 1
Extracurricular Activities: Music, Art, Woodshop, Photography, Acting, and many others.Sports: Basketball, Softball, Field Hockey, Yoga, Soccer, Cross Country, and Lacrosse.
Head of School: Paul Lindenmaier
External links
Private elementary schools in Pennsylvania
Schools in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Private middle schools in Pennsylvania
Quaker schools in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham%20Friends%20School |
Prashant Vaidya (born 23 September 1967) is a former Indian cricketer. He played domestic cricket for Bengal and played four One Day Internationals for India in 1995 and 1996. At that time he was considered to be the fastest bowler in India.
References
Bengal cricketers
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
East Zone cricketers
Vidarbha cricketers
Central Zone cricketers
1967 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashant%20Vaidya |
Interstate 95 (I-95) runs within the commonwealth of Virginia between its borders with North Carolina and Maryland. I-95 meets the northern terminus of I-85 in Petersburg and is concurrent with I-64 for in Richmond. Although I-95 was originally planned as a highway through Washington, D.C. (following the route of what is now I-395), it was rerouted along the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway concurrent with I-495. From Petersburg to Richmond, I-95 utilized most of the Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike, a former toll road (the south end of the toll road was on I-85). In addition to Richmond, the route also runs through the medium-sized cities of Emporia, Petersburg, Colonial Heights, Fredericksburg, and Alexandria.
It enters the Capital Beltway at the Springfield Interchange, also known as the Mixing Bowl. I-95 continues over the Potomac River on the Woodrow Wilson Bridge into Washington, D.C. (for on the bridge) and then into Maryland on the Capital Beltway.
The route between Fredericksburg and Springfield is consistently one of the most congested routes of highway in the US, particularly during holidays and rush hours. The causes for this congestion are lack of alternative routes, fewer lanes than needed, and the spread-out suburbs of the Washington, D.C. area. To solve this problem, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) started a project to widen I-95 to six lanes between the cities, as well as adding express lanes and new offramps to U.S. Route 17 (US 17) and State Route 3 (SR 3) through Fredericksburg. The project was started in 2018 and is planned to be completed by the end of 2023.
On January 4, 2022, a major traffic jam occurred, leaving some people stuck in traffic for more than 24 hours due to heavy snowfall.
Route description
North Carolina to Petersburg
I-95 continues the pattern of being a four-lane highway from North Carolina. The northbound welcome center forbids trucks, but truck stops at the first two interchanges provides a substitute place for truckers to stay before reaching Emporia. In Emporia, the freeway has an interchange with US 58. North of here, I-95 and US 301 are often intertwined with each other as they encounter interchanges with Virginia Secondary State Routes. In the Owens–Stony Creek area in Sussex County, the road not only runs parallel to US 301 but shares bridges with I-95, many of which have access to US 301 from connecting roads. This pattern ends at exit 33 at the corner of a truck stop and travel center. Crossing the Sussex–Prince George county line, the first site along I-95 is another rest area that also serves as the Petersburg Area Tourist Information Center. The road makes a slight northeast turn between Carson and Templeton, then turns straight north again before approaching the south end of I-295 just before crossing the southern border of the city of Petersburg at exit 47. A series of frontage roads connect the interchanges with US 460, US 301 and the northern terminus of I-85. Immediately after the interchange with I-85, remnants of the former toll booths for the Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike can be found. Also, the I-95/I-85 interchange was formerly marked with signs directing southbound travelers to the long-distance cities of Miami, Florida, and Atlanta, Georgia, respectively.
Petersburg to Richmond
North of Petersburg, I-95 crosses the Appomattox River and enters the city of Colonial Heights and then Chesterfield County. An extraordinarily high Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge carries SR 895 (Pocahontas Parkway) over I-95 and the James River just south of the Richmond city limits. A CSX Transportation railroad line runs parallel to the northbound lane in the vicinity of the Port of Richmond, and the Commerce Road Industrial Area, a region that includes a Philip Morris USA office and an old bridge manufacturing plant. As I-95 itself crosses the James River, Richmond Main Street Station can be seen on the north bank, and the road winds around the station itself. The first interchange after it crosses the James River is the tolled SR 195 freeway and from there the road winds toward the concurrency with I-64. I-64/I-95 curves to the northwest to cross under US 1/US 301, only to turn back north briefly, and curve northwest again, as it approaches SR 161. This pattern ends when I-64 turns west at the same interchange as the northern terminus of I-195. From here I-95 curves back to the northeast and has two interchanges with US 1, and later US 301 separately, the latter of which has separate carriageways on both side of I-95. Another interchange with I-295 exists in Glen Allen. However, I-295 does not terminate there, and the south-to-eastbound and west-to-northbound offramps between the two can be accessed in the medians of both roads.
Central Virginia to Washington, D.C.
Throughout much of central Virginia, I-95 climbs a series of hills and contains wide tree-lined medians. Near Doswell, the SR 30 interchange provides access to the Kings Dominion amusement park, with signs for the amusement park blended in with standard destination signs. US 17 overlaps I-95 from Massaponax at exit 126 north to Falmouth at exit 133 as the highway passes west of the city of Fredericksburg. The wide tree-line divider resumes north of here. At exit 143 in Aquia, the northbound off- and onramps connect directly to US 1, even though the interchange is specifically for SR 610. The bidirectional high-occupancy toll lane (HOT lane) begins at the SR 610 interchange north of Stafford and runs through the center of I-95 through most of the rest of its journey toward Washington, D.C. Crossing over the Chopawamsic Creek takes I-95 through Marine Corps Base Quantico, which includes restrictive interchanges.
Further north in Prince William County, there are four rest areas; two for trucks in Dumfries and two for cars in Dale City. The truck rest areas, with weigh stations, are near exit 152. The car rest areas have uniquely positioned entrance and exit ramps. The southbound car rest area, near exit 156, is accessible only from the southbound collector–distributor road. In Lorton, a scissor interchange exists with US 1 and, shortly after this, Lorton station serving Amtrak's Auto Train is located near exit 163. Due to public opposition of efforts to build I-95 through Washington, D.C. and College Park, Maryland, I-95 is diverted onto a concurrency with I-495 (Capital Beltway) at the Springfield Interchange, with the former alignment north of here becoming I-395. I-95/I-495 continue east through Franconia, over the Washington Metro's Blue Line and Rose Hill. At Huntington, I-95/I-495 run under the Washington Metro's Yellow Line and through Alexandria before crossing over the Potomac River on the Woodrow Wilson Bridge briefly into Washington, D.C. and then into Maryland.
HOV facilities
I-95 extends the twin-lane barrier-separated high-occupancy toll lanes (HOV lanes) that begin on I-395 at the 14th Street bridges in Washington. These lanes have been extended south several times, most recently to just north of Stafford right before the Garrisonville Road exit.
As part of the Quantico Creek bridge rebuilding project, a three-lane, bridge was constructed in the median just south of the old southern HOV terminus for use when the HOV facilities were extended. It was previously used as a detour bridge and retained its lane striping from such use.
In December 2014, this bridge became part of the Southern HOV/HOT lane extension project that now runs to just north of Garrisonville Road (exit 143) in Stafford.
The new I-95 HOV/HOT lanes project created approximately of HOV/HOT lanes on I-95 from Garrisonville Road in Stafford County to the vicinity of Edsall Road on I-395 in Fairfax County.
In July 2016, VDOT began construction of an additional extension of the HOV/HOT lanes on I-95 south of Garrisonville Road in Stafford County. This addition opened in November 2017.
Welcome centers, rest areas, and weigh stations
Northbound Virginia Welcome Center: Milepost 1, north of the North Carolina state line
Northbound Petersburg Welcome Center: Milepost 35 between exits 33 and 37
Carson Weigh Stations: Milepost 40 between exits 37 and 41
Ladysmith Rest Areas: Milepost 108 between exits 104 and 110
Southbound Fredericksburg Rest Area: Milepost 132 between exits 130 and 133
Dumfries Rest Area and Weigh Stations: Milepost 153 between exits 152 and 156
Dale City Rest Areas: Milepost 155 between exits 152 and 156
Usage
In 2010, volume at Newington, northbound, from 6:00–9:00 am, is about 8,800 vehicles in the two HOV lanes and 18,300 vehicles in the three lanes with no restriction.
Auxiliary routes
Current
I-195 is a short spur from north of downtown Richmond south into downtown.
I-295 is a bypass to the east of Richmond, from I-95 south of Petersburg, across I-64 east of Richmond and I-95 north of Richmond to I-64 west of Richmond.
I-395 is a branch from Springfield north into downtown Washington, D.C. It was part of I-95 until 1977.
I-495 is the Capital Beltway, a full loop around Washington, D.C. Since 1977, I-95 has run along its eastern half.
Former
I-95 Business was a former business loop of I-95 through Emporia between exits 8 and 12, running mostly along US 301.
I-595 was a planned branch from I-395 south to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport along US 1.
I-795 was a planned number for present I-95 from I-295 south of Petersburg north to I-85 in downtown Petersburg; I-95 would have bypassed Petersburg and Richmond to the east on I-295. The renumbering was never done because tolls were removed from the Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike section of I-95.
SR 895 is the Pocahontas Parkway, a connection from I-95 south of Richmond east to I-295. It was not numbered as an Interstate because the project opened as a toll road using federal funds, thus disqualifying it from Interstate status.
Exit list
References
External links
Virginia
95
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095
Interstate 095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%2095%20in%20Virginia |
Ballybrophy is a railway station in the village of Ballybrophy, County Laois, Ireland, halfway between Borris-in-Ossory and Rathdowney in the Barony of Clandonagh.
The station is an exchange point for passengers on Dublin to Cork services to connect to via services.
Station name
The station opened on 1 September 1847 as Roscrea & Borris. It was later renamed Roscrea & Parsonstown Junction in 1858, and renamed again in 1871 as Ballybrophy.
Facilities
Lifts were fitted to the footbridge in late 2007. Therefore, disabled passengers who cannot use steps and are boarding or alighting from trains to Cork and Limerick via Limerick Junction are no longer required to cross the tracks at ground level, as was previously the case. This was only possible when trains were clear of the tracks.
Proposed developments
Ballybrophy's railway station is a connection point between the main Dublin-Cork main line and the Limerick–Ballybrophy railway line. The branch line is lightly travelled, as the principal route between Dublin and Limerick is via Limerick Junction. Since the introduction of a two-hourly Dublin-Limerick service in 2008, this journey does not usually require a change of train.
Up until the mid-1980s the line to Limerick via Nenagh diverged from the mainline via a junction that faced Cork. This was replaced by a siding connection when the mainline was resignalled. For trains to enter the Nenagh branch from the Dublin bound mainline requires trains to set back into the bay platform before proceeding to Nenagh and Limerick. A train travelling from Dublin to Limerick via Nenagh would need to set back from the Down mainline onto the Up mainline before pulling forward into the bay platform. Prior to 1967, the only route from Dublin to Limerick that did not entail a reversal was via Athenry and the former Sligo to Limerick line of the Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway.
Some of those who favour retaining the line have theorised that replacing the south facing connection at Ballybrophy with a new line east to the more populated Borris-in-Ossory, and joining the line nearer Portlaoise would be better for Dublin connections. However, in addition to the substantial capital cost of this work, substantial parts of the line would still need to be re-laid nearer Limerick to eliminate severe speed restrictions. The M7 motorway from Dublin to Limerick also dissuades rail usage.
Proposed closure
In November 2016 it was announced the line was very likely to close in 2018 as the demand for the service was low and CIE/IE wished to close it to save money. This was subsequently ruled out by Irish Rail (Iarnród Éireann).
Petitioned upgrades
The North Tipperary Community Rail Partnership have campaigned to improve the Limerick–Ballybrophy railway line service, including issuing an online petition. It is hoped that, as soon as an ongoing continuous welded rail (CWR) relay project is completed between Cloughjordan and Roscrea stations, that further improvements such as the signalling system on the Limerick–Ballybrophy railway line will then be upgraded to help improve the speed limits imposed on trains travelling on the line.
See also
List of railway stations in Ireland
References
External links
Ballybrophy-Roscrea-Nenagh-Limerick line
Ballybrophy Station on Eire Trains
Iarnród Éireann stations in County Laois
Railway stations in County Laois
1847 establishments in Ireland
Railway stations in the Republic of Ireland opened in 1847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballybrophy%20railway%20station |
Opel used the straight-6 engine configuration for many years. Opel used two straight-6 engines prior to the better-known CIH engine family.
Moonlight
The Opel Moonlight roadster was the first Opel vehicle with a straight-6. It used a six in 1933. It was a 12-valve engine with a very-undersquare bore and stroke, typical for the time. This engine produced and .
Kapitän
The 1959 Opel Kapitän was the next vehicle from the company with a straight-6 engine. This was a unit with 12 overhead valves. Bore and stroke were now oversquare for high power output at . A single Opel-designed carburetor and 7.8:1 compression yielded and .
See also
List of GM engines
References
Straight-six engines
Opel engines
Gasoline engines by model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel%20straight-6%20engine |
The House Armed Services Subcommittee on Readiness is a subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee in the United States House of Representatives.
The Chair of the subcommittee is Michael Waltz of Florida and its Ranking Member is Democrat John Garamendi of California.
Jurisdiction
The Readiness Subcommittee exercises oversight and legislative jurisdiction over:
Military readiness
Training
Logistics and maintenance issues and programs
Military construction
Military installations
Family housing issues
Base Realignment and Closure
Members, 118th Congress
Historical membership rosters
115th Congress
116th Congress
117th Congress
Sources:
See also
United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support
References
External links
House Armed Services Committee
Subcommittee page
Armed Services Readiness | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20House%20Armed%20Services%20Subcommittee%20on%20Readiness |
David Dunlap Observatory Catalogue, known as the DDO or A Catalogue of Dwarf Galaxies, is a catalogue of dwarf galaxies that was compiled by Sidney van den Bergh and published by the David Dunlap Observatory in 1959 (and later expanded in 1966).
Examples
DDO 3
DDO 3 (also known as NGC 147, PGC 2004, UGC 326, LEDA 2004 or Caldwell 17) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy which is located in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia, near the border of Andromeda. It is a small satellite galaxy of the famous Messier 31, which is the largest galaxy in the Local Group.
DDO 8
DDO 8 (also known as IC 1613, PGC 3844, UGC 668 or Caldwell 51) is a dwarf irregular galaxy in the constellation Cetus, near the border of Pisces. It was discovered in 1906 by a German astronomer Max Wolf. It is a member of the Local Group.
DDO 69
DDO 69 (also known as Leo A, Leo III, PGC 28868 or UGC 5364) is an irregular galaxy which is located in the constellation of Leo. It is a small satellite galaxy of the Milky Way.
DDO 70
DDO 70 (also known as Sextans B, PGC 28913 or UGC 5373) is an irregular galaxy which is in the constellation of Sextans. It is located 4.44 million light years away from Earth.
DDO 74
DDO 74 (also known as Leo I, Regulus Dwarf, PGC 29488 or UGC 5470) lies approximately 820,000 light years away in the constellation Leo. It is one of the most distant satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. The dwarf spheroidal galaxy is located only 12 arcminutes from Regulus (α Leonis), and the light from Regulus makes the visibility of DDO 74 becomes poor, so it is difficult to be observed.
DDO 75
DDO 75 (also known as Sextans A, PGC 29653 or UGCA 205) is an irregular galaxy located in the constellation Sextans, same as its neighbour DDO 70 (Sextans B). When it is observed from Earth, it appears as a square in shape.
DDO 82
DDO 82 (also known as PGC 30997, UGC 5692, MCG+12-10-045 or CGCG 333-35) is a Magellanic spiral galaxy lies 13 million light years away in the constellation Ursa Major.
DDO 93
DDO 93 (also known as Leo II or PGC 34176) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy which is located in the constellation of Leo. It was discovered in 1950 by Robert George Harrington and Albert George Wilson. It is one of the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way.
DDO 155
DDO 155 (also known as GR 8, PGC 44491 or UGC 8091) is a dwarf irregular galaxy located approximately 7.9 million light years away from Earth in the constellation of Virgo. A nickname for this galaxy, "Imprint of a Foot", is based on its shape.
DDO 169
DDO 169 (also known as PGC 46127 or UGC 8331) is a dwarf irregular galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. It is one of the members of the M51 Group.
DDO 190
DDO 190 (also known as UGC 9240) is a dwarf irregular galaxy which is located in the constellation of Boötes. It is a member of the M94 Group as well.
DDO 199
DDO 199 (also known as Ursa Minor Dwarf, PGC 54074 or UGC 9749) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy which is located in the northern constellation of Ursa Minor. It was discovered in 1955 by an American astronomer Albert George Wilson. It is a satellite of the Milky Way.
DDO 210
DDO 210 (also known as Aquarius Dwarf or PGC 65367) is a dwarf irregular galaxy in the constellation of Aquarius. It is a member of the Local Group and lies 3.2 ± 0.2 million light years from the Milky Way.
DDO 216
DDO 216 (also known as Pegasus Dwarf Irregular Galaxy, PGC 71538 or UGC 12613) is a dwarf irregular galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus.
See also
Aquarius
Boötes
Canes Venatici
Cassiopeia
Cetus
Leo
Pegasus
Sextans
Ursa Major
Ursa Minor
Virgo
Astronomical catalogues of galaxies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Dunlap%20Observatory%20Catalogue |
Samuel Ellsworth Winslow (April 11, 1862 – July 11, 1940) was an American politician and Republican Congressman from Massachusetts.
Biography
Winslow was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. He spent a year at the Williston Seminary in Easthampton before entering Harvard College in 1881. Winslow graduated from Harvard University in 1885, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and served on the Harvard Lampoon staff. At Harvard, Winslow also was the theatrical manager for the Hasty Pudding Club. Sam captained and coached the 1884–85 Harvard baseball team which accrued a record of 27–1, defeating Yale twice, and compiling a .306 team hitting average while winning the Intercollegiate Base Ball Association championship. Winslow both pitched and played outfield. During the summer of 1884, he pitched briefly for the Barnstable town team in what is now the Cape Cod Baseball League. Winslow's childhood friend and Harvard classmate Ernest Thayer often mentioned Sam when talking about his inspiration for "Casey at the Bat", which Thayer authored in 1888 as a contributor to the San Francisco Examiner.
Winslow was appointed as a colonel on the staff of Governor John Q. A. Brackett in 1890. He was chairman of the Republican city committee of Worcester from 1890 to 1892, and became chairman of the Republican State committee in 1893. He was delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1908. He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-third Congress, and to the five succeeding Congresses. Winslow's father Samuel, a manufacturer of skates, had served as mayor of Worcester from 1886 to 1889.
Winslow was the chairman in the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce during the Sixty-seventh and Sixty-eighth Congresses. He was appointed by Calvin Coolidge in 1926 as a member of the United States Board of Mediation, for the disposition of disputes between carriers and their employees. He was chosen chairman, and served until 1934.
References
External links
1862 births
1940 deaths
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Harvard Crimson baseball players
Cape Cod Baseball League players (pre-modern era)
Hyannis Harbor Hawks players
Massachusetts Republican Party chairs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Winslow |
Gilles Guillain (born 11 May 1982) is a Colombian-born French actor.
His breakthrough role was in the film, Brief Crossing in 2001.
Filmography
External links
Official site
French male film actors
1982 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Guillain |
Look to the Lady is a crime novel by Margery Allingham, first published in January 1931, in the United Kingdom by Jarrolds Publishing, London, and in the United States by Doubleday, Doran, New York, as The Gyrth Chalice Mystery. It is the third novel featuring the mysterious Albert Campion, accompanied by his butler/valet/bodyguard Magersfontein Lugg.
Plot introduction
Albert Campion rescues Val Gyrth from the streets of London, to help him save a family heirloom, the Gyrth Chalice, from a band of devious criminals. In Suffolk, he reunites the son with his family, but soon one of them is found dead, and preventing the theft of the chalice must be combined with solving the mysterious death.
Plot summary
Val Gyrth, heir to the Gyrth family and their traditional vocation of guarding the famous Gyrth Chalice, is homeless and wandering the streets. After a mysterious chain of events, he is plucked out of danger by Albert Campion, who explains that a conspiracy of art collectors and criminals hopes to steal the treasure his family is charged with protecting.
Returning Gyrth to his family in the village of Sanctuary in Suffolk, Campion is shocked when Val's aunt Di, a bohemian who upset the family by being photographed with the chalice, is found lying dead in a spooky forest clearing, apparently frightened to death.
With Val's 25th birthday, at which a great secret will be revealed to him, fast approaching, Campion and the Gyrths smuggle the chalice to London, evading ruthless crooks. There, they find it is a fake, a replacement made a few hundred years ago, while the genuine, thousand-year-old chalice remains out of sight. A crook informs them that someone named "Daisy" is behind the chalice thieves; Val is left in the safety of Campion's flat, protecting the decoy chalice.
Back in Sanctuary, Lugg has been frightened by a monster in the woods, perhaps the same thing that scared Aunt Di to death. Accompanied by the Gyrths' neighbour Professor Cairey, a historian friend of Campion's, and a local woodsman, they trap the monster, revealed to be an aged witch of the village, protecting her slow-witted poacher son, descendants of a family of witches with the name Munsey. They further learn that she was encouraged to frighten Aunt Di by someone named Daisy, and the local woodsman tells Campion that a local stable owner, Mrs Shannon, whom Campion has met a few times already, is called Daisy.
Awaking after his long night in the woods, Campion learns that his flat has been attacked, the chalice taken and Val Gyrth vanished in pursuit. He rushes off, leaving instructions that a pouch be delivered to Gypsies staying nearby. Later, the chalice arrives by post, and Penny and Beth find Val in a field, bedraggled and exhausted but alive, with a White Campion in his buttonhole.
Campion strolls up to Mrs Shannon's stables, where he finds her playing cards with a band of well-known crooks, including a cat-burglar. Campion is locked in a room above the stables for a day, and visited by Mrs Shannon on the night of Val's birthday. Realising he knows too much, she pushes him through the floor into a stable with a wild, angry horse; he hides in a hay-feeder until rescued by Professor Cairey, who heard Daisy's name from the Munseys too. A gang of Gypsies, summoned by Campion's message, arrive and scatter Shannon's gang, but she escapes in a car. Campion follows on the wild horse, temporarily tamed by a gypsy.
Arriving at the Gyrth's Tower, he finds Mrs Shannon lowering herself from the roof to see into the window of a secret room, only lit up on the heir's birthday and rumoured to contain a fearsome secret that protects the chalice. Looking in, she goes white with fear, and falls from her rope to her death.
Campion reveals that he had found Val, knocked out by the crooks he pursued in London, and sent him home before heading to the stables. Next day a representative of royalty arrives to inspect the chalice, and Campion and the Professor are permitted to join the party; taken to the secret room, they see the chalice guarded by the skeleton of a giant, clad in armour, and the chalice, a beautiful bowl of red gold and rubies.
Characters in Look to the Lady
Albert Campion, a mysterious adventurer of noble blood
Magersfontein Lugg, Campion's servant, an ex-criminal
Percival St. John Wykes Gyrth, known as Val, a young man of ancient family
Colonel Sir Percival Christian St John Gyrth, Val's father, bearer of the Gyrth secret
Penelope "Penny" Gyrth, Val's sister
Diana Gyrth, Lady Pethwick, Val's aunt, "Maid of the Cup" and friend to bohemians
Branch, their capable butler, an old cohort of Lugg
Professor Cairey, their neighbour, an expert in archaeology and folklore
Beth Cairey, the professor's charming daughter
Mrs Dick Shannon, a loud-voiced, tactless local stable-owner
Percy Peck, a knowledgeable local woodsman
Mrs Munsey, hairless old crone of the village
Sammy Munsey, her son, the village idiot
Israel Melchizadek, a jeweller
Stanislaus Oates, Scotland Yard Inspector, a friend of Campion
Adaptations
The story was adapted, following the original closely, for television by the BBC, the first of eight Campion stories starring Peter Davison as Campion, Brian Glover as Lugg and Gordon Jackson as Professor Cairey. Originally broadcast as two separate hour-long episodes, the original UK air date was 22 January 1989. The series was shown in the United States by PBS. It was filmed partly on location in the village of Kersey, Suffolk.
The novel had been adapted by the BBC once before. As a radio play for the Home Service in 1957. There Campion had been played by Richard Hurndall, who like Peter Davison also appeared as an incarnation of the Doctor in The Five Doctors.
References
Margery Allingham, Look to the Lady (London: Jarrolds, 1931)
External links
An Allingham bibliography, with dates and publishers, from the UK. Margery Allingham Society
A series of Allingham plot summaries, including many Campion books, from the UK. Margery Allingham Society
A page about the book from the Margery Allingham Archive
1930 British novels
Novels by Margery Allingham
Novels set in Suffolk
Jarrold Publishing books
Doubleday, Doran books
fr:Jusqu'à la lie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look%20to%20the%20Lady |
Human Herpes Virus (HHV) Infected Cell Polypeptide 0 (ICP0) is a protein, encoded by the DNA of herpes viruses. It is produced by herpes viruses during the earliest stage of infection, when the virus has recently entered the host cell; this stage is known as the immediate-early or α ("alpha") phase of viral gene expression. During these early stages of infection, ICP0 protein is synthesized and transported to the nucleus of the infected host cell. Here, ICP0 promotes transcription from viral genes, disrupts structures in the nucleus known as nuclear dots or promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, and alters the expression of host and viral genes in combination with a neuron specific protein. At later stages of cellular infection, ICP0 relocates to the cell cytoplasm to be incorporated into new virion particles.
History and background
ICP0 was identified as an immediate-early polypeptide product of Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection in 1976. The gene, in HSV-1, from which ICP0 is produced is known as HSV-1 α0 ("alpha zero"), Immediate Early (IE) gene 1, or simply as the HSV-1 ICP0 gene. The HSV-1 ICP0 gene was characterized and sequenced in 1986. This sequence predicted a 775 amino acid sequence with a molecular weight of 78.5 KDa. At the time of gene isolation, ICP0 was known as IE110 as gel electrophoresis experiments performed prior to obtaining the gene sequence indicated the ICP0 protein weighed 110 kDa. Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or sumoylation, were presumed to account for the actual protein size appearing 30 kDa larger than that of the predicted amino acid sequence.
Functions
Dismantle microtubule networks
ICP0 co-localizes with α-tubulin, and dismantles host cell microtubule networks once it translocates to the cytoplasm.
Transcription
In HSV-1 infected cells, ICP0 activates the transcription of many viral and cellular genes. It acts synergistically with HSV-1 immediate early (IE) protein, ICP4, and is essential for the reactivation of latent herpes virus and viral replication.
Degradation of antiviral pathways
ICP0 is responsible for overcoming a variety of cellular antiviral responses. After translocating to the nucleus early in infection, ICP0 promotes the degradation of many cellular antiviral genes, including those for nuclear body-associated proteins promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and Sp100, causing disruption of PML nuclear bodies and reduced cellular antiviral capacity. ICP0 also inhibits the activity of IFN regulatory factors (IRF3) and IRF7, which are key transcription factors that induce production of antiviral cytokines called interferons.
Barriers to viral replication induced by interferons can also be overcome by the action of ICP0. This function of ICP0 also prevents the production of RNase L, an enzyme that degrades single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs and induces host cell apoptosis in virus infected cells.
Interaction with host cell SUMO-1 protein and disruption PML Nuclear Bodies
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (SUMO-1) is a protein produced by human cells that is involved in the modification of many proteins, including human PML protein.
HSV-1 ICP0 and several of its homologs in other herpes viruses bind to SUMO-1 in a manner similar to endogenous proteins, causing depletion of SUMO-1, and disruption of nuclear bodies.
Interaction with neuron-differentiating protein NRSF and protein cofactor coREST
ICP0 interacts with a human protein, known as Neuronal Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF) or RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) that regulates differences in gene expression between cells of neuronal or non-neuronal origin; NRSF is found in non-neuronal cells but not in fully differentiated neurons. This interaction is attributed to the partial similarity of ICP0 to the human protein CoREST, also called REST corepressor 1 (RCOR1), which combines with NRSF to repress expression of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells.
Although the full NRSF protein is not typically found in neurons, truncated forms of NRSF are produced that selectively control the expression of certain neurotransmitter channels in specialized neurons. Combination of ICP0 with these NRSF-like neuronal factors may silence herpes genes in neurons, blocking the production of other immediate-early genes such as ICP4 and reducing production of ICP22. The repressed production of immediate-early HSV genes may contribute to the establishment of latency during infection with herpes viruses.
CoREST and NRSF combine with another cellular protein, histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC) to form a HDAC/CoREST/NRSF complex. This complex silences production of the HSV-1 protein ICP4 by interfering with chromatin remodeling of the viral DNA that is necessary to allow viral gene transcription; it deacetylates histones associated with viral DNA in viral chromatin. Furthermore, an NRSF-binding region is located between the viral genes expressing proteins ICP4 and ICP22. ICP0 interacts with coREST, dissociating HDAC1 from CoREST/NRSF in the HDAC/CoREST/NRSF complex and preventing the silencing of the HSV genome in non-neuronal cells.
Suppression of ICP0 activity
Interaction with latency-associated RNA transcript (LAT)
During latent infection a viral RNA transcript inhibits expression of the herpes virus ICP0 gene via an antisense RNA mechanism. The RNA transcript is produced by the virus and accumulates in host cells during latent infection; it is known as Latency Associated Transcript (LAT). A chromatin insulator region between promoters of the LAT and ICP0 genes of the HSV-1 genome may allow for the independent regulation of their expression.
Silencing of ICP0 gene activity by ICP4
Although it is tempting to hypothesize that LAT is the repressor of the ICP0 gene, evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. Recent data suggest that ICP4 strongly suppresses the ICP0 gene, and ICP0 antagonizes ICP4. The balance between ICP0 and ICP4 dictates whether the ICP0 gene can be efficiently transcribed.
Homologs across Herpes virus species
The ICP0 gene and protein from HSV-1 have orthologs in related viruses from the herpes virus family. HSV-2 ICP0 is predicted to produce a polypeptide of 825 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 81986 Da, and 61.5% amino acid sequence similarity to HSV-1 ICP0. Simian varicella virus (SVV) is a varicellovirus that, like HSV-1 and HSV-2, belongs to the alphaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpes viruses. SVV expresses an HSV-1 LAT ortholog known as SVV LAT, and an HSV-1 ICP0 ortholog known as SVV ORF-61 (Open Reading Frame 61). Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is another varicellovirus in which a homolog of HSV-1 ICP0 gene has been identified; VSV ORF-61 is a partial homolog and a functional replacement for HSV-1 ICP0 gene.
See also
ICP-47
References
Herpesviridae
Proteins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHV%20Infected%20Cell%20Polypeptide%200 |
Zapsalis is a genus of dromaeosaurine theropod dinosaurs. It is a tooth taxon, often considered dubious because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, which include teeth but no other remains.
Etymology
The generic name is derived from Greek za~, "thorough", and psalis, "pair of scissors". The specific name means "abrading" in Latin.
History and classification
Fossils of Zapsalis were first described by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1876 but as species of the large carnivorous theropod Laelaps (now Dryptosaurus). Cope erected 2 species, Laelaps explanatus and L. laevifrons, the former based on a collection of 27 teeth and the latter based on a single tooth. It wasn't until later in 1876 that Cope made the genus Zapsalis, with Z. abradens as the type, based on a second premaxillary tooth. All of the fossils were collected from the Campanian age strata of the Judith River Formation in Montana, USA. Cope named Zapsalis during the Bone Wars, his competition with Yale paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, to collect and describe as many fossil taxa as possible.
After the Bone Wars, the type fossils of Zapsalis and the Laelaps species were sold to the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In the wake of the Bone Wars, the complicated errors in dinosaur taxonomy were left to other paleontologists, with the Laelaps species being moved to other theropod dinosaurs like Deinodon, Aublysodon, and Dromaeosaurus. Z. abradens was moved to Dromaeosaurus and synonymized with the other Dromaeosaur Paronychodon. It wasn't until 2002 that Julia Sankey e.a. concluded the teeth represented a separate "?Dromaeosaurus Morphotype A". In 2013 Derek Larson and Philip Currie recognised Zapsalis as a valid taxon from the Judith River and Dinosaur Park Formation. The teeth are typified by a combination of rounded denticles, straight rear edge and vertical grooves. Similar teeth from the older Milk River Formation were referred to a cf. Zapsalis. In 2019, Currie and Evans announced that the Zapsalis teeth from the Dinosaur Park Formation represented the second premaxillary tooth of Saurornitholestes langstoni, in a paper describing a complete skull of that species. The authors kept the species distinct because the type species' holotype is likely indeterminate on a species level.
As for Laelaps explanatus and L. laevifrons, they were never synonymized with Zapsalis but have been synonymized with Saurornitholestes langstoni and in turn, Zapsalis, as well.
Description
The type tooth of Z. abradens is flat lingually, with no mesial serrations and 3 distal serrations per millimeter and is 12 mm in total length. There are three lingual ridges and four labial ones. Currie & Evans, 2019 diagnosed Zapsalis from Saurornitholestes by noting the type of the former is lacking mesial serrations and being concave apicodistally, and therefore "recommended that the two genera be kept separate." The second premaxillary teeth of Zapsalis and other dromaeosaurids may have been structurally specialized for preening feathers, as seen in some Oviraptorosaurs as well.
Paleoenvironment
All 4 named species are known from the Judith River Formation, the site of expeditions first by Edward Drinker Cope's crews during the early stages of the Bone Wars, including the discoveries of many taxa that he named, though all are now seen as dubious. These include fossils of large, carnivorous tyrannosaurid theropods like Aublysodon and Deinodon. As for the herbivorous Ornithischians, like the beaked hadrosaurids Trachodon and Cionodon were named. The most common fossils are those of the horned Ceratopsians like Monoclonius, Ceratops, and Pteropelyx. Lastly, the armored ankylosaur Palaeoscincus is known from scattered teeth.
See also
Timeline of dromaeosaurid research
References
Eudromaeosaurs
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Fossil taxa described in 1876
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Paleontology in Montana
Paleontology in Alberta
Campanian genus first appearances
Campanian genus extinctions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapsalis |
Calvin DeWitt Paige (May 20, 1848 – April 24, 1930) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.
He was born in Southbridge, Massachusetts. He was president of the Central Cotton Mills Company, the Southbridge Savings Bank and the Edwards Company.
Political career
He served as a member of the state house of representatives in 1878 and 1879, he was delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1884, and a member of the Governor's council in 1906 and 1907.
He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-third Congress by special election, after the death of representative William H. Wilder, and reelected to the five succeeding Congresses from 1913 to 1925.
After leaving congress, he withdrew from public life, and engaged in banking in Southbridge.
See also
1878 Massachusetts legislature
External links
1848 births
1930 deaths
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Southbridge, Massachusetts
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin%20Paige |
Recovery or Recover may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Books
Recovery (novel), a Star Wars e-book
Recovery Version, a translation of the Bible with footnotes published by Living Stream Ministry
Film and television
Recovery (film), a 2007 BBC television drama
Recovery (TV series), a 1996 television series from ABC TV
"Recovery" (NCIS), a 2012 episode of the tenth season of NCIS
"Recovery", a 2013 episode of the fifth season of NCIS: Los Angeles
Music
Recover (band), a post-hardcore band from Austin, Texas
Albums and EPs
Recover, 2007 EP by Florida band Automatic Loveletter
Recover, Vol. 1, 2016 EP by Amy Lee
Recovery (ApologetiX album), a 2009 album by ApologetiX
Recovery (Algebra Blessett album), a 2014 album from singer Algebra
Recover (Confide album), a 2010 album by American metalcore band Confide
Recovery (Eminem album), a 2010 Grammy-winning album by Eminem and best-selling album of 2010
Recover (Great White album), 2002 glam-rock album
Recover (The Naked and Famous album), 2020 pop album
Recovery (Runrig album), a 1981 concept album by Scottish band Runrig
Recovery (Loudon Wainwright album), a 2008 album
Recovery (Quando Rondo album), 2023
Songs
"Recover" (song), a 2006 song by Welsh band The Automatic
"Recover", 2013 song by Device from the deluxe edition of Device
"Recover", 2019 song by X Ambassadors from Orion
"Recovery", 2005 song by Funeral for a Friend from Hours
"Recovery" (James Arthur song), 2013 single by James Arthur from his eponymous album
"Recovery" (Justin Bieber song), 2013 single by Justin Bieber, part of Music Mondays series and album Journals
"Recovery", title track on the Scottish band Runrig 1981 album Recovery listed above
Health
Addiction recovery groups, voluntary associations of people who share a common desire to overcome drug addiction
Convalescence, the gradual recovery of health and strength after illness, injury, or operation
Cure, the end of a medical condition
Hair of the dog, or "recovery drinking", the practice of drinking off a hangover
Healing, the process of the restoration of health from an unbalanced, diseased or damaged organism
Wound healing, the physical/mechanical form
Recovery International, a self-help mental health program based on the work of the late Abraham A. Low, M.D.
Recovery model, an approach to mental disorder or substance dependence, emphasizes and supports a person's potential for recovery
Recovery position, a body position used in first aid
RECOVERY Trial, a British clinical trial programme for treatments for COVID-19
Post-anesthesia care unit, also known as the recovery room, used after surgery
Ownership
Civil recovery, legal return of property obtained through unlawful means
Common recovery, a fictitious legal proceeding in England
Recovery, the finding and reporting of a ringed bird
Recovery or repossession, recovering ownership of property
Science and technology
Recovery (Android)
Recovery (metallurgy), a change in the microstructure in polycrystalline materials
Recovery boiler, generating energy during papermaking
Recovery effect, a phenomenon in batteries
Data recovery, a process of salvaging inaccessible data
Photo recovery, the process of salvaging digital photographs
Automatic system recovery, the process of extracting any valid data from a device after a corruption, bootloop, or soft brick, usually followed by reinstalling the system image
Disaster recovery, continuation of vital technology infrastructure and systems following a natural or human-induced disaster
Recovery, when the threats to species survival are neutralized under an endangered species recovery plan created pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973
Recovery, extraction of petroleum, the primary, secondary or tertiary recovery of petroleum
Forensic recovery, where a search and rescue mission involves, or transitions to, missing persons expected to be dead rather than alive
Resource recovery, the collection of recyclable materials
Vehicles and vessels
Recovery truck or recovery vehicle, used to move or assist other vehicles
Vehicle recovery (military), a type of military operation conducted to extricate vehicles that have become immobile
– one of several ships by that name
Other uses
Recovery auditing, a systematic review of financial transactions
Recovery, Georgia, a community in the United States
Recovery Glacier, Antarctica
Recovery Hill, U.S. Virgin Islands, a settlement on Saint Croix
See also
Recovering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery |
The Filmfare Best Scene of the Year Award is decided by Sony Executives who nominate five scenes of the most popular movies of the year and telecast them on their channel two weeks prior to the event.
The winner is revealed only at the ceremony.
Here is the list of the award winners.
See also
Filmfare Award
Bollywood
Cinema of India
Scene | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare%20Award%20for%20Best%20Scene%20of%20the%20Year |
Willfred Weymouth Lufkin (March 10, 1879 – March 28, 1934) was a United States representative from Massachusetts.
Biography
He was born in Essex on March 10, 1879. He attended public schools. After completing school, Lufkin was a newspaper correspondent and a private secretary to Congressman Augustus P. Gardner. He was a member and chairman of the Essex School Board and a member of the 1917 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, 1917–1919.
Lufkin married Georgia Story, daughter of Arthur and Margie Story.
1917 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention
In 1916 the Massachusetts legislature and electorate approved a calling of a Constitutional Convention. In May 1917, Lufkin was elected to serve as a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1917, representing Massachusetts' 6th Congressional District.
Election to Congress
Lufkin was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Congressman Augustus P. Gardner.
Lufkin was reelected to the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses and served from November 6, 1917 to June 30, 1921. He resigned to become Collector of Customs for the Port of Boston on July 1, 1921 and served until his retirement in 1933. He was again elected a member of the Essex School Board and served as Town Moderator of the town meeting in 1925.
Lufkin died in Essex on March 28, 1934. His interment was in Essex Cemetery.
References
Bibliography
Journal of the Constitutional Convention of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (1919).
Municipal History of Essex County in Massachusetts p. 324 (1922).
External links
1879 births
1934 deaths
Members of the 1917 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Collectors of the Port of Boston
School board members in Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willfred%20W.%20Lufkin |
Route 68 is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of Connecticut connecting the towns of Durham and Naugatuck.
Route description
Route 68 begins at Route 63 in Naugatuck. After crossing the Naugatuck River, it overpasses the Route 8 expressway, with access via Union Street (SR 723) and North Main Street (SR 710). Route 68 then leaves the Naugatuck River Valley and ascends to Prospect, where it intersects Route 69 in the center of town. It then descends once again into Cheshire, where it joins Route 70 for a 3.1 mile concurrency. In the center of Cheshire, the concurrency becomes a 0.15 mile triplex with Route 10. After the Route 70 concurrency ends, Route 68 becomes a 4 lane road as it enters Wallingford. The road narrows to 2 lanes as it passes through Yalesville where it intersects Route 150. After passing under the Wilbur Cross Parkway (Route 15) without an interchange, it meets US 5 at a one-quadrant interchange. Route 68 becomes a 4-lane undivided, partially access controlled road for the next 2.3 miles to its junction with I-91 at Exit 15. After overpassing I-91 and passing a couple of business parks, Route 68 becomes a 2 lane road once again. It then enters Durham, where it passes the southern end of Route 157 before ending at Route 17 in the center of town.
History
The road connecting Naugatuck and Cheshire was designated in 1922 as State Highway 325. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, former Highway 325 was renumbered to
Route 68. The route was later extended east to Middlefield in 1966 along former SR 607 (Wallingford to Middlefield) and SR 730 (Cheshire to Wallingford) via an overlap with Route 70. In 1973 and 1974, parts of Route 68 were rerouted in Wallingford.
Junction list
References
External links
068
Transportation in New Haven County, Connecticut
Transportation in Middlesex County, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Route%2068 |
Charles von Hügel (born Carl Alexander Anselm Baron von Hügel; 25 April 1795 – 2 June 1870), sometimes spelt in English Huegel, was an Austrian nobleman, army officer, diplomat, botanist, and explorer, now primarily remembered for his travels in northern India during the 1830s. During his lifetime he was celebrated by the European ruling classes for his botanical garden and his introduction of plants and flowers from New Holland (Australia) to Europe's public gardens.
Early life
Hügel was born in Regensburg, Bavaria, on 25 April 1795. In 1813, after studying law at Heidelberg University, he became an officer in the Austrian Hussars and fought in the armies of the sixth and seventh coalitions against Napoleon. After Napoleon's abdication, Hügel visited Scandinavia and Russia, before being stationed with other Austrian troops in southern France and then Italy.
In 1824, Hügel took up residence in Hietzing, a district of Vienna, where he established his botanical garden and set up a company to sell its flowers. He also became betrothed to a Hungarian Countess, Melanie Zichy-Ferraris, but in 1831 she broke off their engagement to marry the Austrian chancellor, Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich.
Grand Tour of Asia
Kashmir and Punjab
In the wake of his misfortunes in love, Hügel undertook the grand tour of Asia that would establish his renown. From 1831 to 1836, he travelled to the Near East, the Indian subcontinent, the Far East, and Australasia, before returning to Europe by way of the Cape of Good Hope and Saint Helena. He seems to have been most intrigued by the Kashmir and Punjab regions of northern India, as he chose his experiences there to form the basis of the four-volume work published in the years following his return to Europe: Kaschmir und das Reich der Siek (literally "Cashmere and the Realm of the Sikhs"). The first and third volumes are an account of Hügel's journey across northern India, including his meetings with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of the Punjab, in Lahore and a number of other European adventurers; the second volume provides descriptions of Kashmir's history, geography, and resources; and the fourth volume is a gazetteer.
After the final volume's publication, Major Thomas B. Jervis translated, abridged, and annotated an English edition of Hügel's work, published in London in 1845 by John Petheram. Four years later, primarily on the basis of this publication, the Royal Geographical Society awarded Hügel its Patron's Medal, "for his enterprising exploration of Cashmere."
Hügel entered the vale of Kashmir through Jammu region and exited the vale through Uri sector. He Reached Lahore via GT Road after reaching Lahore he set off for Mumbai to go to Austria via ship . He stayed for some days in Srinagar from Srinagar a famous pir of Naqashbandi order travelled with him to Lahore. He penned down his traveling very meticulously. His Account is interesting and gives fabulous information about the people, geography, rulers and their attitude towards their subjects. He gave the general characteristic of Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs etc. Raja Zaberdast khan was the ruler of Muzaffarabad at the time of his visit to Muzaffarabad . He wrote about the deteriorating health of Zaberdast Khan and he was asked by the Muzaffarabad's Raja to do him a favor by asking Ranjeet to release his son which was Kept in srinagar by the ruler of Srinagar as a surety. After his stay in muzaffarabad he set out for Haripur. The way he took to reach Haripur was an old way. He mentioned various villages which came on his way. Abbottabad was not there at the time of his travel though he has mentioned various villages which are still in existence in the vicinity of Abbottabad and Haripur like doab and mirpur.
Noting the Characteristics of the people he wrote that the people have a title of great esteem like Raja, Mir and barrons in their names but still they are subjects and subdues. In Lahore he was a guest of the Sikh Ruler Ranjeet singh. He came very close to Ranjeet Singh. Ranjeet singh Liked Hügel's vision and Ranjeet requested him to train his army and he will paid for his services but Hügel rejected Ranjeet's offer. In his book he also noted down chronologically the history of establishment of Sikh power in Punjab.
Australia, November 1833 – October 1834
From November 1833 to October 1834, Hügel toured Australia, visiting the Swan River Colony and King George Sound (Western Australia), Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), Norfolk Island and New South Wales to observe the flora and collect seeds for his garden. His large collection was later described by Endlicher et al. and his name is attached to a number of species, such as Alyogyne huegelii.
During this time, Hügel wrote a journal, later translated by Dymphna Clark, which, in addition to his botanical observations, is a rare record of an aristocratic European's attitudes towards colonial Australia.
Among those well-to-do settlers whom Hügel befriended in Sydney was the family of Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes, who shared his interest in scientific and cultural matters. In general, however, Hügel's opinions of the administration, transportation, social life and missionary efforts that he encountered in Australia, and wrote about in his journal, were not favourable. Hügel took exception to the ill-treatment and exploitation of the indigenous Australians (Aborigines) whom he observed on his travels.
Return to Europe
After his return to Vienna, Hügel founded the Royal and Imperial Horticultural Society (K.K. Gartenbau-Gesellschaft), of which he was president between 1837 and 1848, and prepared his notes about northern India for publication. In 1847, he again became betrothed, this time to Elizabeth Farquharson, the daughter of a Scottish military officer, whom he had met in India during 1833. In 1849 he was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal for his exploration of Kashmir.
On the outbreak of the 1848 revolution, Hügel chaperoned his earlier rival in love Chancellor Metternich during his escape from Vienna to England. He then sold his garden, rejoined the Austrian army, and took part in the first Italian Independence war. From 1850 to 1859, he served as Austrian Envoy Extraordinary (ambassador) to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in Florence, finally marrying Elizabeth Farquharson there in 1851. In 1860 he became the Austrian ambassador in Brussels and published a second work based on notes from his Asian tour, this time about the Philippines: Der Stille Ocean und die spanischen Besitzungen im ostindischen Archipel (The Pacific Ocean and the Spanish possessions in the East Indian archipelago). He retired from the Imperial service in 1867 and took his family to live in the seaside town of Torquay, Devon, England. Three years later, on 2 June 1870, he died in Brussels while on his way to visit Vienna.
Hügel’s published books were on Kashmir, Australia, and the Philippines, but there is evidence that his intention was to compile and publish material about the other areas he had visited. To date, however, there seems to be no trace of the many thousands of notes he made during his travels, from which further publications might yet be compiled.
Children
Hügel and his wife Elizabeth Farquharson had three children, each of whom two became notable in their own right. Friedrich von Hügel, born 1852, became a well-known Roman Catholic theologian; Anatole von Hügel, born 1854, became an anthropologist; and their daughter Pauline von Hügel, born 1858, is regarded as the founder of Corpus Christi Church in Boscombe, now part of Bournemouth, in Dorset, England.
According to Klemens von Metternich, Charles von Hügel had a natural son by Countess Jozefa Forgách de Ghymes. He was brought up in Russia and was given the name of Felix Sumarokov-Elston.
Footnotes / Bibliography
External links
An appeal for information on unpublished travel journals of Baron Charles von Hügel (1795–1870)
1795 births
1870 deaths
Ambassadors of Austria to Belgium
19th-century Austrian botanists
Austrian explorers
Austrian Roman Catholics
Explorers of Asia
Explorers of Australia
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great
Botany in Western Australia
Barons of Austria
Austrian people of German descent
People from Regensburg
Charles
Military personnel from Regensburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20von%20H%C3%BCgel |
Paronychodon (meaning "beside claw tooth") was a theropod dinosaur genus. It is a tooth taxon, often considered dubious because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, which include "buckets" of teeth from many disparate times and places but no other remains, and should be considered a form taxon.
The type species, named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, is Paronychodon lacustris, from the Judith River Formation of Montana, dating to 75 million years ago, during the Campanian stage. The holotype is specimen AMNH 3018. It is a tooth about one centimetre long, elongated, recurved, lacking serrations, possessing low vertical ridges and with a D-shaped cross-section, the inner side being flattened. Cope at first thought the tooth belonged to a plesiosaur, but in the same year realised it represented a carnivorous dinosaur.
A second species, Paronychodon caperatus, is known from the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota and Lance Formation of Wyoming (latest Maastrichtian stage, million years ago) and was originally referred to the mammal genus Tripriodon by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889, but placed in Paronychodon by George Olshevsky in 1991. It is based on holotype YPM 10624, a tooth close in form to the holotype of P. lacustris but somewhat larger. In 1995 Olshevsky renamed Laelaps explanatus Cope 1876 into a Paronychodon explanatus; today the taxon is seen as based on Saurornitholestes teeth.
A very large number of other specimens matching these teeth in some or all aspects of their anatomy have been referred to Paronychodon. Some of these included serrated teeth, low teeth and teeth without a flattened side. These teeth of the general "Paronychodon" type have been reported from a wide variety of times and places, including the Early Cretaceous Una Formation of Spain, dating to the late Barremian age 125 million years ago.
Paronychodon has been considered a coelurid, an ornithomimosaur, a dromaeosaurid, an archaeopterygid, and a troodontid, though it could also be another kind of coelurosaurian theropod. While most researchers have therefore considered it simply represents indeterminate theropod teeth, a small consensus has found them to be Deinonychosauria. The teeth assigned to Paronychodon are all small, and may have come from various juvenile deinonychosaurs. Jaws from adult individuals bearing identical teeth have never been found. Marsh already suggested such teeth were pathological, having formed when the first teeth of the lower jaws by accident grew back-to-back to each other on the mandible suture. Philip J. Currie in 1990 also concluded to a malformation, thinking the flattened side resulted from the tooth remaining attached too long to the inner wall of the tooth-socket. Serrated specimens of the type would thus simply be deviant dromaeosaurid teeth; however, unserrated teeth might represent a separate taxon or taxa. One study, by Sunny Hwang, showed that the tooth enamel is identical to that found in Byronosaurus, a troodontid known from juveniles with serration-less teeth.
Several taxa have on occasion been considered synonyms of Paronychodon, though there is little consensus. Paronychodon was in 1876 by Cope described as being similar to Zapsalis, another tooth taxon, itself often considered synonymous with Richardoestesia, a possible dromaeosaurid. Richardoestesia isosceles would, according to a study by Julia Sankey e.a., be synonymous with the elongated, so-called "Type A", teeth of Paronychodon, to which also the Paronychodon holotype belongs. The Eurasian Euronychodon tooth genus is also sometimes considered a (junior) synonym of Paronychodon.
See also
Timeline of troodontid research
References
Troodontids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Campanian genus first appearances
Maastrichtian genus extinctions
Maastrichtian life
Lance fauna
Paleontology in Montana
Laramie Formation
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Cretaceous Spain
Fossils of Spain
La Huérguina Formation
Fossil taxa described in 1876
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paronychodon |
Zita Görög (; born 27 September 1979) is a Hungarian actress and model, often credited as Zita Gorog.
Life and career
Görög was born in Nagybátony, Hungary. She specialized in drama at the Bródy Imre Grammar School in Budapest. She started modeling when she was 18; first job was an agnès b. fashion show in Paris with fellow model Laetitia Casta. She has since participated in campaigns for Mont Blanc, Benetton, Vodafone, Nivea, Coppertone and Nissan. She has also been featured in magazines such as Playboy, Maxima, and several others.
Görög was the host of the weekly TV-shows Cinematrix and Megasztár (Pop-Idol), the most viewed Hungarian talent show. Her film roles include parts in Den Of Lions, Café In The Sky, and several Hungarian movies. She is perhaps best known outside of Hungary for her brief appearances as the vampire elder Amelia in the films Underworld, Underworld: Evolution and Underworld: Blood Wars.
In a reported article it is known that Zita Görög divorced from her husband Attila Seres and it was known that he was gone for months citing the end of their relationship. However, in a news article on 9 July 2012 it was discovered that Zita Görög is in a 'nascent' relationship with a man named Imre Rakonczai who is a former band member of the teen pop band called V.I.P.
In 2015, a Hungarian magazine group called HOT! Magazin posted on their Facebook page that Zita Görög has wed a man named Tamás Koltai. Reports stated that she was proposed repeatedly, before she said "yes". The former Idol co-host and former press officer of TV2's name came to light in June. It was also reported that they have been together for some time, and were looking to settle down for a long healthy relationship not as a 'dating' couple, but as a married couple. What transpired between now and then, between the two; of the wedding-details and such is kept privately between the newlywed couple.
Selected filmography
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Hungarian film actresses
Hungarian female models
People from Nógrád County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zita%20G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g |
Zigongosaurus (meaning "Zigong lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic-Late Jurassic-age Shaximiao Formation of Zigong, Sichuan, China. Because of incomplete knowledge of Jurassic Chinese sauropods, it has been hard to interpret, with some sources assigning it to Omeisaurus, some to Mamenchisaurus, and some to its own genus.
History and taxonomy
The genus was based on CV 02501, a specimen including a partial mandible, maxilla, and basioccipital (a bone from the braincase region). Additional bones from all areas of the skeleton, belonging to multiple individuals, were also described and assigned to the new genus. The authors thought it resembled Omeisaurus, but was distinct based on vertebral details. Early accounts in the popular press suggested it was a brachiosaurid.
Chinese sauropod taxonomy became increasingly convoluted in the 1980s. In 1983, Dong, Zhou, and Zhang named a species Omeisaurus fuxiensis, which they based on different material than Zigongosaurus fuxiensis, but then suggested that the two were the same animal. Following this, the genus was thought to belong to Omeisaurus, possibly as a synonym of O. junghsiensis. In the mid-1990s, opinion shifted, and the genus was instead assigned, by Zhang and Chen, to Mamenchisaurus. They noted that it came from a stratigraphic level between the usual Omeisaurus and Mamenchisaurus beds in age, but more closely resembled Mamenchisaurus. In particular, the neural spines of the vertebrae (the part of the vertebra that sticks up, over the passage for the spinal cord) in both genera have distinctive weak bifurcation, or splitting, that is not found in Omeisaurus. The authors renamed it Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis. This assignment was followed provisionally in the most recent major review of sauropods, but at least one author (Valérie Martin-Rolland) has found it to be a distinct genus.
Paleobiology
Whichever genus it turns out to be, as a mamenchisaur- or omeisaur-like sauropod it would have been a large, quadrupedal herbivore with a long neck. It is regarded as a medium- to large-sized sauropod, with a length of around 15 meters (50 feet).
References
Mamenchisaurids
Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigongosaurus |
In mathematics, a Lie bialgebra is the Lie-theoretic case of a bialgebra: it is a set with a Lie algebra and a Lie coalgebra structure which are compatible.
It is a bialgebra where the multiplication is skew-symmetric and satisfies a dual Jacobi identity, so that the dual vector space is a Lie algebra, whereas the comultiplication is a 1-cocycle, so that the multiplication and comultiplication are compatible. The cocycle condition implies that, in practice, one studies only classes of bialgebras that are cohomologous to a Lie bialgebra on a coboundary.
They are also called Poisson-Hopf algebras, and are the Lie algebra of a Poisson–Lie group.
Lie bialgebras occur naturally in the study of the Yang–Baxter equations.
Definition
A vector space is a Lie bialgebra if it is a Lie algebra,
and there is the structure of Lie algebra also on the dual vector space which is compatible.
More precisely the Lie algebra structure on is given
by a Lie bracket
and the Lie algebra structure on is given by a Lie
bracket .
Then the map dual to is called the cocommutator,
and the compatibility condition is the following cocycle relation:
where is the adjoint.
Note that this definition is symmetric and is also a Lie bialgebra, the dual Lie bialgebra.
Example
Let be any semisimple Lie algebra.
To specify a Lie bialgebra structure we thus need to specify a compatible Lie algebra structure on the dual vector space.
Choose a Cartan subalgebra and a choice of positive roots.
Let be the corresponding opposite Borel subalgebras, so that and there is a natural projection .
Then define a Lie algebra
which is a subalgebra of the product , and has the same dimension as .
Now identify with dual of via the pairing
where and is the Killing form.
This defines a Lie bialgebra structure on , and is the "standard" example: it underlies the Drinfeld-Jimbo quantum group.
Note that is solvable, whereas is semisimple.
Relation to Poisson–Lie groups
The Lie algebra of a Poisson–Lie group G has a natural structure of Lie bialgebra.
In brief the Lie group structure gives the Lie bracket on as usual, and the linearisation of the Poisson structure on G
gives the Lie bracket on
(recalling that a linear Poisson structure on a vector space is the same thing as a Lie bracket on the dual vector space).
In more detail, let G be a Poisson–Lie group, with being two smooth functions on the group manifold. Let be the differential at the identity element. Clearly, . The Poisson structure on the group then induces a bracket on , as
where is the Poisson bracket. Given be the Poisson bivector on the manifold, define to be the right-translate of the bivector to the identity element in G. Then one has that
The cocommutator is then the tangent map:
so that
is the dual of the cocommutator.
See also
Lie coalgebra
Manin triple
References
H.-D. Doebner, J.-D. Hennig, eds, Quantum groups, Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Mathematical Physics, Arnold Sommerfeld Institute, Claausthal, FRG, 1989, Springer-Verlag Berlin, .
Vyjayanthi Chari and Andrew Pressley, A Guide to Quantum Groups, (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge .
Lie algebras
Coalgebras
Symplectic geometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20bialgebra |
Portal Runner is a platform video game developed and published by The 3DO Company for PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Color.
Overview
Portal Runner is a spin-off in the Army Men video game series, focusing on a conflict between characters Vikki Grimm and Brigitte Bleu.
Plot summary
In the video game Portal Runner, Vikki Grimm embarks on an adventure after receiving a mysterious package. Her quest takes her through various toy worlds, including a prehistoric jungle and a medieval castle. Along the way, she befriends a lion named Leo and rescues a wizard, Merlin. The villain, Brigitte Bleu, manipulates Vikki's boyfriend, Sarge, and plans to marry him using a love gun acquired from Martians in a Space World. Vikki and Leo thwart the wedding, stop an inter-dimensional attack, and return home. Brigitte ends up imprisoned, sharing a cell with General Plastro.
Reception and controversy
The PlayStation 2 version received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The Game Boy Color version gave an earliest review from Nintendo Power, which gave it a score of two-and-a-half stars out of five, just nearly five months before the game was released.
The PS2 version gained notoriety when it was panned by GamePro, with a rating of 2.3 out of 5. GamePro was the first to review the game, saying that it "looks like a late-generation PlayStation title rather than a second-generation PS2 effort". Trip Hawkins, then-president of 3DO and publisher of Portal Runner, sent an angry email to John Rousseau, who was president of GamePro. The email was published on the internet in its entirety. In the email, Hawkins told Rousseau that his customers were the advertisers, not the readers, and implied that the reviews should be written to keep the advertisers happy. Hawkins wrote: "...there is something wrong with (the reviewer), not with Portal Runner. If you disagree with me, you do so at your own peril.... I should mention in passing that 3DO has been one of your largest advertisers. Effective immediately, we are going to have to cut that back".
References
External links
Army Men
2001 video games
Cancelled Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Color games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
3D platform games
Platformers
PlayStation 2 games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video game spin-offs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal%20Runner |
Robert Sarsfield Maloney (February 3, 1881 – November 8, 1934) was a United States representative from Massachusetts.
Early life and education
Maloney was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He attended public schools and learned the printer's trade.
Trade Union activities
Maloney was a fraternal delegate of the American Federation of Labor to the 1907 Canadian Trades and Labor Congress in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was New England organizer for the International Typographical Union 1908–1912.
Lawrence Board of Aldermen
He was elected a member of the Lawrence, Massachusetts Board of Aldermen in 1909 and he served as the Board's president.
City commissioner for Public health
In the November 7, 1911 city election the voters enacted a new city charter that enacted a City Commission form of government in Lawrence. The new charter took effect on January 1, 1912. Maloney was member of the city commission in 1912, and from 1916 to 1920 and served as president. Maloney was elected to the city commission to serve as the director of the Department of Public Health and Charities, Maoney served in this capacity in 1912 and 1915–1920.
Congressional service
Maloney was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-seventh Congress from (March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1923), but was not a candidate for renomination. As of 2023, he was the last Republican to represent the 7th congressional district. He again served as director of the Department of Public Health and Charities, from 1924 until 1928, published a weekly newspaper and, later, engaged in the restaurant business until his death.
Death and Burial
Maloney died in Lawrence on November 8, 1934. His interment was in Immaculate Conception Cemetery.
References
Sources
1881 births
1934 deaths
Massachusetts city council members
Politicians from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Catholics from Massachusetts
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20S.%20Maloney |
The Kerala red rain phenomenon was a blood rain event that occurred in Wayanad district region of Malabar on Monday, 15 July 1957 and the colour subsequently turned yellow and also 25 July to 23 September 2001, when heavy downpours of red-coloured rain fell sporadically on the southern Indian state of Kerala, staining clothes pink. Yellow, green and black rain was also reported. Coloured rain was also reported in Kerala in 1896 and several times since, most recently in June 2012, and from 15 November 2012 to 27 December 2012 in eastern and north-central provinces of Sri Lanka.
Following a light-microscopy examination in 2001, it was initially thought that the rains were coloured by fallout from a hypothetical meteor burst, but a study commissioned by the Government of India concluded that the rains had been coloured by airborne spores from a locally prolific terrestrial green algae from the genus Trentepohlia.
Occurrence
The coloured rain of Kerala began falling on 25 July 2001, in the districts of Kottayam and Idukki in the southern part of the state. Yellow, green, and black rain was also reported. Many more occurrences of the red rain were reported over the following ten days, and then with diminishing frequency until late September. According to locals, the first coloured rain was preceded by a loud thunderclap and flash of light, and followed by groves of trees shedding shrivelled grey "burnt" leaves. Shriveled leaves and the disappearance and sudden formation of wells were also reported around the same time in the area. It typically fell over small areas, no more than a few square kilometres in size, and was sometimes so localised that normal rain could be falling just a few meters away from the red rain. Red rainfalls typically lasted less than 20 minutes. Each millilitre of rain water contained about 9 million red particles. Extrapolating these figures to the total amount of red rain estimated to have fallen, it was estimated that of red particles had fallen on Kerala.
Description of the particles
The brownish-red solid separated from the red rain consisted of about 90% round red particles and the balance consisted of debris. The particles in suspension in the rain water were responsible for the colour of the rain, which at times was strongly coloured red. A small percentage of particles were white or had light yellow, bluish grey and green tints. The particles were typically 4 to 10 µm across and spherical or oval. Electron microscope images showed the particles as having a depressed centre. At still higher magnification some particles showed internal structures.
Chemical composition
Some water samples were taken to the Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS) in India, where they separated the suspended particles by filtration. The pH of the water was found to be around 7 (neutral). The electrical conductivity of the rainwater showed the absence of any dissolved salts. Sediment (red particles plus debris) was collected and analysed by the CESS using a combination of ion-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry and wet chemical methods. The major elements found are listed below. The CESS analysis also showed significant amounts of heavy metals, including nickel (43 ppm), manganese (59 ppm), titanium (321 ppm), chromium (67ppm) and copper (55 ppm).
Physicists Godfrey Louis and Santhosh Kumar of the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, used energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the red solid and showed that the particles were composed of mostly carbon and oxygen, with trace amounts of silicon and iron. A CHN analyser showed content of 43.03% carbon, 4.43% hydrogen, and 1.84% nitrogen.
J. Thomas Brenna in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University conducted carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses using a scanning electron microscope with X-ray micro-analysis, an elemental analyser, and an isotope ratio (IR) mass spectrometer. The red particles collapsed
when dried, which suggested that they were filled with fluid. The amino acids in the particles were analysed and seven were identified (in order of concentration): phenylalanine, glutamic acid/glutamine, serine, aspartic acid, threonine, and arginine. The results were consistent with a marine origin or a terrestrial plant that uses a C4 photosynthetic pathway.
Government report
Initially, the Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS) stated that the likely cause of the red rain was an exploding meteor, which had dispersed about 1,000 kg (one ton) of material. A few days later, following a basic light microscopy evaluation, the CESS retracted this as they noticed the particles resembled spores, and because debris from a meteor would not have continued to fall from the stratosphere onto the same area while unaffected by wind. A sample was, therefore, handed over to the Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI) for microbiological studies, where the spores were allowed to grow in a medium suitable for growth of algae and fungi. The inoculated petri dishes and conical flasks were incubated for three to seven days and the cultures were observed under a microscope.
In November 2001, commissioned by the Government of India's Department of Science & Technology, the Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS) and the Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI) issued a joint report, which concluded:
The site was again visited on 16 August 2001 and it was found that almost all the trees, rocks and even lamp posts in the region were covered with Trentepohlia estimated to be in sufficient amounts to generate the quantity of spores seen in the rainwater. Although red or orange, Trentepohlia is a chlorophyte green alga which can grow abundantly on tree bark or damp soil and rocks, but is also the photosynthetic symbiont or photobiont of many lichens, including some of those abundant on the trees in Changanassery area. The strong orange colour of the algae, which masks the green of the chlorophyll, is caused by the presence of large quantities of orange carotenoid pigments. A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.
The report also stated that there was no meteoric, volcanic or desert dust origin present in the rainwater and that its colour was not due to any dissolved gases or pollutants. The report concluded that heavy rains in Kerala – in the weeks preceding the red rains – could have caused the widespread growth of lichens, which had given rise to a large quantity of spores into the atmosphere. However, for these lichen to release their spores simultaneously, it is necessary for them to enter their reproductive phase at about the same time. The CESS report noted that while this may be a possibility, it is quite improbable. Also, they could find no satisfactory explanation for the apparently extraordinary dispersal, nor for the apparent uptake of the spores into clouds. CESS scientists noted that "While the cause of the colour in the rainfall has been identified, finding the answers to these questions is a challenge." Attempting to explain the unusual spore proliferation and dispersal, researcher Ian Goddard proposed several local atmospheric models.
Parts of the CESS/TBGRI report were supported by Milton Wainwright at the University of Sheffield, who, together with Chandra Wickramasinghe, has studied stratospheric spores. In March 2006 Wainwright said the particles were similar in appearance to spores of a rust fungus, later saying that he had confirmed the presence of DNA, and reported their similarity to algal spores, and found no evidence to suggest that the rain contained dust, sand, fat globules, or blood. In November 2012, Rajkumar Gangappa and Stuart Hogg from the University of Glamorgan, UK, confirmed that the red rain cells from Kerala contain DNA.
In February 2015, a team of scientists from India and Austria, also supported the identification of the algal spores as Trentepohlia annulata, however, they speculate that the spores from the 2011 incident were carried by winds from Europe to the Indian subcontinent.
Alternative hypotheses
History records many instances of unusual objects falling with the rain – in 2000, in an example of raining animals, a small waterspout in the North Sea sucked up a school of fish a mile off shore, depositing them shortly afterwards on Great Yarmouth in the United Kingdom. Coloured rain is by no means rare, and can often be explained by the airborne transport of rain dust from desert or other dry regions which is washed down by rain. "Red Rains" have been frequently described in southern Europe, with increasing reports in recent years. One such case occurred in England in 1903, when dust was carried from the Sahara and fell with rain in February of that year.
At first, the red rain in Kerala was attributed to the same effect, with dust from the deserts of Arabia initially the suspect. LIDAR observations had detected a cloud of dust in the atmosphere near Kerala in the days preceding the outbreak of the red rain. However, laboratory tests from all involved teams ruled out the particles were desert sand.
K.K. Sasidharan Pillai, a senior scientific assistant in the Indian Meteorological Department, proposed dust and acidic material from an eruption of Mayon Volcano in the Philippines as an explanation for the coloured rain and the "burnt" leaves. The volcano was erupting in June and July 2001 and Pillai calculated that the Eastern or Equatorial jet stream could have transported volcanic material to Kerala in 25–36 hours. The Equatorial jet stream is unusual in that it sometimes flows from east to west at about 10° N, approximately the same latitude as Kerala (8° N) and Mayon Volcano (13° N). This hypothesis was also ruled out as the particles were neither acidic nor of volcanic origin, but were spores.
A study has been published showing a correlation between historic reports of coloured rains and of meteors; the author of the paper, Patrick McCafferty, stated that sixty of these colored rain events, or 36%, were linked to meteoritic or cometary activity, though not always strongly. Sometimes the fall of red rain seems to have occurred after an air-burst, as from a meteor exploding in air; other times the odd rainfall is merely recorded in the same year as the appearance of a comet.
Panspermia hypothesis
In 2003 Godfrey Louis and Santhosh Kumar, physicists at the Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam, Kerala, posted an article entitled "Cometary panspermia explains the red rain of Kerala" in the non-peer reviewed arXiv web site. While the CESS report said there was no apparent relationship between the loud sound (possibly a sonic boom) and flash of light which preceded the red rain, to Louis and Kumar it was a key piece of evidence. They proposed that a meteor (from a comet containing the red particles) caused the sound and flash and when it disintegrated over Kerala it released the red particles which slowly fell to the ground. However, they omitted an explanation on how debris from a meteor continued to fall in the same area over a period of two months while unaffected by winds.
Their work indicated that the particles were of biological origin (consistent with the CESS report), however, they invoked the panspermia hypothesis to explain the presence of cells in a supposed fall of meteoric material. Additionally, using ethidium bromide they were unable to detect DNA or RNA in the particles. Two months later they posted another paper on the same web site entitled "New biology of red rain extremophiles prove cometary panspermia" in which they reported that
The microorganism isolated from the red rain of Kerala shows very extraordinary characteristics, like the ability to grow optimally at and the capacity to metabolise a wide range of organic and inorganic materials.
These claims and data have yet to be verified and reported in any peer reviewed publication. In 2006 Louis and Kumar published a paper in Astrophysics and Space Science entitled "The red rain phenomenon of Kerala and its possible extraterrestrial origin" which reiterated their arguments that the red rain was biological matter from an extraterrestrial source but made no mention of their previous claims to having induced the cells to grow. The team also observed the cells using phase contrast fluorescence microscopy, and they concluded that: "The fluorescence behaviour of the red cells is shown to be in remarkable correspondence with the extended red emission observed in the Red Rectangle Nebula and other galactic and extragalactic dust clouds, suggesting, though not proving an extraterrestrial origin." One of their conclusions was that if the red rain particles are biological cells and are of cometary origin, then this phenomenon can be a case of cometary panspermia.
In August 2008 Louis and Kumar again presented their case in an astrobiology conference. The abstract for their paper states that The red cells found in the red rain in Kerala, India are now considered as a possible case of extraterrestrial life form. These cells can undergo rapid replication even at an extreme high temperature of . They can also be cultured in diverse unconventional chemical substrates. The molecular composition of these cells is yet to be identified.
In September 2010 a similar paper was presented at a conference in California, US
Cosmic ancestry
Researcher Chandra Wickramasinghe used Louis and Kumar's "extraterrestrial origin" claim to further support his panspermia hypothesis called cosmic ancestry. This hypothesis postulates that life is neither the product of supernatural creation, nor is it spontaneously generated through abiogenesis, but that it has always existed in the universe. Cosmic ancestry speculates that higher life forms, including intelligent life, descend ultimately from pre-existing life which was at least as advanced as the descendants.
Criticism
Louis and Kumar made their first publication of their finding on a web site in 2003, and have presented papers at conferences and in astrophysics magazines a number of times since. The controversial conclusion of Louis et al. is the only hypothesis suggesting that these organisms are of extraterrestrial origin. Such reports have been popular in the media, with major news agencies like CNN repeating the panspermia theory without critique.
The hypothesis' authors – G. Louis and Kumar – did not explain how debris from a meteor could have continued to fall on the same area over a period of two months, despite the changes in climatic conditions and wind pattern spanning over two months. Samples of the red particles were also sent for analysis to his collaborators Milton Wainwright at the University of Sheffield and Chandra Wickramasinghe at Cardiff University. Louis then incorrectly reported on 29 August 2010 in the non-peer reviewed online physics archive "arxiv.org" that they were able to have these cells "reproduce" when incubated at high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C (autoclaved) for up to two hours. Their conclusion is that these cells reproduced, without DNA, at temperatures higher than any known life form on earth is able to. They claimed that the cells, however, were unable to reproduce at temperatures similar to known organisms.
Regarding the "absence" of DNA, Louis admits he has no training in biology, and has not reported the use of any standard microbiology growth medium to culture and induce germination and growth of the spores, basing his claim of "biological growth" on light absorption measurements following aggregation by supercritical fluids, an inert physical observation. Both his collaborators, Wickramasinghe and Milton Wainwright independently extracted and confirmed the presence of DNA from the spores. The absence of DNA was key to Louis and Kumar's hypothesis that the cells were of extraterrestrial origins.
Louis' only reported attempt to stain the spores' DNA was by the use of malachite green, which is generally used to stain bacterial endospores, not algal spores, whose primary function of their cell wall and their impermeability is to ensure its own survival through periods of environmental stress. They are therefore resistant to ultraviolet and gamma radiation, desiccation, lysozyme, temperature, starvation and chemical disinfectants. Visualizing algal spore DNA under a light microscope can be difficult due to the impermeability of the highly resistant spore wall to dyes and stains used in normal staining procedures. The spores' DNA is tightly packed, encapsulated and desiccated, therefore, the spores must first be cultured in suitable growth medium and temperature to first induce germination, then cell growth followed by reproduction before staining the DNA.
Other researchers have noted recurring instances of red rainfalls in 1818, 1846, 1872, 1880, 1896, and 1950 and several times since then. Most recently, coloured rainfall occurred over Kerala during the summers of 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2012; since 2001, the botanists have found the same Trentepohlia spores every time. This supports the notion that the red rain is a seasonal local environmental feature caused by algal spores.
In popular culture
The science fiction film Red Rain was loosely based on the red rain in Kerala story. It was directed by Rahul Sadasivan and released in India on 6 December 2013.
See also
References
External links
Sampath, S., Abraham, T. K., Sasi Kumar, V., & Mohanan, C.N. (2001). Colored Rain: A Report on the Phenomenon. CESS-PR-114-2001, Center for Earth Science Studies and Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute.
"When aliens rained over India" by Hazel Muir in New Scientist
"Searching for 'our alien origins'" by Andrew Thompson in BBC News
"Fluorescence Mystery in Red Rain Cells of Kerala, India " Linda Moulton Howe Earthfiles
"Home page of Dr A Santhosh Kumar"
2001 in India
2001 meteorology
Anomalous weather
Environment of Kerala
Panspermia
Weather events in India
Rain
Changanassery
Meteorological hypotheses
Trentepohliaceae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20rain%20in%20Kerala |
Omeisaurus (meaning "Omei lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Period (Bathonian-Callovian stage) of what is now China. Its name comes from Mount Emei, where it was discovered in the lower Shaximiao Formation of Sichuan Province.
Like most sauropods, Omeisaurus was herbivorous and large. The largest species, O. tianfuensis, measured long, and weighed . Other species were much smaller, as the type species O. junghsiensis reached a size of in length and in body mass, and O. maoianus reached a size of and .
Discovery and species
Initial discovery and O. changshouensis
The initial discovery of Omeisaurus was in 1936 when Charles Lewis Camp and Yang Zhongjian collected a partial skeleton from strata of the Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan, China. The material was taken to and prepared in what is now the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing. The skeleton was named Omeisaurus junghsiensis in 1939 by Yang Zhongjian, the skeleton consisting of a partial postcranial skeleton that included four cervical (neck) vertebrae. It was named after the sacred mountain Omeishan, which is near where O. junghsiensis was found, and the species name after the locality. The skeleton of O. junghsiensis was lost during WWII. In 1955, Xuanmin Li and colleagues collected several Sauropod remains from the same strata as O. junghsiensis in Changshou during construction of a reservoir. The IVPP sent Youling Su to conduct the excavation in Changshou, the crew finding eleven vertebrae and several appendicular elements (IVPP V930). The specimen was described later in 1958, also by Yang Zhongjian, as a new species, O. changshouensis.
Discoveries at Wujiaba
During the construction of the Wujiaba Dam in Zigong during the mid-to-late 1970s, crews discovered many large Sauropod remains from strata of the Upper Shaximiao Formation. The amount of material was vast and was collected by the Chongqing Museum of Natural History over five years, and was prepped and briefly described. The material consisted of many partial skulls and skeletons, consisting of between thirteen and sixteen individuals and 2 composite skeletons were later mounted in Chongqing and Zigong. Wujiaba also saw the collection of a fragmentary partial skull of an additional species of Omeisaurus, Omeisaurus fuxiensis, that was described by Zhiming Dong and colleagues in 1983.
Dashanpu Quarry finds
The next and most bountiful Omeisaurus discovery came in the 1980s when many dinosaur remains were found at Dashanpu in Zigong, these remains including a nearly complete skeleton, several skulls, and additional postcrania from several individuals. The best of these skeletons, a nearly complete and semi articulated postcranial skeleton (ZDM T5701), was selected as the holotype and described by He et al in 1984. A nearly complete skull and partial postcranial skeleton (ZDM T5702) was selected as the paratype, and was is one of the few known Omeisaurus specimens with a well preserved skull. The several specimens were described in much detail later in 1988, with a skeleton mounted at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum sometime later. Interestingly, O. tianfuensis was discovered to have a tail club on the end of its caudal vertebrae based on a specimen from Dashanpu. A second new species was named in 1988, O. luoquanensis, in the osteology of O. tianfuensis off of a partial postcranial skeleton.
Recent discoveries
Several Omeisaurus species have been named since the 1980s, with the most complete of them coming in 2001 with Omeisaurus maoianus from the Shaximiao Formation in Jingyan. O. maoianus was collected by Jin Xingshen and Zhang Guojin during the 1990s and the remains consisted of a skull, partial vertebral column, and several additional postcranial elements (ZNM N8510). O. maoianus was mounted at the Zhejiang Natural History Museum with its holotype skull on display. O. maoianus''' generic assessment has been questioned, with several phylogenetic analyses finding it more closely related to Mamenchisaurus and Xinjiangtitan. 10 years later in 2011, Omeisaurus jiaoi was named based on a well preserved and partially articulated postcranial skeleton, also from Zigong and is deposited at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum (ZDM 5050). The most recently named Omeisaurus species, O. puxiani, was discovered in Yunyang and is one of the best preserved Omeisaurus species, with fossils from most of the vertebral column and girdles recovered. The specimen is deposited under CLGRP V00005 at the Chongqing Laboratory of Geoheritage Protection and Research.
Classification
It was once classified as a member of the family Cetiosauridae, which had long been a wastebasket taxon. The species O. fuxiensis is sometimes confused with Zigongosaurus, but the two are based on different material despite having the same species name.Omeisaurus was formerly assigned to Euhelopodidae. However, it and other Jurassic sauropods from Asia formerly assigned to Euhelopodidae are now placed in the separate family Mamenchisauridae, which is more basal in Sauropoda. In 2021, John D'Angelo determined that all Omeisaurus species, besides O. maoianus, were valid and likely members of the same genus, with O. junghsiensis as the most basal species.
The cladogram from Tan et al., 2020 below shows a possible phylogenetic position:
Paleoecology Omeisaurus lived in dense forests. Different species of Omeisaurus sometimes shared habitats with each other (O. junghsiensis and O. tianfuensis, for example). In addition to other species of Omeisaurus, Shunosaurus and Datousaurus are also known from the Xiashaximiao Formation, while Mamenchisaurus is present in the Shangshaximiao Formation. Yangchuanosaurus is a large theropod from the Shangshaximiao, and it probably preyed on sauropods. The smaller Xuanhanosaurus was also present. In the Xiashaximiao, another theropod, Gasosaurus, was also present, as was the herbivorous stegosaur Huayangosaurus''. The latter probably did not compete with sauropods for food.
References
External links
Britt, Carpenter et al. (2002). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs.. Publications international, Ltd., Lincolnwood Illinois..
The Middle Jurassic dinosaur fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Volume 4. Sauropod dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis. He, X., Li, K. and Cai, Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu ; 1-143 (1988).
The dinosaurian remains from Sichuan Basin, China. Dong, Z., Zhou, S. and Zhang, Y. PALAEONTOLOGIA SINICA SERIES C (No. 23) i-iii; 1-145 (1983).
Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Mamenchisaurids
Taxa named by Yang Zhongjian
Fossil taxa described in 1939
Paleontology in Sichuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeisaurus |
Ugly Duckling Presse is an American nonprofit art and publishing collective based in Brooklyn, New York City founded in 1993 by Matvei Yankelevich as a college zine. It publishes poetry, translations, lost works, and artist's books. A micro press, the company uses subscriptions, and gathered its early audience with guerrilla marketing techniques.
History
Ugly Duckling Presse is an American nonprofit art and publishing collective located in Brooklyn, New York City, founded in 1993 by Matvei Yankelevich as a college zine
In 1995, it expanded to publishing other works and in 2000 it took shape as a collective.
A micro press, the company uses distribution methods not traditionally seen in publishing, such as subscriptions, and gathered its early audience with guerrilla marketing techniques.
Publications
Ugly Duckling Presse (UDP) focuses on new, international, and "forgotten" writers and specializes in projects which may be difficult to produce at other presses. Formats produced include full-length books, chapbooks, and broadsides. These formats, along with UDP's magazine and newspaper, all contain handmade elements. The Presse states that these, "call attention to the labor and history of bookmaking".
Past publications include Nets by Jen Bervin, erasure poetry of Shakespeare's sonnets, Poker by Tomaž Šalamun (which was a finalist for the PEN Award for Poetry in Translation) and works by New York-based writers Steve Dalachinsky and Lewis Warsh. The Presse also publishes a regular series of translations of Eastern European poetry. Publications include works by Czech poet Ivan Blatný and Russian conceptualists Dmitri Prigov and Lev Rubinstein. In 2020, UDP published their Pamphlet Series, which Cleveland Review of Books called it "rigorously ephemeral, resolutely partial."
As of 2007, Ugly Duckling Presse also created "paperless" works in collaboration with various visual and performance artists. These may be performed, or produced through media such as digital video, CD, or tree bark.
Premises and personnel
The Presse maintains a workshop and letterpress studio in the Gowanus neighborhood in the industrial complex of The Old American Can Factory on the Fourth Street Basin of the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn. Its current editors, as of 2023, are Yelena Gluzman, Chuck Kuan, Anna Moschovakis, Michael Newton, Daniel Owen, Kyra Simone, Rebekah Smith, Lee Norton, and Silvina López Medin.
Past editors are Matvei Yankelevich, Katherine Bogden, Abraham Adams, Emmalea Russo, David Jou, Phil Cordelli, G. L. Ford, Ellie Ga, Ryan Haley, James Hoff, Marisol Limon Martinez, Filip Marinovich, Julien Poirier, Linda Trimbath, and Genya Turovskaya.
See also
Futurepoem Books
References
External links
Ugly Duckling Presse
Ugly Duckling Presse in The New York Times
Interview with Ugly Duckling Presse
Ugly Duckling Presse in The Brooklyn Rail
Book publishing companies based in New York City
Publishing collectives
Publishing companies established in 1993
Poetry organizations
Literary editors
1993 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly%20Duckling%20Presse |
Zephyrosaurus (meaning "westward wind lizard") is a genus of orodromine ornithischian dinosaur. It is based on a partial skull and postcranial fragments discovered in the Aptian-Albian-age Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Carbon County, Montana, USA. New remains are under description, and tracks from Maryland and Virginia, also in the US, have been attributed to animals similar to Zephyrosaurus. It lived approximately 113 mya.
Discovery and history
Hans-Dieter Sues named his new genus in recognition of the fossil being found in western North America, and Charles R. Schaff, who found the specimen. MCZ 4392, the type specimen, is composed of jaw fragments, the braincase and associated bones, several partial vertebrae, and rib fragments. He found the new genus to represent a previously unknown lineage of hypsilophodont (a taxon now considered not natural), similar in some respects to Hypsilophodon.
Because of the fragmentary nature of the type, and lack of additional remains, Zephyrosaurus had not attracted much attention until recently, when two separate events brought it more recognition. First, Martha Kutter, in a 2003 abstract, reported on new remains of this genus under study at the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, including the remains of at least seven individuals with bones from all regions of the body.
Then, Stanford et al. (2004) published on dinosaur tracks from the Patuxent Formation of Maryland and Virginia, which they named Hypsiloichnus marylandicus and attributed to an animal akin to Zephyrosaurus based on the proportions of the hands and feet.
Description
Zephyrosaurus is still very incompletely known. Among other distinctive characteristics, it had a steep face, a raised knob on the upper jaw, and a larger knob on the cheekbone. Some of the bones may have allowed movement within the skull (cranial kinesis) as well. Like other orodromines, it had beak teeth.
Classification
Several studies have suggested that Zephyrosaurus and Orodromeus are closely related, mostly by virtue of both having bosses on their cheeks. Other studies have had difficulty classifying it, due to the sparseness of the original material. Oryctodromeus also shares several characteristics with Zephyrosaurus and Orodromeus, some of which may be related to burrowing. Phylogenetic analysis in the 2010s has classified Zephyrosaurus as part of the Thescelosauridae family.
Paleobiology
Zephyrosaurus would have been a small, swift, bipedal herbivore. Like Orodromeus and Oryctodromeus, it may have burrowed as well.
References
External links
Press release for Hypsiloichnus marylandicus.
Dinosaur Mailing List discussion on what would become Hypsiloichnus marylandicus.
Photograph of a Hypsiloichnus marylandicus footprint, from The Paleontology Portal.
Zephyrosaurus in The Natural History Museum's Dino Directory.
Neornithischians
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Fossil taxa described in 1980
Taxa named by Hans-Dieter Sues
Cloverly fauna
Paleontology in Montana
Ornithischian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyrosaurus |
Frederick William Dallinger (October 2, 1871 – September 5, 1955) was a United States representative from Massachusetts and a judge of the United States Customs Court.
Education and career
Born on October 2, 1871, in Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Dallinger attended the common schools and graduated from Cambridge Latin School in 1889. He received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1893 from Harvard University, an Artium Magister degree in 1894 from the same institution and a Bachelor of Laws in 1897 from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar the same year. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1894 to 1895 and a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1896 to 1899. He was in private practice in Boston, Massachusetts from 1897 to 1932. He was a public administrator for Middlesex County, Massachusetts from 1897 to 1932. He was President of the Cambridge Chamber of Commerce. He was a lecturer for Harvard Law School in 1912.
Congressional service
Dallinger was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives of the 64th United States Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1915 to March 3, 1925. He was Chairman of the Committee on Elections No. 1 in the 66th and 67th United States Congresses and the Committee on Education in the 68th United States Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1924, but was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator. He was subsequently elected to the 69th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his successor, United States Representative Harry Irving Thayer. He was reelected to the 70th, 71st and 72nd United States Congresses and served from November 2, 1926, until his resignation effective October 1, 1932, having been appointed to the federal bench.
Federal judicial service
Dallinger was nominated by President Herbert Hoover on June 20, 1932, to a seat on the United States Customs Court vacated by Judge Israel F. Fischer. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 28, 1932, and received his commission on July 8, 1932. His service terminated on October 31, 1942, due to his retirement. He was succeeded by Judge Charles Drummond Lawrence.
Later years and death
After his retirement from the federal bench, Dallinger engaged in agricultural pursuits. He later retired and resided in Center Lovell, Maine. He died on September 5, 1955, in North Conway, New Hampshire. He was interred in Center Lovell Cemetery in Center Lovell.
See also
119th Massachusetts General Court (1898)
References
Sources
External links
1871 births
1955 deaths
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Republican Party Massachusetts state senators
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States Customs Court
Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts
United States Article I federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover
20th-century American judges
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Lawyers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
People from Lovell, Maine
Cambridge Rindge and Latin School alumni
Harvard College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20W.%20Dallinger |
Wakinosaurus (meaning "Wakino lizard") is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian-Barremian) Sengoku Formation of Kyushu, Japan. The genus is a tooth taxon, based solely on the middle section of a single tooth.
Discovery and naming
In 1990 the ice hockey player Masahiro Sato in Fukuoka found the tooth of a theropod. The same year Yoshihiko Okazaki first reported on the find. In 1992 Okazaki named the type species, Wakinosaurus satoi. The generic name refers to the Wakino Subgroup of the Kwanmon Group, of which the Sengoku Formation is a member. The specific name honours Sato.
Description
The holotype is KMNH VP 000,016, a single damaged tooth, the crown of which must have been about seven centimetres long. Its base length is , its base width . It has about thirty serrations per five millimetres.
Wakinosaurus was initially described as a megalosaurid but is today considered a nomen dubium and an indeterminate neotheropod. The holotype tooth is similar to a leaf with fine cutting serrations on both edges and according to Okazaki, it is similar to those of "Prodeinodon" kwangshiensis, which is also a dubious tooth taxon. In 2020, it was suggested that Wakinosaurus may represent a basal carcharodontosaurid theropod similar to Acrocanthosaurus.
References
Prehistoric neotheropods
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Fossils of Japan
Fossil taxa described in 1992
Nomina dubia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakinosaurus |
Walgettosuchus (meaning "Walgett crocodile") is a dubious or possibly invalid genus of extinct tetanuran theropod dinosaur that lived in Australia during the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian). It is known from a single caudal vertebra.
Discovery and naming
An opalised vertebra of a theropod dinosaur was discovered in 1905 by Tullie Cornthwaite Wollaston (May 17, 1863-July 17, 1931) in an opal bearing sandstone at Lightning Ridge near Walgett, in New South Wales. The fossil was sent to the British Museum of Natural History and was reported in January 1909 by Arthur Smith Woodward. Following this, the specimen was briefly described by Woodward in 1910.
In 1932 the type species Walgettosuchus woodwardi was named by Friedrich von Huene, based on this vertebra. The generic name is derived from the town of Walgett and Soukhos, the Greek name of the Egyptian crocodile god Sobek. During the 1930s Von Huene tended to form dinosaur names with the ending ~suchus instead of ~saurus because of the closer relationship to crocodiles than to lizards. The specific name honours Woodward.
The holotype, BMNH R3717, was found in the Cenomanian-age Late Cretaceous Griman Creek Formation. It consists of a long incomplete amphicoelous caudal vertebral centrum. For unknown reasons, Von Huene believed it had elongate prezygapophyses. He also suggested that if more material was known, it could prove to be synonymous with other Lightning Ridge "coelurosaurs" (i.e. Rapator; coelurosaur in the outdated sense of any small theropod).
Classification
Von Huene assigned Walgettosuchus to the Coelurosauria in 1932. In his 1990 review, Ralph Molnar noted that the type cannot be distinguished from tail vertebrae from ornithomimids or megaraptorids, and considered it to be an indeterminate theropod and a nomen dubium or (more likely) an invalid taxon.
Possible synonymy with Rapator
It is possible that Walgettosuchus and Rapator represent the same dinosaur, but this synonymy is impossible to prove as there is no known common fossil material between the two genera (Rapator is only known from a hand bone while Walgettosuchus is known from a vertebra).
References
Prehistoric tetanurans
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia
Paleontology in New South Wales
Fossil taxa described in 1932
Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene
Invalid dinosaurs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walgettosuchus |
Rapator is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Griman Creek Formation of New South Wales, Australia, dating to the Albian-Cenomanian ages of the Cretaceous period, 105-96 million years ago. It contains only the type species, Rapator ornitholestoides, which was originally named by Friedrich von Huene in 1932.
Discovery
The holotype and only known specimen, BMNH R3718, consists of a single left hand bone, discovered around 1905 near Wollaston, on Lightning Ridge. The fossil has been opalised. The meaning of the generic name is problematic. Von Huene gave no etymology. "Rapator" does not exist in Classical Latin and occurs only very rarely in Mediaeval Latin with the meaning "violator". One possible explanation is that von Huene, having been influenced by Latin raptare, "to plunder", mistakenly thought such a word actually existed with the meaning of "plunderer". It has also been considered a simple misspelling of, or confusion with, raptor, "seizer" or "thief". The specific name means "resembling Ornitholestes". Remains of a megaraptorid, nicknamed "Lightning Claw," were discovered in opal fields southwest of Lightning Ridge, Australia, may well represent more material of Rapator.
Description
The bone has a length of seven centimetres. This manual element shows a prominent dorsomedial process, a feature shared with the much smaller Ornitholestes which occasioned the specific name. The process with Ornitholestes is much less distinctive though. On its upper end there is only one cotyle, from which von Huene deduced it must have been a metacarpal. However, several coelurosaurian groups lack a second cotyle on the first phalanx also. If Rapator had a build like Australovenator, it would have attained a considerable size: a body length of nine metres (30 ft) has been estimated.
Classification
The type specimen of Rapator was originally described as a metacarpal I, a bone from the upper part of a theropod's hand. It was later noted that the bone is similar to a finger bone, the first phalanx of the first finger, of an alvarezsaur or of a primitive coelurosaurian similar to Nqwebasaurus. With the discovery of Australovenator, which had a similar metacarpal, Rapator was recognized as a probable megaraptoran. In fact, Australovenator and Rapator differ only in some small details of the bone and may be synonyms, though Agnolin and colleagues in 2010 considered Rapator a dubious genus (nomen dubium) due to its fragmentary nature. However, White et al. found differences between the hand bone of Rapator and the equivalent bone of Australovenator, supporting the distinction between the two. They also noted that the two genera come from formations separated chronologically by at least 10 million years, making them unlikely to be synonymous.
Rapator has been synonymised with Walgettosuchus, a theropod found in the same formation. As the latter is only known from a caudal vertebra, the identity cannot be proven.
References
External links
Rapator in The Theropod Database
Rapator
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia
Megaraptorans
Fossil taxa described in 1932
Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene
Paleontology in New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapator |
Charles Lee Underhill (July 20, 1867 – January 28, 1946) was a United States representative and anti-suffrage activist from Massachusetts. He was born in Richmond, Virginia on July 20, 1867. He moved to Massachusetts in 1872 with his parents, who settled in Somerville. He attended the common schools, was office boy, coal teamster, and a blacksmith. He subsequently engaged in the manufacture and sale of hardware in that city.
Underhill served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1902-1903 and 1908-1913), and was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1917 and 1918.
Underhill was opposed to women voting. He was a state delegate of the Men's Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage to Washington DC in 1913.
He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-seventh and to the five succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1933). He was chairman of Committee on Claims (Sixty-ninth and Seventieth Congresses) and the Committee on Accounts (Seventy-first Congress). He was not a candidate for renomination to the Seventy-third Congress. He then engaged in real estate development in Washington, D.C. from 1933 until he retired in 1941. Underhill died in New York City on January 28, 1946. His interment was in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
See also
1918 Massachusetts legislature
1919 Massachusetts legislature
References
External links
1867 births
1946 deaths
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Members of the 1917 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20L.%20Underhill |
Wannanosaurus (meaning "Wannan lizard", named after the location where it was discovered) is a genus of basal pachycephalosaurian dinosaur from the Maastrichtian Upper Cretaceous Xiaoyan Formation, about 70 million years ago (mya) in what is now Anhui, China. The type species, Wannanosaurus yansiensis, was described by Hou Lian-Hai in 1977.
It is known from a single partial skeleton, including a partial skull roof and lower jaw, a femur and tibia, part of a rib, and other fragments. Because it has a flat skull roof with large openings, it has been considered primitive among pachycephalosaurs. Sometimes it has been classified as a member of the now-deprecated family Homalocephalidae, now thought to be an unnatural assembly of pachycephalosaurians without domed skulls.
Although its remains are from a very small individual, with a femur length of ~8 centimeters (3.1 in) and an estimated overall length of about 60 cm (2 ft), the fused bones in its skull suggest that it was an adult at death. Like other pachycephalosaurians, it was probably herbivorous or omnivorous, feeding close to the ground on a variety of plant matter, and possibly insects as well.
See also
Timeline of pachycephalosaur research
References
External links
Dinodictionary web site
Pachycephalosaurs
Ornithischian genera
Maastrichtian genera
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1977
Marginocephalians of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannanosaurus |
"Steve McQueen" is a song by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow. It is the lead track from her fourth studio album, C'mon, C'mon (2002). It was released as the second single from the album on July 1, 2002. The song reached 88 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became a dance hit, peaking at No. 11 on the Billboard Dance Club Play chart. It also won a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance, Crow's fourth win in the category. The single's music video was directed by Wayne Isham and features Crow racing around in various vehicles, recreating scenes from Steve McQueen movies.
Track listings
US CD single and UK cassette single
"Steve McQueen" – 3:24
"If It Makes You Happy" (live from Abbey Road Studios) – 3:45
UK CD1
"Steve McQueen" (album version) – 3:24
"The Difficult Kind" (live from Abbey Road Studios) – 6:35
"If It Makes You Happy" (live from Abbey Road Studios) – 3:45
"Soak Up the Sun" (video) – 3:49
UK CD2
"Steve McQueen" – 3:24
"If It Makes You Happy" (live from Abbey Road Studios) – 3:45
"My Favorite Mistake" (live from Abbey Road Studios) – 4:02
European CD single
"Steve McQueen" (album version) – 3:24
"The Difficult Kind" (live from Abbey Road Studios) – 6:35
Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the C'mon, C'mon album booklet.
Studios
Recorded at various studios in the United States and United Kingdom
Mixed at Soundtrack Studios (New York City)
Mastered at Masterdisk (New York City)
Personnel
Sheryl Crow – writing, vocals, acoustic guitar, maracas, production
John Shanks – writing, electric guitar, bass, drum loops, percussion loops, samples, production
Doyle Bramhall II – backing vocals
Craig Ross – electric guitar
Steve Jordan – drums, tambora
Shawn Pelton – drums
Lenny Castro – congas
Trina Shoemaker – recording
Eric Tew – recording
Andy Wallace – mixing
Steve Sisco – mixing assistant
Howie Weinberg – mastering
Charts
Release history
References
2002 singles
Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
Music videos directed by Wayne Isham
Sheryl Crow songs
Songs about actors
Songs written by John Shanks
Songs written by Sheryl Crow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20McQueen%20%28Sheryl%20Crow%20song%29 |
The Green Lantern Corps, a fictional organization appearing in comics published by DC Comics, consists of a membership of at least 7200 members, with two assigned per sector (originally 3600 members, one per sector). Additionally, there are assorted other members who fulfill roles other than patrolling. While the characters Alan Scott, Hal Jordan, Guy Gardner, John Stewart, Kyle Rayner, Simon Baz, and Jessica Cruz are primarily associated with the name, numerous other members of the Corps have appeared in DC Comics.
Eponymous Green Lanterns
These eight characters are most closely associated with the name "Green Lantern" and have been the title characters of Green Lantern comics.
Alan Scott
Alan Scott was the original Green Lantern character created in the Golden Age of Comic Books. Alan created the mantle and identity of Green Lantern by himself and is not associated with the Green Lantern Corps, since his power ring was de-authorized by the Guardians before he even obtained it. Prior to the Crisis, Scott's ring ran on magic and not the Central Power Battery of Oa. In The New 52, Alan Scott is the modern-day Green Lantern for Earth 2.
Hal Jordan
Hal Jordan was created in 1959 by writer John Broome and artist Gil Kane and first appeared in Showcase #22 (October 1959). Hal Jordan is a reinvention of the Green Lantern concept and is a member, and occasionally leader, of the Green Lantern Corps, as well as a founding member of the Justice League.
Guy Gardner
Guy Gardner is a core member of the Green Lantern family of characters, and, for a time, (late 1980s through mid-1990s) was also a significant member of the Justice League. He was created by John Broome and Gil Kane in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #59 (March 1968), even though the character was changed significantly in the 1980s by Steve Englehart and Joe Staton, who turned him into a jingoistic parody of an ultra-macho "red-blooded American male". Gardner's appearance was originally patterned on actor Martin Milner.
John Stewart
John Stewart was the second African-American superhero to appear in DC Comics. The character was created by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams, and first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #87 (December 1971), when artist Neal Adams came up with the idea of a substitute Green Lantern. Stewart's original design was based on actor Sidney Poitier.
Kyle Rayner
Created by writer Ron Marz and artist Darryl Banks, Rayner first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #48 (1994), as part of the "Emerald Twilight" storyline, becoming the sole Green Lantern for years until the late 1990s and mid-2000s. During this period, he was also briefly known as Ion.
Simon Baz
Created by writer Geoff Johns and artist Doug Mahnke, Simon first appeared in 2012 following the New 52 as part of the story arc "Rise of the Third Army", replacing Hal Jordan as the Green Lantern of Earth's sector. Prior to this, the character made an unnamed cameo in Free Comic Book Day Special Edition #1. He was later added to the Justice League in 2013.
Jessica Cruz
Created by Geoff Johns, she is a member of the Green Lantern Corps and the Justice League. Jessica Cruz appears briefly in Green Lantern (vol. 5) #20 (July 2013), but did not make her official debut until the last pages of Justice League (vol. 2) #30, when the Ring of Volthoom locates her. She was dubbed "Power Ring" while she was host to the Ring of Volthoom, but is not a member of the Crime Syndicate of America. Cruz became an official member of the Green Lantern Corps at the end of the Darkseid War storyline.
Sojourner Mullein
Created by writer N.K. Jemisin and artist Jamal Campbell as part of the imprint Young Animal, Sojourner “Jo” Mullein is introduced as an Earth rookie Green Lantern sent to the alien metropolis City Enduring at the edge of the universe in the maxi-series Far Sector. She is a member of the Justice League as featured in "Future State."
Other Green Lanterns of Earth's sector
With the exception of Yalan Gur, these characters have also served as the Green Lantern for Sector 2814 (which includes Mars).
Jade
Jade is the daughter of the Green Lantern, Alan Scott, and Rose Canton. Jade has a twin brother named Todd Rice, who is better known by the title Obsidian.
Jade is a founding member of Infinity, Inc. She has worked with the Justice League and the Justice Society of America. She is also a member and leader of the Outsiders. After being given a spare power ring, she joined the newly resurrected Green Lantern Corps. When she joined the corp, she became the first female Green Lantern from Earth.
Vidar
Rond Vidar
Yalan Gur
Yalan Gur is a Green Lantern introduced as part of an effort to reconcile the Golden Age Green Lantern's origin with the later introduction of the Green Lantern Corps. He is a red-scaled, reptilian humanoid, assigned to sector 2814 in the 10th century. He first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #19 (December 1991). While Alan Scott, along with the rest of the Justice Society of America, is trapped in Limbo, his mystic lantern sends a projection to Hal Jordan, Guy Gardner, and John Stewart. After tracing the projection to Scott's home, the lantern tells the story of its origin (effectively retconning the origin of Alan Scott's power).
Yalan Gur was once one of the greatest of the Green Lantern Corps, and, in the 10th century by Earth reckoning, the Guardians of the Universe chose to remove the customary weakness to the color yellow from his power ring. Without this limitation, however, he was corrupted by power, and he came to Earth and enslaved the people of China. The Guardians of the Universe thwarted Yalan by adding a new weakness of wood to his ring, allowing villagers to overwhelm and mortally wound him. The dying Yalan Gur fled into Earth's upper atmosphere, where he merged with his power battery as he died. His lantern then collided with a fragment of the Starheart and was merged with its magical essence, turning into the Green Flame that becomes the source of Alan Scott's power. The later retcon involving the true reason behind the yellow impurity may mean these events have been retconned out of existence.
In other media
In the film Justice League, the character is present at the battle during the 10th century, aligned with the Amazons, Humans and Atlanteans against Steppenwolf and his armies. Meeting a more noble fate than his comic book counterpart, Yalan Gur is killed opposing Steppenwolf, with his ring fleeing to find a suitable successor; this draws Steppenwolf's attention, allowing the Olympian gods to attack him. In Zack Snyder's Justice League, Yalan Gur appears as a "guardian from the sky" alongside the Old Gods, Atlanteans, Amazons and humans who fought against Darkseid and his army of Parademons in around 3000 BC. He shot beams at Darkseid, who hastily cut his hand and killed him, but his ring flew away to find a new wearer worthy of its power before Darkseid could get it, thanks to Zeus and his children Ares and Artemis.
Jong Li
Jong Li is a Green Lantern introduced in Green Lantern, Dragon Lord #1 (June 2001), written by Doug Moench and drawn by Paul Gulacy.He's actually Earth's first Green Lantern and was a monk raised in the Temple of the Dragon Lords in China. When Jong Li was growing up, he was taught of the Dragon Lords, beings who ruled in the "Golden Age" of man, and that under these lords, man prospered. He was taught to renounce all earthly possessions and live a life of peace and discipline, but then one day, a concubine named Jade Moon came to him in his temple, begging for help in trying to escape her bonds. Jong Li tried to help her but failed, and his temple and fellow monks were ravaged by the emperor's troops and their commander. Jong Li later encountered a representative of the Guardians of the Universe who gave him a power ring and a Lantern to "Oppose Evil, Ease Suffering, and Protect the Innocent." Jong Li later rescued Jade and learned of Lung Mountain, where the last Dragon Lords supposedly lived. He set out to seek their higher authority and, with their Blessing of Fire, became the last Dragon Lord of the Earth, finally defeating the evil emperor's forces and saving his people.
Laham
Laham of Scylla is introduced in Green Lantern Corps Quarterly #2 (Autumn 1992). He is killed off-panel during a surprise invasion of his home planet. Upon his death, his ring passes to Waverly Sayre, who becomes good friends with Laham's widow. Laham first physically appears as a statue in the Crypts on Oa.
Waverly Sayre
Waverly Sayre is a pioneer living on the frontier in the early years of the United States. Hoping to start a family, Waverly falls into depression when his wife dies in childbirth, taking their newborn son with her. As he contemplates suicide, the late Laham's ring appears to him and selects him as Laham's successor. Initially believing the ring to be a manifestation of Satan, Sayre quickly grows into his new role, taking his faithful dog with him on every mission.
Daniel Young
Daniel Young was a sheriff in Montana, in 1873. During his chase of a band of outlaws, Daniel was summoned by Abin Sur, wounded in a battle in deep space. While Abin Sur convalesced in his ship, healed by its machines, Young was a temporary replacement, and he used the power of the ring to bring the outlaws to justice. Afterward, the ring returned to Abin Sur.
Starkadr
Starkadr first appeared in Legends of the DC Universe #20 (September 1999). He is a hulking orange alien who is mortally wounded defending the planet Ungara from the forces of the Traitor. Though he succeeds in driving the Traitor from the planet, Starkadr dies and passes his ring to the Ungaran Abin Sur. He rises as an undead Black Lantern and fights the living Green Lanterns.
Abin Sur
Anya Savenlovich
Anya Savenlovich first appeared in Green Lantern: The New Corps #1 (March 1999). She is a lieutenant colonel from the Soviet Air Forces who was in suspended animation after participating in a space mission back in 1964. Kyle Rayner recruited her as a member of the New Corps in a bid to rebuild the Green Lantern Corps. However, finding his attempt was a failure, Kyle took Anya's ring. Aware that the Soviet Union no longer exists, Anya decides to stay in space to find a new purpose.
Green Lantern Corps of Earth
These Green Lanterns were stationed on Earth to safeguard the planet after the events of the Crisis on Infinite Earths.
Arisia Rrab
Ch'p
Katma Tui
Kilowog
Salaak
The Lost Lanterns
During the 1994 "Emerald Twilight" storyline, many of the Corps members are stripped of their rings and are left to die out in space. A few of them, however, were captured by the Manhunters and used as energy sources for the Manhunters until their eventual rescue. They are known as "the Lost Lanterns."
Boodikka
Chaselon
Chaselon is the Green Lantern of sector 1416; he first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #9 (November–December 1961) in a story written by John Broome and drawn by Gil Kane. Chaselon is a native of Barrio III, a planet inhabited by silicon-based crystalline beings with thirteen senses. Barrio III was one of the planets that the mad Guardian Appa Ali Apsa "harvested" to create the planet Mosaic. Chaselon is one of the many Lanterns that were apparently killed when a maddened Hal Jordan attacks and destroys Oa. Although his shattered body is depicted floating in space, he later is found to be one of the many Lanterns captured by Cyborg Superman to provide a power source for the new Manhunters. Chaselon and the captured Lanterns are eventually rescued by a revived Hal Jordan.
Chaselon becomes one of the first Alpha Lanterns. He is later smashed to bits by several Black Lanterns, his remains are then immolated when Kyle Rayner ignites his dislodged internal power battery to deal a suicide attack to the assembled Black Lanterns.
Chaselon makes a cameo appearance with other members of the Green Lantern Corps in "The Green Loontern", an episode of the animated series Duck Dodgers. He also appeared in cameos in Justice League Unlimited and the animated films Green Lantern: First Flight and Green Lantern: Emerald Knights. The character also appears in Green Lantern: The Animated Series, guarding the Guardians' laboratory. Hal distracts him with conversation so Ch'p can rescue Aya. He later joins the Corps in an assault on the Manhunters, led by Guy Gardner.
Graf Toren
Hannu/Honnu
Hannu is the Green Lantern of Sector 2, he first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #49 (February 1994), in a story written by Ron Marz. Hannu is among several Lanterns called to defend Oa from the then-renegade Hal Jordan. Jordan made short work of him and added his power to his own and left him for dead. He was later found alive on Biot. He is from Ovacron 6 and, in his world, it's considered disgraceful and dishonorable to use weapons. He is never seen using his ring in battle (except for life support and travel), preferring his brute strength and fists instead (which prompted Kyle and John to summon him for aid when up against Alpha Lantern Boodikka while under the control of the Cyborg Superman, reasoning that her draining Hannu's ring wouldn't matter as he didn't use it). He finally activates his ring in the battle against the Anti-Monitor. Sector 2 is also the home sector of the Reach, creators of the Blue Beetle scarab and sworn enemies of the Guardians. According to their treaty with the Guardians, no Green Lantern is allowed in Sector 2 as long as the Reach stays within pre-treaty boundaries. He appears in a cameo in the Green Lantern live-action film and is also a part of the film toyline.
Jack T. Chance
Ke'Haan
Kreon
Laira
Laira is a female humanoid Green Lantern with purple skin and auburn hair. She first appeared in Green Lantern Corps Quarterly #6 (Fall 1993) in the story entitled "What Price Honor?", written by Ruben Diaz.
Laira is from the planet Jayd in space sector 112. She is trained by her father Kentor Omoto to take over his role as a soldier of the Guardians of the Universe; a Green Lantern of her sector. After the disappearance of her father during the Crisis on Infinite Earths and the proclamation by the Guardians that he is dead, she is considered for the post of ring bearer and Green Lantern of her sector. Her instructor turns out to be Ke'Haan of Varva: Kilowog's second in command, known for his tough-as-nails training. Eager to please and find a kindred spirit of honor within her teacher, she becomes his prized pupil.
To complete her training, Laira is sent to the city of X'ol on her home planet, where she must confront her father, who is not actually dead. She is later discovered by a reformed Hal Jordan and Guy Gardner being held captive by the Manhunters with the other "Lost Lanterns" including Kreon and Tomar-Tu. With the help of Jordan and Gardner, the Lost Lanterns put an end to the Manhunter planet of Biot and return to Oa. She then resumes her duties as Green Lantern of her sector.
During the Sinestro Corps War event, Laira and the Lost Lanterns come to Hal Jordan's aid on Qward. The group splits up, with Laira, Ke'Haan and Boodikka searching for Ion, and Hal, Graf Toren, and Tomar-Tu looking for John Stewart and Guy Gardner. Laira's group encounters the Anti-Monitor, who kills Ke'Haan, but they are able to recover Ion and return to Oa.
After preventing the invasion of Coast City by the Sinestro Corps, Laira visits the Crypt of the Green Lanterns to mourn Ke'Haan's death. Hannu reveals their attraction to one another to Boodikka, but explains that (before his death) Ke'Haan refuses Laira because he has a family on his home planet. Laira and the Lost Lanterns set out to his home world to deliver news of his death, only to find that his family has been murdered by Sinestro Corps member Amon Sur. The killer willingly submits to the Lanterns so that news of his actions will spread. Enraged by this, Laira kills Amon. Afterwards, Laira is held in custody on Oa, while the Lanterns who had seen her crime testify against her. She is placed in the custody of the newly founded Alpha Lanterns, and tried by the Guardians, who find her guilty and strip her of her power ring.
After her trial, Laira is arranged to be transported back to her home world, Jayd, by Hannu. However, a red power ring attacks their ship and chooses Laira as its bearer; making her the second Red Lantern. Under the influence of the red light, Laira's personality degenerates to the point where she is little more than a snarling beast; obsessed with revenge against Sinestro and showing no recognition when confronted by Hal Jordan and John Stewart. During a skirmish on the prison planet Ysmault with multiple Lanterns, Hal managed to reach Laira, who was able to see past her rage and regained some control, even asking Jordan for help, but she is nevertheless killed by Sinestro. Learning of her demise, the Guardians view her as dying in disgrace as a Red Lantern and renegade despite Jordan's protests.
Following the rise of Nekron and the Black Lantern Corps, a Black Lantern Ring attached itself to Laira's corpse and she was revived as a Black Lantern. After Nekron's defeat at the hands of Hal Jordan and his newly formed White Lantern Corps, Laira's ring was destroyed, reverting her to a corpse.
Laira's trial is referred to in The New 52, in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 3) #9. In DC Rebirth, she is seen among the fallen Green Lanterns in the Emerald Space.
Laira is featured in the 2011 anthology film, Green Lantern: Emerald Knights voiced by Kelly Hu.
Laira makes a non-speaking appearance in the Tomorrowverse film Green Lantern: Beware My Power as one of the many Green Lanterns killed by Sinestro and a possessed Hal Jordan on Oa.
Lashorr
Lashorr is the Green Lantern of Sector 3453. She first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 4) #12 (July 2006) in a story written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Ivan Reis. Lashorr had a fling with a younger Salaak before she vanished in combat with the Dominators. She is discovered alive on the Manhunter homeworld of Biot and returned to her sector, albeit with a case of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Relok Hag
Sector 173; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 4) #12. Relok is a centaur-like barbarian who leads a crusade against the Dominators for experimenting on his people. He vanished in battle with them alongside #Lashorr and others, only to be found alive on Biot.
Tomar-Tu
Green Lantern Honor Guard
The Honor Guard is an elite group of Lanterns who serve as troubleshooters and special operatives.
Apros
The Green Lantern of Sector 3. Apros first appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps #1 (May 1981) in a story written by Mike W. Barr and Len Wein, with pencils by Joe Staton. Apros is a sentient plant from the planet -7pi. It is one of the Corps' oldest and most decorated veterans. Apros serves in the Honor Guard during the war with Krona and Nekron, but appears to have returned to a sector patrol position following the rebuilding of the Corps.
K'ryssma
Sector 1890; First appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps #1. K'ryssma is an insectoid alien resembling a human-like butterfly. She is trapped in a chrysalis state during the rampage of the mad Guardian Appa Ali Apsa. She emerges in a completely different form in the Mosaic world. After the destruction of the Corps at the hands of Parallax, K'ryssma joined the Darkstars, and as such, she was murdered by Grayven.
Tomar-Re
Guy Gardner and Kyle Rayner have also served as Honor Guard members.
The Alpha Lanterns
The Alpha Lanterns are Corps members who have been transformed into cyborgs and act as the Corps' Internal Affairs officers.
Boodikka
Green Man
Kraken
Part of the duo (with Raker Qarrigat) dedicated to bringing peace to their homeworld of Apokolips, she becomes an Alpha Lantern to further this goal, unaware of the toll it will take on her emotions. Later, in Final Crisis, she is possessed by the malevolent spirit of the New God Granny Goodness, who uses her to subdue the Green Lanterns of Earth, Hal Jordan and John Stewart, and capture Batman for use as a scientific test subject by her master, Darkseid. When Jordan is put on trial for an attempted murder performed by Kraken/Goodness herself, she is unmasked by Kyle Rayner and Guy Gardner before a sentence can be passed, and attempts at her primary mission, to obtain the central Green Lantern Power Battery for Darkseid. She is then defeated by Jordan and taken into custody by the other Alpha Lanterns. Following the restoration of reality at the closing of the Crisis, she is not seen among the other Alpha Lanterns, and her current status is not made apparent.
Varix
Sector 69; First appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #2. Varix comes from the planet Naktos, which was devastated by a yellow plague. This, and the fact that his predecessor died of a mysterious brain disease, has led Varix to become a hypochondriac. Varix is described by Vurytt as his religion being his uniform, and in Varix's own words, as living for "justice and justice alone". Varix states that his people live to obey the law, and there has not been a murder on his planet for over 74 years (however, murderers in his world cannot be sentenced to more than two years of imprisonment). His dedication to justice came to a head when the Alpha Lanterns attempted to execute John Stewart when he killed another Green Lantern while the two were being held captive by enemies of the Corps and the other Lantern was about to reveal crucial information. Recognizing that John's actions had been committed for the right reasons even if they were questionable on the surface, Varix assisted the Green Lanterns in destroying the other Alpha Lanterns before he destroyed himself.
The Corpse
The Corpse are a black ops division of the Green Lantern Corps who use a disc that is swallowed to imitate the abilities of a power ring, but appear purple in color.
Von Daggle
The leader of the Corpse, Von Daggle, is a Durlan who was called back into service following the return of the Guardians of the Universe after their deaths at the hands of Parallax. His initial recruits for the new Corpse were Guy Gardner and R'amey Holl.
R'amey Holl
Sector 700, she first appeared in Green Lantern Corps #7. She was an insect-like humanoid, exhibiting traits similar to those of a butterfly. R'amey was a member of a Corps covert group known as The Corpse. She later disappeared and was last seen by Guy Gardner and hasn't been heard from in one year. Due to the undercover nature of her operations, no one is looking for her at the time. She appears in several group scenes in the live-action Green Lantern film and the blind box mini toy line.
The First Seven
During the rise of the First Lantern, 10 billion years ago, before the creation of the Manhunters and the Green Lantern Corps per se, Rami, the most brilliant of the Guardians of the Universe and Volthoom's closest friend, created seven Green Power Rings to seek out worthy wielders using the Great Heart for guidance. Those chosen became The First Seven, charged with bringing Volthoom to justice, however the rings are also extremely dangerous as they were untested and had no safeguards which does not guarantee the survival of its bearers. The first seven Green Lanterns are as follow:
Alitha
Alitha of Galatica was an Old God warrior from the Third World, the world that pre-dates the Fourth World with Mister Miracle and Darkseid and Orion. The Third World was a universe consumed by war, but Alitha stood out and made a very courageous decision that not only alters the future of her people but also puts her on the path to becoming one of the Original Seven Green Lanterns. She became Green Lantern 001 and was killed in battle by Volthoom and her body is currently located in the Vault of Shadows.
Z'Kran Z'Rann
Z'Kran Z'Rann of Mars was a White Martian that, as a child, was the only survivor of his village being massacred by vagabonds. Ten years later, an elder Z'Kran Z'Rann now known as the Stranger and wearing the same style of costume as the Martian Manhunters use currently today, tracked the vagabonds and killed them all. With his vengeance concluded he is reached by one of the seven Original Seven Green Lanterns. He became Green Lantern 002 and was killed in battle by Volthoom. His body is currently located in the Vault of Shadows.
Tyran'r the Mighty
Tyran'r of Tamaran is a tiger-man and apparently a thief among his peers. He was eventually caught and delivered to Mrak'r the Wizard King of Tamaran, who broke Tyran'r's mighty sword. Tyran'r however soon got his revenge by breaking free and killed Mrak'r and his henchmen in a sudden battle that changed the course of his life forever and puts him on the path to becoming one of the Original Seven Green Lanterns. He became Green Lantern 003 and is the only of the original lanterns to be alive and also is the keeper of the Vault of Shadows where the remains of the others are located. Curiously he also recognises Simon Baz and Jessica Cruz as old friends, even though they somehow are unable to remember even meeting a hulking tiger man with a giant sword much less befriending him. As it turns out Simon Baz and Jessica Cruz are sent billion years to the past where they meet Tyran'r and the other original Green Lanterns. Together they are able to defeat Volthoom but not without casualties. As Simon and Jessica are returned to the present day, Tyran'r resigned his green lantern ring to Baz.
Kaja Dox
Kaja Dox of Yod-Colu was a young female whose third-level intelligence, puts her as one of the highest on the planet. She's not a great warrior of her people but is instead a computer repair person living with her girlfriend and struggling with an overbearing mother. The love she feels for her simple life over the frustration of her day job puts her on the path to becoming one of the Original Seven Green Lanterns. Her body is currently located in the Vault of Shadows.
Jan-Al
Jan-Al of Krypton was a member of Krypton's first mission colonization, chosen to be brave on behalf of their people. Their ship came into contact with an unknown star type "purple sun" that immobilized the ship and destroyed their communication systems. The group barely managed to escape to the nearest planet which was a hellish wasteland but nevertheless was claimed in the name of their planet. When a sandstorm reach the group, Jan-Al decision on staying on the ground instead of seeking shelter inside the ark not only proved courageous but also alters her future and of her explorer group when they noticed that the storm destroyed the ark which puts her in the path of becoming one of the original Green Lanterns. She is also the first to learn about the instability of these power rings when her willpower exceeds 510% which essentially overcharged her ring and killed her.
Calleen
Calleen of Alstair was the first sentient element plant born on the dead planet Alstair, long consumed with fire from heavens. Her refuse to give up in the face of extinction allowed the planet over the centuries to thrived with life which eventually puts her on the path to becoming one of the Original Seven Green Lanterns. She became Green Lantern 006 and was killed in battle by Volthoom. Her body is currently located in the Vault of Shadows.
Brill
Brill of Grenda, was a member of the vast artificial intelligence known as the Hive, a collective mind whose computer intelligence allows them to know so much about the Universe but lack the knowledge about themselves. To find their purpose and origins, Brill was chosen among the one billion techno-organic brothers and sisters to be the first of their kind to leave the sanctity of the Hive and was given a vessel to journey into the Universe alone. When the vessel was ready, Brill separated himself from the collective consciousness and became the Insulatusnaut of the Hive. Isolated for the first time Brill was soon afterwards chosen to becoming one of the Original Seven Green Lanterns. Brill became Green Lantern 007 and its vessel was obliterated by Volthoom which its currently located in the Vault of Shadows.
Other Green Lanterns
Aa
Sector 904; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #21 (February 1992).
Adam
Sector 1055; First appeared in Green Lantern Quarterly #5 (Summer 1993).
Alia
Sector 281; first appeared in Valor #5 (March 1993).
Amanita
Sector 3100; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #20 (January 1992).
Arx
The Green Lantern of Sector 488. He first appeared in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 2) #1 (August 2006), in a story written by Dave Gibbons and penciled by Patrick Gleason. Arix is killed in a Sinestro Corps ambush in Final Crisis: Rage of the Red Lanterns #1 (December 2008).
Ash
Sector 658; (full name Ashel Sabian Formanta), a tattooed purple humanoid with vaguely occult designs on his jacket. First appeared in Green Lantern Quarterly #7 (Winter, 1993). Ash's primary concern was to hunt the "bloodseekers" (vampire-like aliens) who killed his beloved Tasha, and he joined the GLC to pursue these creatures into "the darkest corners of the cosmos". He was tasked by the Guardian known as Scar to find the Anti-Monitor's corpse. He finds the Anti-Monitor's armor. He later meets with Saarek, who was also sent to find the Anti-Monitor. The two find the Black Lantern Power Battery, only to be killed by two giant hands that rise up from the ground. He and Saarek are last seen on Ryut with Scar as Black Lanterns.
Ash-Pak-Glif
Sector 312. A rock like humanoid, it first appeared in Green Lantern 80-Page Giant #3 (August 2000).
B'dg
First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 4) #4 (October 2005). B'dg (pronounced Badge) is one of the first recruits of the reconstructed Corps. Hailing from the planet H'lven like his predecessor Ch'p, B'dg first sees action when the Spider Guild invades Oa. He is trained on how to overcome the yellow impurity weakness of his ring in the midst of battle. He later participates in the defense of Oa when it is attacked by Superboy-Prime, and again when it is attacked by the Sinestro Corps. B'dg also participates in the final battle of the Sinestro Corps War, helping defend Earth. B'dg is part of the squad sent to arrest Hal Jordan for defying Guardian orders.
During the New 52, Salaak sends B'dg to Earth to locate Hal Jordan because B'dg can blend in with the planet's indigenous creatures. He is the first alien Green Lantern encountered by Simon Baz who had inherited Hal and Sinestro's fused ring. He instructs Baz in the basics of being a Green Lantern and helps him track down Black Hand.
In other media
B'dg appears in the "DC Super-Pets" sketch of DC Nation Shorts, voiced by Elisha Yaffe. He is introduced in "World's Finest Bark", when Ace the Bat-Hound and Krypto call him in to help on a case, but cannot resist the urge to chase the squirrel-like Green Lantern. B'dg later appears in "Have Your Cake and B'dg Too", assisting Jumpa the Amazon Kangaroo as she chases down Cheetah.
He was featured on the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special in a segment called "Real Characters From the DC Universe", voiced by Tom Root. In the segment, the narrator pokes fun of the fact that B'dg is a real character. In another follow up segment, Firestorm angry that he has been lumped together with characters like Mister Banjo and B'dg turns Mister Banjo's banjo into metal and hits him before asking the narrator where B'dg is and the narrator does. Firestorm is then heard attacking B'dg with the metal banjo.
B'dg also appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash, voiced by Eric Bauza, where he and Ace the Bat-Hound help the microscopic Atom repair his suit and helps the Justice League escape to the Batcave.
He is a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Roger Craig Smith.
B'Shi
B'Shi is one of several Green Lanterns appearing in the "A Lantern Against the Dark: A Forgotten Tale of the Green Lantern Corps" story, from Green Lantern 80-Page Giant #3. She is a monkey-like Green Lantern from the jungle world of Suirpalam, who is recruited into the Green Lantern Corps by Raker Qarrigat (and in turn recruits Ash-Pak-Glif) as part of preparations for a Green Lantern Corps invasion of Apokolips. She participates in this invasion, and is killed along with hundreds of other Green Lanterns when it quickly turns into a debacle.
Bloobert Cob
First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #46 as a nameless background Lantern. Bloobert Cob was later given a name, sector assignment, and history as online "fanon". These details were later canonized by writer Van Jensen in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 4) #31. Bloobert Cob was the Green Lantern of Sector 74, and was one of the Lanterns captured and replaced by Durlan impostors. When the Durlan fakes were uncovered, the Durlan commanders ordered their Khund allies to execute the Lantern prisoners. A squad of Khunds shot Bloobert Cob in cold blood inside his prison cell. Bloobert Cob was quickly avenged by his fellow Lanterns, who recovered their stolen rings only moments after his execution.
Brik
First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #12 (May 1991). The Green Lantern of Sector 904, Brik comes from the planet Dryad and, like her sector partner, is composed entirely of organic rock. Originally recruited by Hal Jordan, Brik was one of hundreds of veteran Green Lanterns to return to active service upon the restoration of the Green Lantern Corps. Brik once had feelings for Jordan, and her partner, Aa, suspects that she still might. In truth, her feelings are for another Earthman. In the non-canonical Green Lantern Versus Aliens Brik perishes on the surface of the planet Mogo.
Brokk
Sector 981; First appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps #1.
Bzzd
First appeared in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 2) #12 (July 2007). Bzzd is a small wasp-like Green Lantern from the planet Apiaton, assigned to sector 2261. He is the partner of Mogo. In battle, he usually creates oversized constructs (such as roller coasters and giant warheads) with his power ring. Bzzd often faces extra scrutiny from his fellow Lanterns because of his size but he has shown that his willpower is as strong as anyone else's.
It is revealed that his greatest fear is to be stripped of his ring and returned to an insignificant insect trapped on his homeworld. He gives his life to defeat Mongul II. He dies defending a team of his fellow Lanterns. His ring was bequeathed to Mother Mercy.
Bzzd appears as a Black Lantern in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 2) #39 and is seemingly defeated and destroyed by Guy Gardner in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 2) #40, though he can be seen reforming afterward.
Bzzd has a very brief cameo in the Green Lantern live action film.
Charlie Vicker
First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #55 (September 1967) in a story written by John Broome and drawn by Gil Kane. Charlie Vicker of planet Earth is a former actor who portrayed Green Lantern in a TV show. Vicker led a fast lifestyle, and used his brother Roger as an understudy. One day, after a hectic night of parties, Roger filled in for his incapacitated brother. Roger was killed in a live television broadcast by an alien that had mistaken him for the real Green Lantern. A repentant Charlie works with Green Lantern to bring the aliens to justice. The Guardians, impressed with Charlie's spirit, make him a Green Lantern of sector 3319 Charlie Vicker was the second human to join the Green Lantern Corps after Hal Jordan. His time as a Green Lantern is marked with difficulty, as his sector is populated entirely by non-humanoid aliens. Eventually, he comes to feel compassion for his alien charges.
After the dissolution of the Corps, he was recruited into the Darkstars organization by John Stewart. He later died in battle, defending the planet Rann from the alien despot Grayven.
Cimfet Tau
Sector 3588; First appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #2.
The Collective
When the Guardians of the Universe sent TO-T-U-K to a planet to find his replacement as the Green Lantern of Sector 1287, he couldn't find another sentient creature on the entire planet. When he observed the Collective trap and consume a bird-like creature, he learned that the Collective's mental aptitudes increased. TO-T-U-K realizing that if he allowed himself and the power battery to be consumed by the Collective then it would gain the ability to think and act. He also gave the Collective a power battery.
Because of the large number of orbs that make up the Collective and the ability of the Collective to spread out Sector 1287 is considered to be one of the safest in the universe.
Dalor
Sector 2813; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #154.
Dkrtzy RRR
Dkrtzy RRR of Sector 188 is a bio-sentient mathematical equation. He is first mentioned in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #188 (May 1985) in the story "Mogo Doesn't Socialize", written by Alan Moore and drawn by Dave Gibbons. It was apparently discovered by a mathematician named Timph Rye in an attempt to prove that willpower could be derived formulaically. Dkrzty's method of eliminating its enemies is erasing their minds by entering them, noted as a source of controversy by the Guardians. Although it has yet to make an actual appearance, Tomar-Re claiming that his nature means that only the Guardians are aware of his presence even if he attends the Corps gatherings. Dkrtzy's bio was included in Green Lantern/Sinestro Corps Secret Files.
Driq
First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #217 (October 1987). Driq of Criq was killed by Sinestro and Sentient Sector 3600, but his ring inexplicably prevented his life force from escaping his body. Thus, he remained in a not-quite-dead state, though his physical body exhibited signs of decomposition and his costume was ragged and tattered. Each time he is destroyed, the ring reanimates his body. When Sinestro was executed and all of the Green Lantern rings lost their power, Driq collapsed into a final death. During the Blackest Night, Driq was revived as a half Black Lantern, with the right side of his body unaffected with ring intact. Unlike the rest of the Black Lanterns, Driq retained his true personality, speaking words of encouragement to John Stewart through his ring, and eventually leading his former comrade to the mass of black rings that were holding the reconstituted Xanshi together.
Eddore
Eddore from the planet Tront was a gaseous creature, vaguely amoeboid in appearance. He died during Crisis on Infinite Earths. Eddore, along with Arisia, were created by writer Mike W. Barr in his Tales of the Green Lantern Corps miniseries as a tip of the hat to E.E. Smith's Lensman series. Arisia and Eddore are the planets of the series' super-intelligent benevolent and evil races, respectively.
Ekron
Ekron from an unknown planet, was a giant floating head with a smaller alien inside "piloting" the large head of Ekron.
Ekron had one of its eyes, the mystic "Emerald Eye of Ekron" later used by the villainous Emerald Empress in Legion of Super-Heroes, ripped out by Lobo. Ekron later teamed-up with Animal Man, Adam Strange, Starfire, and Lobo against Lady Styx. Ekron dies in this battle, driving Lady Styx into a Sun-Eater.
Ermey
Ermey first appeared in Blackest Night: Tales of the Corps #3 (September 2009); he was the drill sergeant who trained Kilowog. He trained new recruits brutally, but only so they would be strong enough to survive as Lanterns. He was killed during a surprise attack on a group of Lanterns. It was from Ermey that Kilowog picked up the term "Poozer" which means "Useless Rookie". Ermey's name (and physical appearance) is a reference to the actor R. Lee Ermey, who has portrayed Drill Sergeants/figures of military authority in films such as Full Metal Jacket.
Ermey is later resurrected as a Black Lantern, with a more militaristic costume (and using his ring to create a black energy construct of a ceremonial sabre), in a gamble to stir powerful emotions in Kilowog by berating and abusing him for having once saved Sinestro's life and for having failed to train the now dead rookies. The reanimated Ermey enjoys some success as he is able to stir a reaction into Kilowog: a powerful rage against himself. However, before he can claim Kilowog's heart, he and the rest of the fallen Lanterns are ordered to devour the Oan main power battery.
A character very similar to Ermey is featured in the Kilowog section of the 2011 Green Lantern: Emerald Knights animated film. He was named Deegan, and was voiced by Wade Williams.
Flodo Span
Flodo Span is a gaseous member of the Green Lantern Corps. He has no corporeal body, and holds himself together with his ring. He was a friend of Hal Jordan's, and a member of the Green Lantern Corps of the Kylminade.
Galius Zed
Galius Zed is the Green Lantern of sector 1138. He first appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps #2 (June 1981) in the story "Defeat!", written by Mike W. Barr and Len Wein, and drawn by Brian Bolland and Joe Staton. Galius is of a race of aliens whose bodies are enormous heads, with normal sized legs and arms. He was first introduced fighting alongside Hal Jordan during the war against Krona and Nekron. He has participated in many battles alongside his fellow Green Lantern Corps, and served as part of the invasion force sent to Qward to destroy the Anti-Green Lantern Corps. He was trusted to take part in the "psychodrama" in which Hal Jordan was tested on his capabilities of being a Green Lantern. Galius survived the Crisis on Infinite Earths, but lost his power ring after the trial of Sinestro and the subsequent collapse of the Main Power Battery on Oa.
After the destruction of the Corps, John Stewart was chosen by the Controllers for the Darkstars. John recruited Galius along with many other former Lanterns. Their first mission was to Talyn, a planet which had been devastated by Psimon. Galius Zed later went to Earth to drive off an alien crime syndicate.
When Grayven, the third son of Darkseid arose, the Darkstars stood up to fight him. After the Darkstars, with the aid of Kyle Rayner, defeated Grayven, Galius Zed, Munchukk, Chaser Bron, and Ferrin Colos remained on Rann to help Adam Strange rebuild the battered city of Ranagar. The Darkstars were soon needed to fight once more, this time against the threat of Hyathis. The would-be Empress of Rann used mind control to pit the Zaredians against the Darkstars, creating a diversion while she kidnapped Aleea, the daughter of Adam Strange. Hyathis might have succeeded but for the arrival of Superboy and the Ravers who helped to crush her plans.
Galius Zed was killed by the warrior Fatality who had been cutting down every Green Lantern she came across in revenge for John Stewart's failure to prevent the destruction of her home planet Xanshi. Zed is memorialized in the Crypts of Oa and is regarded by many to be a legendary Green Lantern. Zed is one of the many fallen Lanterns to be risen from his grave on Oa to become a Black Lantern. In Blackest Night #1, he is one of the many Black Lanterns beginning a stand against the living Green Lanterns on Oa.
Galius Zed appears in the animated series Justice League, voiced by René Auberjonois. He has a small role in the direct-to-video animated film Green Lantern: Emerald Knights, voiced by Bruce Timm. He appears briefly in the backgrounds in a few scenes in the live-action Green Lantern film and is part of the toyline.
Ganthet
During the Blackest Night crisis, Ganthet, a Guardian and one of Hal Jordan's allies, appointed himself as a deputy Green Lantern to aid Earth's heroes against Nekron and his Black Lantern Corps.
G'nort
G'Hu
Sector 2937; First appeared in Green Lantern Corps #1, and also appears in a background cameo in the Green Lantern live-action film and is also a part of the film toyline. He also appears in the animated film Green Lantern: Emerald Knights, as one of the first four Green Lanterns to be chosen.
Gpaak
Sector 3515; First appeared in Guy Gardner #11.
Gretti
The Green Lantern Gretti is part of a traveling caravan of "space gypsies" and refuses to stay in one place, roaming from sector to sector at the whim of his caravan. His superiors at the Corps say nothing since he still files his reports on time, but his sector partner Green Man has lately been less and less pleased with the situation. He is slain by Agent Orange, the keeper of the orange light of avarice.
Harvid
Sector 2937; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #161.
Horoq Nnot
Sector 885; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 4) #11. Slain in the purge of Alpha Lanterns.
Iolande
Sector 1417; First appeared in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 2) #1. Iolande is a princess from planet Betrassus, and Soranik Natu's partner on Sector 1417. She and Natu have clashed during the beginning of their careers as Green Lanterns; however, they eventually get along. She is the only one in the Corps who is aware of her partner's true parentage to Sinestro. She appears in cameos in the Green Lantern: First Flight animated film, more prominently in the Emerald Knights animated film, and has a brief cameo in the Green Lantern live action film. She also appears in Green Lantern: The Animated Series, voiced by Tara Strong.
Isamot Kol
Kaylark
Sector 1721; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #166.
Kho Kharhi
The Green Lantern of Sector 442. She first appeared in Wonder Woman (vol. 3) #19, and was created by Gail Simone and Bernard Chang. Kho is the young daughter of a Khund Ambassador, and was accepted into the Corps due to her strong sense of justice and compassion.
Krista X
Sector 863; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #166.
Lan Dibbux
Sector 3192; Showcase '93 #12
Larvox
The Green Lantern of Sector 0017. It first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #9 in the story "Battle of the Power Rings!", written by John Broome and illustrated by Gil Kane. Larvox is an asexual being that comes from a planet where all beings are part of the whole and there are no individuals. Larvox cannot speak and must use its ring to communicate. After the fall of Oa, Larvox becomes a member of the Darkstars, but rejoins the Corps when the Green Lanterns are reformed.
Larvox has a cameo appearance in the Green Lantern: The Animated Series episode "Reboot".
Leezle Pon
Leezle Pon is a sentient smallpox virus, first mentioned in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #188 (May 1985). He defeated the Sinestro Corps viral villain Despotellis at the crux of the Sinestro Corps War when Guy Gardner was discovered to have been infected with the virus.
Meadlux
Sector 1776; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #169.
Medphyll
Mogo
Mogo is a sentient and living planet. It is technically genderless, but it is often casually referred to as male. When it is desired, its affiliation with the Corps is shown with foliage arranged into a green band, marked with the standard Green Lantern Corps lantern symbol, circling Mogo's equatorial area.
Mogo first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #188 (May 1985) in a story titled "Mogo Doesn't Socialize" and was created by writer Alan Moore and artist Dave Gibbons. Although initially a one-off character from a short story, the planet has grown in importance in the Green Lantern mythos and is a necessary part of the process for distributing power rings as well as a destination for Corps members to recuperate.
Morro
A Green Lantern from Sector 666. Guy Gardner revealed to Kyle Rayner that Morro requested his duty as penance, as he killed his pets' mother in rage when he wrongfully thought it ate his brother (who was later found alive and well). His first act of atoning for his mistake was to adopt the creature's offspring as his own. Months later, after his brother's death (a natural cause) and the Sinestro Corps War, Morro chose to be the Corps' cryptkeeper. Morro is capable of combat and hunting without his ring, and his primary choice of weapon is his mallet. His dratures are fearsome dragon-like creatures loyal to their master and ready to aid him.
Mother Mercy
Matris Ater Clementia, or Mother Mercy, is the creator of the Black Mercy plants used by Mongul, and the new Lantern for Sector 2261. She initially created them to find people who are suffering and dying to ease their pain, which created a symbiotic relationship with her. However, the first Mongul discovered the plants and used them to spread his evil, even mutating some of the Black Mercys into giving their victims suffering. Mother Mercy, however, kept her sentience hidden from Mongul. Her abilities to both ease and create fear gave her both a Green Lantern Corps ring and a Sinestro Corps ring to choose from. The Green Lantern ring, which she ultimately chose, came from the recently deceased Bzzd. Mother Mercy first appeared in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 2) #24 (July 2008).
NautKeLoi
Naut Ke Loi first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #9 (December 1961), and was created by John Broome and Gil Kane. NautKeLoi is the Lantern of Aeros, a planet entirely covered by water. As he cannot breathe air, he is always seen wearing a glass helmet filled with water. He is included as an action figure in the DC Universe Classics Green Lantern Classics subline for 2011. He appears briefly in the live-action Green Lantern film, and also appears in group scenes in the animated films Green Lantern: First Flight and Green Lantern: Emerald Knights.
Okonoko
The Green Lantern of Sector 1110. He first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #162 (March 1983), and was created by Mike W. Barr. Okonoko is an oranges skinned humanoid with pointed ears, who retired from the Corp after training his replacement Deeter.
Olapet
Olapet was a plant-based Green Lantern, hailing from the planet of Southern Goldstar. She first appeared in Green Lantern Corps #217 (October 1987), and was created by Steve Englehart and Joe Staton. Olapet carries a seedling of herself in a pouch. She periodically dies and transfers both her memories and the Power Ring to the seedling. She, along with Driq and Flodo Span, were the sole survivors of the Green Lantern Corps of Laminate. The rest were killed by Sinestro and Sentient Sector 3600.
Oliversity
Sector 2111; First appeared in The Green Lantern Corps #222. Can create multiple effects with his venom.
Opto309v
Sector 2260; First appeared in 52 Week 41. Featured in Final Crisis #2, slain by Kalibak two issues later.
Orlan
Sector 3897; First appeared in The Brave and the Bold (vol. 3) #19. Orlan was from the planet Kahlo. He destroyed a major city of his home planet while under the control of a malevolent energy being, but was later freed from its influence by the Phantom Stranger.
Palaqua
The Green Lantern of sector 3600, he first appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #2. He has also appeared in the Justice League Unlimited animated series and appears in a cameo in the Green Lantern: First Flight animated film. He also appears in a speaking role in the Green Lantern: Emerald Knights animated film.
Penelops
Protecting sector 1355, he first appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps #3. He was a veteran Green Lantern who was re-recruited when the Corps returned. He appears in cameos in the animated films Green Lantern: First Flight and Green Lantern: Emerald Knights
Penn Maricc
The Green Lantern of Sector 3333. He first appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #2 (December 1986), and was created by Mindy Newell and George Freeman. A hot-headed braggart, he frequently clashes with the equally hot headed Guy Gardner.
Perdoo
The Green Lantern of Sector 2234. He first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 3) Annual #5 (1996), and was created by Len Wein and Bill Willingham. Perdoo is from the planet Qualar IV, whose natives resemble chicken like humanoids and are unusually timid. The first several Qualarians that were approached by the ring died of fright. Perdoo is the only member of his race without fear, and is therefore considered clinically insane by his fellow Qualarians. His name is a reference to Frank Perdue.
Procanon Kaa
Sector 442; First appeared in Green Lantern Corps #224 (May 1988): "The Ultimate Testament!". Despised by the Khunds.
Qurina Vint
Sector 282; First appeared in Green Lantern Corps (vol. 2) #61 (August 2011): "Beware My Power".
Recruited by Mogo during the War of the Green Lanterns. Her home planet is Calados, former police officer.
Raker Qarrigat
Raker Qarrigat is a fictional Green Lantern member of the DC Comics universe who first appeared in Green Lantern 80-Page Giant #3 (2000). He was created by Scott Beatty. He is abandoned by the Guardians of the Universe and hides in the shadows of Darkseid's domain, Apokolips. Qarrigat defends the downtrodden masses of Apokolips.
Reever of Xanshi
Sector 1313; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #130 (July 1980): "The Trial of Arkkis Chummuck: Indictment".
Remnant Nod
Sector 1132; Noted for opposing political oppression. Killed by Red Lantern Corps member Atrocitus.
Rori Dag
Sector 1234; The first Green Lantern.
Rot Lop Fan
Rot Lop Fan is one of several unorthodox members of the Green Lantern Corps created by Alan Moore in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #3 (1987). After his introduction, he later occasionally appears in Green Lantern Corps group scenes.
In the Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #3 story "In the Blackest Night", Katma Tui is sent by the Guardians of the Universe to a lightless region of space known as the Obsidian Deeps, to recruit a new Green Lantern to protect that region of space. Despite the absolute darkness of the Deeps, Katma's power ring led her unerringly to a completely fearless and honest resident of the Deeps: Rot Lop Fan. However, as Rot Lop Fan's species had evolved in darkness, they had no concept of light and color, and thus Katma Tui was unable to explain how the power ring worked (it projects solid rays of light manifested by the bearer's will power).
Realizing that his species operates by hearing, Katma coaches him to create a hand bell with the ring, and describes the Green Lantern Corps as the "F-Sharp Bell Corps" — "F-Sharp" being a reassuring note for his race in the same manner that green is a reassuring color, and the ring's powers in terms of sound instead of light. She also composes a new oath for him to recite:
In loudest din or hush profound
my ears hear evil's slightest sound
let those who toll out evil's knell
beware my power, the F-Sharp Bell!
Having solved this dilemma, Katma leaves Rot Lop Fan to protect his people, not mentioning the ring's weakness to yellow as the colourless space made it relatively pointless; although, she privately notes that in some ways, Rot Lop Fan cannot be counted as a member of the "Green Lantern" Corps as he has truthfully never heard of them.
Rot Lop Fan later appears in several group scenes, including in the Crisis on Infinite Earths storyline when the Guardians of the Universe depart this plane of existence with the Zamarons, at the trial of Sinestro, on page 3 of the bar scene in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #56 (November 94) and in a group of ex-Green Lanterns freed from slavers by Warrior.
Rot Lop Fan has apparently been reinstated as a Green Lantern after the rebirth of the Corps. He appears in the backgrounds in a few scenes in the Green Lantern live-action film and is part of the 8-inch toyline.
Saarek
Saarek claims to be able to speak with the dead. He helps his fellow Lanterns track and capture the Sinestro Corps member who has been killing rookie Lantern's families, and is later tasked by a rogue Guardian, Scar, to find and speak with the Anti-Monitor's corpse. He later encounters Ash, who was also sent to find the Anti-Monitor, and the two decide to join forces. As they continue their journey, the voices of the dead grow so loud that they rupture Saarek's eardrums, deafening him. The two find the Black Lantern Power Battery, only to awaken the dormant power of the battery itself as two giant hands rise up from the ground and chase them, seeking flesh. He and Ash do not survive the conflict and are later seen as Black Lanterns at Scar's side on Ryut.
Shilandra Thane
Sector 3399; First appeared in Green Lantern Corps Quarterly #1.
Shorm
Sector 48. He first appeared in Green Lantern Corps: Recharge #1. Shorm is the acting desk sergeant of the Corps and is a close partner of Salaak. He appears in cameos in the Green Lantern: First Flight animated film and Green Lantern: Emerald Knights.
Sinestro
Skirl
Sector 2689; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #222.
Skyrd
Sector 3181; First appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps #1.
Sodam Yat
Soranik Natu
Stel
T-Cher
The Green Lantern of Sector 1324, T-Cher first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #167 (August 1983). T-Cher is a robot that had acted as the mechanical caregiver for the children of Green Lantern Brin. After Brin's retirement, the Guardians select T-Cher as his replacement.
Thulka Re
Little is known about Thulka Re save for the fact that he patrolled Sector 423. During a mission to the recently decimated world of Talcyion Omega, Thulka and his fellow Corpsmen were attacked by an army of powerful snakes known as the Silver Serpents. Thulka sacrificed his life to buy his companions time to escape, and was ultimately killed and consumed by the reptiles. His first and only appearance was in Wonder Woman (vol. 3) #42.
Torquemada
Torquemada is a powerful sorcerer as well as a Green Lantern. He first appeared in Green Lantern Corps Quarterly #4 (Spring 1993).
In the "Origins and Omens" back-up story in Green Lantern (vol. 4) #38 (March 2009), Torquemada is shown in manacles standing in front of the Guardians next to the sorcerer Mordru and Green Lantern Alan Scott, their fingers stretched out in accusation.
In Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds #5 (September 2009), Torquemada and Alan Scott are shown imprisoned in a wall on the Sorcerers World in the 31st century.
T-O-T-U-K
A successor of Green Lantern AR-N-O-Q, TO-T-U-K served as a Green Lantern of Sector 1287 for nearly three thousand years until the events of the Crisis on Infinite Earths forced him into retirement. TO-T-U-K had no desire to retire from the Green Lantern Corps and actually preferred to dying in the line of duty. However, it was the will of the Guardians that TO-T-U-K pass his power ring to another. TO-T-U-K was sent to Valstan C5, a planet in the fifth sector of the globular cluster of Sector 1287, where he will find his successor.
Upon arriving in Valstan C5, TO-T-U-K scanned the planet to find a worthy heir but for reasons unknown to him his ring apparently failed to pinpoint his replacement. Initially confused, TO-T-U-K soon realized that the individual he had been looking for was a hive-mind cluster of floating organisms that were floating around him, called the Collective. The Collective, however, was insufficient to become a Green Lantern due to possessing a lower functioning intelligence. But TO-T-U-K learned that the Collective has the ability to absorb the essence of an ensnared lifeform, which would also absorb the personality and intelligence of the lifeform as it was assimilated into the Collective. TO-T-U-K realized that it was possible for the Collective to absorb his power battery and in doing so, each organism of the Collective would become a living power ring.
TO-T-U-K understood what he had to do in which he allowed himself to be absorbed by the Collective; his sacrifice provided the intelligence and higher reasoning the Collective needed to become a Green Lantern.
Tuebeen
The Green Lantern of Sector 918, Tuebeen's sole appearance is in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #155 (August 1982).
Turytt
Vath Sarn
Vath Sarn first appeared in DC Comics' Green Lantern Corps: Recharge #1 (November 2005), and was created by writers Geoff Johns and Dave Gibbons, and artist Patrick Gleason. The character is from the planet Rann, initially depicted as a veteran soldier of the Rann-Thanagar War, resulting in some tensions between him and his sector partner Isamot Kol, a soldier from Thanagar who was nevertheless more willing to look past their old conflict than Sarn. However, over time, the two move past their war history and become friends; when Sarn loses his legs during the Black Lantern Corps' assault on Oa, Kol actually has his own legs surgically transplanted onto Sarn, reasoning that his physiology will allow him to re-grow his lost limbs and wanting to give his friend the chance to continue his service in the Corps. Later, Vath is part of a small group of Lanterns who, by recruitment and circumstance, assist in taking down the original Guardians, who had gone mad with power.
Venizz
Sector 2812; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 4) #6 (January 2006). Venizz is the partner of Green Lantern Tagort. Noted for her opposition to eugenics.
Voz
Voz is close to Graf Toren, having been a fellow captive for a long time before Guy Gardner rescued them. Voz is assigned to be the warden of the Sciencells. It is a great honor to him, and he takes it very seriously. The Red Lantern Corps member Vice breaks free of his prison with the help of Scar and starts a riot. He breaks free many Sinestro Corps members too and Voz attempts to quell the riot singlehandedly, however Vice easily overpowers him. Voz is badly injured but survives. He appears in a cameo in the Green Lantern live-action film and is also a part of the film toyline.
Wissen
Sector 1915; First appeared in Tales of the Green Lantern Corps Annual #3 (1987). Wissen used his powers as a Green Lantern to end a thousand-year civil war on the planet Veltre. Wissen is eventually regarded by the natives of Veltre as a god, and under his benevolent rule the planet becomes peaceful but stagnant. After many years as the planet's ruler, a trio of Green Lanterns arrive to stabilize Veltre's core before it explodes like the planet Krypton. At first humbled by his failure, Wissen is persuaded to remain on Veltre to continue to act as its protector.
Xax
Xax of Xaos is a grasshopper-like alien from a planet ruled by insects. He first appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #9 and becomes one of Hal Jordan's good friends in the Corps. He was slain during a battle on the moon of Qward during the Crisis on Infinite Earths. Another grasshopper shaped Lantern named Xax is later slain and worn as an earring by Lady Styx. It's interesting to note that in his first appearance Xax does not use a ring, but a variation called a "power device" built into the insignia of his costume. Recharging it requires pressing the lantern shaped battery to his chest. All subsequent appearances show him wearing a ring. Xax appears in several scenes in both animated films, First Flight and Emerald Knights.
Zale
Zale of Bellatrix was Boodikka's replacement on the Bellatrix Bombers, and the next of her kind judged worthy by the Guardians to wield a GL ring. She first appeared in Green Lantern Corps #21. As a rookie Lantern who kept ignoring her call to duty, Zale was brought under investigation by her former sister Boodikka, now an Alpha-Lantern. After a lengthy confrontation, it was revealed that it was the Bombers who kept Zale from fulfilling her duties, by deceiving her into thinking she was needed with them. The Guardians punished Zale by making her Boodikka's sector partner and removing her power battery, making her dependent on Boodikka for recharges.
Zghithii
Sector 3599; First appeared in Green Lantern (vol. 2) #190 (July 1985). Zqhithii is a snake-like alien that helped fellow Green Lantern Xax fight off the Spider Guild invasion of Xaox.
Miscellaneous Green Lanterns
Avra
Appearing in the animated film Green Lantern: Emerald Knights in the segment "The First Lantern", a former scribe for the Guardians and one of the first four chosen Green Lanterns, when the Corps was formed. He was the first to discover the natural ability of the green light to create constructs, as it is the manifestation of willpower, and is thus considered the very first Green Lantern.
Blu
Appearing in the animated film Green Lantern: Emerald Knights in the segment "The First Lantern", Blue is a blue-skinned humanoid alien and one of the first four chosen Green Lanterns. She died in battle against a massive army, becoming the first Green Lantern to die in the line of duty.
Bruce Wayne
In the "Elseworlds" title In Darkest Knight, Bruce Wayne succeeded Abin Sur as Green Lantern of Sector 2814. His version of the Lantern uniform is darker than others and includes a cowl and a black scalloped cape. During that same story, Barry Allen / Flash, Superman, and Wonder Woman were recruited as Green Lantern candidates.
Wachet
Appearing in the animated film Green Lantern: Emerald Knights in the segment "The First Lantern", Wachet is a semi-translucent alien, nominally female, who was one of the first four chosen as Green Lanterns, and the second to use the full power of her ring following Avra's discovery.
Ngila G'rnt
First appeared in the Green Lantern live-action film and in the Green Lantern Movie Prequel: Hal Jordan #1 one-shot comic short story "Emerald City," Ngila G'rnt is a native of the planet Inguanzo, and a recently recruited teenaged Green Lantern. She possesses an extraordinary sense of hearing, natural to her race, and is named after the film's costume designer, Ngila Dickson.
Tai Pham
Appearing in the young adult graphic novels Green Lantern: Legacy (2020) and Green Lantern: Alliance (2022), Tai Pham is the thirteen-year-old grandson of Green Lantern Kim Tran who was selected by her power ring to become its successor. John Stewart, a frequent ally to Tran, became a mentor to Pham.
Kim Tran
Appearing in the young adult graphic novel Green Lantern: Legacy (2020), Kim Tran became a Green Lantern of Earth around the time of the Vietnam War and was a frequent ally to John Stewart. Her power ring chose her thirteen-year-old grandson Tai Pham as its successor upon her death.
Ardakian Trawl
Appearing only in the animated film Green Lantern: Emerald Knights during the introduction sequence, she is a female Green Lantern who dies after being assaulted by Krona's shadow demons. She is remembered by Ganthet as a brave and gallant Green Lantern.
Teen Lanterns
Frankie, Kelly, Jaclyn, and Samosa
Although not "official" members of the Green Lantern Corps, four teenagers — Frankie (male), Kelly (female), Jaclyn (female), and Samosa (male) — are given simplified Green Lantern rings by John Stewart after their homes are abducted to Oa by the Mad Guardian in Green Lantern (vol. 3) (1992) and Mosaic (1992–1993)..
Able to create simple objects, translate languages, synthesize atmosphere, and empower flight, these rings enabled the youngsters to explore Oa in the hopes that their youthful ways of looking at the Mosaic (and the other beings trapped there) would help ease relations between the Earthlings and other races.
Having a moderate degree of success, the four helped where they could until the Mosaic was torn apart when dozens of space fleets appeared over Oa, each planet determined to bring their people home.
Presumably the four are back on Earth readjusting to a "normal" life. At this time, it is unknown how the destruction of the Central Power Battery and subsequent reconstruction by Ion/Kyle Rayner affected the teenagers' rings. It is possible they still exist and can be recharged if given access to a Lantern.
Jordana Gardner
Another Teen Lantern, unrelated to the others and out-of-continuity, is Jordana Gardner, future descendant of Hal Jordan and Guy Gardner, who appears in Legion of Super Heroes in the 31st Century #6.
Keli Quintela
Young Justice (vol. 3) #1 (March 2019) introduced another Teen Lantern in Keli Quintela. An unofficial Green Lantern, Quintela is an eleven-year old from La Paz, Bolivia that hacked into the Green Lantern Power Battery and created a gauntlet that acts like a Green Lantern power ring.
M'ten
Appearing in Green Lantern: The Animated Series episode "Beware my Power," M'ten was the Green Lantern of an unknown sector who was assigned to Frontier Space. After being ambushed and murdered by Zilius Zox of the Red Lantern Corps, M'ten's ring returned to Oa, setting the events of the series in motion.
Shyir Rev
Appearing in the Green Lantern: The Animated Series episode "Beware My Power," Shyir Rev was a Green Lantern assigned to Frontier Space. He was ambushed and severely injured by members of the Red Lantern Corps, but was rescued by Hal Jordan and Kilowog. Shyir ultimately ended up sacrificing his life to save his home world from a Red Lantern bomb, and was honored by his comrades.
Dulok
Appearing in the Green Lantern: The Animated Series episode "Heir Apparent," Dulok was a Green Lantern from the planet of Betrassus. Dulok had planned to join a band of Green Lanterns tasked with fighting off the Red Lantern Corps, but was murdered by Ragnar, the planet's crown prince. After Dulok's death, his ring passed to Iolande, the young queen of Betrassus.
Probert
Probert was a mercenary who met up with a few Lanterns and conversed with Guy Gardner at the scene of a huge spaceborne battle. A few of the newer Lanterns pointed out that Probert had once been a Lantern and was described to Guy as having been "worse than you."
Monster Menace Green Lantern
A Green Lantern from an unnamed planet who leads a team of monstrous-appearing superheroes to Earth in pursuit of Sinestro's duplicate power ring and battery. Initially masquerading as a mysterious robed ghoul, he is a bald humanoid with chalk-white skin, and first appears in Super Friends #10, created by writer E. Nelson Bridwell and artist Ramona Fradon.
Kai-Ro
Kai-Ro is Green Lantern in the future DC animated universe voiced by Lauren Tom, first appearing in the Batman Beyond two-part episode "The Call" (2000). An eight-year-old child mature beyond his age, Kai-Ro possesses the standard Green Lantern power ring and assists Terry McGinnis, the Batman of the future, in finding a supposed traitor within the ranks of the Justice League Unlimited.
Kai-Ro later appears as a young adult in the 2005 Justice League Unlimited episode "Epilogue" in Terry's daydream. Still a member of the future JLU, he defeats a group of supervillains with McGinnis' help and pleads with McGinnis to stay with the team despite the Batman's growing animosity and disillusion upon the discovery of his true origins.
A two-issue story in the Batman Beyond comic reveals that Kai-Ro had been raised in a Buddhist monastery prior to receiving the ring. In this story he returns there to battle Black Light, a character with a black power ring, somewhat similar to Sinestro. The story mentions that Kai-Ro's ring had no yellow weakness.
A character named Kairo is Green Lantern's alien sidekick in the 1967 Filmation animated series The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure.
Kid Lantern
Issue #3 of the miniseries Flash and Green Lantern: The Brave and the Bold (December 2000) has Flash, Kid Flash, and Green Lantern in pursuit of Mirror Master and Black Hand. The villains attempt to steal Flash's speed but Kid Flash loses his powers instead. Green Lantern creates a temporary power ring for Wally to use, dubbing him Kid Lantern. Wally's Lantern costume is palette swap of his Kid Flash costume, with black pants, green top/boots, white gloves, and a Green Lantern insignia in place of his lightning insignia.
Daffy Duck/Duck Dodgers
In episode #9 ("The Green Loontern") of the 2003 Duck Dodgers animated series, Duck Dodgers claims his laundry at the dry-cleaners, but mistakenly takes Hal Jordan's Green Lantern uniform instead of his usual outfit. This episode made use of discarded character concepts for a proposed Green Lantern Corps animated series. The series would have focused on the adventures of Kyle Rayner with a slightly comical version of the Corps. The episode included the first animated versions of Guy Gardner, Ch'p, and Boodikka.
Daffy also appears as The Green Loontern in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham.
Green Guardsman
A Green Guardsman is featured on the Justice League animated series' season one two-part episode "Legends" (2002) as an homage to the original Alan Scott. He appears as a Justice Guild of America member on an alternate Earth that had been devastated by nuclear war, but reconstructed as a vast mental illusion by a psychic, Ray Thompson. This is a reference to the pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths crossovers between DC Comics' Multiverse (which began in September 1961 "Flash of Two Worlds"). To mirror the Golden Age Green Lantern ring's vulnerability to wood, the Green Guardsman's ring has no power over aluminum. However, the Green Guardsman proves to be a loyal superhero of a bygone era, and willingly sacrifices himself to defend the Earth he protects.
Sonya Blade
Sonya Blade's ending in the video game Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe depicts her becoming the Green Lantern of Earthrealm after finding the ring of an unnamed Corps member who died offscreen during the game's Story Mode.
Power Ring
Power Ring is the name of several DC Comics supervillains — counterparts of Green Lanterns Hal Jordan, Kyle Rayner, and John Stewart. Originally residing on Earth-Three, which was subsequently destroyed during the 12-issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, Power Ring along with the other Syndicators ended up being recreated in the Anti-Matter Universe's Earth.
Iron Lantern
Iron Lantern is a fictional character and an Amalgam Comics superhero, whose true debut was in Iron Lantern #1 (June 1997), though his first (metafictional) appearance in the Amalgam universe was in Showcase of Suspense #1. He is a combination of Marvel Comics' Iron Man and DC Comics' Green Lantern. Iron Lantern was created by writer Kurt Busiek.
Iron Lantern's origin is revealed in Iron Lantern #1. Hal Stark is the millionaire owner of Stark Aviation. While working on a prototype flight simulator, Stark is pulled to the site of a space ship by a beam of green energy. The simulator crashes, badly injuring Stark. The spaceship contains the corpse of an alien named Rhomann Sur (an amalgamation of Marvel's Rhomann Dey and DC's Abin Sur). Stark is able to use parts of the spaceship to build a superpowered suit of armor (powered by Sur's lantern) to keep himself alive. Stark then defeats the aliens responsible for Sur's death, and decides to fight evil as Iron Lantern.
Iron Lantern's other foes include Madame Sapphire (Pepper Ferris — Marvel's Madame Masque and DC's Star Sapphire), H.E.C.T.O.R. (Marvel's MODOK and DC's Hector Hammond), Oa the Living Planet (Ego the Living Planet mixed with Oa, the home planet of the Guardians of the Universe), and Mandarinestro (Marvel's Mandarin and DC's Sinestro).
Kyle O'Brien / Green Guardsman
Kyle O'Brien / Green Guardsman is an Amalgam Comics superhero whose true debut was in Iron Lantern #1, though his first (metafictional) appearance in the Amalgam universe was Showcase of Suspense #84, in a story entitled "The Other Iron Lantern". He was an amalgamation of Kevin O'Brien, the Guardsman, and Kyle Rayner, the then current Green Lantern.
Jade Yifei
Based on Jennifer-Lynn Hayden, Jade Yifei is the Green Lantern of Sector 2814 in the Ame-Comi universe. A teenager from China, she was chosen as the first Green Lantern of Earth in this continuity rather than Hal Jordan.
Doctor Spectrum (Marvel Comics)
Doctor Spectrum is the name of five different fictional comic book characters in the Marvel Comics multiverse. There have been five versions of the character to date — three supervillains from the mainstream Marvel Universe belonging to the team Squadron Sinister (Earth-616) and two heroes from different alternate universes. The two heroes each belong to a version of the team Squadron Supreme (the Squadron Supreme of Earth-712 and the Squadron Supreme of Earth-31916, respectively).
Green Lanterns by sectors of the universe
After long experimentation the Guardians equipped and loosely oversaw the Green Lantern Corps, over 7200 diverse beings from throughout the universe. Each was granted a battery and a ring. Thinly scattered among uncounted trillions of stars, each was assigned a sector of space which was vaster than anyone can comprehend.
The sectors are shaped as four-sided pyramid-shaped sections of a sphere, with their point meeting at Oa, which is located at the center of the universe. Oa is technically in each Lantern's sector, and while on Oa, the Lantern is still in his home sector
There are 3600 standard space sectors, plus three "special" sectors: 0 (Oa itself), -1 (Anti-matter universe), and 3601 (proscribed sector of space populated by the Manhunters).
See also
Green Lantern
Green Lantern Corps
Guardians of the Universe
Sinestro Corps
Doctor Spectrum
Green Lantern (film)
References
External links
The Great Book of Oa
Alan Kistler's profile on Green Lantern
Green Lantern
Green Lantern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Green%20Lanterns |
Pietro Antonio Fiocco (or Pier Antonio or Pierre-Antoine) (3 February 1654 – 3 September 1714) was an Italian Baroque composer.
Life
Pietro Antonio Fiocco was born in Venice. Nothing is known of his childhood and his musical formation in Italy, but it is known that he soon made a name for himself, since Dirck Strijcker, the son of the Dutch consul in Venice had him come to Amsterdam, where an opera was founded. In 1681 the booklet of Helena rapita da Paride appeared, composed by Domenico Freschi, and for which Fiocco arranged the music. The same year he composed a prologue for Alceste by Pietro Andrea Ziani sung in Hanover in 1682, and for the Lully operas Amadis, Acis et Galathée, Armide and Thésée. In the summer of 1682, he went to Brussels to enter the service of Eugen Alexander Franz, Count of Thurn and Taxis. He married Jeanne de Latère. Named choirmaster of the church Notre-Dame des Victoires, Fiocco composed religious works, including masses and motets. He died in Brussels in 1714.
Offspring
He was the father of Melissa Amelia Fiocco. She died at the young age of 23, while traveling to visit her close friend Erica Grier in Northern Italy, leaving her husband, Angelo Pertioniro and three children, Sabrina Pertioniro, Gabriella Pertioniro and Claudio Pertioniro. His daughter was his main inspiration for his music. Two of his sons, Jean-Joseph (1686–1746) and Joseph-Hector (1703–1741), were also composers and musicians of note.
Sources
1654 births
1714 deaths
Musicians from Venice
Italian Baroque composers
Italian male classical composers
18th-century Italian composers
18th-century Italian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro%20Antonio%20Fiocco |
The (; ) is a general hospital in Rosario, Argentina, which depends on the Health Ministry of the provincial state of Santa Fe. It is a public hospital (managed partly by an elected council) and serves as the base hospital for Programmatic Area III of Zone VIII of the Santa Fe Ministry of Health.
The HPR was the first hospital in Rosario and the first in the south of Santa Fe. It was inaugurated on 4 October 1855, with the name ("Charity Hospital"), by the ("Charitable Society of Rosario"). At the time of its foundation, the hospital was outside the main populated area of the then-small village of Rosario (which had little over 3,000 inhabitants).
Presently the HPR is located in the center of the city (taking up a whole block) and serves an area with a population estimate of 386,000 residents, treating 182,000 people a year, admitting 25 patients a day, and performing 300 surgeries per month. The hospital also manages 16 primary care centers distributed in the southern part of Rosario.
References
La Capital, 4 October 2005. El Hospital Provincial de Rosario celebra su 150 aniversario.
Provincial de Rosario
Buildings and structures in Rosario, Santa Fe
Provincial de Rosario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital%20Provincial%20de%20Rosario |
The Great White Spot, also known as Great White Oval, on Saturn, named by analogy to Jupiter's Great Red Spot, are periodic storms that are large enough to be visible from Earth by telescope by their characteristic white appearance. The spots can be several thousands of kilometers wide.
The Cassini orbiter was able to track the 2010–11 instance of the storm, also known as the Northern Electrostatic Disturbance, because of an increase in radio and plasma interference, or the Great Springtime Storm.
Cassini data has revealed a loss of acetylene in the white clouds, an increase of phosphine, and an unusual temperature drop in the center of the storm. After the visible aspects of the storm subsided, in 2012, a "belch" of heat and ethylene was emitted from two hotspots that merged.
Occurrence
The phenomenon is somewhat periodic at 28.5-year intervals, when Saturn's northern hemisphere tilts most toward the Sun. The following is a list of recorded sightings.
1876 – Observed by Asaph Hall. He used the white spots to determine the planet's period of rotation.
1903 – Observed by Edward Barnard.
1933 – Observed by Will Hay, comic actor and amateur astronomer. Until recent times the most celebrated observation.
1960 – Observed by JH Botham (South Africa).
1990 – Observed by Stuart Wilber, from 24 September through November.
1994 – Studied by ground-based observers and the Hubble Space Telescope.
2006 – Observed by Erick Bondoux and Jean-Luc Dauvergne.
2010 – First observed by Anthony Wesley, photographed by Cassini space probe 2010–11.
That none were recorded before 1876 is a mystery, in some ways akin to the long observational gap of the Great Red Spot in the 18th and early 19th centuries; the 1876 Great White Spot (GWS) was extremely prominent, being visible in apertures as small as 60 mm. It is not known if the earlier record was simply poor, or if the 1876 GWS was truly a first for the telescopic era. Some believe that neither scenario is likely.
In 1992, Mark Kidger described three significant GWS patterns:
The GWSs alternate in latitude, with one apparition being limited to the North Temperate Zone (NTZ) or higher, and the following being limited to the Equatorial Zone (EZ). For instance, the 1960 GWS was high-latitude, and the 1990 GWS was equatorial.
The high-latitude GWSs recur at a slightly shorter interval than the equatorial GWSs (~27 versus ~30 years).
The high-latitude GWSs tend to be much less prominent than their equatorial counterparts.
Based on these apparent regularities, in 1992 Kidger forecasted (incorrectly, given the 2010–2011 storm) that the next GWS would occur in the North Temperate Zone in 2016, and would probably be less spectacular than the 1990 GWS.
Characteristics and causes
The Great White Spot typically begins as discrete "spots", but then rapidly expands in longitude, as the 1933 and 1990 GWSs did; in fact, the latter eventually lengthened enough to encircle the planet.
Though computer modeling had by the early 1990s suggested these massive atmospheric upwellings were caused by thermal instability, in 2015 two Caltech planetary scientists proposed a more detailed mechanism. The theory is that as Saturn's upper atmosphere undergoes seasonal cooling, it first gets less dense as the heavier water rains out, passes a density minimum, and then gets more dense as the remaining hydrogen and helium continue to cool. Low-density upper-layer gases tend to suppress convection, but high-density upper layers are unstable and cause a thunderstorm when they break into lower layers. The theory is that storms are significantly delayed from the winter solstice due to the time it takes for the very large atmosphere to cool. The team proposes that similar storms are not seen on Jupiter because that planet has less water vapor in its upper atmosphere.
Saturn's rings block the view of the northern hemisphere from Earth during the winter solstice, so historical data on the GWS is unavailable during this season, but the Cassini space probe has been able to observe the whole planet since it arrived shortly after the winter solstice in 2004.
See also
Great Dark Spot
Great Red Spot
Dragon Storm
Extraterrestrial cyclone
Kármán vortex street
References
Notes
Article on Saturn's Northern Electrostatic Disturbance on Sky and Telescope
1990/1 Hubble Space Telescope image
2006: observed with a 12" telescope by amateurs near Paris.
Volunteers Help NASA Track Return of the Dragon
External links
The Great White Spot at ESA/Hubble
Christopher Go's Saturn Website Pictures of Saturn's Northern Electrostatic Disturbance (2011)
Saturn
Planetary spots
Storms
1876 in science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20White%20Spot |
Gaston Berger (; 1 October 1896 – 13 November 1960) was a French futurist but also an industrialist, a philosopher and a state manager. He is mainly known for his remarkably lucid analysis of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and for his studies on the character structure.
Berger was born in Saint-Louis, Senegal, French West Africa (now Senegal). He received his primary and part of his secondary education in Perpignan, France, and had to take up a position in an industrial firm. After having performed his military duties in World War I, he became an associate of the owner of the firm. Berger decided to continue his studies. He worked with Rene Le Senne and passed his baccalaureat. He then enrolled in the University of Aix-en-Provence, where he studied philosophy under Maurice Blondel. Having passed his licence, he obtained a diploma d’Etudes Superieures with a thesis on the ‘Relations between the conditions of intelligibility on the one hand and the problem of contingency on the other hand’. In 1926 Berger founded with some friends the Societe de Philosophie du Sud-est and its periodical . In 1938 he organized the first Congress of French Language Societies of Philosophy. In 1941 he submitted his two theses de doctorat d’Etat, the first entitled ‘Investigations on the conditions of Knowledge. Essay of Pure Knowledge’, the second ‘The ‘Cogito’ in Husserl’s philosophy’. Berger then left his industrial firm and became first a 'Chargé de Cours', then a 'Maitre de Conferences' for philosophy at the University of Aix-en Provence. In 1944 he became full professor. In 1949 he became secretary general of the Fulbright Commission, in charge of the cultural relations between France and the United States.
After managing a fertilizer plant during the 1930s, he created in Paris the Centre Universitaire International et des Centres de Prospective and directed the philosophical studies (Études philosophiques). The term prospective, invented by Gaston Berger, is the study of the possible futures.
From 1953 to 1960 he was in charge of the tertiary education at the Minister of National Education and modernised the French universities system. He was elected at the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques in 1955.
In 1957 he founded the journal Prospective and the homonym centre with André Gros. This same year he created the Institut national des sciences appliquées (INSA) of Lyon with the rector Capelle.
He was the father of the French choreographer Maurice Béjart (1927–2007), a stage name for Maurice-Jean Berger. The university of Saint-Louis, Senegal, where he was born is named after him.
Main works
Recherches sur les conditions de la connaissance, Paris, PUF, 1941
Le Cogito dans la philosophie de Husserl, Paris, Aubier, 1941
Traité pratique d’analyse du caractère, Paris, PUF, 1950
Questionnaire caractérologique, PUF, Paris, 1950
Caractère et personnalité, Paris, PUF, 1954
External links
Biography in French
Gaston Berger philosophe et homme d'action in French
1896 births
1960 deaths
20th-century French philosophers
Phenomenologists
French industrialists
Futurologists
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
French male writers
20th-century French male writers
French people in French Senegal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston%20Berger |
Stephen Sayadian, also known as Rinse Dream, is a multimedia artist who was active in the 1980s and 1990s.
He was the advertising creative director for Larry Flynt Publications and an art director and production designer for VHS box art covers and movie posters of the 1980s. Later, he wrote, produced, and directed underground films, including Nightdreams (1981), Café Flesh (1982), and Dr. Caligari (1989).
Career
Sayadian began his career as a magazine satirist, having submitted work to Mad, Marvel Comics, and National Lampoon. In the fall of 1976, Sayadian took his portfolio to publisher Larry Flynt. who immediately hired him as the creative director of humor and advertising for Larry Flynt Publications, where he conceptualized ad campaigns for Hustler.
After Hustler relocated to Los Angeles in 1978, Sayadian continued to work with the magazine as a contractor. He founded Wolfe Studio, an art direction company, with photographer Francis Delia. Together they designed one-sheet imagery for film posters and VHS box covers of the 1980s, including Brian De Palma's Dressed to Kill, John Carpenter's The Fog, and Tobe Hooper's The Funhouse.
In 1981, Sayadian and Delia teamed with former Hustler writer Jerry Stahl and began collaborating on avant-garde pornographic films. It was at this time that Sayadian began using the pseudonym Rinse Dream because of the risk involved with using his actual name for creating pornographic films. Nightdreams (1981) was co-written by Sayadian (as Rinse Dream) and Stahl (as Herbert W. Day) with Delia (as F.X. Pope) behind the camera as the cinematographer and director. Nightdreams was produced on a budget of $65,000 and recycled sets from Wolfe Studio's Dressed to Kill and The Funhouse photoshoots to save money.
The trio followed up the horror themed Nightdreams with the post-apocalyptic science-fiction themed Café Flesh in 1982 with Sayadian as the director. The film had a budget of $100,000 and was made in two separate parts, using the non-pornographic elements of the film to attract financiers.
Nightdreams and Café Flesh were financially unsuccessful in the pornographic market, but they broke house records as midnight movies and replaced David Lynch's Eraserhead and John Waters' Pink Flamingos as they toured the country.
The April 1984 edition of Hustler featured a 21-page spread that Sayadian produced and directed in collaboration with musician Frank Zappa for his triple album Thing-Fish. Larry Flynt was going to pay for the production of a Broadway show based on the spread, but reversed his decision when Thing-Fish did not result in increased magazine sales.
In 1989, Sayadin directed and co-wrote with Stahl the film Dr. Caligari, whose title is inspired by the 1920 film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Made on a budget of $175,000 the film went on to become a midnight movie that found a cult following after it was released on home video.
Sayadian continued to write and direct surreal alt porn films as Rinse Dream, releasing a total of six feature length video releases between 1990 and 1993 before advanced cirrhosis impeded further work. Initially told by doctors that he had six months to live, Sayadian was seriously ill for over a decade before receiving a liver transplant in 2008.
Filmography
Nightdreams (1981) film co-written and produced as Rinse Dream
Café Flesh (1982) film co-written and directed as Rinse Dream
Do It Again (1987) music video for Wall of Voodoo as Stephen Sayadian
Dr. Caligari (1989) film co-written and directed as Stephen Sayadian
Nightdreams II (1990) film co-written and directed as Rinse Dream
Party Doll A Go-Go (1991) video written and directed as Rinse Dream
Party Doll A Go-Go Part 2 (1991) video written and directed as Rinse Dream
Nightdreams 3 (1991) video written and directed as Rinse Dream
Untamed Cowgirls of the Wild West Part 1: The Pillowbiters (1993) video written and directed as Rinse Dream
Untamed Cowgirls of the Wild West Part 2: Jammy Glands from the Rio Grande (1993) video written and directed as Rinse Dream
The Art of the Sell: Stephen Sayadian (2015) featurette included in the The Criterion Collection's Blu-ray release of Dressed to Kill.
Awards
1984 AVN Award for Best Art Direction - Café Flesh]'
1992 XRCO Hall of Fame inductee - Nightdreams 2007 XRCO Hall of Fame inductee – Film Creator
2017 AVN Hall of Fame inductee – Director
Further reading
"The Surreal Visions of Rinse Dream", Ultra Violent Magazine, Issue #4 (2002)
"Dr. Caligari" in: Gods In Spandex: A Survivors' Account Of 80s Cinema Obscura. (UK: Succubus Press, 2007)
Smith, Jacob. "Sound and Performance in Stephen Sayadian's Night Dreams and Café Flesh", The Velvet Light Trap'' #59 (Spring 2007)
References
External links
Stephen Sayadian at the Adult Film Database
as a director
Alt porn
American pornographic film directors
American parodists
American satirists
Surrealist filmmakers
American surrealist artists
Living people
1953 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Sayadian |
Walkeria is a genus of colonial bryozoans in the order Ctenostomatida.
Species
The World Register of Marine Species includes the following species in the genus:
Walkeria atlantica (Busk, 1886)
Walkeria prorepens Kubanin, 1992
Walkeria tuberosa Heller, 1867
Walkeria uva (Linnaeus, 1758)
References
Ctenostomatida
Bryozoan genera
Taxa named by John Fleming (naturalist) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkeria |
The dynamical theory of diffraction describes the interaction of waves with a regular lattice. The wave fields traditionally described are X-rays, neutrons or electrons and the regular lattice are atomic crystal structures or nanometer-scale multi-layers or self-arranged systems. In a wider sense, similar treatment is related to the interaction of light with optical band-gap materials or related wave problems in acoustics. The sections below deal with dynamical diffraction of X-rays.
Principle
The dynamical theory of diffraction considers the wave field in the periodic potential of the crystal and takes into account all multiple scattering effects. Unlike the kinematic theory of diffraction which describes the approximate position of Bragg or Laue diffraction peaks in reciprocal space, dynamical theory corrects for refraction, shape and width of the peaks, extinction and interference effects. Graphical representations are described in dispersion surfaces around reciprocal lattice points which fulfill the boundary conditions at the crystal interface.
Outcomes
The crystal potential by itself leads to refraction and specular reflection of the waves at the interface to the crystal and delivers the refractive index off the Bragg reflection. It also corrects for refraction at the Bragg condition and combined Bragg and specular reflection in grazing incidence geometries.
A Bragg reflection is the splitting of the dispersion surface at the border of the Brillouin zone in reciprocal space. There is a gap between the dispersion surfaces in which no travelling waves are allowed. For a non-absorbing crystal, the reflection curve shows a range of total reflection, the so-called Darwin plateau. Regarding the quantum mechanical energy of the system, this leads to the band gap structure which is commonly well known for electrons.
Upon Laue diffraction, intensity is shuffled from the forward diffracted beam into the Bragg diffracted beam until extinction. The diffracted beam itself fulfills the Bragg condition and shuffles intensity back into the primary direction. This round-trip period is called the Pendellösung period.
The extinction length is related to the Pendellösung period. Even if a crystal is infinitely thick, only the crystal volume within the extinction length contributes considerably to the diffraction in Bragg geometry.
In Laue geometry, beam paths lie within the Borrmann triangle. Kato fringes are the intensity patterns due to Pendellösung effects at the exit surface of the crystal.
Anomalous absorption effects take place due to a standing wave patterns of two wave fields. Absorption is stronger if the standing wave has its anti-nodes on the lattice planes, i.e. where the absorbing atoms are, and weaker, if the anti-nodes are shifted between the planes. The standing wave shifts from one condition to the other on each side of the Darwin plateau which gives the latter an asymmetric shape.
Applications
X-ray diffraction
Neutron diffraction
Electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy
Structure determination in crystallography
grazing incidence diffraction
X-ray standing waves
neutron and X-ray interferometry.
synchrotron crystal optics
neutron and X-ray diffraction topography
X-ray imaging
Crystal monochromators
Electronic band structures
See also
Volume hologram
Further reading
J. Als-Nielsen, D. McMorrow: Elements of Modern X-ray physics. Wiley, 2001 (chapter 5: diffraction by perfect crystals).
André Authier: Dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction. IUCr monographs on crystallography, no. 11. Oxford University Press (1st edition 2001/ 2nd edition 2003). .
R. W. James: The Optical Principles of the Diffraction of X-rays. Bell., 1948.
M. von Laue: Röntgenstrahlinterferenzen. Akademische Verlagsanstalt, 1960 (German).
Z. G. Pinsker: Dynamical Scattering of X-Rays in Crystals. Springer, 1978.
B. E. Warren: X-ray diffraction. Addison-Wesley, 1969 (chapter 14: perfect crystal theory).
W. H. Zachariasen: Theory of X-ray Diffraction in Crystals. Wiley, 1945.
Boris W. Batterman, Henderson Cole: Dynamical Diffraction of X Rays by Perfect Crystals. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 36, No. 3, 681-717, July 1964.
H. Rauch, D. Petrascheck, “Grundlagen für ein Laue-Neutroneninterferometer Teil 1: Dynamische Beugung”, AIAU 74405b, Atominstitut der Österreichischen Universitäten, (1976)
H. Rauch, D. Petrascheck, “Dynamical neutron diffraction and its application” in “Neutron Diffraction”, H. Dachs, Editor. (1978), Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg New York. p. 303.
K.-D. Liss: "Strukturelle Charakterisierung und Optimierung der Beugungseigenschaften von Si(1-x)Ge(x) Gradientenkristallen, die aus der Gasphase gezogen wurden", Dissertation, Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, (27 October 1994), urn:nbn:de:hbz:82-opus-2227
Neutron-related techniques
Synchrotron-related techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20theory%20of%20diffraction |
Burrito Deluxe is the second album by the country rock group the Flying Burrito Brothers, released in May 1970 on A&M Records, catalogue 4258. It is the last to feature Gram Parsons prior to his dismissal from the group. It contains the first issued version of the Mick Jagger/Keith Richards-written song "Wild Horses," released almost a year before the Rolling Stones own take on it appeared on Sticky Fingers.
Background
After the release of the group's debut album, ex-Byrd Michael Clarke was hired as the band's full-time drummer — he had recently been playing in another ex-Byrd, Gene Clark's band Dillard and Clark. In the fall of 1969 bassist Chris Ethridge left the Burrito Brothers in frustration at the band's lack of success. In his place the Burritos recruited guitarist Bernie Leadon from the disintegrating Dillard and Clark, freeing Chris Hillman to return to playing bass. The new Burritos lineup for this their second album was thus Parsons, Hillman, Pete Kleinow, Leadon and Clarke.
Unfortunately, no one had many new songs to contribute, with Leadon explaining to Parsons biographer David Meyer in 2007, "We started getting together – Gram, Chris, and I – at the A&M lot and trying to write songs. We spent three or four months doing this. It was like pulling teeth. We knew the mechanics of writing music, but the stuff that we did were not Gram's best songs." Hillman concurred to Meyer, "After the brief initial burst Gram and I couldn't seem to hook up again. Burrito Deluxe was recorded without any of the feeling and the intensity of the first album."
Recording and composition
The LP is perhaps best remembered for containing the first recording of "Wild Horses." Parsons, who first met Rolling Stones songwriter and guitarist Keith Richards in 1968, had developed a close friendship with Richards during 1969. Richards gave Parsons a demo tape of "Wild Horses" on December 7, 1969, the day after the concert at Altamont, apparently in an effort to console Parsons after an alleged miscommunication with Michelle Phillips. In the 2004 documentary Gram Parsons: Fallen Angel, Pamela Des Barres states that, "Gram was so proud of the Stones giving him that song to do...'cause that was unusual; the Stones didn't just give songs to people." "Lazy Days" had been recorded by Parsons' previous groups, the International Submarine Band and the Byrds, but neither version was released, although the Byrds' version did eventually surface on the 1990 box set. Burrito Deluxe features a couple of cover songs, including the Conway Twitty country hit "Image of Me,” a supercharged version of the Bob Dylan-penned "If You Gotta Go," and the gospel standard "Farther Along.”
Parsons began to lose interest in the Burritos and, after missing too many gigs or showing up too inebriated to play, he was fired from the band in June 1970. In the Fallen Angel documentary, Chris Hillman cites Parsons’ lack of ambition and his growing infatuation with the Rolling Stones as the main reasons for the album's failure: "Gram was starting to wear some pretty interesting stuff on stage. He'd have a scarf and he'd have one of his girlfriend's shirts on, and I used to say, 'This guy is tryin' to look like a cross between Dottie West and Mick Jagger'...Towards his last days in the Burritos, he would be going to our gigs in a limousine – I mean, these were $500 a night shows – and we'd be piling into a separate car with our gear and Gram would show up in a limousine. Gram came from a very wealthy family and had this ongoing trust fund, which was about $55,000 a year, and it's sort of like he had been seduced by all that without quite earning it yet." Parsons later blamed the album's shortcomings on producer Jim Dickson; in the 2007 book, ‘’Twenty Thousand Roads’’ biographer David Meyer quotes Parsons: "The second album was a mistake – it was a mistake to get Jim Dickson involved. We should have been more careful than that." Parsons is also quoted expressing his dissatisfaction with steel guitarist "Sneaky" Pete Kleinow: "Chris (Hillman) knew all along that Sneaky wasn't the right steel player. Chris digs Sneaky more than I do 'cause he likes that dut dut dut dut that Sneaky could pull off. I wanted a Tom Brumley. Then I'd settle for anybody that played slide guitar with pedals on it. I wanted a brilliant-sounding, good, fast, pedal steel player."
Unlike the intriguing album cover that graced The Gilded Palace of Sin, the artwork for Burrito Deluxe is almost a throwaway by comparison, featuring a pair of stale burritos, the upper one edged in hand-sewn sequins, with a small photograph of the band wearing white coveralls superimposed over one of the burritos.
Reception
Burrito Deluxe was a commercial disappointment, failing to crack the Billboard 200. It was also a critical disappointment, unlike the band's lauded debut LP, with Mark Deming of AllMusic opining, "... while it is hardly a bad album, it's not nearly as striking as The Gilded Palace of Sin. Parsons didn't deliver many noteworthy originals for this set, with 'Cody, Cody' and 'Older Guys' faring best but paling next to the highlights from the previous album." In the Parsons article ,"The Lost Boy," Mojo writer John Harris observes that the album "mislaid just about all of the charm that had accompanied their debut, though it contained a handful of decent songs: 'Older Guys,' 'Cody Cody,' and 'High Fashion Queen.'" In the liner notes to the 1997 reissue that paired it with the Burritos's debut, Sid Griffin writes of Burrito Deluxe, "Out went the R&B torch ballads, in came rock and roll...Burrito Deluxe is nonetheless required listening in Introducing To Country-Rock 101 at university."
Track listing
Side one
Side two
Personnel
Musicians
Gram Parsons – vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards
Chris Hillman – vocals, bass, mandolin
Sneaky Pete Kleinow – pedal steel guitar
Bernie Leadon – vocals, guitar, Dobro
Michael Clarke – drums
Additional personnel
Leon Russell – piano
Byron Berline – fiddle
Tommy Johnson – tuba
Buddy Childers – cornet, flugelhorn
Leopoldo C. Carbajal – accordion
Frank Blanco – percussion
Production credits
Producers - Jim Dickson, Henry Lewy
Engineer - Henry Lewy
References
The Flying Burrito Brothers albums
1970 albums
A&M Records albums
Albums recorded at A&M Studios
Albums produced by Henry Lewy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrito%20Deluxe |
Mario Szegedy (born October 23, 1960) is a Hungarian-American computer scientist, professor of computer science at Rutgers University. He received his Ph.D. in computer science in 1989 from the University of Chicago. He held a Lady Davis Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1989–90), a postdoc at the University of Chicago, 1991–92, and a postdoc at Bell Laboratories (1992).
Szegedy's research areas include computational complexity theory and quantum computing.
He was awarded the Gödel Prize twice, in 2001 and 2005, for his work on probabilistically checkable proofs and on the space complexity of approximating the frequency moments in streamed data. His work on streaming was also recognized by the 2019 Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award.
He is married and has two daughters.
References
External links
Home page
1960 births
Living people
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Hungarian computer scientists
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
21st-century Hungarian mathematicians
Gödel Prize laureates
Rutgers University faculty
University of Chicago alumni
Theoretical computer scientists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Szegedy |
Angus "Tando" MacIsaac (born June 4, 1943) is a politician, educator and businessman in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Political career
Angus MacIsaac's father, Alexander MacIsaac, was MLA of Guysborough prior to October 1968. Upon Alexander MacIsaac's death, a by-election was called. Angus MacIsaac, then 25 years old, ran, and was first elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly on February 11, 1969. MacIsaac ran as a Progressive Conservative and obtained a 371-vote margin of victory.
MacIsaac was re-elected with a 265-vote margin on October 13, 1970, in a general election.
On September 17, 1972, MacIsaac resigned his seat to run federally for the Progressive Conservatives in Cape Breton Highlands—Canso. He made two unsuccessful attempts to win the seat in the 1972 and 1974 federal elections.
MacIsaac made a successful return to political office in the 1999 provincial election, running in the electoral district of Antigonish. He won the seat with just 12 votes more than the Liberal incumbent.
In the 2003 provincial election MacIsaac was re-elected, increasing his margin to 606 votes.
He was one of the strongest supporters of Rodney MacDonald in the 2006 Nova Scotia PC leadership election.
MacIsaac received his largest margin of victory in the 2006 general election, achieving 1676 more votes than his nearest challenger.
MacIsaac was re-elected in the 2009 election with a 275-vote margin over the NDP candidate.
On September 4, 2009, MacIsaac resigned his seat, citing family reasons.
During his career in provincial politics, MacIsaac served as Minister of Health, Minister of Education, and Minister of Housing under John Hamm, and during his tenure in Rodney MacDonald's government, served as Deputy Premier, Minister of Transportation and Public Works, Minister of Economic Development, and was the Minister of the then newly formed Department of Gaelic Affairs.
Teaching career
MacIsaac is a graduate of Nova Scotia Teachers College and St. Francis Xavier University where he received a Bachelor of Arts.
When not holding political office, MacIsaac taught at Junior High School and Senior High School levels in Calgary, Canso, Antigonish, and Guysborough.
Family
MacIsaac is married to Mary Ann (née Milner). They have two children.
References
1943 births
Living people
Canadian schoolteachers
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
Politicians from London
People from Guysborough County, Nova Scotia
Deputy premiers of Nova Scotia
Members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia Ministers of Health
21st-century Canadian politicians
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 1972 Canadian federal election
Candidates in the 1974 Canadian federal election
Nova Scotia candidates for Member of Parliament | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus%20MacIsaac |
Volkheimeria is an extinct genus of sauropod dinosaurs that lived in what is now Argentina during the Early Jurassic, 178–179 million years ago. Its type and only species is Volkheimeria chubutensis.
Discovery and naming
The only known specimen of Volkheimeria was discovered at the site of Cerro Cóndor Sur, roughly a kilometer west of the village of Cerro Cóndor in Chubut Province, Argentina. In 1979, José Bonaparte described it as representing a new genus and species, Volkheimeria chubutensis, alongside two other species discovered in the same strata, Piatnitzkysaurus floresi and Patagosaurus fariasi. The genus name Volkheimeria honors the Argentinean paleontologist Wolfgang Volkheimer.
Fossil record
Only a single specimen of Volkheimeria chubutensis is known: the holotype PVL 4077, a partial skeleton from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina. This specimen consists of a partial cervical vertebra, two complete and two partial dorsal vertebrae, part of the sacrum, several incomplete caudal vertebrae, partial ilia, a pubis, an ischium, a femur, and a tibia. The specimen was not fully grown, but had probably reached sexual maturity. An isolated tooth found in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, MPEF-PV 10860, may belong to Volkheimeria, though this cannot be proven without more complete specimens.
Description
The size of a fully-grown Volkheimeria is not known, as it is only known from an immature specimen.
Classification
Volkheimeria was originally identified as a primitive sauropod, distinguishable from Patagosaurus. Some phylogenetic analyses of the taxon have recovered it as a eusauropod, vulcanodontid, or primitive sauropod, though its position is variable due to its incomplete nature. The phylogenetic analysis of Pol and colleagues in 2022 recovered Volkheimeria as a non-eusauropod based on primitive features of the vertebrae, though alternative placements were identified as closer to either Amygdalodon or Archaeodontosaurus, as shown below.
{{clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=Sauropoda
|1={{clade
|1=Melanorosaurus
|2=Sefapanosaurus
|3=Leonerasaurus
|4=Aardonyx
|5=
|6={{clade
|1=Gongxianosaurus
|2={{clade
|1=Amygdalodon
|2=Volkheimeria |state=dashed }}
|3= }} }} }}
Classification history
Bonaparte initially regarded Volkheimeria as a primitive member of Cetiosauridae. He considered both it and Lapparentosaurus to represent an early stage in cetiosaurid evolution, more advanced than Vulcanodon but more primitive than Patagosaurus and Cetiosaurus. In 1990, John S. McIntosh included both Volkheimeria and Lapparentosaurus in Brachiosauridae, albeit without providing anatomical evidence for classifying Volkheimeria as such. In 2004, Upchurch et al. regarded the affinities of Volkheimeria as uncertain, due to the lack of a phylogenetic analysis including the taxon. In 2011, Pol et al. included both Volkheimeria and Lapparentosaurus in a phylogenetic analysis, and recovered them as basal eusauropods, more derived than Shunosaurus but more basal than Barapasaurus, with Volkheimeria more basal than Lapparentosaurus. In 2017, Cerda et al. found Volkheimeria to be a non-eusauropod sauropod closely related to Tazoudasaurus. In 2018, Holwerda and Pol found Volkheimeria to be a non-eusauropod sauropod, as the sister taxon of Spinophorosaurus.
EvolutionVolkheimeria lived during the Toarcian age of the Early Jurassic, 178-179 million years ago. The beginning of the Toarcian was a time of significant faunal turnover for sauropodomorphs, as all sauropodomorph lineages except for sauropods died out and eusauropods, which became the dominant sauropod group in the Middle Jurassic, began to diversify. Volkheimeria was not a member of the eusauropod radiation, and was probably a representative of a lineage that diverged from other sauropods in the earliest Jurassic or even the Triassic.
Paleoecology
The ecosystem represented by the Cañadón Asfalto Formation included at least four sauropods other than Volkheimeria chubutensis, all of them eusauropods: Bagualia alba, Patagosaurus fariasi'', an unnamed basal eusauropod, and a possible neosauropod.
References
Dinosaur genera
Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of South America
Jurassic Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Cañadón Asfalto Formation
Fossil taxa described in 1979
Taxa named by José Bonaparte | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkheimeria |
Giant earwig may refer to any of the following species of earwigs:
Labidura herculeana, commonly known as the Saint Helena earwig
Labidura riparia, commonly known as the tawny earwig
Forficulina
Animal common name disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20earwig |
Gopher wood or gopherwood is a term used once in the Bible for the material used to construct Noah's ark. states that Noah was instructed to build the Ark of (), commonly transliterated as wood, a word not otherwise used in the Bible or the Hebrew language in general. Although some English Bibles attempt a translation, older English translations such as the King James Version (17th century) leave it untranslated. The word is unrelated to the North American animal known as the gopher.
Identity
The Greek Septuagint (3rd–1st centuries BC) translated the phrase mentioning gopher wood as (), 'out of squared timber', translating gofer as squared. Similarly, the Latin Vulgate (5th century AD) rendered it as (, in the spelling of the Clementine Vulgate), 'of timber planks'.
The Jewish Encyclopedia states that it was most likely a translation of the Babylonian , 'cedar beams', or the Assyrian , 'reeds'. The Aramaic Targum Onkelos, considered by many Jews to be an authoritative translation of the Hebrew scripture, renders this word as , 'cedar'. The Syriac Peshitta translates this word as , 'box'.
Many modern English translations favor cypress (otherwise referred to in Biblical Hebrew as ). This was espoused (among others) by Adam Clarke, a Methodist theologian famous for his commentary on the Bible: Clarke cited a resemblance between the Greek word for cypress, , and the Hebrew word . Likewise, the (20th century) has it as ('out of cypress wood').
Others, noting the visual similarity between the Hebrew letters g (gimel ) and k (kaf ), suggest that the word may actually be , the Hebrew word meaning 'pitch'; thus wood would be 'pitched wood'. Recent suggestions have included a lamination process (to strengthen the Ark), or a now-lost type of tree, but there is no consensus.
References
External links
Gopherwood and Construction of the Ark
The Free Dictionary - "Gopherwood" (giving a definition of Cladrastis kentukea)
Noah's Ark
Wood
Plants in the Bible
Plant common names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher%20wood |
This is a list of current and former Victoria's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show since its inception in 1995.
Victoria's Secret Angels
Models who were chosen as Victoria's Secret Angels are listed in the table below. In June 2021, Victoria's Secret announced that it was ending its Angels brand.
PINK spokesmodels
The following is the list of models who have been contracted as spokesmodels for Victoria's Secret's PINK brand.
Notes
References
External links
The Models of Victoria's Secret: A Who2 Loop
VS All Access (bios, interviews, events, media)
Lists of female models
Lists of models
Victoria's Secret
Victoria's Secret | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Victoria%27s%20Secret%20models |
William Du Bois Duddell (1 July 1872, in Kensington, London – 4 November 1917, in Wandsworth, London) was an English physicist and electrical engineer. His inventions include the moving coil oscillograph, as well as the thermo-ammeter and thermo-galvanometer.
Life and career
Duddell was born William Du Bois to Frances Kate Du Bois, who married George Duddell in 1881. At the age of four he constructed an automaton by combining a toy mouse with clockwork. His younger sister Gladys Duddell was a tennis player.
Duddell was privately educated in England and France and rose quickly through the prestigious City & Guilds Schools via scholarships.
He died at the age of 45.
Duddell's "singing arc"
Prior to the invention of the incandescent light bulb, arc lamps were used to light the streets. They created light using an electrical arc between two carbon electrodes. These lamps often produced audible humming, hissing, or even howling sounds. In 1899 Duddell, a student of William Ayrton at London Central Technical College, was asked by Ayrton to look into this problem. The sounds were created by instabilities in the current caused by the arc's negative resistance. Duddell connected a tuned circuit consisting of an inductor and capacitor across an arc. The negative resistance of the arc excited audio frequency oscillations in the tuned circuit at its resonant frequency, which could be heard as a musical tone coming from the arc. Duddell used his oscillograph to determine the precise conditions required to produce oscillations. To demonstrate his invention before the London Institution of Electrical Engineers, he wired a keyboard to produce different tones from the arc, and used it to play a tune, God Save the Queen making it one of the first examples of electronic music. This device, which became known as the "singing arc", was one of the first electronic oscillators and Plasma speakers.
Duddell's circuit was limited to audio frequencies. However, Danish physicists Valdemar Poulsen and P. O. Pederson were able to increase the frequency of Duddell's oscillator to the radio range, and in 1902 patented the Poulsen arc radio transmitter, the first transmitter which could generate continuous waves. Poulsen arc wireless transmitters were used worldwide until the 1920s.
Honours
Duddell was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907. The British Institute of Physics named its Duddell Medal and Prize in his honour. In 1907–08 he served as president of the British Institute of Radiology. In 1912 he became the youngest president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and served two terms.
In 1906 and 1911 he was invited to deliver the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on Signalling to a Distance and Modern Electricity respectively.
References
External links
Duddell's Singing Arc on '120 Years of Electronic Music'
Obituary, Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1918, Volume 56, pp 538–540
1872 births
1917 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
English electrical engineers
English physicists
English inventors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Duddell |
Gray () is a commune in the Haute-Saône department, region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, eastern France. It has a population of 5,553 inhabitants (2019).
Geography
Gray is situated on the banks of the river Saône. It is the last major town in Haute-Saône before the Saône flows into Côte-d'Or.
History
In the Middle Ages it was an important river port and trading center in Franche-Comté.
Gray is believed to have acquired its name from an old landed estate in its vicinity owned by a family with Gallo-Roman origins bearing the name "Gradus", a cognate of the Celtic "Grady" meaning "illustrious" or "noble".
Population
Sights
The town includes many old buildings. An 18th century stone bridge spans the Saône river, connecting the main town with the settlement of Arc-lès-Gray. Gray is a popular place for fishing and various water activities.
Gray's Basilica (Basilique Notre Dame) was built from 1478 to 1559, with a bell tower typical of Franche-Comté.
An art museum, the Musée Château Baron Martin, is housed in the Château of the Count of Provence, brother of Louis XVI, which in the 18th century replaced the fortress belonging to the Dukes of Burgundy. The 12th century "Paravis Tower" is the last remnant of the fortress and offers a panoramic view of the Saône Valley. The museum displays some 1200 pieces of art from the 15th to the 20th century throughout 24 rooms.
The Carmelite chapel (Chapelle des Carmelites) was built in 1667. Since 1978, it has held eight centuries of sacred art in Haute-Saône, including paintings, sculptures, and religious objects.
Gray is the site of France's National Esperanto Museum.
Notable people
Claude François Devosge (1697-1777), a sculptor and architect.
François Devosge (1732-1811), a portraitist and history painter.
Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle (1736–1790), mineralogist, a creator of modern crystallography.
Marguerite de Gourbillon (1737-1817), a noble and lady-in-waiting.
Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877), philosopher and mathematician, helped develop economics.
Ferdinand de Lanoye (1810–1870), a writer.
Anne Michaut (born 1972), a sprint canoeist.
Transport
There is a bus station.
See also
Communes of the Haute-Saône department
References
Communes of Haute-Saône | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%2C%20Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne |
Balcatta is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is based in Perth's northern suburbs. A historically safe Labor seat, it was held by the Liberal Party for one term between 2013 and 2017.
Geography
Balcatta is located in Perth's northern suburbs. It is a north-to-south elongated electorate, squeezed in between the Mitchell Freeway to the west and Wanneroo Road to the east. The district includes the suburbs of Balcatta, Stirling, Tuart Hill, Joondanna and Westminster as well as all parts of Osborne Park east of the Mitchell Freeway.
History
Balcatta has had several incarnations as an electoral district. It has been held by the Labor Party on every occasion, other than a single term from 1905 to 1908.
The first incarnation of the seat, established by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1904, was spelt "Balkatta" in some sources and "Balcatta" in others. It extended all the way from modern-day Sorrento to Herdsman Lake, and was won by Labor's Frederick Gill at its first election in August 1904. However, the minority government of which he was part, referred to in the press as a "Mark-Time Ministry", collapsed a year later, and Gill and a number of other Labor members lost their seats in the 1905 election to Ministerial candidates. John Veryard held the seat for a single term, losing it to Gill in 1908. The seat was then abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1911, with most of it going to form the new seat of Leederville, which Gill subsequently won.
A new district of Balcatta was created ahead of the 1962 state election, and was won by Labor's Herb Graham, who for the previous 19 years had been the member for East Perth, which was abolished at the redistribution. Graham represented the district for over a decade, before retiring from politics on 30 May 1973 to accept a position on the Licensing Court. At the resulting by-election held on 28 July 1973, which was watched by many observers both as an indication of Premier Tonkin's two-year-old Labor government's fortunes with the electorate as well as the more practical matter of whether it would retain its one-seat majority in parliament, former television news reporter and Labor candidate Brian Burke won by 30 votes on preferences, having trailed Liberal candidate Neil Beck on the primary vote. The seat was renamed Balga effective from the 1974 state election.
The name Balcatta was revived for the district one term later at the 1977 state election, after a redistribution in 1976. Burke once again won the seat, and ultimately became the Labor Party leader and State Opposition Leader on 28 September 1981.
At the 1982 redistribution, which took effect from the 1983 state election, Balcatta was significantly altered. Having previously included the suburbs of Balcatta, Balga, Girrawheen, Nollamara, Westminster and parts of Osborne Park, it moved west of Wanneroo Road and southwards into Tuart Hill and Joondanna, while a new district of Balga was created to take in the other areas. Burke transferred into Balga, while the member for the abolished seat of Mount Hawthorn, Labor's Ron Bertram, transferred into Balcatta.
The district was again abolished ahead of the 1996 state election. Incumbent Labor MP Nick Catania unsuccessfully contested the new seat of Yokine.
Balcatta returned as an electorate name at the 2005 state election. The seat was won by Labor MP John Kobelke, who was previously the member for Nollamara.
Members for Balcatta
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Balcatta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Balcatta |
Lynne Griffin (born 17 September 1952) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her work in film, television and stage, particularly her appearances in the horror films Black Christmas (1974) and Curtains (1983), and a recurring role on the television series Wind at My Back (1996–2001).
Early life
Griffin was born in Toronto, Ontario, the daughter of Kay, an actress, and James Joseph Griffin, a fashion photographer and soccer player. She is married to fellow actor Sean Sullivan.
Filmography
Films
Television series
Television movies
Theatre
Stratford Shakespeare Festival
Shaw Festival
2002: Resurgence Theatre Company - Romeo and Juliet, The Tempest
Awards
In 1980 Griffin earned an Outstanding Performance by an Actress (Non-Feature) Genie Award nomination for her role in Every Person is Guilty.
References
External links
Six for Her Scythe: An Interview with Lynne Griffin
Lynne Griffin profile on northernstars.ca
1952 births
Actresses from Toronto
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne%20Griffin |
Aega (also spelled Ega or Egua) was Dagobert I's most trusted adviser according to Fredegar IV, 62 ('Aega uero a citeris Neptrasiis consilio Dagoberti erat adsiduos.'). He became mayor of the palace and regent, alongside the queen mother Nanthild, of Neustria and Burgundy from 639, on the death of Dagobert I, to his death in 641, during the reign of the minor Clovis II. He was a hardened opponent of the local Burgundian nobility. On his death, at Clichy, Nanthild replaced him in Burgundy by Flaochad, a Frank and like opponent of the local power factions. The magnates elevated Erchinoald to his mayoralty in Neustria.
641 deaths
Mayors of the Palace
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aega%20%28mayor%20of%20the%20palace%29 |
Ega or EGA may refer to:
Military
East German Army, the common western name for the National People's Army
Eagle, Globe, and Anchor, the emblem of the United States Marine Corps
People
Aega (mayor of the palace), 7th-century noble of Neustria and Burgundy
Françoise Ega (1920–1976), Afro-Martinican laborer, writer and social activist
Places
Egå, a suburban area of Aarhus, Denmark
Ega, Portugal, a parish of Condeixa-a-Nova
Ega (river), in Spain
Tefé, formerly Ega, a city and a municipality in Brazil
Technology
Enhanced Graphics Adapter, an IBM PC computer display standard from 1984
Other uses
Ecuato Guineana, a defunct Equatoguinean airline
Ega language
Egyptian German Automotive Company, an Egyptian automobile manufacturer
Elegant Gothic Aristocrat, a fashion line
Éléments de géométrie algébrique, a mathematical treatise by Alexander Grothendieck and Jean Dieudonné
Embroiderers' Guild of America,
European Golf Association
Evolved gas analysis
Ega (beetle), a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae
See also
Ega long-tongued bat (Scleronycteris ega)
Eega, a 2012 Indian film by S. S. Rajamouli
Eega (soundtrack), soundtrack of the film | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ega |
The Humanist Society of New Zealand (Inc.) is a New Zealand organisation that promotes secular humanist philosophy and ideals. The Society meets in Wellington with members throughout New Zealand.
It is affiliated internationally to the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) and the United Nations Association of NZ. The official symbol of the Society is a version of the Happy Human.
See also
New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists
Atheist bus campaign (other countries)
References
External links
Humanist Society of New Zealand
New Zealand
Skeptic organisations in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist%20Society%20of%20New%20Zealand |
Valdoraptor (meaning "Wealden plunderer") is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. Its fossils were found in England. It is known only from bones of the feet. The holotype, BMNH R2559 (incorrectly given by Owen as BMNH R2556), was found near Cuckfield in layers of the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation dating from the late Valanginian. The specimen is damaged lacking parts of the upper and lower ends. It has a conserved length of and an estimated length of . This genus is paleontologically significant for being the first ornithomimosaur specimen known from England and represents the earliest record of ornithomimosaurs.
Discovery
In 1858 Richard Owen referred a fossil consisting of a set of three metatarsals, foot bones, part of the collection of the British Museum of Natural History, to the herbivorous dinosaur genus Hylaeosaurus because of its size and bone texture. Owen had a lithograph made of the bones that gave a mirrored image: although they were in fact from the left foot, it now seemed they were from the right foot.
By 1881 John Whitaker Hulke had recognised that the specimen represented a foot from a carnivorous theropod. In 1888 Richard Lydekker referred the specimen to the theropod species Megalosaurus dunkeri but in 1889 he named a separate species for it because of the more robust build: Megalosaurus oweni. The specific name honours Owen. Lydekker was deceived by the 1858 illustration into thinking that it was the right foot. He also incorrectly assumed it had four metatarsals, a mistake repeated for over a century. Lydekker referred several other foot specimens to the species: BMNH 2574, 2661 and 2680 from the same stratigraphic horizon, and also BMNH R604d and BMNH R1525, uncovered from the earlier Wadhurst Clay Formation in the Hollington Quarry near Hastings.
Classification
Though originally classified as a species of Megalosaurus, in 1923 Friedrich von Huene assigned the species to Altispinax, making the combination Altipsinax oweni. In 1991 George Olshevsky placed the species in a new genus, Valdoraptor, renaming its type species Megalosaurus oweni into Valdoraptor oweni. The generic name is derived from Latin Valdus, "Wealden", referring to the Wealden Group, and raptor, "plunderer".
The species has since been suggested to be identical to either Neovenator or Eotyrannus; it has also been held to be a nomen dubium. However, Darren Naish in 2007 concluded that the specimen showed two unique derived traits or autapomorphies, in that the second metatarsal is both mediolaterally compressed and features a prominent dorsolateral ridge. These traits imply it is a valid taxon and different from Neovenator and Eotyrannus.
Olshevsky assigned Valdoraptor to the Allosauridae but Naish in 2007 stated that no more precise determination was possible than the more general Tetanurae. A 2014 re-evaluation found that Valdoraptor was likely one of the oldest known ornithomimosaurs, and a possible junior synonym of Thecocoelurus.
See also
Timeline of ornithomimosaur research
References
Ornithomimosaurs
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Fossil taxa described in 1991
Taxa named by George Olshevsky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdoraptor |
A Million Billion is an indie/electronica solo-project-turned-band from Brooklyn, New York. It was led by Ryan Ross Smith, a previous member of Stars Like Fleas and The Silent League.
Ryan Smith began to realise his own solo material in 2005 under the A Million Billion name, with the Today We Love You album and Filthy Schoolgirls EP. February 2006 saw the addition of Michael Fadem, Jon Natchez, Kevin Thaxton and Gene Park to the line-up, and a UK debut with the "Volcano Season" single on EXERCISE1 Records.
Discography
Singles and EPs
Filthy Schoolgirls - June 15, 2005, EP
"Volcano Season" - February 27, 2006, limited-edition single on EXERCISE1 Records
Albums
Today We Love You - August 30, 2005, Album on Filthy Schoolgirls
External links
Official website
XFM review / tracklisting of Volcano Season single
Electronic music groups from New York (state)
Musical groups from Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Million%20Billion |
Phoebe is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the Laurel family, Lauraceae. There are 75 accepted species in the genus, distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and New Guinea. 35 species occur in China, of which 27 are endemic. The first description of the genus was of the type species P. lanceolata made in 1836 by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in Systema Laurinarum, p. 98.
Description
Phoebe species are evergreen shrubs or trees with pinnately veined leaves. The flowers are hermaphrodite, white, small and fragrant, and are grouped in branched terminal inflorescences in the form of panicles. The bracts are all of equal length or the outer ones are slightly shorter than the inner ones. The ovary is oval to spherical. The stigma is capitate or bowl-shaped. The fruits are enveloped by the enlarged bracts. Fruits are usually oval to spherical. The fruit is a berry and has only a single seed that is frequently dispersed by birds.
Distribution
Up to 100 species of Phoebe are currently reported in Asia, with 27 species endemic to China.
Ecology
The fruits of the genus are fleshy berries.
Species
75 species are currently accepted:
Phoebe angustifolia Meisn. – Indochina, Assam, and China (southeastern Yunnan)
Phoebe assamica Kalyankumar – northeastern India
Phoebe attenuata (Nees) Nees – Eastern Himalayas, northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Vietnam
Phoebe baishyae M.Gangop. - Arunachal Pradesh in India
Phoebe birmanica Kosterm. – Myanmar
Phoebe bootanica (Meisn.) M.Gangop., synonym of Phoebe hainesiana – central and eastern Himalayas and northeastern India
Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Y.C.Yang - southern China and Hainan
Phoebe brachythyrsa H.W.Li – northeastern Yunnan in China
Phoebe calcarea S.Lee & F.N.Wei – Guangxi and southern Guizhou in China
Phoebe canescens (Blume) Miq. – Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra
Phoebe cathia (D.Don) Kosterm. – southwestern and northeastern India, eastern Himalayas, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam
Phoebe cavaleriei (H.Lév.) Y.Yang & Bing Liu – Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, and Guizhou in China
Phoebe chartacea (Blume) Miq. – Java
Phoebe chekiangensis C.B.Shang – China (eastern Jiangxi, northern Fujian, and northern Zhejiang)
Phoebe clemensii C.K.Allen – New Guinea
Phoebe cooperiana P.C.Kanjilal & Das – northeastern India
Phoebe crassipedicella S.Lee & F.N.Wei – China (southern Guizhou and northwestern Guangxi)
Phoebe cuneata (Blume) Blume – Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi
Phoebe cuspidata Blume – Java
Phoebe dehaasiifolia Kosterm. – Thailand
Phoebe elliptica Blume – Peninsular Malaysia, Java
Phoebe excelsa (Blume) Nees – Java
Phoebe faberi (Hemsl.) Chun – central China
Phoebe forbesii Gamble – New Guinea
Phoebe formosana (Hayata) Hayata – Taiwan and Anhui
Phoebe gamblei Kamik. – Java
Phoebe glabrifolia Merr. – Philippines
Phoebe glaucifolia S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – southeastern Tibet and central Yunnan
Phoebe glaucophylla H.W.Li – southeastern Yunnan
Phoebe grandis (Nees) Merr. – Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi
Phoebe hainanensis Merr. – Hainan
Phoebe hedgei M.Gangop. & A.Sarmah – Arunachal Pradesh
Phoebe hekouensis Bing Liu, W.Y.Jin, L.N.Zhao & Y.Yang – Yunnan
Phoebe holosericea Blume – Sumatra
Phoebe hui W.C.Cheng ex Y.C.Yang – China (Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan, and southern Shaanxi)
Phoebe hunanensis Hand.-Mazz. – central and southern China
Phoebe hungmaoensis S.K.Lee – China (Hainan and southwestern and southern Guangxi), Vietnam
Phoebe javanica Meisn. – Java
Phoebe kjellbergii Kosterm. – Sulawesi
Phoebe kunstleri Gamble – Vietnam, Laos, Borneo
Phoebe kwangsiensis H.Liu – China (southwestern Guizhou and northwestern Guangxi)
Phoebe laevis Kosterm. – Borneo
Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees – India, Bangladesh, eastern Himalaya, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, China (southern Yunnan)
Phoebe legendrei Lecomte – China (western and southeastern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan)
Phoebe leiophylla Miq. – Borneo and Sulawesi
Phoebe liana Y.Yang – China (Guizhou)
Phoebe lichuanensis S.K.Lee – China (southwestern Hubei)
Phoebe longepetiolata Kosterm. – Sumatra
Phoebe lucida Blume – Sumatra and Borneo
Phoebe lummaoensis M.Gangop. – Myanmar
Phoebe macrocarpa C.Y.Wu, synonym of Phoebe poilanei – China (southeastern Yunnan) and northern Vietnam
Phoebe macrophylla Blume – Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Maluku, New Guinea
Phoebe megacalyx H.W.Li – China (southeastern Yunnan) to northern Vietnam
Phoebe motuonan S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – southeastern Tibet
Phoebe neurantha (Hemsl.) Gamble – central and southern China
Phoebe neuranthoides S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – central and southern China
Phoebe nigrifolia S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – China (southwestern Guangxi)
Phoebe obtusa Blume ex Meisn. – Java
Phoebe pallida (Nees) Nees – western and central Himalaya, Northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam
Phoebe petelotii Kosterm. ex H.H.Pham – Vietnam
Phoebe pierrei Lecomte – Cambodia
Phoebe prazeri M.Gangop. – Myanmar
Phoebe puwenensis W.C.Cheng – China (southern Yunnan)
Phoebe rufescens H.W.Li – China (southwestern Yunnan)
Phoebe scortechinii (Gamble) Kochummen ex de Kok – Peninsular Malaysia
Phoebe sheareri (Hemsl.) Gamble – southern China and Vietnam
Phoebe siamensis Kosterm. – Thailand
Phoebe sterculioides (Elmer) Merr. – Philippines
Phoebe tavoyana Hook.f. – China (Yunnan, southeastern Guangxi, and Guangdong), Indochina, and Peninsular Malaysia
Phoebe tenuifolia Kosterm. – Philippines and Sulawesi
Phoebe wightii Meisn. – southwestern India
Phoebe yaiensis S.K.Lee – China (southwestern Guangxi and Hainan) and Vietnam
Phoebe yunnanensis H.W.Li – China (western Yunnan)
Phoebe zhennan S.K.Lee & F.N.Wei – China (Sichuan, western Hubei, and northwestern Guizhou)
Formerly placed here
Phoebe nanmu (Oliver) Gamble, synonym of Machilus nanmu
Phylogeny
After
Fossil record
Several fossil cupules, some with fruits inside of †Phoebe bohemica from the early Miocene, have been found at the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, the Czech Republic.
References
External links
UNEP-WCMC Species Database - Phoebe
Lauraceae genera
Indomalayan realm flora | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe%20%28plant%29 |
Chester Greenough Atkins (born April 14, 1948) is an American politician who served four terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1985 to 1993. He is a Democrat from Massachusetts.
Biography
Born in Geneva, Switzerland in 1948, he graduated from Concord-Carlisle High School in 1966 and Antioch College in 1970.
Political career
Atkins began his political career in the Massachusetts House of Representatives where he served from 1970 to 1971 and later served in the Massachusetts Senate from 1972 to 1984.
Congress
When James Shannon vacated Massachusetts' 5th District to run unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate, Atkins ran for the seat in 1984 and was elected to the 99th and the next three succeeding Congresses.
Losing renomination in 1992 to Marty Meehan, Atkins left the House in January 1993.
Later career
He is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.
He resides in Hancock, NH with his wife Jessica Stern.
See also
1973–1974 Massachusetts legislature
1977–1978 Massachusetts legislature
Massachusetts Senate's Middlesex and Worcester district
References
External links
1948 births
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Living people
Concord-Carlisle High School alumni
Members of Congress who became lobbyists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20G.%20Atkins |
Carine is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The district is based in Perth's northern suburbs. Politically, it has been a safe Liberal seat but Paul Lilburne won it for the Labor Party for the first time at the 2021 election.
Geography
Carine is a beachside electorate located in Perth's northern suburbs. It is bounded to the east by the Mitchell Freeway, to the south by North Beach Road, Karrinyup Road and Reid Highway and to the west by the Indian Ocean. Its northern boundary consists of Hepburn Avenue. The districts includes the suburbs of Carine, Watermans Bay, Sorrento, Duncraig, Marmion and Karrinyup.
History
Carine was first created for the 1996 state election. It largely replaced the abolished district of Marmion.
The district boundaries were redistributed in 2019 and saw the suburbs of North Beach and Gwelup being removed while the suburb of Sorrento was added.
Members for Carine
Election results
References
External links
ABC election profiles: 2005 2008
WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions
Carine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Carine |
Port Noarlunga may refer to:
Port Noarlunga, a former port associated with the current suburb of Port Noarlunga, South Australia
Port Noarlunga Football Club, an Australian rules football club in South Australia
Port Noarlunga South, South Australia, a suburb
Port Noarlunga Reef, a reef located within the Port Noarlunga Reef Aquatic Reserve
Port Noarlunga Reef Aquatic Reserve, a marine protected area in South Australia
See also
Noarlunga (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Noarlunga |
Police at the Funeral is a crime novel by Margery Allingham, first published in October 1931, in the United Kingdom by Heinemann, London and in 1932 in the United States by Doubleday, Doran, New York. It is the fourth novel with the mysterious Albert Campion, aided as usual by his butler/valet/bodyguard Magersfontein Lugg and his policeman friend Stanislaus Oates.
Plot introduction
When Albert Campion is called in by the fiancee of an old college friend to investigate the disappearance of her uncle, he little expects the mysterious spate of death and dangers that follows among the bizarre inhabitants of Socrates Close, Cambridge. He and Stanislaus Oates must tread carefully, and battle some complex family dynamics, to solve the case.
Plot summary
Stanislaus Oates is being followed by a stranger, and runs into his friend Campion in the bizarrest of places. Campion is waiting for a client, Joyce Blount, the fiancee of his solicitor friend Marcus Featherstone, and when she arrives she clearly recognises Oates' stalker, but denies having seen him before. After Campion hears Joyce's story, of the disappearance of her Uncle Andrew on the way home from church, news reaches them that Andrew's murdered body has been found in a stream.
They head to Cambridge, where Campion meets Marcus and hears more about the family of Andrew, his imperious Great-Aunt Caroline and the clutch of feckless relatives who live off her, including Uncle William, who was with Andrew when he went missing, and about the body, found tied up and shot in the head. He meets William, and learns that Oates' mysterious stalker was Cousin George, who visits rarely and has some power over Great-Aunt Caroline.
Next morning, more bad news hits the family; Aunt Julia is found dead in her bed, poisoned by a surreptitious morning cup of tea. Campion heads to the house and meets the famous Caroline Faraday, who hires him to help them resolve matters. Oates analyses the teacup and finds traces of conium poison (hemlock, the poison that was used to execute Socrates, and one of the species in the carrot genus, including dill, and parsnip), while Campion finds a stash of weight-loss pills in Julia's room.
Uncle William approaches Marcus, telling him he has been suffering from blackouts, and Campion also finds the old man's service revolver is missing, along with some cord from the same (unused) room. Later, Campion finds William in the corridor, his hand badly cut; he almost faints, and Campion suspects mild poisoning. He and Oates inspect the scene where Andrew's body was found, but find nothing but an old hat, presumably swapped for Andrew's missing bowler.
Back at the house, there has been another scare; a mysterious symbol like a stylised letter B has been drawn in chalk on one of the library windows. Campion and Oates suspect it is a sign used by tramps to communicate amongst themselves. Great-Aunt Caroline reveals that Andrew had been writing to old girlfriends, and Campion has an idea which could solve the case. He finds Uncle William has an alibi, having been seen in a pub at the time of the murder, in the midst of an amnesia attack, and the inquest into Andrew's death returns a verdict of murder.
Cousin George arrives at the house, and denounces his family, claiming to know who killed Andrew and insisting he be allowed to stay in the house, threatening to bring scandal on the family. He gets drunk and is locked in Andrew's room by Campion and Marcus. In the night, Campion spots a man in the gardens, and tackles him; he is a large-footed tramp named Beveridge.
In the morning, Campion is missing, and George is found dead in his bed, with a strong smell of cyanide in the room. When Campion and Oates arrive, Campion explains all – Andrew, watched secretly by George and his friend Beveridge, bound and then shot himself, arranging for the gun to fall from the bridge. George hid the gun in a tree and Beveridge took Andrew's hat. Andrew had previously placed several booby-traps around the house, including the poisoned pill which killed Julia, a hidden blade which cut William, and a cyanide-stuffed pipe which killed George.
Campion leaves the house with everyone's gratitude, and some interesting gifts.
The device Uncle Andrew used is similar to one in a Sherlock Holmes story The Problem of Thor Bridge.
Characters in "Police at the Funeral"
Albert Campion, a mysterious adventurer of noble blood
Magersfontein Lugg, Campion's servant, an ex-criminal
Marcus Featherstone, friend of Campion, engaged to Joyce, lawyer and son of the family lawyer Hugh Featherstone
"Great Aunt" Caroline Faraday, the powerful widow of a renowned academic, Dr. John Faraday
Uncle William Faraday, Caroline's son, a bluff old man
Aunt Julia Faraday, Caroline's daughter, an overweight, lazy woman, "spinster of the parish"
Aunt Catherine "Kitty" Berry, Caroline's daughter, a widow, prone to hysterics
Joyce Blount, Kitty's niece by marriage, engaged to Marcus
Uncle Andrew Seeley, Caroline's nephew, a cantankerous fellow, who disappears at the start
Cousin George Faraday, the black sheep of the family, a reprobate
Stanislaus Oates, a senior Scotland Yard man, Campion's friend
Television
The story was faithfully adapted for television by the BBC, the second of eight Campion stories starring Peter Davison as Campion and Brian Glover as Lugg. The film also featured Mary Morris (in her last role; she died some months before it was broadcast) as Great-aunt Caroline and Timothy West as William. Originally broadcast as two separate hour-long episodes, the original UK air date was 5 February 1989. The series was shown in the United States by PBS.
Editions
References
External links
A series of Allingham plot summaries, including many Campion books, from the UK. Margery Allingham Society
A page about the book from the Margery Allingham Archive
1931 British novels
Doubleday, Doran books
Novels by Margery Allingham
Novels set in Cambridge
Heinemann (publisher) books
Poisoning in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20at%20the%20Funeral |
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